{"slug": "sardis", "label": "Sardis", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232615", "qid": "Q232615", "description": "ancient city in Anatolia, today an archaeological site at Sart, Turkey", "entries": 16, "years": 16, "span": [-643, 1118], "span_label": ["644 BCE", "1118 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 13}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "lydia", "label": "Lydia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pergamum", "label": "Pergamum", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "caria", "label": "Caria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "antiochus-iii-the-great", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "attalus-i-soter", "label": "Attalus I Soter", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sultanate-of-rum", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "persia", "label": "Persia", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -643, "year_label": "644 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cimmerian forces from Anatolia conquer Sardis and reach the peak of their power. King Gyges of Lydia has spent most of his 28-year reign fighting his southern and western neighbors in an effort to gain suzerainty over all of Western Asia Minor. He has helped the rebellion of Psamtik I, but he receives no support from his erstwhile Assyrian ally Ashurbanipal. Gyges falls in a battle against the Cimmerians under king Tugdamme (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510229#Asia_Minor", "title": "644 BC", "revid": 1370510229, "section": "Events › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -497, "year_label": "498 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens and Eretria respond to the Ionian plea for help against Persia and send troops. An Athenian and Eretrian fleet transports Athenian troops to Ephesus. There they are joined by a force of Ionians and march upon Sardis, the capital of Artaphernes (the satrap of Lydia and brother to Darius I of Persia). Artaphernes, who has sent most of his troops to besiege Miletus, is taken by surprise. However, Artaphernes is able to retreat to the citadel and hold it. Although the Greeks are unable to take the citadel, they pillage the town and set fires that burn Sardis to the ground.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373138296#Greece", "title": "498 BC", "revid": 1373138296, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -489, "year_label": "490 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hippias dies at Lemnos on the journey back to Sardis after the Persian defeat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129378#Greece", "title": "490 BC", "revid": 1350129378, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -480, "year_label": "481 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian King Xerxes I arrives at Sardis and begins to build up his great army and navy for the invasion of Greece. Egypt contributes 481 ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129369#Persian_Empire", "title": "481 BC", "revid": 1350129369, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -410, "year_label": "411 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian navy under Thrasybulus recalls Alcibiades from Sardis. Alcibiades' election is confirmed by the Athenians at the request of Theramenes. A Spartan fleet in the Hellespont at Cynossema is then defeated by an Athenian fleet commanded by Thrasybulus and Alcibiades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210116731#Greece", "title": "411 BC", "revid": 1210116731, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -407, "year_label": "408 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tissaphernes' influence is limited to the satrapy of Caria. Darius II also gives Cyrus funds to re-create the Spartan fleet and sends him to Sardis with instructions to increase Persian support for Sparta. Cyrus begins to collect an army of mercenaries (including Greeks) for his own ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303241146#Persian_Empire", "title": "408 BC", "revid": 1303241146, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Agesilaus II, the King of Sparta, campaigns successfully in Asia Minor against the Persian satraps Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes and inflicts a major defeat on Tissaphernes at Sardis. Agesilaus agrees to a three months' truce with the Persians under Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria. Negotiations conducted during that time prove fruitless, and on its termination, Agesilaus raids Phrygia, where he easily captures an immense amount of booty, since Tissaphernes has concentrated his troops in Caria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Greece", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -391, "year_label": "392 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian general, Struthas is dispatched by King Artaxerxes II to take command of the satrapy of Sardis, replacing Tiribazus, and to pursue an anti-Spartan policy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556748#Persian_Empire", "title": "392 BC", "revid": 1326556748, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -333, "year_label": "334 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander accepts the surrender of the Persian provincial capital of Sardis (and its treasury) and proceeds down the Ionian coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356615565#Macedonia", "title": "334 BC", "revid": 1356615565, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -261, "year_label": "262 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus I tries to break the growing power of Pergamum by force of arms. Eumenes I, the new ruler of Pergamum, liberates his city from the overlordship of the Seleucids by defeating the army of Antiochus I near Sardis (the capital of Lydia), and thereby establishing an independent city-state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948866#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "262 BC", "revid": 1325948866, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -214, "year_label": "215 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king, Antiochus III, crosses the Taurus Mountains, uniting his forces with Attalus of Pergamum and, in one campaign, deprives his rebel general, Achaeus, of all his dominions and takes Sardis (with the exception of the citadel).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337286145#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "215 BC", "revid": 1337286145, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -212, "year_label": "213 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In alliance with Attalus I of Pergamum, Antiochus III finally captures the rebel king of Anatolia, Achaeus, in his capital, Sardis, after a siege of two years. Antiochus III then has Achaeus executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698514#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "213 BC", "revid": 1352698514, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": 17, "year_label": "17 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "An earthquake in Anatolia destroys the city of Sardis and damages several other cities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Asia_Minor", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 17 AD › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": 180, "year_label": "180 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Melito of Sardis, bishop of Sardis (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371305659#Deaths", "title": "AD 180", "revid": 1371305659, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian army under Shahin Vahmanzadegan destroys the city of Sardis, including its synagogue. Its importance is due to a highway, leading from the interior to the Aegean coast. Shahin marches through Anatolia, defeating the Byzantines numerous times.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1118, "year_label": "1118 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantine general Philocales captures Sardis, from the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269195#Western_Asia", "title": "1118", "revid": 1365269195, "section": "Events › By place › Western Asia"}}]}