{"slug": "saudi-arabia", "label": "Saudi Arabia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851", "qid": "Q851", "description": "country in West Asia", "entries": 39, "years": 36, "span": [570, 2023], "span_label": ["570 CE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 17}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "mecca", "label": "Mecca", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "muhammad", "label": "Muhammad", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "medina", "label": "Medina", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "united-arab-emirates", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kuwait", "label": "Kuwait", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "prophets-in-islam", "label": "Prophets in Islam", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "islam", "label": "Islam", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bahrain", "label": "Bahrain", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "qatar", "label": "Qatar", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad, Islamic prophet, is born in Mecca (today's Saudi Arabia). His father Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib dies a few months before his birth, so he and his mother Aminah bint Wahb are protected by Muhammad's paternal grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, who is recognized as the leading figure in his tribe, the Quraysh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Arabia", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 610, "year_label": "610 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad, Islamic prophet, begins at 40 years old to preach a religion which will be called Islam. According to Islamic teachings, the angel Gabriel appears to him in a cave on Mount Hira near Mecca (Saudi Arabia) and calls him: \"The Prophet of Allah\". Muhammad gathers followers, reciting to them the first verses of Qur'an(Iqra), thus beginning the revelation of the Qur'an.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795500#Religion", "title": "610", "revid": 1368795500, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 623, "year_label": "623 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish community in Medina (Saudi Arabia) rejects the idea of Muhammad being a leader of Judaism. He and his followers stop bowing toward Jerusalem and start bowing toward Makkah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364763007#Religion", "title": "623", "revid": 1364763007, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – (17 Ramadah 2 AH) The Battle of Badr takes place in what is now Saudi Arabia as Muhammad and some 300 of his followers from Medina surprise a reinforced Meccan caravan at Badr (modern-day Saudi Arabia) returning from Syria, and defeat about 1,000 Quraysh from Mecca. After having heard that clan leader Abu Sufyan is escorting a rich trade caravan, Muhammad has the wells along its route (southwest of Medina) filled with sand in order to lure him into battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#January–June", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By date › January–June"}}, {"year": 625, "year_label": "625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – Battle of Uhud: Muhammad retreats against the inhabitants of Mecca (Saudi Arabia), which they consider a victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803472#Religion", "title": "625", "revid": 1340803472, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 630, "year_label": "630 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January", "text": "January – Battle of Hunayn: Muhammad defeats the Bedouin tribe of Hawazin (12,000 men) in a valley, on one of the roads leading to Ta'if (Western Arabia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803540#Arabia", "title": "630", "revid": 1340803540, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 632, "year_label": "632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Battle of Buzakha: An Islamic column (6,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeats the Apostate rebels under Tulayha, near Ha'il (Saudi Arabia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370178497#Arabia", "title": "632", "revid": 1370178497, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 633, "year_label": "633 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Battle of Dumat Al-Jandal: A Muslim army (10,000 men) under Khalid defeats the rebel Arab Christians at Dumat Al-Jandal (Saudi Arabia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351044118#Arabia", "title": "633", "revid": 1351044118, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 646, "year_label": "646 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Uthman ibn Affan founds the city of Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) on the coast of the Red Sea. He establishes a port for Muslim pilgrims making the required Hajj to Mecca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804476#Arabian_Empire", "title": "646", "revid": 1340804476, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 702, "year_label": "702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ethiopian (Axumite) raiders occupy the port of Jeddah (modern Saudi Arabia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807070#Arabian_Empire", "title": "702", "revid": 1340807070, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Raynald of Châtillon, lord of Oultrejordain, raids Saladin's territory, reaching as far as Tabuk (modern Saudi Arabia) on the route between Damascus and Mecca. In November, Saladin sends an expedition under his nephew, Farrukh Shah, who invades Oultrejordain. Raynald of Châtillon is forced to withdraw home. Saladin complains to King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (the Leper) for breaking the treaty (see 1180) and demands compensation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Levant", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Events › Europe › Levant"}}, {"year": 1463, "year_label": "1463 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Upon the death of his father, Mani' ibn Rabi'a al-Muraydi, Rabi'a ibn Mani' al-Muraydi becomes the new ruler of the Emirate of Diriyah at its capital, Diriyah, near Riyadh in what is now Saudi Arabia.Munir al-Ajlani, History of Saudi Arabia, Part One: The First Saudi State (in Arabic) (2nd ed.).(Riyadh, 1933) pp. 53–54. Mani's descendants in the House of Saud, most notably Mani's great-great-great-great-great-great-grandson Ibn Saud, become the founders of Saudi Arabia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359850172#July–September", "title": "1463", "revid": 1359850172, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Lopo Soares de Albergaria of Portugal begins the siege of Jeddah (now part of Saudi Arabia), attempting to invade, but is unable to land because of artillery fire from the Ottoman and Mamluk defenders. Bad weather prevents the Portuguese fleet of 15 ships from navigating for the next two weeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#April–June", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – On 3 Muharram 1077 AH on the Muslim calendar, Sa'd ibn Zayd, a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali and of Muhammad (founder of Islam) becomes the new Sharif of Mecca, in modern-day Saudi Arabia. His ascension to the post follows the death of his father, Zayd ibn Muhsin, who had been the Sharif since 1631.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#July–September", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – Abdul Aziz, founder of Saudi Arabia, declares himself protector of holy places in Mecca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372136634#October", "title": "1924", "revid": 1372136634, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1927, "year_label": "1927 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – By the Treaty of Jeddah, the United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of Ibn Saud over the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, the future Saudi Arabia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370012373#May", "title": "1927", "revid": 1370012373, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1932, "year_label": "1932 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd is proclaimed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, concluding the country's unification under the rule of King Abdulaziz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370718676#September", "title": "1932", "revid": 1370718676, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Imam Yahya of Yemen and Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#May–June", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › May–June"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is founded by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#September", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – Colonel Muammar Gaddafi visits Mecca, Saudi Arabia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#May", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – In one of aviation's worst disasters, 301 people are killed when Saudia Flight 163 catches fire in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#August", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – In Saudi Arabia, 63 Islamist insurgents are beheaded for their part in the siege of the Great Mosque in Mecca in November 1979.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#January", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – In Riyadh, the Gulf Cooperation Council is created among Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#May", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – The Saudi Arabian cargo ship Elhawi Star, transporting 3,631 tonnes of ceramic tiles and 781 tonnes of lumber to Chioggia, sank while being towed away from the Port of Rijeka by the tugboats Beli Kamik and Aries because of the unevenly distributed cargo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#October", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – Somali President Siad Barre is injured in a car accident in Mogadishu and taken to Saudi Arabia for treatment. Somali opposition groups see this as an opportunity to try to remove Barre, beginning the Somali Civil War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#May", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Four hundred pilgrims are killed in clashes between demonstrating Iranian pilgrims and Saudi Arabian security forces in Mecca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#July", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Nigeria Airways Flight 2120, a Douglas DC-8 operated by Canadian airline Nolisair, catches fire and crashes soon after takeoff from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing all 261 people on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#July", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – 1998 U.S. embassy bombings: the bombings of the United States embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya, kill 224 people and injure over 4,500; they are linked to terrorist Osama bin Laden, an exile of Saudi Arabia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373236679#August", "title": "1998", "revid": 1373236679, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – The Tunisian government falls after a month of increasingly violent protests; President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali flees to Saudi Arabia after 23 years in power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#January", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Saudi Arabia rejects a seat on the United Nations Security Council, making it the first country to reject a seat on the Security Council. Jordan takes the seat on December 6.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373160550#October", "title": "2013", "revid": 1373160550, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – A Saudi Arabia-led coalition of Arab countries starts a military intervention in Yemen in order to uphold the Yemeni government in its fight against the Houthis' southern offensive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#March", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2016, "year_label": "2016 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Following the fallout caused by the execution of Nimr al-Nimr, Saudi Arabia and several other countries end their diplomatic relations with Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373421880#January", "title": "2016", "revid": 1373421880, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – The Qatar diplomatic crisis of 2017–18 starts, as Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and other Arab countries block Qatari access to their seas and air.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#June", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Cinemas open in Saudi Arabia for the first time since 1983 with the American film Black Panther chosen as the first to be screened.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#April", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – COVID-19 pandemic: The United States and Saudi Arabia approve the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, while Argentina approves Sputnik V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#December", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – US President Joe Biden announces that the United States will cease providing weapons to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for use in the Yemeni Civil War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#February", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – The border between Qatar and Saudi Arabia reopens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#January", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – Saudi Arabia is accused of mass killing hundreds of African migrants attempting to cross its border with Yemen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#August", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – Canada and Saudi Arabia agree to restore full diplomatic relations after a breakdown in relations in 2018 over the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#May", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › May"}}]}