{"slug": "scandinavia", "label": "Scandinavia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21195", "qid": "Q21195", "description": "region in Northern Europe", "entries": 15, "years": 15, "span": [-649, 1905], "span_label": ["650 BCE", "1905 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "denmark", "label": "Denmark", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "vikings", "label": "Vikings", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "russia", "label": "Russia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "gotland", "label": "Gotland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "harald-bluetooth", "label": "Harald Bluetooth", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hampshire", "label": "Hampshire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "seville", "label": "Seville", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "septimania", "label": "Septimania", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -649, "year_label": "650 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "A climate change occurs in Europe, affecting all the Bronze Age cultures with colder and wetter climate, and tribes from Scandinavia migrate south into the European continent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372860055#Events", "title": "650 BC", "revid": 1372860055, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 267, "year_label": "267 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "First Gothic invasion: The Goths, originally from Scandinavia, with the Sarmatians (from modern Iran), invade the Balkans and Greece. They ravage Moesia and Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367427906#Roman_Empire", "title": "267", "revid": 1367427906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 753, "year_label": "753 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The town of Staraja Ladoga (Northern Russia) is founded by Scandinavians. The settlement becomes a prosperous trading outpost for jewelry, casual items, craft tools and dress adornments (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809798#Europe", "title": "753", "revid": 1340809798, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 789, "year_label": "789 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the first appearance of Vikings in England. The Viking raid on Portland in Dorset is the first of its kind recorded in the British Isles, including Ireland. The reeve of Dorchester (a local high-ranking official) goes to greet them after they land, perhaps accustomed to welcoming Scandinavian merchants. He is killed. Viking attacks increase in intensity over the coming decades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848283#Britain", "title": "789", "revid": 1340848283, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 844, "year_label": "844 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Viking raiders ascend the River Garonne as far as the city of Toulouse, and pillage the lands of Septimania. Part of the marauding Vikings invades Galicia (Northern Spain), where some perish in a storm at sea. After being defeated in Corunna, the Scandinavian raiders sack the Umayyad cities of Seville (see below), Niebla, Beja, and Lisbon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342120631#Europe", "title": "844", "revid": 1342120631, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 931, "year_label": "931 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Harald Fairhair of Norway dies after a 59-year reign as the Scandinavian nation's first ruler. He divides the kingdom among his many sons (about 25 years ago) to bring peace. Unable to travel through the country - and perform his royal duties, Harald hands over power to his favorite son Eric Bloodaxe, who allegedly kills at least two of his brothers to gain the Norwegian throne that he will hold (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917472#Europe", "title": "931", "revid": 1364917472, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 960, "year_label": "960 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Harald Bluetooth, king of Denmark, consolidates his rule over Jutland and Zealand. He adopts Christianity, erecting a carved stone at Jelling to honour his parents. It features a runic inscription (best-known in Denmark) and an image of Christ surrounded by interlace. The other Scandinavian kingdoms slowly convert to Christianity (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272128#Europe", "title": "960", "revid": 1365272128, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Danevirke: Emperor Otto II defeats the rebel forces of King Harald I, who has invaded Nordalbingia (modern-day Holstein), to shake off imperial overlordship. Otto's armies swiftly subdue the Danes, consolidating the frontier between Scandinavia and Northern Germany. Meanwhile, Henry II begins a rebellion against his cousin Otto. He forges alliances with Bavarian and Saxon nobles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Europe", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 980, "year_label": "980 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Viking raids from Scandinavia threaten the southern English coast after a pause of 25 years. Hampshire and the Isle of Thanet are ravaged.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364109392#England", "title": "980", "revid": 1364109392, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1085, "year_label": "1085 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Katedralskolan in Lund (modern Sweden), the oldest school in Scandinavia, is founded by King Canute IV of Denmark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159073#Europe", "title": "1085", "revid": 1362159073, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1409, "year_label": "1409 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen of the Teutonic Knights guarantees peace with the Kalmar Union of Scandinavia by selling the Baltic Sea island of Gotland to Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998092#Date_unknown", "title": "1409", "revid": 1361998092, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – The War in Gotland begins in Scandinavia as an army from Sweden, commanded by Generals Magnus Gren and Birger Trolle, invades the island of Gotland, at the time ruled by Denmark. The invasion is repelled by Erik of Pomerania, ruler of the island and the former King of Sweden and Denmark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#July–September", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – William Morice takes office as the first Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Relations with France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the Italian states, and the Ottoman Empire are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The position will eventually evolve into the office of the Foreign Secretary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – The Lejonkulan (\"lion's den\") opens at Stockholm in Sweden as the first permanent theater in Scandinavia, with the performance of Jean Magnon's Orontes en Satira.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#January–March", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – Norsk Hydro, predecessor of Equinor, a state-run energy product and grid brand in Scandinavia, is founded in Norway.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#December", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › December"}}]}