{"slug": "scipio-africanus", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_Africanus", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2253", "qid": "Q2253", "description": "Roman general and politician (236/235–183 BC)", "entries": 22, "years": 17, "span": [-235, -149], "span_label": ["236 BCE", "150 BCE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 5}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-senate", "label": "Roman Senate", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "hannibal", "label": "Hannibal", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "numidia", "label": "Numidia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "second-punic-war", "label": "Second Punic War", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "cadiz", "label": "Cádiz", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "campania", "label": "Campania", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "masinissa", "label": "Masinissa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -235, "year_label": "236 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Africanus, Roman general in the Second Punic War and statesman of the Roman Republic (approximate date) (d. 183 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368088891#Births", "title": "236 BC", "revid": 1368088891, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -210, "year_label": "211 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Manius Pomponius Matho, Roman general, consul and maternal grandfather of Scipio Africanus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637763#Deaths", "title": "211 BC", "revid": 1325637763, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Following the death of his father, Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, at the hands of the Carthaginians, the young Publius Cornelius Scipio takes over command of the Roman troops in Spain. His appointment reflects the Roman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of the propraetor, Gaius Claudius Nero, then commander in Spain north of the Ebro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Roman_Republic", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -208, "year_label": "209 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "From his headquarters at Tarraco (Tarragona), Publius Cornelius Scipio, the Roman commander in Spain, launches a combined military and naval assault on the Carthaginian headquarters at Carthago Nova (modern-day Cartagena). He successfully besieges and captures the city. In capturing this city, Scipio gains access to copious stores and supplies, Spanish hostages, the local silver mines, a splendid harbour and a base for an advance further south.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115697#Roman_Republic", "title": "209 BC", "revid": 1300115697, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -207, "year_label": "208 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334903#Roman_Republic", "title": "208 BC", "revid": 1364334903, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -205, "year_label": "206 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio secures Gades, thus making Roman control of Spain complete. With the effective withdrawal of the Carthaginians from Spain, Hispania becomes a Roman province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853494#Roman_Republic", "title": "206 BC", "revid": 1361853494, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -205, "year_label": "206 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Battle of Ilipa (Alcalá del Río, near Seville) in Spain, the Carthaginian generals, Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco, are defeated by the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio. Mago retreats to Gades (modern Cádiz) and then sails for the Balearic Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853494#Roman_Republic", "title": "206 BC", "revid": 1361853494, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio boldly determines to disregard Hannibal in Italy and political opposition in the Roman Senate and rather decides to strike at the Carthaginian holdings in North Africa. Scipio crosses to Sicily with an army consisting partly of volunteers as the Roman Senate would not provide him with an army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Roman_Republic", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -203, "year_label": "204 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman forces under Publius Cornelius Scipio besiege Utica in Carthaginia. Scipio is unable to stop the combined forces of the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal Gisco and the Numidians under their chief, Syphax, and he is forced to lift his siege of Utica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115585#Carthage", "title": "204 BC", "revid": 1300115585, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -203, "year_label": "204 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hanno the Elder, Carthaginian general executed by Scipio Africanus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115585#Deaths", "title": "204 BC", "revid": 1300115585, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -202, "year_label": "203 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio, while undertaking peace negotiations with the Carthaginians at Utica, makes a surprise attack on the Carthaginian camp and destroys it. Then, sweeping down on the forces that the Carthaginians and their allies, the Numidians, are trying to muster on the Great Plains near the upper Bagradas River (in modern Tunisia), he smashes that army in the Battle of the Great Plains. The Numidian king, Syphax, and the Carthaginian leader, Hasdrubal Gisco, manage to escape separately.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325743211#Carthage", "title": "203 BC", "revid": 1325743211, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -201, "year_label": "202 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the Battle of Zama, the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio gains the cognomen \"Africanus\" in honour of his feats in North Africa against Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278127245#Roman_Republic", "title": "202 BC", "revid": 1278127245, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -201, "year_label": "202 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – The Battle of Zama (130 kilometers south-west of Carthage) ends the Second Punic War and largely destroys the power of Carthage. Roman and Numidian forces under the leadership of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his Numidian ally, Masinissa, defeat a combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and force Carthage to capitulate. Hannibal loses 20,000 men in the defeat, but he is able to escape Masinissa's pursuit.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278127245#Carthage", "title": "202 BC", "revid": 1278127245, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -198, "year_label": "199 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Africanus becomes censor and princeps Senatus (the titular head of the Roman Senate).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358812686#Roman_Republic", "title": "199 BC", "revid": 1358812686, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -190, "year_label": "191 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Africanus persuades the Roman Senate to continue the war against Antiochus III by making him the chief commander and allowing him and his brother, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, to follow Antiochus into Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356019531#Roman_Republic", "title": "191 BC", "revid": 1356019531, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -189, "year_label": "190 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Meeting no further resistance from the Seleucids and their allies, the Roman army under general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius, along with King Eumenes II of Pergamum and other allies, cross the Hellespont into Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342606670#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "190 BC", "revid": 1342606670, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -189, "year_label": "190 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Cornelia, second daughter of Scipio Africanus. She will be considered by Roman society to be the perfect example of a virtuous Roman woman (d. 100 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342606670#Births", "title": "190 BC", "revid": 1342606670, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -186, "year_label": "187 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus is elected tribune of the plebs, in which capacity he is recorded as having saved Scipio Africanus from prosecution by interposing his veto. Tiberius is no friend nor political ally of Scipio's, but feels that the general's services to Rome merit his release from the threat of trial like any common criminal. Supposedly, in gratitude for this action, Scipio betrothes his youngest daughter, Cornelia, to him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1223702100#Roman_Republic", "title": "187 BC", "revid": 1223702100, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -184, "year_label": "185 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder and his supporters of having received bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III. Scipio defies his accusers, reminds the Romans of their debt to him, and retires to his country house at Liternum in Campania. However, Cato is successful in breaking the political influence of Lucius Scipio and Scipio Africanus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369352571#Roman_Republic", "title": "185 BC", "revid": 1369352571, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Scipio Africanus dies at Liternum in Campania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Roman_Republic", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major, Roman statesman and general, famous for his victory over the Carthaginian leader Hannibal in the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, which ended the Second Punic War and gave him the surname Africanus (b. 236 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Deaths", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Aemilianus is sent by the Roman general, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, to Numidia to obtain some elephants from the Numidian king Masinissa, the friend of his grandfather Scipio Africanus. While there, he witnesses a great but indecisive battle between the Numidians and the Carthaginians. The latter then ask Scipio Aemilianus to arrange a settlement, but the negotiations break down.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Carthage", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}]}