{"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22", "qid": "Q22", "description": "country in north-west Europe, part of the United Kingdom", "entries": 156, "years": 145, "span": [77, 2020], "span_label": ["77 CE", "2020 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 53}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 25}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 23}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 14}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 9}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 8}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "dal-riata", "label": "Dál Riata", "shared": 21}, {"slug": "picts", "label": "Picts", "shared": 19}, {"slug": "northumbria", "label": "Northumbria", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-strathclyde", "label": "Kingdom of Strathclyde", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "bernicia", "label": "Bernicia", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "ireland", "label": "Ireland", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "edinburgh", "label": "Edinburgh", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "oswiu", "label": "Oswiu", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "celtic-britons", "label": "Celtic Britons", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "caledonians", "label": "Caledonians", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "vikings", "label": "Vikings", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 77, "year_label": "77 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola is named governor of Britannia, a post he occupies until AD 84. He extends the Roman influence to the mouth of the River Clyde (Scotland), and builds fortifications.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506529#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 77", "revid": 1371506529, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 82, "year_label": "82 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Calgacus unites the Picts (30,000 men) in Scotland, and is made chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185605#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 82", "revid": 1371185605, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 83, "year_label": "83 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Roman fort Inchtuthil is built in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506430#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 83", "revid": 1371506430, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 122, "year_label": "122 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hadrian gives up the territories conquered in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737565#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 122", "revid": 1364737565, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 142, "year_label": "142 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Antoninus Pius orders the construction of the Antonine Wall. The wall stretches 39 miles (63 km), from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde, to Carriden near Bo'ness on the Firth of Forth (Scotland). The Romans build 19 forts and smaller fortlets (milecastles), to protect the border against the Caledonians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187866#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 142", "revid": 1371187866, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 164, "year_label": "164 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Antonine Wall in Scotland is abandoned by the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371301890#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 164", "revid": 1371301890, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 208, "year_label": "208 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Septimius Severus leads an expedition (20,000 men) into Britannia, crosses Hadrian's Wall and moves through eastern Scotland. The Roman army pushes the Caledonians back to the River Tay and Severus signs a peace treaty. He repairs the Antonine Wall (his repairs are sometimes called the Severan Wall).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187746#Roman_Empire", "title": "208", "revid": 1371187746, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 209, "year_label": "209 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Septimius Severus makes plans to subdue the land to the north of Scotland, ravaging it severely. Road-building and forest-clearing, the Roman army reaches Aber; Scottish tribes begin guerrilla warfare.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191170#Roman_Empire", "title": "209", "revid": 1371191170, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 210, "year_label": "210 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Having suffered heavy losses since invading Scotland in 208, Emperor Septimius Severus sends his son - Caracalla - to systematically wipe out and torture the Scots into submission.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191290#Roman_Empire", "title": "210", "revid": 1371191290, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 360, "year_label": "360 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Saint Ninian, missionary to Scotland (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332419195#Births", "title": "AD 360", "revid": 1332419195, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 364, "year_label": "364 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Valentinian I is proclaimed Emperor by officers of the Roman army at Nicaea in Bithynia. He addresses the soldiers (who threaten to riot) in a speech. He founds the Valentinianic dynasty and rules the Western portion of the Roman Empire, from Caledonia (Scotland) to the Rhine frontier, ensuring it a few years of relative security. He settles in Lutetia (Paris) and establishes a militia to defend the region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332420284#Roman_Empire", "title": "364", "revid": 1332420284, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 432, "year_label": "432 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Saint Ninian, missionary in Scotland (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361576950#Deaths", "title": "432", "revid": 1361576950, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 507, "year_label": "507 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Domangart Réti, king of Dál Riata (modern Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907722#Deaths", "title": "507", "revid": 1364907722, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 532, "year_label": "532 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riata (Scotland) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793755#Births", "title": "532", "revid": 1340793755, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 538, "year_label": "538 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gabrán mac Domangairt becomes king of Dál Riata (Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351200776#Britain", "title": "538", "revid": 1351200776, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 558, "year_label": "558 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Conall mac Comgaill becomes king of Dál Riata, a Gaelic overkingdom on the western coast of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749209#Europe", "title": "558", "revid": 1364749209, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 559, "year_label": "559 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Glappa succeeds his father Ida as king of Bernicia (North East England). During his rule, Anglian settlers expand their territory in what is now southeastern Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350439939#Britain", "title": "559", "revid": 1350439939, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 563, "year_label": "563 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Columba, Irish missionary monk, travels to Scotland with twelve companions. He lands on the Kintyre Peninsula, near Southend, and begins his evangelising mission to the Picts. On the island of Iona, he founds a monastery (Iona Abbey) on the west coast in the Inner Hebrides.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800810#Religion", "title": "563", "revid": 1340800810, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Columba, an Irish missionary, spots the Loch Ness Monster on the River Ness (in present day Scotland) and saves the life of a Pict (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Britain", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Æthelric succeeds his brother Adda as king of Bernicia (modern Scotland). He rules from 568–572 (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Britain", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 572, "year_label": "572 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Theodric succeeds his brother Æthelric as king of Bernicia (southeastern Scotland). He rules until 579.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801019#Britain", "title": "572", "revid": 1340801019, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 574, "year_label": "574 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Áedán mac Gabráin becomes king of Dál Riata (Scotland) (approximate Date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204925#Europe", "title": "574", "revid": 1349204925, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 575, "year_label": "575 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Convention of Druim Cett: Irish kings discuss the relationship between them and King Áedán mac Gabráin of Dál Riata. The Irish colony (now western Scotland) is confirmed, and rights to tax and levy are agreed to between the rulers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658531#Britain", "title": "575", "revid": 1367658531, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Frithuwald succeeds his brother Theodoric as king of Bernicia (Scotland). He rules from 579–585 (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Britain", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Theodric, king of Bernicia (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Deaths", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Columbanus, Irish missionary, gathers 12 companions for his journey to Britain, probably to the Scottish coast. After a short time, he crosses the English Channel and lands in Brittany (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Religion", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 593, "year_label": "593 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Æthelfrith of Northumbria succeeds Hussa as king of Bernicia (Scotland). His accession possibly involves dynastic rivalry and the exile of Hussa's relatives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755561#Britain", "title": "593", "revid": 1364755561, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 596, "year_label": "596 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Raith: An invading force of Angles lands on the Fife coast near Raith (Kirkcaldy) and defeats an alliance of Scots, Britons and Picts, under King Áedán mac Gabráin of Dál Riata (Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739187#Britain", "title": "596", "revid": 1364739187, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Britons of Strathclyde (Scotland), Wales, and Cornwall are all separated by the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Britain", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 608, "year_label": "608 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Eochaid Buide succeeds his father Áedán mac Gabráin as king of Dál Riata (modern Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289400818#Britain", "title": "608", "revid": 1289400818, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Rædwald of East Anglia conquers Northumbria (Northern England) at the Battle of the River Idle. King Æthelfrith is killed during the fighting and his children are forced to flee north. His heir, prince Eanfrith (age 26), seeks refuge with his mother's family, probably in Gododdin (modern Scotland), and moves further north into Pictland. Princes Oswald (age 12), Oswiu (age 4) and others escape to the court of King Eochaid Buide of Dál Riata, where they are converted to Christianity by the monks of Iona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Britain", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Oswald and his Northumbrian army besiege and conquer Edinburgh (Scotland). His half-brother, Oswiu of Bernicia, marries Princess Rhiainfelt, heiress of North Rheged (\"Old North\"). Northumbria embraces North Rheged in a peaceful takeover, and Oswiu becomes a sub-king (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Britain", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Prince Oswiu of Bernicia conquers Gododdin (or \"The Old North\") as far north as Manau (modern Scotland), on behalf of his half-brother, King Oswald (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Britain", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 643, "year_label": "643 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Æbbe establishes a monastery at Ebchester, known as Kirk Hill at St Abb's Head near Coldingham (Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804491#Religion", "title": "643", "revid": 1340804491, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Dúnchad mac Conaing, king of Dál Riata (modern Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Deaths", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 660, "year_label": "660 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Conall Crandomna of Dál Riata (modern Scotland) dies, and is succeeded by his nephew Domangart mac Domnaill.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359584981#Britain", "title": "660", "revid": 1359584981, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 660, "year_label": "660 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Conall Crandomna, king of Dál Riata (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359584981#Deaths", "title": "660", "revid": 1359584981, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 663, "year_label": "663 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Oswiu of Northumbria invades Pictland (modern Scotland). He establishes overlordship of, at least, the Southern Pictish sub-kingdoms of Fortriu and Fib (and possibly Circinn).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635360#Britain", "title": "663", "revid": 1367635360, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 664, "year_label": "664 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Synod of Whitby: King Oswiu of Northumbria calls for a meeting at Whitby Abbey to settle the church practices in his kingdom—those of the Celtic Church (of Wales, Scotland and the north of England – preached by Irish missionaries) or the Roman Church (of the south of England). The matters discussed include how to calculate the date of Easter. It is decided to follow the practice of Rome. As a result, many Irish clergy leave Northumbria and return to Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636792#Religion", "title": "664", "revid": 1367636792, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 671, "year_label": "671 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Two Rivers: King Ecgfrith of Northumbria defeats the Picts under King Drest VI, in the vicinity of Moncreiffe Island, near Perth (Scotland). After the battle the Picts are reduced to slavery, and subject to the yoke of captivity for the next 14 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805234#Britain", "title": "671", "revid": 1340805234, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 673, "year_label": "673 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Domangart mac Domnaill, king of Dál Riata (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805471#Deaths", "title": "673", "revid": 1340805471, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 673, "year_label": "673 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Domangart mac Domnaill of Dál Riata (Scotland) dies, and is succeeded by his nephew Máel Dúin mac Conaill. He probably submits to King Ecgfrith of Northumbria as his overlord.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805471#Britain", "title": "673", "revid": 1340805471, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 685, "year_label": "685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Battle of Dun Nechtain: The Picts under King Bridei III revolt against their Northumbrian overlords. Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne, advises King Ecgfrith of Northumbria (Bridei's cousin) not to invade Pictland (modern Scotland). Undeterred, Ecgfrith marches his army north to engage the enemy near Dunnichen. The Picts, possibly with Scottish and Strathclyde Briton help, defeat the Saxon guard, killing Ecgfrith, who has reigned for 15 years, routing his army and forcing the Anglo-Saxons to withdraw south of the River Forth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749113#Britain", "title": "685", "revid": 1364749113, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 688, "year_label": "688 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Máel Dúin mac Conaill, king of Dál Riata (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806290#Deaths", "title": "688", "revid": 1340806290, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 696, "year_label": "696 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Domnall Donn, king of Dál Riata (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806231#Deaths", "title": "696", "revid": 1340806231, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 697, "year_label": "697 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Council of Birr: The northern part of Ireland accepts the Roman calculations for celebrating Easter. At this synod Adomnán, abbot of Iona (Scotland), promulgates his Cáin Adomnáin (\"Law of the Innocents\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361010652#Religion", "title": "697", "revid": 1361010652, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 697, "year_label": "697 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ferchar Fota, king of Dál Riata (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361010652#Deaths", "title": "697", "revid": 1361010652, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Berhtred, Anglo-Saxon nobleman, is killed leading a Northumbrian army against the Picts. The kingdom of Cait (or Cat) in northern Scotland is absorbed (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Britain", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ainbcellach mac Ferchair, king of Dál Riata (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Deaths", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Beorhtfrith fights against the Picts between Haefe and Caere (assumed to be between the rivers Avon and Carron, which flow into the Firth of Forth in Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Britain", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Dux Berhtfrith leads a Northumbrian campaign against the Picts, and defeats them in Manaw Gododdin (modern Scotland) (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Britain", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 715, "year_label": "715 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winning, an Irish monk, lands at the mouth of the River Garnock in Scotland, and establishes a community or cell of monks (termed cella or \"Kil\" in Gaelic).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661130#Religion", "title": "715", "revid": 1367661130, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Osred I of Northumbria is killed in battle, possibly by the Picts in Manau Gododdin (Scotland). He is succeeded by his distant cousin, Coenred.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Britain", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire › Britain"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Nechtan mac Der-Ilei, king of the Picts, expels the monks from the island of Iona (Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Religion", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 726, "year_label": "726 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Dúngal mac Selbaig is deposed as king of Dál Riata (Scotland). He is succeeded by Eochaid mac Echdach (a son of former king Eochaid mac Domangairt).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808661#Britain", "title": "726", "revid": 1340808661, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eochaid mac Echdach, king of Dál Riata (modern Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Deaths", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 736, "year_label": "736 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Óengus I of the Picts invades the neighbouring kingdom of Dál Riata, which is subjugated. He takes the fortress of Dunadd, and establishes his rule in Scotland for over two decades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809679#Britain", "title": "736", "revid": 1340809679, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 752, "year_label": "752 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Teudebur, king of Alt Clut (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809787#Deaths", "title": "752", "revid": 1340809787, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 756, "year_label": "756 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Newanbirig: Kings Óengus I of the Picts and Eadberht of Northumbria attack King Dumnagual III of Strathclyde, at Dumbarton Castle (modern Scotland). However, Eadberht's entire force is subsequently wiped out, probably by the Britons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654675#Britain", "title": "756", "revid": 1366654675, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 760, "year_label": "760 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Dumnagual III, king of Alt Clut (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358120145#Deaths", "title": "760", "revid": 1358120145, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 761, "year_label": "761 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Bridei V succeeds his brother Óengus I as king of the Picts (modern Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847723#Britain", "title": "761", "revid": 1340847723, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 763, "year_label": "763 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ciniod I succeeds Bridei V, as king of the Picts (modern Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359487766#Britain", "title": "763", "revid": 1359487766, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Áed Find, king of Dál Riata (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Deaths", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 781, "year_label": "781 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Fergus mac Echdach of Dál Riata (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848254#Deaths", "title": "781", "revid": 1340848254, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 789, "year_label": "789 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Constantine I is installed as king of the Picts. He becomes one of the greatest Scottish monarchs in the Viking period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848283#Britain", "title": "789", "revid": 1340848283, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 802, "year_label": "802 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Vikings plunder the treasures of Iona Abbey, on the west coast of Scotland (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848783#Britain", "title": "802", "revid": 1340848783, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 806, "year_label": "806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vikings massacre Columba's monks, and all the inhabitants on the island of Iona (Scotland). Other monks flee to safety in the monastery of Kells (Ireland). They take with them the Book of Kells.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292643508#Britain", "title": "806", "revid": 1292643508, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 810, "year_label": "810 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Kenneth MacAlpin, king of Scotland (d. 858)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848812#Births", "title": "810", "revid": 1340848812, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 812, "year_label": "812 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Domnall mac Ailpín, king of Scotland (d. 862)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345909676#Births", "title": "812", "revid": 1345909676, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 843, "year_label": "843 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Bridei VI, king of the Picts (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941897#Deaths", "title": "843", "revid": 1340941897, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 850, "year_label": "850 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Kenneth I (also called Kenneth MacAlpin) of Alba (modern Scotland) invades Northern Northumbria during the period of 850–858, burning Dunbar and Melrose.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129147#Britain", "title": "850", "revid": 1341129147, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 858, "year_label": "858 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – King Kenneth I (Cináed mac Ailpín), king of the Scots, dies after a 15-year reign in which he has been crowned at Scone, and united the various parts of Scotland with his native Dál Riata. His 46-year-old brother succeeds as Donald I, king of Alba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129132#Britain", "title": "858", "revid": 1341129132, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 870, "year_label": "870 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Danes, led by Ivar the Boneless and King Olaf of the Dublin Vikings, besiege Dumbarton in Scotland, the capital of King Artgal of Stratchlyde. After a siege of four months, the citadel is captured and destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129562#Britain", "title": "870", "revid": 1341129562, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 872, "year_label": "872 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Artgal of Strathclyde is slain, through the connivance of King Constantine I of Alba (modern Scotland) and his Viking allies. Artgal's son, Run, succeeds to the Strathclyde throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267071842#Britain", "title": "872", "revid": 1267071842, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 872, "year_label": "872 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Artgal, king of Strathclyde (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267071842#Deaths", "title": "872", "revid": 1267071842, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kings Eochaid and Giric of Alba and Strathclyde (modern Scotland) are deposed by Viking invaders. They are succeeded by Donald II, the son of the late Constantine I, who becomes king of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Britain", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1015, "year_label": "1015 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Owain ap Dyfnwal, king of Strathclyde (Scotland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365259982#Deaths", "title": "1015", "revid": 1365259982, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1304, "year_label": "1304 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Messengers from King Edward of England arrive at Kinclaven Castle in Scotland to discuss peace with Scottish noble John Comyn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428823#January_–_March", "title": "1304", "revid": 1361428823, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1306, "year_label": "1306 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – In Scotland, English forces under Edward of Caernarfon capture and sack Kildrummy Castle in Aberdeenshire. Edward takes Elizabeth de Burgh, Christina Bruce and Mary Bruce (sisters of Robert the Bruce), and Princess Marjorie Bruce (daughter of Bruce) as prisoners. He executes Nigel de Brus (younger brother of Bruce) for high treason, who is later hanged, drawn and quartered at Berwick.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354973149#July_–_September", "title": "1306", "revid": 1354973149, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1307, "year_label": "1307 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – On Christmas Day, the 3-day Battle of Slioch begins in Scotland, with King Robert the Bruce and his men turning back the forces of John Comyn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007828#October_–_December", "title": "1307", "revid": 1332007828, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1313, "year_label": "1313 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – William de Sancto Claro, the Bishop of Dunkeld and commonly known as William Sinclair, is issued a safe conduct pass by England's King Edward II in order to return to Scotland from Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694602#January_–_March", "title": "1313", "revid": 1361694602, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – Scotland's King Robert the Bruce ends his \"Great Raid\" campaign after six weeks, and withdraws his troops from northern England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#October_–_December", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Scotland's King Robert the Bruce begins the \"Great Raid\" on sites in northern England, leading troops across the River Tweed and starting with an attack on Norham Castle. England's King Edward II responds with an order directing the English Army to assemble at Newcastle upon Tyne to make a counterattack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#July_–_September", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1332, "year_label": "1332 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Battle of Annan: The loyalists of David II defeat Edward Balliol in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1272872485#Events", "title": "1332", "revid": 1272872485, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1332, "year_label": "1332 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1272872485#Deaths", "title": "1332", "revid": 1272872485, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1335, "year_label": "1335 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Battle of Boroughmuir: John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray defeats Guy, Count of Namur in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067892#January–December", "title": "1335", "revid": 1267067892, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – The kingdoms of England and Scotland sign a 14-year-truce.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#July–September", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): Preparing to lead invade Scotland as soon as the truce between England and Scotland expires on July 15, King Richard II of England assembles an army at Nottingham.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#April–June", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1390, "year_label": "1390 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – Robert III succeeds his father, Robert II, as King of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631980#April–June", "title": "1390", "revid": 1371631980, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "According to fringe theorists, the Scottish explorer Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, reaches North America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#Date_unknown", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – King Henry IV leads the English Army into Scotland, after receiving no answer from Scotland's King Robert III to his August 6 demand. The troops reach Haddington, East Lothian the next day and at Leith, on the outskirts of Edinburgh, by August 18. As historian James Hamilton Wylie will note almost 500 years later, \"the walls of Edinburgh did not fall before this ram's-horn blast, and August 23rd came and went without the required homage or recognition.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#July–September", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Battle of Nesbit Moor: An English force decisively defeats a returning Scottish raiding party.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#April–June", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1437, "year_label": "1437 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21– King James I of Scotland is assassinated in an attempted coup d'état led by his uncle and former ally, Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl. The night before, the King and his wife, Catherine Douglas had stopped at Blackfriars monastery in Perth. Queen Catherine is injured while barring the door with her arm in order to allow the King to escape, and King James is found in the early hours of the morning and stabbed to death while trying to escape.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358546204#January–March", "title": "1437", "revid": 1358546204, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1439, "year_label": "1439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – The Battle of Craignaught Hill takes place in Scotland between Clan Boyd and Clan Stewart as the Stewarts of Darnley carry out revenge against Sir Thomas Boyd for his murder of Alan Stewart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373513363#July–September", "title": "1439", "revid": 1373513363, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1449, "year_label": "1449 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Mary of Guelders arrives in Scotland at Leith after being escorted from the Duchy of Burgundy to Scotland following her selection by Lord Crichton", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251873#April–June", "title": "1449", "revid": 1365251873, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1452, "year_label": "1452 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – The Battle of Brechin is fought in Scotland between the royalist supporters of Clan Gordon (led by Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly) and the rebels of Clan Lindsay, led by Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford. Clan Gordon wins and the Lindsays submit to the authority of King James II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355060030#April–June", "title": "1452", "revid": 1355060030, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1468, "year_label": "1468 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – The Orkney Islands are pledged to Scotland by King Christian I of Kingdom of Norway in consideration of an agreement for the marriage of 16-year-old King James III of Scotland to Princess Margrete, King Christian's daughter, with the islands pledged as security against the payment of the dowry. As the money is never paid, the connection with the crown of Scotland becomes perpetual.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561306#July–September", "title": "1468", "revid": 1369561306, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1471, "year_label": "1471 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Orkney and Shetland were absorbed into Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370196979#Date_unknown", "title": "1471", "revid": 1370196979, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1472, "year_label": "1472 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – Orkney and Shetland are returned by Norway to Scotland, as a result of a defaulted dowry payment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251690#January–March", "title": "1472", "revid": 1365251690, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1482, "year_label": "1482 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – In the Anglo-Scottish Wars, Richard, Duke of Gloucester invades Scotland, and captures Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368493356#July–September", "title": "1482", "revid": 1368493356, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1487, "year_label": "1487 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – The Battle of Aldy Charrish takes place in Scotland as the Clan Mackay defeats the Clan Ross.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366465965#July–September", "title": "1487", "revid": 1366465965, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1490, "year_label": "1490 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – The Massacre of Monzievaird takes place in Scotland at the county Perthshire, with 20 members of Clan Murray being killed when members of Clan Drummond and Clan Campbell set fire to the church where the Murrays have assembled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365746432#October–December", "title": "1490", "revid": 1365746432, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1495, "year_label": "1495 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – King's College, Aberdeen, predecessor of the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, is founded with the issuance of the papal bull Primo Erectio Universitatis by Pope Alexander VI on the petition of William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256979#January–March", "title": "1495", "revid": 1365256979, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1503, "year_label": "1503 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England, at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366510845#July–September", "title": "1503", "revid": 1366510845, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1508, "year_label": "1508 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – The oldest annual foot race in Europe, the \"Red Hose Race\", is run for the first time, taking place in Scotland at Carnwath, Lanarkshire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320572#January–March", "title": "1508", "revid": 1351320572, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1547, "year_label": "1547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – A fleet of 21 French galleys, commanded by Leone Strozzi, arrives at Fife in Scotland and begins the siege of St Andrews Castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369359234#April–June", "title": "1547", "revid": 1369359234, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – The Debatable Lands on the border of England and Scotland are divided between the two kingdoms by a commission creating the Scots' Dike in an unsuccessful attempt to halt lawlessness here, but giving both countries their modern borders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#July–September", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – The English ship Edward Bonadventure, commanded by Richard Chancellor is wrecked on the coast of Scotland at Pitsligo, killing most of its crew, including Chancellor. The few survivors include the first Russian ambassador to England, Osip Nepeya.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#October–December", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – Battle of Corrichie in Scotland: The rebellion of George Gordon, Earl of Huntly is crushed by James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#October–December", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1571, "year_label": "1571 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – Clan Gordon defeats Clan Forbes in the Battle of Craibstone, fought near Aberdeen in Scotland. Clan Forbes sustains 300 deaths and 200 men are taken prisoner out of its original contingent of 900, while Clan Gordon suffers 200 deaths of its 800 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369367955#October–December", "title": "1571", "revid": 1369367955, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1577, "year_label": "1577 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Supposed massacre of the MacDonald inhabitants of the Scottish island of Eigg, by the Clan MacLeod.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323001#Date_unknown", "title": "1577", "revid": 1361323001, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – Raid of Ruthven in Scotland: Presbyterian nobles led by William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie kidnap King James VI of Scotland, the kingdom's 16-year-old ruler, while he is hunting in Perthshire. The Earl of Gowrie imprisons the King at Ruthven Castle as part of a coup d'etat to reform the Scottish government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#July–September", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Ruthven and his co-conspirators arrange for John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell, heir to former regent James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, to be installed as Scotland's regent. Douglas had been executed in 1581 for the 1567 murder of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and father of King James VI, who is imprisoned at Ruthven's castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#July–September", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – In Scotland, the University of Edinburgh holds its first classes, accepting more than 80 students as \"Tounis College\". In continuous operation for more than 440 years, the University will have more than 41,000 students.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#October–December", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1593, "year_label": "1593 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – The Battle of Dryfe Sands takes place in Scotland at Annandale, between rival clans as John Maxwell leads Clan Maxwell, aided by Clan Grierson and Clan Pollock, in an invasion of the lands of Clan Johnstone, led by Sir James Johnstone. With their defense aided by Clan Scott and Clan Graham, the Johnstone clan wins the battle, but only 160 of the 600 defenders survive the fight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972668#October–December", "title": "1593", "revid": 1351972668, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1594, "year_label": "1594 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – The Battle of Glenlivet in Scotland: The Protestant forces loyal to King James VI, assisted by the armies of 8 clans and led by the Earl of Argyll, oppose Roman Catholic rebels supported by Clan Gordon (led by the Earl of Huntley), Clan Hay (led by the Earl of Errol), Clan Comyn and Clan Cameron. Despite being outnumbered 5 to 1, the Catholic clans win the battle, killing 500 of the Protestant forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319812312#October–December", "title": "1594", "revid": 1319812312, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – King James I of England is escorted by the Earl of Home across the border to return to Scotland (where he reigns as King James VI) for the first time since the Union of the Crowns 14 years earlier in 1603. He is given lodging at Home's Dunglass Castle, East Lothian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#April–June", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – King Charles I of England surrenders his forces to a Scottish army at Southwell, Nottinghamshire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#April–June", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is found guilty of high treason in a public session.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#January–March", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – At the Battle of Inverkeithing in Scotland, the English Parliamentarian New Model Army, under Major-General John Lambert, defeats a Scottish Covenanter army acting on behalf of Charles II, led by Sir John Brown of Fordell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#July–September", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1652, "year_label": "1652 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – At Edinburgh, the parliamentary commissioners of the Commonwealth of England proclaim the Tender of Union to be in force in Scotland, annexing the Scottish nation with the concession that Scotland would have 30 representatives in the parliament of the English Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367149733#January–March", "title": "1652", "revid": 1367149733, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – The Instrument of Government in England becomes Britain's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, being advised by a remodelled English Council of State. This is the start of The First Protectorate, bringing an end to the first period of republican government in the country, the Commonwealth of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#October–December", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – The Battle of Tullich takes place in Aberdeenshire in Scotland during Glencairn's rising, a revolt by Scottish royalists against the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland led by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell. The battle is indecisive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#January–March", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – Cromwell's Act of Grace, officially the Act of Pardon and Grace to the People of Scotland, is proclaimed at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#April–June", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – At daybreak, English Army Colonel George Monck, with two brigades of troops from his Scottish occupational force, fords the River Tweed at Coldstream in Scotland to cross the Anglo-Scottish border at Northumberland, with a mission of advancing toward London to end military rule of England by General John Lambert and to accomplish the English Restoration, the return of the monarchy to England. By the end of the day, he and his soldiers have gone 15 mi through knee-deep snow to Wooler while the advance guard of cavalry had covered 50 mi to reach Morpeth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#January–March", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – All but 3 members of the over 200-person crew of the Dutch ship Kennemerland are killed when the trade ship sinks in a storm near the Out Skerries islands off of the coast of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#October–December", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – The Battle of Rullion Green takes place in the Pentland Hills near Midlothian in Scotland as the culmination of the brief 'Pentland Rising' which began on November 15 as a rebellion by the Covenanters who oppose changes in the Church of Scotland. At least 2,000 men of the Scottish Royal Army, led by General Thomas Dalyell, defeat more than 750 Covenanter rebels who have been under the command of James Wallace of Auchens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#October–December", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Battle of Bothwell Bridge in Scotland: Royal forces led by James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth and John Graham of Claverhouse subdue the Scottish Covenanters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#April–June", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland, lands at Lyme Regis with an invasion force brought from the Netherlands, to challenge his uncle, James II, for the Crown of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#April–June", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – The Declaration of Indulgence is issued in Scotland by King James VII as one of the first steps in establishing freedom of religion in the British Isles, eliminating enforcement of criminal penalties against persons who failed to conform with Anglicanism. As King James II of England, he issues a similar declaration on April 4.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#January–March", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1692, "year_label": "1692 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Massacre of Glencoe: The forces of Robert Campbell slaughter around 30 members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe in Scotland (from whom they have previously accepted hospitality), for delaying to sign an oath of allegiance to King William III of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365636017#January–March", "title": "1692", "revid": 1365636017, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – The Commission of Enquiry into the Massacre of Glencoe in Scotland in 1692 reports to the Parliament of England, blaming Sir John Dalrymple, Secretary of State over Scotland, and declares that a soldier should refuse to obey a \"command against the law of nature\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#April–June", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – The Edinburgh Gazette is first published in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560904#January–March", "title": "1699", "revid": 1369560904, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – As part of the process of the unification of Scotland and England as Great Britain, Scotland selects 16 members to sit in the House of Lords at the Palace of Westminster.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#January–March", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – William Mackintosh of Borlum, leader of the Jacobite rising against Great Britain, lands with 1,500 men in Scotland after crossing the Firth of Forth from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#October–December", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Two new laws go into effect in the Highlands of Scotland to prevent a threat to Britain's ruling House of Hanover by the Jacobites who supported the restoration of the House of Stuart. The Disarming Act requires government authorisation to carry swords and firearms, and the amendments to the Treason Act 1714 permit trials for treason to take place in any court in England, regardless of where the crime was committed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#October–December", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – The Malt tax riots begin in Scotland in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, after the price of beer and scotch whisky increases. Earlier in the year, the British government extended the taxes in England on malted grain to brewers and distilleries in Scotland. The rioting then spreads throughout Scottish counties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361335962#April–June", "title": "1725", "revid": 1361335962, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "An old woman known as Janet (Jenny) Horne of Loth, Sutherland becomes the last alleged witch in the British Isles to be executed, when she is burned at the stake in Dornoch, Scotland. (Some sources give the date as June 1722.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#Date_unknown", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Probable date – The last wolf in Scotland is shot, in Killiecrankie.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#Undated", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1746, "year_label": "1746 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The wearing of the kilt is banned in Scotland by the Dress Act, which comes into force one year later, on August 1, 1747.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271173#July–September", "title": "1746", "revid": 1360271173, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1746, "year_label": "1746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – The Young Pretender Charles Edward Stuart occupies Stirling, Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271173#January–March", "title": "1746", "revid": 1360271173, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1747, "year_label": "1747 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – The ordeal of the Maryland freighter sloop Endeavour begins when the ship departs Annapolis for the West Indies and encounters a hurricane. With its masts and rigging torn away, the ship drifts for six months before finally ending up at the island of Tiree off the coast of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372981647#October–December", "title": "1747", "revid": 1372981647, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews is founded in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360193273#April–June", "title": "1754", "revid": 1360193273, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Construction of St Ninian's Church, Tynet, Scotland, the country's oldest surviving post-Reformation Roman Catholic clandestine church, is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360194188#Date_unknown", "title": "1755", "revid": 1360194188, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Vincenzo Lunardi of Italy becomes the first person to pilot a balloon over Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#October–December", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1786, "year_label": "1786 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – The 'Kilmarnock volume' of Robert Burns' Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect is published in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370552329#July–September", "title": "1786", "revid": 1370552329, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1797, "year_label": "1797 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Massacre of Tranent: British troops attack protestors against enforced recruitment into the militia at Tranent, Scotland, killing 11 and injuring 8.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310974#July–September", "title": "1797", "revid": 1368310974, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1837, "year_label": "1837 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first electric locomotive built is a miniature battery locomotive constructed by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen in Scotland, and powered by galvanic cells (batteries).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360323585#Date_unknown", "title": "1837", "revid": 1360323585, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – A fight between railway strikers and police breaks out at Motherwell, Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#January", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – The British freighter SS Jumna is last seen passing Rathlin Island off Northern Ireland. Bound from Scotland to deliver a shipment of coal to Uruguay with minimal crew, it never arrives and is never seen again.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#February", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – WWI: British armed merchantman is sunk in the North Channel off the coast of Scotland by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-27. Around 200 crew are lost, a number of bodies being washed up on the Isle of Man, with only 26 saved.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#March", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – Nicola Sturgeon, First Minister of Scotland (2014–present)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#July", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Births › July"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Margaret Thatcher's new local government tax (the poll tax) is introduced in Scotland. It will be introduced in England and Wales the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#April", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell, is born at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland, UK.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#July", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – Scotland votes in favour of a devolved Parliament, forming the Scottish Parliament less than two years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#September", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Researchers announce a 2.5 cm millipede fossil belonging to the Kampecaris genus, discovered on the island of Kerrera in the Scottish Inner Hebrides, is the world's oldest-known land animal, which lived 425 million years ago in the Silurian period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#May", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › May"}}]}