{"slug": "seljuk-empire", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3708094", "qid": "Q3708094", "description": "Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim empire (1037–1194)", "entries": 39, "years": 35, "span": [989, 1194], "span_label": ["989 CE", "1194 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 10}, {"title": "Births", "count": 7}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "alp-arslan", "label": "Alp Arslan", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "azerbaijan", "label": "Azerbaijan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "october", "label": "October", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "nicaea", "label": "Nicaea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "principality-of-antioch", "label": "Principality of Antioch", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tigris", "label": "Tigris", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "amu-darya", "label": "Amu Darya", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "greater-khorasan", "label": "Greater Khorasan", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 989, "year_label": "989 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Chaghri Beg, co-ruler of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1060)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624689#Births", "title": "989", "revid": 1357624689, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 990, "year_label": "990 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Tughril, sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1063)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908655#Births", "title": "990", "revid": 1341908655, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Al-Kunduri, vizier of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1064)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#Births", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1029, "year_label": "1029 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Alp Arslan (Heroic Lion), sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1072)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363085319#Births", "title": "1029", "revid": 1363085319, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1037, "year_label": "1037 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Great Seljuk Empire is established by Tugrul Bey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215302#Asia", "title": "1037", "revid": 1342215302, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1048, "year_label": "1048 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – Battle of Kapetron: A combined Byzantine-Georgian army, under Byzantine generals Aaronios and Katakalon Kekaumenos (supported by the Georgian duke Liparit IV), confronts the invading Seljuk Turks, led by Ibrahim Inal (a half-brother of Sultan Tughril), at Kapetron (near modern-day Pasinler). The Byzantines defeat their opposing Turkish forces in the flanks, but in the centre Ibrahim Inal captures Liparit, and can safely withdraw from Byzantine territory, laden with spoils and captives, including Liparit.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129783#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1048", "revid": 1350129783, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1054, "year_label": "1054 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Tughril leads a large Seljuk army out of Azerbaijan into Armenia, possibly to consolidate his frontier, while providing an incentive to his Turkoman allies in the form of plunder. Tughril divides his army into four columns, ordering three to veer off to the north to raid into central and northern Armenia, while he takes the fourth column towards Lake Van. The Seljuk Turks capture and sack the fortress city of Artchesh, after an 8-day siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267065294#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1054", "revid": 1267065294, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1055, "year_label": "1055 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – Malik-Shah I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1092)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301978694#Births", "title": "1055", "revid": 1301978694, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1060, "year_label": "1060 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Chaghri Beg, co-ruler of the Seljuk Empire (b. 989)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549974#Deaths", "title": "1060", "revid": 1368549974, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1063, "year_label": "1063 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Damghan: Seljuk forces under Alp Arslan defeat his brother Qutalmish who claims the throne of late Tughril, founder of the Seljuk Empire. Qutalmish flees from the battle, but his son Suleiman is taken prisoner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370137387#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1063", "revid": 1370137387, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1063, "year_label": "1063 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Tughril, sultan of the Seljuk Empire (b. 990)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370137387#Deaths", "title": "1063", "revid": 1370137387, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Alp Arslan succeeds to the throne, as sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He becomes sole ruler of Persia from the river Oxus to the Tigris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Al-Kunduri, vizier of the Seljuk Empire (b. 1024)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Deaths", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1066, "year_label": "1066 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Abu Hanifa Mosque is established in Baghdad, when the Grand Vizier of the Seljuk Empire, Abu Saad al-Khwarizmi or al-Mustawfi, builds a shrine for Abu Hanifa near his tomb.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370249569#Asia", "title": "1066", "revid": 1370249569, "section": "Events › Asia"}}, {"year": 1072, "year_label": "1072 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – Sultan Alp Arslan (\"Heroic Lion\") dies after a 9-year reign, during his campaign in Transoxiana. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old son Malik-Shah I, who is declared new ruler of the Seljuk Empire. Qavurt, a brother of Alp Arslan, claims the Seljuk throne for himself and occupies the capital of Isfahan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932811#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1072", "revid": 1332932811, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1077, "year_label": "1077 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Anushtegin Gharchai becomes governor (shihna) of Khwarezm and a vassal of the Seljuk Empire (until 1097).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303472978#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1077", "revid": 1303472978, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1082, "year_label": "1082 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad I Tapar, sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1118)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070113#Births", "title": "1082", "revid": 1267070113, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1084, "year_label": "1084 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seljuk Turks under Sultan Malik-Shah I conquer Byzantine Antioch, held by Philaretos Brachamios, an Armenian general, who seizes power as a usurper.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072083#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1084", "revid": 1267072083, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1092, "year_label": "1092 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – Sultan Malik-Shah I dies after a 20-year reign while hunting. The Seljuk Empire falls into chaos: his brother Tutush I and rival successors carve up their own independent sultanates in the Middle East. Malik-Shah is succeeded by his son Mahmud I, but he does not gain control of the empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1273814679#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1092", "revid": 1273814679, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Seljuk sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq (one of the Seljuk princes who claim the throne) as ruler of the Seljuk Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Eastern_Islamic_world", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Events › By place › Eastern Islamic world"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Mahmud I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Deaths", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1095, "year_label": "1095 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March", "text": "March – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos send envoys to Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza and appeals to the Christian states of Western Europe for military aid against the Seljuk Turks. Urban responds favourably, hoping to heal the Great Schism of 40 years earlier, and to reunite the Catholic Church under papal primacy by helping the Eastern churches.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365264485#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1095", "revid": 1365264485, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – French forces (7,000 infantry and 300 knights) led by Geoffrey Burel raid around Nicaea (the capital of the Rum Seljuk Turks), plundering livestock and villages in the suburbs. They commit atrocities against local Christian peasants. Children are tortured and dismembered by the crusaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1097, "year_label": "1097 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – Siege of Nicaea: The Crusaders begin their campaign with the siege of Nicaea (the capital of the Sultanate of Rum), assigning their forces to different sections of the walls, which are well-defended with 200 towers. Towards the end, an advance party of the Seljuk Turks is defeated by troops of Raymond IV of Toulouse (\"Saint-Gilles\") and Robert II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268080#First_Crusade", "title": "1097", "revid": 1365268080, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Mahmud II, sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1131)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Births", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Barkiyaruq dies in Borujerd (modern Iran) after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Malik-Shah II, but is deposed and killed by his uncle Muhammad I. Muhammad becomes ruler of the Seljuk Empire, but his brother Ahmad Sanjar (Seljuk ruler of Khorasan) holds more power as co-ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1115, "year_label": "1115 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Battle of Sarmin: The Crusaders, under Prince Roger of Salerno, surprise and rout the Seljuk Turkish army (some 8,000 men), led by Emir Bursuq ibn Bursuq, at Sarmin (modern Syria). Bursuq barely avoids capture, and escapes with a few hundred horsemen. Roger reoccupies the fortress of Kafartab, and consolidates his territory around Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369310142#Levant", "title": "1115", "revid": 1369310142, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1121, "year_label": "1121 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Sultan Mahmud II of the Seljuk Empire declares a Holy War on the Kingdom of Georgia. He sends an expedition under Ilghazi, the Artukid ruler of Mardin, to invade the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362154597#Eurasia", "title": "1121", "revid": 1362154597, "section": "Events › By place › Eurasia"}}, {"year": 1123, "year_label": "1123 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – King David IV of Georgia, nicknamed \"Davit IV Aghmashenebeli\" (\"David the Builder\") by his subjects, defeats Sultan Mahmud II of the Seljuk Empire (encompassing much of what is now Iraq and Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532227#April–June", "title": "1123", "revid": 1366532227, "section": "Events › By date › April–June"}}, {"year": 1131, "year_label": "1131 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mahmud II, sultan of the Seljuk Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372289644#Deaths", "title": "1131", "revid": 1372289644, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1139, "year_label": "1139 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – A magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes the Caucasus mountains in the Seljuk Empire, causing great devastation and killing 300,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362158770#Asia", "title": "1139", "revid": 1362158770, "section": "Events › By region › Asia"}}, {"year": 1141, "year_label": "1141 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – Battle of Qatwan: Yelü Dashi, founder of the Qara Khitai, defeats the Seljuk Empire and Kara-Khanid forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357081133#Events", "title": "1141", "revid": 1357081133, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1145, "year_label": "1145 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Estimation: Merv (in the Seljuk Empire) becomes the largest city in the world, surpassing Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160818#Asia", "title": "1145", "revid": 1362160818, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Eldiguz, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Azerbaijan, founds the Eldiguzid Dynasty and establishes an independent state within the Seljuk Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – Battle of Mount Cadmus: The French crusaders under Louis VII are defeated by the Seljuk Turks. The vanguard led by Geoffrey de Rancon ignores orders to pause and moves too far ahead, losing touch with the main army. The French are attacked by the Turks with the baggage train (almost 10 km long) unprotected. Louis is able to escape the fray under cover of the darkness.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Second_Crusade", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1149, "year_label": "1149 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – King Baldwin III receives an urgent request for help from Antioch to break the incomplete Zangid blockade of the city. Meanwhile, the Crusaders fail to retake Harim. Nur al-Din strengthens his siege of Antioch, but it is too large to surround. A truce is agreed under which Harim and farther east territory remains under Seljuk dominance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184526#Levant", "title": "1149", "revid": 1369184526, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1153, "year_label": "1153 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Estimation: Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Merv in the Seljuk Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184506#Demography", "title": "1153", "revid": 1369184506, "section": "Events › By topic › Demography"}}, {"year": 1157, "year_label": "1157 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – The 1157 Hama earthquake takes place after a year of foreshocks. Its name is taken from the city of Hama, in west-central Syria (then under Seljuk rule), where the most casualties are sustained.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532578#Events", "title": "1157", "revid": 1366532578, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – Toghrul III, sultan of the Seljuk Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#Deaths", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Deaths"}}]}