{"slug": "september", "label": "September", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123", "qid": "Q123", "description": "ninth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars", "entries": 111, "years": 107, "span": [43, 1944], "span_label": ["43 CE", "1944 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 45}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 18}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 13}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "october", "label": "October", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolic-theme", "label": "Anatolic Theme", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "paris", "label": "Paris", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "picardy", "label": "Picardy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hundred-years-war", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "portsmouth", "label": "Portsmouth", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 43, "year_label": "43 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Emperor Claudius, who arrives with reinforcements including war elephants, leads the march on Camulodunum (modern Colchester). Eleven British kings, probably including those of the Iceni and Brigantes, submit without a fight. Plautius becomes the first Governor of Roman Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_43", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 43"}}, {"year": 124, "year_label": "124 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September", "text": "September – Gaius Valerius Severus and Gaius Julius Gallus replace consuls Larcius and Ducenius and serve until the end of the year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330350231#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 124", "revid": 1330350231, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 200, "year_label": "200 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September-November - Battle of Guandu: Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats his rival Yuan Shao.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371377327#China", "title": "AD 200", "revid": 1371377327, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 211, "year_label": "211 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – September: Battle of Tong Pass: Cao Cao defeats Ma Chao.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189735#China", "title": "211", "revid": 1371189735, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 224, "year_label": "224 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September", "text": "September – In the Eastern Wu Kingdom, the Emperor Sun Quan orders the demotion of General Zhang Wen and his removal from command, commenting in the decree, \"Oh, Zhang Wen, you are so fortunate to be spared from death.\" Two other officers, General Ji Yan and General Xu Biao are arrested and permitted to commit suicide rather than to be executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367882775#China", "title": "224", "revid": 1367882775, "section": "Events › China"}}, {"year": 268, "year_label": "268 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Battle of Naissus: Emperor Gallienus, aided by Aurelian, defeats a Gothic coalition (50,000 warriors) near Naissus (Niš, modern Serbia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325890231#Roman_Empire", "title": "268", "revid": 1325890231, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 301, "year_label": "301 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "September", "text": "September: Emperor Diocletian issues a reform that revalues the Roman currency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365564128#Roman_Empire", "title": "301", "revid": 1365564128, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 408, "year_label": "408 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Rex Alaric I of the Visigoths crosses the Julian Alps with an army of 30,000 men, and marches into the Roman heartland. He lays siege to Rome, and Gothic auxiliaries desert to join Alaric's forces. After much bargaining, the Senate agrees to pay him a ransom of 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silken tunics, and 3,000 hides dyed scarlet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367644906#Roman_Empire", "title": "408", "revid": 1367644906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 499, "year_label": "499 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September", "text": "September – The 499 Nicopolis earthquake takes place in the borders between the regions of Mesopotamia, Pontus, and Roman Armenia. It affects the cities of Nicopolis, Neocaesarea (modern Niksar), Arsamosata, and Abarne, as well as the cultural areas of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367503464#Middle_East", "title": "499", "revid": 1367503464, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Belisarius arrives at Sicily, which he uses as a staging area, with the permission of the Ostrogoth queen Amalasuntha, daughter of Theodoric the Great and regent of Italy. The Ostrogoths help him with supplies and the fleet is prepared for the final attack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 569, "year_label": "569 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Lombards conquer Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) in northeastern Italy. Later in the year, the Lombards conquer Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349645704#Europe", "title": "569", "revid": 1349645704, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – King Chilperic I is stabbed to death while returning from a hunt near Chelles, after a 23-year reign over a territory extending from Aquitaine, to the northern seacoast of what later will be France. His wife Fredegund, who has paid for his assassination, seizes his wealth, flees to Paris with her son Chlothar II, and persuades the nobles to accept him as legitimate heir while she serves as regent, continuing her power struggles with Guntram, king of Burgundy, and her sister Brunhilda, queen mother of Austrasia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Europe", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 629, "year_label": "629 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Jerusalem is reconquered by the Byzantines (after 15 years of occupation), from the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803532#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "629", "revid": 1340803532, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 632, "year_label": "632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Battle of Buzakha: An Islamic column (6,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeats the Apostate rebels under Tulayha, near Ha'il (Saudi Arabia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370178497#Arabia", "title": "632", "revid": 1370178497, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Byzantine Senate turns against Martina and her son Heraklonas, who are both mutilated, and exiled to Rhodes. Supported by general Valentinus, Constantine's son Constans II, age 10, succeeds to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – Charles Martel leads his Frankish army (30,000 men) to Orléans and crosses the Loire River, probably accompanied by Eudes of Aquitaine, with his remaining troops. He makes camp near Tours, probably at Ballan-Miré south-west of the fortress city, in order to protect the abbey of Saint Martin. Charles defeats or forces back Umayyad scouts or an advance guard, between the rivers Indre and Creuse. Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi pulls back to establish a position at the Vienne River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Europe", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 746, "year_label": "746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August or September – Battle of Kafartuta: Caliph Marwan II defeats and kills Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani, leader of the Kharijites, in Upper Mesopotamia. The rebels withdraw across the River Tigris, escaping destruction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809747#Umayyad_Caliphate", "title": "746", "revid": 1340809747, "section": "Events › By place › Umayyad Caliphate"}}, {"year": 755, "year_label": "755 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September", "text": "September – Abd al-Rahman I, a member of the Umayyad Dynasty, lands at Almuñécar in al-Andalus (modern Spain), where over the next years he will establish the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847491#Europe", "title": "755", "revid": 1340847491, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Battle of Kopidnadon: An Abbasid expeditionary force crosses the Cilician Gates into the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey). It is confronted by two Byzantine armies at Podandos in Cappadocia, who are defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Battle of Kopidnadon: An Abbasid expeditionary force against the Byzantine Empire crosses the Cilician Gates into the Anatolic Theme. The Abbasid army launches an invasion of Byzantine Asia Minor, and is confronted by a Byzantine force at Kopidnadon. The battle results in an Abbasid victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 790, "year_label": "790 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Armeniac Theme, located in northeastern Asia Minor (modern Turkey), revolts against Empress Irene, and declares the 19-year-old Constantine VI sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Other themes follow its example, and imprison their strategoi. Constantine sends his iconoclast general Michael Lachanodrakon, to ensure that the Armeniacs (his closest supporters) take an oath. Irene is confined and imprisoned in her palace at Constantinople; all her eunuchs are exiled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848291#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "790", "revid": 1340848291, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 824, "year_label": "824 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Rebellious Arab troops in North Africa, led by Mansur ibn Nasr al-Tunbudhi in a battle against the Aghlabids, led by the Emir Ziyadat Allah, invade and occupy the city of Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361215157#By_date", "title": "824", "revid": 1361215157, "section": "Events › By date"}}, {"year": 867, "year_label": "867 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – Photius I (\"the Great\"), patriarch of Constantinople, is removed from office and banished. Ignatius is reinstated as patriarch by Basil I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655299#Religion", "title": "867", "revid": 1366655299, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 871, "year_label": "871 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Battle of Basra: Zanj rebels in Mesopotamia sack and capture Basra (see Zanj Rebellion).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129558#Arabian_Empire", "title": "871", "revid": 1341129558, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 902, "year_label": "902 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Ibrahim II crosses the Strait of Messina into Calabria. He begins his march to conquer the rest of Italy, and lays siege at Cosenza.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130244#Europe", "title": "902", "revid": 1341130244, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 925, "year_label": "925 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September — The Chamberlain Ja'far ibn Ubayd of the Fatimid Caliphate returns to the Fatimid capital of Mahdiya (now in Tunisia) after a successful 17-month campaign to pillage the Byzantine-ruled island of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671300#July_–_December", "title": "925", "revid": 1367671300, "section": "Events › By date › July – December"}}, {"year": 956, "year_label": "956 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September - October – A Byzantine fleet under Basil Hexamilites deals a crushing defeat to the Hamdanid fleet at Tarsus in Cilicia (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917782#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "956", "revid": 1364917782, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 994, "year_label": "994 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – King Otto III, now 14 years old, receives the regalia to rule the Kingdom of Germany at an assembly of the Imperial Diet in Solingen. Otto appoints Heribert of Cologne as chancellor of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350027284#Europe", "title": "994", "revid": 1350027284, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1013, "year_label": "1013 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Emperor Sanjō of Japan visits the home of influential statesman Fujiwara no Michinaga.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212600#Asia", "title": "1013", "revid": 1342212600, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1025, "year_label": "1025 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – At the urging of Queen Constance of Arles, the three sons of King Robert II of France (\"the Pious\") revolt against their father – Hugh Magnus (heir and co-king), Henry I and Robert I, Duke of Burgundy start a civil war over power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367042525#Events", "title": "1025", "revid": 1367042525, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1041, "year_label": "1041 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Budo, Hungarian courtier", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267586#Deaths", "title": "1041", "revid": 1365267586, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1129, "year_label": "1129 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Roger II of Sicily gains recognition as duke at Melfi from the Norman nobles of Naples, Bari, Capua, Salerno and other cities that have resisted him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329978071#Europe", "title": "1129", "revid": 1329978071, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September", "text": "September – King García IV (\"the Restorer\") breaks with Alfonso VII, and makes common cause with the County of Portugal against Castile and León.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Europe", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Fatimah Khatun, wife of caliph al-Muqtafi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Deaths", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1171, "year_label": "1171 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September", "text": "September – Doge Vitale II Michiel leads a Venetian fleet (120 ships) against the Byzantines, conquering the cities of Trogir and Dubrovnik. But the plague takes a heavy toll among the fleet's crewmen; half the ships have to be burned to keep them from falling into enemy hands. A plague also breaks out in Venice, when the remaining ships return.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165802#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1171", "revid": 1362165802, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Richard I arrives in Sicily at the head of a Crusader army and demands the release of his sister Joan of England, queen of Sicily, who is held hostage by the usurper Tancred of Lecce. He also demands that Tancred fulfill the financial commitments made by the late King William II (the Good) to the Crusade. Tancred refuses the financial demand but he agrees to release Joan, on September 28.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Europe", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1217, "year_label": "1217 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September: Leopold VI finds some ships in Split, that bring him and a small force to Acre. Andrew follows him about a fortnight later; in Split, he receives only two ships. The rest of Andrew's army is left behind. Meanwhile, King Hugh I of Cyprus lands at Acre, with troops to support the Crusade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488093#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1217", "revid": 1367488093, "section": "Events › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September", "text": "September – Cardinal Pelagius arrives with reinforcements at the Crusader camp, and proceeds to challenge the command of John I, claiming that the Church holds greater authority than a secular leader. Meanwhile, the Crusaders spend time clearing out an old canal, so that their ships can surround Damietta. Pelagius also brings news that King Frederick II has promised to follow soon, with a German expeditionary force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1219, "year_label": "1219 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – Francis of Assisi, an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces Catholicism in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed baptism, and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345005371#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1219", "revid": 1345005371, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1224, "year_label": "1224 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Abdallah al-Adil (the Just), governor in Al-Andalus, challenges the Almohad throne and captures Seville. He marches to Marrakesh to confront Abu Muhammad al-Wahid. Abdallah seizes the royal palace and deposes Muhammad al-Wahid, who is strangled to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561506#July_–_September", "title": "1224", "revid": 1369561506, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – 1240 Izborsk and Pskov campaign: An alliance of the Livonian Order, the Bishopric of Dorpat and the pretender-prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich of Pskov besiege and conquer the border fortress of Izborsk in the Pskov Land. After Pskovian defenders fail to retake the town, the allied forces advance to the capital Pskov itself, compelling it to surrender, resulting in the brief overthrow of the pro-Suzdalian faction that supports prince Alexander Nevsky.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Europe", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1259, "year_label": "1259 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Epirote–Nicaean conflict, Battle of Pelagonia: The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362482647#Europe", "title": "1259", "revid": 1362482647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – Rabban Bar Sauma arrives in Paris, and is received in an audience by King Philip IV (the Fair). He spends one month at the royal court, during his stay, Philip himself escorts him around the Sainte-Chapelle (or Holy Chapel) to see the collection of Passion relics by late King Louis IX (the Saint). Philip gives Bar Sauma many presents and sends one of his noblemen, Gobert de Helleville, to return with him to Mongol lands. In response, he attempts to form a military alliance with France and England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Europe", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Late September – Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr crosses the Strait of Gibraltar from Alcácer Seguir to Tarifa. During the next three months, Marinid forces besiege Vejer de la Frontera, and carry out daily raids around Ferez. In the meantime, other Marinid raiding parties devastate the countryside as far north as Alcalá del Río, near Seville.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Europe", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1302, "year_label": "1302 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September", "text": "September – Roger de Flor, Italian military adventurer and knight (condottiere), founds the Catalan Company group of mercenaries, with soldiers (Almogavars) jobless after the Treaty of Caltabellotta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362151248#July–September", "title": "1302", "revid": 1362151248, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos, facing a possible siege of Constantinople by Ottoman-Turkish forces, seeks support from the European kingdoms. He makes Roger de Flor, Italian military adventurer and nobleman, an offer of service. Roger with his fleet and army (some 7,000 men), now known as the Catalan Company, departs from Messina with 36 ships (including 18 galleys), and arrives in Constantinople. He is adopted into the imperial family, Andronikos appoints him as grand duke (megas doux) and commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army and fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#July–September", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1308, "year_label": "1308 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Siege of Siwana: Delhi forces under Alauddin Khalji capture the Siwana fortress after a two-month siege. During the siege, Alauddin defiles the main water tank of Siwana (by a traitor) with cows' blood.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367315343#July_–_September", "title": "1308", "revid": 1367315343, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1332, "year_label": "1332 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September", "text": "September – Edward Balliol crowns himself King of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1272872485#Events", "title": "1332", "revid": 1272872485, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1341, "year_label": "1341 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September–October – The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 (between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency for the infant John V Palaiologos) breaks out.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561422#Events", "title": "1341", "revid": 1369561422, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1345, "year_label": "1345 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September", "text": "September – Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland are inherited by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and remain part of the imperial crown domain until 1347.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366119534#Events", "title": "1345", "revid": 1366119534, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September–October – Anglo-Gascon offensives overrun large parts of southwest France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1347, "year_label": "1347 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Hundred Years' War: The English win the city of Calais.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289406739#January–December", "title": "1347", "revid": 1289406739, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1359, "year_label": "1359 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – Margaret, Countess of Tyrol, and her second husband, Louis V, Duke of Bavaria, are absolved from excommunication.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297602879#January–December", "title": "1359", "revid": 1297602879, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Hundred Years' War: The French burn Portsmouth, England; the English raid Picardy and Normandy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#July–September", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Joanna of Flanders, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1295)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#Deaths", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – John of Gaunt summons religious reformer John Wyclif to appear before the Royal Council.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#July–September", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "late September – Battle of the North Inch (\"Battle of the Thirty\"): In a mass trial by combat on the North Inch of Perth, Scotland, the Clan Cameron defeat the Clan Mackintosh. Records refer to \"warpipes\" being carried into battle, perhaps predecessors of the Great Highland bagpipe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#July–September", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1431, "year_label": "1431 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361768961#July–September", "title": "1431", "revid": 1361768961, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1488, "year_label": "1488 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Abu 'Amr 'Uthman, Hafsid caliph of Ifriqiya (b. 1419)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368209981#Deaths", "title": "1488", "revid": 1368209981, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1488, "year_label": "1488 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Lasse Huittinen, Finnish thief", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368209981#Deaths", "title": "1488", "revid": 1368209981, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1491, "year_label": "1491 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – At the battle of Vrpile Gulch in southern Croatia, the armies of the Ottoman Empire are defeated by those of the Kingdom of Croatia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360561378#July–September", "title": "1491", "revid": 1360561378, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1495, "year_label": "1495 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Vlad Călugărul, Wallachian half-brother of Vlad the Impaler", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256979#Deaths", "title": "1495", "revid": 1365256979, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – The dispute between Johann Reuchlin and Johannes Pfefferkorn concerning the Talmud and other Jewish books, is referred to Pope Leo X.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#July–September", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1532, "year_label": "1532 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Vlad VI Înecatul, Prince of Wallachia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818925#Deaths", "title": "1532", "revid": 1368818925, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny (b. 1469)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#Deaths", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1541, "year_label": "1541 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Beatriz de la Cueva, Governor of Guatemala (b. 1510)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813253#Deaths", "title": "1541", "revid": 1361813253, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September–October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, but the siege is withdrawn on the approach of the French army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#July–September", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. September – Mobye Narapati succeeds as ruler of the Ava Kingdom and offers peace to the Taungoo dynasty, ending the Taungoo–Ava War (1538–45), and leaving the Taungoo as the dominant rulers in Burma.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#July–September", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1553, "year_label": "1553 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – Anglican bishops in England are arrested, and Roman Catholic bishops are restored.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480437#July–September", "title": "1553", "revid": 1362480437, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell, Scottish traitor (b. 1512)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#Deaths", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1559, "year_label": "1559 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 or September 1556 – Sophia Brahe, Danish astronomer, horticulturalist (d. 1643)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794840#Births", "title": "1559", "revid": 1366794840, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1567, "year_label": "1567 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September", "text": "September – Edward Sutton, 5th Baron Dudley, English landowner (d. 1643)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362147494#Births", "title": "1567", "revid": 1362147494, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1568, "year_label": "1568 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Anna Pehrsönernas moder, influential Swedish courtier (b. year unknown)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362476556#Deaths", "title": "1568", "revid": 1362476556, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1569, "year_label": "1569 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September", "text": "September – Arthur Lake, English bishop, a translator of the King James Bible (d. 1626)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794933#Births", "title": "1569", "revid": 1366794933, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – A plot to assassinate John III of Sweden is discovered, headed by Charles de Mornay and implicating Charles Dancay, Hogenskild Bielke, Gustaf Banér, Pontus De la Gardie, Princess Elizabeth of Sweden, Princess Cecilia of Sweden, and Duke Charles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368294863#July–September", "title": "1574", "revid": 1368294863, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1578, "year_label": "1578 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Pierre Lescot, French architect (b. 1510)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356931160#Deaths", "title": "1578", "revid": 1356931160, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1580, "year_label": "1580 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, French royal mistress and cultural patron (b. 1508)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369376205#Deaths", "title": "1580", "revid": 1369376205, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1614, "year_label": "1614 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Giovanni de Macque, Dutch composer (b. c. 1550)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372816433#July–September", "title": "1614", "revid": 1372816433, "section": "Deaths › July–September"}}, {"year": 1619, "year_label": "1619 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Hans Lippershey, Dutch lensmaker (b. 1570)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369562130#July–September", "title": "1619", "revid": 1369562130, "section": "Deaths › July–September"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September", "text": "September – John Spofford arrives in Boston Harbor, on the ship John of London, and is one of the first people to establish Rowely, Essex County, Massachusetts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#July–September", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Christoph Besold, German jurist (b. 1577)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#Deaths", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September", "text": "September – Shah Jahan becomes ill, allowing his son to take control of the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#July–September", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – Robert Hooke's Micrographia is published in London, first applying the term 'cell' to plant tissue, which he discovered first in cork, then in living organisms, using a microscope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988545#July–September", "title": "1665", "revid": 1365988545, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – A Russian army invades Swedish Estonia, and besieges the town of Narva.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#July–September", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – In Tibet, forces of the Tibetan Dzungar Khanate destroys an advancing expedition of the Chinese Imperial Army, under the command of General Erentei, in the Battle of the Salween River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#July–September", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1769, "year_label": "1769 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September", "text": "September – Massive droughts in Bengal lead to the Bengal famine of 1770, in which ten million people, a third of the population, will die, the worst natural disaster in human history (in terms of lives lost).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354215144#July–September", "title": "1769", "revid": 1354215144, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1778, "year_label": "1778 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Massachusetts Banishment Act, providing punishment for Loyalists, is passed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371073991#July–September", "title": "1778", "revid": 1371073991, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1792, "year_label": "1792 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September", "text": "September – Macartney Embassy: George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, sails from Portsmouth in HMS Lion as the first official envoy from Great Britain to China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359853540#July–September", "title": "1792", "revid": 1359853540, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1798, "year_label": "1798 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first significant American novel, the Gothic fiction Wieland: or, The Transformation; an American Tale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366050846#July–December", "title": "1798", "revid": 1366050846, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1811, "year_label": "1811 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – Nathan of Breslov leads the first annual Rosh Hashana kibbutz (pilgrimage) of Breslov Hasidim, to the grave of Rabbi Nachman of Breslov in Uman, Ukraine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361375672#July–September", "title": "1811", "revid": 1361375672, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1811, "year_label": "1811 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September – Ulrich Jasper Seetzen, German explorer (b. 1767)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361375672#Deaths", "title": "1811", "revid": 1361375672, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1813, "year_label": "1813 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September", "text": "September – Robert Southey becomes Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357692833#July–September", "title": "1813", "revid": 1357692833, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1818, "year_label": "1818 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September", "text": "September – Sir Stamford Raffles sets out to visit Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (modern-day Singapore).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373165947#July–September", "title": "1818", "revid": 1373165947, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1825, "year_label": "1825 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Lady Margaret Boat Club is founded by 12 members of St John's College, Cambridge.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341744335#July–September", "title": "1825", "revid": 1341744335, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – Wesleyan University is established in Ohio.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#July–September", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1843, "year_label": "1843 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September", "text": "September – Ada Lovelace translates and expands Menabrea's notes on Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366016136#July–September", "title": "1843", "revid": 1366016136, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1846, "year_label": "1846 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Second Carlist War (or the War of the Matiners or Madrugadores) begins in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342482#July–September", "title": "1846", "revid": 1368342482, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1857, "year_label": "1857 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Panic of 1857 begins: Speculation in U.S. railroad shares, and the collapse on August 24 of the New York City branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, following widespread embezzlement, trigger a financial crisis which will extend to Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366379985#July–September", "title": "1857", "revid": 1366379985, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Cochinchina Campaign: French warships, under Charles Rigault de Genouilly, attack and occupy Da Nang, Vietnam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371625769#July–September", "title": "1858", "revid": 1371625769, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1859, "year_label": "1859 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September", "text": "September – British merchant Thomas Blake Glover begins business in Nagasaki, Japan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#July–September", "title": "1859", "revid": 1371179353, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Western Railroad from Fayetteville, North Carolina, to the coal fields of Egypt, North Carolina, is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#September", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Great Tea Race of 1866 ends in London, narrowly won by the clipper ship Taeping.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#September", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1868, "year_label": "1868 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September", "text": "September – Glorious Revolution: Queen Isabella II of Spain is effectively deposed and sent into exile; she formally abdicates on June 25, 1870.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363668193#September", "title": "1868", "revid": 1363668193, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – English Association football team Birmingham City F.C. is founded as Small Heath Alliance in Birmingham by a group of cricketers from Holy Trinity Church, Bordesley, playing its first match in November.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#September", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1879, "year_label": "1879 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – Henry George self-publishes his major work Progress and Poverty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365404244#September", "title": "1879", "revid": 1365404244, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1892, "year_label": "1892 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – Women are first admitted to Yale University's graduate school.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372569087#September", "title": "1892", "revid": 1372569087, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – Shelbourne F.C. is founded in Dublin, Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#September", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas opens as Southwest Texas Normal School.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#September", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September", "text": "September (unknown date) – Ioan Culcer, Romanian general and politician (b. 1853)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372527586#September", "title": "1928", "revid": 1372527586, "section": "Deaths › September"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – The European crisis over German demands for annexation of the Sudeten borderland of Czechoslovakia becomes increasingly severe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#September", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Dutch famine (\"Hongerwinter\") begins, in the occupied northern part of the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#September", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › September"}}]}