{"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460", "qid": "Q1460", "description": "island in the Mediterranean, region of Italy", "entries": 152, "years": 146, "span": [-487, 1984], "span_label": ["488 BCE", "1984 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 71}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 22}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 14}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 11}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 6}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 5}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "syracuse-sicily", "label": "Syracuse, Sicily", "shared": 33}, {"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 24}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "sardinia", "label": "Sardinia", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "palermo", "label": "Palermo", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "corsica", "label": "Corsica", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "africa-roman-province", "label": "Africa (Roman province)", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "hiero-ii-of-syracuse", "label": "Hiero II of Syracuse", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "ancient-corinth", "label": "Ancient Corinth", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "greece", "label": "Greece", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": -487, "year_label": "488 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Theron becomes tyrant of Acragas in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372358766#Sicily", "title": "488 BC", "revid": 1372358766, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Greek city of Himera in Sicily, in its quarrel with Akragas, enlists Carthaginian support. With the help of Gelo, the tyrant of Syracusae, and Theron of Akragas, the Carthaginians are defeated in the Battle of Himera. After the defeat, Hamilcar kills himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Sicily", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -477, "year_label": "478 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gelo, tyrant of the cities of Gela and Syracuse in Sicily", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129370#Deaths", "title": "478 BC", "revid": 1350129370, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -475, "year_label": "476 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Greek poet Pindar visits Sicily and is made welcome at the courts of Theron of Acragas and Hieron I of Syracuse. They commission some of his greatest poetry. It is through these connections that Pindar's reputation spreads all over the Greek world.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129376#Literature", "title": "476 BC", "revid": 1350129376, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -466, "year_label": "467 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Aeschylus' play, The Persians is produced in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362862672#Literature", "title": "467 BC", "revid": 1362862672, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": -465, "year_label": "466 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Tyrant, Thrasybulus, is driven out by the citizens of Syracuse, Sicily. The city moves to a democratic system of government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129366#Italy", "title": "466 BC", "revid": 1350129366, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -459, "year_label": "460 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Ducetius, a Hellenised leader of the Siculi, an ancient people of Sicily, takes advantage of the confusion that follows the collapse of the tyranny in Syracuse and other Sicilian states. With the support of the Syracusan democracy, he drives out the colonists of the former tyrant Hieron from Catana and restores it to its original inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173290#Siculi", "title": "460 BC", "revid": 1354173290, "section": "Events › Siculi"}}, {"year": -458, "year_label": "459 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Sicilian town of Morgantina was destroyed by Ducetius, Hellenised leader of the Siculi (according to Diodorus Siculus).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354678972#Sicily", "title": "459 BC", "revid": 1354678972, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -453, "year_label": "454 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hostilities between Segesta and Selinunte, two Greek cities on Sicily, take place over access to the Tyrrhenian Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302076125#Sicily", "title": "454 BC", "revid": 1302076125, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -449, "year_label": "450 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "After minor preliminary successes (including the capture of Inessa from its Greek colonists), Ducetius, a Hellenised leader of the Siculi, an ancient people of Sicily, is decisively defeated by the combined forces of Syracuse and Acragas. Ducetius flees to exile in Corinth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172732#Sicily", "title": "450 BC", "revid": 1354172732, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -445, "year_label": "446 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Ducetius, the Hellenised leader of the Siculi, an ancient people of Sicily, returns from exile in Corinth to Sicily and colonises Cale Acte on the north coast with Greek and Siculi settlers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372038982#Sicily", "title": "446 BC", "revid": 1372038982, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -439, "year_label": "440 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ducetius, a Hellenized leader of the Sicels and founder of a united Sicilian state", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242238578#Deaths", "title": "440 BC", "revid": 1242238578, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -432, "year_label": "433 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Pericles renews alliances with the Rhegium on the southwest corner of Italy and Leontini in southeast Sicily, threatening Sparta's food supply route from Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173211#Greece", "title": "433 BC", "revid": 1354173211, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -430, "year_label": "431 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Theban raid on Plataea, the only pro-Athenian city in Boeotia, is a failure and the Plataeans take 180 prisoners and put them to death. Athens supports Plataea while Sparta aligns itself with Thebes. Sparta enlists the help of the Greek cities in Italy and Sicily. Both Sparta and Athens appeal to Persia, but without result.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364036128#Greece", "title": "431 BC", "revid": 1364036128, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -426, "year_label": "427 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In an effort to blockade Sparta from access to Sicilian corn, Athens responds to a plea for help from a delegation from the city of Leontini led by Gorgias, the sophist and rhetorician. Leontini is being threatened by Syracuse which is allied to Sparta. However, the Athenian mission led by the Athenian general Laches is unable to offer much help. Laches is later prosecuted by Cleon for his unsuccessful mission to support Athenian interests in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210114491#Greece", "title": "427 BC", "revid": 1210114491, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -423, "year_label": "424 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At the Congress of Gela, the statesman Hermocrates of Syracuse persuades the cities of Sicily to agree to make peace and urges the exclusion of foreign powers. As a result, the three-year war between his city and Sicily's pro-Athenian town ends and the Athenian forces, which had been sent to Sicily to support Greek settlements, are forced to withdraw.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231841566#Greece", "title": "424 BC", "revid": 1231841566, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -417, "year_label": "418 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alcibiades urges the Athenians to conquer Syracuse, subdue Sicily and Carthage and thus gain added forces that will enable them to finish the war against Sparta. His bold offensive plan wins the support of the Athenians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1221749718#Greece", "title": "418 BC", "revid": 1221749718, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -415, "year_label": "416 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Sicily, the Ionian city of Segesta asks for Athenian help from the Dorian city of Selinus (which is supported by the powerful Sicilian city of Syracuse). The people of Syracuse are ethnically Dorian (as are the Spartans), while the Athenians, and their allies in Sicily, are Ionian. The Athenians feel obliged to assist their ally and therefore prepare an armada to attack Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292484682#Greece", "title": "416 BC", "revid": 1292484682, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -413, "year_label": "414 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens responds to appeals from its general, Nicias, by sending out 73 vessels to Sicily under the command of Demosthenes to assist Nicias and his forces with the siege of Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139821#Greece", "title": "414 BC", "revid": 1305139821, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -408, "year_label": "409 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Taking advantage of the quarrels between the Greek cities in Sicily and of the mutual exhaustion of Athens and Syracuse, Carthage seeks to reimpose its influence over the island. Hannibal Mago, grandson of Hamilcar, invades Sicily with a strong force. He defeats the Sicilian Greeks and avenges his grandfather through the torture and killing of 3,000 Greek prisoners. In the Battle of Selinus and Battle of Himera he captures and destroys both cities before returning triumphantly to Carthage with the spoils of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353486457#Sicily", "title": "409 BC", "revid": 1353486457, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -405, "year_label": "406 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians again invade Sicily and attack Agrigentum (Acragas). Plague breaks out in their camp and Hannibal Mago dies. Himilco assumes command and captures Agrigentum (Acragas), Gela and Camarina. Gela is destroyed and its treasures sacked. The survivors take refuge in Syracuse. The plague is carried back to Carthage by its soldiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128825#Carthage", "title": "406 BC", "revid": 1350128825, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -402, "year_label": "403 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Andocides, Athenian orator and politician, who has been implicated in the mutilation of the Herms on the eve of the departure of the Athenian expedition against Sicily in 415 BC, returns from exile under the general amnesty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246106639#Greece", "title": "403 BC", "revid": 1246106639, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -397, "year_label": "398 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, breaks his peace treaty with Carthage and strikes at Carthaginian cities in the western corner of Sicily which have been weakened by the plague. There is a massacre of Carthaginians in many of these cities. Motya, with its fine harbour, is attacked and captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301424638#Sicily", "title": "398 BC", "revid": 1301424638, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -396, "year_label": "397 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Syracuse: A Carthaginian expeditionary army (some 50,000 men) under Himilco crosses to Sicily. They conquer the north coast and put Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, on the defensive and besiege Syracuse. However, the Carthaginian army suffers from the plague. The Syracuse counterattacked and completely defeat Himilco's army. Himilco has to escape back to Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698502#Carthage", "title": "397 BC", "revid": 1352698502, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians are forced to abandon their siege of Syracuse (begun in 398 BC) due to a plague, but destroy Messina. Dionysius' first war with Carthage ends with a notable victory for Dionysius, who confines his enemy's power to an area of northwest Sicily. On his return home, the Carthaginian general, Himilco, commits suicide.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Carthage", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -356, "year_label": "357 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The brother-in-law of Dionysius I, Dion, exiled from Syracuse in 366 BC by Dionysius II, assembles a force of 1,500 mercenaries at Zacynthus and sails to Sicily. Dion wrests power from the weak Dionysius II, who is exiled and flees to Locri.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210250153#Sicily", "title": "357 BC", "revid": 1210250153, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -343, "year_label": "344 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The aristocracy of Syracuse appeal to their mother city of Corinth against their tyrant Dionysius II. The Corinthian general Timoleon is chosen to lead a liberation force to Sicily. Landing at Tauromenium (Taormina) on March 21st, Timoleon faces two armies, one under Dionysius and the other under Hicetas (tyrant of nearby Leontini), who has also called in Carthaginian forces. By shrewd tactics Timoleon defeats his enemies and occupies Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172872#Sicily", "title": "344 BC", "revid": 1354172872, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -342, "year_label": "343 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "After his surrender to the Corinthian general Timoleon, who takes over as ruler of Syracuse, the former tyrant, Dionysius II, is allowed to retire to Corinth to live in exile, although he dies within the year. The Syracusan constitution is changed by Timoleon with the new constitution designed to have safeguards against tyranny. Timoleon invites new settlers from Greece to come to Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172730#Italy", "title": "343 BC", "revid": 1354172730, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -339, "year_label": "340 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hicetas, the tyrant of Leontini, again persuades Carthage to send a large army to Sicily, which lands at Lilybaeum. Timoleon of Syracuse meets this large Carthaginian army in the Battle of the Crimissus in the west of Sicily and achieves a brilliant victory against superior odds. Despite this victory, the Carthaginians continue to occupy the western half of Sicily, with a treaty being concluded that confines the Carthaginians to the area west of the Halycus (Platani) River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1239354213#Sicily", "title": "340 BC", "revid": 1239354213, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Carthage makes another effort to conquer all of Sicily. The Carthaginians dispatch some mercenaries to extend the conflict between Timoleon and the Sicilian tyrants. But this effort ends in the defeat of Hicetas, the tyrant of Leontini, who is taken prisoner and put to death. By a treaty between Syracuse and Carthage, the dominion of Carthage in Sicily is confined to the lands west of the Halycus (Platani) River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Sicily", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -312, "year_label": "313 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Deinocrates, the leader of the Syracusan exiles, sends envoys to the Carthaginians to ask them for help against Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse. The Carthaginians, fearing for their own possessions in Sicily, send a large force to the island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300255025#Sicily", "title": "313 BC", "revid": 1300255025, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -306, "year_label": "307 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "With his expeditionary army now superior in numbers to the Carthaginians, Agathocles decides to leave his son Archagathus in command of the African campaign and return to Sicily. He starts constructing transports and when enough ships have been built sets sail for Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359452513#North_Africa", "title": "307 BC", "revid": 1359452513, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": -305, "year_label": "306 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "A peace agreement is reached between Syracuse and Carthage. The peace restricts Carthaginian power in Sicily to the area west of the Halycus (Platani) River. This agreement allows the tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, to strengthen his rule over the Greek cities in the east of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326553952#Sicily", "title": "306 BC", "revid": 1326553952, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -303, "year_label": "304 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The tyrant Agathocles of Syracuse takes on the title of King of Sicily. He extends his influence into southern Italy and the Adriatic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355692793#Sicily", "title": "304 BC", "revid": 1355692793, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -297, "year_label": "298 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy gives his stepdaughter Theoxena in marriage to Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse (in south-eastern Sicily).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129361#Egypt", "title": "298 BC", "revid": 1350129361, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -288, "year_label": "289 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, dies after restoring the Syracusan democracy on his death bed by stating that he does not want his sons to succeed him as king. However, the resulting dissension among his family about the succession leads to a renewal of Carthaginian power in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1263946932#Sicily", "title": "289 BC", "revid": 1263946932, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -288, "year_label": "289 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, Sicily from 317 BC and self-styled king of Sicily after 304 BC (b. 361 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1263946932#Deaths", "title": "289 BC", "revid": 1263946932, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -287, "year_label": "288 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Following the death of Agathocles, some of his disbanded mercenaries seize Messana in northeast Sicily and set up a society, calling themselves Mamertines (Sons of Mars). The city becomes a base from which they will ravage the Sicilian countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373136664#Sicily", "title": "288 BC", "revid": 1373136664, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -276, "year_label": "277 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus captures Eryx, the strongest Carthaginian fortress in Sicily. This prompts the rest of the Carthaginian-controlled cities in Sicily to defect to Pyrrhus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256058749#Sicily", "title": "277 BC", "revid": 1256058749, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -274, "year_label": "275 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "When Pyrrhus returns from Sicily, he finds himself vastly outnumbered by a superior Roman army under the command of consul Manius Curius Dentatus. After the inconclusive Battle of Beneventum, Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, negotiates a peace with Pyrrhus, after which Pyrrhus decides to end his campaign in Italy and return to Epirus, which results in the loss of all his Italian holdings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1164823364#Roman_Republic", "title": "275 BC", "revid": 1164823364, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -274, "year_label": "275 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the departure of Pyrrhus from Sicily, the Syracusan army and the city's citizens appoint Hiero II as the commander of their slaves. He strengthens his position by marrying the daughter of Leptines, the city's leading citizen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1164823364#Sicily", "title": "275 BC", "revid": 1164823364, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -273, "year_label": "274 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus returns from Italy and Sicily and invades Macedonia defeating Antigonus II Gonatas at the Battle of the Aous and conquering Upper Macedonia and Thessaly while Antigonus holds onto the coastal Macedonian towns. Antigonus' troops desert him and Pyrrhus is declared King of Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367769282#Greece", "title": "274 BC", "revid": 1367769282, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Hamilcar Barca, founder of Barcid Spain and leading Carthaginian general who will fight against Rome in Sicily and Italy, against the Libyans and the mercenary revolt in Africa, and against the Iberians and Celti-Iberians in Spain (d. 228 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Births", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -268, "year_label": "269 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mamertines, a body of Campanian mercenaries who have been employed by Agathocles, the former tyrant of Syracuse, capture the stronghold of Messana (Messina in north-eastern Sicily), from which they harass the Syracusans. The Syracusan military leader, Hieron, defeats them in a pitched battle at the Longanus River near Mylae, but Carthaginian forces intervene to prevent him from capturing Messana. His grateful countrymen then choose Hieron as their king and tyrant, to be known as Hieron II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480925#Sicily", "title": "269 BC", "revid": 1370480925, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -262, "year_label": "263 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under the consul Manius Valerius Messalla secure the alliance of Hiero II of Syracuse. The treaty with Rome restricts Hiero's kingdom to southeast Sicily and the eastern coast of Sicily as far as Tauromenium. From this date until his death, Hiero remains loyal to the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948852#Roman_Republic", "title": "263 BC", "revid": 1325948852, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -260, "year_label": "261 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans, determined to win control of Sicily from Carthage, build a fleet based on the model of a captured Carthaginian quinquereme.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278727971#Roman_Republic", "title": "261 BC", "revid": 1278727971, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -259, "year_label": "260 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Hannibal Gisco returns to fight in Sicily as the admiral in charge of the Carthaginian fleet in the Strait of Messina. With the Romans about to launch their first ever navy, Carthage is determined that this innovation be thwarted. Gisco defeats part of the Roman fleet and captures the Roman consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina in an encounter near Lipari; the consul's nickname Asina (which means donkey) is earned in this encounter. However, this Carthaginian victory is of limited practical value as the bulk of the Roman fleet continues to manoeuvre in the surrounding waters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948890#Sicily", "title": "260 BC", "revid": 1325948890, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -258, "year_label": "259 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians under Hamilcar take advantage of their victory at Thermae in Sicily by counterattacking the Romans and seizing Enna. Hamilcar continues south to Camarina, in Syracusan territory, to try to convince the Syracusans to rejoin the Carthaginian side.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1073120545#Sicily", "title": "259 BC", "revid": 1073120545, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -257, "year_label": "258 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans are able to regain the initiative in Sicily against Carthage by retaking Enna and Camarina. In central Sicily, they take the town of Mytistraton, which they have attacked twice previously. The Romans also move in the north by marching across the northern coast toward Panormus, but are not able to take the city due to the city's heavily fortified walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1128147349#Roman_Republic", "title": "258 BC", "revid": 1128147349, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -256, "year_label": "257 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Tyndaris is fought between the Roman fleet (with Gaius Atilius Regulus in command) and the Carthaginian fleet off Tyndaris (modern Tindari) in Sicily. Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse, has allowed Tyndaris to be a base for the Carthaginians. However, after this battle, the town falls to Roman forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1128152509#Roman_Republic", "title": "257 BC", "revid": 1128152509, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -255, "year_label": "256 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome aims for a quick end to hostilities in the First Punic War and decides to invade the Carthaginian colonies in Northern Africa to force the enemy to accept terms. A major fleet is built, including transports for the army and its equipment, and warships for their protection. Carthage under Hamilcar tries to intervene but a force under the Roman general and consul Marcus Atilius Regulus and his colleague Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus defeat the Carthaginian fleet in the Battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1232457970#Roman_Republic", "title": "256 BC", "revid": 1232457970, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -254, "year_label": "255 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Adis (or Adys) is fought near the city of that name, 40 mi km southeast of Carthage, between Carthaginian forces and a Roman army led by Marcus Atilius Regulus. The Romans inflict a crushing defeat upon the Carthaginians, and the latter then sue for peace. The ensuing negotiations between the parties lead to Regulus demanding Carthage agree to an unconditional surrender, cede Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia to Rome, renounce the use of their navy, pay an indemnity, and sign a vassal-like treaty. These terms are so harsh that the people of Carthage resolve to keep fighting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340601033#Roman_Republic", "title": "255 BC", "revid": 1340601033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -253, "year_label": "254 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Roman army led by consuls Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and Aulus Atilius Calatinus capture Panormus in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1211697794#Roman_Republic", "title": "254 BC", "revid": 1211697794, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -252, "year_label": "253 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A second Roman war fleet of 150 ships is wrecked on the voyage from Lilybaeum (in Sicily) to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172725#Roman_Republic", "title": "253 BC", "revid": 1354172725, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -250, "year_label": "251 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With Panormus captured, much of western inland Sicily falls with it. The cities of Ieta, Solous, Petra and Tyndaris agree to peace with the Romans in the same year. This defeat marks the end of significant Carthaginian land-based campaigning in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1125838602#Roman_Republic", "title": "251 BC", "revid": 1125838602, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Punic War, the Romans shift their attention to the southwest of Sicily. They send a naval expedition toward the Carthaginian city of Lilybaeum. En route, the Romans seize and burn the Carthaginian held cities of Selinous and Heraclea Minoa. The Romans then begin the siege of Lilybaeum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Roman_Republic", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -248, "year_label": "249 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Drepana involves the Romans, under the command of the Roman consul Publius Claudius Pulcher, attacking the Carthaginian fleet, under the command of Adherbal, in the harbour of Drepanum (modern Trapani, Sicily). The Romans are badly defeated and lose 93 of their 123 vessels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1170050277#Roman_Republic", "title": "249 BC", "revid": 1170050277, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "With Hamilcar Barca wearing the Romans down in Sicily, the Romans, by private subscription, build another fleet with the aim of regaining command of the sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Roman_Republic", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -241, "year_label": "242 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Roman consul and commander, Gaius Lutatius Catulus, blockades the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum with a fleet of 200 ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210520734#Roman_Republic", "title": "242 BC", "revid": 1210520734, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Battle of the Aegates: The Carthaginian fleet sent to relieve the Roman blockade of the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum is totally defeated near the Aegates Islands off western Sicily by the Roman fleet led by Roman consul and commander Gaius Lutatius Catulus. The result is a decisive Roman victory which forces an end to the protracted First Punic War, to Rome's distinct advantage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Roman_Republic", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -239, "year_label": "240 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome takes over full control of Sicily and stations a legion there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1191165485#Roman_Republic", "title": "240 BC", "revid": 1191165485, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general who has assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome, helped Carthage win the Mercenary War and brought extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula under Carthaginian control (b. c. 270 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Deaths", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -226, "year_label": "227 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Flaminius becomes Rome's first governor of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288758207#Roman_Republic", "title": "227 BC", "revid": 1288758207, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -226, "year_label": "227 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sardinia and Corsica are made a combined province. Rome appoints, and in the future annually elects, two praetors (with autocratic consular powers) for this province and for Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288758207#Roman_Republic", "title": "227 BC", "revid": 1288758207, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -215, "year_label": "216 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A loan of money and supplies for the Roman army in Sicily is sought and obtained from Hiero II of Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336012311#Roman_Republic", "title": "216 BC", "revid": 1336012311, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -213, "year_label": "214 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who is in Sicily at the time of the revolt of Syracuse, leads an army which storms Leontini and besieges Syracuse. With the help of Archimedes' ideas and inventions, the Syracusans repel his attacks by sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637807#Roman_Republic", "title": "214 BC", "revid": 1325637807, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -210, "year_label": "211 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the capture of Syracuse, the Romans are able to pacify all of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637763#Roman_Republic", "title": "211 BC", "revid": 1325637763, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "The famine and inflation facing Rome is eased with the pacification, by the Romans, of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Roman_Republic", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio boldly determines to disregard Hannibal in Italy and political opposition in the Roman Senate and rather decides to strike at the Carthaginian holdings in North Africa. Scipio crosses to Sicily with an army consisting partly of volunteers as the Roman Senate would not provide him with an army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Roman_Republic", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -151, "year_label": "152 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman statesman, consul, Pontifex Maximus and censor; as a praetor, he has been governor of Sicily in 191 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242792269#Deaths", "title": "152 BC", "revid": 1242792269, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -131, "year_label": "132 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eunus, leader of the Slave Revolt (136–132 BC) in Sicily", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367185949#Deaths", "title": "132 BC", "revid": 1367185949, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -103, "year_label": "104 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Second Servile War: Athenion starts a slave rebellion in Segesta (Sicily).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305141071#Roman_Republic", "title": "104 BC", "revid": 1305141071, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -102, "year_label": "103 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tryphon and Athenion lead the Second Servile War in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115650#Roman_Republic", "title": "103 BC", "revid": 1300115650, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -96, "year_label": "97 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "L. Domitius takes harsh measures to restore order in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280577092#Roman_Republic", "title": "97 BC", "revid": 1280577092, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -81, "year_label": "82 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pompey is ordered by Sulla to stamp out Marian rebels in Sicily and Africa, after his campaigns in he gets the insulting nickname of adulescentulus carnifex, the \"teenage butcher\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1262234047#Roman_Republic", "title": "82 BC", "revid": 1262234047, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "In Sicily, Sextus Pompeius leads the naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea against the triumvirs. He blockades the grain routes from Spain and Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -35, "year_label": "36 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Octavian's fleet (102 warships) embarks from Puteoli and tries to invade Sicily, but it is caught in a storm at Vibo and forced to return.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372976843#Roman_Republic", "title": "36 BC", "revid": 1372976843, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -31, "year_label": "32 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Roman Senate declares war upon Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian Caesar is proclaimed dux and the West - Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia - swear an oath (sacramentum) of loyalty to him. In order to assure this oath, Octavian forces the high priest of the Vestal Virgins in Rome to hand over Antony's will, which contains information about the Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms and plans to build a tomb in Alexandria for him and Cleopatra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325920749#Roman_Republic", "title": "32 BC", "revid": 1325920749, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 19, "year_label": "19 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 19 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 306, "year_label": "306 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Maxentius, son of former Western Emperor Maximian, leads a revolt by the Praetorian Guard and members of the Senate in Rome, and is proclaimed Emperor. Southern Italy supports Maxentius, as do Africa, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. Maxentius recalls Maximian from retirement, who joins his son in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171617#Roman_Empire", "title": "306", "revid": 1330171617, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 309, "year_label": "309 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Eusebius succeeds Marcellus I as the 31st pope, but is himself banished on August 17 to Sicily (these events may have also taken place in 310).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330161246#Religion", "title": "309", "revid": 1330161246, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 310, "year_label": "310 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Pope Eusebius succeeds Pope Marcellus I as the 31st pope, but is banished on August 17 by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, perhaps from a hunger strike.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349300512#Religion", "title": "310", "revid": 1349300512, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 416, "year_label": "416 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Priscus Attalus, Roman usurper, is forced to participate in a triumph celebrated by Emperor Honorius, in the streets of Rome. After the festivities, he is exiled to the Lipari Islands (north of Sicily).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641805#Roman_Empire", "title": "416", "revid": 1367641805, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Vandal fleet and their allies (Alans, Goths and Moors) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege Palermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of King Genseric.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Africa", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Theodosius II sends the Eastern imperial fleet, under the command of the Romano-Goth Areobindus, into Sicilian waters, taking the Vandals by surprise.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Byzantium", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 442, "year_label": "442 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "End of the Vandal War (439-442): Emperor Valentinian III signs a peace treaty with King Genseric, and recognises the Vandal Kingdom. He grants him sovereignty over most of Africa. Genseric gives back Sicily and Mauretania (Algeria and Morocco). This marks the end of the Vandal migrations; they settle in North Africa, with Carthage as their capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333113526#Africa", "title": "AD 442", "revid": 1333113526, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 456, "year_label": "456 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Avitus sends a Germanic naval expedition under command of Ricimer, to defend Sicily. They defeat the Vandals twice: on land at the Battle of Agrigentum, and in a sea battle off Corsica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752999#Roman_Empire", "title": "456", "revid": 1364752999, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 461, "year_label": "461 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vandal War (461-468): King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204937#Roman_Empire", "title": "461", "revid": 1349204937, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 468, "year_label": "468 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anthemius sends a Roman expedition under command of Marcellinus. He expels the Vandals from Sicily and retakes Sardinia. The Eastern general Heraclius of Edessa lands with a force on the Libyan coast, east of Carthage, and advances from Tripolitania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138410#Roman_Empire", "title": "468", "revid": 1360138410, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Zeno recognizes the full extent of the Vandal Kingdom, including all of western Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. King Gaiseric gives Sicily, with the exception of the city of Lilybaeum, to Odoacer in return for tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 526, "year_label": "526 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Amalasuintha rules the Ostrogothic Kingdom that extends throughout the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754141#Europe", "title": "526", "revid": 1364754141, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails in 500 transports, escorted by 92 war vessels (dromons), manned by 20,000 seamen from Constantinople, to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily. The fleet carries 10,000 infantry, about half Byzantine and half foederati, and 5,000 cavalry, consisting of 3,000 Byzantine horsemen, 1,000 foreign allies (Huns and Heruli) and 1,500 of Belisarius' retainers (bucellarii). On the flagship Belisarius is accompanied by his military secretary Procopius, and his wife Antonina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Belisarius lands in Sicily and meets little opposition, save for the Gothic garrison of Palermo. Laying siege to the citadel, he blockades the harbour with his ships. Mundus invades Dalmatia and captures its capital, Salona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 536, "year_label": "536 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the River Bagradas: Belisarius defeats the mutineers, and hurries back to Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362906459#Africa", "title": "536", "revid": 1362906459, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Naples: Totila besieges the city of Naples in Campania. A Byzantine relief force from Sicily is intercepted and almost destroyed by Gothic warships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Europe", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Totila plunders Sicily, after he subdues Corsica and Sardinia. He sends a Gothic fleet to raid the coasts of Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 660, "year_label": "660 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II is paranoid about the ambitions of his younger brother, Theodosius, and has him murdered. Having attracted the hatred of the citizens of Constantinople, Constans decides to leave the Byzantine capital and moves to Syracuse (Sicily).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359584981#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "660", "revid": 1359584981, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 663, "year_label": "663 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Constans II moves the imperial court from Constantinople to Syracuse. He tries to stop the Arab conquest of Sicily, and restores Rome as seat of the Byzantine Empire. Constans strips sacred altar vessels from churches all over Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635360#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "663", "revid": 1367635360, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 667, "year_label": "667 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Caliph Muawiyah I launches a series of attacks against Byzantine holdings in Africa, Sicily and the East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805207#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "667", "revid": 1340805207, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Mezezius, Byzantine general and patrikios (\"first patrician\"), is proclaimed emperor by the army in Syracuse. Constantine IV organizes an expedition to suppress the military revolt in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Pope John VI dies at Rome, after a reign of little more than 3 years. During his rule, he protected the Byzantine exarch Theophylactus, when he invaded the Italian mainland from Sicily. He also induced Gisulf I, Lombard duke of Benevento, to withdraw from Byzantine territory, ransomed captives and ordered the restoration of Wilfrid, as deposed bishop of York. He is succeeded by John VII as the 86th pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Religion", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Basil Onomagoulos, Byzantine official, declares himself rival emperor in Sicily after the news arrives that Constantinople has fallen to an Arab siege. Leo III dispatches a chartoularios named Paul, with imperial instructions for the Byzantine army on the island. Basil is arrested and executed; his head is sent to Leo, while the other rebels are mutilated and exiled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo III confiscates the papal territories in Sicily and Calabria (Southern Italy), from which Pope Gregory III derives most of his income tax. He transfers ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the former Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum to Anastasius, patriarch of Constantinople. Gregory begins his support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm. By now the break between the papacy and the Byzantine Empire is almost complete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Sicily, Sardinia, Provence, and Greece are raided by a fleet of Arab Muslim ships sent by the governor of Ifriqya, the ones raiding South Western Europe are led by Habīb Ibn Abi ‘Ubayda Al-Fihrī, while the fleet raiding Greece is led by Mu’awiya ibn Hishām. All of them are successful, submitting the Islands and returning with much wealth from the spoils of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Europe", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 747, "year_label": "747 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Bubonic plague breaks out in Sicily, Calabria (Southern Italy), and Monemvasia (modern Greece).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468436#Europe", "title": "AD 747", "revid": 1364468436, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 752, "year_label": "752 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri launches an assault on the island of Sardinia, perhaps the beginning of the occupation of the island by the Muslim Arabs that lasts until 1005. He also attempts to invade Sicily, but finds the defenses too strong.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809787#Africa", "title": "752", "revid": 1340809787, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 812, "year_label": "812 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Republic of Amalfi sends galleys to support the Byzantine general (strategos) of Sicily, Gregorio, against the Aghlabid invaders. It is one of the earliest evidences of the independence of the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345909676#Europe", "title": "812", "revid": 1345909676, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 826, "year_label": "826 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, organises an uprising in Sicily against Emperor Michael II. He proclaims himself Emperor (with the title of basileus) in Syracuse, independent from Constantinople. In turn, Euphemius is defeated by Byzantine troops (reinforcements from the East), and is driven out to North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941323#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "826", "revid": 1340941323, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 827, "year_label": "827 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Euphemius, exiled Byzantine admiral, asks for the help of North African Arabs, to retake Sicily and Malta from the Byzantines. Emir Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya promises to return the islands to Euphemius, in exchange for a yearly tribute, and sends an Arab Muslim expeditionary force of 10,000 men under the 70-year-old Asad ibn al-Furat, which lands at Mazara del Vallo in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941309#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "827", "revid": 1340941309, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: Muslim reinforcements from Ifriqiya and Al-Andalus (modern Spain) defeat Byzantine forces under Theodotus in Sicily, but a plague once again compels them to retreat to Mazara del Vallo, and evacuate to North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Muslim Arabs reinvade Sicily, and lay siege to Palermo. Symeon, Byzantine commander of the imperial bodyguard (spatharios), surrenders the city in exchange for a safe departure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Abbasid_Empire_and_Byzantine_Empire", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire and Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 848, "year_label": "848 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Saracens conquer Ragusa (Sicily), after its Byzantine garrison is forced by severe famine to surrender. The city and its castle are razed to the ground.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129160#Europe", "title": "848", "revid": 1341129160, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 870, "year_label": "870 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: A Muslim expeditionary force, led by Halaf al-Hadim, Arab governor of Sicily, conquers Malta. He is welcomed by the local Christian inhabitants as liberator of the agonizing Byzantine yoke. The Muslims sign a treaty with the Christians to live in peace after liberating the island from the Byzantines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129562#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "870", "revid": 1341129562, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 877, "year_label": "877 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Siege of Syracuse: The Aghlabids begin raiding the Byzantine territories, in the east of the island of Sicily. They besiege Syracuse, and blockade the fortress city by sea and land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267071400#Europe", "title": "877", "revid": 1267071400, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine wars: Emperor Leo VI (\"the Wise\") begins an offensive against the Abbasid army in Cilicia, Upper Mesopotamia and Armenia. He also continues the war against the Muslims in Sicily and southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Abdallah, son of the Aghlabid emir Ibrahim II, represses a revolt of his Muslim subjects, and then initiates a campaign against the last Byzantine strongholds in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 925, "year_label": "925 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September — The Chamberlain Ja'far ibn Ubayd of the Fatimid Caliphate returns to the Fatimid capital of Mahdiya (now in Tunisia) after a successful 17-month campaign to pillage the Byzantine-ruled island of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671300#July_–_December", "title": "925", "revid": 1367671300, "section": "Events › By date › July – December"}}, {"year": 991, "year_label": "991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Taranto is sieged by Sicilian Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261005#Unknown_dates", "title": "991", "revid": 1365261005, "section": "Events › Unknown dates"}}, {"year": 1059, "year_label": "1059 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – Robert Guiscard, count of Apulia and Calabria, signs the Treaty of Melfi with Pope Nicholas II. Nicholas recognises the Norman conquest of southern Italy, and accepts the titles of Guiscard as duke of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1271111243#Europe", "title": "1059", "revid": 1271111243, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1068, "year_label": "1068 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Norman forces under Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger I invade Sicily. Muslim ruler Ayyub ibn Tamim's forces oppose them. The Normans and the Muslim army meet at the Battle of Misilmeri. The Norman forces defeat the Muslim army. Ayyub ibn Tamim flees from Sicily. The Norman conquest of the island continues to expand.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372127712#Europe", "title": "1068", "revid": 1372127712, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1091, "year_label": "1091 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – Norman conquest of Sicily: The Normans conquer Noto and complete the 30-year-long conquest of Sicily from the Moorish rulers. Duke Roger Borsa (a son of Robert Guiscard) surrenders his share in the castles of Calabria, and receives his inheritance of Palermo. He grants charters to various towns and encourages urban planning in Apulia and Calabria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267069429#Europe", "title": "1091", "revid": 1267069429, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – The Cathedral of St. Agatha in Catania (Sicily) is consecrated by the Breton abbot Ansger.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Religion", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Count Hugh II (du Puiset), in alliance with the Egyptian city of Ascalon, revolts against King Fulk V of Jerusalem, attempting to take Jaffa. Hugh submits to Fulk and is exiled for three years. While awaiting for a boat to Italy he is attacked by a Breton knight, but survives the attempted murder. Hugh retires to the Sicilian court of his cousin, King Roger II, who appoints him to the lordship of Gargano, where he dies soon afterwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Asia", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1166, "year_label": "1166 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – King William I (\"the Wicked\") of Sicily dies at Palermo after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son William II (\"the Good\"), whose mother, Margaret of Navarre, will be regent until he comes of age.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303964516#Europe", "title": "1166", "revid": 1303964516, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1169, "year_label": "1169 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – 1169 Sicily earthquake: An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of around 7 strikes the eastern coast of Sicily, causing an estimated 15,000 deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367314843#Europe", "title": "1169", "revid": 1367314843, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1295, "year_label": "1295 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Treaty of Anagni: Pope Boniface VIII arranges a peace treaty between King Philip IV of France (\"the Fair\"), Charles II of Naples (\"the Lame\"), and James II of Majorca. James returns Sicily to the Papal States, seeking to bring peace between the Capetian House of Anjou and the Kingdom of Sicily; the effort is in vain. Boniface is determined to put an end to the War of the Sicilian Vespers, because he wants to declare a new Crusade for the reconquest of the Holy Land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368220335#Europe", "title": "1295", "revid": 1368220335, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1335, "year_label": "1335 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The excommunication of Frederick III of Sicily and the interdict placed on Sicily end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067892#Date_unknown", "title": "1335", "revid": 1267067892, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1342, "year_label": "1342 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Louis \"the Child\", age 4, succeeds his father, Peter II, as king of Sicily and duke of Athens; he is crowned on September 15 in Palermo Cathedral.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358078138#January–December", "title": "1342", "revid": 1358078138, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1347, "year_label": "1347 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October", "text": "October – Ships arrive in the Sicilian city of Messina, carrying people afflicted by the Black Death onboard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289406739#January–December", "title": "1347", "revid": 1289406739, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – A fleet from Sicily, commanded by King Martin of Aragon, arrives at Capo San Marco on the island of Sardinia and makes, an unsuccessful attempt to capture the Sardinian leader Brancaleone Doria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#January–March", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1425, "year_label": "1425 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Maltese people rise up against Don Gonsalvo Monroy, count of Malta. The insurgents repel an attempt by the Viceroy of Sicily to bring the island to order. The Maltese do not submit to Catalan-Aragonese rule, until the Magna Charta Libertatis, granting them their new rights, is delivered to them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360580047#Date_unknown", "title": "1425", "revid": 1360580047, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1444, "year_label": "1444 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – In Sicily, the University of Catania receives papal recognition from Pope Eugene IV, ten years after its founding on October 19, 1434.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359067554#April–June", "title": "1444", "revid": 1359067554, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1474, "year_label": "1474 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – In the city of Modica on the island of Sicily, a massacre is carried out in the Jewish neighborhood of Cartellone, and 360 Jews are killed in what is later referred to as the \"Massacre of the Assumption\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364765261#July–September", "title": "1474", "revid": 1364765261, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1510, "year_label": "1510 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Holy League, formed to defend the Italian States, attacks French-occupied Genoa. The 1510 influenza pandemic reaches Sicily, where it is nicknamed coccolucio, before spreading to the Italian states and the rest of Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366972051#July–September", "title": "1510", "revid": 1366972051, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1547, "year_label": "1547 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – The apparition of Mary, mother of Jesus is seen by several women in the Sicilian city of Alcamo. She becomes the patron saint of the city and is celebrated as the Madonna of Miracles (la Madonna dei Miracoli)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369359234#April–June", "title": "1547", "revid": 1369359234, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – A naval battle between the Sicilians and Venetians ends inconclusively.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#October–December", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1674, "year_label": "1674 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – The Messina revolt against Spanish rule begins on the island of Sicily as the Italian residents besiege the palace of the Spanish Captain-General and drive out the Spanish garrison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128656#July–September", "title": "1674", "revid": 1365128656, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – The Battle of Augusta is fought in the Mediterranean Sea off of the coast of Sicily during the Franco-Dutch War. The French Navy and the combined Dutch Republic and Spanish forces each lose over 500 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#April–June", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1693, "year_label": "1693 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – The Mount Etna volcano erupts in Italy, causing a devastating earthquake that kills 60,000 people in Sicily and Malta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343170745#January–March", "title": "1693", "revid": 1343170745, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – The Treaty of The Hague, signed between Spain and the Quadruple Alliance (Britain, France, the Netherlands and Austria) on February 17, goes into effect. Spain renounces its claims to the Italian possessions of the French throne, and Austria and the Duchy of Savoy trade Sicily for Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358044251#April–June", "title": "1720", "revid": 1358044251, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1726, "year_label": "1726 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – An earthquake strikes Sicily and kills 226 people in Palermo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372345509#July–September", "title": "1726", "revid": 1372345509, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Sicilian revolution of 1848: The Palermo rising erupts in Sicily against the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#January–March", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Expedition of the Thousand – Battle of Calatafimi: Troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#May", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – The first Fascio dei lavoratori (Workers League) is founded by Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida in Catania, Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#May", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – Patton slapping incident: U.S. General George S. Patton Jr. slaps a soldier suffering from battle fatigue, at a field hospital in Sicily. On August 10, he slaps another soldier suffering from the same condition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#August", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – (0245 GMT (4:45 a.m. local time)) – WWII: Allied invasion of Sicily – The Allied invasion of Axis-controlled Europe begins, with landings on the island of Sicily off mainland Italy by the Seventh United States Army and the British Eighth Army, including the 1st Canadian Infantry Division.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#July", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – WWII: British submarine HMS Thunderbolt is sunk off Sicily by an Italian corvette, the second time this vessel has been lost with all hands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#March", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Portella della Ginestra massacre: The Salvatore Giuliano gang of Sicilian separatists opens fire on a Labour Day parade at Portella della Ginestra, Sicily, killing 11 people and wounding 27.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#May", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1968, "year_label": "1968 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – The 1968 Belice earthquake in Sicily kills 380 and injures around 1,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310387#January–February", "title": "1968", "revid": 1371310387, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October", "text": "October 18th - Carravagio's Nativity with Saint Francis and Saint Lawrence is stolen from the oratory of San Lorenzo in Palermo, Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#October", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – An Alitalia DC-8 crashes west of Palermo, Sicily; 115 die.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#May", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – In the early morning, police in Sicily apprehend 366 people they suspect to be involved in the activities of Cosa Nostra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#September", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › September"}}]}