{"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29", "qid": "Q29", "description": "country in southwestern Europe with territories in Africa", "entries": 305, "years": 272, "span": [-323, 2025], "span_label": ["324 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 111}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 50}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 45}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 33}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 26}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 10}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 9}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 5}, {"title": "Births", "count": 4}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 34}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-leon", "label": "Kingdom of León", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "moors", "label": "Moors", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "caliphate-of-cordoba", "label": "Caliphate of Córdoba", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "iberian-peninsula", "label": "Iberian Peninsula", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "emirate-of-cordoba", "label": "Emirate of Córdoba", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-castile", "label": "Kingdom of Castile", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "almoravid-dynasty", "label": "Almoravid dynasty", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "seville", "label": "Seville", "shared": 9}], "items": [{"year": -323, "year_label": "324 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Greek colonists found the city of Akra Leuka (modern Alicante, Spain) on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242939237#Greece", "title": "324 BC", "revid": 1242939237, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Carthage, already in control of Sardinia, southern Spain and Numidia, is ruled by an oligarchy of merchants under two Suffetes or chief magistrates. While Carthage's military commanders are strong, the state relies on mercenaries (including Spanish ones) for its soldiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Carthage", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Hamilcar Barca, founder of Barcid Spain and leading Carthaginian general who will fight against Rome in Sicily and Italy, against the Libyans and the mercenary revolt in Africa, and against the Iberians and Celti-Iberians in Spain (d. 228 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Births", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -225, "year_label": "226 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Greek merchants of Massilia, frightened by Carthaginian successes in Spain (including their exploitation of the Spanish silver mines), appeal to Rome. Rome makes an alliance with the independent Spanish port city of Saguntum south of the Ebro River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360927548#Roman_Republic", "title": "226 BC", "revid": 1360927548, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -220, "year_label": "221 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal is murdered by a Celtic assassin while campaigning to increase the Carthaginian hold on Spain. Following the assassination of Hasdrubal, Hannibal, the son of the Carthaginian general, Hamilcar Barca, is proclaimed commander-in-chief by the army and his appointment is confirmed by the Carthaginian government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246108993#Iberian_Peninsula", "title": "221 BC", "revid": 1246108993, "section": "Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula"}}, {"year": -216, "year_label": "217 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio is sent with reinforcements by Rome to Spain as proconsul. In a naval battle on the Ebro River at Tarraco, the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal's fleet is largely destroyed by a daring surprise Roman attack led by Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. As a result, the Romans are able to strengthen their hold on the Ebro River region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223252#Spain", "title": "217 BC", "revid": 1306223252, "section": "Events › By place › Spain"}}, {"year": -211, "year_label": "212 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Syphax, king of the western Numidian tribe, the Masaesyli, concludes an alliance with the Romans and they send military advisers to help Syphax train his soldiers. He then attacks the eastern Numidians (the Massylii) ruled by Gala, who is an ally of the Carthaginians. The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal travels to northern Africa from Spain to stamp out the uprising by the Numidians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637712#Carthage", "title": "212 BC", "revid": 1325637712, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -210, "year_label": "211 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Barca returns to Spain after his victory over the rebellious Numidians. He then manages to turn the tide against the Romans in Spain, with the Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus killed in separate battles—Publius on the upper Baetis (Guadalquivir) and Gnaeus in the hinterland of Carthago Nova (Cartagena). The Carthaginians recover all their territory south of the Ebro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637763#Carthage", "title": "211 BC", "revid": 1325637763, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Following the death of his father, Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, at the hands of the Carthaginians, the young Publius Cornelius Scipio takes over command of the Roman troops in Spain. His appointment reflects the Roman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of the propraetor, Gaius Claudius Nero, then commander in Spain north of the Ebro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Roman_Republic", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -208, "year_label": "209 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "From his headquarters at Tarraco (Tarragona), Publius Cornelius Scipio, the Roman commander in Spain, launches a combined military and naval assault on the Carthaginian headquarters at Carthago Nova (modern-day Cartagena). He successfully besieges and captures the city. In capturing this city, Scipio gains access to copious stores and supplies, Spanish hostages, the local silver mines, a splendid harbour and a base for an advance further south.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115697#Roman_Republic", "title": "209 BC", "revid": 1300115697, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -205, "year_label": "206 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Italica (northwest of modern Seville, Spain) is founded by Scipio as a place to settle for the Roman soldiers wounded in the Battle of Ilipa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853494#Roman_Republic", "title": "206 BC", "revid": 1361853494, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -205, "year_label": "206 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Battle of Ilipa (Alcalá del Río, near Seville) in Spain, the Carthaginian generals, Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco, are defeated by the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio. Mago retreats to Gades (modern Cádiz) and then sails for the Balearic Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853494#Roman_Republic", "title": "206 BC", "revid": 1361853494, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -194, "year_label": "195 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "A Spanish revolt against Roman consolidation of the ex-Carthaginian colonies is effectively put down by Marcus Porcius Cato (\"the Censor\"). He avoids one defeat by paying the Celtiberians 200 talents (around 120,000 denarii), a much-criticised tactic. On Cato's return to Rome, Aemilius Paulus succeeds him as Roman governor in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115647#Roman_Republic", "title": "195 BC", "revid": 1300115647, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -148, "year_label": "149 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Servius Sulpicius Galba is prosecuted for corruption while serving in Spain, but is acquitted after he parades his weeping family members before the tribunal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1000122190#Roman_Republic", "title": "149 BC", "revid": 1000122190, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -133, "year_label": "134 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage, takes command in Spain against the Numantians. He recruits 20,000 men and 40,000 allies, including Numidian cavalry under Jugurtha. Scipio, an expert in sieges, builds a ring of seven forts and a ditch palisade before beginning the Siege of Numantia. The perimeter of the circumvallations is twice as long as that of the city. The river Durius (Douro), enables the defenders to be supplied by small boats.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1175484109#Roman_Republic", "title": "134 BC", "revid": 1175484109, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -114, "year_label": "115 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Marius is praetor in Rome: he defeats Celtic tribes in modern-day Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328732522#Roman_Republic", "title": "115 BC", "revid": 1328732522, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -76, "year_label": "77 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Pompeius marches along the Via Domitia through Gallia Narbonensis crossing the Pyrenees to Spain. He joins with Quintus Metellus Pius to suppress the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but is at first unsuccessful.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740529#Roman_Republic", "title": "77 BC", "revid": 1364740529, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -71, "year_label": "72 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Perperna is defeated by Pompey the Great at the Battle of Osca, ending the Sertorian War in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338545736#Roman_Republic", "title": "72 BC", "revid": 1338545736, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -68, "year_label": "69 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Julius Caesar is a quaestor in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225088492#Roman_Republic", "title": "69 BC", "revid": 1225088492, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -48, "year_label": "49 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Caesar arrives in Spain; seizes the Pyrenees passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and Marcus Petreius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347951543#Roman_Republic", "title": "49 BC", "revid": 1347951543, "section": "Events › By place and Date › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -48, "year_label": "49 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Caesar advances against Pompeian forces in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347951543#Roman_Republic", "title": "49 BC", "revid": 1347951543, "section": "Events › By place and Date › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -18, "year_label": "19 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Cantabrians, living on the northernmost coast of Spain, are brought under Roman control. The region is completely subdued until 16 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371877599#Roman_Empire", "title": "19 BC", "revid": 1371877599, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 169, "year_label": "169 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Northern African Moors invade what is now Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302818#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 169", "revid": 1371302818, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 259, "year_label": "259 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Postumus revolts against Gallienus in Gaul. The western provinces of Britain and Spain join his independent realm—which is called in modern times the Gallic Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331138913#Roman_Empire", "title": "259", "revid": 1331138913, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 392, "year_label": "392 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gregory Bæticus, bishop of Elvira (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331511439#Deaths", "title": "392", "revid": 1331511439, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 407, "year_label": "407 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman Civil war of 407–415:Constantine III, a general (magister militum), declares himself Roman emperor. To extend his dominion over Gaul and Spain, he takes practically all the Roman garrisons from Britain and crosses the English Channel. Constantine occupies Arles and establishes tenuous authority over Gaul, sharing control with marauding \"barbarians\". This is generally seen as the beginning of Rome's withdrawal from Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369368532#Roman_Empire", "title": "407", "revid": 1369368532, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 409, "year_label": "409 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – The Vandals, led by King Gunderic, cross the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula. They receive land from the Romans, as foederati, in Baetica (Southern Spain). The Alans occupy lands in Lusitania and the Suebi control parts of Gallaecia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641120#Roman_Empire", "title": "409", "revid": 1367641120, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 428, "year_label": "428 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Gunderic, age 49, dies after a reign of 21 years, and is succeeded by his half-brother Genseric. He is styled with the title Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum (\"King of the Vandals and Alans\"). Genseric increases his power and wealth in the residence of the province of Hispania Baetica (Southern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321157185#Europe", "title": "428", "revid": 1321157185, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 448, "year_label": "448 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Rechiar succeeds his father Rechila as king of the Suebi in Galicia (Northern Spain). He marries a daughter of the Visigoth king Theodoric I and converts to Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330678266#Europe", "title": "448", "revid": 1330678266, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 458, "year_label": "458 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Majorian enters the Rhone Valley, and defeats the Burgundians under King Gondioc at Lugdunum. He forces the Bagaudae to join the western coalition against the Suebi in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748114#Roman_Empire", "title": "458", "revid": 1364748114, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 463, "year_label": "463 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Suebi live under a diarchy, and fight a civil war over the kingship in Galicia (Northern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367480401#Europe", "title": "463", "revid": 1367480401, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 464, "year_label": "464 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Suevic nation in Galicia (Northern Spain) is unified under King Remismund.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288493894#Europe", "title": "464", "revid": 1288493894, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 465, "year_label": "465 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Remismund establishes a policy of friendship with the Visigoths, and promotes the conversion of the Suebi into Arianism in Galicia (Northern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739674#Europe", "title": "465", "revid": 1364739674, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 506, "year_label": "506 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths capture the city of Dertosa in Catalonia. They arrest and execute the Roman usurper Peter, sending his head as a trophy to Zaragoza (Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364757912#Europe", "title": "506", "revid": 1364757912, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 516, "year_label": "516 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – The Council of Tarragona (modern Spain) is held.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357958482#Religion", "title": "516", "revid": 1357958482, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 554, "year_label": "554 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine forces under Liberius seize Granada (Andalusia) and occupy the old province of Baetica. Justinian I calls Belisarius out of retirement, to complete the consolidation of reconquered regions of Southern Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904137#Europe", "title": "554", "revid": 1364904137, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Liuvigild is declared co-king and heir after the second year of the reign of his brother Liuva I. He becomes ruler over the Visigoths in Hispania Citerior (Eastern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Europe", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 574, "year_label": "574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths under King Liuvigild invade Cantabria (Northern Spain), and destroy the city of Amaya (Burgos). He massacres the inhabitants and adds the province to the Visigothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204925#Europe", "title": "574", "revid": 1349204925, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 575, "year_label": "575 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths under King Liuvigild invade the Suebian Kingdom (Northern Spain). Intermarriage between Goths and non-Goths is allowed in the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658531#Europe", "title": "575", "revid": 1367658531, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 576, "year_label": "576 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths under King Liuvigild establish the capital of their kingdom in Toledo, located in central Spain (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801569#Europe", "title": "576", "revid": 1340801569, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Hermenegild, son of Visigothic king Liuvigild, marries Ingund. He rebels against his father, starting in Seville (Southern Spain), and declares himself Catholic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Europe", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 580, "year_label": "580 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Liuvigild calls for an Arian synod in Toledo (central Spain), which modifies several doctrines; he tries to unify the Christians within the Visigothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747518#Europe", "title": "580", "revid": 1364747518, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 582, "year_label": "582 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths under King Liuvigild capture the city of Mérida (western central Spain), which is under the political control of its popular bishop Masona. He is arrested and exiled for 3 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751218#Europe", "title": "582", "revid": 1364751218, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Eboric is deposed by his mother (second husband Andeca) who becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Galicia (Northern Spain) and the Suevi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Europe", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths under King Liuvigild devastate the Suevic Kingdom in Gallaecia (northwest Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Europe", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim troops (7,000 men) led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (now Spain and Portugal). Tariq begins his Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom, which during the decade he occupies and brings under Umayyad sovereignty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Arabian_Empire", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 714, "year_label": "714 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Musa ibn Nusayr and Tariq ibn Ziyad are summoned back to Damascus by caliph Al-Walid I. They are ordered to deliver all the spoils of war. Musa complains and is stripped of his rank. Abd al-Aziz, son of Musa, becomes governor of Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468088#Arabian_Empire", "title": "714", "revid": 1364468088, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 715, "year_label": "715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Arabs led by Tariq ibn Ziyad advance from the area La Rioja (modern-day Spain), and conquer the fortress city of León.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661130#Arabian_Empire", "title": "715", "revid": 1367661130, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, governor of Al-Andalus (modern Spain), is assassinated on order of Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. He is succeeded by his cousin Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi, who becomes interim \"protector\" (wali) for 6 months, and moves the capital to Córdoba, until replaced by Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Arabian_Empire", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pelagius, king of Asturias (Spain) (b. 685)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Deaths", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 739, "year_label": "739 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Favila, king of Asturias (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809724#Deaths", "title": "739", "revid": 1340809724, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Berber tribes in the recently conquered region of Galicia (northwest Spain) rebel. This facilitates the establishment of an independent kingdom in the Cantabrian Mountains under King Alfonso I of Asturias.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Europe", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Nobles: The Berber rebels under chieftain Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati defeat and overwhelm the Umayyad forces of Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri, near Tangier (Northern Morocco), undermining Arab domination in Islamic North Africa. The rebellion spreads in Al-Andalus (Spain), causing governor Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab to withdraw Moorish troops from many garrisons north of the Pyrenees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Africa", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 755, "year_label": "755 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September", "text": "September – Abd al-Rahman I, a member of the Umayyad Dynasty, lands at Almuñécar in al-Andalus (modern Spain), where over the next years he will establish the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847491#Europe", "title": "755", "revid": 1340847491, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 757, "year_label": "757 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso I (\"the Catholic\") dies at Cangas (modern Spain), after an 18-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Fruela I as ruler of Asturias.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341678247#Europe", "title": "AD 757", "revid": 1341678247, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 761, "year_label": "761 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The city of Oviedo (Northern Spain) is founded by the monks Nolan and John (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847723#Europe", "title": "761", "revid": 1340847723, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Aurelius dies after a 6-year reign, and is succeeded by his cousin-in-law Silo, as ruler of Asturias (Northern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Europe", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aurelius, king of Asturias (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Deaths", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Frankish army (supported by Burgundians, Bavarians, Bretons, Lombards, and Visigoths) under King Charlemagne invades Al-Andalus (modern Spain), and conquers the cities of Pamplona and Barcelona. However, the Franks are halted at Zaragoza, in the thughur or frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Europe", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Silo, king of Asturias (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Deaths", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mauregatus of Asturias, illegitimate son of the late king Alfonso I, usurps the throne after the death of his brother-in-law Silo. However, the nobility has elected Alfonso II at Adosinda's (wife of Silo) insistence, but Mauregatus assembles a large army of supporters, and forces Alfonso to flee to Álava (modern Spain). Adosinda is put in the monastery of San Juan de Pravia, where she lives out the rest of her life.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Europe", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 785, "year_label": "785 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Frankish Kingdom conquers Girona and Urgell (modern Spain) from the Moors. The Franks divide Catalonia into 14 countships. Charlemagne suppresses a rebellion by count Hardrad of Thuringia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342449#Europe", "title": "785", "revid": 1351342449, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Mauregatus of Asturias dies after a 5-year reign, and is succeeded by Bermudo I as ruler of Asturias (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Europe", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 791, "year_label": "791 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Alfonso II, the son of former king Fruela I, becomes ruler of Asturias (Northern Spain). He moves the capital to Oviedo, the commercial centre of the region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749143#Europe", "title": "791", "revid": 1364749143, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 795, "year_label": "795 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne creates the Hispanic Marches, a buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania. A group of Iberian lordships form a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and the Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848647#Europe", "title": "795", "revid": 1340848647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 806, "year_label": "806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Al-Hakam I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, reasserts his control over the city of Toledo, autonomous since 797. To this effect Al-Hakam has over 72 nobles (accounts talk of 5,000) massacred at a banquet, crucified and displayed along the banks of the Guadalquivir River (modern Spain), in what comes to be known as the \"Day of the Trench\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292643508#Europe", "title": "806", "revid": 1292643508, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 807, "year_label": "807 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus (modern Spain): An uprising occurs in the city of Mérida against the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342124762#Europe", "title": "807", "revid": 1342124762, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 809, "year_label": "809 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Aznar Galíndez I succeeds Aureolus, as count of Aragon (modern Spain). He is installed by King Louis the Pious (a son of emperor Charlemagne), and remains a Frankish vassal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361629793#Europe", "title": "809", "revid": 1361629793, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 810, "year_label": "810 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus (modern Spain): The city of Mérida rises up against the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848812#Europe", "title": "810", "revid": 1340848812, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 818, "year_label": "818 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Felix, bishop of Urgell (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941123#Deaths", "title": "818", "revid": 1340941123, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 822, "year_label": "822 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Al-Hakam I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Abd al-Rahman II, who begins a military campaign against King Alfonso II of Asturias in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074664#Al-Andalus", "title": "822", "revid": 1267074664, "section": "Events › By place › Al-Andalus"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus: The city of Merida (modern Spain) rises twice in one year against the Umayyad Emirate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Europe", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: Muslim reinforcements from Ifriqiya and Al-Andalus (modern Spain) defeat Byzantine forces under Theodotus in Sicily, but a plague once again compels them to retreat to Mazara del Vallo, and evacuate to North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 833, "year_label": "833 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Galindo Aznárez I, Frankish count, usurps the Catalan counties (pagi) of Pallars and Ribagorza, in the Spanish March (modern Spain), a buffer zone between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941699#Europe", "title": "833", "revid": 1340941699, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 839, "year_label": "839 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first official mention of Andorra is recorded, in the manuscripts of the cathedral at La Seu d'Urgell (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073737#Europe", "title": "839", "revid": 1267073737, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 842, "year_label": "842 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – King Alfonso II of Asturias (Northern Spain) dies after a 50-year reign, in which he undertook numerous campaigns against the Muslim armies of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba, and allied himself with the late Charlemagne. The childless Alfonso chooses Ramiro I, son of former king Bermudo I, as his successor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256465#Europe", "title": "842", "revid": 1350256465, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 843, "year_label": "843 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus: The city of Zaragossa rises against the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in modern-day Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941897#Arabian_Empire", "title": "843", "revid": 1340941897, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 844, "year_label": "844 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Viking raiders ascend the River Garonne as far as the city of Toulouse, and pillage the lands of Septimania. Part of the marauding Vikings invades Galicia (Northern Spain), where some perish in a storm at sea. After being defeated in Corunna, the Scandinavian raiders sack the Umayyad cities of Seville (see below), Niebla, Beja, and Lisbon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342120631#Europe", "title": "844", "revid": 1342120631, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 846, "year_label": "846 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Mozarabs, Iberian Christians who live under Moorish rule, try to repopulate León in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). The city is recaptured by the Muslim Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308185700#Europe", "title": "846", "revid": 1308185700, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 848, "year_label": "848 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Frankish forces under Count (comté) William of Septimania assume authority over the counties of Barcelona and Empúries (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129160#Europe", "title": "848", "revid": 1341129160, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 852, "year_label": "852 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Rahman II, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, dies after a 30-year reign in which he has made additions to the Mosque–Cathedral at Córdoba. He is succeeded by his son Muhammad I, who will put down several revolts of the Muwalladun and Mozarabs in Muslim controlled areas in al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287194271#Al-Andalus", "title": "852", "revid": 1287194271, "section": "Events › By place › Al-Andalus"}}, {"year": 856, "year_label": "856 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Ordoño I of Asturias is said to have begun the repopulation of the town of León in the northwest of Spain (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329734614#Europe", "title": "856", "revid": 1329734614, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 859, "year_label": "859 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Viking raiders burn the mosques of Seville and Algeciras in al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348997263#Iberian_Peninsula", "title": "859", "revid": 1348997263, "section": "Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula"}}, {"year": 873, "year_label": "873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus: The city of Toledo (modern Spain) rises up for a second time against Umayyad rule, due to ethnic tensions over two years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072669#Europe", "title": "873", "revid": 1267072669, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 879, "year_label": "879 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Wilfred the Hairy, count of Barcelona, founds the Benedictine monastery at Ripoll, in Catalonia (Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046041#Religion", "title": "879", "revid": 1348046041, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 884, "year_label": "884 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Diego Rodríguez Porcelos, count of Castile, founds and repopulates (repoblación) Burgos and Ubierna (Northern Spain), under the mandate of King Alfonso III of Asturias.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654158#Europe", "title": "884", "revid": 1366654158, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 887, "year_label": "887 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Toledo rises against the Umayyad Dynasty, in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370364971#Al-Andalus", "title": "887", "revid": 1370364971, "section": "Events › By place › Al-Andalus"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A ship carrying about twenty Arab freebooters, from Pechina in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), sets anchor in the Gulf of Saint-Tropez in Provence. They establish a fortified base at Fraxinet (modern-day La Garde-Freinet). After raiding the surrounding area, the Muslim colony is bolstered by contingents of Saracen adventurers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 891, "year_label": "891 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muslim forces led by Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, defeat the rebel leader Umar ibn Hafsun at Poley, in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072819#Emirate_of_Córdoba", "title": "891", "revid": 1267072819, "section": "Events › By place › Emirate of Córdoba"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso III repopulates the city of Zamora with Mozarabs (Iberian Christians who have lived under Moorish rule) from Toledo in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Europe", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aznar II Galíndez, count of Aragon (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Deaths", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 896, "year_label": "896 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Miro the Elder, count of Conflent (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346094345#Deaths", "title": "896", "revid": 1346094345, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 905, "year_label": "905 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Sancho I succeeds Fortún I as King of Pamplona, and creates a Basque kingdom centered in Navarre (modern-day Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350019271#Europe", "title": "905", "revid": 1350019271, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 907, "year_label": "907 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Rudesind I, bishop of Dumium (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130849#Deaths", "title": "907", "revid": 1341130849, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 913, "year_label": "913 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "San Miguel de Escalada is built in León (Northern Spain) by orders of King García I (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070619#Religion", "title": "913", "revid": 1267070619, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – King García I dies at Zamora (Spain) after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Ordoño II, who becomes king of Galicia and León. Ordoño continues his expansion and settles his court in León.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Europe", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – García I, king of León (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Deaths", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 917, "year_label": "917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz: Umayyad forces under Abi-Abda besiege the repoblación of San Esteban de Gormaz (Northern Spain). King Ordoño II of León (supported by his brother Fruela II of Asturias) allies himself with Sancho I, king of Pamplona, and defeats the Moors. Abi-Abda is captured and executed by decapitation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468140#Islamic_Empire", "title": "917", "revid": 1364468140, "section": "Events › By place › Islamic Empire"}}, {"year": 920, "year_label": "920 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Raymond I, count of Pallars and Ribagorza (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205100#Deaths", "title": "920", "revid": 1349205100, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 922, "year_label": "922 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Galindo II Aznárez, count of Aragon (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509630#Deaths", "title": "922", "revid": 1341509630, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 927, "year_label": "927 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Miró II, count of Cerdanya and Besalú (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341517107#Deaths", "title": "927", "revid": 1341517107, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Before August 16 – Sancho Ordóñez, king of Galicia (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Deaths", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 931, "year_label": "931 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ramiro II forces the abdication of his brother Alfonso IV and becomes king of León (Northern Spain). He has Alfonso and Fruela's three sons blinded in order to make them incapable of ruling.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917472#Europe", "title": "931", "revid": 1364917472, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 933, "year_label": "933 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Alfonso IV, king of León and Galicia (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917339#Deaths", "title": "933", "revid": 1364917339, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 942, "year_label": "942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Hungarians invade Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and besiege the fortress city of Lerida. They devastate Cerdanya and Huesca, and capture Yahya ibn Muhammad ibn al Tawil, Umayyad governor (wali) of the town of Barbastro. Lacking food stores and sufficient forage, the Hungarians retreat to the Gothic March.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918673#Europe", "title": "942", "revid": 1364918673, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III occupies the palace of Medina Azahara (called \"the shining city\") as the new capital of the Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Europe", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 948, "year_label": "948 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sunifred II, count of Urgell (Spain) (b. c. 870)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512591#Deaths", "title": "948", "revid": 1341512591, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 949, "year_label": "949 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Rahman III the Caliph of Córdoba declares Jihad, preparing a large army & conquers the city of Lugo in the extreme North of Iberia. This raid shows to be one of the furthest raids Muslims in Spain ever conducted, done as a show of strength of the Muslim State in Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365592042#Europe", "title": "949", "revid": 1365592042, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 955, "year_label": "955 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Bermudo Núñez, count of Cea (Spain) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512718#Deaths", "title": "955", "revid": 1341512718, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 956, "year_label": "956 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Ordoño III dies at Zamora after a 5-year reign. He is succeeded by his half-brother Sancho I as ruler of León (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917782#Europe", "title": "956", "revid": 1364917782, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 957, "year_label": "957 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Guadamir, bishop of Vic (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512729#Deaths", "title": "957", "revid": 1341512729, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ramiro III, king of León (Spain) (d. 985)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Births", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III dies after a 32-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Hakam II as ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Europe", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 966, "year_label": "966 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Hisham II, caliph of Córdoba (Spain) (d. 1013)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513206#Births", "title": "966", "revid": 1341513206, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Atto, bishop of Vic (Spain) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Deaths", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "An offensive, by the Spain-based Caliphate of Córdoba brings the Maghrebi Idrisid Dynasty to an end. Caliph Al-Hakam II maintains the supremacy of the caliphate over the kingdoms of Navarra, Castile and León.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Africa", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Almanzor, a court official and regent of Córdoba, becomes a chamberlain (hajib) and seizes power from the 13-year-old Caliph Hisham II. During his reign, Almanzor will exercise strong influence over Subh (the mother of Hisham) and wages successful campaigns against the Christian kingdoms in Northern Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Europe", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 981, "year_label": "981 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Ramiro Garcés, king of Viguera (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366191661#Deaths", "title": "981", "revid": 1366191661, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 984, "year_label": "984 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Ramiro III of León loses his throne to Bermudo II (the rival king of Galicia), who also becomes ruler of the entire Kingdom of León (modern-day Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908618#Europe", "title": "984", "revid": 1341908618, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 985, "year_label": "985 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – The city of Barcelona is sacked by Moorish troops under Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus (modern-day Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468346#Europe", "title": "985", "revid": 1364468346, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 985, "year_label": "985 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – Ramiro III, king of León (Spain) (b. 961)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468346#Deaths", "title": "985", "revid": 1364468346, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 990, "year_label": "990 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Oliba Cabreta, count of Cerdanya and Besalú (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908655#Deaths", "title": "990", "revid": 1341908655, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 994, "year_label": "994 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Alfonso V (the Noble), king of León (Spain) (d. 1028)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350027284#Births", "title": "994", "revid": 1350027284, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Al-Mansur dies after a 24-year reign and is succeeded by his son Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar as ruler (hajib) of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Europe", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1004, "year_label": "1004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Moorish forces under vizier Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar sack the Catalan city of Manresa (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369529611#Europe", "title": "1004", "revid": 1369529611, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1007, "year_label": "1007 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Attilanus, bishop of Zamora (Spain) (b. 937)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910071#Deaths", "title": "1007", "revid": 1341910071, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1013, "year_label": "1013 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sulayman ibn al-Hakam reconquers the Caliphate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and deposes Hisham II. Sulayman becomes the fifth Umayyad caliph of Córdoba (until 1016).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212600#Europe", "title": "1013", "revid": 1342212600, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1013, "year_label": "1013 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – Hisham II, caliph of Córdoba (Spain) (b. 966)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212600#Deaths", "title": "1013", "revid": 1342212600, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1014, "year_label": "1014 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Giselbert I, count of Roussillon (Spain) (or 1013)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212610#Deaths", "title": "1014", "revid": 1342212610, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1018, "year_label": "1018 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Borrell, bishop of Vic (Spain)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367470608#Deaths", "title": "1018", "revid": 1367470608, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Aziz al-Mansur, a grandson of the prominent Andalusian figure Almanzor begins his rule in Taifa of Valencia, a Moorish kingdom in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), ushering in a period of relative stability and prosperity that will last until 1061. Taifa of Valencia gained its independence from the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1010.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Europe", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1023, "year_label": "1023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Judge-Governor of Seville in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) takes advantage of the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba and seizes power as Abbad I, founding the Abbadid dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213204#Europe", "title": "1023", "revid": 1342213204, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roger I of Tosny, a Norman nobleman, leaves the battlefield of the Ebro Valley after terrorising the Saracens and capturing several towns and castles during the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#Europe", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1028, "year_label": "1028 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Sancho Garcés III (the Great) conquers Castile (modern Spain) (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299472#Europe", "title": "1028", "revid": 1363299472, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1028, "year_label": "1028 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – Alfonso V (the Noble), king of León (Spain) (b. 994)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299472#Deaths", "title": "1028", "revid": 1363299472, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1037, "year_label": "1037 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Battle of Tamarón: Ferdinand I defeats and kills his brother-in-law Bermudo III. Ferdinand becomes the king of Castile and León (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215302#Europe", "title": "1037", "revid": 1342215302, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1042, "year_label": "1042 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Abbad I dies after a 19-year reign as independent ruler of the Taifa of Seville in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). He is succeeded by his son Abbad II (until 1069).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350130047#Europe", "title": "1042", "revid": 1350130047, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1062, "year_label": "1062 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Almoravids overrun modern-day Morocco, and establish an intercontinental kingdom, stretching from Spain to Senegal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361243522#Africa", "title": "1062", "revid": 1361243522, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "European warriors go to Spain, to participate in the siege of Barbastro. This expedition is sanctioned by Pope Alexander II – and is now regarded as an early form of Crusade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Europe", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1073, "year_label": "1073 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ebles II of Roucy leads a French army in Spain, to support King Sancho V of Aragon in his struggle against his Muslim neighbors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270579#Europe", "title": "1073", "revid": 1365270579, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1077, "year_label": "1077 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso VI (\"the Brave\") reaches an agreement with his cousin Sancho Ramírez, who is elected as king of Navarre. Alfonso annexes the territories of Álava, part of Gipuzkoa and La Bureba, he is crowned and adopts the title of Imperator totius Hispaniae (\"Emperor of all Spain\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303472978#Europe", "title": "1077", "revid": 1303472978, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1079, "year_label": "1079 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Cabra: Moorish forces, aided by Castilian knights under El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz), defeat and rout the invading army of Emir Abdallah ibn Buluggin of Granada, near the town of Cabra (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068328#Europe", "title": "1079", "revid": 1267068328, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1082, "year_label": "1082 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – Count Ramon Berenguer II of Barcelona is killed while hunting in the woods. He is succeeded by his twin brother Berenguer Ramon II as the sole ruler of Catalonia (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070113#Europe", "title": "1082", "revid": 1267070113, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1083, "year_label": "1083 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista: Castilian forces under Alfonso VI reconquer Talavera de la Reina in the Taifa of Toledo (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070185#Europe", "title": "1083", "revid": 1267070185, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1091, "year_label": "1091 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Abbadid dynasty ruling in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) falls when Almoravid forces storm Seville. Confronted with this threat, Emir Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Aftas of Badajoz obtains the support of King Alfonso VI (\"the Brave\") of Castile, in exchange for the Moorish positions on the river Tagus (Sintra, Santarém and Lisbon).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267069429#Europe", "title": "1091", "revid": 1267069429, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) completes his conquest of Valencia in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and begins his rule (in the name of King Alfonso VI) there. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Europe", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista: King Peter I of Aragon conquers Huesca from the Moors of the Taifa of Zaragoza. He expands his domains to the south, conquering land from Al Andalus (modern Spain). The capital is moved from Jaca to Huesca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#Europe", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1097, "year_label": "1097 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Almoravid forces launch a new campaign in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin, leader of the Almoravid Empire, is honored with the title of Amir al Muslimin (\"Commander of the Muslims\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268080#Europe", "title": "1097", "revid": 1365268080, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Reconquista: Peter I of Aragon conquers Barbastro (modern Spain) from the hands of the Almoravids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Europe", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1110, "year_label": "1110 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Almoravid forces under Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf occupy Zaragoza (modern Spain), bringing all of Andalusia's Muslim states under Almoravid control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871350#Europe", "title": "1110", "revid": 1368871350, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1116, "year_label": "1116 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (\"the Great\"), sails to Rome in an effort to gain support from the Italian states and a licence from Pope Paschal II for his crusade against the Moors in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168627#Europe", "title": "1116", "revid": 1362168627, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1121, "year_label": "1121 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A large rebellion takes place in Córdoba (modern Spain) against the ruling Almoravid dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362154597#Europe", "title": "1121", "revid": 1362154597, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1123, "year_label": "1123 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Diego Gelmírez, archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, declares a Crusade in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) against the Almoravids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532227#Religion", "title": "1123", "revid": 1366532227, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1125, "year_label": "1125 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre leads a Castellan raid in Andalusia (Southern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270881#Europe", "title": "1125", "revid": 1365270881, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1126, "year_label": "1126 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre launches a campaign raid into Granada in Andalusia (modern Spain) against the Almoravids. In the aftermath, the Almoravid deport Jews and Christians from Andalusia to Morocco.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368526441#Europe", "title": "1126", "revid": 1368526441, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1131, "year_label": "1131 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Knights Templars appear in the North-East of Spain and are receiving privileges from King Alfonso I (the Battler). The Templars support him to regain land from the Almoravids. Alfonso grants them exemption of tax on a fifth of the wealth taken from the Muslims. The Templars found their first stronghold in Aragon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372289644#Europe", "title": "1131", "revid": 1372289644, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1133, "year_label": "1133 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, launches a raid against Almoravid-held territories in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), and pillages the country all the way to Cádiz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156605#Europe", "title": "1133", "revid": 1362156605, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – William X (the Saint), duke of Aquitaine, dies while on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela (modern Spain). On his deathbed, he expresses his wish to see King Louis VI (the Fat) of France as protector of his 15-year-old daughter Eleanor, and to find her a suitable husband.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Europe", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1140, "year_label": "1140 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first Cistercian monastery in Spain is founded in Fitero. The order enjoys a rapid expansion in the region in the following 15 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307539#Religion", "title": "1140", "revid": 1367307539, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – King Alfonso VII of León and Castile, leads a campaign at the head of mixed armies of Catalonia, Genoa, Pisa and France. He besieges Almería in southern Al-Andalus (modern Spain); a Genoese fleet of 63 galleys and 163 other vessels, blockade the Almoravid-held port, which is captured after a 2-month siege on October 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Europe", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Almohad army conquers the last independent Muslim stronghold at Granada (modern Spain), after a six year siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Europe", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1162, "year_label": "1162 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Almohad emir, Abd al-Mu'min, prepares a gigantic fleet of some four hundred ships to invade Al-Andalus (modern Spain). He dies the following year, before the fleet is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184511#Africa", "title": "1162", "revid": 1369184511, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1165, "year_label": "1165 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Benjamin of Tudela, Spanish Jewish traveler, sets out on his journey from the northeast Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain), on a pilgrimage to the land of Israel and beyond.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362483614#Europe", "title": "1165", "revid": 1362483614, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1202, "year_label": "1202 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Rueda Abbey is founded by Cistercians at Sástago, in the Kingdom of Aragon (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187490#Religion", "title": "1202", "revid": 1369187490, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1224, "year_label": "1224 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February", "text": "February – King Ferdinand III (the Saint) announces his intention to resume the Reconquista against the realm of the Almohad Caliphate. Caliph Yusuf II al-Mustansir dies and is succeeded by Abu Muhammad al-Wahid, but in Al-Andalus, two competing pretenders also claim their rights to the throne: Abu Muhammad Ibn al-Mansur al-Adil in Seville and Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah al-Bayyasi in Córdoba. The chronic political instability on the Almohad site allows Ferdinand to begin his campaign victoriously in October, with the capture of Quesada in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561506#January_–_March", "title": "1224", "revid": 1369561506, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1228, "year_label": "1228 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King James I (the Conqueror) launches a major offensive against the Almohads in Majorca. At the same moment, Emir Ibn Hud al-Yamadi (confronted by increasing Christian pressure) denounces Almohad rule in Murcia (modern Spain) and acknowledges the Abbasid Caliphate as legitimate overlord, in effect declaring independence. Other notable Christian success: King Alfonso IX of León conquers Mérida.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360747311#Europe", "title": "1228", "revid": 1360747311, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1241, "year_label": "1241 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The University of Valladolid is founded in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362486166#Events", "title": "1241", "revid": 1362486166, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista: King Afonso III of Portugal (\"the Boulonnais\") recaptures Faro and Silves in the Algarve from the Almohads, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal. The Almohads also lose possession of Alicante in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Europe", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1263, "year_label": "1263 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Reconquista: King Alfonso X of Castile (\"the Wise\") conquers Niebla from the Moors, terminating any Muslim presence in the western region of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296179530#Europe", "title": "1263", "revid": 1296179530, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Marinid forces land in Spain and ravage the countryside. They kill and capture many and plunder livestock. They also attack the castle of Vejer de la Frontera in Andalusia. On hearing the news, King Alfonso X of Castile (\"the Wise\") abandons his meeting with Sultan Muhammad I of Granada and orders an all-out war against Granada.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#Europe", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1275, "year_label": "1275 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Marinid forces led by Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq land in Spain upon a call from Muhammad II, ruler of Granada. With a fleet of 20 ships organized at Ceuta, some 5,000 men are transported from Alcázar Seguir to Tarifa without meeting any significant Christian opposition. The Maranids raid as far as the towns of Vejer de la Frontera and Jerez.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270169#Europe", "title": "1275", "revid": 1365270169, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1276, "year_label": "1276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq and Muhammad II, ruler of Granada, agree to a truce with King Alfonso X of Castile (\"the Wise\") for two years. Before Abu Yusuf leaves, Muhammad's secretary addresses a poem to Abu Yusuf, expressing fear of Castile's power and appealing for Marinid's continued support. Later, Abu Yusuf lands at Alcázar Seguir on January 19. This ending the first Marinid invasion in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344445633#Europe", "title": "1276", "revid": 1344445633, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July", "text": "July – Alfonso X of Castile allies himself with Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq, ruler of the Marinid Sultanate, who crosses the straits and establishes a camp at Zahara de la Sierra, in southern Spain. Alfonso offers the Castilian royal crown of his father and grandfathers as a pledge of re-payment of a loan. Out of pity, Abu Yusuf gives him 100,000 gold dinars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Europe", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1288, "year_label": "1288 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Sultan Muhammad II drives the rebellious Banu Ashqilula from one stronghold to the next, where they are finally expelled from Granadan territory in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Meanwhile, Muhammad manages through diplomatic intrigue, to turn the Castilian aristocracy against King Sancho IV. In response, King Alfonso III proclaims the 18-year-old Alfonso de la Cerda as ruler of Castile and León.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964096#Europe", "title": "1288", "revid": 1367964096, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – Spanish kings James II of Aragon and Ferdinand IV of Castile persuade Pope Clement V to grant the papal bull Indesinentis cure, authorizing them approval and church financial support for a crusade to rid the Iberian peninsula of Islam, as well as to conquer Corsica and Sardinia. The two monarchs fail to mention their collaboration with the Muslim Marinid Empire, and use the papal bull to plan a blockade of the Strait of Gibraltar with their combined fleet of 40 warships on their mission to expel the Saracen forces from Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#April_–_June", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1311, "year_label": "1311 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – King Ferdinand IV, known as \"Ferdinand the Summoned\", grants new privileges to the Catholic Church within the Kingdom of Castile during an assembly at Palencia. In April, Ferdinand becomes seriously ill and is transferred to Valladolid, despite the opposition of his wife, Queen Constance, who wishes to transfer him to Carrión de los Condes (northern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018282#January_–_March", "title": "1311", "revid": 1332018282, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1314, "year_label": "1314 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 (21 Shawwal 713 AH) – Sultan Nasr of Granada is forced to abdicate after 18 days as the ruler of the Emirate of Granada (in modern-day Spain) by his nephew, Abu'l-Walid Ismail I ibn Faraj, who is proclaimed at the Alhambra as the new Sultan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434387#January_–_March", "title": "1314", "revid": 1373434387, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1320, "year_label": "1320 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 (Easter Sunday) – Shepherds' Crusade (Le Pastoureaux): In France, a large group of common people band together in Normandy to begin a crusade, after a teenage shepherd says he was visited by the Holy Spirit. They march south to Aquitaine, attacking castles, royal officials, priests and lepers along the way. Jewish communes are attacked at Saintes, Cahors, Verdun-sur-Garonne, Albi and Toulouse. When they finally cross into Spain, Aragonese forces under Prince Alfonso halt their advance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353685641#January_–_March", "title": "1320", "revid": 1353685641, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1335, "year_label": "1335 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The School of Arts in Zaragoza, Spain is founded (later known as the University of Zaragoza in the 16th Century).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067892#Date_unknown", "title": "1335", "revid": 1267067892, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1359, "year_label": "1359 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – Ismail II overthrows his uncle, Muhammed V, as Sultan of Granada (in modern-day Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297602879#January–December", "title": "1359", "revid": 1297602879, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1360, "year_label": "1360 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muhammed VI overthrows his brother-in-law, Ismail II, as King of Granada (in modern-day Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292555105#Date_unknown", "title": "1360", "revid": 1292555105, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1365, "year_label": "1365 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Muhammed V begins building the Maristan of Granada (a hospital) in Granada (in modern-day Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339848684#Date_unknown", "title": "1365", "revid": 1339848684, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1371, "year_label": "1371 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first widely accepted historical reference is made to playing cards (in Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370413855#Date_unknown", "title": "1371", "revid": 1370413855, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – At Almazán, now part of Spain but at the time a town in the Kingdom of Castile and León, a peace agreement is executed by King Enrique II of Castile and King Pedro IV of Aragon, with the two monarchs agreeing to the wedding of Enrique's son and Pedro's daughter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#April–June", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1388, "year_label": "1388 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – Eleanor of Arborea, regent for her son Marianus V of the independent Judicate of Arborea, on the island of Sardinia, signs a peace agreement with the Crown of Aragon in Spain, ending a war between the two nations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360557860#January–March", "title": "1388", "revid": 1360557860, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – King Enrique III of Castile and León (comprising most of Spain) signs a peace treaty with his brother-in-law, King João I of Portugal, ending fighting that began in 1396. The wives of the two kings, Catherine of Lancaster and Philippa of Lancaster respectively, are sisters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#July–September", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – The coronation of Eleanor of Castile, wife of King Carlos III of Navarre, as Queen of Navarre takes place in Pamplona, now in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#April–June", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1410, "year_label": "1410 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – After a siege of almost four months, the Muslim city of Antequera, located in what is now Andalusia in Spain, surrenders to the Crown of Castile and its army, commanded by Prince Ferdinand of Aragon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337551949#July–September", "title": "1410", "revid": 1337551949, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1447, "year_label": "1447 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – In a royal wedding at the cathedral in Madrigal de las Altas Torres in the Kingdom of Castile (now in Spain) Princess Isabella of Portugal, cousin of King Afonso VI, marries King Juan II of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359486325#July_–_September", "title": "1447", "revid": 1359486325, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1456, "year_label": "1456 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – Pope Calixtus III issues a papal bull granting a seven-year indulgence to any Christian who makes a pilgrimage to Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza in Spain's Kingdom of Aragon", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371442849#July–September", "title": "1456", "revid": 1371442849, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1480, "year_label": "1480 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – The Treaty of Toledo is signed as Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize the African conquests of Afonso V of Portugal, and he cedes the Canary Islands to Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370179650#January–March", "title": "1480", "revid": 1370179650, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1481, "year_label": "1481 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – The city of Zahara de la Sierra, now part of Spain, is captured by the Moorish Emir Abu'l-Hasan Ali of Granada in a surprise attack, leading to a counterattack by the Kingdom of Castile two months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936509#October–December", "title": "1481", "revid": 1365936509, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1482, "year_label": "1482 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 –The village of Alhama de Granada in Spain is taken by Christian forces, starting the Granada War to expel the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368493356#January–March", "title": "1482", "revid": 1368493356, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1483, "year_label": "1483 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29 – Gran Canaria, the main island of the Canary Islands, is conquered by the Kingdom of Castile, a very important step in the expansion of Spain. Of 4,000 Castilian troops, 800 are killed and 1,600 others are taken as prisoners of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369188840#April–June", "title": "1483", "revid": 1369188840, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1483, "year_label": "1483 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – The General Council of the Inquisition is created in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369188840#January–March", "title": "1483", "revid": 1369188840, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1485, "year_label": "1485 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Peter Arbues is assaulted while praying in the cathedral at Zaragoza in the Kingdom of Aragon, now part of Spain; he dies on September 17. He had been appointed Inquisitor of Aragon by the Inquisitor General, Tomás de Torquemada, in the campaign against heresy and Spanish Judaism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364736343#July–September", "title": "1485", "revid": 1364736343, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1491, "year_label": "1491 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – The city of Granada, capital of the Muslim Emirate of Granada in Spain, is besieged by the armies of Castile and Aragon, ruled by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360561378#April–June", "title": "1491", "revid": 1360561378, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1492, "year_label": "1492 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – At the shipbuilding town of Palos de la Frontera in Spain, an April 30 decree of Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon is read aloud to the residents, directing that two ships are to be delivered to Christopher Columbus and people chosen by the Pinzon brothers will be required to travel on the voyage westward \"by command of Their Highnesses\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366150846#April—June", "title": "1492", "revid": 1366150846, "section": "Events › April—June"}}, {"year": 1494, "year_label": "1494 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide the New World between themselves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353371082#April–June", "title": "1494", "revid": 1353371082, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1494, "year_label": "1494 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – First Battle of Acentejo: Natives of the island of Tenerife, known as Guanches, defeat the invading Spanish forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353371082#April–June", "title": "1494", "revid": 1353371082, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – The Rebellion in the Alpujarras ends in southern Spain with a treaty of surrender of the last Muslim insurgents in the Alpujarra Mountains in Andalusia on the Mediterranean Sea. The Muslims are given the choice of expulsion or conversion to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#April–June", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – Philip and Joanna of Castile leave for Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#October–December", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1502, "year_label": "1502 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – Christopher Columbus leaves Cadiz in Spain for his fourth and final trip to the New World, taking with him 147 men on his flagship, Capitana and the companion ships Gallega, Vizcaína, and Santiago de Palos. He explores Central America, and discovers the Isthmus of Panama and the land now occupied by Honduras, and Costa Rica, and possibly the island of St. Lucia as well", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622674#April–June", "title": "1502", "revid": 1367622674, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1515, "year_label": "1515 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Portuguese explorer Juan Díaz de Solís departs from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain with three ships and 70 men on a disastrous expedition toward the southern part of the continent of South America. Soon after landing at what is now Uruguay, Díaz and most of his crew are killed by the Charrúa people shortly after their arrival in January.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362498078#October–December", "title": "1515", "revid": 1362498078, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1519, "year_label": "1519 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The Magellan expedition departs from Seville in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365433723#July–September", "title": "1519", "revid": 1365433723, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – At the Battle of Pampeluna in Spain, and alliance of forces from French and the Kingdom of Navarre forces defeat those of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1527, "year_label": "1527 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – The Narváez expedition to conquer Florida sets sail from Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366980186#April–June", "title": "1527", "revid": 1366980186, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1528, "year_label": "1528 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo attempts an invasion of the Yucatán, but is driven out by the Maya peoples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369577446#Date_unknown", "title": "1528", "revid": 1369577446, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Tangaxuan II, last cazonci of the Purépecha Empire, is executed by conquistador Nuño de Guzmán, ending the Purépecha Empire's independence from Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#January–March", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – The Holy League, an alliance of Christian nations (the Papal States and the Republic of Venice, the Knights Hospitaller of Malta, Spain and the Spanish-ruled Viceroyalty of Naples and Sicily), is agreed upon under the direction of Pope Paul III and Venetian Senator Alvise Badoer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#January–March", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate in what is now Tunisia in northern Africa, renews the 1547 treaty of friendship with Spain that had been signed by representatives of his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#January–March", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1550, "year_label": "1550 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – The University of Santa Catalina is authorized in Spain by a canonical bull from Pope Julius III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369571608#July–September", "title": "1550", "revid": 1369571608, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1570, "year_label": "1570 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Princess Anna of Austria arrives in Spain to become the Queen Consort of Spain as the bride of her uncle King Philip of Spain, whom she had married by proxy on May 4. Having traveled through the Netherlands, she asks King Philip to spare the life of the rebel Floris of Montmorency, but the King arranges the strangulation of Floris on October 14.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362475955#October–December", "title": "1570", "revid": 1362475955, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "La Alameda, Seville, is laid out in Spain, as Europe's first public garden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368294863#Undated", "title": "1574", "revid": 1368294863, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – Battle of Mookerheyde: Spanish forces under Sancho de Avila defeat the rebel forces of Louis of Nassau, who is killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368294863#April–June", "title": "1574", "revid": 1368294863, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – The city of Leiden, besieged by the Spanish, is relieved by a Sea Beggars fleet under Louis Boisot.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368294863#October–December", "title": "1574", "revid": 1368294863, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1577, "year_label": "1577 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – Francis Drake leaves Plymouth, England, aboard the Pelican, with four other ships and 164 men, on an expedition against the Spanish, along the Pacific coast of the Americas, which will become his circumnavigation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323001#October–December", "title": "1577", "revid": 1361323001, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#April–June", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1584, "year_label": "1584 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – The Treaty of Joinville is signed secretly between the French Catholic League and the Spanish citizens .", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561067#October–December", "title": "1584", "revid": 1369561067, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1595, "year_label": "1595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – Battle of Fontaine-Française: Henry IV of France defeats the Spanish, but is nearly killed due to his rashness.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339059002#April–June", "title": "1595", "revid": 1339059002, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1597, "year_label": "1597 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Amiens is taken by Spanish forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801855#January–March", "title": "1597", "revid": 1362801855, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – Juan de Zúñiga Flores, Bishop of Cartagena, becomes the Grand Inquisitor of Spain but serves for only five months before his death at the age of 55.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#July–September", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1609, "year_label": "1609 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – The Basque witch trials are started in Spain as the court of the Inquisition at Logroño receives a letter from the commissioner of the village of Zugarramurdi, and orders the arrest of four women, including María de Jureteguía and María Chipía de Barrenetxea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365588617#January–March", "title": "1609", "revid": 1365588617, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1609, "year_label": "1609 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – A fleet of ships from the Kingdom of Spain, assisted by a French warship, fights a battle in the Mediterranean Sea against a larger fleet of 23 ships from the North African Eyalet of Tunisia and sinks 21 of them. The other two Tunisian ships are captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365588617#April–June", "title": "1609", "revid": 1365588617, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – The cession of Larache, a port in Morocco, takes place as Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun, Sultan of Morocco, transfers control of the city to Spain in return for. The Marquis de la Hinojosa accepts on behalf of King Felipe III of Spain in return for Spain's aid to the Sultan's fight against the Sultan's brother, Zidan Abu Maali. Larache remains under Spanish control for the next 79 years until another sultan retakes it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#October–December", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1615, "year_label": "1615 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – The Spánverjavígin, the last massacre to be carried out in Iceland, begins as 14 Basque Whalers from Spain are murdered at Thingeyri while sleeping. Another 18 are killed on October 13, including Captain Martín de Villafranca. The 31 had been survivors of a shipwreck on Iceland in September.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365922608#October–December", "title": "1615", "revid": 1365922608, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – Second Battle of Playa Honda: The Spanish navy defeats a Dutch fleet in the Philippines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#April–June", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – The Treaty of Pavia is signed between Spain and Savoy, under which Savoy returns Monferrato to Mantua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#October–December", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Eighty Years' War: Spanish troops under Ambrogio Spinola conquer Breda, after a nine-month siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#April–June", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – The Treaty of Southampton makes an alliance between England and the Dutch Republic, against Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#July–September", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1627, "year_label": "1627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Eighty Years' War: Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, begins the Siege of Grol, the last Spanish stronghold in the eastern Netherlands, and captures it after 30 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371072250#July–September", "title": "1627", "revid": 1371072250, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Start of the Battles of La Naval de Manila, a series of five naval battles fought between the Dutch Republic and Spain in the waters of the Philippines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#January–March", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – The Battle of Arronches takes place near the town of Arronches on the Portuguese side of the border between Portugal and Spain, with the Portuguese Army outflanking and defeating a larger Spanish force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#October–December", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1655, "year_label": "1655 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10–27 – Anglo-Spanish War: Invasion of Jamaica – Forces of the English Protectorate led by William Penn and Robert Venables capture the island of Jamaica from Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365983750#April–June", "title": "1655", "revid": 1365983750, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – William Morice takes office as the first Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Relations with France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the Italian states, and the Ottoman Empire are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The position will eventually evolve into the office of the Foreign Secretary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Juan Alonso de Cuevas y Dávalos is appointed as the new Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mexico by Pope Alexander VII, to allow Archbishop Mateo de Sagade de Bugueyro to return to Spain. Archbishop Cuevas is installed on November 15 upon his arrival in Mexico City.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#April–June", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The Siege of Lille, at this time part of the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) begins and becomes the only major engagement of the \"War of Devolution\" between France and Spain. The Spanish Army surrenders after 16 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#July–September", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – After King Philip IV of Spain reneges on payment of a large dowry to King Louis XIV of France, promised to Louis as a gift for Louis' marriage to Philip's daughter Princess Maria Theresa, the War of Devolution begins between France and Spain. The French Army invades the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium), entering Flanders and Franche-Comté. By the time the war ends on May 2, 1668, parts of the Spanish Netherlands are ceded to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#April–June", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 (July 8, O.S.) – The Treaty of Madrid, also known as the Godolphin Treaty, is signed between England and Spain to formally end hostilities left over from the Anglo-Spanish War, in the Caribbean, that ended ten years earlier. For the first time, Spain acknowledges that it is not entitled to all territory in the Americas west of Brazil, as provided by the 1493 line of demarcation decreed by Pope Alexander VI, and by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal. Spain acknowledges that Jamaica and the Cayman Islands are English possessions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#July–September", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – A tornado kills more than 600 people in the city of Cádiz in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#January–March", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – In the Pueblo Revolt, the native Pueblo people capture Santa Fe (now in New Mexico) from the Spanish colonists.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#July–September", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – The Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg) is founded, in response to claims made by Louis XIV of France on the Electorate of the Palatinate in western Germany. It comprises the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony and the Electorate of the Palatinate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#July–September", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – A hurricane saves Charleston, South Carolina from attack by Spanish vessels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#July–September", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After 23 years of construction, Spain completes Castillo de San Marcos to protect St. Augustine, Florida, from foreign threats.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#Date_unknown", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The Siege of Barcelona ends in Spain after 52 days as Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme of France obtains the surrender of Barcelona from the Austrian General, Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#July–September", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – War of the Spanish Succession: Prince Karl of Habsburg, brother of Joseph I, the Holy Roman Emperor and a pretender to the throne of Spain, arrives in Portugal on the English warship HMS Royal Katherine as part of George Rooke's English fleet sailing into Lisbon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#January–March", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – Woodes Rogers returns to England after a successful round-the-world privateering cruise against Spain, carrying loot worth £150,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364260988#October–December", "title": "1711", "revid": 1364260988, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Reus in Catalonia, Spain is given the title of imperial city by Elisabeth Christine, wife of Archduke Charles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#April_–June", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › April –June"}}, {"year": 1713, "year_label": "1713 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy is crowned King of Sicily at Palermo, and his wife Anne Marie is crowned as Queen consort. The coronation follows Spain's recognition of Sicilian independence, effective September 22, as part of the Treaty of Utrecht.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271134#October–December", "title": "1713", "revid": 1360271134, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1713, "year_label": "1713 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – As part of the agreements made at Utrecht to end the War of the Spanish Succession, Great Britain and Spain sign a treaty of commerce and navigation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271134#October–December", "title": "1713", "revid": 1360271134, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Spain creates the Viceroyalty of New Granada in South America from the northern section of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The viceroyalty, with a capital at Bogotá, later declares independence and splits up into what become the nations of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#April–June", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed between Spain, Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance with effect from May 20.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358044251#January–March", "title": "1720", "revid": 1358044251, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 (February 11, 1726 O.S.) – Spain besieges the British-held territory of Gibraltar, in order to recapture it. Britain's Royal Navy begins a blockade of Spanish ports and the unsuccessful siege ends with the signing of a truce on June 24.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#January–March", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Spain ceases hostilities after its attempt to recapture Gibraltar from Britain fails. A truce is signed the next day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#April–June", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1728, "year_label": "1728 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – The Congress of Soissons opens at the French town of Soissons to negotiate a treaty between Great Britain and Spain. The treaty, which is concluded on November 9, 1729, recognizes the Spanish royal family's rule of parts of Italy, and Britain's possession of Gibraltar and Menorca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363462071#April–June", "title": "1728", "revid": 1363462071, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – The Treaty of Seville is signed between Great Britain, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#October–December", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1731, "year_label": "1731 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – British trader Robert Jenkins has his ear cut off after his ship, Rebecca is boarded by Spanish coast guards at Havana in Cuba. The incident becomes the casus belli for the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560841#April–June", "title": "1731", "revid": 1369560841, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1731, "year_label": "1731 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – The Treaty of Vienna is signed between the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560841#January–March", "title": "1731", "revid": 1369560841, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1732, "year_label": "1732 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Spain completes the conquest of the Algerian cities of Oran and Mers El Kébir in the Oran Province, after a 17-day siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369314491#July–September", "title": "1732", "revid": 1369314491, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Spain and the Holy Roman Empire sign instruments of cession at Pontremoli in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in Italy, with the Empire receiving control of Tuscany and the Grand Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, in return for Don Carlos of Spain being recognized as King of Naples and King of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#January–March", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – In Paris, representatives of Spain and Portugal sign an armistice bringing an end to the Spanish–Portuguese War over the area now occupied by the nation of Uruguay and the area now occupied by the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. The news does not reach the fighting parties until five months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#January–March", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1738, "year_label": "1738 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Mariner Robert Jenkins presents a pickled ear, which he claims was cut off by a Spanish captain in the Caribbean in 1731, to the Parliament of Great Britain, which votes, 257 to 209, for war against Spain, leading to the War of Jenkins' Ear the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363165384#January–March", "title": "1738", "revid": 1363165384, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1742, "year_label": "1742 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Battle of Bloody Marsh – British troops repel those of Spain (under Montiano), in the Province of Georgia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360184270#July–September", "title": "1742", "revid": 1360184270, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1742, "year_label": "1742 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – In Peru, Juan Santos takes the name Atahualpa II, and begins an ill-fated rebellion against Spanish rule. Father Domingo Garcia sends the first report of the rebellion to his superiors on June 2.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360184270#April_–June", "title": "1742", "revid": 1360184270, "section": "Events › April –June"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – War of Jenkins' Ear – Battle of Havana: a British Caribbean squadron engages a Spanish squadron based near Havana.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361284371#October–December", "title": "1748", "revid": 1361284371, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1750, "year_label": "1750 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – The Treaty of Madrid between Spain and Portugal authorizes a larger Brazil than had the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, which originally established the boundaries of the Portuguese and Spanish territories in South America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349828876#January–March", "title": "1750", "revid": 1349828876, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1750, "year_label": "1750 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Treaty of Madrid: Spain and Great Britain sign a treaty temporarily eliminating their hostility over their colonies in North and South America. In addition to both sides dropping their claims for damages against each other, Spain agrees to pay the South Sea Company £100,000 for damage claims.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349828876#October–December", "title": "1750", "revid": 1349828876, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Spain's Royal Academy of the Fine Arts, is formally established in Spain, eight years after first being proposed to King Fernando VI by Jeronimo Antonio Gil as a small school in Madrid. The foundation of the Royal Academy is considered by historians to be \"an essential step in modernizing Spain\" during the Spanish Enlightenment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#April–June", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "November 12", "text": "November 12 – Spain's King Fernando VI issues a set of 25 regulations and restrictions for theatrical performances, including a requirement that the directors of the acting troupes \"take the greatest care that the necessary modesty is preserved\" and that the actors should be reminded that chastity requires that \"indecent and provocative\" dances should be avoided.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#October–December", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – A 500-man force from the Army of Spain brings the revolt of Mexico's Maya population to an end, capturing the Yucatan village of Cisteil, killing about 500 of the 2,500 Mayan defenders and losing 40 of their own. The Spaniards arrest 254 people, including Jacinto Canek, who had proclaimed himself as King Canek Montezuma of the Mayas. Canek and eight other rebellion leaders are executed less than three weeks later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369831762#October–December", "title": "1761", "revid": 1369831762, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – The last British troops depart Havana, Cuba, two years after having captured it from Spain during the Seven Years' War. The removal of troops follows the treaty between the two Kingdoms, with Spain ceding West Florida to Great Britain in return for the Havana withdrawal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#July–September", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1765, "year_label": "1765 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Spain's five-member \"special junta\", appointed by Prime Minister Jerónimo Grimaldi, delivers its report regarding \"ways to address the backwardness of Spain's commerce with its colonies and with foreign nations\". The report provides detailed orders to be delivered to José de Gálvez, the visitador general in charge of New Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373039097#January–March", "title": "1765", "revid": 1373039097, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Spain and France secretly sign the Convention of Aranjuez, with Spain joining an alliance against Great Britain in return for France's pledge to recover all Spanish territory lost to the British.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567590#April–June", "title": "1779", "revid": 1370567590, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1793, "year_label": "1793 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – French Revolutionary Wars: The French First Republic declares war on Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and (on March 7) Spain. During the year, the War of the First Coalition is joined by Portugal, the Holy Roman Empire, Naples and Tuscany in opposition to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358426983#January–June", "title": "1793", "revid": 1358426983, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – First Republic of New Granada: Patria Boba: A junta of seven patriots, led by José Acevedo y Gómez, assemble in Bogotá in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia), to declare its independence from the Spanish Empire, the first South American nation to break away from Spain as the third oldest independent republic state after Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357106545#July–September", "title": "1810", "revid": 1357106545, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – Siege of Burgos: British troops under Arthur Wellington are forced to abandon the siege of Burgos after a month. Meanwhile, Joseph Bonaparte makes plans to recapture Madrid. He assembles an army led by Louis-Gabriel Suchet and Jean-de-Dieu Soult to drive Wellington out of central Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364673712#October–December", "title": "1812", "revid": 1364673712, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Gaspar de Vigodet, Spain's last colonial administrator of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (covering nearly all of modern-day Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay), surrenders the city of Montevideo to independence fighters, led by General Carlos María de Alvear.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360305709#April–June", "title": "1814", "revid": 1360305709, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – July 1822 Spanish coup d'état, an attempt by supporters of Ferdinand VII to overthrow the Liberal government of Spain, fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#July–September", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The Congress of Verona opens in the Austrian-ruled province of Lombardy-Venetia. The event is the largest diplomatic gathering since the Congress of Vienna seven years earlier. The Congress lasts until December 14, and Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#October–December", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1823, "year_label": "1823 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – By secret treaty signed at the Congress of Verona, the Quintuple Alliance gives France a mandate to invade Spain for the purpose of restoring Ferdinand VII (who has been captured by armed revolutionary liberals) as absolute monarch of the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361959841#January–March", "title": "1823", "revid": 1361959841, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1857, "year_label": "1857 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Spanish financial group, Banco Santander founded in Cantabria, Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366379985#April–June", "title": "1857", "revid": 1366379985, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – Spain cedes its last Pacific Ocean colonies, the Caroline Islands (later part of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Ladrone islands of Ladrone (later part of the Mariana Islands), and Palau, to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#June", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Atlético Madrid is founded as a professional association football club in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#April", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Hundreds of people are killed in Spain in the collapse of a dam holding back a reservoir near Madrid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#April", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – The German cruiser Admiral Hipper attacks a British shipping convoy (WS 5A) en route to Sierra Leone 700 miles (1,100 km) west of Cape Finisterre in Spain. Admiral Hipper sinks one ship but has to withdraw with engine trouble.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#December", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 - Resistance leader Joop Westerweel is arrested while returning to the Netherlands, having escorted a group of Jewish children to safety in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#March", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – The United Nations ends the diplomatic isolation of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#November", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – The 5.0 1956 Atarfe-Albolote earthquake strikes southern Spain killing 12 and injuring dozens more.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#April", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1958, "year_label": "1958 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – The Treaty of Angra de Cintra is signed by Spain and Morocco, ending the Spanish protectorate in Morocco.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371827125#April", "title": "1958", "revid": 1371827125, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Charles de Gaulle becomes the first French Co-Prince of Andorra to visit his Andorran subjects. In addition to being President of France, de Gaulle is a joint ruler (along with Spain's Bishop of Urgel) of the tiny nation located in the mountains between France and Spain, pursuant to the 1278 agreement creating the nation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#October", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Fermín Monasterio Pérez is murdered by ETA in Biscay, Spain; the 4th victim in the name of Basque nationalism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#April", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – The 1969 Portugal earthquake hits Portugal, Spain and Morocco.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#February", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – The Government of Spain hands over Ifni to Morocco.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#January", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – Richard Nixon begins a tour of Europe, visiting Italy, Yugoslavia, Spain, the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#September", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Spain legalizes the Communist Party of Spain, which had been outlawed since 1939.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#April", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – An Ejército del Aire CASA C-207C Azor (registration T.7-15) plane crashes into the side of a mountain near Chiva, on approach to Valencia Airport in Spain, killing all 11 people on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#January", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – El Descanso bombing: A terrorist bombing attributed to the Islamic Jihad Organization in the El Descanso restaurant near Madrid, Spain, mostly attended by U.S. personnel from the Torrejón Air Base, causes 18 deaths (all Spaniards) and 82 injuries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#April", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – The border between Gibraltar and Spain reopens for the first time since Francisco Franco closed it in 1969.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#February", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Spain and Portugal enter the European Community, which becomes the European Union in 1993.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#January", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – Basque conflict: Basque Homeland and Liberty reaches a ceasefire agreement with the government of Spain, the second such agreement in two years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373236679#September", "title": "1998", "revid": 1373236679, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – A 5.1 earthquake strikes southern Spain, killing 9 people and injuring over 400.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#May", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – Based on the results of a previously held referendum, Catalonia declares independence from Spain, but the Catalan Republic is not recognised by the Spanish government or any other sovereign nation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#October", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – The separatist group ETA officially announces its final dissolution after 40 years of conflict and more than 800 deaths in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#May", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – A 1634 edition of The Two Noble Kinsmen, the last play by English playwright William Shakespeare, is discovered at the Royal Scots College's library in Salamanca, Spain. It is believed to be the oldest copy of any of his works in the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#September", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – A widespread power outage affects Spain and Portugal for hours. Andorra is affected for a few seconds while southern France is lightly affected.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#April", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › April"}}]}