{"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5690", "qid": "Q5690", "description": "city and city-state in ancient Greece", "entries": 169, "years": 133, "span": [-1203, 1684], "span_label": ["1204 BCE", "1684 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 110}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 25}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 12}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 11}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 5}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 42}, {"slug": "argos-peloponnese", "label": "Argos, Peloponnese", "shared": 20}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 19}, {"slug": "agesilaus-ii", "label": "Agesilaus II", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "ancient-corinth", "label": "Ancient Corinth", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "thebes-greece", "label": "Thebes, Greece", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "achaean-league", "label": "Achaean League", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "macedon", "label": "Macedon", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "cleomenes-iii", "label": "Cleomenes III", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "nabis-of-sparta", "label": "Nabis of Sparta", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "philopoemen", "label": "Philopoemen", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "arcadia-ancient-region", "label": "Arcadia (ancient region)", "shared": 7}], "items": [{"year": -1203, "year_label": "1204 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1204 BC: Theseus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed after a reign of 30 years and succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erichthonius II of Athens and second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor and Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. Theseus seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend and ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds to assassinate him. (Other accounts place these events a decade earlier. See 1210s BC.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350963473#Events_and_trends", "title": "1200s BC (decade)", "revid": 1350963473, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -714, "year_label": "715 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. 715 BC—Conquest of Messenia by Sparta ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368385620#Events_and_trends", "title": "710s BC", "revid": 1368385620, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -647, "year_label": "648 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Messenians in the Peloponnese revolt against Sparta under the leadership of king Aristomenes, beginning a struggle that will continue until 631 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372392769#Greece", "title": "648 BC", "revid": 1372392769, "section": "Events › Greece"}}, {"year": -589, "year_label": "590 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "590 BC—Eurycratides, Agiad king of Sparta", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368102206#Deaths", "title": "590s BC", "revid": 1368102206, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -544, "year_label": "545 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – Leotychides, king of Sparta (d. c.469 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1255771799#Births", "title": "545 BC", "revid": 1255771799, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -515, "year_label": "516 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cleomenes I of Sparta receives an embassy from Maeandrius of Samos asking for help to expel the tyrant Syloson, a puppet of the Persian Empire, which is at the time subjugating the city-states of the eastern Aegean Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340379939#Greece", "title": "516 BC", "revid": 1340379939, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -498, "year_label": "499 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aristagoras seeks help with the revolt against the Persians from Cleomenes I, king of Sparta, but the Spartans are unwilling to respond.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129380#Greece", "title": "499 BC", "revid": 1350129380, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -493, "year_label": "494 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan king, Cleomenes I inflicts a severe defeat on Argos at Sepeia near Tiryns (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362845788#Greece", "title": "494 BC", "revid": 1362845788, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -490, "year_label": "491 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Greek city of Aegina, fearing the loss of trade, submits to Persia. The Spartan king, Cleomenes I tries to punish Aegina for its submission to the Persians, but the other Spartan king, Demaratus, thwarts him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364322520#Greece", "title": "491 BC", "revid": 1364322520, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -490, "year_label": "491 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Darius I sends envoys to all Greek cities, demanding \"earth and water for vassalage\" which Athens and Sparta refuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364322520#Greece", "title": "491 BC", "revid": 1364322520, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -489, "year_label": "490 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Before the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians send a runner, Pheidippides, to seek help from Sparta. However, the Spartans delay sending troops to Marathon because religious requirements (the Carneia) mean they must wait for the full moon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129378#Greece", "title": "490 BC", "revid": 1350129378, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -489, "year_label": "490 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who runs from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then runs back, a distance of over 240 kilometres each way. After the battle, he runs back to Athens to spread the news and raise the spirits. It is claimed that his last words before collapsing and dying in Athens are \"Chairete, nikomen\" (\"Rejoice, we are victorious\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129378#Greece", "title": "490 BC", "revid": 1350129378, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -489, "year_label": "490 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Cleomenes I is forced to flee Sparta when his plot against Demaratus is discovered, but the Spartans allow him to return when he begins gathering an army in the surrounding territories. However, by this time he has become insane, and the Spartans put him in prison. Shortly after, he commits suicide. He is succeeded as King of Sparta by a member of the Agiad house, his half-brother, Leonidas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129378#Greece", "title": "490 BC", "revid": 1350129378, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -488, "year_label": "489 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cleomenes I, king of Sparta (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598383#Deaths", "title": "489 BC", "revid": 1360598383, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 or September 8-10 – The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes. His army engulfs a force of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespiae under the Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Greeks under Leonidas resist the advance through Thermopylae of Xerxes' vast army. For two days Leonidas and his troops withstand the Persian attacks; he then orders most of his troops to retreat, and he and his 300-member royal guard fight to the last man.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -477, "year_label": "478 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Despite Spartan opposition, Athens works on refortifying and rebuilding after the Persian destruction of the city in 479.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129370#Greece", "title": "478 BC", "revid": 1350129370, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -477, "year_label": "478 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "While Pausanias is occupying Byzantium, his arrogance and his adoption of Persian clothing and manners offends the allies and raises suspicions of disloyalty. Pausanias is recalled to Sparta, where he is tried and acquitted of the charge of treason, but he is not restored to his command.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129370#Greece", "title": "478 BC", "revid": 1350129370, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -476, "year_label": "477 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan co-ruler Leotychides and the Athenian leader Themistocles lead a fleet and army to reoccupy northern Greece and to punish the aristocratic family of the Aleuads for having aided the Persians. Leotychides is caught accepting a bribe during the operations in Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129381#Greece", "title": "477 BC", "revid": 1350129381, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -475, "year_label": "476 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Convicted in Sparta on the charge of accepting a bribe from the Aleudae family whilst leading an expedition to Thessaly against the family for their collaboration with the Persians, the Spartan King Leotychidas flees to the temple of Athena Alea in Tegea, Arcadia. A sentence of exile is passed upon him; his house is razed, and his grandson, Archidamus II, ascends the Spartan throne in his place.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129376#Greece", "title": "476 BC", "revid": 1350129376, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -469, "year_label": "470 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Suspected of plotting to seize power in Sparta by instigating a helot uprising, Pausanias takes refuge in the Temple of Athena of the Brazen House to escape arrest. The sanctuary is respected, but the Spartans wall in the sanctuary and starve Pausanias to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129358#Greece", "title": "470 BC", "revid": 1350129358, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -468, "year_label": "469 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Leotychides, king of Sparta (b. c.545 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129352#Deaths", "title": "469 BC", "revid": 1350129352, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -467, "year_label": "468 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sparta faces trouble near home, mainly from Arcadia with the support of Argos. Argos regains control of Tiryns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326558406#Greece", "title": "468 BC", "revid": 1326558406, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -463, "year_label": "464 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Sparta suffers the effects of a severe earthquake leading to a large loss of life.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884953#Greece", "title": "464 BC", "revid": 1288884953, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -461, "year_label": "462 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kimon seeks the support of Athens' citizens providing help to Sparta. Although Ephialtes maintains that Sparta is Athens' rival for power and should be left to fend for itself, Kimon's view prevails. Kimon then leads 4,000 hoplites to Mount Ithome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837683#Greece", "title": "462 BC", "revid": 1267837683, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -461, "year_label": "462 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartans try to conquer the mountain stronghold of Mt Ithome in Messenia, where a large force of rebellious helots have taken refuge. They ask their allies from the Persian Wars, including the Athenians, to help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837683#Greece", "title": "462 BC", "revid": 1267837683, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -460, "year_label": "461 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In Athens, Ephialtes and Pericles finally get agreement to the ostracism of Kimon, who had become unpopular for his unsuccessful pro-Spartan policy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1255561808#Greece", "title": "461 BC", "revid": 1255561808, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -459, "year_label": "460 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Argos rises against Sparta. Athens supports Argos and Thessaly. The small force that is sent by Sparta to quell the uprising in Argos is defeated by a joint Athenian and Argos force at Oenoe. (Battle of Oenoe)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173290#Greece", "title": "460 BC", "revid": 1354173290, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -459, "year_label": "460 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The First Peloponnesian War breaks out between the Delian League (led by Athens) and a Peloponnesian alliance (led by Sparta), caused in part by Athens' alliance with Megara and Argos and the subsequent reaction of Sparta. The Athenians have built long walls for the Megarans to their port at Nisaea, thereby earning the enmity of Megara's old rival Corinth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173290#Greece", "title": "460 BC", "revid": 1354173290, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -457, "year_label": "458 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pleistoanax succeeds Pleistarchus as king of Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306222884#Greece", "title": "458 BC", "revid": 1306222884, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -457, "year_label": "458 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pleistarchus, King of Sparta since 480 BC", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306222884#Deaths", "title": "458 BC", "revid": 1306222884, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -456, "year_label": "457 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens, the leader of the Delian League, comes into conflict with Corinth and its ally Sparta (leader of the Peloponnesian League) over Megara. Nicomedes of Sparta, regent for King Pleistoanax, leads an army of 11,500 hoplites into Boeotia to help Thebes put down a rebellion by Phocis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371321391#Greece", "title": "457 BC", "revid": 1371321391, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -454, "year_label": "455 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens, under Athenian general Tolmides, sends 100 ships around the Peloponnesus and they set fire to the Spartan naval base at Gythion. As a result, Athens gains the agreement of the Achaean cities to join the Delian League. Athenian forces then go on to attack the Spartan allies on the Corinthian Gulf. Athens is now able to confine Sparta to the southern Peloponnesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317824167#Greece", "title": "455 BC", "revid": 1317824167, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -450, "year_label": "451 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Hostilities among the Greek states come to a formal end with the agreement to the Five Years' Truce. Kimon negotiates a five year truce with Sparta, in which Athens agrees to abandon its alliance with Argos, while Sparta promises to give up its alliance with Thebes. During the same year Argos signs the first \"Thirty-Years Peace\" with Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326558217#Greece", "title": "451 BC", "revid": 1326558217, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -448, "year_label": "449 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Pericles proposes the \"Papyrus Decree\" allowing the use of 5,000 talents to finance the massive rebuilding program of Athenian temples. This leads to a meeting (\"Congress\") of all Greek states in order to consider the question of rebuilding the temples destroyed by the Persians. The Congress fails because of Sparta's opposition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309703382#Greece", "title": "449 BC", "revid": 1309703382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -445, "year_label": "446 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Megara joins the revolt against Athens. The strategic importance of Megara is immediately demonstrated by the appearance, for the first time in 12 years, of a Spartan army under King Pleistoanax in Attica. The threat from the Spartan army leads Pericles to arrange, by bribery and by negotiation, that Athens will give up its mainland possessions and confine itself to a largely maritime empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372038982#Greece", "title": "446 BC", "revid": 1372038982, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -439, "year_label": "440 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Samos, an autonomous member of the Delian League and one of Athens' principal allies with a substantial fleet of its own, quarrels with Miletus. Miletus, also a member of the Delian League, appeals to Athens for assistance. Pericles decides in favour of Miletus, so Samos revolts. Pericles then sails to Samos with a fleet to overthrow its oligarchic government and install a democratic one. Sparta threatens to interfere. However, at a congress of the Peloponnesian League, its members vote not to intervene on behalf of Samos against Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242238578#Greece", "title": "440 BC", "revid": 1242238578, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -433, "year_label": "434 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens introduces a series of measures (the \"Megarian decree\") imposing an economic embargo on Megara for violations of land sacred to Demeter. According to the provisions of the decree, Megarian merchants are to be excluded from the market of Athens and the ports in its empire. This ban strangles the Megarian economy and strains the fragile peace between Athens and Sparta, which is allied with Megara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317718470#Greece", "title": "434 BC", "revid": 1317718470, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -432, "year_label": "433 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Corinthians, upset by Athens' actions, lobby Sparta to take action against Athens. This appeal is backed by Megara (which is being severely affected by Pericles' economic sanctions) and by Aegina (which is being heavily taxed by Pericles and which has been refused home rule).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173211#Greece", "title": "433 BC", "revid": 1354173211, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -429, "year_label": "430 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The army of Sparta loots Attica for a second time, but Pericles is not daunted and refuses to revise his initial strategy. Unwilling to engage the Spartan army in battle, he again leads a naval expedition to plunder the coasts of the Peloponnesus, this time taking 100 Athenian ships with him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342662145#Greece", "title": "430 BC", "revid": 1342662145, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -428, "year_label": "429 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian admiral Phormio has two naval victories, the Naupactus and the Battle of Rhium at the mouth of the Corinthian Gulf. In the first battle, his 20 ships defeat 47 Corinthian ships commanded by Machaon, Isocrates, and Agatharchidas that were advancing to reinforce the Spartan general, Cnemus's campaign in Acarnania. In the second battle, Phormio routs Cnemus's 77-vessel fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172916#Greece", "title": "429 BC", "revid": 1354172916, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -427, "year_label": "428 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The chief city of Lesbos, Mytilene, revolts against Athenian rule. The Spartan admiral, Alcidas, leads 40 Peloponnesian alliance ships with the aim of assisting the inhabitants of Mytilene. However, the rebellion by Mytilene is crushed before his forces can arrive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1151725633#Greece", "title": "428 BC", "revid": 1151725633, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -426, "year_label": "427 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sparta's King Archidamus II is succeeded by his son Agis II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210114491#Greece", "title": "427 BC", "revid": 1210114491, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -424, "year_label": "425 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demosthenes captures and fortifies the port of Pylos in the Peloponnesus, giving Athens a strong base close to Sparta. Meanwhile, a Spartan army, commanded by Brasidas, lands on the nearby island of Sphacteria, but is repulsed by the Athenians. An Athenian fleet summoned by Demosthenes bottles up the Spartan navy in Navarino Bay.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242238622#Greece", "title": "425 BC", "revid": 1242238622, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -423, "year_label": "424 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Brasidas' capture of the city of Amphipolis is a major reverse for Athens, for which the Athenian general (and future historian) Thucydides is held responsible and banished. This gives Thucydides the opportunity for undistracted study for his History and travel and wider contacts, especially on the Peloponnesian side (Sparta and its allies).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231841566#Greece", "title": "424 BC", "revid": 1231841566, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -423, "year_label": "424 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demosthenes and Hippocrates attempt to capture Megara, but they are defeated by the Spartans under their general Brasidas. Demosthenes then marches to Naupactus to assist in a democratic revolution, and to gather troops for an invasion of Boeotia. However, Demosthenes and Hippocrates are unable to coordinate their attacks and Hippocrates is defeated at the Battle of Delium by Pagondas of Thebes. During the battle, Socrates is said to have saved the life of Alcibiades. Demosthenes attacks Sicyon and is defeated as well.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231841566#Greece", "title": "424 BC", "revid": 1231841566, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -422, "year_label": "423 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general, Laches, successfully moves in the Athenian Assembly for an armistice with Sparta to check the progress of Sparta's most effective general, Brasidas. However, the \"Truce of Laches\" has little impact on Brasidas and collapses within a year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360180006#Greece", "title": "423 BC", "revid": 1360180006, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -421, "year_label": "422 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athenian leader, Cleon, ends the truce between Athens and Sparta after he resolves to rescue the town of Amphipolis in Macedonia. However, through skillful generalship by Brasidas, the Spartans rout the Athenians in the Battle of Amphipolis. Both Brasidas and Cleon are killed in the battle, thereby removing the key members of the pro-war factions on both sides.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481674#Greece", "title": "422 BC", "revid": 1370481674, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -419, "year_label": "420 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The young and popular Alcibiades is elected \"Strategos\" (one of a board of ten generals) and begins to dominate Athenian life and politics. A Quadruple Alliance of Athens, Argos, Mantineia and Elis, which has been organised by Alcibiades (in opposition to Nicias) confronts a Spartan-Boeotian alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360316147#Greece", "title": "420 BC", "revid": 1360316147, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -418, "year_label": "419 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Despite the Peace of Nicias still being in effect, Sparta's King Agis II gathers a strong army at Philus and descends upon Argos by marching at night from the north. His allied Boeotian forces fail him, but he is able to conclude a treaty with Argos. In 419 BC, the Argives, at the instigation of Alcibiades, attacked Epidaurus; and Agis with a large force from Lacedaemon set out and marched to the frontier city of Leuctra. No one, Thucydides tells us, knew the purpose of this expedition. It was probably to make a diversion in favour of Epidaurus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363151383#Greece", "title": "419 BC", "revid": 1363151383, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -417, "year_label": "418 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Agis II of Sparta escapes being fined 10,000 drachmae and having his house razed for his failure to press his advantage by promising more successful outcomes in the future.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1221749718#Greece", "title": "418 BC", "revid": 1221749718, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -416, "year_label": "417 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The second battle of Hysiae is fought between the armies of Sparta and Argos during the Peloponnesian War. The Spartan King Agis II was seeking to restore the pro-Spartan faction evicted from Argos by Alcibiades. While he failed to take the city of Argos, he did capture and subsequently destroy the town of Hysiae, killing all its male inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1237771460#Greece", "title": "417 BC", "revid": 1237771460, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -415, "year_label": "416 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Sicily, the Ionian city of Segesta asks for Athenian help from the Dorian city of Selinus (which is supported by the powerful Sicilian city of Syracuse). The people of Syracuse are ethnically Dorian (as are the Spartans), while the Athenians, and their allies in Sicily, are Ionian. The Athenians feel obliged to assist their ally and therefore prepare an armada to attack Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292484682#Greece", "title": "416 BC", "revid": 1292484682, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -414, "year_label": "415 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "After learning that he has been condemned to death in absentia, Alcibiades defects to Sparta and Nicias is placed in charge of the Sicilian expedition. The Athenian forces land at Dascon near Syracuse but with little result. Hermocrates heads the Syracusan defence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115968#Greece", "title": "415 BC", "revid": 1300115968, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -413, "year_label": "414 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian army moves to capture Syracuse while the larger fleet of Athenian ships blocks the approach to the city from the sea. After some initial success, the Athenian troops become disorganised in the chaotic night operation and are thoroughly routed by Gylippus, the Spartan commander. The Athenian commander Lamachus is killed. Nicias, although ill, is left in sole charge of the siege of Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139821#Greece", "title": "414 BC", "revid": 1305139821, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Spartans sign a treaty of mutual help with the Persian satrap of Lower Asia, Tissaphernes. By the treaty of Miletus, Persia is given complete freedom in western Asia Minor in return for agreeing to pay for seamen to man the Peloponnesian fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Persian_Empire", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alcibiades helps stir up revolts amongst Athens' allies in Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor. However, Alcibiades loses the confidence of the Spartans and antagonises their king Agis II. As a result, he flees to the court of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Alcibiades advises Tissaphernes to withdraw his support from Sparta while conspiring with the oligarchic party in Athens, as Sparta's allied cities break away in a series of revolts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Greece", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -409, "year_label": "410 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Commanding 20 ships, the Athenian generals Theramenes and Thrasybulus collaborate with Alcibiades and the main Athenian fleet in inflicting a major defeat on the Spartan navy commanded by Mindarus and its supporting Persian land army near Cyzicus on the shore of the Propontis (Sea of Marmara). As a result of its victory in the Battle of Cyzicus, Athens regains control over the vital grain route from the Black Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1239404382#Greece", "title": "410 BC", "revid": 1239404382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -408, "year_label": "409 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pausanias succeeds his father Pleistoanax as Agiad king of Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353486457#Greece", "title": "409 BC", "revid": 1353486457, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -408, "year_label": "409 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pleistoanax, king of Sparta since 458 BC", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353486457#Deaths", "title": "409 BC", "revid": 1353486457, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -407, "year_label": "408 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Darius II of Persia decides to continue the war against Athens and give support to the Spartans. His wife, Parysatis, persuades him to appoint his younger son, Cyrus, as satrap (governor) of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia and commander in chief of the Achaemenian forces in Asia Minor in place of Tissaphernes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303241146#Persian_Empire", "title": "408 BC", "revid": 1303241146, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -406, "year_label": "407 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan admiral Lysander refuses to be lured out of Ephesus to do battle with Alcibiades. However, while Alcibiades is away seeking supplies, the Athenian squadron is placed under the command of Antiochus, his helmsman, who is routed by the Spartan fleet (with the help of the Persians under Cyrus) in the Battle of Notium (or Ephesus).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=996490221#Greece", "title": "407 BC", "revid": 996490221, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -405, "year_label": "406 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Callicratidas is appointed as the navarch of the Spartan fleet, replacing Lysander. Callicratidas assembles a fleet and sails to Methymna, on Lesbos, to which he lays siege. This move threatens the Athenian grain supply.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128825#Greece", "title": "406 BC", "revid": 1350128825, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -404, "year_label": "405 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After their victory in the Battle of Arginusae over the Spartans, the Athenian fleet follows the reappointed Spartan admiral, Lysander, to the Hellespont. The Athenian fleet under Admiral Conon is destroyed by the Spartans under Lysander in the Battle of Aegospotami in the Sea of Marmara and Conon flees to Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128832#Greece", "title": "405 BC", "revid": 1350128832, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -402, "year_label": "403 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Thrasybulus leads the democratic resistance to the new oligarchic government, known as the Thirty Tyrants, that the victorious Spartans have imposed on Athens. He commands a small force of exiles that invades Attica and, in successive battles, defeats first a Spartan garrison and then the forces of the oligarchic government (which includes the Spartan general, Lysander) in the Battle of Munychia. The leader of the Thirty Tyrants, Critias, is killed in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246106639#Greece", "title": "403 BC", "revid": 1246106639, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -400, "year_label": "401 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Agis II, Eurypontid king of Sparta", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242237123#Deaths", "title": "401 BC", "revid": 1242237123, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -400, "year_label": "401 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Clearchus, Spartan general and mercenary", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242237123#Deaths", "title": "401 BC", "revid": 1242237123, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -400, "year_label": "401 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Agesilaus II becomes king of Sparta on the death of his stepbrother Agis II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242237123#Greece", "title": "401 BC", "revid": 1242237123, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War breaks out between Sparta and Elis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Xenophon's \"Ten Thousand\" make their way back to Greece, with most of the men enlisting with the Spartans. Xenophon's successful march through the Persian Empire encourages Sparta to turn on the Persians and begin wars against the Persians in Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "When the Greek cities of Ionia heard about Cyrus' defeat they knew Artaxerxes would want to exact his revenge on them for supporting Cyrus. They sent several embassies to Sparta to request the Lacedaemonians assistance. The Spartans sent Thibron who recruits 5,000 soldiers to aid the Ionian Greeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -398, "year_label": "399 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sparta forces Elis to surrender in the spring.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1262065705#Greece", "title": "399 BC", "revid": 1262065705, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -396, "year_label": "397 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Called on by the Ionians to assist them against the Persian King Artaxerxes II, King Agesilaus II of Sparta launches an ambitious campaign in Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698502#Greece", "title": "397 BC", "revid": 1352698502, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Agesilaus II, the King of Sparta, campaigns successfully in Asia Minor against the Persian satraps Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes and inflicts a major defeat on Tissaphernes at Sardis. Agesilaus agrees to a three months' truce with the Persians under Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria. Negotiations conducted during that time prove fruitless, and on its termination, Agesilaus raids Phrygia, where he easily captures an immense amount of booty, since Tissaphernes has concentrated his troops in Caria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Greece", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -394, "year_label": "395 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After spending the winter in organizing a cavalry force, Agesilaus II, the King of Sparta, makes a successful incursion into Lydia in the spring.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370496371#Persian_Empire", "title": "395 BC", "revid": 1370496371, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -394, "year_label": "395 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The \"Corinthian War\" begins, with Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos (with the backing of Persia) against Sparta. The Spartans prepare to send out an army against this new alliance, and order Agesilaus to return to Greece. Agesilaus sets out for Sparta with his troops, crossing the Hellespont and marching west through Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370496371#Greece", "title": "395 BC", "revid": 1370496371, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -394, "year_label": "395 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lysander, Spartan general and admiral", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370496371#Deaths", "title": "395 BC", "revid": 1370496371, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -393, "year_label": "394 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The allies, Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos, gather a large army at Corinth. A sizable army is sent out from Sparta to challenge this force. The two sides meet on the dry bed of the Nemea River, in Corinthian territory. In the resultant Battle of Nemea, the Spartans win a major victory over the allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172908#Greece", "title": "394 BC", "revid": 1354172908, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -392, "year_label": "393 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fighting breaks out in Corinth between the democratic and oligarchic parties. The democrats, supported by Argos, launch an attack on their opponents, and the oligarchs are driven from the city. These exiles go to the Spartans, based at this time at Sicyon, for support, while the Athenians and Boeotians support the democrats.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363862420#Greece", "title": "393 BC", "revid": 1363862420, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -391, "year_label": "392 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "During the Corinthian War, the Spartans dispatch an ambassador, Antalcidas, to the Persian satrap Tiribazus, hoping to turn the Persians against the allies by informing them of Conon's use of the Persian fleet to begin rebuilding the Athenian empire. Learning of this, the Athenians send an embassy led by Conon to present their case to the Persians at Sardis. Alarmed by Conon's actions, Tiribazus arrests him, and secretly provides the Spartans with money to equip a fleet. Although Conon quickly escapes, he dies in Cyprus without returning to Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556748#Greece", "title": "392 BC", "revid": 1326556748, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -390, "year_label": "391 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general, Iphicrates, with a force composed almost entirely of light troops and peltasts (javelin throwers), wins a decisive victory against the Spartan regiment that has been stationed at Lechaeum in the Battle of Lechaeum. This is the first time that a force of light infantry defeats a unit of Greek hoplites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650502#Greece", "title": "391 BC", "revid": 1367650502, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -388, "year_label": "389 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Spartan expeditionary force under King Agesilaus II crosses the Gulf of Corinth to attack Acarnania, an ally of the anti-Spartan coalition. Agesilaus is eventually able to draw them into a pitched battle, in which the Acarnanians are routed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292700126#Greece", "title": "389 BC", "revid": 1292700126, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -387, "year_label": "388 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Concerned about the revival of Athenian imperialist ambitions, the Persian King Artaxerxes II and King Agesilaus II of Sparta enter into an alliance. Sparta also seeks and gains the support of Dionysius I of Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210249612#Greece", "title": "388 BC", "revid": 1210249612, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -387, "year_label": "388 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Agesipolis I leads a Spartan army against Argos. Since no Argive army challenges him, he plunders the countryside for a time, and then, after receiving several unfavorable omens, returns to Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210249612#Greece", "title": "388 BC", "revid": 1210249612, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -385, "year_label": "386 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Freed from Spartan attacks by the Peace of Antalcidas (\"King's Peace\") of the previous year, Persia turns to quieting Cyprus and Egypt. Owing to the skill of King Evagoras of Cyprus and of Egypt's Greek mercenary general Chabrias, these wars drag on for the rest of the decade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363395299#Persian_Empire", "title": "386 BC", "revid": 1363395299, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -384, "year_label": "385 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mantinea gets destroyed by Sparta and their subdued thebans allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1248865885#Greece", "title": "385 BC", "revid": 1248865885, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -382, "year_label": "383 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Amyntas III of Macedon, forms a temporary alliance with the Chalcidian League, a confederation of cities of the Chalcidice peninsula, east of Macedonia. Sparta, whose policy is to keep Greeks disunited, sends an expedition northwards to disrupt the Chalcidian League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363328705#Greece", "title": "383 BC", "revid": 1363328705, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -381, "year_label": "382 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan commander Phoebidas, who is passing through Boeotia on campaign, takes advantage of civil strife within Thebes to gain entrance to the city for his troops. Once inside, he seizes the Cadmeia (the citadel of Thebes), and forces the anti-Spartan party to flee the city. The government of Thebes is placed in the hands of the pro-Spartan party, backed by a Spartan garrison based in the Cadmeia. Many of the previous leaders of Thebes are driven into exile. Epaminondas, although associated with the anti-Spartan faction, is allowed to remain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363328792#Greece", "title": "382 BC", "revid": 1363328792, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -381, "year_label": "382 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pelopidas, a Theban general and statesman, flees to Athens and takes the lead in attempts to liberate Thebes from Spartan control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363328792#Greece", "title": "382 BC", "revid": 1363328792, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -380, "year_label": "381 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sparta increases its hold on central Greece by reestablishing the city of Plataea, which Sparta formerly destroyed in 427 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1284745980#Greece", "title": "381 BC", "revid": 1284745980, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -379, "year_label": "380 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cleombrotus I succeeds his brother Agesipolis I as king of Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372504979#Greece", "title": "380 BC", "revid": 1372504979, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -378, "year_label": "379 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sparta suppresses the Chalcidian League and imposes terms favourable to King Amyntas III of Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306221670#Greece", "title": "379 BC", "revid": 1306221670, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -376, "year_label": "377 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens, in preparing for participation in the Spartan-Theban struggle, reorganises its finances and its taxation, inaugurating a system whereby the richer citizens are responsible for the collection of taxes from the less rich.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328334796#Greece", "title": "377 BC", "revid": 1328334796, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -375, "year_label": "376 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian admiral Chabrias wins a naval victory for Athens over the Spartan fleet, off the island of Naxos (the Battle of Naxos). The battle is brought on by the Athenians to break the Spartans' blockade of Athens' corn-ships from the Black Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121209#Greece", "title": "376 BC", "revid": 1305121209, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -373, "year_label": "374 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens tries to retire from the Theban-Spartan war and makes peace with Sparta. However, the peace is quickly broken.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114817#Greece", "title": "374 BC", "revid": 1367114817, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -372, "year_label": "373 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Iphicrates leads an Athenian expedition which successfully relieves Corcyra of a Spartan siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1080639284#Greece", "title": "373 BC", "revid": 1080639284, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -370, "year_label": "371 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Agesipolis II succeeds his father Cleombrotus I as king of Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282391642#Greece", "title": "371 BC", "revid": 1282391642, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -370, "year_label": "371 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "A fresh peace congress is summoned at Sparta. At the peace conference, the Spartan King Agesilaus II (with the support of Athens) refuses to allow the Thebans to sign the treaty on behalf of all Boeotia. The Theban statesman Epaminondas, who is boeotarch (one of the five magistrates of the Boeotian federation), maintains Thebes' position, even when it leads to the exclusion of Thebes from the peace treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282391642#Greece", "title": "371 BC", "revid": 1282391642, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -370, "year_label": "371 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cleombrotus I, king of Sparta (killed in the Battle of Leuctra)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282391642#Deaths", "title": "371 BC", "revid": 1282391642, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -369, "year_label": "370 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartans under King Agesilaus II invade Arcadia. After appealing in vain to the Athenians for help, Arcadia turns to the Thebans. Epaminondas of Thebes arrives with an army, finds that the Spartans have retired and follows them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274974189#Greece", "title": "370 BC", "revid": 1274974189, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -368, "year_label": "369 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cleomenes II succeeds his brother Agesipolis II as Agiad king of Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256893468#Greece", "title": "369 BC", "revid": 1256893468, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -368, "year_label": "369 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In a search for a balance of power against the now powerful Thebes, Athens responds to an appeal for help from Sparta and allies itself with its traditional enemy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256893468#Greece", "title": "369 BC", "revid": 1256893468, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -368, "year_label": "369 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After driving off the Spartan army that has threatened Mantinea, Epaminondas of Thebes moves south and crosses the Evrotas River (the frontier of Sparta), which no hostile army has breached in historical memory. The Spartans, unwilling to engage the massive Theban army in battle, remain inside their city while the Thebans and their allies ravage Laconia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256893468#Greece", "title": "369 BC", "revid": 1256893468, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -366, "year_label": "367 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Archidamus III, son of Agesilaus II of Sparta, commands a Spartan army which scores a victory over the Arcadians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291620451#Greece", "title": "367 BC", "revid": 1291620451, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -365, "year_label": "366 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Theban leader, Epaminondas, returns to the Peloponnesus for a third time, seeking to secure the allegiance of the states of Achaea. Although no army dares to challenge him in the field, the democratic governments he establishes there are short-lived, as pro-Spartan aristocrats soon return to the cities, reestablish the oligarchies, and bind their cities ever more closely to Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300116023#Greece", "title": "366 BC", "revid": 1300116023, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -363, "year_label": "364 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartans under Archidamus III are defeated by the Arcadians at Cromnus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354174238#Greece", "title": "364 BC", "revid": 1354174238, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -362, "year_label": "363 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian pharaoh Teos (or Tachos) succeeds his father Nectanebo I to the throne. Planning a great attack on Persia, he invites Sparta to help him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837770#Egypt", "title": "363 BC", "revid": 1267837770, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -361, "year_label": "362 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Agesilaus II of Sparta arrives with 1,000 men to assist Egypt in its fight with Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114722#Egypt", "title": "362 BC", "revid": 1367114722, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -360, "year_label": "361 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptians under their King Teos and the Spartans under King Agesilaus II, with some Athenian mercenaries under their general Chabrias, set out to attack the Persian King's Phoenician cities. However, they have to return almost at once due to revolts back in Egypt. Subsequently, Agesilaus II quarrels with the Egyptian king and joins a revolt against him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1226326183#Egypt", "title": "361 BC", "revid": 1226326183, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -359, "year_label": "360 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the help of King Agesilaus II of Sparta, Nectanebo II deposes Teos and becomes king of Egypt. Teos flees to Susa and makes peace with the Persians. Nectanebo II pays the Spartans 230 talents for their help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1141894957#Egypt", "title": "360 BC", "revid": 1141894957, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -359, "year_label": "360 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The King of Sparta, Agesilaus II, dies at Cyrene, Cyrenaica, on his way home to Greece from Egypt. He is succeeded by his son Archidamus III as Eurypontid king of Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1141894957#Greece", "title": "360 BC", "revid": 1141894957, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -359, "year_label": "360 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Agesilaus II, Eurypontid king of Sparta (b. c.444 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1141894957#Deaths", "title": "360 BC", "revid": 1141894957, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -354, "year_label": "355 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Archidamus III of Sparta supports Phocis against Thebes in the \"Sacred War\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343188193#Greece", "title": "355 BC", "revid": 1343188193, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -342, "year_label": "343 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The native Italian tribes, the Lucanians and Bruttians, press down upon the Greek colonies of Magna Graecia, including Tarentum. Responding to calls for help from these former Greek colonies, King Archidamus III of Sparta sets sail with a band of mercenaries for Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172730#Italy", "title": "343 BC", "revid": 1354172730, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Philip II advances into Peloponnesus. He defeats Thessaly, subdues Sparta and summons a Pan-Hellenic Congress at Corinth. This results in the establishment of Macedonian hegemony over central Greece (including Athens).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Macedonia", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Archidamus III of Sparta, after five years of campaigning in southern Italy, fails to achieve any decisive results and while leading a mercenary army to help Tarentum against the Lucanians, is killed with most of his troops at Manduria in Calabria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Macedonia", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Archidamus III is succeeded as the Eurypontid King of Sparta by his son, Agis III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Macedonia", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Archidamus III, king of Sparta (killed in battle)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Deaths", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -330, "year_label": "331 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "While Alexander is fighting in Asia, Agis III of Sparta, profiting from the Macedonian king's absence from Greece, leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt. With Persian money and 8,000 Greek mercenaries, he holds Crete against Macedonian forces. In the Peloponnesus he routs a force under the Macedonian general Coragus and, although Athens stays neutral, he is joined by Elis, Achaea (except Pellene) and Arcadia, with the exception of Megalopolis, the staunchly anti-Spartan capital of Arcadia, which Agis III's forces besiege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210205718#Greece", "title": "331 BC", "revid": 1210205718, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -329, "year_label": "330 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander's regent in Macedonia, Antipater, makes peace with the Thracians (with whom he has been warring) and then marches south with a large force of over 40,000 men. He wins a hard-fought Battle of Megalopolis in Arcadia against Agis III of Sparta and his Greek mercenaries. Agis III is killed, and Spartan resistance is broken.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554346#Macedonia", "title": "330 BC", "revid": 1326554346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -329, "year_label": "330 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Agis III, Eurypontid king of Sparta (killed in battle)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554346#Deaths", "title": "330 BC", "revid": 1326554346, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -308, "year_label": "309 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Areus I succeeds his grandfather Cleomenes II as king of Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247027805#Greece", "title": "309 BC", "revid": 1247027805, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -308, "year_label": "309 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cleomenes II, Agiad King of Sparta", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247027805#Deaths", "title": "309 BC", "revid": 1247027805, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -302, "year_label": "303 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The citizens of Tarentum seek the help of the Spartan general, Cleonymus. He is able to pacify the Lucanians with the agreement of the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172932#Italy", "title": "303 BC", "revid": 1354172932, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -301, "year_label": "302 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus' son Demetrius Poliorcetes attacks Cassander's forces in Thessaly. Cassander loses his possessions south of Thessaly to Demetrius. Antigonus and Demetrius crown their success by renewing the pan-Hellenic league. Ambassadors from all the Hellenic states (with the exception of Sparta, Messenia and Thessaly) meet at Corinth to elect Antigonus and Demetrius protectors of the new league.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372589595#Greece", "title": "302 BC", "revid": 1372589595, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -293, "year_label": "294 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Archidamus IV, king of Sparta, son of Eudamidas I and grandson of Archidamus III, is defeated by Demetrius Poliorcetes of Macedonia in a battle at Mantinea. Sparta is saved only because Demetrius is called away by the threatening activities of his rivals Lysimachus and Ptolemy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129455#Greece", "title": "294 BC", "revid": 1350129455, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -270, "year_label": "271 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the restoration of the territories captured by Pyrrhus, and with grateful allies in Sparta and Argos, and garrisons in Corinth and other Greek key cities, Antigonus II securely controls Macedonia and the other states of Greece. Antigonus becomes the chief of the Thessalian League and is on good terms with neighbouring Illyria and Thrace. He secures his position in central and south Greece by keeping Macedonian occupation forces in the cities of Corinth, Chalcis on the island of Euboea, and Demetrias in Thessaly, the three \"shackles\" of Hellas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370482485#Greece", "title": "271 BC", "revid": 1370482485, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -266, "year_label": "267 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Macedonia's King Antigonus II Gonatas has to deal with a rebellion by an Athenian-led coalition of Spartans (led by King Areus I of Sparta), Athenians (led by Chremonides), Arcadians and Achaeans that tries to expel the Macedonian forces located in southern Greece. The rebellion has the support of Ptolemy II of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481835#Greece", "title": "267 BC", "revid": 1370481835, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -264, "year_label": "265 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Although the Egyptian fleet blockades the Saronic Gulf, the Macedonian King Antigonus II defeats the Spartans and kills the king of Sparta, Areus I near Corinth, after which he besieges Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172727#Greece", "title": "265 BC", "revid": 1354172727, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -264, "year_label": "265 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Acrotatus II succeeds his father Areus I as king of Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172727#Greece", "title": "265 BC", "revid": 1354172727, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -264, "year_label": "265 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Agis IV, king of Sparta (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172727#Births", "title": "265 BC", "revid": 1354172727, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -262, "year_label": "263 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians and Spartans, worn down by several years of war and the devastation of their lands, make peace with Antigonus II of Macedonia who thus retains his hold on southern Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948852#Greece", "title": "263 BC", "revid": 1325948852, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -261, "year_label": "262 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Acrotatus II, Agiad king of Sparta", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948866#Deaths", "title": "262 BC", "revid": 1325948866, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -254, "year_label": "255 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians, angered by Regulus' demands, hire Xanthippus, a Spartan mercenary, to reorganize the army. The revitalised Carthaginian army, led by Xanthippus, decisively defeat the Romans in the Battle of Tunis and capture their commander Marcus Atilius Regulus. A Roman fleet, sent to rescue Regulus and his troops, is wrecked in a storm off Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340601033#Roman_Republic", "title": "255 BC", "revid": 1340601033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -253, "year_label": "254 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Areus II, Agiad king of Sparta (son of Acrotatus II)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1211697794#Deaths", "title": "254 BC", "revid": 1211697794, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -243, "year_label": "244 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Agis IV succeeds his father, Eudamidas II, as Eurypontid king of Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370482239#Greece", "title": "244 BC", "revid": 1370482239, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Agis IV, Eurypontid King of Sparta who has failed in his attempt to reform Sparta's economic and political structure (b. c. 265 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Deaths", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -234, "year_label": "235 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The ephor, Lysander, claims to have seen a sign from the gods against King Leonidas II of Sparta so Leonidas flees to avoid his trial. In his absence Leonidas is deposed from the throne and replaced by his son-in-law Cleomenes III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342603103#Greece", "title": "235 BC", "revid": 1342603103, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -228, "year_label": "229 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aratus of Sicyon brings Argos into the Achaean League and then helps liberate Athens. This brings Aratus into conflict with Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1205848400#Illyria", "title": "229 BC", "revid": 1205848400, "section": "Events › By place › Illyria"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Archidamus V, brother of the murdered Spartan King Agis IV, is called back to Sparta by the Agiad King Cleomenes III, who has no counterpart on the throne by then. However, Archidamus V is assassinated shortly after returning.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Greece", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Archidamus V, king of Sparta of the Eurypontid line", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Deaths", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -225, "year_label": "226 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan King Cleomenes III captures Mantinea and defeats the Achaean League under Aratus of Sicyon at Hecatombaeum, near Dyme in north-eastern Elis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360927548#Greece", "title": "226 BC", "revid": 1360927548, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -223, "year_label": "224 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After the Spartan King Cleomenes III takes on Pellene, Phlius and Argos, Aratus of Sicyon is forced to call upon King Antigonus III of Macedonia for assistance. Antigonus III's forces fail to pierce Cleomenes' lines near Corinth, but a revolt against Cleomenes at Argos put the Spartans on the defensive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172702#Greece", "title": "224 BC", "revid": 1354172702, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -222, "year_label": "223 BCE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan king Cleomenes III destroys and burns the city of Megalopolis but the inhabitants are saved by Philopoemen who leads the defence of the city until the inhabitants can escape.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243366265#Greece", "title": "223 BC", "revid": 1243366265, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -221, "year_label": "222 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Sellasia: Cleomenes III of Sparta is defeated by Antigonus III of Macedon and his allies (the Achaean League, the Boeotian League, the Acarnanians, Epirus and the Illyrians under the command of Demetrius of Pharos) near Sellasia (north of Sparta) and flees to Egypt under the protection of King Ptolemy III. Antigonus III's forces occupy Sparta, which is the first time this city has ever been occupied.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1295080485#Greece", "title": "222 BC", "revid": 1295080485, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -221, "year_label": "222 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eucleidas, king of Sparta (killed in the Battle of Sellasia)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1295080485#Deaths", "title": "222 BC", "revid": 1295080485, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -220, "year_label": "221 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Cleomenes III of Sparta, who is in exile in Egypt, is imprisoned by Ptolemy IV on a charge of conspiracy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246108993#Egypt", "title": "221 BC", "revid": 1246108993, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -219, "year_label": "220 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aratus of Sicyon counters Aetolian aggression by obtaining the assistance of the Hellenic League now under the leadership of Philip V of Macedon. In the resulting Social War, the Hellenic League of Greek states is assembled in Corinth at Philip V's instigation. He then leads the Hellenic League in battles against Aetolia, Sparta and Elis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598324#Greece", "title": "220 BC", "revid": 1360598324, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -218, "year_label": "219 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The former King of Sparta, Cleomenes III, escapes from his Egyptian prison and, after failing to raise a revolt in Alexandria, takes his own life.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325717539#Egypt", "title": "219 BC", "revid": 1325717539, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -218, "year_label": "219 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cleomenes III, Spartan king from 235 BC to 222 BC, who reorganized Sparta's political structure and struggled unsuccessfully to destroy the Achaean League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325717539#Deaths", "title": "219 BC", "revid": 1325717539, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After allying with Hannibal, Philip V of Macedon attacks the Roman positions in Illyria, but fails to take Corcyra or Apollonia, which are protected by the Roman fleet. Rome's command of the sea prevents his lending any effective aid to his Carthaginian ally in Italy. The Aetolians, Sparta and King Attalus of Pergamum join the Romans in the war against Philip V. This coalition is so strong that Philip V has to stop attacking Roman territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Greece", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -206, "year_label": "207 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The general leading the Achaean League, Philopoemen, introduces heavier Macedonian armour and phalanx tactics. His army then crushes the Spartans under the Spartan regent and general, Machanidas, in the battle of Mantinea. Machanidas is killed by Philopoemen during the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018864#Greece", "title": "207 BC", "revid": 1213018864, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -206, "year_label": "207 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Machanidas, Spartan general and regent (killed in the battle of Mantinea)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018864#Deaths", "title": "207 BC", "revid": 1213018864, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After the peace, the Spartan king, Nabis, goes to war with the Achaean League. The Achaean general Philopoemen expels Nabis of Sparta from Messene.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Greece", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -200, "year_label": "201 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan king, Nabis, once more invades and captures Messene. However, the Spartans are forced to retreat when the Achaean League army of Philopoemen intervenes. Nabis' forces are decisively defeated at Tegea by Philopoemen and Nabis is forced to check his expansionist ambitions for the time being.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243551551#Greece", "title": "201 BC", "revid": 1243551551, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -196, "year_label": "197 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan ruler, Nabis, acquires the important city of Argos from Philip V of Macedon, as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians. Nabis then defects to the Romans in the expectation of being able to hold on to his conquest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698626#Greece", "title": "197 BC", "revid": 1352698626, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -195, "year_label": "196 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Flamininus accuses the Spartan ruler, Nabis, of tyranny, takes Gythium in Laconia and forces Nabis to surrender Argos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172645#Roman_Republic", "title": "196 BC", "revid": 1354172645, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -193, "year_label": "194 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After checking the ambitions of Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, the Roman forces under proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus finally withdraw from Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368091897#Greece", "title": "194 BC", "revid": 1368091897, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -192, "year_label": "193 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Flamininus attempts to rally the Greeks against Antiochus III and to counter the pro-Seleucid policy of the Aetolians. When the Aetolians call on Antiochus III for aid, Flamininus persuades the Achaean League to declare war on both parties. He also prevents Philopoemen from taking Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018923#Greece", "title": "193 BC", "revid": 1213018923, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -191, "year_label": "192 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Achaeans respond to Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to Rome with a request for help. In response, the Roman Senate sends the praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by Titus Quinctius Flamininus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342604594#Greece", "title": "192 BC", "revid": 1342604594, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -191, "year_label": "192 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nabis, tyrant and last independent ruler (from 207 BC) of Sparta", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342604594#Deaths", "title": "192 BC", "revid": 1342604594, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -187, "year_label": "188 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The leader of the Achaean League, Philopoemen, enters northern Laconia with his army and a group of Spartan exiles. His army demolishes the wall that the former tyrant of Sparta, Nabis, has built around Sparta. Philopoemen then restores Spartan citizenship to the exiles and abolishes Spartan law, introducing Achaean law in its place. Sparta's role as a major power in Greece ends, while the Achaean League becomes the dominant power throughout the Peloponnese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560521#Greece", "title": "188 BC", "revid": 1369560521, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Philopoemen, Greek general and statesman, strategos of the Achaean League on eight occasions and a major figure in the demise of Sparta as a Greek power (b. 253 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Deaths", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -31, "year_label": "32 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sparta under Caius Iulius Eurycles, whose father Antony had been ordered to be executed for piracy, declares his support for Octavian. Lappa (modern Argyroupoli) in Attica and Kydonia in Crete revolt against Cleopatra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325920749#Roman_Republic", "title": "32 BC", "revid": 1325920749, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 25, "year_label": "25 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Tiberius settles a dispute between Messenia and Sparta over the Ager Dentheliales on Mount Taygetus, awarding the land to Messenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369984933#Roman_Empire", "title": "20s", "revid": 1369984933, "section": "Events › 25 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 267, "year_label": "267 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths sack several cities of southern Greece including Athens, Corinth, Argos and Sparta. After the Sack of Athens, an Athenian militia force (2,000 men), under the historian Dexippus, pushes the invaders to the north where they are intercepted by the Roman army under emperor Gallienus. He wins an important victory near the Nestos River, on the boundary between Macedonia and Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367427906#Roman_Empire", "title": "267", "revid": 1367427906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 396, "year_label": "396 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Revolt of Alaric I: The Visigoths, led by Alaric I, rampage through Greece and plunder Corinth, Argos and Sparta. They destroy the Temple of Eleusis, and harry the Peloponnese. Stilicho makes peace with the Goths, and allows them to settle in Epirus (Balkans).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276670607#Roman_Empire", "title": "396", "revid": 1276670607, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – William of Villehardouin tours the Peloponnese and selects sites for new fortifications such as Grand Magne and Leuktron. At Mystras (ancient Sparta), he builds a fortress and a palace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Europe", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1263, "year_label": "1263 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 3,500 men) led by his half-brother, Constantine Palaiologos, to the Peloponnese in southern Greece. The army is transported to Monemvasia on Genoese ships, while a small Byzantine fleet is sent to harass the Latin island holdings in Euboea and the Cyclades. After arriving at Monemvasia, Constantine lays siege to Sparta, while the Byzantine fleet seizes the southern coast of Laconia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296179530#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1263", "revid": 1296179530, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – The Morean War begins as the Republic of Venice declares war on the Ottoman Empire for control of the Peloponnese area of Greece, a peninsula which includes Corinth and Sparta and has been referred to by the Ottomans as Morea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#April–June", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}