{"slug": "sudan", "label": "Sudan", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049", "qid": "Q1049", "description": "country in Northeast Africa", "entries": 25, "years": 24, "span": [60, 2023], "span_label": ["60 CE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ethiopia", "label": "Ethiopia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "israel", "label": "Israel", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "red-sea", "label": "Red Sea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "wali-administrative-title", "label": "Wali (administrative title)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "morocco", "label": "Morocco", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "north-africa", "label": "North Africa", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "emperor-of-ethiopia", "label": "Emperor of Ethiopia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "argentina", "label": "Argentina", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "somalia", "label": "Somalia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "gabon", "label": "Gabon", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 60, "year_label": "60 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Nero's exploration of the Nile: Emperor Nero sends an expedition which reaches the historical city Meroë (Sudan). (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372200754#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 60", "revid": 1372200754, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 70, "year_label": "70 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Expedition by the Roman Septimius Flaccus to southern Egypt. He probably reaches Sudan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359120161#Africa", "title": "AD 70", "revid": 1359120161, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 543, "year_label": "543 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The fortress city of Old Dongola (modern Sudan) along the River Nile becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Makuria. Several churches are built, including the \"Old Church\" (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799598#Africa", "title": "543", "revid": 1340799598, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 652, "year_label": "652 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Dongola: A Rashidun army (5,000 men) under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad besieges Dongola in the Kingdom of Makuria (modern Sudan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635695#Arab_Empire", "title": "652", "revid": 1367635695, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Empire"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Sijilmasa (in present-day Morocco) is founded as the departure point for caravans between North Africa and the western Sudan (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Africa", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › Africa"}}, {"year": 1541, "year_label": "1541 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – At the Battle of Suakin, fought at an Ottoman port city on the Red Sea in what is now Sudan, Portuguese General Estêvão da Gama and his brother Cristóvão da Gama lead an attack against the Ottoman ruler and plunder the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813253#January–March", "title": "1541", "revid": 1361813253, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1854, "year_label": "1854 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Mohamed Sa'id Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan, then a province of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496011#July–September", "title": "1854", "revid": 1362496011, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1884, "year_label": "1884 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – The Siege of Khartoum begins in the Sudan as part of the Mahdist War: an Egyptian garrison led by British General Charles Gordon and Sudanese civilians are besieged by Mahdist forces; the city falls on January 26, 1885.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364372487#March", "title": "1884", "revid": 1364372487, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1885, "year_label": "1885 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Mahdist War in Sudan: Battle of Abu Klea – British troops defeat Mahdist forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366156062#January", "title": "1885", "revid": 1366156062, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1889, "year_label": "1889 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Battle of Metemma: Yohannes IV, Emperor of Ethiopia, is killed; Sudanese forces, who have been almost defeated, rally and destroy the Ethiopian army. Yohannes is probably the world's last ruler ever to die in battle; on March 25 Menelik II proclaims himself as his successor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367594292#March", "title": "1889", "revid": 1367594292, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1898, "year_label": "1898 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – Battle of Omdurman (Mahdist War): British and Egyptian troops led by Horatio Kitchener defeat Sudanese tribesmen led by Khalifa Abdullah al-Taashi, thus establishing British dominance in the Sudan. 11,000 Sudanese are killed and 1,600 wounded in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367547011#September", "title": "1898", "revid": 1367547011, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – British colonial authorities in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan give control of the Red Sea port of Suakin to Sudan, after having agreed that Egypt would have the right to administer commerce there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#July", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan after 57 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#January", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Abdel Khaliq Mahjub, Sudanese communist leader, is hanged.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#July", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – The world's first known case of Ebola is recorded in Nzara, Sudan (now South Sudan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#June", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – The Second Sudanese Civil War begins in Sudan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#June", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – Start of Operation Moses, the evacuation of refugee Beta Israel Ethiopian Jews from Sudan to Israel via Brussels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#November", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – A hybrid solar eclipse is the second hybrid solar eclipse in less than one year, the first being on October 3, 1986. It is annular visible in southern Argentina, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan (part of the path of annularity crossed today's South Sudan), Ethiopia, Djibouti and northern Somalia and totally visible in Atlantic Ocean, lasting just 7.57 seconds.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#March", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and two rebel groups to create a ceasefire in the War in Darfur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#April", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2005, "year_label": "2005 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – Chad descends into civil war after various rebel forces, with support from Sudan, attack the capital, N'Djamena.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368527363#December", "title": "2005", "revid": 1368527363, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2005, "year_label": "2005 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The Comprehensive Peace Agreement is signed, ending the Second Sudanese Civil War in Sudan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368527363#January", "title": "2005", "revid": 1368527363, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – South Sudan secedes from Sudan, per the result of the independence referendum held in January.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#July", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Israel and Sudan agree to normalise relations, marking the fifth Israel–Arab peace deal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#October", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – The Sudanese military launches a coup against the government. Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok is placed under house arrest. President Abdel Fattah al-Burhan declares a state of emergency and announces the dissolution of the government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#October", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – Fighting breaks out across Sudan between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces. The RSF captures Khartoum International Airport, and the presidential palace in Khartoum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#April", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › April"}}]}