{"slug": "sui-dynasty", "label": "Sui dynasty", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7405", "qid": "Q7405", "description": "dynasty that ruled over China from 581 to 618", "entries": 60, "years": 47, "span": [485, 648], "span_label": ["485 CE", "648 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Deaths", "count": 19}, {"title": "Births", "count": 16}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "emperor-wen-of-sui", "label": "Emperor Wen of Sui", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "emperor-yang-of-sui", "label": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "tang-dynasty", "label": "Tang dynasty", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "chang-an", "label": "Chang'an", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "gokturks", "label": "Göktürks", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "emperor-gaozu-of-tang", "label": "Emperor Gaozu of Tang", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "chen-dynasty", "label": "Chen dynasty", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "empress-suiko", "label": "Empress Suiko", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "diplomatic-mission", "label": "Diplomatic mission", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "emperor-taizong-of-tang", "label": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "luoyang", "label": "Luoyang", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 485, "year_label": "485 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Xiaowen institutes an \"equal-field\" system of agriculture (juntian), assigning each peasant family about 19 acres (140 mu) of land. The land will be part minority divided by the farmer to be kept indefinitely and rest will revert to the state if the farmer dies or retires. The population is then divided by each other with the role of supervising one another. The result of this reform is that farmers mostly did not sell their holdings to large landowners. This provided the fiscal basis for the formation of the Sui and Tang dynasties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739869#Asia", "title": "485", "revid": 1364739869, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 532, "year_label": "532 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Xiao Mohe, general of the Chen dynasty and Sui dynasty (d. 604)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793755#Births", "title": "532", "revid": 1340793755, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 541, "year_label": "541 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Emperor Wen of Sui, emperor of the Sui dynasty (d. 604)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299131059#Births", "title": "541", "revid": 1299131059, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Su Wei, high official of the Sui dynasty (d. 623)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Births", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 544, "year_label": "544 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Dugu Qieluo, empress of the Sui dynasty (d. 602)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317382475#Births", "title": "544", "revid": 1317382475, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 547, "year_label": "547 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Pei Ju, official of the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty (d. 627)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364909272#Births", "title": "547", "revid": 1364909272, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 566, "year_label": "566 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Xiao, empress of the Sui dynasty (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749385#Births", "title": "566", "revid": 1364749385, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 569, "year_label": "569 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Yángdi, emperor of the Sui dynasty (d. 618)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349645704#Births", "title": "569", "revid": 1349645704, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 571, "year_label": "571 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Yang Jun, prince of the Sui dynasty (d. 600)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751956#Births", "title": "571", "revid": 1364751956, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 573, "year_label": "573 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Dou Jiande, general of the Sui dynasty (d. 621)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332331069#Births", "title": "573", "revid": 1332331069, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 580, "year_label": "580 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Chinese city of Ye (Henan) is razed to the ground by Yang Jian, future founder of the Sui dynasty, who defeats a resistance force under Yuchi Jiong.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747518#Asia", "title": "580", "revid": 1364747518, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 581, "year_label": "581 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Northern Zhou dynasty ends: Yáng Jiān executes the last ruler, 8-year-old Jing Di, along with 58 royal relatives at Chang'an. He proclaims himself emperor, and establishes the Sui dynasty in China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801589#Asia", "title": "581", "revid": 1340801589, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 582, "year_label": "582 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty orders the building of a new capital, which he calls Daxing (Great Prosperity), on a site southeast of Chang'an (modern Xi'an).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751218#Asia", "title": "582", "revid": 1364751218, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 582, "year_label": "582 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Li Mi, Chinese rebel leader during the Sui dynasty (d. 619)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751218#Births", "title": "582", "revid": 1364751218, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wéndi of the Sui dynasty organises the Grand Canal. He builds ships for transportation and grain stores are located at strategic points.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Asia", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Yang Zhao, prince of the Sui dynasty (d. 606)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Births", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "King Wideok of Baekje (Korea) sends an official escort (bearing tribute), along with a master of Buddhist meditation, a reciter of Buddhist magic spells, a temple architect, and a sculptor of Buddhist images, to the Chinese court of the Sui dynasty (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Religion", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Yang Jian, imperial prince of the Sui dynasty (d. 618)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Births", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 586, "year_label": "586 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Yang Hao, prince of the Sui dynasty (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748798#Births", "title": "586", "revid": 1364748798, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 587, "year_label": "587 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – The Liang dynasty ends: Emperor Wéndi of the Sui dynasty abolishes Western Liang and expands his territory into the lower valley of the Yangtze River. He sends his official Gao Jiong to the capital Jiangling, to pacify the citizens. The former emperor Xiao Jing Di becomes a vassal and is named the Duke of Liang.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364756380#Asia", "title": "587", "revid": 1364756380, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 588, "year_label": "588 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wéndi of the Sui dynasty prepares a campaign against the Chen dynasty. He amasses 518,000 troops along the northern bank of the Yangtze River, stretching from Sichuan to the Pacific Ocean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753170#Asia", "title": "588", "revid": 1364753170, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 589, "year_label": "589 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Chinese Empire is reunited under the leadership of Emperor Wéndi (Sui dynasty), who defeats the Chen forces at Jiankang (modern Nanjing), ending the Chen dynasty (the last of the Southern dynasties) that has ruled since 557.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654394#Asia", "title": "589", "revid": 1366654394, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 593, "year_label": "593 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Altar to Amitābha Buddha is made during the Sui dynasty. It is now kept at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755561#Art", "title": "593", "revid": 1364755561, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 594, "year_label": "594 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Empress Suiko issues the \"Flourishing Three Treasures Edict\", officially recognizing the practice of Buddhism in Japan. She begins diplomatic relations with the Sui dynasty (China).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364756331#Asia", "title": "594", "revid": 1364756331, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 595, "year_label": "595 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction begins on the Zhaozhou Bridge (\"Safe crossing bridge\") in Hebei Province, during the Sui dynasty (China).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658603#Asia", "title": "595", "revid": 1367658603, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 596, "year_label": "596 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wéndi sends diplomatic letters to the royal court of Goguryeo (Korea). He demands the cancellation of the military alliance with the Eastern Turk Khanate, and the raiding of Sui border regions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739187#Asia", "title": "596", "revid": 1364739187, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 598, "year_label": "598 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Yeongyang sends an embassy to Daxing; Wéndi accepts a peace agreement with Goguryeo. He claims a hollow victory, as the Sui dynasty lost nearly 90% of his army and navy during the disastrous campaign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751875#Asia", "title": "598", "revid": 1364751875, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 598, "year_label": "598 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Du Fuwei, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty (d. 624)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751875#Births", "title": "598", "revid": 1364751875, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Yangdi, a Sui emperor, extends the Grand Canal. He reportedly assumes power by poisoning his father. Ma Shu-mou, aka Mahu, was one of the canal overseers and was said to have eaten a steamed 2-year-old child each day he worked on the canal. On completion the canal extended for 1,100 miles. 5.5 million people were pressed into service to complete the 1,550 mile canal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Asia", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Yang Jun, prince of the Sui dynasty (b. 571)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Deaths", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Third Chinese domination of Vietnam: The Early Lý dynasty ends; Hậu Lý Nam Đế, last ruler of Vąn Xuân (North Vietnam), abdicates the throne and becomes a vassal of the Sui dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Asia", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Dugu Qieluo, empress of the Chinese Sui dynasty (b. 544)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Deaths", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 604, "year_label": "604 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Emperor Wen of Sui, emperor of the Sui dynasty (b. 541)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754628#Deaths", "title": "604", "revid": 1364754628, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 604, "year_label": "604 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Emperor Wéndi dies, age 63, presumably assassinated by his son Yángdi, after a 23-year reign in which he has attacked hereditary privilege and reduced the power of the military aristocracy. He is succeeded by Yángdi, who becomes the second emperor of the Sui dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754628#Asia", "title": "604", "revid": 1364754628, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 605, "year_label": "605 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Zhaozhou Bridge is completed under the Sui dynasty, the earliest known fully stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge in the world (although the earlier Roman Trajan's Bridge featured segmental arches).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904400#Asia", "title": "605", "revid": 1364904400, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 605, "year_label": "605 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Yang You, puppet emperor of the Sui dynasty (d. 619)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904400#Births", "title": "605", "revid": 1364904400, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 606, "year_label": "606 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Yang Su, general of the Sui dynasty", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802689#Deaths", "title": "606", "revid": 1340802689, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 607, "year_label": "607 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Yang Gao, prince of the Sui dynasty (d. 618)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802681#Births", "title": "607", "revid": 1340802681, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 607, "year_label": "607 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Empress Suiko appoints Ono no Imoko as official envoy to the Sui Court (Japanese missions to Imperial China). She sends him to pay tribute to Emperor Yángdi, and let him deliver the famous letter from prince-regent Shōtoku which begins: \"The Son of Heaven where the sun rises (Japan), to the Son of Heaven where the sun sets (China), may good health be with you.\" (Traditional Japanese date: July 3, 607).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802681#Asia", "title": "607", "revid": 1340802681, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 608, "year_label": "608 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Sui dynasty Emperor Yang of Sui expresses the desire to control routes to the West, leading to two and a half centuries of Chinese military and trading activities in Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289400818#Asia", "title": "608", "revid": 1289400818, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 609, "year_label": "609 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The Sui dynasty government records a tax census of roughly 9 million registered households in the Chinese Empire, a population size of roughly 50 million people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077538#Asia", "title": "609", "revid": 1267077538, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 612, "year_label": "612 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Salsu: A Sui force of 305,000 men is defeated by the Korean general Ŭlchi Mundŏk at the Yalu River; only 2,700 troops survive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635982#Asia", "title": "612", "revid": 1367635982, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 613, "year_label": "613 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Goguryeo–Sui War: Emperor Yángdi crosses the Liao River again, and puts Manchuria under siege. During the campaign Yang Xuangan, an official of the Sui dynasty, starts a rebellion near Luoyang. Fearing attacks from two fronts, Yáng is forced to retreat his army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755983#Asia", "title": "613", "revid": 1364755983, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 613, "year_label": "613 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Yang Xuangan, official of the Sui dynasty", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755983#Deaths", "title": "613", "revid": 1364755983, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Yuwen Shu, general of the Sui dynasty", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Deaths", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 617, "year_label": "617 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Yang Yichen, general of the Sui dynasty", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751852#Deaths", "title": "617", "revid": 1364751852, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 617, "year_label": "617 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Battle of Huoyi: Rebel forces under Li Yuān defeat the Sui troops near the Fen River, and capture the Chinese capital, Chang'an. Li has gained support from Shibi, ruler (khagan) of the Eastern Turks, who secures his northern frontier and supplies him with 2,000 horses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751852#Asia", "title": "617", "revid": 1364751852, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 618, "year_label": "618 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Emperor Yang of Sui, emperor of the Sui dynasty (b. 569)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802929#Deaths", "title": "618", "revid": 1340802929, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 618, "year_label": "618 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – The Sui dynasty ends: Rebel leader Li Yuan captures Luoyang, and has Emperor Yángdi murdered. He proclaims himself emperor Gao Zu and establishes the Tang dynasty, one of the most notable dynasties in Chinese history, which will last for almost 300 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802929#Asia", "title": "618", "revid": 1340802929, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 619, "year_label": "619 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Yang You, emperor of the Sui dynasty (b. 605)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802932#Deaths", "title": "619", "revid": 1340802932, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 620, "year_label": "620 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Shen Faxing, official of the Sui dynasty", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749611#Deaths", "title": "620", "revid": 1364749611, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 621, "year_label": "621 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Dou Jiande, general of the Sui dynasty (b. 573)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755711#Deaths", "title": "621", "revid": 1364755711, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 622, "year_label": "622 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Li Zitong, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342469#Deaths", "title": "622", "revid": 1368342469, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 623, "year_label": "623 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Su Wei, high official of the Sui dynasty (b. 542)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364763007#Deaths", "title": "623", "revid": 1364763007, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Du Fuwei, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty (b. 598)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#Deaths", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – (27th day of the 3rd month of the 6th year of the Wu'de era) Du Fuwei, a Chinese prince who rebelled against Sui dynasty China and then was rewarded with the title \"Prince of Wu\" by Emperor Gaozu of Tang, dies suddenly of poisoning, under suspicion that he has been ordered killed by the Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#January–June", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By date › January–June"}}, {"year": 627, "year_label": "627 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Luo Yi, official of the Sui dynasty", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346712156#Deaths", "title": "627", "revid": 1346712156, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 631, "year_label": "631 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Tai Zong sends envoys to the Xueyantuo, vassals of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, bearing gold and silk in order to obtain the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners, who were captured during the transition from the Sui to the Tang dynasty from the northern frontier. The embassy succeeds in freeing 80,000 men and women, who are safely returned to China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749921#Asia", "title": "631", "revid": 1364749921, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 642, "year_label": "642 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty issues a decree throughout China, that increases the punishment for men who deliberately inflict injuries upon themselves (most commonly breaking their own legs) in order to avoid military conscription. This decree is an effort to eradicate this practice that has grown as a trend since the time of the rebellion against the Sui dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634849#Asia", "title": "642", "revid": 1367634849, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 648, "year_label": "648 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Xiao, empress of the Sui dynasty", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804464#Deaths", "title": "648", "revid": 1340804464, "section": "Deaths"}}]}