{"slug": "sumer", "label": "Sumer", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35355", "qid": "Q35355", "description": "ancient Mesopotamian civilization from 5500 to 1800 BC", "entries": 9, "years": 7, "span": [-2999, -1899], "span_label": ["3000 BCE", "1900 BCE"], "topics": [{"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "metropolitan-museum-of-art", "label": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -2999, "year_label": "3000 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 3000 BC – Sumerians establish cities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895853#Inventions,_discoveries,_introductions", "title": "30th century BC", "revid": 1371895853, "section": "Inventions, discoveries, introductions"}}, {"year": -2899, "year_label": "2900 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "c. 2900 BC: 2400 BC: Sumerian pictographs evolve into phonograms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895849#Events", "title": "29th century BC", "revid": 1371895849, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -2899, "year_label": "2900 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. 2900 BC: Beginning of the Early Dynastic Period I in Sumer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895849#Events", "title": "29th century BC", "revid": 1371895849, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -2499, "year_label": "2500 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. 2500 BC: Cylinder seal from Sumer and its impression are made. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895857#Events", "title": "25th century BC", "revid": 1371895857, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -2499, "year_label": "2500 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. 2500 BC: Scribal schools flourish throughout Sumer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895857#Events", "title": "25th century BC", "revid": 1371895857, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -2449, "year_label": "2450 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. 2450 BC: End of the Early Dynastic IIIa Period and beginning of the Early Dynastic IIIb Period in Sumer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895857#Events", "title": "25th century BC", "revid": 1371895857, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -2409, "year_label": "2410 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "c. 2410 BC: By this time, kings in Sumer have ceased to be automatically high priests of the city deity. (Roux 1980) Infiltration and conquest of Mesopotamia by ancient Semitic-speaking peoples begins. (1968 RD Almanac)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895857#Events", "title": "25th century BC", "revid": 1371895857, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -2349, "year_label": "2350 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. 2350 BC: Lugal-Zage-Si of Umma conquers Gu-Edin and unites Sumer as a single kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895851#Events", "title": "24th century BC", "revid": 1371895851, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1899, "year_label": "1900 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. 1900 BC: Fall of last Sumerian dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363826027#Events", "title": "19th century BC", "revid": 1363826027, "section": "Events"}}]}