{"slug": "supreme-court-of-the-united-states", "label": "Supreme Court of the United States", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11201", "qid": "Q11201", "description": "highest court of jurisdiction in the United States of America", "entries": 33, "years": 28, "span": [1790, 2022], "span_label": ["1790 CE", "2022 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 10}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 8}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "united-states-senate", "label": "United States Senate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "franklin-d-roosevelt", "label": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "african-american", "label": "African American", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-states-secretary-of-state", "label": "United States Secretary of State", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "american-civil-war", "label": "American Civil War", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "native-americans-in-the-united-states", "label": "Native Americans in the United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ronald-reagan", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "alabama", "label": "Alabama", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1790, "year_label": "1790 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – In New York City, the Supreme Court of the United States convenes for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361336081#January–March", "title": "1790", "revid": 1361336081, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1803, "year_label": "1803 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Marbury v. Madison: The Supreme Court of the United States establishes the principle of judicial review.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373209562#January–March", "title": "1803", "revid": 1373209562, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1804, "year_label": "1804 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – The Democratic-Republican-controlled United States Senate begins an impeachment trial against Federalist-partisan Supreme Court of the United States Justice Samuel Chase, on charges of political bias (he is acquitted by the United States Senate of all charges on March 1, 1805).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369393739#October–December", "title": "1804", "revid": 1369393739, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – United States v. Peters: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the power of the federal government is greater than any individual state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#January–March", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1841, "year_label": "1841 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – United States v. The Amistad: The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the case, that the Africans who seized control of the ship had been taken into slavery illegally.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360265400#January–March", "title": "1841", "revid": 1360265400, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1857, "year_label": "1857 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Dred Scott v. Sandford: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that blacks are not citizens and slaves can not sue for freedom, driving the U.S. further towards the American Civil War (the ruling is not overturned until the 14th Amendment is adopted in 1868).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366379985#January–March", "title": "1857", "revid": 1366379985, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1883, "year_label": "1883 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – In five Civil Rights Cases the Supreme Court of the United States declares part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional, allowing individuals and corporations to discriminate based on race.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366127181#October", "title": "1883", "revid": 1366127181, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – In re Debs: The Supreme Court of the United States decides that the federal government has the right to regulate interstate commerce, legalizing the military suppression of the Pullman Strike.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#May", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 –Standard Oil is dissolved by the Supreme Court of the United States into 34 separate oil companies including Exxon, Mobil, Chevron, Texaco, and others due to violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#May", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – Lyda Conley, the first American Indian woman to appear before the Supreme Court of the United States as a lawyer, is admitted to practice there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#October", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – Abrams v. United States: The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the conviction of Abrams for inciting resistance to the war effort against Soviet Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#November", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Leser v. Garnett: The Supreme Court of the United States rebuffs a challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote on the same terms as men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#February", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1935, "year_label": "1935 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (the \"Sick Chicken Case\"): The Supreme Court of the United States declares that the National Industrial Recovery Act, a major component of the New Deal, is unconstitutional.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370722923#May", "title": "1935", "revid": 1370722923, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1937, "year_label": "1937 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – New Deal: The United States Senate votes down President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court of the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371759714#July", "title": "1937", "revid": 1371759714, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1954, "year_label": "1954 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Brown v. Board of Education (347 US 483 1954): The Supreme Court of the United States rules unanimously that segregated schools are unconstitutional.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369212684#May", "title": "1954", "revid": 1369212684, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1954, "year_label": "1954 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – Berman v. Parker (348 U.S. 26): The U.S. Supreme Court upholds the federal slum clearance and urban renewal programs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369212684#November", "title": "1954", "revid": 1369212684, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – 96 U.S. Congressmen sign the Southern Manifesto, a protest against the 1954 Supreme Court ruling (Brown v. Board of Education) that desegregated public education.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#March", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1963, "year_label": "1963 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – In Abington School District v. Schempp, the US Supreme Court ruled that compulsory prayer and Bible-reading violated the First Amendment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370539540#June", "title": "1963", "revid": 1370539540, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – Miranda v. Arizona: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#June", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He is the first African American to hold the position.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#August", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education: The Supreme Court of the United States rules unanimously that busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#April", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – Hugo L. Black retires as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States after serving for 34 years, at this time a record for longevity; Black dies eight days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#September", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Hugo Black, American Supreme Court Justice (b. 1886)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#September", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Deaths › September"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – James F. Byrnes, United States Secretary of State and Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1882)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#April", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Deaths › April"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – Gregg v. Georgia: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the death penalty is not inherently cruel or unusual and is a constitutionally acceptable form of punishment overturning the Furman v. Georgia case of 1972.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#July", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Stump v. Sparkman (435 U.S. 349): The Supreme Court of the United States hands down a 5–3 decision, in a controversial case involving involuntary sterilization and judicial immunity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#March", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – United States President Ronald Reagan nominates the first woman, Sandra Day O'Connor, to the Supreme Court of the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#July", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in United States v. Paradise that affirmative action is lawful if the organization in question has a history of pervasive racial discrimination in hiring practices; in this case, police departments in the state of Alabama. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. rules that the government is \"justified by a compelling governmental interest in eradicating the Department's pervasive, systematic, and obstinate discriminatory exclusion of blacks.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#February", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 19", "text": "June 19 – Edwards v. Aguillard: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that a Louisiana law requiring that creation science be taught in public schools whenever evolution is taught is unconstitutional.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#June", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte that local Rotary Clubs do not have a constitutional right to deny membership to women. Other clubs thereafter comply with the ruling: Lions International begins admitting women in June, and Kiwanis Club in July.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#May", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – David Souter is confirmed to serve on the Supreme Court, replacing retiring Justice William J. Brennan Jr..", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#September", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – United States v. Windsor (570 U.S. 744) decided in the Supreme Court of the United States, overturning a key section of the Defense of Marriage Act and hence granting federal recognition to same-sex marriage in the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373160550#June", "title": "2013", "revid": 1373160550, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – The United States' Supreme Court rules in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization that America's constitution does not confer a right to abortion. In response, mass protests against the decision form across the US as well as in France, the UK and Canada.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#June", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › June"}}]}