{"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34", "qid": "Q34", "description": "country in Northern Europe", "entries": 281, "years": 250, "span": [500, 2024], "span_label": ["500 CE", "2024 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 60}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 53}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 44}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 43}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 14}, {"title": "Births", "count": 12}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 11}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 10}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 9}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 9}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 7}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 4}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "stockholm", "label": "Stockholm", "shared": 23}, {"slug": "denmark", "label": "Denmark", "shared": 21}, {"slug": "norway", "label": "Norway", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "finland", "label": "Finland", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "great-northern-war", "label": "Great Northern War", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "riksdag-of-the-estates", "label": "Riksdag of the Estates", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "gustav-i-of-sweden", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "charles-ix-of-sweden", "label": "Charles IX of Sweden", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "sigismund-iii-vasa", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "thirty-years-war", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "old-style", "label": "Old Style", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": 500, "year_label": "500 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The monument of Ale's Stones is built in Sweden (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361340160#Europe", "title": "AD 500", "revid": 1361340160, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "According to the Ynglinga saga, king Ingvar Harra of Sweden invades Adalsysla (present day Lääne County in Estonia), but is killed by the locals (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Europe", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 630, "year_label": "630 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Yngling King Olof Trätälja founds a colony in Värmland. He is expelled from his native Västergötland (in modern-day Sweden) (according to the Ynglingatal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803540#Scandinavia", "title": "630", "revid": 1340803540, "section": "Events › By place › Scandinavia"}}, {"year": 829, "year_label": "829 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ansgar, Frankish abbot of Corvey (modern Westphalia), is appointed missionary to Sweden by Louis the Pious, at the request of the Swedish king Björn at Haugi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941503#Religion", "title": "829", "revid": 1340941503, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Ansgar, a Frankish missionary, visits the trade city Birka, located at Lake Mälaren in Sweden (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#Religion", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Ansgar, Frankish missionary, founds the first church at Birka (modern Sweden).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Religion", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 849, "year_label": "849 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Eric Anundsson, king of Sweden (d. 882)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129155#Births", "title": "849", "revid": 1341129155, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 865, "year_label": "865 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok, king of Denmark and Sweden", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129586#Deaths", "title": "865", "revid": 1341129586, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Eric the Victorious, king of Sweden (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Births", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 970, "year_label": "970 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Eric the Victorious becomes the first (documented) king of Sweden in Uppland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261460#Europe", "title": "970", "revid": 1365261460, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 979, "year_label": "979 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Estrid (or Astrid), queen consort of Sweden (d. 1035)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908361#Births", "title": "979", "revid": 1341908361, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 980, "year_label": "980 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Olof Skötkonung, king of Sweden (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364109392#Births", "title": "980", "revid": 1364109392, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 990, "year_label": "990 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The city of Lund, Sweden is founded, during the reign of the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908655#Europe", "title": "990", "revid": 1341908655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 995, "year_label": "995 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Eric VI (the Victorious) dies at Uppsala, after a 25-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Olof Skötkonung, as the first baptized Christian ruler of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360634539#Europe", "title": "995", "revid": 1360634539, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 995, "year_label": "995 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eric VI (the Victorious), Viking king of Sweden", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360634539#Deaths", "title": "995", "revid": 1360634539, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1008, "year_label": "1008 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Olof Skötkonung, king of Sweden, is baptized in Husaby (Västergötland) by missionary Sigfrid, and makes generous donations on the spot.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910052#Religion", "title": "1008", "revid": 1341910052, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1022, "year_label": "1022 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Olof Skötkonung dies and is succeeded by his son Anund Jakob as ruler of Sweden. He becomes the second Christian king of the Swedish realm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213197#Europe", "title": "1022", "revid": 1342213197, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1026, "year_label": "1026 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Helgeå (off the coast of Sweden): Naval forces of King Cnut's North Sea Empire defeat the combined Swedish and Norwegian royal fleets.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590752#Europe", "title": "1026", "revid": 1365590752, "section": "Events › Asia › Europe"}}, {"year": 1028, "year_label": "1028 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Cnut the Great sails from England to Norway with a fleet of 50 ships. He defeats Olaf Haraldsson and is crowned king of Norway. Cnut becomes the sole ruler of England, Denmark and part of Sweden (known as the Danish North Sea Empire).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299472#England", "title": "1028", "revid": 1363299472, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1030, "year_label": "1030 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – Battle of Stiklestad: King Olaf II Haraldsson (St. Olaf) attempts to reconquer Norway with help from King Anund Jakob of Sweden. He is defeated by a superior Norwegian peasant and Danish army (14,000 men). Olaf is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590959#Europe", "title": "1030", "revid": 1365590959, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1035, "year_label": "1035 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Harthacnut is unable to travel to his coronation in England because his Danish kingdom is under threat of an invasion by King Magnus I of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362167727#England", "title": "1035", "revid": 1362167727, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1035, "year_label": "1035 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Estrid of the Obotrites (or Astrid), queen consort of Sweden", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362167727#Deaths", "title": "1035", "revid": 1362167727, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1046, "year_label": "1046 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ingegerd, queen of Denmark and Sweden (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350130059#Births", "title": "1046", "revid": 1350130059, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1050, "year_label": "1050 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Anund Jacob dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his elder half-brother Emund the Old as king of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368550668#Europe", "title": "1050", "revid": 1368550668, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1050, "year_label": "1050 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Anund Jacob (or James), king of Sweden (b. 1008)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368550668#Deaths", "title": "1050", "revid": 1368550668, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1060, "year_label": "1060 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emund the Old, king of Sweden (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549974#Deaths", "title": "1060", "revid": 1368549974, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1066, "year_label": "1066 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Stenkil (or Steinkell) dies after a 6-year reign. Two rivals named Eric battle for power in Sweden, both claiming the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370249569#Europe", "title": "1066", "revid": 1370249569, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1067, "year_label": "1067 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Eric and Eric, two pretenders to the Swedish throne, are both killed during the struggle for power in Sweden. Halsten, son of the late King Stenkil, becomes the new ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260536#Europe", "title": "1067", "revid": 1365260536, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1070, "year_label": "1070 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – Halsten Stenkilsson is deposed as king of Sweden, with Håkan the Red becoming king in Götaland, and Anund Gårdske being chosen as king of Svealand.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327891061#Events", "title": "1070", "revid": 1327891061, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1075, "year_label": "1075 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Anund Gårdske is deposed as king of Svealand (also called Sweden proper). King Håkan the Red of Götaland proclaims himself ruler of all Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265849#Europe", "title": "1075", "revid": 1365265849, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1079, "year_label": "1079 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Upon the death of Håkan the Red, Halsten Stenkilsson returns as king of Sweden, jointly with his brother Inge the Elder (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068328#Europe", "title": "1079", "revid": 1267068328, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1079, "year_label": "1079 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Håkan the Red, king of Sweden (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068328#Deaths", "title": "1079", "revid": 1267068328, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1080, "year_label": "1080 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – King Harald III of Denmark dies after a 4-year reign and is buried at Dalby Church in Scania (modern Sweden). He is succeeded by his brother Canute IV (\"the Holy\") as ruler of Denmark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363303187#Europe", "title": "1080", "revid": 1363303187, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1084, "year_label": "1084 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Halsten Stenkilsson is killed and his brother Inge the Elder is deposed in Svealand (modern Sweden). Inge is replaced by his brother-in-law Blot-Sweyn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072083#Europe", "title": "1084", "revid": 1267072083, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1084, "year_label": "1084 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Halsten Stenkilsson, king of Sweden (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072083#Deaths", "title": "1084", "revid": 1267072083, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1085, "year_label": "1085 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Katedralskolan in Lund (modern Sweden), the oldest school in Scandinavia, is founded by King Canute IV of Denmark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159073#Europe", "title": "1085", "revid": 1362159073, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1087, "year_label": "1087 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Inge the Elder returns to Svealand and kills his brother-in-law Blot-Sweyn after a 3-year reign. Inge again proclaims himself king of Sweden (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365262622#Europe", "title": "1087", "revid": 1365262622, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Intense urban activity in north and central Europe: Kalmar (Kungälv) and Varberg (Sweden) are chartered; The cities of Aach (southern Germany) and Nakléřov in Bohemia are created. The castle of Burg Eppstein is built in central Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Europe", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Inge the Elder, king of Sweden (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Deaths", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Inge the Elder dies and is succeeded by his nephew Philip as ruler of Sweden. He and his brother Inge the Younger rule the kingdom together (until the death of Philip in 1118).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Europe", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1116, "year_label": "1116 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Richeza of Poland, queen consort of Sweden (d. 1156)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168627#Births", "title": "1116", "revid": 1362168627, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1118, "year_label": "1118 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Philip, king of Sweden (House of Stenkil)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269195#Deaths", "title": "1118", "revid": 1365269195, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1120, "year_label": "1120 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ingegerd, queen of Denmark and Sweden (b. 1046)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1298169999#Deaths", "title": "1120", "revid": 1298169999, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1123, "year_label": "1123 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Sigurd I performs a Crusade, the Kalmare ledung, to Christianize the Swedish province of Småland. He makes a pact with King Niels of Denmark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532227#Europe", "title": "1123", "revid": 1366532227, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1126, "year_label": "1126 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing. Sweden is without a ruler, but Magnus Nielsen (\"the Strong\") claims sovereignty over Götaland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368526441#Europe", "title": "1126", "revid": 1368526441, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1130, "year_label": "1130 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – Magnus the Strong is deposed as king of Götaland, when Sverker the Elder proclaims himself king of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549867#Events", "title": "1130", "revid": 1368549867, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Sverker I (the Elder), king of Sweden (d. 1156)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Births", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1149, "year_label": "1149 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Åhus, in present-day Sweden, gains city rights (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184526#Europe", "title": "1149", "revid": 1369184526, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1156, "year_label": "1156 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – King Sverker I (the Elder) is murdered on his way to church. He is succeeded by his rival, Eric IX (the Holy), as ruler of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168074#Europe", "title": "1156", "revid": 1362168074, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1156, "year_label": "1156 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Sverker I (the Elder), king of Sweden", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168074#Deaths", "title": "1156", "revid": 1362168074, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1160, "year_label": "1160 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – Erik IX Jedvardsson of Sweden is murdered, after which his murderer Magnus Henriksen proclaims himself king of Sweden as Magnus II. He is murdered in turn the following year, however. Erik is soon worshipped as a saint. Though never formally canonized by Pope Alexander III, he eventually becomes the patron saint of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224699#Europe", "title": "1160", "revid": 1371224699, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1160, "year_label": "1160 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – Erik IX Jedvardsson (\"the Holy\"), king of Sweden (b. 1120)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224699#Deaths", "title": "1160", "revid": 1371224699, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1161, "year_label": "1161 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Magnus Henriksson, pretender to the throne of Sweden, is murdered by Charles VII, who becomes king of Sweden until 1167.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300116018#Europe", "title": "1161", "revid": 1300116018, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1161, "year_label": "1161 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Magnus Henriksson, king of Sweden (b. 1130)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300116018#Deaths", "title": "1161", "revid": 1300116018, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1167, "year_label": "1167 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – King Charles VII (Sverkersson) is murdered at Visingsö by supporters of Canute I (son of Eric IX), who proclaims himself king of Sweden. However, Charles's half-brothers Boleslaw and Kol Sverkerson proclaim themselves rulers of Östergötland, in opposition to Canute, which leads to fights for the power in Sweden (until 1173).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361983030#Europe", "title": "1167", "revid": 1361983030, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1167, "year_label": "1167 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Charles VII (Sverkersson), king of Sweden (b. 1130)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361983030#Deaths", "title": "1167", "revid": 1361983030, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1169, "year_label": "1169 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "During the Swedish power struggle, Boleslaw is killed, but his brother Kol continues as ruler of Östergötland (until 1173), in opposition to King Knut Eriksson of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367314843#Europe", "title": "1169", "revid": 1367314843, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1170, "year_label": "1170 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Alexander III addresses a series of letters to the backward Swedish church. He wants to impose the strict canonical requirements on the Swedes, that is, the ecclesiastical legal system. Due to being Christianized in 1050, Sweden is having trouble to fully adapt to the Catholicism that is preached and acted on in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488642#Religion", "title": "1170", "revid": 1367488642, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1173, "year_label": "1173 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Knut Eriksson (King Canute I of Sweden) extends his rule after the death of co-ruler Kol – which includes also Östergötland. He becomes the unopposed sole-ruler of Sweden with the support of jarl Birger Brosa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300112960#Europe", "title": "1173", "revid": 1300112960, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Pillage of Sigtuna: A fleet of Karelians enters Lake Malar and ravages the coast. The marauders burn Sigtuna and kill Archbishop Johannes at Almarestäket in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Europe", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1196, "year_label": "1196 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Canute I (Eriksson), king of Sweden (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484493#Deaths", "title": "1196", "revid": 1362484493, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1208, "year_label": "1208 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Bridget Haraldsdotter, queen consort of Sweden (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078934#Deaths", "title": "1208", "revid": 1371078934, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1208, "year_label": "1208 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – Battle of Lena: Swedish forces under Erik Knutsson defeat the invading Danish army (some 12,000 men). King Sverker the Younger is deposed as king of Sweden and is succeeded by Erik.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078934#Europe", "title": "1208", "revid": 1371078934, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1210, "year_label": "1210 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – Sverker II (the Younger), king of Sweden", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321284058#Deaths", "title": "1210", "revid": 1321284058, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Catherine Sunesdotter, queen of Sweden (d. 1252)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Births", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Eric XI (the Lisp and Lame), king of Sweden (d. 1250)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Births", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Rikissa of Denmark, queen of Sweden (b. 1180)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Deaths", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – Visby Cathedral in Sweden is consecrated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#July_–_September", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – Battle of Olustra: Eric XI (the Lisp and Lame) is defeated and deposed as king of Sweden by Canute II (the Tall), who proclaims himself the new ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#Europe", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1234, "year_label": "1234 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Lund Cathedral in Sweden is heavily damaged in a catastrophic fire. Large donations are made to the church, to rebuild the cathedral.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364989988#Religion", "title": "1234", "revid": 1364989988, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1234, "year_label": "1234 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Canute II of Sweden (\"the Tall\") dies after a five-year reign, perhaps of natural causes. His rival, Eric XI (\"the Lisp and Lame\"), returns as ruler of Sweden (possibly after a civil war between the two of them).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364989988#Europe", "title": "1234", "revid": 1364989988, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Magnus Ladulås (Birgersson), king of Sweden (d. 1290)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Births", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – Erik Eriksson, king of Sweden (b. 1216)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Deaths", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – King Erik Eriksson of Sweden dies. The ten-year-old Valdemar, the eldest son of Birger Jarl, is elected King of Sweden, and becomes the first king from the House of Bjälbo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Europe", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1252, "year_label": "1252 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July", "text": "July – The settlement of Stockholm in Sweden is founded, by Birger Jarl.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269919#Europe", "title": "1252", "revid": 1365269919, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1255, "year_label": "1255 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Helena Pedersdatter Strange, queen of Sweden (b. 1200)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315790496#Deaths", "title": "1255", "revid": 1315790496, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The pagan Karelians start a destructive expedition to Sweden in which King Valdemar requests Alexander IV to declare a crusade against them. This leads to the Third Swedish Crusade to Finland (1293–95).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#Europe", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1275, "year_label": "1275 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Battle of Hova: King Valdemar Birgersson of Sweden is defeated by his brother Magnus in the forest of Tiveden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270169#Europe", "title": "1275", "revid": 1365270169, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Construction of Uppsala Cathedral in Sweden begins (it lasts until 1435).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Religion", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1288, "year_label": "1288 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – Petrus, bishop of Västerås, buys 1/8 of the Stora Kopparberg copper mine in Falun, Sweden. During the reign of King Magnus Ladulås, nobles and foreign merchants from Lübeck take interests in the mining area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964096#Markets", "title": "1288", "revid": 1367964096, "section": "Events › By topic › Markets"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – Magnus Birgersson, king of Sweden (b. 1240)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Deaths", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – King Magnus Birgersson of Sweden dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son Birger Magnusson.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Europe", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1306, "year_label": "1306 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – The Hatuna Games are played in Sweden. Duke's Eric Magnusson and Valdemar Magnusson, arrive at the estate of their brother, King Birger Magnusson, by Lake Malar. They are invited as guests at a feast, but during the night Birger and his wife, Martha of Denmark, are captured by the two brothers and are imprisoned in the dungeon at Nyköping Castle – while Eric and Valdemar jointly take over the Swedish throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354973149#July_–_September", "title": "1306", "revid": 1354973149, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1316, "year_label": "1316 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Magnus Eriksson, king of Sweden and Norway from the House of Bjälbo (d. 1374)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018310#Births", "title": "1316", "revid": 1332018310, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1317, "year_label": "1317 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – King Birger Magnusson has his brothers, Dukes Eric Magnusson and Valdemar Magnusson, captured and thrown into a dungeon during the Nyköping Banquet – as a revenge for their imprisonment of him in the Håtuna games (see 1306). As the brothers soon starve to death in the dungeon, their followers rebel against Birger, throwing Sweden into civil war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368785088#October_–_December", "title": "1317", "revid": 1368785088, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1319, "year_label": "1319 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August", "text": "August – Magnus Eriksson, grandson of the recently deceased king Haakon V and already proclaimed King of Sweden, is recognized by the Norwegian assembly as King Magnus VII of Norway, thus establishing a personal union with Sweden and Norway.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361361432#July_–_September", "title": "1319", "revid": 1361361432, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1320, "year_label": "1320 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Blanka of Namur, queen of Norway and Sweden (d.1363)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353685641#Births", "title": "1320", "revid": 1353685641, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1335, "year_label": "1335 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Slavery is abolished in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067892#Date_unknown", "title": "1335", "revid": 1267067892, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1359, "year_label": "1359 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – Upon the death of Erik Magnusson, his claims to the Swedish throne die with him, and power is restored undivided to his father, King Magnus. With this unexpected death of Erik Magnusson, a previous promise to give Helsingborg to Denmark was reneged on by Magnus IV Eriksson. But Valdemar IV Atterdag was far too ambitious a ruler to have his plan to reassemble the Danish kingdom fall into pieces, and so he proceeded to invade Scania the next year with his mercenary army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297602879#January–December", "title": "1359", "revid": 1297602879, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1360, "year_label": "1360 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Valdemar IV Atterdag of Denmark reconquers Scania, which has been in Swedish possession since 1332.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292555105#Date_unknown", "title": "1360", "revid": 1292555105, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1362, "year_label": "1362 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – King Haakon VI of Norway, son of King Magnus Eriksson of Sweden, proclaims himself king of Sweden in opposition to his father. However, later in the year, father and son are reconciled and rule Sweden together.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360556919#January–December", "title": "1362", "revid": 1360556919, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1364, "year_label": "1364 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Joint kings Magnus Eriksson and Haakon Magnusson of Sweden are both deposed by noblemen, who instead elect Magnus's nephew Albrekt of Mecklenburg the new king of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339849340#January–December", "title": "1364", "revid": 1339849340, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1365, "year_label": "1365 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Battle of Gataskogen: Albert of Mecklenburg defeats and captures Magnus Eriksson, obtaining the throne of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339848684#January–December", "title": "1365", "revid": 1339848684, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – Magnus Eriksson, king of Sweden (b. 1316)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#Deaths", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Olav IV of Norway is elected as titular King of Sweden, in opposition to the unpopular King Albert.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#Date_unknown", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden publishes the Treaty of Kalmar, proposing the personal union of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney) and Sweden (including Finland and Åland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#April–June", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1397, "year_label": "1397 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – Erik of Pomerania is crowned in Kalmar (Sweden) as ruler of the Kalmar Union, a personal union of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney) and Sweden (including Finland and Åland) engineered by Queen Margaret I of Denmark, his great-aunt and adoptive mother, who retains de facto power in the realm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363907908#April–June", "title": "1397", "revid": 1363907908, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – The Teutonic Knights conquer the island of Gotland, near Sweden, which has previously been run by the piratical Victual Brothers. In the agreement of surrender, the city of Visby and the entire island are ceded to Johan of Mecklenburg, and merchants from the Hanseatic League are allowed free trade. In addition, the Knights receive the opportunity to clear all known pirates and other enemies from Gotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#April–June", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1434, "year_label": "1434 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 12", "text": "November 12 – Bishop Nils Ragvaldsson of Sweden delivers a speech at the Council of Basel, arguing the Kingdom of Sweden and its monarch, Eric of Pomerania deserve senior rank over the Spanish delegation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335073150#October–December", "title": "1434", "revid": 1335073150, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1435, "year_label": "1435 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Sweden's first Riksdag of the Estates is summoned under rebel leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, who is elected rikshövitsman (military commander of the realm), in the absence of a king, on January 13.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372061#January–March", "title": "1435", "revid": 1370372061, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – The War in Gotland begins in Scandinavia as an army from Sweden, commanded by Generals Magnus Gren and Birger Trolle, invades the island of Gotland, at the time ruled by Denmark. The invasion is repelled by Erik of Pomerania, ruler of the island and the former King of Sweden and Denmark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#July–September", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – The Regency period of Sweden ends with the election by Swedish nobles of Karl Knutsson Bonde as King Karl VIII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#April–June", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – The Treaty of Bergen is signed by officials of Norway and Sweden to reunite the two kingdoms under the rule of King Christian I. Both Norway and Sweden retain self-government and their own governing bodies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#July–September", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1456, "year_label": "1456 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – The University of Greifswald is established, making it the second oldest university in Northern Europe. Due to border changes, from 1648 to 1815 it is the oldest in Sweden, and from 1815 to 1945 the oldest in Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371442849#October–December", "title": "1456", "revid": 1371442849, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1457, "year_label": "1457 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – King Charles VIII of Sweden is declared deposed after fleeing from Stockholm to Danzig following a rebellion. The Archbishop of Sweden, Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, and statesman Erik Axelsson Tott become co-regents of Sweden. The coup leaders then offer the throne to Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359845780#January–March", "title": "1457", "revid": 1359845780, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1471, "year_label": "1471 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm, Sweden: The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder, with the help of farmers and miners, repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370196979#October–December", "title": "1471", "revid": 1370196979, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1477, "year_label": "1477 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Uppsala University is founded, becoming the first university in Sweden and all of Scandinavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330635656#January–March", "title": "1477", "revid": 1330635656, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1495, "year_label": "1495 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Gribshunden, the flagship of King Hans Oldenburg of Denmark sinks off the coast of Ronneby in Sweden while King Hans is ashore to negotiate with Sten Sture the Elder to restore the power of the Kalmar Union. According to some accounts, the sinking (and the death of more than 150 crew) happened after an explosion and fire, though explorations of the shipwreck centuries later show no indication of burning.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256979#April–June", "title": "1495", "revid": 1365256979, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – After the death of Sten Sture the Elder on December 14 the year before, Svante Nilsson is elected the new Regent of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#January–March", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1520, "year_label": "1520 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes, at Lake Åsunden in Sweden. The Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger is mortally wounded in the Battle of Bogesund. He is rushed towards Stockholm, in order to lead the fight against the Danes from there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307705#January–March", "title": "1520", "revid": 1367307705, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – The Nydala Abbey Bloodbath takes place at Nydala Abbey, Sweden; the abbot and many monks are murdered by Danes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#January–March", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, establishing the full independence of Sweden from the Kalmar Union, which marks the end of the Kalmar Union. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#April–June", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1527, "year_label": "1527 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – The Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden. The Riksdag of the Estates in Västerås adopts Lutheranism as the state religion, in place of Roman Catholicism. This results in the confiscation of church property and dissolution of Catholic convents in accordance with the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366980186#April–June", "title": "1527", "revid": 1366980186, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1528, "year_label": "1528 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned king of Sweden, having already reigned since his election in June 1523.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369577446#January–March", "title": "1528", "revid": 1369577446, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1531, "year_label": "1531 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – At the age of 35, King Gustav I Vasa of Sweden is married for the first time, taking Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg as his bride on her 18th birthday.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359939156#July–September", "title": "1531", "revid": 1359939156, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – Battle of Bornholm: Combined Swedish and Danish fleets defeat the Hanseatic navy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#April–June", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – At Västerås, the estates of Sweden swear loyalty to King Gustav Vasa and to his heirs, ending the traditional electoral monarchy in Sweden. Gustav subsequently signs an alliance with the Kingdom of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#January–March", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1550, "year_label": "1550 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – The city of Helsinki (now in Finland but known as Helsingfors in Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369571608#April–June", "title": "1550", "revid": 1369571608, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Eric XIV becomes King of Sweden, upon the death of his father, Gustav Vasa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359957428#July–September", "title": "1560", "revid": 1359957428, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – The nobility of Harrien-Wierland and the town of Reval (on June 6) of the Livonian Order swear allegiance to Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#April–June", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1563, "year_label": "1563 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Northern Seven Years' War: King Frederick II of Denmark, advancing from Halland, takes Old Älvsborg from Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369164885#July–September", "title": "1563", "revid": 1369164885, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1578, "year_label": "1578 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – Battle of Wenden: The Russians are defeated by the Swedes, who proceed to take Polotsk.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356931160#October–December", "title": "1578", "revid": 1356931160, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1581, "year_label": "1581 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – A mercenary army of Sweden, under Pontus De la Gardie, captures Narva from Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478489#July–September", "title": "1581", "revid": 1362478489, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1584, "year_label": "1584 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – The city of Karlstad, Sweden gaines city status by Duke Charles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561067#January–March", "title": "1584", "revid": 1369561067, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1589, "year_label": "1589 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 (Christmas Day) – The monks of the Pechenga Monastery, the northernmost in the world, are massacred by Swedes, led by a Finnish peasant chief, in the course of the Russo-Swedish War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359971295#October–December", "title": "1589", "revid": 1359971295, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1595, "year_label": "1595 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Riksdag of the Estates at Söderköping in Sweden elects the Lutheran Duke Charles as the country's regent, in place of Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339059002#Date_unknown", "title": "1595", "revid": 1339059002, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1598, "year_label": "1598 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Battle of Stångebro at Linköping in Sweden: The Catholic King Sigismund of Sweden and Poland is defeated in his attempt to resume control of Sweden by the Protestant forces of his uncle, Charles. Sigismund is deposed shortly thereafter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769896#July–September", "title": "1598", "revid": 1372769896, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Swedish King Sigismund III Vasa is dethroned by his uncle Duke Charles, who takes over as regent of the realm until 1604, when he becomes King Charles IX.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#July–September", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – The Åbo Bloodbath takes place in Åbo (Turku), in modern-day Finland, which was part of Sweden at the time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#October–December", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1600, "year_label": "1600 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – Linköping Bloodbath: Five Swedish nobles are publicly executed by decapitation and Polish–Swedish King Sigismund III Vasa is de facto deposed as ruler of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360196741#January–March", "title": "1600", "revid": 1360196741, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1604, "year_label": "1604 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – At Linköping in Sweden, the Riksdag declares that Sigismund, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, who has been absent for five years, has effectively abdicated as King of Sweden, and recognizes Karl, Duke of Södermanland, as the new monarch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348862771#January–March", "title": "1604", "revid": 1348862771, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1605, "year_label": "1605 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – Swedish armies are decisively defeated by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth cavalry in the Battle of Kircholm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477436#July–September", "title": "1605", "revid": 1362477436, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – (June 24 O.S.); Polish–Russian War – Battle of Klushino: The outnumbered forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth defeat the combined Russian and Swedish armies; Polish troops go on to occupy Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#July–September", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1611, "year_label": "1611 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – Denmark-Norway declares war on Sweden, then captures Kalmar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1277342005#April–June", "title": "1611", "revid": 1277342005, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – King James I of England successfully mediates the Treaty of Knäred between Denmark and Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#January–March", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia. Sweden gains Ingria and Kexholm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#January–March", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – The coronation ceremony of King Gustav Adolf of Sweden takes place in Stockholm, almost six years after he succeeded to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#October–December", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1621, "year_label": "1621 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Swedish city of Gothenburg is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. The king also grants city rights to Luleå, Piteå and Torneå (Tornio). Riga falls under the rule of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358440931#Date_unknown", "title": "1621", "revid": 1358440931, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1623, "year_label": "1623 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Johannes Rudbeck founds Rudbeckianska gymnasiet, the first gymnasium in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655899#Date_unknown", "title": "1623", "revid": 1366655899, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Polish-Swedish War: Battle of Wallhof in Latvia – Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, defeats a Polish army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#January–March", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1627, "year_label": "1627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – Polish-Swedish War: Battle of Oliwa – A Polish-Lithuanian fleet defeats a Swedish fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371072250#October–December", "title": "1627", "revid": 1371072250, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1629, "year_label": "1629 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629): Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth sign the Truce of Altmark, ending the war in highly favourable terms for Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365103352#July–September", "title": "1629", "revid": 1365103352, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – Swedish warships depart from Stockholm, Sweden for Central Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#April–June", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – The Treaty of Werben is signed as an alliance between Hesse-Cassel and Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#July–September", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Thirty Years' War: Sweden and France sign the Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#January–March", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Catharina Stopia succeeds her spouse as Sweden's ambassador to Russia, becoming perhaps the first female diplomat in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#Date_unknown", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – The Treaty of Sztumska Wieś is signed between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#July–September", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Thirty Years' War: The Treaty of Hamburg is signed by France and Sweden, providing the latter with funds.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#January–March", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – In the Battle of Chemnitz, Swedish forces under Johan Banér inflict a crushing defeat on the army of the Holy Roman Empire, prolonging the Thirty Years' War and allowing the Swedes to occupy Pirna and advance into Bohemia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360051116#April–June", "title": "1639", "revid": 1360051116, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The town of Falun, Sweden is given city rights by Queen Kristina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#Date_unknown", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The village of Bro (Broo), Sweden is granted city rights for the second time and takes the name Kristinehamn (literally \"Christina's port\") after the Swedish monarch at this time, Queen Christina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256188#Date_unknown", "title": "1642", "revid": 1350256188, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1643, "year_label": "1643 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Åmål, Sweden, is granted its city charter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340617365#April–June", "title": "1643", "revid": 1340617365, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – Battle of Jüterbog (December 3 New Style): Sweden's forces defeat those of the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#October–December", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Jankau: The armies of Sweden decisively defeat the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, in one of the bloodiest battles of the war, in southern Bohemia, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Prague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#January–March", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358071698#January–March", "title": "1647", "revid": 1358071698, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – A commercial treaty between England and Sweden is signed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#April–June", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "The Stockholm Banco, the first bank to issue banknotes, is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#Undated", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – King Frederick III of Denmark signs a manifesto, de facto declaring war on Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#April–June", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 (February 26 OS) – The peace between Sweden and Denmark-Norway is concluded in Roskilde by the Treaty of Roskilde, under which Denmark is forced to cede significant territory. This leads to Sweden reaching its territorial height during its time as a great power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#January–March", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – The Assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back, with heavy losses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#January–March", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Charles XI becomes king of Sweden at the age of five, upon the death of his father, Charles X Gustavus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#January–March", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – The war between the empires of Russia and Sweden is ended with the signing of the Treaty of Cardis in what is now the Estonian city of Kärde. Russia returns those portions of Livonia and Ingria that it had taken earlier from Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#July–September", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – The Lejonkulan (\"lion's den\") opens at Stockholm in Sweden as the first permanent theater in Scandinavia, with the performance of Jean Magnon's Orontes en Satira.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#January–March", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed between England, Sweden and the United Provinces of the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989896#January–March", "title": "1668", "revid": 1365989896, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1674, "year_label": "1674 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – The Torsåker witch trials begin in the Torsåker Parish in Sweden, with over 100 men and women accused of witchcraft and the abduction of children. On June 1, 1675, the mass beheading of the 71 people convicted takes place at Häxberget, 65 of whom are women. The others are two men and four boys.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128656#October–December", "title": "1674", "revid": 1365128656, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1675, "year_label": "1675 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – After an invasion and attempt to take over the German principality of Brandenburg, the army of Sweden makes its first conquest, forcing the surrender of the fortress at Löcknitz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992546#April–June", "title": "1675", "revid": 1365992546, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – Scanian War – Battle of Lund: Sweden defeats the forces of Denmark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#October–December", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1677, "year_label": "1677 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – Battle of Landskrona: Sweden and its 13,000 troops, under the command of King Charles XI, successfully repel a 12,000-man invasion force from Denmark, commanded by King Christian V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360727449#July–September", "title": "1677", "revid": 1360727449, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1677, "year_label": "1677 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – Scanian War: Battle of Møn – Danish ships clash with a Swedish fleet under Niels Juel, between Fehmarn and Warnemünde; the Danish defeat the Swedish and capture a number of ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360727449#April–June", "title": "1677", "revid": 1360727449, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – King Charles XI of Sweden marries Princess Elonora, daughter of the late King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and sister of King Christian V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#April–June", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – At the request of King Charles XI of Sweden, the Riksdag in Sweden enacts the Great Reduction, returning fiefs which had been granted to the Swedish nobility to the Crown. The nation becomes an absolute monarchy under the rule of Charles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#October–December", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – The Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg) is founded, in response to claims made by Louis XIV of France on the Electorate of the Palatinate in western Germany. It comprises the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony and the Electorate of the Palatinate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#July–September", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1691, "year_label": "1691 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The textile factory Barnängens manufaktur is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356137934#Date_unknown", "title": "1691", "revid": 1356137934, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Great Famine of 1695–1697 begins as the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) in Swedish Estonia and spreads across Finland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden, while the \"seven ill years\" of famine in Scotland are ongoing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#Date_unknown", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Christopher Polhem starts Sweden's first technical school.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#Date_unknown", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – Crossing of the Düna: Following his victories over Denmark-Norway and Russia in 1700, Charles XII of Sweden escalates the conflict in the Great Northern War by an invasion of Poland. The Swedish defeat the army of Saxony (then in personal union with Poland) at the River Dvina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366683505#July–September", "title": "1701", "revid": 1366683505, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Great Northern War: Battle of Darsūniškis – The Swedish army of about 240 men under the command of Alexander Hummerhielm is defeated by the Polish–Saxon army of 6,000 men under Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#January–March", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – Much of the city of Uppsala, Sweden is destroyed in a fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#April–June", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 (May 16 OS) – The city of Saint Petersburg, Russia is founded, following Peter the Great's reconquest of Ingria from Sweden during the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369923832#April–June", "title": "1703", "revid": 1369923832, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Anna Eriksdotter becomes the last person to be executed for Witchcraft in Sweden. (b. 1624)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#April–June", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Deaths › April–June"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Charles XII of Sweden launches his campaign to conquer Russia, marching to the east from Altranstädt with 60,000 coalition troops. Another 16,000 soldiers are waiting on the outskirts of Riga, guarding the Swedish supply lines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#July–_September", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › July– September"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – Great Northern War: Eighteen months after losing the Battle of Warsaw, while leading a cavalry charge for Saxony against the army of Sweden, General Otto von Paykull of Swedish Livonia is beheaded outside of Stockholm, following his conviction for treason.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#January–March", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Fearful of a Swedish attack, the Russians blow up the city of Tartu, Estonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360122845#Date_unknown", "title": "1708", "revid": 1360122845, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "In Sweden, the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala is founded as the Collegium curiosorum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#Date_unknown", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Great Northern War – Capitulation of Estonia: the Swedish garrison in Reval (Tallinn) surrenders, ending Swedish rule in Estonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#October–December", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – Great Northern War – Capitulation of Livonia: the Swedish garrison in Riga surrenders, ending Swedish rule in modern Latvia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#July–September", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Great Northern War: the Battle of Fladstrand takes place at sea near Fladstrand, Jylland, between Swedish and Danish forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#April_–June", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › April –June"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 (February 30 Swedish Style, February 29 on the Julian calendar) – Sweden temporarily adopts the rare February 30, as a day to adjust the Swedish Calendar back to the Julian calendar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#January–March", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – A total solar eclipse is seen across southern England, Sweden and Finland (the last total eclipse visible in London for almost 900 years). English astronomer Edmond Halley (who is using the old style Julian calendar date of April 22) records the first observation noted of the phenomenon of \"Baily's beads\", in which higher elevations on the moon can be observed obscuring portions of the light moments before and after totality.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#April–June", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Count Carl Gyllenborg, the Swedish ambassador to Great Britain, was arrested in London for a plot to assist the Pretender to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#January–March", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 (November 30 Old Style) – King Charles XII of Sweden is killed at the Siege of Fredriksten in the Great Northern War, the last European monarch to die on a battlefield. His death ends the first era of absolute monarchy in Sweden. Five days later, when the news reaches Stockholm, his sister Princess Ulrika Eleonora proclaims herself Queen regnant of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#October_–December", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – Workers in Falun Mine, Sweden, find the apparently petrified body of \"Fet-Mats\" Israelsson (d. 1677), in a flooded part of the copper workings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365415998#October–December", "title": "1719", "revid": 1365415998, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 (January 23 Old Style) – The Riksdag of the Estates (the parliament of Sweden) recognizes Ulrika Eleonora's claim to the Swedish throne, after she has agreed to sign a new Swedish constitution. Thus, she is recognized as queen regnant of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365415998#January–March", "title": "1719", "revid": 1365415998, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Sweden and Denmark-Norway sign an armistice, halting combat in the Great Northern War between them, with final terms agreed to in the Treaty of Frederiksborg on July 3, 1720.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365415998#October–December", "title": "1719", "revid": 1365415998, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War): Sweden and Prussia sign a treaty by which part of Swedish Pomerania, including the town of Stettin, is ceded to Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358044251#January–March", "title": "1720", "revid": 1358044251, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1726, "year_label": "1726 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 (January 12 Old Style) – The Conventicle Act (Konventikelplakatet) is adopted in Sweden, outlawing all non-Lutheran religious meetings outside of church services.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372345509#January–March", "title": "1726", "revid": 1372345509, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1736, "year_label": "1736 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – The Civil Code of 1734 is passed in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559528#January–March", "title": "1736", "revid": 1360559528, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – The first national stage in Sweden opens, when Carl Gyllenborg's play Den svenska sprätthöken is performed in the Swedish language, by the first native actors, on the stage of Bollhuset in Stockholm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#October–December", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1739, "year_label": "1739 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – (June 2 Old Style); The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340647395#April–June", "title": "1739", "revid": 1340647395, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 (August 7 Old Style) – Russia and Sweden sign the Treaty of Åbo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#July–September", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – As a concession to Russia, Sweden's parliament ratifies the election of Adolphus Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, a great-grandson of King Charles XI, to be heir to the throne of Sweden. Adolphus becomes king on the death of King Frederick on April 5, 1751, marking the end of the Hesse-Kassel dynasty and the start of the dynasty of the Holstein-Gottorp that will rule Sweden from 1751 to 1818", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#July–September", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – Sweden's King Frederick I dies at the age of 74 (March 25 on the Julian calendar, which remains in effect in Sweden and Finland until 1753), after a reign of 31 years, bringing an end to the rule of Sweden by the House of Hesse because he has no legitimate heirs. Prince Adolf Frederick of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who had been elected as the crown prince in 1743, becomes the new King.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#April–June", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Sweden adopts the Gregorian calendar, by skipping the 11 days difference between it and the Julian calendar, and letting February 17 be followed directly by March 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#January–March", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1756, "year_label": "1756 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – The Coup of 1756, an attempted coup d'état planned by Queen Louisa Ulrika of Sweden, to abolish the rule of the Riksdag of the Estates and reinstate absolute monarchy in Sweden with the support of the Hovpartiet, is exposed and subdued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349937992#April–June", "title": "1756", "revid": 1349937992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Sweden signs an alliance treaty with France and Austria in the multinational effort to remove King Frederick the Great, even though Queen Consort Ulrika of Sweden is Frederick's sister. Sweden agrees to contribute 25,000 troops to the French and Austrian force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#January–March", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Pomeranian War: A column of troops from Sweden begins the surprise invasion of Prussia, setting up a pontoon bridge across the Peene River that marks the boundary between Swedish Pomerania and northern Prussia. After crossing at Loitz in the early morning hours, the troops march 10 km and begin the occupation of the undefended Prussian town of Demmin. Hours later, another Swedish infantry regiment charges across the border into the Prussian town of Anklam, where the city gate had been left open.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#July–September", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1759, "year_label": "1759 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – The Great Stockholm Fire 1759 breaks out at Södermalm in Stockholm, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354612770#July–September", "title": "1759", "revid": 1354612770, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1766, "year_label": "1766 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – The Law on the Freedom of Printing abolishes censorship in Sweden and guarantees freedom of the press, making Sweden the first country of the world to introduce constitutional protection of press freedom, and to pass wide-ranging freedom of information legislation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358061260#October–December", "title": "1766", "revid": 1358061260, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Upon the death of Adolf Frederick, he is succeeded as King of Sweden by his son Gustav III. At the time, however, Gustav is unaware of this, since he is abroad in Paris; the news of his father's death reaches him about a month later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363214109#January–_March", "title": "1771", "revid": 1363214109, "section": "Events › January– March"}}, {"year": 1772, "year_label": "1772 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – A coup d'état by King Gustav III is completed by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden, and making him an enlightened despot.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362979438#July–September", "title": "1772", "revid": 1362979438, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – The first opera performance in the Swedish language, Thetis and Phelée, performed by Carl Stenborg and Elisabeth Olin in Bollhuset in Stockholm, Sweden, marks the establishment of the Royal Swedish Opera.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365114710#January–March", "title": "1773", "revid": 1365114710, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1775, "year_label": "1775 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – The city of Kuopio, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav III of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365589248#July–December", "title": "1775", "revid": 1365589248, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1776, "year_label": "1776 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – A fire destroys major parts of the town of Askersund, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365773863#May–June", "title": "1776", "revid": 1365773863, "section": "Events › May–June"}}, {"year": 1776, "year_label": "1776 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March", "text": "March – Restrictions on the grain trade in Sweden are lifted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365773863#March–April", "title": "1776", "revid": 1365773863, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – The city of Tampere, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav III of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567590#October–December", "title": "1779", "revid": 1370567590, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1780, "year_label": "1780 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – The First League of Armed Neutrality is formed by Russia with Denmark and Sweden to try to prevent the British Royal Navy from searching neutral vessels for contraband (February 28 O.S.).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370564554#January–March", "title": "1780", "revid": 1370564554, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1783, "year_label": "1783 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – A Peace and Commercial Treaty is signed between the newly-formed United States and Sweden in Paris, among the first acts of state concluded between the U.S. and a foreign power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370056030#April–June", "title": "1783", "revid": 1370056030, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1786, "year_label": "1786 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – The settlement of Östersund is established in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370552329#October–December", "title": "1786", "revid": 1370552329, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1788, "year_label": "1788 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – The Royal Dramatic Theatre (Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern), Sweden's national drama company, is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357260814#April–June", "title": "1788", "revid": 1357260814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1789, "year_label": "1789 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – King Gustav III enforces the Union and Security Act, delivering the coup de grace to Sweden's 70-year-old parliamentarian system, in favor of absolute monarchy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818853#January–March", "title": "1789", "revid": 1368818853, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Aristocrats in Sweden gather to mourn the demise of coffee after the beverage is forbidden by royal decree.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#July–September", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – Sweden becomes the first monarchy to recognize the French Republic - Swedish ambassador introduced into the French Convention.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#January–June", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1808, "year_label": "1808 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Russia issues an ultimatum to Sweden, to join Napoleon's Continental System against the United Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369185588#January–March", "title": "1808", "revid": 1369185588, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1813, "year_label": "1813 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Großbeeren: Napoleon is defeated by Prussia and Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357692833#July–September", "title": "1813", "revid": 1357692833, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – Treaty of Kiel: Frederick VI of Denmark cedes the Kingdom of Norway into personal union with Sweden, in exchange for west Pomerania. This marks the end of the real union of Denmark-Norway.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360305709#January", "title": "1814", "revid": 1360305709, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1818, "year_label": "1818 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – Charles XIV of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373165947#April–June", "title": "1818", "revid": 1373165947, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – Pehr Henrik Ling, pioneer of physical education in Sweden (b. 1776)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#January–June", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Deaths › January–June"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Education in Sweden: A primary school system is established in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#April–June", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1844, "year_label": "1844 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Swedish chemistry professor Gustaf Erik Pasch is granted a privilege for his invention of a safety match.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372570203#Date_unknown", "title": "1844", "revid": 1372570203, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1851, "year_label": "1851 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – HSwMS Eugenie leaves from Karlskrona, Sweden to begin its voyage as the first Swedish Royal Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358777790#July–September", "title": "1851", "revid": 1358777790, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates votes to replace itself by an elected two-chamber Riksdag.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#June", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "The Swedish arms company Aktiebolaget (AB) Bofors-Gullspång, better known as Bofors, is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#Date_unknown", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Lars Magnus Ericsson starts a small mechanical workshop in Stockholm, Sweden (from April 27 partnering with Carl Johan Andersson), dealing with telegraphy equipment, which grows into the worldwide company Ericsson.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#April", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – A fire destroys the Eldkvarn gristmill in Stockholm, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#October", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1883, "year_label": "1883 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "ASEA is founded by Ludvig Fredholm in Sweden, predecessor of the global electronic equipment and engineering business ABB.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366127181#Date_unknown", "title": "1883", "revid": 1366127181, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1884, "year_label": "1884 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – Sweden's Finance Minister Robert Themptander becomes his country's Prime Minister (1884–88).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364372487#May", "title": "1884", "revid": 1364372487, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1887, "year_label": "1887 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Global construction and real estate development company Skanska is founded in Malmö, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363052310#Date_unknown", "title": "1887", "revid": 1363052310, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1889, "year_label": "1889 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – The Hammarby Roddförening (later Hammarby IF) sports club is founded in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367594292#April", "title": "1889", "revid": 1367594292, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Allmänna Idrottsklubben (AIK) sports club is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#February", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Sweden's Department of Foreign Affairs hosts a conference for delegates from Germany, Denmark, Norway, the UK, the Netherlands, Russia and Sweden to make agreements on fishing in the Arctic Ocean, the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#June", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1904, "year_label": "1904 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – Swedish Association football club IFK Göteborg is founded, becoming the 39th IFK-association.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373337754#October", "title": "1904", "revid": 1373337754, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11–12 – The steamship Amalthea, housing 80 British strikebreakers in Malmö harbour, Sweden, is bombed by Anton Nilson; 1 is killed, 20 injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#July", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – The 1912 Summer Olympics open in Stockholm, Sweden. Modern Pentathlon is contested for the first time in these games.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#May", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Astra, a predecessor of the AstraZeneca global healthcare and pharmaceutical brand, is founded in Södertälje, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#Date_unknown", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard Crisis. He is replaced by Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#February", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Soviet Russia, Sweden, Germany and France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#January", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – The world's first peaceful establishment of a social democratic government takes place in Sweden as Hjalmar Branting takes over as prime minister when Nils Edén leaves office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#March", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Ernst Alexanderson sends the first facsimile across the Atlantic Ocean, which goes to his father in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372136634#June", "title": "1924", "revid": 1372136634, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – A Swedish aeroplane rescues some survivors of the Italian North Pole expedition, including Umberto Nobile. The Soviet icebreaker Krasin saves the rest July 12.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372527586#June", "title": "1928", "revid": 1372527586, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1931, "year_label": "1931 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Austria, the UK, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United States recognize the Spanish Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310518#April", "title": "1931", "revid": 1371310518, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – In Sweden, Victor Hasselblad registers the Hasselblad Camera Company.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#January", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – British submarine collides with Swedish oil tanker Divina in the Thames Estuary and sinks; 64 die.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#January", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "An 18-year-old sailor is fined for kissing in public in Stockholm, Sweden. The law court calls his actions \"obnoxious behavior repulsive to the public morals\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#Unknown_dates", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › Unknown dates"}}, {"year": 1953, "year_label": "1953 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – The United Nations Security Council nominates Dag Hammarskjöld from Sweden as United Nations Secretary General.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310369#March", "title": "1953", "revid": 1371310369, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – 1956 Summer Olympics: Equestrian events open in Stockholm, Sweden (all other events are held in November in Melbourne, Australia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#June", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – Ingmar Bergman's film The Seventh Seal opens at cinemas in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371361971#February", "title": "1957", "revid": 1371361971, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1958, "year_label": "1958 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Brazil beats Sweden 5–2 in the final game to win the football World Cup in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371827125#June", "title": "1958", "revid": 1371827125, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – Swedish warship Vasa, sunk on her maiden voyage in 1628, is recovered from Stockholm Harbor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#April", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1963, "year_label": "1963 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – A smallpox outbreak hits Stockholm, Sweden, lasting until July.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370539540#May", "title": "1963", "revid": 1370539540, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – At 5:00 a.m. local time, all road traffic in Sweden switches from left-hand traffic pattern to right-hand traffic.<", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#September", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – In Sweden, Olof Palme is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Worker's Party, replacing Tage Erlander as Prime Minister on October 14.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#October", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5–16 – The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment is held in Stockholm, Sweden", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#June", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December", "text": "December – Chile breaks diplomatic contacts with Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#December", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1974, "year_label": "1974 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – Swedish pop group ABBA's song \"Waterloo\" wins the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest in Brighton, England, UK.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372602919#March–April", "title": "1974", "revid": 1372602919, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Sweden becomes the first country to outlaw corporal punishment in the home.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#July", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Changes to the succession to the Swedish throne come into effect, introducing absolute primogeniture, thus placing Crown Princess Victoria first in line to the throne (heir apparent), ahead of her baby brother. Sweden is the first monarchy to adopt this rule of succession. Members of the royal family may also now marry commoners without losing their place in the succession.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#January", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Sweden re-establishes diplomatic ties with the Vatican after a 450-year interruption. Sweden broke off relations in 1534 in keeping with the rise of Lutheranism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#March", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – The Herreys' song \"Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley\" wins the Eurovision Song Contest for Sweden in Luxembourg. It subsequently becomes a top-ten hit in five European countries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#May", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – The 30th Eurovision Song Contest takes place in Gothenburg, Sweden and is won by the Bobbysocks! song La det swinge for Norway.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#May", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1–10 – Pope John Paul II visits Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#June", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10–26 – Sweden hosts the UEFA Euro 1992 football tournament, which is won by Denmark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#June", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#January", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Sweden's Finance Minister Göran Persson becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#March", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Two Swedish police officers are wounded by bank robbers armed with automatic firearms, and later executed with their own service pistols in Malexander, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#May", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2000, "year_label": "2000 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – The Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is officially opened for traffic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371541477#July", "title": "2000", "revid": 1371541477, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – The European Union agree to an €85 billion rescue deal for Ireland from the European Financial Stability Facility, the International Monetary Fund and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#November", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2016, "year_label": "2016 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10–14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2016 is held in Stockholm, Sweden, and is won by Ukrainian entrant Jamala with the song \"1944\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373421880#May", "title": "2016", "revid": 1373421880, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – The 2018 Swedish general election is held to elect all 349 members of the Riksdag, Sweden's unicameral legislature.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#September", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Prosecutors in Sweden reopen the rape allegation investigation against Julian Assange. Swedish prosecutors mention their intent to seek extradition of Assange from the U.K. after he has served his 50-week prison sentence for skipping bail.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#May", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – As the final Nordic country to join the alliance, Sweden officially joins NATO, becoming its 32nd member after Finland a year earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#March", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7–11 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2024 is held in Malmö, Sweden. Swiss contestant Nemo wins with the song \"The Code\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#May", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › May"}}]}