{"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858", "qid": "Q858", "description": "country in West Asia", "entries": 239, "years": 224, "span": [-1749, 2023], "span_label": ["1750 BCE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 150}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 25}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 15}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 12}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 10}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 26}, {"slug": "antioch", "label": "Antioch", "shared": 23}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "aleppo", "label": "Aleppo", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "ancient-egypt", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "seleucid", "label": "Seleucid", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 8}], "items": [{"year": -1749, "year_label": "1750 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. 1750 BC: Investiture of Zimrilim (Zimrilim, King of Mari, before the Goddess Ishtar), facsimile of a wall painting on mud plaster from the Zimrilim palace at Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria), Court 106, is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370570236#Events", "title": "18th century BC", "revid": 1370570236, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -453, "year_label": "454 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Persian rule in Egypt is finally restored by Megabyzus, satrap of Syria, after a prolonged struggle which has included dealing with a military intervention by Athens. The leader of the revolt, Inaros II, is crucified by the Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302076125#Persian_Empire", "title": "454 BC", "revid": 1302076125, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -332, "year_label": "333 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "From Issus, Alexander marches south into Syria and Phoenicia, his object being to isolate the Persian fleet from its bases and so to destroy it as an effective fighting force. The Phoenician cities of Marathus and Aradus do not resist Alexander's armies. Parmenion is sent ahead to try to secure Damascus and its rich booty, including Darius' war chest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361013620#Events", "title": "333 BC", "revid": 1361013620, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -331, "year_label": "332 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Leaving Parmenion in Syria, Alexander advances south without opposition until he reaches Gaza where bitter resistance halts him for two months, and he sustains a serious shoulder wound during a sortie.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322067290#Macedonia", "title": "332 BC", "revid": 1322067290, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -322, "year_label": "323 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Laomedon governing Syria and Phoenicia;", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311163255#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "323 BC", "revid": 1311163255, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -319, "year_label": "320 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Judea and Syria are annexed by Ptolemy and he gives Judea a large measure of self-government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1166431272#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "320 BC", "revid": 1166431272, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -319, "year_label": "320 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander the Great's various generals control different parts of Alexander's empire. Ptolemy controls Egypt, Seleucus controls Babylon and Syria, Antipater and his son Cassander control Macedon and Greece, Antigonus controls Phrygia and other parts of Asia Minor, Lysimachus controls Thrace and Pergamum and Eumenes controls the Cappadocia and Pontus areas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1166431272#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "320 BC", "revid": 1166431272, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -318, "year_label": "319 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes allies himself with the regent Polyperchon. He manages to escape from the siege of Nora, and his forces soon threaten Syria and Phoenicia. Polyperchon recognises Eumenes as the royal general in Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1222246653#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "319 BC", "revid": 1222246653, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -313, "year_label": "314 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus invades Syria, then under Ptolemy's control, and besieges and captures Tyre. Antigonus then occupies Syria, proclaiming himself regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242240408#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "314 BC", "revid": 1242240408, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy tries to occupy Syria; he himself campaigns in Coele Syria (southern Syria) while he sends Killes, one of his generals, into northern Syria to finish off the remnants of Demetrius Poliorcetes' army. Demetrius defeats Killes at Myus and Antigonus enters Syria in force. So, after only a few months, Ptolemy evacuates his forces from Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Asia_Minor/Syria/Palestina", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor/Syria/Palestina"}}, {"year": -305, "year_label": "306 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus proclaims himself king of Asia Minor and northern Syria thus commencing the Antigonid dynasty. He appoints his son Demetrius king and co-regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326553952#Syria", "title": "306 BC", "revid": 1326553952, "section": "Events › By place › Syria"}}, {"year": -301, "year_label": "302 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following their agreement to work together to defeat Antigonus, Seleucus invades Asia Minor from Babylonia, while Ptolemy attacks Syria and Lysimachus moves into the western part of Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372589595#Asia_Minor", "title": "302 BC", "revid": 1372589595, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -300, "year_label": "301 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, the armies of Antigonus, the ruler of Syria, Asia Minor, Phoenicia and Judea, and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes are defeated by the forces of Lysimachus and Seleucus. Antigonus is killed in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554911#Asia_Minor", "title": "301 BC", "revid": 1326554911, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus is succeeded as ruler of the Seleucid Empire by Antiochus, who was already king of the Syrian part of the empire. He is immediately beset by revolts in Syria (probably instigated by Ptolemy II of Egypt) and by independence movements in northern Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Corupedium in Lydia is the last battle of the Diadochi, the rival successors to Alexander the Great. It is fought between the armies of Lysimachus, King of Thrace, Macedonia, Western Anatolia and Seleucus, ruler of Eastern Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Babylonia and Iran. Seleucus kills Lysimachus during the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Asia_Minor", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -275, "year_label": "276 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The first of the Syrian Wars starts between Egypt's Ptolemy II and Seleucid emperor Antiochus I Soter. The Egyptians invade northern Syria, but Antiochus defeats and repels his opponent's army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256257267#Egypt", "title": "276 BC", "revid": 1256257267, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -273, "year_label": "274 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Magas of Cyrene marries Apama, the daughter of Antiochus and uses his marital alliance to foment a pact to invade Egypt. He opens hostilities against his half brother Ptolemy II, by declaring his province of Cyrenaica to be independent and then attacks Egypt from the west as Antiochus I takes the Egyptian controlled areas in coastal Syria and southern Anatolia, after which he attacks Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367769282#Egypt", "title": "274 BC", "revid": 1367769282, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Erasistratus, Greek anatomist and royal physician under Seleucus I Nicator of Syria. He has founded a school of anatomy in Alexandria (b. 310 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Deaths", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus II leaves Berenice in order to live again with his former wife Laodice and his son Seleucus. However, Laodice poisons him and proclaims her son as King Seleucus II Callinicus, while her supporters in Antioch kill Berenice and her children who have taken refuge at Daphne, near Antioch, in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy III. At the time of Ptolemy II's death, Egypt comprises the ancient kingdom of Egypt in the Nile Valley, Cyrene, Judea and the coast of southern Syria, Cyprus and a number of cities on the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. The Macedonian Ptolemies maintain their authority over their territories with a small mercenary army made up of Macedonians and other Greeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Egypt", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -242, "year_label": "243 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy III returns from Syria due to a revolt in Egypt. As a result, Seleucus II is able to regain control of his kingdom with the Egyptians being pushed out of Mesopotamia and part of Northern Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172722#Egypt", "title": "243 BC", "revid": 1354172722, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -241, "year_label": "242 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The destruction of the Egyptian fleet by the Macedonians ends the naval supremacy of the Ptolemies but does not force them to relinquish their territories in Syria and the Aegean Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210520734#Egypt", "title": "242 BC", "revid": 1210520734, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Peace is finally reached between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II. Ptolemy manages to keep the Orontes River region in Syria and Antioch as well as Ephesus in Asia Minor and Thrace and Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Egypt", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -238, "year_label": "239 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus II's brother Antiochus Hierax, who is governor of Seleucid Anatolia, sends an army into Syria ostensibly to assist Seleucus but actually to seize the rest of the empire. After achieving peace with Egypt, Seleucus II promptly invades Anatolia and begins the \"War of the Brothers\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212004865#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "239 BC", "revid": 1212004865, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -226, "year_label": "227 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus Hierax tries to raise revolts against his brother Seleucus II in Syria and the east of the Seleucid kingdom. However, he is captured and exiled to Thrace, where he lives as a virtual prisoner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288758207#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "227 BC", "revid": 1288758207, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -218, "year_label": "219 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the defection of one of Ptolemy IV's leading commanders, Egypt's Syrian territories are seriously threatened by Antiochus III, thus initiating the Fourth Syrian War. When the Seleucid ruler captures the important eastern Mediterranean sea ports of Seleucia-in-Pieria, Tyre, and Ptolemais, Ptolemy IV's advisor, Sosibius, and the Ptolemaic court enter into delaying negotiations with the enemy, while the Ptolemaic army is reorganized and intensively drilled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325717539#Egypt", "title": "219 BC", "revid": 1325717539, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -206, "year_label": "207 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nabis, a Syrian sold into slavery, rises to power in Sparta and becomes regent of the young Spartan king, Pelops, following the death of Machanidas. Nabis soon overthrows Pelops, claiming to be a descendant of the Eurypontid Spartan king Demaratus. Nabis then starts a social revolution which will lead to the freeing of all the helots, the destruction of the ruling oligarchy, the redistribution of land and the cancelling of debts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018864#Greece", "title": "207 BC", "revid": 1213018864, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -203, "year_label": "204 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Syrian-based Seleucid kingdom realize Egypt's weakness and agree to partition Egypt's Anatolian and Aegean possessions. Antiochus' share is to be southern Syria, Lycia, Cilicia and Cyprus, while Philip is to gain western Anatolia and the Cyclades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115585#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "204 BC", "revid": 1300115585, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -199, "year_label": "200 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman ambassador to Greece, Syria, and Egypt, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus delivers an ultimatum to Philip V warning Macedonia not to make war on any Greek state. Philip decides to reject the Roman ultimatum and the Romans declare war on Macedon, thus starting the Second Macedonian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360771623#Greece", "title": "200 BC", "revid": 1360771623, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -194, "year_label": "195 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After Roman diplomatic intervention, Antiochus III finally halts his war with Egypt. In the peace agreement (the Peace of Lysimachia), Antiochus III formally takes possession of southern Syria, which has been fought over for 100 years by the Ptolemies and Seleucids, and also takes possession of the Egyptian territories in Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115647#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "195 BC", "revid": 1300115647, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -187, "year_label": "188 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Through the peace treaty of Apamea (in Phrygia), the Romans force the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, to surrender all his Greek and Anatolian possessions as far east as the Taurus Mountains, to pay 15,000 talents over a period of 12 years and to surrender to Rome the former Carthaginian general Hannibal, his elephants and his fleet, and furnish hostages, including the king's eldest son, Demetrius. Rome is now the master of the eastern Mediterranean while Antiochus III's empire is reduced to Syria, Mesopotamia, and western Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560521#Roman_Republic", "title": "188 BC", "revid": 1369560521, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -186, "year_label": "187 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king, Antiochus III, attempts to collect tribute from a temple near Susa, Persia, where he was killed. He is succeeded by his son, Seleucus IV, who inherits an empire consisting of Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, western Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1223702100#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "187 BC", "revid": 1223702100, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -186, "year_label": "187 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius I Soter, king of Syria (approximate year)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1223702100#Births", "title": "187 BC", "revid": 1223702100, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -174, "year_label": "175 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Seleucus IV of Syria arranges for the exchange of his brother Antiochus for Demetrius, the son of Seleucus IV, who has been a hostage in Rome following the Treaty of Apamea in 188 BC. However, Seleucus IV is assassinated by his chief minister Heliodorus, who then seizes the Syrian throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361124288#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "175 BC", "revid": 1361124288, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -165, "year_label": "166 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Antiochus IV mounts a campaign against the Parthians who are threatening his empire in the east. He leaves his chancellor, Lysias, with responsibility for the government of southern Syria and the guardianship of his son.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983742#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "166 BC", "revid": 1209983742, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -165, "year_label": "166 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mattathias, father of Judas Maccabaeus, Jewish priest from Modi'in, near Jerusalem, who has started and briefly led a rebellion by the Jews in Judea against the Seleucid kingdom of Syria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983742#Deaths", "title": "166 BC", "revid": 1209983742, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -163, "year_label": "164 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes (\"God Manifest\"), Seleucid king of the Syrian kingdom who has reigned since 175 BC, and has encouraged Greek culture and institutions but also attempted to suppress Judaism, which has led to the uprisings in Judea towards the end of his reign (b. c. 215 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884961#Deaths", "title": "164 BC", "revid": 1288884961, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -161, "year_label": "162 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lysias or Lusias, Seleucid general and governor of Syria and regent for Antiochus V Eupator", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480795#Deaths", "title": "162 BC", "revid": 1370480795, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -152, "year_label": "153 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt deteriorate to the point where they support a rival claimant to the Syrian throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the former Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and, therefore, a first cousin of Demetrius. He has been \"discovered\" by Heracleides, a former minister of Antiochus IV and brother of Timarchus, who has been executed by Demetrius I Soter in 160 BC after leading a revolt against him in Media.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342803245#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "153 BC", "revid": 1342803245, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius I Soter, Seleucid king of Syria (b. c. 187 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Deaths", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -146, "year_label": "147 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius II of Syria returns to Syria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561239#Syria", "title": "147 BC", "revid": 1369561239, "section": "Events › By place › Syria"}}, {"year": -91, "year_label": "92 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "92 BC Levant earthquake, earthquake mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. An earthquake and a tsunami reportedly affected areas of the Levant, including the modern states of Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328379180#Levant", "title": "92 BC", "revid": 1328379180, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": -63, "year_label": "64 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pompey annexes Syria and captures Jerusalem, annexing Judea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139759#Roman_Republic", "title": "64 BC", "revid": 1305139759, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -54, "year_label": "55 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mithridates IV, claimant to the throne of Parthia, supported by Aulus Gabinius, Roman governor of Syria, is defeated by Surena, general under Orodes, in the Battle of Seleucia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737843#Parthia", "title": "55 BC", "revid": 1364737843, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -53, "year_label": "54 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Crassus arrives in Syria as proconsul and invades the Parthian Empire, initiating the Roman–Persian Wars, which were to last nearly seven centuries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327053231#Roman_Republic", "title": "54 BC", "revid": 1327053231, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Junius Brutus proceeds to secure his position in Thrace and Macedonia. Gaius Cassius Longinus campaigns in Syria and defeats the army of Publius Cornelius Dolabella at Laodicea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Roman_Republic", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pacorus crosses, with the help of Quintus Labienus, the Euphrates and invades Syria. The capital Antioch surrenders, and the Parthians take Phoenicia and Judea. However, they cannot besiege the fortified city of Tyre, because they have no fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Parthia", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor › Parthia"}}, {"year": -38, "year_label": "39 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Antonius dispatches Publius Ventidius Bassus with 11 legions to the East and drives Quintus Labienus out of Asia Minor. Labienus retreats into Syria, where he receives Parthian reinforcements. Ventidius finally defeats him in the battle at the Taurus Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326022052#Roman_Republic", "title": "39 BC", "revid": 1326022052, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -36, "year_label": "37 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Caesar Augustus (Octavian) engineers the \"Second Pact of Tarentum\" which renews the Triumvirate for an additional five years. Mark Antony exchanges 120 ships, for service against Sextus Pompeius. Octavian Caesar donates 1,000 troops from the Praetorian Guard and 20,000 legionaries for the Parthian campaign in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862706#Roman_Republic", "title": "37 BC", "revid": 1325862706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -4, "year_label": "5 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Vitellius the Elder, Roman consul and governor of Syria (d. AD 51)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#5_BC", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Births › 5 BC"}}, {"year": 19, "year_label": "19 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Germanicus Julius Caesar, commander in chief of the Roman legions in the East and beloved by the legionaries, falls ill and dies. On his deathbed he accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 19 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 39, "year_label": "39 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Caligula orders that a statue of himself be placed in the Temple in Jerusalem. The governor of Syria, Publius Petronius, who is responsible for having an erecting the statue, faces mass demonstrations by Jews of the region and manages to delay construction of the statue until the death of Caligula in AD 41.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Palestine", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 39 AD › Palestine"}}, {"year": 46, "year_label": "46 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "A large famine occurred across Syria, recorded by Orosius, Suetonius, Tacitus and Josephus, due to bad harvests.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_46", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 46"}}, {"year": 54, "year_label": "54 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Corbulo inspects a base of Legio X Fretensis in Syria, at Cyrrhus; the Roman legionaries are demoralized by a \"long peace\". Many soldiers sell their helmets and shields.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Syrian", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 54 AD › Syrian"}}, {"year": 62, "year_label": "62 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Rhandeia: The Roman army (two legions) is defeated by the Parthians under king Tiridates I. Paetus surrenders and withdraws his disheveled army to Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363561412#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 62", "revid": 1363561412, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 62, "year_label": "62 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Parthians invade Armenia and lay siege to Tigranocerta. The city is well-fortified and garrisoned by the Romans. The assault fails and king Vologases I retreats. Instead, he makes preparations to invade Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363561412#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 62", "revid": 1363561412, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 66, "year_label": "66 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Battle of Beth-Horon: Gallus abandons the siege of Jerusalem and chooses, for uncertain reasons, to withdraw west to winter quarters, where he is ambushed and defeated by Judean rebels. Some 5,300 Roman troops are killed, as well as all their pack animals, their artillery (which is to serve the Jews of Jerusalem during Titus's siege operations four years later), and the greatest disgrace of all, the eagle standard of Legio XII Fulminata. Gallus abandons his troops in disarray, fleeing to Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330182683#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 66", "revid": 1330182683, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 67, "year_label": "67 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Licinius Mucianus replaces Gaius Cestius Gallus as governor of Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185877#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 67", "revid": 1371185877, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 71, "year_label": "71 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Reign of Rabel II, king of Nabataea. He makes Bostra, Syria, his second capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185937#Asia", "title": "AD 71", "revid": 1371185937, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 92, "year_label": "92 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman army moves into Mesopotamia (modern Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330324122#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 92", "revid": 1330324122, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 115, "year_label": "115 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "An earthquake destroys Apamea and Antioch in Syria. The local bishop is held responsible (he will be martyred and remembered as St. Ignatius).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191693#Asia", "title": "AD 115", "revid": 1371191693, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 116, "year_label": "116 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Trajan makes Syria a province of Rome and crosses the Tigris to annex Adiabene. He proceeds with his army to the Persian Gulf and conquers territory that becomes the province of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326275#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 116", "revid": 1330326275, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 129, "year_label": "129 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Hadrian continues his voyages, now inspecting Caria, Cappadocia and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186871#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 129", "revid": 1371186871, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 162, "year_label": "162 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Verus begins a war with the Parthians, due to the invasion of Syria and Armenia by King Vologases IV of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371301532#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 162", "revid": 1371301532, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 172, "year_label": "172 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, suppresses an agrarian revolt in Egypt and is made supreme commander of the Roman army in the East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303180#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 172", "revid": 1371303180, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 173, "year_label": "173 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Given control of the Eastern Empire, Avidius Cassius, the governor of Syria, crushes an insurrection of shepherds known as the Boukoloi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303331#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 173", "revid": 1371303331, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 175, "year_label": "175 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Aurelius suppresses a revolt of Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, after the latter proclaims himself emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304741#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 175", "revid": 1371304741, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 193, "year_label": "193 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Pertinax is assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard, who storm the imperial palace. The Empire is auctioned off; Marcus Didius Julianus the highest bidder, offers 300 million sesterces for the throne. Roman governors Clodius Albinus (Britannia) and Pescennius Niger (Syria) claim, with support of their troops, the imperial throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310592#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 193", "revid": 1371310592, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 194, "year_label": "194 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Issus: Septimius Severus marches with his army (12 legions) to Cilicia, and defeats Pescennius Niger, Roman governor of Syria. Pescennius retreats to Antioch, and is executed by Severus' troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310793#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 194", "revid": 1371310793, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 195, "year_label": "195 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman province of Syria is divided and the role of Antioch is diminished. The Romans annex the Syrian cities of Edessa and Nisibis. Severus re-establishes his headquarters and the colonies there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314035#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 195", "revid": 1371314035, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 218, "year_label": "218 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – Julia Maesa, an aunt of the assassinated Emperor Caracalla, is banished to her home in Syria by the self-proclaimed emperor Macrinus, and declares her grandson Elagabalus, age 14, emperor of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188214#Roman_Empire", "title": "218", "revid": 1371188214, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 230, "year_label": "230 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Ardashir I of the Persian Empire invades the Roman province of Mesopotamia, and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town of Nisibis (Turkey). His army threatens the border outposts of Syria and Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371190910#Persian_Empire", "title": "230", "revid": 1371190910, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": 231, "year_label": "231 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Alexander Severus accompanies his mother Julia Mamaea to Syria, and campaigns against the Persians. Military command rests in the hands of his generals, but his presence gives additional weight to the empire's policy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281566582#Roman_Empire", "title": "231", "revid": 1281566582, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 232, "year_label": "232 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman–Persian Wars: Emperor Alexander Severus launches a three-pronged counterattack against the Persian forces of King Ardashir I, who have invaded Mesopotamia. However, the Roman army advancing through Armenia is halted. Alexander gives the order to march to the capital at Ctesiphon, but the Romans are defeated, and withdraw to Syria. The result is an acceptance of the status quo, and after heavy losses on both sides, a truce is signed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191236#Roman_Empire", "title": "232", "revid": 1371191236, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 241, "year_label": "241 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Dura-Europos church is converted from a house in Syria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304577#Religion", "title": "241", "revid": 1371304577, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 243, "year_label": "243 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Resaena: A Roman army under Timesitheus defeats the Sassanids at Resaena (modern Syria); King Shapur I is forced to flee to the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188641#Roman_Empire", "title": "243", "revid": 1371188641, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 244, "year_label": "244 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "244–245 – Last phase of construction of the house-style Dura-Europos synagogue in Syria, one of the oldest to survive (wall-paintings in the National Museum of Damascus, Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227716#Religion", "title": "244", "revid": 1371227716, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 251, "year_label": "251 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sassanid King Shapur I orders an invasion of Syria, with the intent of finally capturing the city of Antioch during the campaign of 251–254.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188077#Persia", "title": "251", "revid": 1371188077, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 252, "year_label": "252 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I defeats the Roman army (some 70,000 men) at Barbalissos in Syria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372042709#Roman_Empire", "title": "252", "revid": 1372042709, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 253, "year_label": "253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats a Roman field army at Barbalissos in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188254#Roman_Empire", "title": "253", "revid": 1371188254, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 256, "year_label": "256 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Shapur I of the Sasanian Empire invades Mesopotamia and Syria. He conquers and plunders Antioch, destroys Dura-Europos, and sacks the Anatolian city of Zeugma on the Euphrates. A devastating fire and an earthquake soon follow, causing Zeugma to be abandoned.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188385#Roman_Empire", "title": "256", "revid": 1371188385, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 257, "year_label": "257 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Valerian recovers Antioch, Syria from King Shapur I of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187339#Roman_Empire", "title": "257", "revid": 1371187339, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 259, "year_label": "259 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Valerian leads an army (70,000 men) to relieve Edessa, besieged by the forces of Persian King Shapur I. An outbreak of a plague kills many legionaries, weakening the Roman position in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331138913#Roman_Empire", "title": "259", "revid": 1331138913, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 269, "year_label": "269 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Queen Zenobia conquers Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, parts of Mesopotamia and Anatolia and Egypt, giving her control of Rome's grain supply. The library at Alexandria is partly burned during a raid by Zabdas, general of Zenobia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227782#Near_East", "title": "269", "revid": 1371227782, "section": "Events › By place › Near East"}}, {"year": 272, "year_label": "272 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Immae: Aurelian defeats the Palmyrene heavy cavalry (clibanarii) near Antioch. Queen Zenobia flees under cover of darkness to Emesa (Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371192173#Roman_Empire", "title": "272", "revid": 1371192173, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 280, "year_label": "280 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Julius Saturninus, governor of Syria, is in Alexandria, charged with the defense of the East. He is declared emperor and withdraws to Apamea. Probus besieges the city and puts him to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495474#Roman_Empire", "title": "280", "revid": 1367495474, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 337, "year_label": "337 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Shapur II besieges the Roman fortress of Nisibis (Syria), but is repulsed by forces under Lucilianus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342549552#Persia", "title": "337", "revid": 1342549552, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 375, "year_label": "375 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Saint Jerome retires to the desert of Chalcis (Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205031#Religion", "title": "375", "revid": 1349205031, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 388, "year_label": "388 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A group of Christians storms the synagogue of the city Callinicum (Syria), at the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321355496#Religion", "title": "388", "revid": 1321355496, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns begin their large-scale attack on the Eastern Roman Empire. They invade Armenia, Cappadocia, and enter parts of Syria, threatening Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Asia", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 421, "year_label": "421 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Ardaburius devastates Arzanene (Armenia) and forces the Persians to retreat to Nisibis (Syria). King Bahram V allies himself with the Lakhmid Arabs of Hirah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364903948#Persia", "title": "421", "revid": 1364903948, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 423, "year_label": "423 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Theodoret becomes bishop of Cyrrhus (Syria). He converts more than 1,000 Marcionites in his diocese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741573#Religion", "title": "423", "revid": 1364741573, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 445, "year_label": "445 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Domnus II, Patriarch of Antioch, summons a synod of Syrian bishops to confirm the deposition of Athanasius of Perrha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338118826#Religion", "title": "445", "revid": 1338118826, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 475, "year_label": "475 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Church of Saint Simeon Stylites is consecrated in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137651#Religion", "title": "475", "revid": 1360137651, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 482, "year_label": "482 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Zeno promulgates an Edict of Union (Henotikon), in an unsuccessful effort to soften the decision made at the Council of Chalcedon (451), and resolve differences between the Eastern and Western Churches. Zeno wishes to placate the Monophysite churches of Egypt, Palestine and Syria for political reasons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789374#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "482", "revid": 1340789374, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 484, "year_label": "484 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Leontius raises a rebellion against emperor Zeno, who also faces a revolt from the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great. He sends an army to Syria, but is defeated by the Byzantine general Illus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749511#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "484", "revid": 1364749511, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 494, "year_label": "494 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "An earthquake devastates the port town of Latakia (modern Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790268#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "494", "revid": 1340790268, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 512, "year_label": "512 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first written text in the Arabic alphabet is recorded at Zabad (Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170659#Literature", "title": "512", "revid": 1369170659, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 526, "year_label": "526 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Probably between May 20 and May 29 – 526 Antioch earthquake: A great earthquake kills approximately 250,000 people in Syria and Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754141#Middle_East", "title": "526", "revid": 1364754141, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 531, "year_label": "531 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army (20,000 men), commanded by Belisarius, is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria). Emperor Justinian I negotiates an end to the hostilities, and Belisarius is hailed as a hero.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343342#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "531", "revid": 1351343342, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Evagrius Scholasticus, Syrian scholar (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Births", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 543, "year_label": "543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Khosrow I, Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire, invades Syria again, and turns south towards Edessa to besiege the fortress city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799598#Persia", "title": "543", "revid": 1340799598, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 545, "year_label": "545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I sends Narses, Byzantine general, to the rulers of the Heruli, to recruit troops for the campaigns in Italy and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799600#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "545", "revid": 1340799600, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 555, "year_label": "555 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "An earthquake devastates the city of Latakia (modern Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356951195#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "555", "revid": 1356951195, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine-Sassanid War: King Khosrau I seeks peace, but dies before an agreement can be reached. The Mesopotamian front becomes stalemated, and Maurice (magister militum of the East) fortifies the borders in Armenia and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 583, "year_label": "583 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad, age 12, accompanies his uncle Abu Talib during trading journeys to Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372793107#Arabia", "title": "583", "revid": 1372793107, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 586, "year_label": "586 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Page with the Crucifixion, from the \"Rabbula Gospels\", at the Monastery of St. John in Beth Zagba (Syria), is completed. It is now kept at the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748798#Art", "title": "586", "revid": 1364748798, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Maurice, seeing an opportunity to end the prolonged war to the advantage of Constantinople, assists Khosrau II to regain the Persian throne. He sends a Byzantine army (35,000 men) under Narses into Mesopotamia, through Syria. At the same time, an expeditionary force in Armenia advances through Caucasian Iberia into Media (modern Azerbaijan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 611, "year_label": "611 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: The Persian army under Shahrbaraz captures Antioch, and most of the remaining Byzantine fortresses in Syria and Mesopotamia. King Khosrau II is re-establishing a neo-Persian Empire, and intensifies his war effort. The Byzantine army, ruined by defeat and corruption, offers only half-hearted opposition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802764#Persian_Empire", "title": "611", "revid": 1340802764, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": 613, "year_label": "613 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Antioch: Heraclius mobilises a Byzantine expeditionary force to Antioch (Syria), but is completely defeated outside the city by the Persians. Shahin Vahmanzadegan makes further inroads into Central and Western Anatolia. In Syria, Shahrbaraz captures the cities of Damascus, Apamea and Emesa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755983#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "613", "revid": 1364755983, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 617, "year_label": "617 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine-Sassanid War: The Persian army under Shahin Vahmanzadegan conquers Chalcedon in Anatolia, and reaches the Bosporus, threatening Constantinople. Emperor Heraclius begins peace negotiations, promising an annual tribute of 1,000 talents of gold and silver. Shahin withdraws with his army to Syria, to focus on the invasion of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751852#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "617", "revid": 1364751852, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 622, "year_label": "622 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius sails from Constantinople with an expeditionary force (probably 50,000 men), and starts a counter-offensive against the Persian Empire (his young son, Constantine III, is left behind as regent under the charge of Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople, and patrician Bonus). He lands a few days later at the junction of Cilicia and Syria, near Alexandretta and ancient Issus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342469#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "622", "revid": 1368342469, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – (17 Ramadah 2 AH) The Battle of Badr takes place in what is now Saudi Arabia as Muhammad and some 300 of his followers from Medina surprise a reinforced Meccan caravan at Badr (modern-day Saudi Arabia) returning from Syria, and defeat about 1,000 Quraysh from Mecca. After having heard that clan leader Abu Sufyan is escorting a rich trade caravan, Muhammad has the wells along its route (southwest of Medina) filled with sand in order to lure him into battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#January–June", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By date › January–June"}}, {"year": 636, "year_label": "636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068315#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "636", "revid": 1267068315, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Hazir: Muslim Arab forces (17,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeat the Byzantine army near Qinnasrin (Northern Syria). The cities of Beirut and Tyre are captured by Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan after a short siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Arabian_Empire", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Emperor Heraclius, age 65, dies of dropsy at Constantinople after a 31-year reign. He reorganized the imperial administration, but lost Armenia, parts of Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Byzantine Mesopotamia to the Muslim Arabs. Heraclius is succeeded by his sons Constantine III and Heraklonas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 649, "year_label": "649 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, governor of Syria, develops an Arab navy in the Levant and uses it to confront the Byzantine Empire in the Aegean Sea. It is manned by Monophysitise Christian, Coptic and Syrian Christian sailors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938693#Arabian_Empire", "title": "649", "revid": 1365938693, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 653, "year_label": "653 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II voluntarily surrenders Armenia to the Arabs, following a truce with Muawiyah, governor of Syria. Muawiyah grants the Armenians virtual autonomy, and appoints the nakharar Theodor Rshtuni as ruler of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635810#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "653", "revid": 1367635810, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muawiyah, governor of Syria, stations a large garrison on Cyprus. He conquers the Greek island of Kos in the Dodecanese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Arabian_Caliphate", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Caliphate"}}, {"year": 657, "year_label": "657 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 - July 28 – Battle of Siffin: Muslim forces under Ali ibn Abi-Talib fight an inconclusive battle against Mu'awiya I, on the banks of the Euphrates, near Raqqa (Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804374#Arab_Empire", "title": "657", "revid": 1340804374, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Empire"}}, {"year": 684, "year_label": "684 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Mu'awiya II dies at Damascus, after a brief reign that ends Sufyanid rule. A new caliph is proclaimed in Syria amidst tribal wars, but Marwan I will reign until next year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805928#Arabian_Empire", "title": "684", "revid": 1340805928, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 685, "year_label": "685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of 'Ayn al-Warda: An Umayyad army (20,000 men) under Husayn ibn Numayr defeats the pro-Alid Kufans at Ras al-'Ayn (Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749113#Arabian_Empire", "title": "685", "revid": 1364749113, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 694, "year_label": "694 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mardaites raid Muslim-held territories, from their chief stronghold Hagioupolis, in northern Syria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806245#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "694", "revid": 1340806245, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 697, "year_label": "697 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Syrian forces under Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, governor of Iraq, defeat the Persian Kharijites, who have captured the city of Mosul and occupy large parts of Mesopotamia (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361010652#Arabian_Empire", "title": "697", "revid": 1361010652, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn–winter – The Byzantine general Heraclius, brother of Tiberios III, crosses the mountain passes of the Taurus Mountains into Cilicia with an army. He launches a campaign in Syria, defeats an Arab force from Antioch, and raids as far as Samosata (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 701, "year_label": "701 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim: Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan sends Syrian troops to reinforce the Muslim army of Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. He faces a 200,000-man army under Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath near Kufa (modern Iraq). Al-Ash'ath is defeated, and his rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806807#Arabian_Empire", "title": "701", "revid": 1340806807, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 706, "year_label": "706 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Al-Walid I commissions the construction of the Great Mosque of Damascus (Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367660928#Religion", "title": "706", "revid": 1367660928, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – A destructive earthquake, with six months of aftershocks, affects Syria and Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Asia", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – Caliph Umar II is poisoned by a servant, and dies in Aleppo (Syria) after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousin Yazid II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Arabian_Empire", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 727, "year_label": "727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Khazar War: The Khazars drive back the Muslim invasion, led by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, into Mesopotamia. Reinforced with Syrian troops, Maslama counterattacks and takes Georgia, establishing the northern frontier on the Caucasus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372352645#Asia", "title": "AD 727", "revid": 1372352645, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 731, "year_label": "731 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Pope Gregory II dies at Rome after a 16-year reign, in which he has fought Iconoclasm. He is succeeded by the Syrian-born cleric Gregory III, as the 90th pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358697487#Religion", "title": "731", "revid": 1358697487, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 741, "year_label": "741 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Great Berber Revolt: Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik appoints Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi as governor (wali) of Ifriqiya (North Africa). A fourth expedition is sent from Syria by the Umayyad Caliphate to crush the rebellion in the Atlas region, but is defeated at the Battle of Bagdoura, in the plain of the Ghrab (modern Morocco). The counter-attack of the Kharijite rebels to the East is successful, but fails to conquer Kairouan from the loyalists. A more radical branch of the Tunisian Kharijites, (the Sufrists) however, manages to take the city soon after.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322653390#Africa", "title": "741", "revid": 1322653390, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 746, "year_label": "746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine Wars: Taking advantage of discontent among the Muslim Arabs, Emperor Constantine V invades Syria, and captures Germanikeia (modern Turkey). He organises the resettlement of part of the local Christian population in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809747#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "746", "revid": 1340809747, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 756, "year_label": "756 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Constantine V builds a series of fortifications along the Byzantine frontier on the Danube, and starts settling Christian Armenians and Syrians in the Thracesian Theme. In response, Kormisosh, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, demands the payment of tribute. Constantine refuses, and the Bulgars raid into Thrace, reaching the Anastasian Wall stretching between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara (near the outskirts of Constantinople).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654675#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "756", "revid": 1366654675, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 757, "year_label": "757 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – A major earthquake strikes Palestine and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341678247#Catastrophe", "title": "AD 757", "revid": 1341678247, "section": "Events › By topic › Catastrophe"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: Emperor Theophilos invades the Abbasid dominions, and reaches the Euphrates River in north-eastern Syria. He captures and sacks the city of Tarsus, but is defeated in Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Abbasid_Empire_and_Byzantine_Empire", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire and Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 903, "year_label": "903 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Battle of Hama: Abbasid forces under Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib defeat the Qarmatians near Hama, on the banks of the Orontes River (modern Syria). The Qarmatian army is scattered and pursued by Abbasid troops; Al-Husayn ibn Zikrawayh and other Qarmatian leaders are captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346096497#Arabian_Empire", "title": "903", "revid": 1346096497, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 905, "year_label": "905 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Caliph Al-Muktafi sends an Abbasid army (10,000 men) led by Muhammad ibn Sulayman to re-establish control over Syria and Egypt. The campaign is supported from the sea by a fleet from the frontier districts of Cilicia under Damian of Tarsus. He leads his ships up the Nile River, raids the coast, and intercepts the supplies for the Tulunids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350019271#Arabian_Empire", "title": "905", "revid": 1350019271, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 965, "year_label": "965 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Nikephoros II conquers the fortress cities of Tarsus and Mopsuestia. The Muslim residents abandon the defense and flee into Syria. Nikephoros completes the conquest of Cilicia; Muslim raids into Anatolia (modern Turkey) permanently cease. Byzantine troops under General Niketas Chalkoutzes occupy Cyprus, liberating the Greek population from Muslim domination.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371364470#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "965", "revid": 1371364470, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 969, "year_label": "969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Siege of Antioch: Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes (during a night attack) seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Hamdanids is completed three days later, when reinforcements under the stratopedarches Peter Phokas arrive. The Byzantine army then moves deeper into Syrian territory — besieging and taking the city of Aleppo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590679#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "969", "revid": 1365590679, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 975, "year_label": "975 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor John I raids Mesopotamia and invades Syria, using the Byzantine base at Antioch to press southwards to Tripoli. He conquers the cities of Baalbek, Damascus, Sidon, Tiberias and Caesarea, but fails to take Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513424#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "975", "revid": 1341513424, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 976, "year_label": "976 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – Emperor John I Tzimiskes dies at Constantinople, after returning from a second campaign against the Abbasids in Syria. He is buried in the Church of Christ Chalkites, and succeeded by his 18-year-old nephew Basil II, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. The administration remains in the hands of Basil Lekapenos (an illegitimate son of the late Emperor Romanos I).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468275#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "976", "revid": 1364468275, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 979, "year_label": "979 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Jawhar as-Siqilli is dismissed as vizier of Egypt after an unsuccessful campaign in Syria (near Damascus). He is replaced by Ya'qub ibn Killis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908361#Africa", "title": "979", "revid": 1341908361, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Fatimid troops under the defecting Hamdanid governor of Homs, Bakjur, attack Aleppo (modern Syria), but are repulsed through the intervention of the Byzantine army. Bardas Phokas (the Younger) sacks the city, while Bakjur flees to Fatimid territory in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Arabian_Empire", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 991, "year_label": "991 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5: 991 Damascus earthquake in Syria: According to historian George Elmacin (13th century), the earthquake caused the fall of 1,000 houses in Damascus itself, and many people were trapped in their ruins and died. The village of Beglabec was reportedly engulfed, due to the earthquake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261005#Events", "title": "991", "revid": 1365261005, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 994, "year_label": "994 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid forces, under Turkish general Manjutakin (also the governor of Damascus), besiege Apamea (modern Syria). Emperor Basil II sends a Byzantine expeditionary army, led by Dux Michael Bourtzes, to relieve the city in alliance with the Hamdanid Dynasty. Manjutakin defeats the Hamdanids with his forces and attacks the Byzantine force in the rear. The Byzantine army panics and flees, losing some 5,000 men in the process.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350027284#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "994", "revid": 1350027284, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 995, "year_label": "995 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Basil II launches a counter-campaign against the Fatimid Caliphate. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary army (13,000 men) to aid the Hamdanid emir Sa'id al-Dawla, and crosses Asia Minor in only sixteen days. Basil lifts the siege of Aleppo, and takes over the Orontes Valley. He incorporates Syria into the Byzantine Empire (including the larger city of Antioch) which is the seat of its eponymous Patriarch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360634539#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "995", "revid": 1360634539, "section": "Events › Asia › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 998, "year_label": "998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – Battle of Apamea: Byzantine forces under governor (doux) Damian Dalassenos besiege the fortress city of Apamea for control over northern Syria. The Fatimids send a relief army from Damascus – and defeat the Byzantines, Dalassenos is killed by a Kurdish officer in battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593041#Arabian_Empire", "title": "998", "revid": 1365593041, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sa'id al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir of Aleppo (Syria)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Deaths", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1009, "year_label": "1009 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Abu Muhammad Lu'lu' al-Kabir, emir of Aleppo (Syria)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910037#Deaths", "title": "1009", "revid": 1341910037, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1068, "year_label": "1068 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Romanos IV begins a campaign against the Seljuk Turks, leading a Byzantine expeditionary force (which is in poor condition). He is successful in recapturing the fortress city of Hieropolis (modern-day Manbij) near Aleppo in northern Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372127712#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1068", "revid": 1372127712, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1099, "year_label": "1099 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, count of Toulouse (Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leave Antioch, and head south towards Jerusalem. They are joined by forces of Tancred (a nephew of Bohemond I) and Robert II, duke of Normandy. Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir of Shaizar (modern Syria), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across the Orontes River (between Shaizar and Hama).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265715#First_Crusade", "title": "1099", "revid": 1365265715, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1104, "year_label": "1104 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Toghtekin, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Damascus, founds a short-lived principality in Syria (the first example of a series of Seljuk-ruled dynasties).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271015#Levant", "title": "1104", "revid": 1365271015, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1107, "year_label": "1107 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emir Fadl ibn Rabi'ah is expelled by Toghtekin, ruler (atabeg) of Damascus in Syria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266728#Levant", "title": "1107", "revid": 1365266728, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1110, "year_label": "1110 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December", "text": "December – Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of Galilee, brings the Crusader castle Krak des Chevaliers in Syria under his control. He remains regent of the Principality of Antioch in the name of his cousin Bohemond II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871350#Levant", "title": "1110", "revid": 1368871350, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1115, "year_label": "1115 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Battle of Sarmin: The Crusaders, under Prince Roger of Salerno, surprise and rout the Seljuk Turkish army (some 8,000 men), led by Emir Bursuq ibn Bursuq, at Sarmin (modern Syria). Bursuq barely avoids capture, and escapes with a few hundred horsemen. Roger reoccupies the fortress of Kafartab, and consolidates his territory around Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369310142#Levant", "title": "1115", "revid": 1369310142, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1116, "year_label": "1116 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Crusaders under King Baldwin I of Jerusalem undertake an expedition to Egypt and march as far as Akaba on the Red Sea. After the local inhabitants flee from the town, Baldwin constructs castles in Akaba and on a nearby island. He leaves a garrison in both fortresses. The three Crusader strongholds – Montréal, Eilat, and Graye – secure the control of the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168627#Levant", "title": "1116", "revid": 1362168627, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1119, "year_label": "1119 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Battle of Hab: The Crusaders under King Baldwin II of Jerusalem (supported by forces of Pons, Count of Tripoli) defeat Ilghazi's army at Ariha in Syria. Baldwin manages to re-capture all of the Crusader castles and returns to Antioch in triumph. He stabilizes the frontiers and prevents Ilghazi from marching on Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361127585#Levant", "title": "1119", "revid": 1361127585, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1120, "year_label": "1120 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Baldwin II leads an expedition to Antioch to defend the northern Crusader states. He signs a 1-year truce with Ilghazi, Artuqid ruler of Mardin, securing the possession of Kafartab and other fortresses in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1298169999#Levant", "title": "1120", "revid": 1298169999, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1122, "year_label": "1122 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Count Joscelin I and Waleran of Le Puiset are taken prisoner by Turkish forces led by Belek Ghazi near Saruj in northern Syria. Belek offers Joscelin liberty in return for the cession of Edessa. He refuses to accept these terms; Joscelin and Waleran and 60 other Crusaders are taken to the castle at Kharput.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373038979#Levant", "title": "1122", "revid": 1373038979, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1136, "year_label": "1136 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Raymond of Poitiers, son of the late Duke William IX of Aquitaine, arrives at Antioch. Patriarch Ralph of Domfront (against the wishes of Princess Alice) arranges a marriage in secret with her 8-year-old daughter Constance. She is kidnapped and taken to the cathedral in Antioch, where Ralph hastily marries her to Raymond. Alice leaves the city, now under the control of Raymond and Ralph, and retires to Latakia, Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584360#Levant", "title": "1136", "revid": 1365584360, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Siege of Edessa: The Crusaders under Joscelin II recapture Edessa (Northern Syria) from Nur ad-Din, Seljuk ruler of Damascus. After not receiving support from the other Crusader states, Nur ad-Din counter-raids the territory of Antioch but withdraws his forces to retake Edessa in November.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Levant", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Imad ad-Din Zengi, Seljuk ruler of Syria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Deaths", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, encamps before Damascus and overthrows Mujir al-Din by force with support of the Jewish citizens, who open the eastern gate to the bulk of his army. Mujir flees to the citadel, but capitulates after only a few hours. He is offered his life and the Emirate of Homs. A few weeks later Mujir is suspected of plotting with old friends in Damascus and is exiled to Baghdad. Damascus is annexed to Zangid territory and all of Syria is unified under the authority of Nur al-Din, from Edessa in the north to the Hauran to the south.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Levant", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1164, "year_label": "1164 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Saladin accompanies his uncle, General Shirkuh, with an army sent to the Fatimid Caliphate (modern Egypt) by Nur al-Din, ruler (atabeg) of Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164526#Levant", "title": "1164", "revid": 1362164526, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1167, "year_label": "1167 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – Amalric I accepts a peace treaty and enters Alexandria at the head of the Crusader army. Saladin and his troops are escorted out with full military honours, and retreats to Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361983030#Egypt", "title": "1167", "revid": 1361983030, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1173, "year_label": "1173 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Saladin leads an expeditionary army against the Bedouin tribes in Oultrejordain to secure a route between Egypt and Syria. He raids the region at Kerak Castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300112960#Egypt", "title": "1173", "revid": 1300112960, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1174, "year_label": "1174 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler of Syria (b. 1118)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362171775#Deaths", "title": "1174", "revid": 1362171775, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1174, "year_label": "1174 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Syria, dies at Damascus after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his 11-year-old son As-Salih Ismail al-Malik. Meanwhile, Saladin declares himself his regent and vassal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362171775#Levant", "title": "1174", "revid": 1362171775, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1176, "year_label": "1176 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Saladin defeats the Zangid forces before Damascus and marries Nur al-Din's widow Asimat. On June 24 he accepts a truce and is recognized as the sovereign over Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532887#Levant", "title": "1176", "revid": 1366532887, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1178, "year_label": "1178 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – A battle occurs as a Latin force raids the vicinity of Hama, Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170417#Asia", "title": "1178", "revid": 1362170417, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1180, "year_label": "1180 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Baldwin IV (known as \"the Leper\") sends envoys to Saladin proposing a peace treaty. Due to a severe drought, much of Syria is afflicted by famine, prompting Saladin to agree to a two-year truce. Although Raymond III of Tripoli initially denounces the agreement, he is forced to accept it following an Ayyubid naval raid on the port city of Tartus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368649234#Levant", "title": "1180", "revid": 1368649234, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – Saladin leads an Egyptian expeditionary force from Cairo to Syria. In June, he arrives in Damascus and learns that his nephew Farrukh Shah has raided Galilee, and sacked the villages near Mount Tabor. On his way back, Farrukh Shah attacks the fortress of Habis Jaldak, carved out of the rock above the River Yarmuk. The garrison, Christian Syrians with no great wish to die for the Crusaders, promptly surrenders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Levant", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1183, "year_label": "1183 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Saladin conquers Syria and becomes sultan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552635#Near_East", "title": "1183", "revid": 1360552635, "section": "Events › By area › Asia › Near East"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – Saladin leaves Damascus with his Muslim forces, and sends letters to neighboring countries, asking for volunteers for a forthcoming jihad (\"Holy War\"). A week later his younger brother Al-Adil, governor of Egypt, leads his forces out of Cairo towards Syria. Meanwhile, Saladin leaves an army under his 18-year-old son Al-Afdal at Busra, to keep watch on the 'Pilgrim road'.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Levant", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1188, "year_label": "1188 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) holds a Diet at Mainz and takes the Cross, followed by his 21-year-old son, Frederick IV, and other German nobles. He sends a delegation to present an ultimatum to Saladin in Syria on May 26. With demands to withdraw his Muslim forces from Palestina and to return the True Cross to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325547787#Europe", "title": "1188", "revid": 1325547787, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1195, "year_label": "1195 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Abbasid Caliph, Al-Nasir, takes military action against the Ayyubid Sultan, Al-Aziz Uthman, who controls Egypt and Syria. The Caliph mobilizes his forces and marches into Mesopotamia, directly challenging Ayyubid authority in the region of Iraq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326044730#Events", "title": "1195", "revid": 1326044730, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1198, "year_label": "1198 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Amalric I, ruler of Cyprus, marries Princess Isabella I, daughter of the late King Amalric I. A few days later they are crowned as King and Queen of Jerusalem at Acre. On July 1, Amalric signs a truce with Al-Adil I, sultan of Egypt and Syria, securing the Crusader possessions from Acre to as far as Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584676#Levant", "title": "1198", "revid": 1365584676, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1202, "year_label": "1202 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – An earthquake shakes the Levant from Egypt to northern Iraq, causing severe damage in Palestine, Lebanon and western Syria, including the fortifications of the Crusader cities of Acre, Jaffa and Tyre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187490#Middle_East", "title": "1202", "revid": 1369187490, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – Al-Adil I falls ill and dies at Damascus after an 18-year reign. He is succeeded in Syria by his eldest son Al-Mu'azzam and in Egypt by his younger son, Al-Kamil.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Levant", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – A Crusader expeditionary force, (some 30,000 men) under King John I of Jerusalem, embarks at Acre (supported by Frisian ships), and sails for Egypt. They arrive at the harbour of Damietta, on the right bank of the Nile, on May 27. Sultan Al-Adil, surprised by the invasion, recruits an army in Syria, while his son Al-Kamil marches an Egyptian force northwards from Cairo, and encamps at Al-Adiliya, a few miles south of Damietta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1221, "year_label": "1221 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Pelagius moves the Crusader forces near Ashmun al-Rumman, on the opposite bank from Mansoura. Queen-Regent Alice of Cyprus and leaders of the military orders warn Pelagius of a large Muslim army being formed in Syria. Meanwhile, the Egyptian army under Al-Kamil crosses the Nile near Lake Manzaleh and establishes themselves between the Crusader camp and Damietta. In the Ushmum canal at Sheremsah, Al-Kamil's ships sail down the Nile and block the Crusaders' line of communications to Damietta. In August, Pelagius orders a retreat, but the route is cut off by Egyptians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363300593#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1221", "revid": 1363300593, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Baibars, Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria (d. 1277)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Births", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1228, "year_label": "1228 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Frederick II receives an embassy of Egypt's Sultan Al-Kamil, including Fakhr al-Din ibn as-Shaikh, at the Hospitaller camp at Recordane, near Acre. Meanwhile, Al-Kamil is engaged in suppressing a rebellion in Syria and has concentrated his forces on a siege at Damascus. Frederick is pressed for time, because his army is not large enough for a major campaign. Al-Kamil, who has full control of Jerusalem, starts diplomatic negotiations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360747311#Sixth_Crusade", "title": "1228", "revid": 1360747311, "section": "Events › By place › Sixth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1246, "year_label": "1246 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Güyük Khan, eldest son of Ögedei Khan, is enthroned as the 3rd Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (which is witnessed by a papal mission under Giovanni da Pian del Carpine) at Karakorum. Güyük reverses several edicts of his mother, Töregene Khatun, and orders Eljigidei, Mongol viceroy of Persia, to advance into Syria and prepare an attack on Baghdad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356775338#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1246", "revid": 1356775338, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December", "text": "December – Louis IX receives an embassy during his stay in Cyprus from the Mongol general, Eljigidei, who is viceroy in Persia. They bring a letter from Guyuk Khan (who had died by the time his envoys reached Cyprus) with no demands of submission, but talking in terms about Mongol favouritism for Christianity, and a proposal of a joint invasion against the Ayyubid forces in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Seventh_Crusade", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By place › Seventh Crusade"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – Louis IX sends Andrew of Longjumeau on a diplomatic mission to meet the \"Great Khan\" of the Mongol Empire. He carries letters from Louis and the Papal States, and rich presents, including a chapel-tent lined with scarlet cloth and embroidered with sacred pictures. From Cyprus he goes to the port of Antioch in Syria and travels for a year to the khan's court at Karakorum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Europe", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1271, "year_label": "1271 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – Mamluk forces led by Sultan Baibars continue their territorial expansion in western Syria and appear before Safita Castle (called the White Castle) built by the Knights Templar. After a heroic defense, the small garrison is advised by Grand Master Thomas Bérard to surrender. The survivors are allowed to withdraw to Tortosa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320596#Levant", "title": "1271", "revid": 1351320596, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1277, "year_label": "1277 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – Battle of Elbistan: A Mamluk army (some 14,000 men) under Sultan Baibars marches from Syria into the Mongol-dominated Sultanate of Rum and attacks the Mongol occupation force at Elbistan. Baibars, with at least 10,000 horsemen, defeats and overwhelms the Mongol forces. After the battle, he marches unopposed to Kayseri in the heart of Anatolia in triumph and enters the city on April 23.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362646784#Levant", "title": "1277", "revid": 1362646784, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1279, "year_label": "1279 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Mamluk forces led by the 19-year-old Sultan Al-Said Barakah and Qalawun (\"the Thousander\") invade Cilician Armenia; a revolt in Egypt while they are away force Barakah to abdicate. In August, Qalawun takes over the government in Cairo and proclaims himself sultan. He sends Solamish, youngest son of former Sultan Baibars, into exile. Meanwhile, Sunqur al-Ashqar, Mamluk viceroy of Damascus, refuses to accept Qalawun's authority and begins a rebellion in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487704#Levant", "title": "1279", "revid": 1362487704, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1280, "year_label": "1280 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Battle of al-Jassora: Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, but Al Mansur Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487782#Events", "title": "1280", "revid": 1362487782, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into Syria. One is commanded by Abaqa Khan, who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the Euphrates frontier. The second, led by his brother Möngke Temür makes contact with Leo III, king of Cilician Armenia, and then marches down through Aintab and Aleppo into the Orontes valley, where he is joined by Knights Hospitallerr and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan Qalawun assembles his Mamluk forces at Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Middle_East", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) marches the Mamluk army out of Cairo, leaving his son Al-Ashraf Khalil commanding Cairo's Citadel, supported by Viceroy Baydara al-Mansuri. The army moves via Salihiya, across Sinai and through Jordan to Damascus. He orders the regional governors of Syria to mobilize in Damascus, where many infantry volunteers have assembled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Levant", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – Qalawun (\"the Victorious\") dies as the Egyptian Mamluk army sets out for Acre. He is succeeded by his eldest son Al-Ashraf Khalil as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate. Khalil orders his allies and tributaries in Syria to prepare for a campaign next spring. Governors and castle commanders are ordered to assemble siege equipment and armor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Levant", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Mamluk forces conquer the last Crusader outpost in Syria, the Templar fortress of Atlit south of Acre. All that now is left to the Knights Templar is the island fortress of Ruad. Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Cairo in triumph as the \"victor in the long struggle against the Crusader states\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Levant", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Mongol forces (some 10,000 men) led by Ghazan Khan cross the Euphrates River and invade Syria. They continue south, and successfully take Aleppo. There, Ghazan is joined by forces from his vassal state of Cilician Armenia. King Hethum II leads the Armenian army (which includes Templar and Hospitaller knights). He participates during the Mongol offensive and regains all the Armenian territories which have previously been lost to the Mamluks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Levant", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Battle of Marj al-Saffar: Egyptian Mamluk forces (some 20,000 men) under Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad defeat a Mongol army and their Armenian allies led by Qutlugh-Shah, on the plain of Marj al-Saffar. After the battle, Egyptian forces enters Damascus and chases the Mongols as far as Al-Qaryatayn in Syria. Al-Nasir returns to Cairo in triumph through the Bab al-Nasr (\"Victory Gate\") with chained prisoners of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#April–June", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1321, "year_label": "1321 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur Abu Bakr, Mamluk ruler of Egypt and Syria (d. 1341)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355655788#Births", "title": "1321", "revid": 1355655788, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1399, "year_label": "1399 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire invades Mamluk-occupied Syria. A rift forms between Sultan Bayezid and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who also wanted to conquer Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188981#Date_unknown", "title": "1399", "revid": 1362188981, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Selim I of the Ottoman Empire captures the city of Malatya (located in what is now southeastern Turkey) as the first conquest in his war against the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and then proceeds to invade Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#July–September", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1607, "year_label": "1607 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – Ottoman Grand Vizier Kuyucu Murad Pasha launches a secret expedition to confront rebel Kurdish tribal chief Ali Janbulad, who has seized control of Aleppo in what is now Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358831090#July–September", "title": "1607", "revid": 1358831090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Thomas Darley purchases the bay Arabian horse Darley Arabian in Aleppo, Syria, and ships him to stud in England, where he becomes the most important foundation sire of all modern thoroughbred racing bloodstock.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#Date_unknown", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – An earthquake is recorded in Syria, northeast of Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#October–December", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Robert Wood publishes The ruins of Palmyra; otherwise Tedmor in the desart in English and French, making the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra known to the West.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#Date_unknown", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Robert Wood publishes The ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria in English and French, making the ancient city of Baalbek, Syria known to the West.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#Date_unknown", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The United Kingdom, backed by the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, compels July Monarchy France to abandon Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and forces him to return Syria and Arabia to the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#Date_unknown", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – The Declaration to the Seven, a British government response to a memorandum issued anonymously by seven Syrian notables, is published.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#June", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1930, "year_label": "1930 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3–10 – The First Eastern Women's Congress takes place in Damascus in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373315156#July", "title": "1930", "revid": 1373315156, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – The Republic of Hatay is declared in Syria; it lasts for less than a year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#September", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – WWII: British and Free French forces invade Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#June", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1948, "year_label": "1948 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – 1948 Arab–Israeli War: The British Mandate of Palestine is officially terminated; expeditionary forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria and Iraq invade Israel and clash with Israeli forces after declaring war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371784888#May", "title": "1948", "revid": 1371784888, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1958, "year_label": "1958 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – Egypt and Syria unite to form the United Arab Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371827125#February", "title": "1958", "revid": 1371827125, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – 1961 Syrian coup d'état: A military coup in Damascus, Syria effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#September", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – 1966 Syrian coup d'état: An intra-party military coup in Syria replaces the previous government of Amin al-Hafiz by one led by Salah Jadid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#February", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – The Ba'ath Party takes power in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#March", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – Six-Day War ends: Israel and Syria agree to a United Nations-mediated cease-fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#June", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Six-Day War begins: Israel launches Operation Focus, an attack on Egyptian Air Force airfields; the allied armies of Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Jordan invade Israel. Battle of Ammunition Hill, start of the Jordanian campaign", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#June", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – Hafez al-Assad comes to power in Syria, following a military coup within the Ba'ath Party.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#November", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – Syrian Prime Minister Hafez al-Assad forms a new government but retains the post of defense minister.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#November", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – Yom Kippur War begins: The fourth and largest Arab–Israeli conflict begins, as Egyptian and Syrian forces attack Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights on Yom Kippur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#October", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Hundreds of Western tourists are moved from Beirut and taken to safety in Syria by the U.S. military, following the murder of the U.S. Ambassador.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#June", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – A Muslim Brotherhood assassination attempt against Syrian president Hafez al-Assad fails. Assad retaliates by sending the army against them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#June", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – The Hama massacre begins in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#February", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Syrian president Hafez al-Assad orders the army to purge the city of Harran of the Muslim Brotherhood.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#February", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – General Michel Aoun declares a \"War of Liberation\" to rid Lebanon of Syrian forces and their allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#March", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Egypt, Syria, and 10 other Arab states vote to send military forces to Saudi Arabia to discourage an invasion from Iraq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#August", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – Lebanese Civil War: Syrian military forces invade and occupy Mount Lebanon, ousting General Michel Aoun's government. This effectively consolidates Syria's 14 year occupation of Lebanese soil and ends the civil war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#October", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ibrahim Hanna, the last native speaker of Mlahsô, dies in Qamishli, Syria, making the language effectively extinct. Also, the last native speaker of related Bijil Neo-Aramaic, Mrs. Rahel Avraham, dies in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373236679#Date_unknown", "title": "1998", "revid": 1373236679, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Israeli warplanes strike alleged Islamic jihad bases inside Syrian territory, the first Israeli attack on the country since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#October", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2005, "year_label": "2005 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Cedar Revolution: Syria withdraws the last of its military garrison from Lebanon, ending its 29-year military occupation of the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368527363#April", "title": "2005", "revid": 1368527363, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – Israeli Air Force airplanes attack a suspected nuclear reactor in Syria in an airstrike.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#September", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Canada officially cuts diplomatic ties with Iran by closing its embassy in Tehran, and orders the expulsion of Iranian diplomats from Ottawa, over support for Syria, nuclear plans and human rights abuses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#September", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2014, "year_label": "2014 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – American-led intervention in Syria: The United States and several Arab partners begin their airstrike campaign in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373534475#September", "title": "2014", "revid": 1373534475, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – In response to a suspected chemical weapons attack on a rebel-held town, the U.S. military launches 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles at an air base in Syria. Russia describes the strikes as an \"aggression\", adding they significantly damage U.S.–Russia ties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#April", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Syrian Civil War: both Deir ez-Zor in Syria and Al-Qa'im in Iraq are declared liberated from ISIL on the same day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#November", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – The final territory of the Islamic State, located in Al-Baghuz Fawqani, Syria, is liberated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#March", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Islamic State leader Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi is killed in Atme during a counter-terrorism raid by U.S. special forces in north-western Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#February", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – A 7.8 earthquake strikes southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria followed by a 7.7 aftershock on the same day, causing widespread damage and at more than 59,000 fatalities and 121,000 injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#February", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › February"}}]}