{"slug": "taranto", "label": "Taranto", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranto", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13498", "qid": "Q13498", "description": "Italian comune", "entries": 29, "years": 28, "span": [-473, 1940], "span_label": ["474 BCE", "1940 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "lucanians", "label": "Lucanians", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "latin-empire", "label": "Latin Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "principality-of-achaea", "label": "Principality of Achaea", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "apulia", "label": "Apulia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "calabria", "label": "Calabria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "greece", "label": "Greece", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ancient-greece", "label": "Ancient Greece", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "hannibal", "label": "Hannibal", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -473, "year_label": "474 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Taras signs an alliance with Rhegion, to counter the Messapians, Peucetians, and Lucanians, but the joint armies of the Tarentines and Rhegines are defeated near Kailia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598367#Italy", "title": "474 BC", "revid": 1360598367, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -465, "year_label": "466 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek colony of Taras, in Magna Graecia, is defeated by the native population of Apulia. As a result, the Tarentine monarchy falls, with the installation of a democracy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129366#Italy", "title": "466 BC", "revid": 1350129366, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -431, "year_label": "432 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Greek colony of Heraclea in Southern Italy is founded by colonists from Tarentum and Thurii.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330384213#Italy", "title": "432 BC", "revid": 1330384213, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -342, "year_label": "343 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The native Italian tribes, the Lucanians and Bruttians, press down upon the Greek colonies of Magna Graecia, including Tarentum. Responding to calls for help from these former Greek colonies, King Archidamus III of Sparta sets sail with a band of mercenaries for Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172730#Italy", "title": "343 BC", "revid": 1354172730, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Archidamus III of Sparta, after five years of campaigning in southern Italy, fails to achieve any decisive results and while leading a mercenary army to help Tarentum against the Lucanians, is killed with most of his troops at Manduria in Calabria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Macedonia", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -333, "year_label": "334 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Alexander of Epirus, at the request of the colony of Taras (Tarentum) crosses over into Italy, to aid them against the Lucanians and Bruttii. He wins victories over the Italian Samnite tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356615565#Italy", "title": "334 BC", "revid": 1356615565, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -330, "year_label": "331 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tarentum turns against Alexander of Epirus when they realize that he intends to create a kingdom of his own in southern Italy. Alexander is defeated and killed in the Battle of Pandosia on the banks of the Acheron.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210205718#Italy", "title": "331 BC", "revid": 1210205718, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -302, "year_label": "303 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The citizens of Tarentum seek the help of the Spartan general, Cleonymus. He is able to pacify the Lucanians with the agreement of the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172932#Italy", "title": "303 BC", "revid": 1354172932, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -281, "year_label": "282 BCE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The Magna Graecia city of Thurii appeals to Rome for help against the native Italian tribes. Though the Roman Senate hesitates, the plebeian Assembly decides to respond. Thurii is saved, but Tarentum, jealous of Rome's interference, attacks and sinks some Roman ships entering its harbour. Roman envoys, sent to protest, are mistreated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1313148199#Roman_Republic", "title": "282 BC", "revid": 1313148199, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -279, "year_label": "280 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Responding to an appeal from Tarentum, King Pyrrhus of Epirus uses his army of over 20,000 men against the Romans. In the Battle of Heraclea he defeats a Roman army led by consul Publius Valerius Laevinus. Pyrrhus's judicious use of his elephants plays a large part in his victory. Several tribes including the Lucani, Bruttii and the Messapians as well as the Greek cities of Crotone and Locri join Pyrrhus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338748993#Roman_Republic", "title": "280 BC", "revid": 1338748993, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -278, "year_label": "279 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In renewed fighting, Pyrrhus of Epirus, leading the combined Tarantine, Oscan, Samnite, and Greek forces, wins a 'Pyrrhic victory' against the Romans led by consul Publius Decius Mus at the Battle of Asculum, called such because his victory comes at a great cost to his own forces. Pyrrhus is reported to have said afterwards, \"One more victory against the Romans and we shall be utterly ruined!\" Disheartened, Pyrrhus retires to Tarentum and sends Cineas to make renewed peace overtures to Rome. These talks are inconclusive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1226777989#Roman_Republic", "title": "279 BC", "revid": 1226777989, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -271, "year_label": "272 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tarentum, a Greek city in Italy, makes peace with the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172942#Roman_Republic", "title": "272 BC", "revid": 1354172942, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -271, "year_label": "272 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus' departure from southern Italy three years earlier leads to the Samnites finally being conquered by the Romans. With the surrender of Tarentum, the cities of Magna Graecia in southern Italy come under Roman influence and become Roman allies. Rome now effectively dominates all of the Italian peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172942#Roman_Republic", "title": "272 BC", "revid": 1354172942, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -211, "year_label": "212 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman soldiers billeted in Tarentum so alienate the citizens of the city that conspirators admit the Carthaginian general Hannibal to the city. The conspirators then defeat the Roman contingent in it. Hannibal keeps control of his troops so that looting is limited to Roman houses. The citadel in Tarentum remains under Roman control, which denies Hannibal the use of the harbour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637712#Roman_Republic", "title": "212 BC", "revid": 1325637712, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -208, "year_label": "209 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus capture Tarentum (modern Taranto), which the Carthaginian general Hannibal has held for three years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115697#Roman_Republic", "title": "209 BC", "revid": 1300115697, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 663, "year_label": "663 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II launches an assault against the Duchy of Benevento (Southern Italy). Taking advantage of the fact that Lombard king Grimoald I is engaged against Frankish forces from Neustria, Constans disembarks at Taranto, and besieges Lucera and Benevento.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635360#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "663", "revid": 1367635360, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 839, "year_label": "839 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Prince Sicard of Benevento is assassinated by a conspiracy among the nobility. He is succeeded by Radelchis I, chief army officer and treasurer of Sicard, who proclaims himself ruler of Benevento. He imprisons Siconulf, heir and brother of Sicard, in Taranto. But Amalfitan merchants, led by Landulf I, the gastald of Capua, and with the support of Guaifer, rescue him from prison. Siconulf is proclaimed prince of Salerno, and a civil war erupts, which splits the Lombard principality in Southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073737#Europe", "title": "839", "revid": 1267073737, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 875, "year_label": "875 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Fall – An Arab fleet from Taranto sails up the Adriatic Sea and sacks Comacchio, putting it to flames. They attack Grado (bishopric of the Venetian Republic), but are repelled by the Venetians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352180718#Arabian_Empire", "title": "875", "revid": 1352180718, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 927, "year_label": "927 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Hungarians fight in Rome, helping Margrave Peter against Pope John X. They then go to southern Italy, and conquer the cities of Taranto and Oria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341517107#Europe", "title": "927", "revid": 1341517107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 928, "year_label": "928 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – A Fatimid fleet under Sabir al-Fata raids Byzantine southern Italy. It captures a locality named al-Ghiran ('the caves') in Apulia and sacks the cities of Taranto and Otranto. The inhabitants are carried off to North Africa as slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916804#Italy", "title": "928", "revid": 1364916804, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": 982, "year_label": "982 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Otto II (the Red) assembles an imperial expeditionary force at Taranto, and proceeds along the gulf coast towards Calabria. In the meantime, Emir Abu'l-Qasim (Kalbid) of the Emirate of Sicily declares a Holy War (jihad) against the Germans, but his forces retreat when he notices the unexpected strength of Otto's troops (not far from Rossano).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468335#Europe", "title": "982", "revid": 1364468335, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 991, "year_label": "991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Taranto is sieged by Sicilian Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261005#Unknown_dates", "title": "991", "revid": 1365261005, "section": "Events › Unknown dates"}}, {"year": 1060, "year_label": "1060 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Norman forces under Duke Robert Guiscard invade Apulia, and capture the cities of Taranto and Brindisi (under control of the Byzantine Empire). Guiscard prepares a Sicilian expedition against the Saracens and returns to Calabria (Southern Italy), where his brother Roger Bosso waits with siege engines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549974#Europe", "title": "1060", "revid": 1368549974, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1364, "year_label": "1364 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Philip of Anjou becomes Titular Emperor of Constantinople and Prince of Taranto.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339849340#January–December", "title": "1364", "revid": 1339849340, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – James of Baux succeeds his uncle, Philip II, as Prince of Taranto (modern-day eastern Italy) and titular ruler of the Latin Empire (northern Greece and western Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#October–December", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1383, "year_label": "1383 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – James of Baux, ruler of Taranto and Achaea, and last titular Latin Emperor, dies childless. As a result, Charles III of Naples becomes ruler of Achaea (modern-day southern Greece); Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, the widower of Joanna I of Naples, becomes ruler of Taranto (eastern Italy); and Louis I, Duke of Anjou inherits the claim to the Latin Empire (western Turkey), but never uses the title of Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360411139#July–September", "title": "1383", "revid": 1360411139, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1393, "year_label": "1393 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini, Prince of Taranto (d. 1463)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561364#Births", "title": "1393", "revid": 1369561364, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1921, "year_label": "1921 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci is righted in Taranto Harbour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371086035#January", "title": "1921", "revid": 1371086035, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – British submarine is sunk near Taranto.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#December", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › December"}}]}