{"slug": "texas", "label": "Texas", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1439", "qid": "Q1439", "description": "state of the United States of America", "entries": 38, "years": 31, "span": [1528, 2022], "span_label": ["1528 CE", "2022 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 10}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 7}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "republic-of-texas", "label": "Republic of Texas", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "u-s-state", "label": "U.S. state", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "florida", "label": "Florida", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "san-antonio", "label": "San Antonio", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "houston", "label": "Houston", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "united-states-congress", "label": "United States Congress", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-states-senate", "label": "United States Senate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "republican-party-united-states", "label": "Republican Party (United States)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "gulf-of-mexico", "label": "Gulf of Mexico", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mississippi-river", "label": "Mississippi River", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "philip-v-of-spain", "label": "Philip V of Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "canary-islands", "label": "Canary Islands", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1528, "year_label": "1528 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions become the first known Europeans to set foot on the shores of what is present-day Texas, when they and 80 survivors are wrecked on Galveston Island following a storm. Only 15 live beyond winter, and they are eventually enslaved by various Indian tribes. Eventually, only four of the 81 Spanish survivors— Cabeza de Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, and an African slave of Dorantes, Estevanico— are able to escape and return home.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369577446#October–December", "title": "1528", "revid": 1369577446, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, intending to establish a colony near the mouth of the Mississippi River, lands with 200 surviving colonists at Matagorda Bay on the Texas coast, believing the Mississippi to be near. He establishes Fort St. Louis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#January–March", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – King Philip V of Spain issues a royal cedula, directing an effort to offer incentives to families from the Canary Islands for settlements in New Spain north of the Rio Grande in the modern-day U.S. state of Texas (→ Canarian Americans).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#January–March", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – The San Gabriel mission project begins with the founding of the first Roman Catholic missions further northward in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, in what is now central Texas. On orders of the Viceroy, Juan Francisco de Güemes, Friar Mariano Marti establish the San Francisco Xavier mission at a location on the San Gabriel River in what is now Milam County. The mission, located northeast of the future site of Austin, Texas, is attacked by 60 Apache Indians on May 2, and San Xavier is abandoned after a few years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361284371#January–March", "title": "1748", "revid": 1361284371, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – José de Escandón is designated by the Viceroy of New Spain as the first Royal Governor of Nuevo Santander. The area covered by the Viceroyalty's new province is now part of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, and the part of the U.S. state of Texas south of the Guadalupe River (including San Antonio and Corpus Christi).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361284371#April–June", "title": "1748", "revid": 1361284371, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1750, "year_label": "1750 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – The Viceroy of New Spain, Juan Francisco de Güemes, issues a notice to the missionaries in Nuevo Santander (which includes parts of what are now the U.S. state of Texas, including San Antonio, and the Mexican state of Tamaulipas) to work peacefully to convert the indigenous Karankawa people to Roman Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349828876#April–June", "title": "1750", "revid": 1349828876, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Spanish missionary Tomas Sanchez and three families establish a settlement on the north side of the Rio Grande in New Spain. Sanchez names it Villa de Laredo. The new settlement is the northernmost part of the colony of Nuevo Santander, founded by José de Escandón, 1st Count of Sierra Gorda, which now comprises parts of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas and the U.S. state of Texas. The portion of Villa de Laredo north of the river later becomes Laredo, Texas; the remaining portion south of the river is later renamed Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360194188#April–June", "title": "1755", "revid": 1360194188, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1778, "year_label": "1778 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – A total solar eclipse takes place across parts of North America, from Texas to Virginia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371073991#April–June", "title": "1778", "revid": 1371073991, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1819, "year_label": "1819 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Adams–Onís Treaty: Agreement is reached for Spain to cede Florida (already under USA's domination) to the United States in exchange for renunciation of American claims on Texas arising from the Louisiana Purchase, American payment of $5 million to settle citizens' claims regarding Florida, and definition of international borders. Following ratification, the treaty takes effect in 1821.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355822452#January–March", "title": "1819", "revid": 1355822452, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1836, "year_label": "1836 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Texas Revolution – Battle of San Jacinto: Mexican forces under General Antonio López de Santa Anna are defeated at San Jacinto, Texas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342504#April–June", "title": "1836", "revid": 1368342504, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1836, "year_label": "1836 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Former U.S. Representative Davy Crockett of Tennessee arrives in Texas to join the Texan fight for independence from Mexico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342504#January–March", "title": "1836", "revid": 1368342504, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1836, "year_label": "1836 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Texas Revolution – Convention of 1836: Delegates from many Texas communities gather in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, to deliberate independence from Mexico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342504#January–March", "title": "1836", "revid": 1368342504, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1845, "year_label": "1845 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 29", "text": "December 29 – Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364939346#October–December", "title": "1845", "revid": 1364939346, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1845, "year_label": "1845 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – Anson Jones, President of the Republic of Texas, signs the charter officially creating Baylor University (the oldest university in the U.S. state of Texas that still operates under its original name).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364939346#January–March", "title": "1845", "revid": 1364939346, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1845, "year_label": "1845 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – A majority of voters in the Republic of Texas approve a proposed constitution that, if accepted by the United States Congress, will make Texas a U.S. state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364939346#October–December", "title": "1845", "revid": 1364939346, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1846, "year_label": "1846 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Mexican–American War: Open conflict begins, over the disputed border of Texas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342482#April–June", "title": "1846", "revid": 1368342482, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1846, "year_label": "1846 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – Texas annexation: United States president James K. Polk's annexation of the Republic of Texas is finalized by Texas president Anson Jones in a formal ceremony of transfer of sovereignty. The newly formed Texas state government is officially installed in Austin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342482#January–March", "title": "1846", "revid": 1368342482, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1854, "year_label": "1854 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496011#January–March", "title": "1854", "revid": 1362496011, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 19", "text": "June 19 – American Civil War: Union Major General Gordon Granger lands at Galveston, Texas, and informs the people of Texas of the Emancipation Proclamation (an event celebrated in modern times each year as Juneteenth).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#June", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12–13 – American Civil War – Battle of Palmito Ranch: In far south Texas, more than a month after Confederate General Lee's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war with casualties, ends with a Confederate victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#May", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1870, "year_label": "1870 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – Reconstruction: Texas is readmitted to the Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496807#March", "title": "1870", "revid": 1362496807, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – The Mason County War begins, as a German-American mob breaks into a prison, and lynches cattle rustlers in central Texas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#February", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Prairie View A&M University, at the time named Alta Vista Agriculture & Mechanical College of Texas for Colored Youth, is founded, the first state-supported HBCU in the state of Texas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#August", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1888, "year_label": "1888 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – The Schoolhouse Blizzard hits Dakota Territory and the states of Montana, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas, leaving 235 dead, many of them children on their way home from school.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679419#January", "title": "1888", "revid": 1372679419, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Jim Hogg becomes the first native Texan to be governor of that state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#January", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1898, "year_label": "1898 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Confederate brigadier general, Texas governor, and president of Texas A&M University (b. 1838)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367547011#January–June", "title": "1898", "revid": 1367547011, "section": "Deaths › January–June"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – The Silent Parade is organized by the NAACP in New York City, to protest the East St. Louis massacre of early July, as well as lynchings in Tennessee and Texas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#July", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10–15 – The Florida Keys hurricane kills 600 in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and Texas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#September", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1963, "year_label": "1963 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – Assassination of John F. Kennedy: In a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, U.S. President John F. Kennedy is fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, and Governor of Texas John Connally is seriously wounded at 12:30 CST. Upon Kennedy's death, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson becomes the 36th president of the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370539540#November", "title": "1963", "revid": 1370539540, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – Ted Cruz, Canadian-American politician, U.S. Senator (R-Tx.) from 2013 and 2016 presidential candidate", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#December", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Births › December"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – The first U.S. execution by lethal injection is carried out in Texas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#December", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 – Hurricane Alicia hits the Texas coast, killing 22 and causing over US$3.8 billion (2005 dollars) in damage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#August", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – A geomagnetic storm causes the collapse of the Hydro-Québec power grid. 6,000,000 people are left without power for nine hours. Some areas in the northeastern U.S. and in Sweden also lose power, and aurorae are seen as far as Texas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#March", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Tropical Storm Allison hits the U.S. state of Texas, severely flooding Houston and killing 23 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373523156#June", "title": "2001", "revid": 1373523156, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – At the conclusion of the STS-107 mission, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry over Texas, killing all seven astronauts on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#February", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2008, "year_label": "2008 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Hurricane Ike makes landfall as a category 2 hurricane in Texas, killing 113 and causing over $30 billion in damages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372634791#September", "title": "2008", "revid": 1372634791, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – A crowd crush at the Astroworld Festival hosted by Travis Scott in Houston, Texas, kills 10 people and causes 300+ injuries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#November", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – 53 migrants from Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador are found dead in a tractor trailer in San Antonio, Texas, United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#June", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › June"}}]}