{"slug": "thermopylae", "label": "Thermopylae", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermopylae", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194450", "qid": "Q194450", "description": "ancient fortified passage in central Greece", "entries": 13, "years": 9, "span": [-479, 1822], "span_label": ["480 BCE", "1822 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "delphi", "label": "Delphi", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "chalcis", "label": "Chalcis", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "euboea", "label": "Euboea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ancient-greece", "label": "Ancient Greece", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "macedon", "label": "Macedon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "greek-war-of-independence", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "philip-ii-of-macedon", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "aeschines", "label": "Aeschines", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Breaking through the pass at Thermopylae from Macedonia into Greece, the Persians occupy Attica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pausanias becomes regent for King Leonidas' son, Pleistarchus, after Leonidas I is killed at Thermopylae. Pausanias is a member of the Agiad royal family, the son of King Cleombrotus and nephew of Leonidas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – The Persians achieve a naval victory over the Greeks in an engagement fought near Artemisium, a promontory on the north coast of Euboea. The Greek fleet holds its own against the Persians in three days of fighting but withdraws southward when news comes of the defeat at Thermopylae.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – Leonidas I, Agiad King of Sparta (died at Thermopylae)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Deaths", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 or September 8-10 – The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes. His army engulfs a force of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespiae under the Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Greeks under Leonidas resist the advance through Thermopylae of Xerxes' vast army. For two days Leonidas and his troops withstand the Persian attacks; he then orders most of his troops to retreat, and he and his 300-member royal guard fight to the last man.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -351, "year_label": "352 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After two initial efforts, Philip II of Macedon drives the Phocians south after a major victory over them in the Battle of Crocus Field. Athens and Sparta come to the assistance of the Phocians and Philip is checked at Thermopylae. Philip does not attempt to advance into central Greece with the Athenians occupying this pass. With this victory, Philip accrues great glory as the righteous avenger of Apollo, since the Phocian general Onomarchos has plundered the sacred treasury of Delphi to pay his mercenaries. Onomarchos' body is crucified, and the prisoners are drowned as ritual demanded for temple-robbers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598336#Greece", "title": "352 BC", "revid": 1360598336, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -345, "year_label": "346 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the conclusion of the Peace of Philocrates, Philip II's army moves through the pass of Thermopylae and subdues Phocis. Athens makes no move to support the Phocians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299130958#Greece", "title": "346 BC", "revid": 1299130958, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -338, "year_label": "339 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "During a meeting of the Amphictyonic Council, Philip accuses the citizens of the town of Amfissa, in Locris, of intruding on consecrated ground. The Amphictyonic Congress, with the initial support of the Athenian representative, Aeschines, decides to inflict a harsh punishment upon the Locrians. After the failure of a first military excursion against the Locrians, the summer session of the Amphictyonic Council gives command of the league's forces to Philip and asks him to lead a second excursion. Philip acts at once, and his forces pass through Thermopylae, enter Amfissa and defeat the Locrians who are led by Chares, the Athenian general and mercenary commander.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1032056745#Greece", "title": "339 BC", "revid": 1032056745, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -278, "year_label": "279 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "An army of Gauls under Brennus invade Greece. A section of the army, commanded by Bolgios, crushes a Macedonian army led by Ptolemy Keraunos, who is killed in the battle. At the narrow pass of Thermopylae, on the east coast of Central Greece, Brennus' forces suffer heavy losses while trying to break through the Greek defence comprising the Phocians and the Aetolians. Eventually Brennus finds a way around the pass but the Greeks escape by sea. Brennus pushes on to Delphi where he is defeated and forced to retreat, after which he dies of wounds sustained in the battle. His army falls back to the river Spercheios where it is routed by Thessalians and Malians. Some of the survivors settle in a part of Asia Minor that will eventually be called Galatia, while some settle in Thrace, founding a short-lived city-state named Tylis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1226777989#Greece", "title": "279 BC", "revid": 1226777989, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -252, "year_label": "253 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Alexander, Antigonus II's nephew and regent, leads a revolt in Corinth with Ptolemy II's help and declares himself an independent monarch. As a result, Antigonus loses Corinth and Chalcis, the two bases from which he has dominated southern Greece. As the Aetolians occupy Thermopylae, Antigonus II is cut off from Athens and the Peloponnese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172725#Greece", "title": "253 BC", "revid": 1354172725, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -190, "year_label": "191 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio and Cato the Elder cut the Seleucid king Antiochus III off from his reinforcements in Thrace and outflank his position at the pass of Thermopylae in the Battle of Thermopylae. With the remainder of his troops, Antiochus flees to Chalcis on Euboea and from there he retreats by sea to Ephesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356019531#Roman_Republic", "title": "191 BC", "revid": 1356019531, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 447, "year_label": "447 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns, led by Attila, cross the Danube, and invade the Balkans as far as Thermopylae (Greece). During the invasion, Serdica (modern Sofia) is destroyed. For disobeying the terms of the treaty made in 442, Attila triples his demand for tribute to 2,100 pounds (ca. 700 kg) of gold per year; and the ransom for each Roman prisoner to 12 solidi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367502819#Byzantium", "title": "447", "revid": 1367502819, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Greek War of Independence: Greek soldiers defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#July–September", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}