{"slug": "thessaloniki", "label": "Thessaloniki", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17151", "qid": "Q17151", "description": "city in Macedonia, Greece", "entries": 36, "years": 35, "span": [-314, 1893], "span_label": ["315 BCE", "1893 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 20}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "slavs", "label": "Slavs", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "greece", "label": "Greece", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "balkans", "label": "Balkans", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "macedonia-roman-province", "label": "Macedonia (Roman province)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "first-bulgarian-empire", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "macedonia-region", "label": "Macedonia (region)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "durres", "label": "Durrës", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -314, "year_label": "315 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "In Macedonia the port city of Thessaloniki is founded by Cassander and named after his wife Thessalonike.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367539376#Greece", "title": "315 BC", "revid": 1367539376, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -48, "year_label": "49 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Cicero slips out of Italy and goes to Thessaloniki.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347951543#Roman_Republic", "title": "49 BC", "revid": 1347951543, "section": "Events › By place and Date › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 50, "year_label": "50 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Paul travels to Philippi, Thessaloniki, Beroea, and Athens (second missionary journey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Greece", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 50 AD › Greece"}}, {"year": 299, "year_label": "299 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "To celebrate his victory over the Persians, Galerius commissions the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki (modern Greece).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267078871#Roman_Empire", "title": "299", "revid": 1267078871, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 303, "year_label": "303 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Galerius wins his third victory over the Carpi and is perhaps joined on campaign by Diocletian. The Arch of Galerius is dedicated in Thessaloniki.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330172013#Roman_Empire", "title": "303", "revid": 1330172013, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 306, "year_label": "306 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Galerius has the Rotunda of Galerius built in Thessaloniki (Macedonia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171617#Roman_Empire", "title": "306", "revid": 1330171617, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 324, "year_label": "324 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Licinius abdicates his position as Emperor. He is pardoned by Constantine I as a result of the supplication of his wife Constantia (who is Constantine's halfsister), and banished to Thessalonica as a private citizen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737678#Roman_Empire", "title": "324", "revid": 1364737678, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 325, "year_label": "325 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantine has deposed Emperors Licinius and Martinian executed in Thessalonica and Cappadocia respectively for conspiring and raising troops against him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291934511#Roman_Empire", "title": "325", "revid": 1291934511, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 380, "year_label": "380 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Thessalonica: The Goths under Fritigern defeat a Roman army in Macedonia. Theodosius I retreats to Thessalonica and leaves Gratian in control of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281452530#Roman_Empire", "title": "380", "revid": 1281452530, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 387, "year_label": "387 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Magnus Maximus, usurping emperor of the West, invades Italy. Emperor Valentinian II, age 16, is forced out of Rome. He flees with his mother Justina and sisters to Thessaloniki (Thrace).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205014#Roman_Empire", "title": "387", "revid": 1349205014, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 390, "year_label": "390 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Massacre of Thessalonica: Resentment among the citizens of Thessalonica (Macedonia) breaks out into violence after the arrest of a popular charioteer. Butheric, military commander of Illyricum, is murdered. Emperor Theodosius I orders vengeance, despite the pleas for mercy by Ambrose, bishop of Milan; more than 7,000 inhabitants are massacred by the Roman army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355430318#Roman_Empire", "title": "390", "revid": 1355430318, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 400, "year_label": "400 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The mausoleum of Galerius in Salonica (Greece) is converted into a church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347571639#Religion", "title": "400", "revid": 1347571639, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 424, "year_label": "424 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – A Roman army under the command of Ardaburius leaves Thessalonica (modern Central Macedonia) and marches for Northern Italy, where they make their base at Aquileia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367765710#Roman_Empire", "title": "424", "revid": 1367765710, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 437, "year_label": "437 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A synod at Constantinople attempts to impinge on the Pope's rights in Illyria. Proclus tries to implement the synod's decisions, and Pope Sixtus III reminds the Illyrian bishops of their obligations to his vicar at Thessaloniki.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205048#Religion", "title": "437", "revid": 1349205048, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 586, "year_label": "586 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Avars besiege Thessalonica (Central Macedonia), the second city of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748798#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "586", "revid": 1364748798, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 586, "year_label": "586 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Slavs advance to the gates of Thessaloniki and the Peloponnese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748798#Europe", "title": "586", "revid": 1364748798, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 615, "year_label": "615 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Slavs under Chatzon attack in longboats along the coasts of Thessaly, western Anatolia, and various Greek islands. They besiege the Byzantine city of Thessaloniki in a combined land and sea attack. The Slavs with their families encamp before the city walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752554#Europe", "title": "615", "revid": 1364752554, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 620, "year_label": "620 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Slavs invade the area around Thessaloniki, which is unsuccessfully besieged. The city becomes a Byzantine enclave surrounded by Slavic territory. Urban life disappears and many towns in the Balkan Peninsula become villages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749611#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "620", "revid": 1364749611, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 676, "year_label": "676 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Siege of Constantinople: Caliph Muawiyah I sends his son Yazid with Muslim reinforcements to Constantinople. At the same time, the Byzantines have to face a Slavic attack on Thessaloniki and Lombard attacks in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938815#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "676", "revid": 1365938815, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 689, "year_label": "689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Justinian II defeats the Bulgars of Macedonia and recaptures Thessalonica, the second most important Byzantine city in Europe. He resettles the subdued Slavs in Anatolia (modern Turkey), where they are required to provide 30,000 men to the Byzantine army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350231931#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "689", "revid": 1350231931, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 715, "year_label": "715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Emperor Anastasios II is deposed in an army mutiny, and succeeded by Theodosius III, a tax-collector from the theme of Opsikion (modern Turkey). After a six-month siege, Theodosius and his troops take Constantinople; Anastasios is forced to abdicate the throne, and retires to a monastery in Thessaloniki (Macedonia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661130#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "715", "revid": 1367661130, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Slavs in the vicinity of Thessaloniki revolt against the Byzantine Empire. Theophilos undertakes an evacuation of some Byzantine captives, who are settled in trans-Danubian Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Stylianos Zaoutzes, leading minister and basileopator, convinces Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) to move the Bulgarian market from Constantinople to Thessaloniki. This affects the commercial importance of Bulgarian trade. Simeon I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, mobilizes his Bulgarian forces and invades Byzantine territory, ravaging the countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 904, "year_label": "904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – Sack of Thessalonica: A Muslim fleet, led by the Greek renegade Leo of Tripoli, appears outside Thessalonica and begins its attack after a short and silent inspection of the fortification of the city. After attacks from the sea for two days, the Saracens are able to storm the city walls, overcome the Thessalonians' resistance and capture the city. The sacking continues for a full week, before the raiders depart for their base in the Levant. Having freed 4,000 Muslim prisoners and captured 60 ships, gaining a large loot, they carry off 22,000 men and women as slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130856#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "904", "revid": 1341130856, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Simeon I, with the Bulgarian army, invades the themes of Thrace and Macedonia. Simultaneously, the Bulgarian troops penetrate into the regions of Dyrrhachium and Thessalonica to the west. Thrace's largest and most important city, Adrianople (modern Turkey), is besieged and captured. However, the Byzantines promptly regain the city in exchange for a huge ransom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1014, "year_label": "1014 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Thessalonica: Emperor Basil II launches a raiding expedition against Bulgaria. From Western Thrace via Serres he reaches the valley of the Strymon River, near Thessaloniki (modern Greece); the local Byzantine governor Theophylact Botaneiates defeats the Bulgarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212610#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1014", "revid": 1342212610, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1043, "year_label": "1043 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force to the Balkans against the rebellious George Maniakes, governor of the Catepanate of Italy. The two armies meet near Thessaloniki in northern Greece. The rebel army – better organized, seasoned and with superior leadership – is initially successful, but Maniakes is killed by an arrow at the moment of his triumph. After this, his army is routed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365591040#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1043", "revid": 1365591040, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October", "text": "October – Raymond IV (\"Saint-Gilles\"), count of Toulouse, sets off to join the First Crusade. He travels with his army, accompanied by his wife Elvira and Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy, via Provence through the Balkan route (along the coast of Croatia). He arrives at Dyrrachium to march to Thessaloniki.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Conrad III sails from Acre to Thessaloniki and forms an alliance with Manuel I against King Roger II of Sicily. During his visit Henry II, Duke of Austria ('Jasomirgott') marries Manuel's niece, Theodora Komnene.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Second_Crusade", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1185, "year_label": "1185 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – King William II of Sicily (\"the Good\") lands in Epirus with a Siculo-Norman expeditionary force of 200 ships and 80,000 men (including 5,000 knights) and marches as far as the Byzantine city of Thessaloniki, which he takes and pillages, massacring some 7,000 Greek citizens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484284#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1185", "revid": 1362484284, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1224, "year_label": "1224 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December", "text": "December – Theodore Komnenos (Doukas), ruler of the Despotate of Epirus, captures Thessaloniki – beginning the de facto Byzantine Empire of Thessalonica. Later, Theodore Komnenos was crowned Byzantine emperor but is not recognized as such by the rest of the Greek or Latin population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561506#October_–_December", "title": "1224", "revid": 1369561506, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Epirote–Nicaean conflict (1257–59) begins between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea. Despot Michael II Komnenos Doukas revolts and defeats the Nicaean army under George Akropolites. The Epirote and Serbian forces join their attacks against Michael, who sends his forces into Macedonia and marches on to Thessalonica. In response, Michael is attacked – on the west coast of Epirus – by Manfred of Sicily. Manfred first occupies the major Ionian Islands, including Corfu. Then he lands on the Albanian coast and takes Durazzo, Berat, Valona and their environs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#Europe", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Andronikos V Palaiologos, Byzantine ruler of Thessalonica and surrounding territories alongside his father John VII Palaiologos (d. 1407)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Births", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1408, "year_label": "1408 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – Andronikos Palaiologos becomes the new Byzantine Emperor of Thessalonica after the death of his brother, John VIII Palaiologos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360565942#July–December", "title": "1408", "revid": 1360565942, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1492, "year_label": "1492 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – The Jews are expelled from Spain on the Tisha B'Av fast day, pursuant to the Alhambra Decree. More than 40,000 and perhaps as many as 200,000 leave. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire, learning of this, dispatches the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of Thessaloniki (in modern-day Greece) and İzmir (in modern-day Turkey); others settle in Sarajevo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366150846#July—September", "title": "1492", "revid": 1366150846, "section": "Events › July—September"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) is founded in the town of Thessaloniki. Its aim is to liberate the region of Macedonia from the Ottoman Turks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369946190#October", "title": "1893", "revid": 1369946190, "section": "Events › October"}}]}