{"slug": "thessaly", "label": "Thessaly", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166919", "qid": "Q166919", "description": "geographic region of Greece", "entries": 45, "years": 41, "span": [-479, 2023], "span_label": ["480 BCE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 30}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "peloponnese", "label": "Peloponnese", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "macedon", "label": "Macedon", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "greece", "label": "Greece", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "philip-ii-of-macedon", "label": "Philip II of Macedon", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "thebes-greece", "label": "Thebes, Greece", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "boeotia", "label": "Boeotia", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An eclipse of the sun discourages the Greek army from following up the victory of Salamis. Xerxes returns to Persia leaving behind an army under Mardonius, which winters in Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -478, "year_label": "479 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian commander Mardonius, now based in Thessaly, wins support from Argus and western Arcadia. He tries to win over Athens, but fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129373#Greece", "title": "479 BC", "revid": 1350129373, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -476, "year_label": "477 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan co-ruler Leotychides and the Athenian leader Themistocles lead a fleet and army to reoccupy northern Greece and to punish the aristocratic family of the Aleuads for having aided the Persians. Leotychides is caught accepting a bribe during the operations in Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129381#Greece", "title": "477 BC", "revid": 1350129381, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -459, "year_label": "460 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Argos rises against Sparta. Athens supports Argos and Thessaly. The small force that is sent by Sparta to quell the uprising in Argos is defeated by a joint Athenian and Argos force at Oenoe. (Battle of Oenoe)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173290#Greece", "title": "460 BC", "revid": 1354173290, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -423, "year_label": "424 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After he frustrates the Athenian attack on Megara, Brasidas marches through Boeotia and Thessaly to Chalcidice at the head of 700 helots and 1000 Peloponnesian mercenaries to join the Macedonian king Perdiccas II. Refusing to be made a tool for the furtherance of Perdiccas' ambitions, Brasidas wins over the important cities of Acanthus, Stagirus, Amphipolis, and Torone as well as several minor towns. An attack on Eion is foiled by the arrival of Thucydides at the head of an Athenian squadron.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231841566#Greece", "title": "424 BC", "revid": 1231841566, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -401, "year_label": "402 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Archelaus I, King of Macedonia, helps establish a pro-Macedonian oligarchy in Larissa in Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274690806#Greece", "title": "402 BC", "revid": 1274690806, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -384, "year_label": "385 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Jason of Pherae becomes tyrant of Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1248865885#Greece", "title": "385 BC", "revid": 1248865885, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -371, "year_label": "372 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Jason of Pherae, the ruler of Thessaly, allies himself first with Athens and then with Macedon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326557006#Greece", "title": "372 BC", "revid": 1326557006, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -369, "year_label": "370 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The tagus of Thessaly, Jason of Pherae, dies, after making Thessaly a powerful force in Greek politics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274974189#Greece", "title": "370 BC", "revid": 1274974189, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -368, "year_label": "369 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Alexander of Pherae becomes tyrant of Thessaly following the death of his father. Alexander's tyranny causes the Aleuadae of Larissa to seek the help of Alexander II of Macedon. Alexander II successfully gains control of Larissa and several other cities but, betraying a promise he has made, put garrisons in them. This provokes a hostile reaction from Thebes. The Theban general Pelopidas drives the Macedonians from Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256893468#Greece", "title": "369 BC", "revid": 1256893468, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -367, "year_label": "368 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "While the previous year's intervention by the Macedonians in Thessaly is successful, after the Macedonian troops withdraw, Alexander of Pherae treats his subjects as cruelly as before. So the Thessalians seek Thebes' support. Pelopidas is sent to their assistance, but is treacherously seized and imprisoned.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242240969#Greece", "title": "368 BC", "revid": 1242240969, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -363, "year_label": "364 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The army of Thebes under their statesman and general, Pelopidas, defeats Alexander of Pherae in the Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly, but Pelopidas is killed during the battle. As a result of his loss of this battle, Alexander is compelled by Thebes to acknowledge the freedom of the Thessalian cities, to limit his rule to Pherae, and to join the Boeotian League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354174238#Greece", "title": "364 BC", "revid": 1354174238, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -363, "year_label": "364 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pelopidas, Theban statesman (killed in the Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354174238#Deaths", "title": "364 BC", "revid": 1354174238, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -357, "year_label": "358 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Alexander of Pherae, Despot of Pherae in Thessaly is murdered by his wife's brother at her instigation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1135050178#Greece", "title": "358 BC", "revid": 1135050178, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -357, "year_label": "358 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Alexander of Pherae, Despot of Pherae in Thessaly, Greece", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1135050178#Deaths", "title": "358 BC", "revid": 1135050178, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -355, "year_label": "356 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip II of Macedon secretly offers the city of Amphipolis back to the Athenians in exchange for the valuable port of Pydna. Despite the Athenians being willing to comply, both Pydna and Potidaea are conquered by the Macedonians (along with other Athenian strongholds in Thessaly and Chalcidice) despite being defended by Athenian forces led by general and mercenary commander, Chares, as well as generals Iphicrates and Timotheus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343819365#Greece", "title": "356 BC", "revid": 1343819365, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -355, "year_label": "356 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Phocians capture and sack Delphi in whose territory the famous temple and oracle stand. A sacred war is declared against them by the other members of the Great Amphictyonic League. The Phocians, led by two capable generals, Philomelus and Onomarchus, use Delphi's riches to hire a mercenary army to carry the war into Boeotia and Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343819365#Greece", "title": "356 BC", "revid": 1343819365, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -355, "year_label": "356 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Having blamed their defeats to Philip II in Thessaly and Chalcidice on his colleagues (Iphicrates and Timotheus), Chares is left in sole command of the Athenian fleet. Chares, in need of money for his war effort, frowns upon asking it from Athens, so, partly compelled by his mercenaries, he enters the service of the insurgent Achaemenid satrap of Phrygia Artabazus who rewards Chares very generously.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343819365#Persian_Empire", "title": "356 BC", "revid": 1343819365, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -352, "year_label": "353 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Phocians threaten Thessaly to their north. Philip II of Macedon saw his opportunity to penetrate south.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231489277#Greece", "title": "353 BC", "revid": 1231489277, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -351, "year_label": "352 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Philip then moves against Thrace. He makes a successful expedition into Thrace, gaining a firm ascendancy in the country, and brings away a son of Cersobleptes, the King of Thrace, as a hostage. Philip II's Thessalian victory earns him election as president (archon) of the Thessalian League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598336#Greece", "title": "352 BC", "revid": 1360598336, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -344, "year_label": "345 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Supported by Thebes and Thessaly, Macedonia takes over Phocis' votes in the Amphictyonic League, a Greek religious organisation formed to support the greater temples of Apollo and Demeter. Despite some reluctance on the part of the Athenian leaders, Athens finally accepts Philip II's entry into the Council of the League. The Athenian statesman Demosthenes is among those who recommend this stance in his oration On the Peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114110#Greece", "title": "345 BC", "revid": 1367114110, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Philip II advances into Peloponnesus. He defeats Thessaly, subdues Sparta and summons a Pan-Hellenic Congress at Corinth. This results in the establishment of Macedonian hegemony over central Greece (including Athens).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Macedonia", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -301, "year_label": "302 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus' son Demetrius Poliorcetes attacks Cassander's forces in Thessaly. Cassander loses his possessions south of Thessaly to Demetrius. Antigonus and Demetrius crown their success by renewing the pan-Hellenic league. Ambassadors from all the Hellenic states (with the exception of Sparta, Messenia and Thessaly) meet at Corinth to elect Antigonus and Demetrius protectors of the new league.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372589595#Greece", "title": "302 BC", "revid": 1372589595, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -287, "year_label": "288 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens revolts and Demetrius besieges the city. Pyrrhus takes Thessaly and the western half of Macedonia and, with the assistance of Ptolemy's fleet, relieves Athens from Demetrius' siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373136664#Greece", "title": "288 BC", "revid": 1373136664, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cineas, a Thessalian serving as chief adviser to King Pyrrhus of Epirus, after visiting Rome attempts, without success, to dissuade Pyrrhus from invading southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Greece", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -275, "year_label": "276 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus II Gonatas consolidated his control over Macedon and Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256257267#Greece", "title": "276 BC", "revid": 1256257267, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -273, "year_label": "274 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus returns from Italy and Sicily and invades Macedonia defeating Antigonus II Gonatas at the Battle of the Aous and conquering Upper Macedonia and Thessaly while Antigonus holds onto the coastal Macedonian towns. Antigonus' troops desert him and Pyrrhus is declared King of Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367769282#Greece", "title": "274 BC", "revid": 1367769282, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -222, "year_label": "223 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The king of Macedonia, Antigonus III Doson, restores Macedonian influence in the Peloponnese for the first time in almost two decades. After signing alliances with the Achaeans, Boeotians, Thessalians and the Acarnanians, Antigonus invades the Peloponnese and drives the Spartans out of Argos, taking Orchomenus and Mantineia in the process.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243366265#Greece", "title": "223 BC", "revid": 1243366265, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -191, "year_label": "192 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Seleucid forces under their king, Antiochus III, invade Greece at the invitation of the Aetolian League, who are revolting against the Romans. The Aetolians appoint him commander in chief of their league. Antiochus lands in Demetrias, Thessaly with only 10,500 men and occupies Euboea. However, he finds little support for his cause in central Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342604594#Greece", "title": "192 BC", "revid": 1342604594, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -170, "year_label": "171 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Thanks to the efforts of Eumenes II of Pergamum while in Rome, the Romans declare war on Macedonia and send troops to Thessaly, thus beginning the Third Macedonian War. In the resulting Battle of Callicinus the Macedonians, led by their king, Perseus, are victorious over a Roman force led by consul Publius Licinius Crassus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698432#Greece", "title": "171 BC", "revid": 1352698432, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -169, "year_label": "170 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Thessaly, King Perseus of Macedon repulses a Roman army which is commanded by Aulus Hostilius Mancinus. Meanwhile, the Thracian city of Abdera is sacked by Roman and Pergamese troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289094585#Greece", "title": "170 BC", "revid": 1289094585, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -167, "year_label": "168 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general, Lucius Aemilius Paulus, is elected consul and arrives in Thessaly to lead the Roman army which has been trapped by Perseus' forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698468#Albania", "title": "168 BC", "revid": 1352698468, "section": "Events › By place › Albania"}}, {"year": -47, "year_label": "48 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – Battle of Dyrrhachium: Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia; he retreats to Thessaly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300612578#Roman_Republic", "title": "48 BC", "revid": 1300612578, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 230, "year_label": "230 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Alexander Severus decides that Thessaly should be a separate province from Macedonia. He increases taxes, in order to maintain the war against the Sassanids, and strengthen the defenses of the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371190910#Roman_Empire", "title": "230", "revid": 1371190910, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 615, "year_label": "615 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Slavs under Chatzon attack in longboats along the coasts of Thessaly, western Anatolia, and various Greek islands. They besiege the Byzantine city of Thessaloniki in a combined land and sea attack. The Slavs with their families encamp before the city walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752554#Europe", "title": "615", "revid": 1364752554, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Byzantine expeditionary force under Staurakios, chief minister (logothete), begins a campaign against the communities (Sclaviniae) of Greece. Setting out from Constantinople, the imperial army follows the Thracian coast into Macedonia, and then south into Thessaly, Central Greece and the Peloponnese. Staurakios restores a measure of Byzantine authority over these areas, and collects booty and tribute from the locals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1082, "year_label": "1082 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Normans under Duke Robert Guiscard take Dyrrhachium (modern-day Durrës) in Illyria and advance inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly. Robert is forced to leave Greece to deal with an uprising in Italy. He leaves his son Bohemond in charge of the army, who lays siege to the city of Larissa. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos mobilizes a new army, and with the support of 7,000 Seljuk Turks he clears Thessaly from the Normans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070113#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1082", "revid": 1267070113, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1311, "year_label": "1311 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – The Battle of Halmyros is fought in Greece as the mercenaries of the Catalan Company defeat the Latin forces (some 15,000 men), and their allies under Walter V at Halmyros (southern Thessaly). After the battle, they take control of the Duchy of Athens. Later, Catalan forces peacefully occupy all of Attica and Boeotia, which they rule as part of Greece (until the 1380s).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018282#January_–_March", "title": "1311", "revid": 1332018282, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1348, "year_label": "1348 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Stefan the Mighty, Emperor of Serbia, conquers Thessaly and Epirus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320392432#Date_unknown", "title": "1348", "revid": 1320392432, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ottomans conquer Thessaly (now eastern Greece) and begin an eight-year siege of Constantinople, in the Byzantine Empire. In the same year, they begin building the Anadoluhisarı fortress to defend themselves during the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#Date_unknown", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1423, "year_label": "1423 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: After a two-day battle, Turakhan Beg, Ottoman governor of Thessaly, breaks through the Hexamilion wall, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula in Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656788#April–June", "title": "1423", "revid": 1365656788, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1431, "year_label": "1431 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: The Ottoman governor of Thessaly Turahan Bey breaks through the Hexamilion wall for the second time, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361768961#Date_unknown", "title": "1431", "revid": 1361768961, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – After hesitating for several weeks, Sultan Murad II, of the Ottoman Empire, destroys the Hexamilion wall, in an assault that includes cannons. Murad and the Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, ravage the Peloponnese Peninsula at will, with the Sultan devastating the northern shore, while Glarentza and Turakhan raid in the interior. The Despotate of the Morea is turned into an Ottoman vassal state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#October–December", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1452, "year_label": "1452 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: The Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, breaks through the Hexamilion wall for the fourth time, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula to prevent the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea from assisting Constantinople, during the final Ottoman siege of the imperial capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355060030#October–December", "title": "1452", "revid": 1355060030, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – A train crash in Thessaly, Greece, kills 57 people and injures dozens. The crash leads to nationwide protests and strikes against the condition of Greek railways and their mismanagement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#February", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › February"}}]}