{"slug": "third-crusade", "label": "Third Crusade", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51655", "qid": "Q51655", "description": "attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Egypt", "entries": 6, "years": 6, "span": [1187, 1194], "span_label": ["1187 CE", "1194 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "france-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "France in the Middle Ages", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "henry-ii-of-england", "label": "Henry II of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "philip-ii-of-france", "label": "Philip II of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "le-mans", "label": "Le Mans", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "march", "label": "March", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "diocese-of-canterbury", "label": "Diocese of Canterbury", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "john-king-of-england", "label": "John, King of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "frederick-i-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "richard-i-of-england", "label": "Richard I of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "duchy-of-austria", "label": "Duchy of Austria", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi, proposing the Third Crusade and negotiates with Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Religion", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1188, "year_label": "1188 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Henry II and Philip II (Augustus) meet at Le Mans, with Archbishop Josias (or Joscius) in attendance. Both kings agree to peace terms, and to contribute to a joint Crusade. It is decided to raise a new tax to pay for the expedition. This tax, known as the Saladin Tithe, is imposed on the people of England and France to raise funds for the Third Crusade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325547787#Europe", "title": "1188", "revid": 1325547787, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Richard I marches with the Crusader forces onto the plains east of Jaffa and begins the slow, steady work of rebuilding a string of sites through which to advance on Jerusalem. During this period, the Third Crusade degenerates into a series of skirmishes. Richard uses diplomacy alongside military threats, hoping to bring Saladin to the point of submission before he has to make the siege of Jerusalem itself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Third_Crusade", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1192, "year_label": "1192 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – After negotiations between Richard and Saladin, the Treaty of Jaffa is signed, which makes sure Jerusalem remains in Muslim hands, but insures visiting rights for pilgrims to come to the Holy City. The Third Crusade ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341214506#The_Third_Crusade", "title": "1192", "revid": 1341214506, "section": "Events › The Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1193, "year_label": "1193 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – King Richard I (the Lionheart), previously imprisoned on his return from the Third Crusade by Leopold V (the Virtuous), duke of Austria is handed over to Emperor Henry VI, and moved to Trifels Castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367180478#Europe", "title": "1193", "revid": 1367180478, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March", "text": "March – Richard returns to England, and remains for only a few weeks before returning to the Continent. He leaves the administration of England in the hands of Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury, who accompanied Richard on the Third Crusade and led his army back to England. He levied the taxes to pay the king's ransom and put down a plot against Richard by his younger brother John.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#England", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}]}