{"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41741", "qid": "Q41741", "description": "geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe", "entries": 114, "years": 111, "span": [-653, 1321], "span_label": ["654 BCE", "1321 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 70}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 13}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 10}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 7}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "lysimachus", "label": "Lysimachus", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "macedon", "label": "Macedon", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "ancient-egypt", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "moesia", "label": "Moesia", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "bulgars", "label": "Bulgars", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "first-bulgarian-empire", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "danube", "label": "Danube", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "balkans", "label": "Balkans", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 6}], "items": [{"year": -653, "year_label": "654 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Traditional date of the foundation of Abdera in Thrace by colonists from Clazomenae.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510240#Events", "title": "654 BC", "revid": 1370510240, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -555, "year_label": "556 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Pisistratus is expelled to Euboea from Athens, and makes his fortune from Thrace's mines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356471115#Events", "title": "556 BC", "revid": 1356471115, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -549, "year_label": "550 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abdera is destroyed by the Thracians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356470815#Events", "title": "550 BC", "revid": 1356470815, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -512, "year_label": "513 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Darius the Great subdues the Getae and east Thrace in his war against the Scythians. To accomplish this, he builds a massive pontoon bridge across the Bosphorus Strait.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129130#Asia", "title": "513 BC", "revid": 1350129130, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -491, "year_label": "492 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persians under Mardonius subdue and capture Thrace and Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172499#Greece", "title": "492 BC", "revid": 1354172499, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -464, "year_label": "465 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Thasos revolts from the Delian League. The revolt arises from rivalry over trade with the Thracian hinterland and, in particular, over the ownership of a gold mine. Athens under Kimon lays siege to Thasos after the Athenian fleet defeats the Thasos fleet", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1094347891#Greece", "title": "465 BC", "revid": 1094347891, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -446, "year_label": "447 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Pericles leads Athenian forces in the expulsion of barbarians from the Thracian peninsula of Gallipoli, in order to establish Athenian colonists in the region. Thus Pericles starts a policy of cleruchy (klerouchos) or \"out-settlements\". This is a form of colonisation where poor and unemployed people are assisted to emigrate to new regions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1196799197#Greece", "title": "447 BC", "revid": 1196799197, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -436, "year_label": "437 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Pericles, concerned for Athenian trade with Greek settlements to the East, and in order to counteract a new and possibly threatening Thracian–Scythian alliance, leads Athens' fleet to Pontus on the Black Sea and establishes friendly relations with the Greek cities of the region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312957840#Greece", "title": "437 BC", "revid": 1312957840, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -430, "year_label": "431 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens enters into an alliance with King Sitalkes of Thrace, after Nymphodorus, an influential Athenian, marries Sitalkes' sister. Nymphodorus then negotiates an agreement between Athens and Macedon's King Perdiccas II, through which Perdiccas regains Therma. As a result, Athens withdraws its support for Perdiccas' brother, Philip, and the Thracians promise to assist Perdiccas in capturing him. In return, Perdiccas marches on the Chalcidians, the people he has originally persuaded to revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364036128#Greece", "title": "431 BC", "revid": 1364036128, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -428, "year_label": "429 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians under Xenophon march into Thrace to attack Chalcis. They destroy crops outside Spartolus and begin negotiating with pro-Athenian factions in Chalcis, but the anti-Athenian factions ask for help from Olynthus. An army from Chalcis, Spartolus, and Olynthus meet the Athenians in battle, but their hoplites are defeated. Reinforcements soon arrive from Olynthus, and they launch a second attack on the Athenians. The Athenians are routed, with all of their generals and 430 other men killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172916#Greece", "title": "429 BC", "revid": 1354172916, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -394, "year_label": "395 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The \"Corinthian War\" begins, with Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos (with the backing of Persia) against Sparta. The Spartans prepare to send out an army against this new alliance, and order Agesilaus to return to Greece. Agesilaus sets out for Sparta with his troops, crossing the Hellespont and marching west through Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370496371#Greece", "title": "395 BC", "revid": 1370496371, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -375, "year_label": "376 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Thracian city of Abdera is sacked by the Triballi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121209#Greece", "title": "376 BC", "revid": 1305121209, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -363, "year_label": "364 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general, Iphicrates, fails in attempts to recover Amphipolis. Retiring to Thrace, Iphicrates fights for his father-in-law, the Thracian king Cotys I, against Athens for the possession of the Thracian Chersonese. Cotys I is victorious and controls the whole Chersonese peninsula by 359 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354174238#Greece", "title": "364 BC", "revid": 1354174238, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -357, "year_label": "358 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Cersobleptes, in conjunction with his brothers, Amadocus II and Berisades, inherits the dominions of the Thracian king, Cotys I, following his murder. However, the overall management of Thracian affairs is assumed by the Euboean adventurer, Charidemus, who is connected by marriage with the royal family, and who plays the prominent part in the ensuing negotiations with Athens for the possession of the Thracian Chersonese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1135050178#Greece", "title": "358 BC", "revid": 1135050178, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -356, "year_label": "357 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Macedonian general, Parmenion, wins a great victory over the Illyrians. King Philip II of Macedon, having disposed of an Illyrian threat, occupies the Athenian city of Amphipolis (which commands the gold mines of Mount Pangaion). Philip II now has control of the strategic city which secures the eastern frontier of Macedonia and gives him access into Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210250153#Macedonia", "title": "357 BC", "revid": 1210250153, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -351, "year_label": "352 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Philip then moves against Thrace. He makes a successful expedition into Thrace, gaining a firm ascendancy in the country, and brings away a son of Cersobleptes, the King of Thrace, as a hostage. Philip II's Thessalian victory earns him election as president (archon) of the Thessalian League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598336#Greece", "title": "352 BC", "revid": 1360598336, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -349, "year_label": "350 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip II has Abdera in Thrace sacked.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367585688#Greece", "title": "350 BC", "revid": 1367585688, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -342, "year_label": "343 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Philip II of Macedon again marches against Cersobleptes, King of Thrace, defeats him in several battles, and reduces him to the condition of being a tributary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172730#Greece", "title": "343 BC", "revid": 1354172730, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -341, "year_label": "342 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip begins a series of campaigns in Thrace with the aim of annexing it to be a province of Macedonia. When the Macedonian army approaches Thracian Chersonese (the Gallipoli Peninsula), an Athenian general named Diopeithes ravages this district of Thrace, thus inciting Philip's rage for operating too near one of his towns in the Chersonese. Philip demands his recall. In response, the Athenian Assembly is convened. Demosthenes convinces the Athenians not to recall Diopeithes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209992354#Macedonia", "title": "342 BC", "revid": 1209992354, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -340, "year_label": "341 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip II of Macedon completes his annexation of Thrace. This is regarded by Athens as a further threat to the city's safety.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210197654#Macedonia", "title": "341 BC", "revid": 1210197654, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -334, "year_label": "335 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Returning to Macedonia by way of Delphi (where the Pythian priestess acclaims him \"invincible\"), King Alexander III of Macedonia advances into Thrace in order to secure the Danube as the northern boundary of the Macedonian kingdom. After forcing the Shipka Pass and crushing the Triballi, he crosses the Danube to disperse the Getae. Turning west, he then defeats and shatters a coalition of Illyrians who are invading Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=996420033#Greece", "title": "335 BC", "revid": 996420033, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -329, "year_label": "330 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander's regent in Macedonia, Antipater, makes peace with the Thracians (with whom he has been warring) and then marches south with a large force of over 40,000 men. He wins a hard-fought Battle of Megalopolis in Arcadia against Agis III of Sparta and his Greek mercenaries. Agis III is killed, and Spartan resistance is broken.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326554346#Macedonia", "title": "330 BC", "revid": 1326554346, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -322, "year_label": "323 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Lysimachus becomes governor of Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311163255#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "323 BC", "revid": 1311163255, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -315, "year_label": "316 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Arsinoe II, Queen of Thrace and later co-ruler of Egypt with her brother and husband Ptolemy II of Egypt (d. 270 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1007737454#Births", "title": "316 BC", "revid": 1007737454, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -314, "year_label": "315 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus claims authority over most of Asia, seizes the treasury at Susa and enters Babylon, where Seleucus is governor. Seleucus flees to Ptolemy in Egypt and enters into a league with him, Lysimachus (the ruler of Thrace) and Cassander, against Antigonus. This leads to the First Coalition War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367539376#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "315 BC", "revid": 1367539376, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -313, "year_label": "314 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus, the ruler of the Asian parts of the late Alexander the Great's empire, faces a coalition consisting of Cassander, the Macedonian regent; Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace; and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt, who have taken the side of the ousted satrap of Babylon, Seleucus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242240408#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "314 BC", "revid": 1242240408, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In view of the threat by Seleucus to his control of the East, Antigonus decides to make peace with all of his adversaries, except Seleucus, who now holds Babylon. All of the diadochi confirm the existing boundaries and the freedom of the Greek cities. Ptolemy and Lysimachus are confirmed as satraps of Egypt and Thrace, respectively, and Antigonus and Cassander are confirmed as commanders of the army in Asia and Europe. Antigonus, no longer regent but now titled the strategos (officer in charge) of the whole of Asia, rules in Syria from the Hellespont to the Euphrates, including Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Asia_Minor/Syria/Palestina", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor/Syria/Palestina"}}, {"year": -308, "year_label": "309 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Lysimachus, the Macedonian ruler of Thrace and one of diadochi, founds the city of Lysimachia on the north-western extremity of the Thracian Chersonese (the modern Gallipoli peninsula) to serve as his capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247027805#Thrace", "title": "309 BC", "revid": 1247027805, "section": "Events › By place › Thrace"}}, {"year": -299, "year_label": "300 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy concludes an alliance with King Lysimachus of Thrace and gives him his daughter Arsinoe II in marriage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129363#Egypt", "title": "300 BC", "revid": 1350129363, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -291, "year_label": "292 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "While Demetrius Poliorcetes is campaigning in Boeotia, he receives news that Lysimachus, the ruler of Thrace, has been taken prisoner by Dromichaetes. Hoping to seize Lysimachus's territories in Thrace, Demetrius delegates command of his forces in Boeotia to his son, Antigonus and immediately marches north. However, while he is away, the Boeotians rise in rebellion, but are defeated by Antigonus, who bottles them up in the city of Thebes and puts them under siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367905067#Greece", "title": "292 BC", "revid": 1367905067, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -283, "year_label": "284 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy I's eldest (legitimate) son, Ptolemy Keraunos, whose mother, Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater, had been repudiated by the new King Ptolemy II, flees Egypt to the court of Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480303#Asia_Minor", "title": "284 BC", "revid": 1370480303, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -283, "year_label": "284 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Lysimachus' wife, Arsinoe, being keen to gain the succession to the kingdom of Thrace for her sons in preference to Agathocles (the eldest son of Lysimachus), intrigues against him with the help of her brother Ptolemy Keraunos. They accuse him of conspiring with Seleucus to seize the throne, and Agathocles is put to death. This atrocious deed by Lysimachus and his family arouses great indignation. Many of the cities in Asia Minor revolt and some of his most trusted friends desert him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480303#Asia_Minor", "title": "284 BC", "revid": 1370480303, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -282, "year_label": "283 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Following Demetrius Poliorcetes' death in captivity as a prisoner of Seleucus, his son Antigonus assumes the title of King of Macedonia, though in name only, as King Lysimachus of Thrace is in control of Macedonia. Demetrius' remains are given to Antigonus and he is honoured with a grand funeral in Corinth. After this, Demetrius is interred in the town of Demetrias which he had founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173238#Greece", "title": "283 BC", "revid": 1354173238, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -281, "year_label": "282 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Arsinoe, daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, marries Ptolemy II of Egypt as part of the alliance between Thrace and Egypt against Seleucus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1313148199#Egypt", "title": "282 BC", "revid": 1313148199, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Corupedium in Lydia is the last battle of the Diadochi, the rival successors to Alexander the Great. It is fought between the armies of Lysimachus, King of Thrace, Macedonia, Western Anatolia and Seleucus, ruler of Eastern Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Babylonia and Iran. Seleucus kills Lysimachus during the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Asia_Minor", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus takes over Thrace and then tries to seize Macedonia. However, he falls into a trap near Lysimachia, Thrace, set by Ptolemy Keraunos, one of the sons of Ptolemy I and Arsinoe II's half brother, who murders Seleucus and takes Macedonia for himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Greece", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lysimachus, king of Thrace and Macedonia (b. c. 360 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Deaths", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -275, "year_label": "276 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian King Ptolemy II's first wife, Arsinoe I (daughter of the late King Lysimachus of Thrace) is accused, probably at instigation of Ptolemy II's sister (who also has the name Arsinoe), of plotting his murder and is exiled by the King. Arsinoe then marries her own brother, a customary practice in Egypt, but scandalous to the Greeks. The suffix \"Philadelphoi\" (\"Brother-Loving\") consequently is added to the names of King Ptolemy II and Queen Arsinoe II. The former queen, Arsinoe I, is banished to Coptos, a city of Upper Egypt near the Wadi Hammamat, while her rival adopts her children.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256257267#Egypt", "title": "276 BC", "revid": 1256257267, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -270, "year_label": "271 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the restoration of the territories captured by Pyrrhus, and with grateful allies in Sparta and Argos, and garrisons in Corinth and other Greek key cities, Antigonus II securely controls Macedonia and the other states of Greece. Antigonus becomes the chief of the Thessalian League and is on good terms with neighbouring Illyria and Thrace. He secures his position in central and south Greece by keeping Macedonian occupation forces in the cities of Corinth, Chalcis on the island of Euboea, and Demetrias in Thessaly, the three \"shackles\" of Hellas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370482485#Greece", "title": "271 BC", "revid": 1370482485, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arsinoe II, queen to Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, and later wife of her brother, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt (b. c. 316 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Deaths", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Berenice's brother, Ptolemy III, sets about to avenge his sister's murder by invading Syria which begins the Third Syrian War (also known as the Laodicean War). Ptolemy III's navy, perhaps with the aid of rebels in the cities, advances against Seleucus II's forces as far as Thrace, across the Hellespont, and also captures some islands off the Anatolian coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Peace is finally reached between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II. Ptolemy manages to keep the Orontes River region in Syria and Antioch as well as Ephesus in Asia Minor and Thrace and Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Egypt", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -226, "year_label": "227 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus Hierax tries to raise revolts against his brother Seleucus II in Syria and the east of the Seleucid kingdom. However, he is captured and exiled to Thrace, where he lives as a virtual prisoner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288758207#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "227 BC", "revid": 1288758207, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -225, "year_label": "226 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus Hierax, brother of the Seleucid King Seleucus II manages to escape from captivity in Thrace and flees to the mountains to raise an army, but he is killed by a band of Galatians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360927548#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "226 BC", "revid": 1360927548, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the Rhodian fleet and economy suffering from the depredations of the pirates, Philip begins attacking the lands of Rhodes' allies in Thrace and around the Sea of Marmara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Greece", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -195, "year_label": "196 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus III's army crosses the Hellespont into Thrace, where he claims sovereignty over territory that has been won by Seleucus I in 281 BC. A war of harassment and diplomacy with Rome ensues. The Romans send ambassadors demanding that Antiochus stay out of Greece and set free all the autonomous communities in Anatolia. To meet these demands would mean Antiochus III giving up the western part of his Seleucid Empire. Thus Antiochus refuses the Romans' demands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172645#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "196 BC", "revid": 1354172645, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -190, "year_label": "191 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio and Cato the Elder cut the Seleucid king Antiochus III off from his reinforcements in Thrace and outflank his position at the pass of Thermopylae in the Battle of Thermopylae. With the remainder of his troops, Antiochus flees to Chalcis on Euboea and from there he retreats by sea to Ephesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356019531#Roman_Republic", "title": "191 BC", "revid": 1356019531, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -169, "year_label": "170 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Thessaly, King Perseus of Macedon repulses a Roman army which is commanded by Aulus Hostilius Mancinus. Meanwhile, the Thracian city of Abdera is sacked by Roman and Pergamese troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289094585#Greece", "title": "170 BC", "revid": 1289094585, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Junius Brutus proceeds to secure his position in Thrace and Macedonia. Gaius Cassius Longinus campaigns in Syria and defeats the army of Publius Cornelius Dolabella at Laodicea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Roman_Republic", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August", "text": "August – Lucius Decidius Saxa and Gaius Norbanus Flaccus are appointed by Mark Antony, to lead an advanced force of eight legions to Macedonia along the Via Egnatia into Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -12, "year_label": "13 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Revolt in Thrace against Roman rule led by Vologases.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852969#Roman_Empire", "title": "13 BC", "revid": 1372852969, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 12, "year_label": "12 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Rhoemetalces I – king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace from 12 BC to 12 AD", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#12_AD", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Deaths › 12 AD"}}, {"year": 19, "year_label": "19 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cotys III (or Cotys VIII), Roman client king of Thrace", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#19_AD", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Deaths › 19 AD"}}, {"year": 46, "year_label": "46 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Rhoemetalces III, Roman client king of Thrace (murdered)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_46", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Deaths › AD 46"}}, {"year": 170, "year_label": "170 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reach Eleusina, near Athens, and destroy the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303023#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 170", "revid": 1371303023, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 171, "year_label": "171 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reach Eleusis, near Athens, and destroy the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303100#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 171", "revid": 1371303100, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 253, "year_label": "253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aemilianus rules the Roman Empire for three months; he promises to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of Pontifex Maximus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188254#Roman_Empire", "title": "253", "revid": 1371188254, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 261, "year_label": "261 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gallienus usurpers: The rebellion of Macrianus Major, Macrianus Minor, and Quietus against Gallienus comes to an end. They march from Asia to Europe but they are defeated in Thrace by Gallienus' general Aureolus, and both Macrianus Major and Macrianus Minor are killed. Quietus flees to Emesa, where he is killed by Odaenathus of Palmyra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188936#Roman_Empire", "title": "261", "revid": 1371188936, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 267, "year_label": "267 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "First Gothic invasion: The Goths, originally from Scandinavia, with the Sarmatians (from modern Iran), invade the Balkans and Greece. They ravage Moesia and Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367427906#Roman_Empire", "title": "267", "revid": 1367427906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 275, "year_label": "275 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths begin to raid Thrace and Asia Minor. Aurelian begins a campaign against the Goths in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308801318#Roman_Empire", "title": "275", "revid": 1308801318, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 277, "year_label": "277 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Probus travels with his army west across the Sea of Marmara (Turkey), and through the provinces of Thrace, Moesia, and Pannonia to defeat the Goths along the lower Danube. He acquires from the troops the title of Gothicus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077895#Roman_Empire", "title": "277", "revid": 1267077895, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 313, "year_label": "313 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maximinus Daza crosses the Bosphorus with an army of 70,000 men and lays siege to Heraclea in Thrace. He captures the city after eight days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160715#Roman_Empire", "title": "313", "revid": 1330160715, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 316, "year_label": "316 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Battle of Cibalae: Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near the town of Colonia Aurelia Cibalae (modern-day Vinkovci, Croatia). Licinius is forced to flee to Sirmium and loses all of the Balkans except for Thrace. Peace negotiations are initiated between the two Augusti, but they are unsuccessful.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758307#Roman_Empire", "title": "316", "revid": 1364758307, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 324, "year_label": "324 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – Battle of Adrianople: Emperor Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near Adrianople, forcing him to retreat to Byzantium. Constantine then invades Thrace with a Visigothic force and raids the countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737678#Roman_Empire", "title": "324", "revid": 1364737678, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 365, "year_label": "365 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Procopius revolts and bribes two legions passing by Constantinople. He proclaims himself Emperor, and takes control of Thrace and Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1286254673#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 365", "revid": 1286254673, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 376, "year_label": "376 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gothic War: Emperor Valens permits the Visigothic chieftain Fritigern and his people to cross the Danube from Thrace (later Romania), and settle on Roman soil in Lower Moesia, on the condition that they provide soldiers to the legions. The Visigoths embark by troops on boats and rafts, and canoes made from hollowed tree trunks. The river is swollen by frequent rains; a large number try to swim and are drowned in their struggle against the force of the stream.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204893#Roman_Empire", "title": "376", "revid": 1349204893, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 377, "year_label": "377 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Goths (possibly Greuthungi) make an alliance with some of the Huns and Alans along the Danube, and entice them across the river. With the balance of power now shifted Saturninus concentrates his forces to avoid his outposts being overrun. This opens the passes, allowing the Goths, Huns and Alans to break out into the lowlands of southern Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313593#Roman_Empire", "title": "377", "revid": 1367313593, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Valens returns to Constantinople and mobilises an army (40,000 men). He appoints Sebastianus, newly arrived from Italy, as magister militum to reorganize the Roman armies in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Roman_Empire", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 382, "year_label": "382 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Emperor Theodosius I commands his general Saturninus to conclude a peace treaty with the Visigoths, allowing them to settle south of the Danube. They are installed as foederati in Moesia and Thrace with the title of \"Allies of the Roman People\", in exchange for furnishing a contingent of auxiliary troops to defend the borders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370628973#Roman_Empire", "title": "382", "revid": 1370628973, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 387, "year_label": "387 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Magnus Maximus, usurping emperor of the West, invades Italy. Emperor Valentinian II, age 16, is forced out of Rome. He flees with his mother Justina and sisters to Thessaloniki (Thrace).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205014#Roman_Empire", "title": "387", "revid": 1349205014, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 392, "year_label": "392 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Stilicho, Roman general (magister militum), defeats the Visigoths and Huns in Thrace. Emperor Theodosius I permits Alaric to go free on condition he provides, as foederati, military services to the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331511439#Roman_Empire", "title": "392", "revid": 1331511439, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths, led by Alaric, invade and devastate Thrace and Macedonia and impose a tribute on Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Roman_Empire", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 434, "year_label": "434 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Huns under Rugila devastate Thrace and move steadily towards Constantinople. The citizens prepare themselves for a long siege, depending on the strength of the Theodosian Walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747706#Roman_Empire", "title": "434", "revid": 1364747706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 447, "year_label": "447 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Utus: Attila defeats the Roman army near the river Utus (Vit, Bulgaria). The Huns are forced to abandon the siege of Constantinople. They march north and plunder the defenseless Balkan provinces (including Thrace, Scythia, Moesia, Dacia and Illyricum).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367502819#Byzantium", "title": "447", "revid": 1367502819, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 450, "year_label": "450 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – Pulcheria is forced to marry and co-rule the Eastern Roman Empire. She gives the imperial diadem to the Illyrian (or Thracian) officer and senator Marcian, age 58, and is crowned as empress in the Hippodrome at Constantinople, in the first religious coronation ceremony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334307596#Byzantium", "title": "450", "revid": 1334307596, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 468, "year_label": "468 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Basiliscus returns to Constantinople after a disastrous expedition against the Vandals. He is forced to seek sanctuary in the church of Hagia Sophia to escape the wrath of the people. Leo I gives him imperial pardon, but banishes him for 3 years to Heraclea Sintica (Thrace).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138410#Roman_Empire", "title": "468", "revid": 1360138410, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 471, "year_label": "471 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths, led by Theodoric Strabo, revolt in Thrace after the assassination of Aspar. Leo I sends Basiliscus to suppress the uprising.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365043260#Europe", "title": "471", "revid": 1365043260, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 473, "year_label": "473 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Theodoric Strabo signs a peace treaty with Leo I, and according to the terms the Goths are paid with an annual tribute of 2,000 pounds of gold. Leo gives him an independent state in Thrace and he obtains the rank of magister militum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747615#Balkans", "title": "473", "revid": 1364747615, "section": "Events › By place › Balkans"}}, {"year": 479, "year_label": "479 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Theodoric the Great starts a 4-year campaign against the Byzantine Empire. The Ostrogoths ravage the Roman provinces (Moesia and Thrace), and threaten the capital of Constantinople itself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360119770#Europe", "title": "479", "revid": 1360119770, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 481, "year_label": "481 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Theodoric Strabo defeats the Bulgars in Thrace, and moves with an army (13,000 men) towards Constantinople. After logistical problems, he is forced to return to Greece. In an encampment at Stabulum Diomedis, near Philippi, he falls from an unruly horse onto a spear and dies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789382#Europe", "title": "481", "revid": 1340789382, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 483, "year_label": "483 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Ostrogoths are given status as foederati; they control a large part of Macedonia and Thrace (Balkans).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789371#Europe", "title": "483", "revid": 1340789371, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 502, "year_label": "502 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Bulgars ravage Thrace. A semi-nomadic people, they have absorbed the surviving Huns and meet no opposition from Byzantine forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748175#Europe", "title": "AD 502", "revid": 1364748175, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 507, "year_label": "507 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anastasius I completes the strategic fortress at Dara (Northern Mesopotamia). He raises the city walls to 30 feet (10 m), disregarding Persian protests. Alarmed by the depredations of Slavs and Bulgars in Thrace, he builds the Anastasian Wall from the Black Sea to Propontis, across the narrow peninsula near Constantinople (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907722#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "507", "revid": 1364907722, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The 542 Sea of Marmara earthquake takes place in the winter of 542, in the vicinity of the Sea of Marmara. It also affects the coasts of Thrace and the Edremit Gulf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 582, "year_label": "582 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Emperor Tiberius II Constantine, age 47, dies (possibly from deliberately poisoned food) at Constantinople, after a 4-year reign during which Thrace and Greece have been inundated by the Slavs. He is succeeded by his son-in-law Maurice, former notary who has commanded the Byzantine army in the war against the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751218#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "582", "revid": 1364751218, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 599, "year_label": "599 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Comentiolus reopens the Gate of Trajan pass, near Ihtiman (Bulgaria). This strategic mountain pass, whose fortress \"Stipon\" defends the border between the provinces Thrace and Macedonia, is not used for decades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752063#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "599", "revid": 1364752063, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 617, "year_label": "617 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Avars send envoys to Constantinople for a meeting with Heraclius. He is warned about an ambush, and flees for safety behind the city walls in time. Angry at the failure to capture the Byzantine emperor, the Avars plunder Thrace and return to the Danube River, carrying off 270,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751852#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "617", "revid": 1364751852, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 661, "year_label": "661 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Maximus the Confessor, Christian monk, is recalled from exile in Thrace. He is tried, and sentenced to mutilation. His tongue and his right hand are cut off to prevent his further opposition to the Monothelites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804600#Religion", "title": "661", "revid": 1340804600, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 674, "year_label": "674 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – A Muslim expeditionary force disembarks on the Thracian shore (near Hebdomon), and lays siege to the massive Theodosian Walls, on the landward side to the west.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352002710#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "674", "revid": 1352002710, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 681, "year_label": "681 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Constantine IV is forced to acknowledge the Bulgar state in Moesia, and to pay protection money to avoid further inroads into Byzantine Thrace. Consequently, Constantine creates the Theme of Thrace of the Byzantine Empire (located in the south-eastern Balkans).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367426529#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "681", "revid": 1367426529, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 688, "year_label": "688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Justinian II carries out a Balkan campaign and marches through Thrace, where he restores Byzantine rule. He establishes a theme administration, and migrates many Bulgars and Slavs to the Opsician Theme (Asia Minor).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806290#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "688", "revid": 1340806290, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Justinian II ascends to the throne again and rewards his ally Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, for his assistance with the title of kaisar (Caesar), which makes him second only to Justinian and the first foreign ruler in Byzantine history to receive such a title, and a territorial concession in northeastern Thrace, a region called Zagora in modern-day Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Bulgars under Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, raid Thrace and reach the city walls of Constantinople. Skirmishes continue until 716; Emperor Philippicus transfers a Byzantine army from the Opsikion Theme in Asia Minor, to police the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 713, "year_label": "713 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – Emperor Philippicus is blinded, deposed, and sent into exile by conspirators of the Opsikion army in Thrace, after a reign of 1 year and 6 months. He is succeeded by Anastasios II, a bureaucrat and imperial secretary, who restores internal order and begins the reorganization of the Byzantine army. He executes the officers who have been directly involved in the conspiracy against Philippicus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807131#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "713", "revid": 1340807131, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Muslim general Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik leads his army of 80,000 men from Pergamum to Abydos, where he crosses the Hellespont. To prevent interference by the Bulgars, or by any Byzantine forces in Thrace, he sends part of his army to a covering position near Adrianople; with his main body, Maslama builds siege lines to blockade Constantinople, which is protected by the massive Theodosian Walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 741, "year_label": "741 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Artabasdos, Byzantine general (strategos) of the Armeniac theme, defeats Constantine V and advances on Constantinople, where he is crowned emperor. He secures the support of the themes of Thrace and Opsikion, and abandons Leo's religious policy of iconoclasm. Constantine seeks the support of the Anatolic theme.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322653390#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "741", "revid": 1322653390, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 746, "year_label": "746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine Wars: Taking advantage of discontent among the Muslim Arabs, Emperor Constantine V invades Syria, and captures Germanikeia (modern Turkey). He organises the resettlement of part of the local Christian population in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809747#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "746", "revid": 1340809747, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 756, "year_label": "756 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marcellae: Constantine V sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (500 ships and 6,000 cavalry) to Thrace, and defeats the Bulgars around the Danube Delta and near the fortress city of Markeli (modern Bulgaria). Kormisosh is forced to accept a peace treaty, and confirms the existing frontier. Due to the constant political crisis, the Bulgarian Empire is on the verge of destruction. Kormisosh is deposed during a palace coup and succeeded by Vinekh, a member of the Vokil clan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654675#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "756", "revid": 1366654675, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 763, "year_label": "763 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Battle of Anchialus: Emperor Constantine V sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (800 ships and 9,600 cavalry) to Thrace, to defend the fortress city of Anchialus on the Black Sea Coast. Meanwhile, Telets, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, blocks the mountain passes and takes positions on the heights near Anchialus. During a desperate cavalry charge, the Bulgars are defeated and many are captured; Telets manages to escape. Constantine enters Constantinople in triumph, and kills all the prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359487766#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "763", "revid": 1359487766, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Byzantine expeditionary force under Staurakios, chief minister (logothete), begins a campaign against the communities (Sclaviniae) of Greece. Setting out from Constantinople, the imperial army follows the Thracian coast into Macedonia, and then south into Thessaly, Central Greece and the Peloponnese. Staurakios restores a measure of Byzantine authority over these areas, and collects booty and tribute from the locals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 792, "year_label": "792 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marcellae: Constantine VI leads a Byzantine expeditionary force into northern Thrace. At the border castle of Marcellae, near the modern town of Karnobat (Bulgaria), the Bulgarians under Kardam defeat the Byzantines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906591#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "792", "revid": 1364906591, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 803, "year_label": "803 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, begins his territorial expansion and raids the Byzantine northern frontier. He leads his warriors — mostly Bulgars, Slavs, Thracians and Macedonians — across the Carpathian Mountains, over the Danube River, and throughout Transylvania, Thrace, and Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848789#Europe", "title": "803", "revid": 1340848789, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 813, "year_label": "813 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Siege of Adrianople: Krum captures Adrianople—one of the most important Byzantine fortresses in Thrace—after being attacked with siege engines. The garrison is forced to surrender, due to starvation. On the orders of Krum, the population of the surrounding area (numbering about 10,000) is transferred to Bulgarian territory, north of the Danube.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340940841#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "813", "revid": 1340940841, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 821, "year_label": "821 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine general Thomas the Slav leads a revolt, and secures control over most of the Byzantine themes (provinces) in Anatolia. He gets recognition from the Abbasid Caliphate, and concludes a peace treaty with Caliph al-Ma'mun. Thomas crosses with his fleet from Abydos to Thrace, and blockades Emperor Michael II in Constantinople; but Thomas' first attack on the capital fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941313#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "821", "revid": 1340941313, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 823, "year_label": "823 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Michael II defeats the rebel forces under Thomas the Slav in Thrace. He and his supporters are forced to seek refuge in Arkadiopolis (modern Turkey). After five months of blockade, Thomas surrenders and is delivered to Michael, seated on a donkey and bound in chains. He pleads for clemency and prostrates before Michael, but is executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073980#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "823", "revid": 1267073980, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 829, "year_label": "829 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Battle of Thasos: Saracens from the newly founded Emirate of Crete almost annihilate the Byzantine fleet at Thasos, close to the coast of Thrace. The Cyclades and other islands in the Aegean Sea are pillaged.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941503#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "829", "revid": 1340941503, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, sends his prime-minister Isbul against the Smolyani (a Slavic tribe in Byzantine territory near the Struma River). The Bulgarian army campaigns along the Aegean coasts, and conquers most of Thrace and Macedonia, including the fortress city of Philippi, as recorded in the Presian Inscription.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Europe", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 959, "year_label": "959 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April - May – The Byzantines refuse to pay the yearly tribute. A Hungarian army, led by Apor, invades Macedonia and Thrace. He plunders its territories until reaching Constantinople. On his way back, Apor is defeated during a night attack by Byzantine forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512808#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "959", "revid": 1341512808, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos denies any crusader access and begins to hinder the German forces who try to cross his frontier. Frederick I progresses with force, by capturing Philippopolis and defeats a Byzantine army (some 3,000 men) that attempts to recapture the city. The Germans are delayed for six months in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Continental_Europe", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Events › By place › Continental Europe"}}, {"year": 1203, "year_label": "1203 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17–18 – Alexios III tries to counterattack from the Gate of St. Romanus but retreats without a fight. Embarrassed, he prefers to escape and abandon his subjects, fleeing with the imperial treasure to Develtos (a fortified town on the Gulf of Burgas) in Thrace. Meanwhile, the Byzantine aristocracy restores the ex-emperor Isaac II to the imperial throne. On August 1, Alexios Angelos is crowned co-emperor as Alexios IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187440#Fourth_Crusade", "title": "1203", "revid": 1369187440, "section": "Events › By place › Fourth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1255, "year_label": "1255 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Theodore II Laskaris, who is in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, conducts a military campaign to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315790496#Europe", "title": "1255", "revid": 1315790496, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1265, "year_label": "1265 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267064844#North_Africa_and_Asia", "title": "1265", "revid": 1267064844, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa and Asia"}}, {"year": 1304, "year_label": "1304 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Roger de Flor, Italian nobleman and adventurer, settles with the Catalan Company in Gallipoli and other towns in the southern part of Thrace and visits Constantinople to demand payment for his forces. He lives at the expense of the local population and uses the city as a base for his marauding raids in the surrounding area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428823#October_–_December", "title": "1304", "revid": 1361428823, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1321, "year_label": "1321 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – Andronikos II Palaiologos concludes a peace agreement and divides the Byzantine Empire in two. Andronikos III is recognized as co-emperor and receives Thrace and Macedonia. He rewards his followers and gives them towns and regions to administer. Adrianople becomes the new capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355655788#April_–_June", "title": "1321", "revid": 1355655788, "section": "Events › April – June"}}]}