{"slug": "timbuktu", "label": "Timbuktu", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9427", "qid": "Q9427", "description": "city in Mali", "entries": 10, "years": 10, "span": [1100, 1828], "span_label": ["1100 CE", "1828 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "morocco", "label": "Morocco", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "songhai-empire", "label": "Songhai Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "october", "label": "October", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mali", "label": "Mali", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mali-empire", "label": "Mali Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ibn-battuta", "label": "Ibn Battuta", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A collective of Tuareg trading clans decide to permanently settle the city of Timbuktu (modern Mali) north of Djenné along the Niger River. Timbuktu will later achieve fame as a center of Islamic learning. The Sankore, Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques are among Timbuktu's most famous religious and scholarly institutions (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Africa", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1353, "year_label": "1353 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta makes the first recorded visit to Timbuktu and Kabara, when returning from a stay in the capital of the Mali Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1294629981#Date_unknown", "title": "1353", "revid": 1294629981, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1468, "year_label": "1468 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sonni Ali, king of the Songhai Empire, takes power over Timbuktu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561306#Date_unknown", "title": "1468", "revid": 1369561306, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Leo Africanus visits Timbuktu, second city of the Songhai Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#Undated", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1591, "year_label": "1591 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – Timbuktu is captured by an expedition of Arma people sent by the Saadi ruler of Morocco and led by Judar Pasha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358075583#April–June", "title": "1591", "revid": 1358075583, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1608, "year_label": "1608 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – After being held captive in Morocco for more than 13 years, popular professor Malian Ahmad Baba is able to return to Timbuktu on 10 Dhu 'l-Qa'da 1016 A.H.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783723#January–March", "title": "1608", "revid": 1352783723, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1788, "year_label": "1788 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – The African Association, an exploration group dedicated to plotting the Niger River and finding Timbuktu, is founded in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357260814#April–June", "title": "1788", "revid": 1357260814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October", "text": "October – Robert Adams, American sailor and the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu, is found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell his story as a Barbary captive, which is later published as The Narrative of Robert Adams.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#October", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1826, "year_label": "1826 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 – Scottish explorer Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach Timbuktu but is murdered there on September 26.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373386632#July–September", "title": "1826", "revid": 1373386632, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1828, "year_label": "1828 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – French explorer René Caillié becomes the first non-Muslim to enter Timbuktu and later return alive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371323922#April–June", "title": "1828", "revid": 1371323922, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}