{"slug": "timur", "label": "Timur", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8462", "qid": "Q8462", "description": "the founder of the Timurid Empire (1370–1405)", "entries": 33, "years": 24, "span": [1336, 1425], "span_label": ["1336 CE", "1425 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 21}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "persia", "label": "Persia", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "tokhtamysh", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "samarkand", "label": "Samarkand", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "delhi-sultanate", "label": "Delhi Sultanate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "islamic-calendar", "label": "Islamic calendar", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "golden-horde", "label": "Golden Horde", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bayezid-i", "label": "Bayezid I", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "azerbaijan", "label": "Azerbaijan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "india", "label": "India", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "timurid-dynasty", "label": "Timurid dynasty", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1336, "year_label": "1336 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire (d. 1405)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367230650#Births", "title": "1336", "revid": 1367230650, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1368, "year_label": "1368 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Timur ascends the throne of Samarkand (in modern-day Uzbekistan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371792677#Date_unknown", "title": "1368", "revid": 1371792677, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur names the city of Samarkand as the capital of his empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#Dates_unknown", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › Dates unknown"}}, {"year": 1370, "year_label": "1370 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Timur becomes first Amir of the Timurid Empire, following the Siege of Balkh which establishes his rule over the Chagatai Khanate, completing his conquest of Central Asia and parts of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370872148#April–June", "title": "1370", "revid": 1370872148, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1377, "year_label": "1377 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Informed that Khan Urus of the White Horde has died, Timur of the Timurid Empire sends Tokhtamysh to take the Horde throne, but is defeated by Urus' son, Timur Malik.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368383535#Date_unknown", "title": "1377", "revid": 1368383535, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur conquers the Sufid Dynasty of Khwarazm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#Date_unknown", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1381, "year_label": "1381 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur conquers east Persia, ending the rule of the Sarbadar dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430794#Date_not_known", "title": "1381", "revid": 1365430794, "section": "Events › Date not known"}}, {"year": 1384, "year_label": "1384 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur conquers the northern territories of the Jalayirid Empire, in western Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369176313#Unknown_Date", "title": "1384", "revid": 1369176313, "section": "Events › Unknown Date"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts of the Jalayirid Sultanate in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#Date_unknown", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1386, "year_label": "1386 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – The Mongol conqueror Timur, called \"Tamerlane\" in the west, captures and sacks the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, taking King Bagrat V prisoner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359789728#October–December", "title": "1386", "revid": 1359789728, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1387, "year_label": "1387 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur conquers the Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia, and appoints three puppet rulers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347891884#Date_unknown", "title": "1387", "revid": 1347891884, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1391, "year_label": "1391 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430899#July–September", "title": "1391", "revid": 1365430899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – At the Battle of the Terek River, the Mongol conqueror Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler, Quyurchuq, on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#April–June", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Timur appoints his son Miran Shah, as Timurid viceroy of present-day Azerbaijan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#Date_unknown", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Timur orders the construction of a garden in a meadow, House of Flowers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#Date_unknown", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – Timur defeats the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, which has been weakened after four years of civil war. Following his victory, Timur's Islamic troops sack the city of Delhi, and proceed to massacre hundreds of thousands of the state's Hindu inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#October–December", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1399, "year_label": "1399 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire invades Mamluk-occupied Syria. A rift forms between Sultan Bayezid and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who also wanted to conquer Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188981#Date_unknown", "title": "1399", "revid": 1362188981, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1399, "year_label": "1399 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – In the Delhi Sultanate in what is now the Uttarakhand state of India, Timur the Lame captures and sacks Haridwar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188981#January–March", "title": "1399", "revid": 1362188981, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur conquers the Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Azerbaijan, and the Jalayirid dynasty in present-day Iraq. Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad flee, and take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – Tamerlane, the Mongol conqueror, stops between Malatya and Aleppo at the Turkish garrison in Behesna. According to author Peter Purton, the garrison \"had the temerity to shoot a catapult ball at Timur which rolled into his tent. Setting up his own battery of 20 machines, it is said that the first shot hit and destroyed the offending weapon. Treating this as a good omen, the attack was launched, the towers mined... and the place surrendered.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#October–December", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1401, "year_label": "1401 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – (27 Dhu al-Qadah 803 A.H.) Timur raids the city of Baghdad, in the Jalayirid Empire, then carries out a massacre of its inhabitants, including women and children, as punishment for resisting his rule. According to accounts later, \"90,000 human heads were piled up on the public places of the town.\" The only persons spared death are \"theologians, shaikhs and dervishes\", and the only buildings not demolished are \"mosques, universities and hostels.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347806355#July–September", "title": "1401", "revid": 1347806355, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1401, "year_label": "1401 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Turko-Mongol Emperor Timur sacks Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347806355#January–March", "title": "1401", "revid": 1347806355, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – (6 Jumada al-Awwal 805 A.H.) With 4,000 troops, Tamerlane, Amir of the Timurid Empire covering much of what is now Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan begins the Siege of Smyrna (now Izmir in Turkey). Smyrna is captured after two days of attacks on its outer walls. After the Christian Knights of Saint John, who are ruling Smyrna, refuse to convert to Islam or pay tribute, Timur has the entire Christian population massacred. The Knights subsequently begin building Bodrum Castle in Bodrum, to defend against future attacks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#October–December", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Georgia makes peace with Timur, but has to recognise him as a suzerain and pay him tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#Date_unknown", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Gur-e Amir Mausoleum is built in Samarkand by Timur, after the death of his grandson Muhammad Sultan, and eventually becomes the family mausoleum of the Timurid dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#Date_unknown", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – John III of Soltaniyeh, a Dominican friar of the Roman Catholic Church, arrives in Paris as an emissary of the conqueror Timur, Emir of Transoxiana, in order to secure an agreement with King Charles VI of France in order to open trade relations between the two nations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#April–June", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, an ambassador from the king of Castile to Timur, leaves Cadiz; he arrives in Samarkand over a year later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#April–June", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1404, "year_label": "1404 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur is hit by a fever, while preparing to invade China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361962096#Date_unknown", "title": "1404", "revid": 1361962096, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1405, "year_label": "1405 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Timur (aka Tamerlane), Turco-Mongol monarch and conqueror (b. 1336)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337543539#Deaths", "title": "1405", "revid": 1337543539, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1405, "year_label": "1405 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – Khalil Sultan becomes the new ruler of the western side of the Timurid Empire upon the death of his grandfather, the Mongol conqueror Timur, while the son of Timur, Shah Rukh, becomes the ruler of the eastern side.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337543539#January–March", "title": "1405", "revid": 1337543539, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1414, "year_label": "1414 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Khizr Khan, Timur's governor of Multan in India, conquers the Delhi Sultanate from Daulat Khan Lodi, founding the Sayyid Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368828978#April–June", "title": "1414", "revid": 1368828978, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1425, "year_label": "1425 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi's critical history of Persia, Zafar Nama, is completed under the auspices of Mirza Ibrahim Sultan, grandson of Timur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360580047#Date_unknown", "title": "1425", "revid": 1360580047, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}