{"slug": "torun", "label": "Toruń", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47554", "qid": "Q47554", "description": "city in north-central Poland", "entries": 9, "years": 8, "span": [1367, 1724], "span_label": ["1367 CE", "1724 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "poland", "label": "Poland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "teutonic-knights", "label": "Teutonic Knights", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "amsterdam", "label": "Amsterdam", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hanseatic-league", "label": "Hanseatic League", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lubeck", "label": "Lübeck", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – In Germany, the Kölner Konföderation is founded by eight German members of the Hanseatic League (Lübeck, Rostock, Stralsund, Wismar, Kulm and Thorn, and five non-League Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Brielle, Harderwijk,Elbing and Kampen) to fight against the Kingdom of Denmark, whose ruler King Valdemar IV, has been seizing land to expand the territory owned by the Danish crown.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#October–December", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1411, "year_label": "1411 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed at Thorn (modern-day Torun in Poland) in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The Knights cede the region of Dobrzyń Land to the Kingdom of Poland. Thus, the Teutonic Order suffered virtually no territorial losses – a great diplomatic achievement after the crushing defeat in the Battle of Grunwald the previous year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354941251#January–March", "title": "1411", "revid": 1354941251, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1440, "year_label": "1440 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is proposed as an opposition to the Teutonic Knights at a meeting in Elbing by nobles from the cities of Culm, Elbing, Thorn, Danzig, Braunsberg, Königsberg, and Kneiphof. The delegates agree to hold a larger meeting on March 14 at Marienwerder.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343605568#January–March", "title": "1440", "revid": 1343605568, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – The cause of the Thirteen Years' War is set when the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master, and the citizens of Toruń rebel against the Teutonic Knights, beginning the conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#January–March", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – King Casimir IV of Poland receives an oath of allegiance from the citizens of Toruń and other cities in the Chelmno area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#April–June", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1456, "year_label": "1456 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – A treaty is signed at Toruń between the Kingdom of Poland and mercenaries led by Oldrzych Czerwonka with Poland purchasing the 21 fortresses of Czerwonka's people in exchange for 463,794 florins (1.62 million grams or 58,000 ounces of gold).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371442849#July–September", "title": "1456", "revid": 1371442849, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1519, "year_label": "1519 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – At Toruń, the members of the Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland vote to approve a war against the Teutonic Knights and to assess new taxes to recruit mercenary troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365433723#October–December", "title": "1519", "revid": 1365433723, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – The Siege of Toruń begins in Poland as troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and of Austria seek to recapture the city of Toruń from a garrison of the Swedish Army. Within six months, the Swedish occupiers surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#July–September", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – In the aftermath of an attack against Jesuit Catholics led by the Lutheran mayor of the Prussian city of Thorn (modern-day Toruń, Poland), ten Lutheran officials (including mayor Johann Gottfried Rösner) are executed in the town square. Rösner and seven others are decapitated by an axe, while two others are hanged, drawn and quartered for blasphemy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372325153#October–December", "title": "1724", "revid": 1372325153, "section": "Events › October–December"}}]}