{"slug": "toulouse", "label": "Toulouse", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7880", "qid": "Q7880", "description": "French commune and city in Haute-Garonne, Occitania", "entries": 25, "years": 25, "span": [-106, 2005], "span_label": ["107 BCE", "2005 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "septimania", "label": "Septimania", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "aquitaine", "label": "Aquitaine", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "gaul", "label": "Gaul", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "visigothic-kingdom", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "theodoric-i", "label": "Theodoric I", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "albigensian-crusade", "label": "Albigensian Crusade", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "muslim", "label": "Muslim", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "narbonne", "label": "Narbonne", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "franks", "label": "Franks", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -106, "year_label": "107 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the course of the migration of the Cimbrians and Teutons, a Germanic-Celtic confederation including the Helvetic tribes of the Tigurinians and Tougenians, under the leadership of Divico, ambush and defeat the Roman legions under Lucius Cassius Longinus, Lucius Caesoninus and Gaius Popillius Laenas at the Battle of Burdigala on the Garonne. As a result, the town of Tolosa, populated by the Volcae, revolts against the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325703654#Roman_Republic", "title": "107 BC", "revid": 1325703654, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 413, "year_label": "413 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths, led by King Ataulf, conquer the towns of Toulouse and Bordeaux by force of arms. After a successful siege of Valence, he captures the usurper Jovinus and his brother Sebastianus. In Narbonne they are executed and their heads are sent to Honorius' court at Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366415001#Roman_Empire", "title": "413", "revid": 1366415001, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 417, "year_label": "417 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths are granted Aquitaine, and become allies (foederati) of the Western Roman Empire. King Wallia establishes his capital at Toulouse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367640866#Roman_Empire", "title": "417", "revid": 1367640866, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 439, "year_label": "439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gothic War (436-439): Litorius, Roman general (Magister militum per Gallias), lays siege to Toulouse. During the decisive battle before the walls he suffers a severe defeat and is killed, and only the heavy loss of Visigoths makes King Theodoric I decide to agree to a provisional restoration of the status quo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307025237#Europe", "title": "439", "revid": 1307025237, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 442, "year_label": "442 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Valentinian III forms a marriage proposal for his eldest daughter Eudocia and Genseric's son Huneric. He is already married to a Visigoth princess, and Genseric decides to free him of his obligations by accusing her of trying to poison him. He leaves her mutilated - her ears and nose are cut off - and sends her back to her father Theodoric I, in Toulouse (Gaul).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333113526#Europe", "title": "AD 442", "revid": 1333113526, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Thorismund succeeds his father Theodoric I as king of the Visigoths. He is crowned in the capital at Toulouse, and extends the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Europe", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 455, "year_label": "455 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Maximus appoints Avitus, most trusted general, to the rank of magister militum and sends him on an embassy to Toulouse, to gain the support of the Visigoths. He elevates his son Palladius to Caesar and has him marry Eudocia, eldest daughter of Valentinian III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739434#Roman_Empire", "title": "455", "revid": 1364739434, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Majorian gathers an expeditionary force (Alans and other barbarians) in Liguria, and enters Aquitaine after a long march, where he visits King Theodoric II at Toulouse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Roman_Empire", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 484, "year_label": "484 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – The Visigoth king Euric dies and is succeeded by his son Alaric II. Euric has built a rampart to protect the city of Carcassonne southeast of Toulouse, on a bend of the Aude River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749511#Europe", "title": "484", "revid": 1364749511, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 507, "year_label": "507 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Vouillé: A Frankish army under command of Clovis I invades the Visigothic Kingdom, and defeats King Alaric II near Poitiers. The Visigoths refuse to be enslaved, and retreat to Septimania (Southern Gaul). Clovis annexes Aquitania, and captures Toulouse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907722#Europe", "title": "507", "revid": 1364907722, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 582, "year_label": "582 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gundoald, illegitimate son of Clotaire I, arrives with the financial support of Constantinople in southern Gaul. He claims as usurper king the cities Poitiers and Toulouse, part of the Frankish Kingdom (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751218#Europe", "title": "582", "revid": 1364751218, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 629, "year_label": "629 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charibert II, half-brother of Dagobert I, becomes king of Aquitaine (Southern France), and establishes his capital at Toulouse. Charibert's realm also includes Agen, Cahors, and Périgueux.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803532#Europe", "title": "629", "revid": 1340803532, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 660, "year_label": "660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Felix, patrician of Toulouse, assumes the titles of Duke of Vasconia and Aquitaine. He is formally a vassal of the Franks, but rules \"de facto\" independently.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359584981#Europe", "title": "660", "revid": 1359584981, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 719, "year_label": "719 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul (first major Muslim attack upon Visigothic Septimania, in southern France): Governor Al-Samh takes or re-takes Narbonne (Arbouna for the Arabs), before raiding the Toulouse area. Many town defenders and inhabitants are killed in the aftermath by the Umayyad forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050525#Europe", "title": "719", "revid": 1367050525, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 721, "year_label": "721 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – Battle of Toulouse: After besieging Toulouse for three months, Muslim forces under governor (wali) Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani are defeated by Eudes, duke of Aquitaine, preventing the extension of Umayyad control over Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808636#Europe", "title": "721", "revid": 1340808636, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 760, "year_label": "760 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Frankish King Pepin III (\"the Short\") begins his expedition to Septimania and Aquitaine. He conquers the cities of Carcassonne, Toulouse, Rodez and Albi. Duke Waifer of Aquitaine confiscates the Church lands, and plunders Burgundy. Pepin invades Aquitanian-held Berry and the Auvergne, capturing the fortresses of Bourbon and Clermont. Waifer's Basque troops are defeated by the Franks, and deported into northern France with their children and wives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358120145#Europe", "title": "760", "revid": 1358120145, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 844, "year_label": "844 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Viking raiders ascend the River Garonne as far as the city of Toulouse, and pillage the lands of Septimania. Part of the marauding Vikings invades Galicia (Northern Spain), where some perish in a storm at sea. After being defeated in Corunna, the Scandinavian raiders sack the Umayyad cities of Seville (see below), Niebla, Beja, and Lisbon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342120631#Europe", "title": "844", "revid": 1342120631, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 861, "year_label": "861 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Viking raiders sack the cities of Paris, Cologne, Aachen, Worms and Toulouse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129426#Europe", "title": "861", "revid": 1341129426, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 864, "year_label": "864 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pepin II joins the Vikings in an attack on Toulouse. He is captured while besieging the Frankish city. Pepin is deposed as king of Aquitaine, and imprisoned in Senlis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365939843#Europe", "title": "864", "revid": 1365939843, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1211, "year_label": "1211 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Albigensian Crusade: Crusader forces led by Simon de Montfort conquer Toulouse and besiege Lavaur in southern France. On May 3, the city is retaken; on orders of Montfort the senior knights are hanged and some 400 Cathars are burned alive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360876354#Europe", "title": "1211", "revid": 1360876354, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, is elected lord of Languedoc in a council at Montpellier (Southern France), after his campaign against the Cathar heretics during the Albigensian Crusade. The Crusaders capture Château de Castelnaud-la-Chapelle and enter Toulouse; the town pays an indemnity of 30,000 marks and is gifted to Montfort.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Europe", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Treaty of Paris: Count Raymond VII is forced to sign a peace treaty (also known as the \"Treaty of Meaux\"). This brings the Albigensian Crusade to an end. Raymond regains his feudal rights but has to swear his allegiance to King Louis IX (the Saint). The fortifications, such as these of Avignon and Toulouse, are dismantled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#Europe", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1320, "year_label": "1320 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 (Easter Sunday) – Shepherds' Crusade (Le Pastoureaux): In France, a large group of common people band together in Normandy to begin a crusade, after a teenage shepherd says he was visited by the Holy Spirit. They march south to Aquitaine, attacking castles, royal officials, priests and lepers along the way. Jewish communes are attacked at Saintes, Cahors, Verdun-sur-Garonne, Albi and Toulouse. When they finally cross into Spain, Aragonese forces under Prince Alfonso halt their advance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353685641#January_–_March", "title": "1320", "revid": 1353685641, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Supersonic airliner Concorde is unveiled in Toulouse, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#December", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2005, "year_label": "2005 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – The Superjumbo jet aircraft Airbus A380 makes its first flight from Toulouse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368527363#April", "title": "2005", "revid": 1368527363, "section": "Events › April"}}]}