{"slug": "transylvania", "label": "Transylvania", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39473", "qid": "Q39473", "description": "historical and geographical region in the central and western part of Romania", "entries": 31, "years": 25, "span": [101, 1940], "span_label": ["101 CE", "1940 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 17}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-hungary", "label": "Kingdom of Hungary", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "romania", "label": "Romania", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "wallachia", "label": "Wallachia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "hungary", "label": "Hungary", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ferdinand-i-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bela-iv-of-hungary", "label": "Béla IV of Hungary", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "andrew-ii-of-hungary", "label": "Andrew II of Hungary", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "suleiman-the-magnificent", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "king-of-hungary", "label": "King of Hungary", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "archduchy-of-austria", "label": "Archduchy of Austria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "habsburg", "label": "Habsburg", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 101, "year_label": "101 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Third Battle of Tapae: Roman forces, led by Trajan, defeat the Dacian king Decebalus in Transylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187378#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 101", "revid": 1371187378, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 803, "year_label": "803 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, begins his territorial expansion and raids the Byzantine northern frontier. He leads his warriors — mostly Bulgars, Slavs, Thracians and Macedonians — across the Carpathian Mountains, over the Danube River, and throughout Transylvania, Thrace, and Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848789#Europe", "title": "803", "revid": 1340848789, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1003, "year_label": "1003 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Stephen I of Hungary invades Transylvania (modern Romania) and establishes the Diocese of Transylvania (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369535158#Europe", "title": "1003", "revid": 1369535158, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1141, "year_label": "1141 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first German colonists (the future Transylvanian Saxon community) arrive in Transylvania, following grants by Geza II of Hungary. The colonization process is completed in 1162.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357081133#Events", "title": "1141", "revid": 1357081133, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Teutonic Knights are expelled from Transylvania by King Andrew II, because they wanted to separate from Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#Europe", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1228, "year_label": "1228 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Transylvanian town of Reghin is first mentioned, in a charter of King Andrew II of Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360747311#Cities_and_Towns", "title": "1228", "revid": 1360747311, "section": "Events › By topic › Cities and Towns"}}, {"year": 1247, "year_label": "1247 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – King Béla IV grants territories to the Knights Hospitaller in the Banate of Severin and Hungarian Cumania (according to a document called the Diploma of the Joannites), makes an early mention of Litovoi and other Vlach/Romanian local rulers, in Wallachia and Transylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480331#Europe", "title": "1247", "revid": 1362480331, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1264, "year_label": "1264 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – Hungarian Civil War, a dynastic conflict, erupts between King Béla IV and his son, Duke Stephen. Hungarian forces under Ladislaus II Kán invades Stephen's realm and push forward unhindered penetrating the valley of the Mureș River in the southern part of Transylvania. Stephen's army halts Ladislaus' advance at the Fortress of Deva (modern Romania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334426011#Europe", "title": "1264", "revid": 1334426011, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1479, "year_label": "1479 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – In the Battle of the Breadfield, the army of the Kingdom of Hungary, led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthory, defeats the army of the Ottoman Empire and Transylvania and Hungary, leaving at least 10,000 Ottoman Turks dead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855824#October–December", "title": "1479", "revid": 1359855824, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1514, "year_label": "1514 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – The Hungarian rebel leader György Dózsa is defeated in battle at Temesvár in Transylvania in Hungary", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369345340#July–September", "title": "1514", "revid": 1369345340, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 or 30 – The oldest surviving dateable document written primarily in the Romanian language: Neacșu's letter, written by a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, warning that the Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania; the script used is Romanian Cyrillic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Stephen Báthory becomes governor of Transylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362793946#Date_unknown", "title": "1529", "revid": 1362793946, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1533, "year_label": "1533 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359627731#July–September", "title": "1533", "revid": 1359627731, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1551, "year_label": "1551 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – The Treaty of Weissenburg goes into effect as John Sigismund Zápolya, King of Hungary since 1540, abdicates in favor of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. In addition, the independent Kingdom of Transylvania, ruled by Isabella Jagiellon, is ceded to the Kingdom of Hungary as part of peace with Ferdinand.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783865#July–September", "title": "1551", "revid": 1352783865, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1576, "year_label": "1576 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Stephen Báthory, the Hungarian Prince of Transylvania, is crowned king of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362635528#April–June", "title": "1576", "revid": 1362635528, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1596, "year_label": "1596 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – Battle of Keresztes: The Ottoman Empire Turks defeat a combined Habsburg–Transylvanian army, after two days of fighting: .", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369722581#October–December", "title": "1596", "revid": 1369722581, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – The Holy Roman Empire and Transylvania sign the Peace of Nikolsburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#January–May", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › January–May"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Transylvanian monarch Bethlen Gabor sign the Peace of Pressburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#October–December", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Tatar invasions in Transylvania devastate many towns, including Cavnic, Sighet and Dej.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#Date_unknown", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – The Siculicidium is carried out as hundreds of the Székely minority in Transylvania are massacred by the Austrian Army at Madéfalva.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#January–June", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31–December 14 – The Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan in Transylvania causes Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor to suspend the Hungarian Constitution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#October–December", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Hungarian forces, led by Józef Bem, enter Kolozsvár (Cluj), after defeating the Austrian armies in northern Transylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#October–December", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – 40,000 Romanians meet at Câmpia Libertății in Blaj, to protest Transylvania becoming a part of Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#April–June", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Romanian bands massacre 640 Hungarian civilians at the town of Zlatna, Transylvania. The massacre continues into 1849.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#October–December", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – General Anton Puchner, commander of the Austrian armies of Transylvania, declares insurrection against Hungary, and, together with Karl von Urban in the north and the Romanian insurgents led by Avram Iancu, attacks and chases away the Hungarian armed forces occupying Transylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#October–December", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1849, "year_label": "1849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: At Nagyszeben (now Sibiu in Romania)– The Hungarian army in Transylvania, led by Josef Bem, is defeated by the Austrians, led by Anton Puchner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362576929#January–March", "title": "1849", "revid": 1362576929, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1849, "year_label": "1849 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian government, led by Bertalan Szemere promulgates the Nationality Law, which gives important rights to the nationalities of Hungary, like the right to use their mother tongue in school, church, army, court and administration. The Romanians are declared a nation, and not a minority, in Transylvania. The Jews receive equality thanks to the Emancipation Decree.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362576929#July–September", "title": "1849", "revid": 1362576929, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1849, "year_label": "1849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Russian troops, under the command of Alexander von Lüders, break in Transylvania, and, together with the Austrian forces, start to operate against the Hungarian troops, led by Józef Bem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362576929#April–June", "title": "1849", "revid": 1362576929, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1849, "year_label": "1849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian army of Transylvania, under general Josef Bem, defeats the Russian-Austrian army at Second Battle of Nagyszeben, capturing the city which is the headquarters of Austrian general Anton Puchner. Most of Transylvania is liberated from the Austrian rule. The Austrian and the Russian troops flee to Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362576929#January–March", "title": "1849", "revid": 1362576929, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – The Union of Alba Iulia is proclaimed: Following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with the Kingdom of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#December", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Second Vienna Award: Germany and Italy compel Romania to cede half of Transylvania to Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#August", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › August"}}]}