{"slug": "tsar", "label": "Tsar", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44356", "qid": "Q44356", "description": "Slavic title given to a male or female monarch", "entries": 11, "years": 11, "span": [1190, 1908], "span_label": ["1190 CE", "1908 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "second-bulgarian-empire", "label": "Second Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "danube", "label": "Danube", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "cumans", "label": "Cumans", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "balkan-mountains", "label": "Balkan Mountains", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "peter-the-great", "label": "Peter the Great", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "bulgaria", "label": "Bulgaria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "russia", "label": "Russia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tsardom-of-russia", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ottoman-turks", "label": "Ottoman Turks", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "society-of-jesus", "label": "Society of Jesus", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Isaac II starts a campaign against the Bulgarians, who claim their independence. After passing the Balkan Mountains, Isaac marches westward to besiege Tarnovo, the new Bulgarian capital. Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet reaches the Danube River in order to block the way of Cuman reinforcements from the North. The defense of Tarnovo is led by Ivan Asen I, emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria. After spreading rumors of the arrival of a Cuman army to relieve the city, Isaac orders to retreat to Stara Zagora.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1280, "year_label": "1280 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tsar Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria flees from Tarnovo, ending the Asen dynasty in Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487782#Events", "title": "1280", "revid": 1362487782, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ottomans capture the Bulgarian fortress of Vidin and Tsar Ivan Sratsimir, ending the Second Bulgarian Empire. The Bulgarian state is reestablished in 1878 as the Principality of Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#Date_unknown", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1605, "year_label": "1605 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Claiming to be Dmitriy, son of Ivan the Terrible, a pretender is officially crowned Tsar Dimitriy Ioannovich of Russia in Moscow by Patriarch Ignatius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477436#July–September", "title": "1605", "revid": 1362477436, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1612, "year_label": "1612 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – Gustavus Adolphus replies to Metropolitan Isidor, Odoevskij and the estates of Novgorod, stating that he himself wishes to assume responsibility for the government of Novgorod and also of all Russians. A number of land grants signed the same day show that the Swedish king has assumed the title of Tsar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366306597#January–March", "title": "1612", "revid": 1366306597, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 (February 21 O.S.) – An assembly of the Russian Empire elects Mikhail Romanov Tsar of Russia, ending the Time of Troubles. The House of Romanov will remain a ruling dynasty until 1917.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#January–March", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 23", "text": "July 23 – Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia comes to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#July–September", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – Feodor III becomes Tsar of Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#January–March", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Tsar Peter the Great of Russia studies with the physician Herman Boerhaave, at Leiden University.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#Date_unknown", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1816, "year_label": "1816 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – (December 25, 1815 on the Russian Julian calendar): Tsar Alexander I of Russia signs an order, expelling the Jesuits from St. Petersburg and Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363267979#January–March", "title": "1816", "revid": 1363267979, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire; Ferdinand I of Bulgaria becomes Tsar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#October", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › October"}}]}