{"slug": "tunis", "label": "Tunis", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3572", "qid": "Q3572", "description": "capital of Tunisia", "entries": 27, "years": 23, "span": [-307, 1985], "span_label": ["308 BCE", "1985 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 17}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "ifriqiya", "label": "Ifriqiya", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "hafsid-dynasty", "label": "Hafsid dynasty", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "palermo", "label": "Palermo", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bejaia", "label": "Béjaïa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "september", "label": "September", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "august", "label": "August", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "louis-ix-of-france", "label": "Louis IX of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "baibars", "label": "Baibars", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mamluk-sultanate-cairo", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "algeria", "label": "Algeria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tunisia", "label": "Tunisia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "north-africa", "label": "North Africa", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -307, "year_label": "308 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Agathocles leaves his main army under the command of his son Archagathus encamped before Tunis while he, with a strikeforce of 8,000 infantry, 800 cavalry and 50 chariots, marches after the Carthaginian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358626493#North_Africa", "title": "308 BC", "revid": 1358626493, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": -306, "year_label": "307 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Archagathus counters by dividing his army in three and sending them against the Carthaginian armies. Unfortunately for the Greeks, one army (commanded by Aeschrion) gets ambushed and another (commanded by Eumachus) is defeated in battle. Archagathus retreats to Tunis, regroups his army and sends messengers to his father in Sicily to inform him on the situation. The Carthaginians concentrate their forces at Tunis as well and start a blockade of the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359452513#North_Africa", "title": "307 BC", "revid": 1359452513, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A mercenary army of some 20,000 is transported from Sicily to Carthaginian territory, by Carthaginian commander, Gisco. Upon arrival in Carthaginian territory, the mercenaries submit a demand to Hanno the Great for payment of their contracts. Hanno attempts, unsuccessfully, to convince the mercenaries to accept smaller payments due to Carthage's impoverished post-war conditions. Negotiations break down. The mercenaries take up arms, march on Tunis, occupy it, and threaten Carthage directly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Carthage", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -237, "year_label": "238 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hamilcar and another Carthaginian general, Hannibal, besiege Mathos' mercenary army at Tunis and crucify the captured mercenary leaders in sight of the mercenary battlements.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342094383#Carthage", "title": "238 BC", "revid": 1342094383, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – Battle of Tricamarum: Gelimer assembles an army of about 50,000 men at Bulla Regia (Numidia), and advances towards Carthage. Belisarius moves out to meet the Vandals; he leads the Byzantine cavalry (5,000 men) into battle. Without waiting for his infantry to come up, he charges, despite odds of almost 10-to-1, and throws Gelimer in confusion. Belisarius captures the Vandal camp by storm. Tzazo is killed in an all-cavalry fight, and Gelimer is forced to seek refuge in the mountains of Tunis with the Berbers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 744, "year_label": "744 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Tunisian Coup: Following the death of the Umayyad caliph, Hisham, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib assembles a small force in Tunis and declares himself emir of Ifriqiya. Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, wali of Ifriqiya decides against fighting and returns to Damascus. Abd al-Rahman installs himself in Kairouan, and crushes multiple revolts around the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305046877#Africa", "title": "744", "revid": 1305046877, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 824, "year_label": "824 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Rebellious Arab troops in North Africa, led by Mansur ibn Nasr al-Tunbudhi in a battle against the Aghlabids, led by the Emir Ziyadat Allah, invade and occupy the city of Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361215157#By_date", "title": "824", "revid": 1361215157, "section": "Events › By date"}}, {"year": 1159, "year_label": "1159 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Tunis is reconquered from the Normans, by the Almohad caliphs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561551#Events", "title": "1159", "revid": 1369561551, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Tunis, a popular rebellion against newly arrived, wealthy and influential Andalusian refugees breaks out, and is violently put down.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Africa", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1270, "year_label": "1270 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Before August – King Louis IX of France launches the Eighth Crusade, in an attempt to recapture the Crusader States from the Mamluk sultan Baibars; the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480805#The_Eighth_Crusade", "title": "1270", "revid": 1362480805, "section": "Events › Africa › The Eighth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1270, "year_label": "1270 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – The siege of Tunis and the Eighth Crusade end, through an agreement between Charles I of Sicily (Louis IX's brother) and Muhammad I al-Mustansir, Khalif of Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480805#The_Eighth_Crusade", "title": "1270", "revid": 1362480805, "section": "Events › Africa › The Eighth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1279, "year_label": "1279 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Abu Ishaq, uncle of the Hafsid caliph Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, sides with the Almohad rebels of Béjaïa, and takes Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487704#Africa", "title": "1279", "revid": 1362487704, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1279, "year_label": "1279 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Abu Asida Muhammad II, Hafsid ruler of Tunis (d. 1309)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487704#Births", "title": "1279", "revid": 1362487704, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Peter III of Aragon, traveling with his fleet on a military expedition against Tunis, ends up in the Sicilian town of Trapani, after being asked by the inhabitants of Palermo to help in the fight against Charles I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Europe", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1284, "year_label": "1284 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hafsid forces under Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya (half-brother of Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I) reconquer Tunis and reinstall the Hafsid dynasty as the dominating power in Ifriqiya. This ends the Bedouin rebellion started in 1283.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370723758#Africa", "title": "1284", "revid": 1370723758, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1286, "year_label": "1286 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abu Hafs Umar I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate, takes control of Béjaïa and becomes a rival of the main Hafsid entity based in Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071337#Africa", "title": "1286", "revid": 1363071337, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – At Tunis, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz al-Mutawakkil becomes the new of Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate of Ifriqiya in North Africa", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#April–June", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1429, "year_label": "1429 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – 18 (Dhu al-Hijjah 832 AH) The Hafsid Sultanate Saracens, ruled by the Hafsid Caliph Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II and commanded by Kaid Ridavan, depart from Tunis with 70 ships and 18,000 troops in an attempt to capture Malta, but are repelled by its defenders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320610#July–September", "title": "1429", "revid": 1351320610, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – The visiting Ottoman envoys to France depart from Marseille, six months after having arrived from Istanbul in October. Jean de La Forêt, the new French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, accompanies the Ottoman fleet with his party on a French galley, and the group sails to Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#April–June", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes the first person to pass through the new Porta Nuova in Palermo, celebrating the European conquest of the North African territory of Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#July–September", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1573, "year_label": "1573 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – The Spanish under John of Austria take Tunis with little resistance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656331#October–December", "title": "1573", "revid": 1366656331, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – The last Holy Roman Imperial defenders surrender Tunis to the Ottoman General Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368294863#July–September", "title": "1574", "revid": 1368294863, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "In Tunis, the mosque of Youssef Deyis is built. It is completed with an octagonal minaret crowned with a miniature green-tiled pyramid for a roof.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#Date_unknown", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1655, "year_label": "1655 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Admiral Blake severely damages the arsenal of the Bey of Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365983750#April–June", "title": "1655", "revid": 1365983750, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1655, "year_label": "1655 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – Battle of Porto Farina, Tunis: English admiral Robert Blake's fleet defeats the Barbary pirates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365983750#April–June", "title": "1655", "revid": 1365983750, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1694, "year_label": "1694 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 12", "text": "November 12 – The Army of Algeria captures Tunis, the capital of Tunisia, after a siege of three months, bringing an end to the Tunisian–Algerian War. Mohamed Bey El Mouradi, the Bey of Tunis, flees southward while Prince Muhammad ben Cheker of Tunisia becomes the new Dey on behalf of the Dey of Algiers, Hadj Ahmed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353084901#October–December", "title": "1694", "revid": 1353084901, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Operation Wooden Leg: The Israeli air force bombs Palestine Liberation Organization headquarters near Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#October", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › October"}}]}