{"slug": "tunisia", "label": "Tunisia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q948", "qid": "Q948", "description": "country in North Africa", "entries": 64, "years": 60, "span": [-202, 2021], "span_label": ["203 BCE", "2021 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 34}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 8}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "ifriqiya", "label": "Ifriqiya", "shared": 19}, {"slug": "mahdia", "label": "Mahdia", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "kairouan", "label": "Kairouan", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "fatimid-caliphate", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "zirid-dynasty", "label": "Zirid dynasty", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "hafsid-dynasty", "label": "Hafsid dynasty", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "north-africa", "label": "North Africa", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "algeria", "label": "Algeria", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "aghlabids", "label": "Aghlabids", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "numidia", "label": "Numidia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "libya", "label": "Libya", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -202, "year_label": "203 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio, while undertaking peace negotiations with the Carthaginians at Utica, makes a surprise attack on the Carthaginian camp and destroys it. Then, sweeping down on the forces that the Carthaginians and their allies, the Numidians, are trying to muster on the Great Plains near the upper Bagradas River (in modern Tunisia), he smashes that army in the Battle of the Great Plains. The Numidian king, Syphax, and the Carthaginian leader, Hasdrubal Gisco, manage to escape separately.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325743211#Carthage", "title": "203 BC", "revid": 1325743211, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -202, "year_label": "203 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A preliminary armistice between Carthage and Rome is declared and the Carthaginian armies accept Scipio's severe terms. However, on his return to Carthage, Hannibal concentrates the remnants of the Carthaginian forces at Hadrumetum (modern Sousse, Tunisia) and prepares them for battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325743211#Carthage", "title": "203 BC", "revid": 1325743211, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": 468, "year_label": "468 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Cape Bon: The Vandals defeat the Roman navy under Basiliscus, anchored at Promontorium Mercurii, 45 miles from Carthage (Tunisia). During peace negotiations Genseric uses fire ships, filling them with brushwood and pots of oil, destroying 700 imperial galleys. Basiliscus escapes with his surviving fleet to Sicily, harassed all the way by Moorish pirates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138410#Roman_Empire", "title": "468", "revid": 1360138410, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – The Byzantine army lands at Caput Vada (modern Tunisia). Belisarius marches his army northwards, towards Carthage (over 140 miles), following the coast, accompanied by the fleet and shadowed by Gelimer. During the march, the Vandal towns fall without a fight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Solomon defeats the Moorish rebels at Mount Mammes and Mount Bourgaon. He secures Byzacena (modern Tunisia) and establishes fortifications along the Numidian border.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Africa", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 548, "year_label": "548 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Battle of the Fields of Cato: The Byzantine army, under John Troglita, crushes the Moorish revolt in Byzacena (Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141112#Africa", "title": "548", "revid": 1368141112, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 670, "year_label": "670 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muslim Conquest: A 10,000-man Arab army under the command of general Uqba ibn Nafi invades the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa. He establishes a military base at Kairouan (Tunisia) for further invasions, and founds the Great Mosque, also known as the \"Mosque of Uqba\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634463#Arabian_Empire", "title": "670", "revid": 1367634463, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The African slave trade through the Sahara is so extensive that the town of Zawila (Tunisia) is established.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#Arabian_Empire", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 742, "year_label": "742 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Great Berber Revolt: Muslim forces under Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, governor of Egypt, break out of besieged Kairouan (Tunisia). He scatters the Berbers, the western and central Maghreb remained under the control of the Berber Kharijites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809740#Africa", "title": "742", "revid": 1340809740, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 758, "year_label": "758 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A group of four Basra-educated missionaries, including 'Abd al-Rahman Iban Rustam, proclaim the Ibadi imamate. Followers conquer the city of Kairouan (modern Tunisia), and massacre the Kharijites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654492#Africa", "title": "758", "revid": 1366654492, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 761, "year_label": "761 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An Abbasid Caliphate army reconquers the city of Kairouan (in modern-day Tunisia), from 'Abd al-Rahmān ibn Rustam of the Rustamid dynasty. The latter is forced to flee west, where he creates an autonomous state around Tihert (Tiaret).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847723#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "761", "revid": 1340847723, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 767, "year_label": "767 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Kharijite Berbers of Tlemcen and Tiaret try to conquer Ifriqiya from the Abbasid Caliphate, but fail to capture the capital of Kairouan (modern Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350246348#Africa", "title": "AD 767", "revid": 1350246348, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Abbasid Caliphate is forced to cede Ifriqiya (present-day north-eastern Algeria, Tunisia and western Libya) to the Aghlabid Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Africa", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › Africa"}}, {"year": 817, "year_label": "817 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ziyadat Allah I becomes the third Aghlabid emir of Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia). During his rule, the relationship between the Aghlabid Dynasty and the Arab troops remains strained.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204806#North_Africa", "title": "817", "revid": 1349204806, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The Ad-dimnah Hospital (bimaristan) is created in Kairouan (modern Tunisia), by the Aghlabid emir Ziyadat Allah I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#North_Africa", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": 856, "year_label": "856 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – Another earthquake strikes the Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Tunisia), also killing an estimated 45,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329734614#Geology", "title": "856", "revid": 1329734614, "section": "Events › By topic › Geology"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Lusterware tiles, that decorated the mihrab of the Mosque of Uqba at Kairouan (modern Tunisia), are made (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Art", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 868, "year_label": "868 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muslim Arab forces under Muhammad II, emir of the Aghlabid Dynasty (modern Tunisia), conquer the island of Malta and raid into the mainland of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358169430#Africa", "title": "868", "revid": 1358169430, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 875, "year_label": "875 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad II, emir of the Aghlabids, dies and is succeeded by his brother Ibrahim II. Towards the end of his reign, a caravan of pilgrims from Mecca introduces the plague in Ifriqiya (Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352180718#Arabian_Empire", "title": "875", "revid": 1352180718, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abu 'Abdullah al-Shi'i leads the rebellion of the Kutama Berbers (a movement of the Shiʿite Fatimids), against the Aghlabid emirate in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Arabian_Empire", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 909, "year_label": "909 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – The Fatimid Dynasty founded by Shiite Muslims in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) gains suzerainty over the Aghlabid Dynasty in North Africa. Emir Ziyadat Allah III escapes to the Near East, unable to secure any help from the Abbasid Caliphate to regain his emirate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367656270#Africa", "title": "909", "revid": 1367656270, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 916, "year_label": "916 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sicilian Berbers in Agrigento revolt and depose the independent Emir Ahmed ibn Khorob. They offer Sicily to the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia). Caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah welcomes this turn of events, but refuses to grant the Berber rulers their autonomy. He sends a Fatimid expeditionary force under Abu Said Musa which lands in Sicily and, with some difficulty, takes control of the island. Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah appoints Salam ibn Rashid as the emir of Sicily. Ahmed ibn Khorob is dispatched to Raqqada and executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352766259#Europe", "title": "916", "revid": 1352766259, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 919, "year_label": "919 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – The Fatimid Caliphate of Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia) launch the second Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921) in an attempt to seize Egypt from its Abbasid rulers. The expedition fails and the Fatimids will be forced to retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509579#Africa", "title": "919", "revid": 1341509579, "section": "Events › By Place › Africa"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Fatimid Caliphate creates a new capital in Ifriqiya, al-Mahdiya on the Tunisian coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Africa", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 925, "year_label": "925 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September — The Chamberlain Ja'far ibn Ubayd of the Fatimid Caliphate returns to the Fatimid capital of Mahdiya (now in Tunisia) after a successful 17-month campaign to pillage the Byzantine-ruled island of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671300#July_–_December", "title": "925", "revid": 1367671300, "section": "Events › By date › July – December"}}, {"year": 953, "year_label": "953 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – Caliph al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah dies after a severe illness. He is succeeded by his 21-year-old son al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah as ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate. His authority is recognized over most of what later will be Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512708#Africa", "title": "953", "revid": 1341512708, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 972, "year_label": "972 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Buluggin ibn Ziri is appointed viceroy in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) and becomes the first ruler (emir) of the Zirid Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272305#Africa", "title": "972", "revid": 1365272305, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Al-Mu'izz transfers the royal residence of the Fatimid Caliphate from El-Mansuriya (modern Tunisia) to the newly founded city of Cairo in Egypt. Egypt becomes the autonomous centre of the Fatimid Caliphate. He leaves general Buluggin ibn Ziri to govern the Western North African territories, which will become the province of Al-Maghreb (meaning the West).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Africa", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1017, "year_label": "1017 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Sunnis of Kairouan (modern Tunisia) revolt against the Shi'ite Zirid dynasty. The city is quickly retaken and sacked.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212758#Africa", "title": "1017", "revid": 1342212758, "section": "Events › Africa"}}, {"year": 1022, "year_label": "1022 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The 14-year-old Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, with support of the Zirid nobles, takes over the government and (as a minor) ascends to the throne in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213197#Africa", "title": "1022", "revid": 1342213197, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1025, "year_label": "1025 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emir Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis of the Zirid dynasty in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) attempts to retake Sicily but is unsuccessful.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367042525#Africa", "title": "1025", "revid": 1367042525, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1057, "year_label": "1057 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Banu Hilal razes Kairouan (in modern Tunisia). The Zirid dynasty has to re-settle to Mahdia (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335991921#Africa", "title": "1057", "revid": 1335991921, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1062, "year_label": "1062 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Banu Khurasan, a vassal of the Hammdid Dynasty, begin to rule the north of Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361243522#Africa", "title": "1062", "revid": 1361243522, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Conflict between the de facto independent Muslim republics of Gabès and Mahdia (modern Tunisia) in Ifriqiya. Madhia is supported by the Zirid Dynasty while Gabes receives the aid of Roger II, count of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Africa", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1123, "year_label": "1123 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – Battle of Al-Dimas: An Italo-Norman campaign in North Africa ends with their troops being massacred by Zirid forces near Mahdia (modern Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532227#July–September", "title": "1123", "revid": 1366532227, "section": "Events › By date › July–September"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Hammadid Emirate (modern Algeria) launches an assault against the city of Mahdia (modern Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#North_Africa", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – A Sicilian expeditionary force led by Roger II embarks from Messina and takes the island of Djerba (modern Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#North_Africa", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Roger II launches a full scale invasion into North Africa, seizing lands from Emir Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali in what is now parts of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya – thereby opening up more of the mercantile wealth of the Muslim world to Sicilian merchants. On June 18, George of Antioch conquers Tripoli and establishes more Sicilian authority.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Africa", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Siculo-Normans take control of Gabes (modern Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Africa", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Taking advantage of internal strife and a famine episode, George of Antioch takes Mahdia (June 22), Susa (July 1) and Sfax (July 12) in Tunisia, in the name of Roger II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Africa", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1160, "year_label": "1160 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Almohads conquer Mahdia (modern Tunisia) from the Normans after an important naval success near the city, against Christian reinforcements coming from Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224699#Africa", "title": "1160", "revid": 1371224699, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Almohad forces under Caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur reconquer the city of Gabès (modern Tunisia) from the Almoravid pretender, Ali Banu Ghaniya.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Africa", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1205, "year_label": "1205 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir establishes Almohad domination over the eastern parts of Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia). He appoints General Abu Mohammed ibn Abi Hafs as governor of Ifriqiya.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624697#Africa", "title": "1205", "revid": 1357624697, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Battle of the Puig: Aragonese forces under Bernat Guillem de Montpeller defeat the Muslim army (some 12,000 men) of the Taifa of Valencia at El Puig. The Almohad forces are routed, and many of the soldiers are slain in the action. Zayyan ibn Mardanish, Almohad ruler and governor of Valencia, is forced to go into exile to Tunisia, while offering the surrender of all castles from the Turia River to Tortosa and Teruel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#Europe", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1390, "year_label": "1390 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – The Barbary Crusade begins as the Kingdom of France and the Republic of Genoa attempt to stop the raids of the Barbary pirates by invading the North African region of Ifriqiya and laying siege to Mahdia in what is now Tunisia. Louis II, Duke of Bourbon and Giacomo Fregoso of Genoa bring 6,000 knights and soldiers on 60 ships against 40,000 Muslim defenders led by the Caliph Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II of the Hafsid Sultanate and the Sultan Abu Tashufin II of Tlemcen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631980#July–September", "title": "1390", "revid": 1371631980, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Aziz II succeeds Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II, as ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in present-day Tunisia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#Date_unknown", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – At Tunis, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz al-Mutawakkil becomes the new of Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate of Ifriqiya in North Africa", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#April–June", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – King Martin of Aragon, and ruler of Valencia, Majorca and Barcelona, begins the Bona crusade of Christians against the Muslims of Tunisia and departs from the island of Menorca with 13 galleys, 77 warships and 7,500 crusaders toward the Harsid Kingdom, ruled by the Caliph Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#July–September", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – With 132 ships, the navy of Spain's Crown of Aragon, dispatched by King Alfonso V, lands in North Africa at the island of Djerba off of the coast of Tunisia and begins a siege. The Caliph of Ifriqiya, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II, attempts to defend the island. but the Aragonese take control of Djerba by September 9.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998124#July–September", "title": "1432", "revid": 1361998124, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate in what is now Tunisia in northern Africa, renews the 1547 treaty of friendship with Spain that had been signed by representatives of his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#January–March", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1550, "year_label": "1550 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Capture of Mahdia (1550): The Spanish Armada arrives in North Africa to begin the process of capturing the fortress of Mahdia (now in Tunisia) from control of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369571608#April–June", "title": "1550", "revid": 1369571608, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Action of 1616, La Goulette, Tunisia: A Spanish squadron under Francisco de Ribera defeats a Tunisian fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#March-April", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › March-April"}}, {"year": 1735, "year_label": "1735 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Al-Husayn I ibn Ali, the first Bey of Tunis (modern-day Tunisia) is defeated at the Battle of Smindja by Abu l-Hasan Ali I with the help of Ibrahim ben Ramdan, the Dey of Algiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365121192#July–September", "title": "1735", "revid": 1365121192, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate by the Treaty of Bardo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#May", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1896, "year_label": "1896 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – Italy and France sign a treaty whereby Italy virtually recognizes Tunisia as a French dependency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364785538#September", "title": "1896", "revid": 1364785538, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – Tunisia gains independence from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#March", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Tunisia becomes a republic, with Habib Bourguiba as its first president.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371361971#July", "title": "1957", "revid": 1371361971, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1958, "year_label": "1958 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Tunisia and Morocco join the Arab League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371827125#October", "title": "1958", "revid": 1371827125, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – Israeli commandos kill the PLO's Abu Jihad in Tunisia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#April", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – The attempted suicide of Mohamed Bouazizi, a street vendor in Tunisia, triggers the Tunisian Revolution and the wider Arab Spring throughout the Arab world.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#December", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – The Tunisian government falls after a month of increasingly violent protests; President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali flees to Saudi Arabia after 23 years in power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#January", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi dies after setting himself on fire a month earlier, sparking anti-government protests in Tunisia and later other Arab nations. These protests become known collectively as the Arab Spring.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#January", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "Sousse attacks: 22-year-old Seifeddine Rezgui opens fire at a tourist resort at Port El Kantaoui, Tunisia, killing 38 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#June", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Tunisian president Kais Saied formally takes power in the country, suspending the parliament and sacking the prime minister.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#July", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › July"}}]}