{"slug": "turin", "label": "Turin", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q495", "qid": "Q495", "description": "city and commune in Italy", "entries": 27, "years": 26, "span": [590, 2025], "span_label": ["590 CE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "duchy-of-savoy", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "charles-v-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "savoy", "label": "Savoy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "francis-i-of-france", "label": "Francis I of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "waldensians", "label": "Waldensians", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "berengar-ii-of-italy", "label": "Berengar II of Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "adelaide-of-italy", "label": "Adelaide of Italy", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – King Authari dies (possibly by poison) after a six-year reign, and is succeeded by Agilulf, duke (dux) of Turin, who marries his widow Theodelinda.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Europe", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Raginpert, duke of Turin, deposes King Liutpert after an eight months' reign. He usurps the Lombard throne and puts his son Aripert in line for the succession.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#Europe", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 950, "year_label": "950 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – King Lothair II dies at Turin (possibly poisoned by Berengar of Ivrea). Berengar is crowned king of Italy and imprisons Lothair's now 19-year-old widow, Adelaide for four months at Como.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260811#Europe", "title": "950", "revid": 1365260811, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1255, "year_label": "1255 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Battle of Montebruno: Guelph forces under Thomas II of Savoy invade the Ghibelline territory of Asti (located in the Piedmont region), but he is defeated by the Astigiani army, led by William VII, at Garzigliana (Northern Italy). Thomas retreats and takes refuge in Turin; however, he is later captured by the Ghibellines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315790496#Europe", "title": "1255", "revid": 1315790496, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1280, "year_label": "1280 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Turin is conquered by Thomas III of Savoy, becoming the capital of the House of Savoy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487782#Events", "title": "1280", "revid": 1362487782, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1345, "year_label": "1345 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Battle of Gamenario: The Lombards defeat the Angevins in the northwest region of present-day Italy, just southeast of Turin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366119534#Events", "title": "1345", "revid": 1366119534, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – The University of Turin, originally created in 1404 is re-established in Turin in Italy after having been absent since 1427. Prince Ludovico of Savoy grants ducal licenses to set up colleges of Law, of Arts and Medicine, and of Theology.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#October–December", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1475, "year_label": "1475 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – An alliance between the Duchy of Burgundy (ruled by Charles the Bold), the Duchy of Savoy (ruled by Filiberto the Hunter) and the Duchy of Milan (ruled by Galeazzo Maria Sforza) is created by the signing of a treaty at the city of Moncalieri, in Savoy near Turin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369334832#January–March", "title": "1475", "revid": 1369334832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1536, "year_label": "1536 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Italian War of 1536–1538 resumes between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis seizes control of Savoy, and captures Turin. Charles triumphally enters Rome, following the Via Triumphalis, and delivers a speech before the Pope and College of Cardinals, publicly challenging the king of France to a duel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494676#January–March", "title": "1536", "revid": 1366494676, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1536, "year_label": "1536 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – The papal legation of Cardinals Marino Caracciolo, Francisco Quiñones, and Agostino Trivulzio meets with Emperor Charles V at Savigliano, south of Turin on orders of Pope Paul III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494676#July–September", "title": "1536", "revid": 1366494676, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Battle of Ceresole: French forces under the Comte d'Enghien defeat forces of the Holy Roman Empire, under the Marques Del Vasto, near Turin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#April–June", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – The Treaty of Brussol is signed between Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and a representative of King Henry IV of France, at a meeting at Bruzolo near Turin. The agreement for France and Savoy to remove Spanish occupiers from Italy, is never carried out because King Henry is assassinated one month later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#April–June", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – A shoemaker in Turin is found to have the first case of bubonic plague there as the plague of 1630 begins spreading through Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#January–March", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – A peace treaty is signed in Turin in Italy to end the War of the Banished between the Duchy of Savoy and the Waldensians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#January–March", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1693, "year_label": "1693 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – Battle of Marsaglia near Turin in the Duchy of Savoy: A French force under the command of General Nicolas Catinat defeats the Savoyard forces, leaving 10,000 dead or wounded, while sustaining only 1,000 casualties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343170745#October–December", "title": "1693", "revid": 1343170745, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Filippo Juvarra starts working on the previously postponed construction of the church of Santa Christina in Turin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#Date_unknown", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – The Treaty of Turin is signed in Turin as a secret agreement between King Louis XV of France and King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358761924#July–September", "title": "1733", "revid": 1358761924, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – The first Italian Parliament meets at Turin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#April", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1884, "year_label": "1884 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – Angelo Moriondo of Turin is granted a patent for an espresso machine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364372487#May", "title": "1884", "revid": 1364372487, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – The first motor race in Italy is held, on a course from Turin to Asti and back, a total of 93 km mi. Five entrants start the event; only three complete it. It is won by Simone Federman in a four-seat Daimler Omnibus, at an average speed of 15.5 km/h mph.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#May", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1896, "year_label": "1896 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – Giacomo Puccini's opera La bohème premieres in Turin, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364785538#February", "title": "1896", "revid": 1364785538, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1897, "year_label": "1897 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Juventus FC is founded as an association football club in Turin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362850810#November", "title": "1897", "revid": 1362850810, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – In Turin, Giovanni Agnelli and eight investors form the Italian automobile manufacturer F.I.A.T., producers of the Fiat motor vehicles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#July", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Optical fiber is first used to carry live telephone traffic, as an Italian company in Turin, Centro Studi e Laboratori Telecomunicazioni (CSELT) begins operation of two telephone exchanges.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#September", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 19", "text": "June 19 – Turin, Italy, is awarded the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#June", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10–May 14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2022 is held in Turin, Italy. The contest is won by Ukrainian folk-rap group Kalush Orchestra with their song \"Stefania\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#May", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8–17 – The 2025 Special Olympics World Winter Games are held in Turin, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#March", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › March"}}]}