{"slug": "tuscany", "label": "Tuscany", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273", "qid": "Q1273", "description": "region of Italy", "entries": 41, "years": 40, "span": [-55, 1800], "span_label": ["56 BCE", "1800 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 13}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 9}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Births", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "lombardy", "label": "Lombardy", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "lucca", "label": "Lucca", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pisa", "label": "Pisa", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "corsica", "label": "Corsica", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "verona", "label": "Verona", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "central-italy", "label": "Central Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "alps", "label": "Alps", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "florence", "label": "Florence", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -55, "year_label": "56 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The three Roman politician-generals of the First Triumvirate — Caesar, Pompey and Crassus — meet at the Luca Conference at the town of Luca (modern Lucca, in Tuscany), near Pisa, where they renewed their fraying political alliance, and further cemented the three men's increasing consolidation of power in the Roman Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862293#Roman_Republic", "title": "56 BC", "revid": 1325862293, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 534, "year_label": "534 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – King Athalaric dies of tuberculosis, age 18, having dissipated his youth in drink and debauchery. His mother, Amalasuntha, proposes to her cousin Theodahad, the kingdom's largest landowner and her father's last male heir, that he share the throne with her but that he will be king of the Ostrogoths in name only. Theodahad has secret conversations with the Byzantine ambassador, and promises to turn over Tuscany in exchange for a large sum of money, the rank of senator, and permission to live at Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353013996#Europe", "title": "534", "revid": 1353013996, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 538, "year_label": "538 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Theudebert I sends a small Frankish force across the Alps, and defeats the Goths and Byzantines at the River Po. Belisarius retreats to Tuscany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351200776#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "538", "revid": 1351200776, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Mucellium: Totila marches down into Tuscany and defeats the Byzantines at Florence, in the valley of Mugello. He treats his prisoners well, and many are induced to join his banner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Europe", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantines abandon present-day Lombardy and Tuscany, to establish a frontier march in the hills south of Ravenna (still known as Le Marche). Bavarians, Sarmatians, Saxons and Taifali, join the invasion en route. As they advance, the vacuum left behind them on the Balkan Peninsula is filled by Avars, Bulgars and Slavs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Europe", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 573, "year_label": "573 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Cleph completes the Lombard conquest of Tuscany (Central Italy) and extends his dominion to the gates of Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332331069#Europe", "title": "573", "revid": 1332331069, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 765, "year_label": "765 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Pepin III (\"the Short\") restores the papal privileges (see Donation of Pepin) in Benevento and Tuscany territory (and partially in Spoleto).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847741#Europe", "title": "765", "revid": 1340847741, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne conquers the Lombard Kingdom, and establishes Frankish rule in Pavia, Venetia, Istria, Emilia, Tuscany, and Corsica. Charlemagne visits Rome; he confirms the Donation of Pepin (see 756) while insisting on his own sovereignty. Pope Adrian I grants him the title of patrician. Charlemagne puts down immediate insurrections in Friuli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Europe", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 781, "year_label": "781 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne defines the Papal territory (see Papal States). He codifies the regions over which the pope would be temporal sovereign: the Duchy of Rome is expanded by Ravenna, the Duchy of the Pentapolis, parts of the Duchy of Benevento, Tuscany, Corsica and Lombardy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848254#Religion", "title": "781", "revid": 1340848254, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 823, "year_label": "823 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Boniface I, margrave of Tuscany", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073980#Deaths", "title": "823", "revid": 1267073980, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 838, "year_label": "838 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Boniface II, margrave of Tuscany (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941885#Deaths", "title": "838", "revid": 1340941885, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 844, "year_label": "844 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Louis II, eldest son of Emperor Lothair I, is crowned king at Rome by Pope Sergius II, and becomes co-ruler of Middle Francia, and over Lombardy, Friuli, and Tuscany in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342120631#Europe", "title": "844", "revid": 1342120631, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Viking chieftains Hastein and Björn Ironside ravage upstream and move to Italy, sacking Luna (believing it to be Rome). They sail up the River Arno to sack the cities of Pisa and Fiesole (Tuscany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Europe", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 863, "year_label": "863 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Bertha, duchess regent of Lucca and Tuscany (d. 925)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322668706#Births", "title": "863", "revid": 1322668706, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 898, "year_label": "898 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Adalbert II, margrave of Tuscany, revolts (pushed by his wife Bertha) against his cousin, Emperor Lambert II. The Tuscan army proceeds against the Lombard capital of Pavia. Lambert with his forces at Marengo defeats Adalbert at Borgo San Donnino, taking him, as a prisoner, to Pavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346095520#Europe", "title": "898", "revid": 1346095520, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 923, "year_label": "923 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – Battle of Fiorenzuola: Lombard forces led by King Rudolph II and Adalbert I, margrave of Ivrea, defeat the deposed Emperor Berengar I at Firenzuola (Tuscany). A pact is reached between Rudolph and Berengar, who abdicates the imperial throne and cedes sovereignty over the rest of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509659#Europe", "title": "923", "revid": 1341509659, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 925, "year_label": "925 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March", "text": "March – Bertha, duchess regent of Lucca and Tuscany (b. 863)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671300#Deaths", "title": "925", "revid": 1367671300, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Guy (\"the Philosopher\"), margrave of Tuscany (Italy)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Deaths", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 938, "year_label": "938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Hungarian army invades Northern Italy with the permission of King Hugh of Arles. They cross the Apennines, and sack the Lombard lands in Tuscany, Lazio and Campania. Finally, the Hungarians are defeated at Wolfenbüttel by a Saxon army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468181#Europe", "title": "938", "revid": 1364468181, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 964, "year_label": "964 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Otto I proceeds on campaign in Italy, remaining in the environs of Lucca. In the fall he leaves plague-wracked Tuscany, and is forced to retreat to Liguria. His rearguard is attacked by Adalbert II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353633013#Europe", "title": "964", "revid": 1353633013, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 985, "year_label": "985 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Boniface III, margrave of Tuscany (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468346#Births", "title": "985", "revid": 1364468346, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Otto III starts his first expedition to Italy from Regensburg, and proceeds over the Brenner Pass. News of Otto's arrival prompts Crescentius II (the Younger), patrician (the de facto ruler) of Rome, to invite Pope John XV (exiled in Tuscany) back to Rome. Otto arrives in Verona, and receives ambassadors of Doge Pietro II Orseolo of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Europe", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1001, "year_label": "1001 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Hugh, margrave of Tuscany", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910152#Deaths", "title": "1001", "revid": 1341910152, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1034, "year_label": "1034 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) leads a German military expedition via the Rhone River into Burgundy, while two Italian armies led by Archbishop Aribert and Boniface III (margrave of Tuscany) head over the Alps and join with Count Humbert I at Great St. Bernard Pass.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215274#Europe", "title": "1034", "revid": 1342215274, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1046, "year_label": "1046 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Matilda, margravine of Tuscany (d. 1115) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350130059#Births", "title": "1046", "revid": 1350130059, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction of the Piazza dei Miracoli (known as Piazza del Duomo) at Pisa in Tuscany begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Religion", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1115, "year_label": "1115 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Welf VI, margrave of Tuscany (House of Welf) (d. 1191)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369310142#Births", "title": "1115", "revid": 1369310142, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1115, "year_label": "1115 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Matilda, margravine of Tuscany, dies at Bondeno. During her reign she waged an intermittent war with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, over the inheritance rights of her fiefs in Lombardy and Tuscany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369310142#Europe", "title": "1115", "revid": 1369310142, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Pope Alexander III dies after a 22-year pontificate at Rome. He is succeeded by the Tuscany-born Lucius III as the 171st pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Religion", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – Welf VI, margrave of Tuscany (b. 1115)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Deaths", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1209, "year_label": "1209 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "In Tuscany, the banking firm known as the Gran Tavola (\"Great Table\") is formed; most of the partners are members of the Bonsignori family.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362169644#Markets", "title": "1209", "revid": 1362169644, "section": "Events › By topic › Markets"}}, {"year": 1239, "year_label": "1239 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – A German expeditionary force under Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, invades the Romagna and Tuscany, hoping to capture Rome. He appoints his 21-year-old son, Enzo of Sardinia, as imperial vicar general for Northern Italy. Frederick also threatens with war against Venice, which has sent ships to blockade the harbors on Sicily. In order to finance his growing need for arms, he institutes an administrative reorganization of the Holy Roman Empire (among others, the formation of 10 vice regencies in Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650554#Europe", "title": "1239", "revid": 1368650554, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1269, "year_label": "1269 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – Battle of Colle Val d'Elsa: Guelph forces (2,200 men) led by King Charles I of Anjou defeat the Ghibellines at Tuscany. After the battle, the Guelphs drive out their adversaries at Colle di Val d'Elsa, destroying their houses, and confiscating their possessions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343645386#Europe", "title": "1269", "revid": 1343645386, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1278, "year_label": "1278 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January", "text": "January – Charles I is crowned King of Jerusalem, and is recognized by the kingdom's barons at Acre. He surrenders the vicariate of Tuscany to Nicholas III. His bailiff, Roger of San Severino, appoints various Frenchmen from Charles' court as his chief officers. Bohemond VII, count of Tripoli (and nominal Prince of Antioch), acknowledges Roger as lawful bailiff.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334774897#Levant", "title": "1278", "revid": 1334774897, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The most recent phreatic eruption of Larderello, observed, at Boracifero crater lake in southern Tuscany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Nature", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By topic › Nature"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Battle of Campaldino: Pro-papal Guelph forces of Florence and their allies, Lucca, Pistoia, Prato and Siena under Viscount Aimery IV defeat the Ghibelline army (some 10,000 men) in Tuscany. Florence becomes the dominant power in Central Italy; powerful merchant guilds take on a more political role in the communal government against their rivals of Genoa, Pisa and Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Europe", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1311, "year_label": "1311 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Henry VII, the future Holy Roman Emperor, is crowned King of Italy in Milan with a mock-up of the Iron crown of Lombardy. The Tuscan Guelphs refuse to attend the ceremony and begin preparing for resistance against Henry's rule. Henry approves the despotic regimes of Matteo I Visconti in Milan and Cangrande I della Scala in Verona. The cities of Piedmont and Lombardy submit to Henry – in accordance with the proclaimed program of peace and justice. Florence and their Guelph (anti-imperialist) allies in Tuscany and Romagna move to defend themselves against Henry's accession.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018282#January_–_March", "title": "1311", "revid": 1332018282, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1313, "year_label": "1313 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Francesco da Barberino of Tuscany receives a doctorate of both civil law and canonical law, by a bull issued by Pope Clement V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694602#January_–_March", "title": "1313", "revid": 1361694602, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1440, "year_label": "1440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – The League of Italian States (Florence, Venice and the Papal States) defeats the army of the Duchy of Milan at the Battle of Anghiari in Tuscany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343605568#April–June", "title": "1440", "revid": 1343605568, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1786, "year_label": "1786 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – Peter Leopold Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, promulgates a penal reform, making his country the first state to abolish the death penalty. This day is therefore commemorated by 300 cities around the world as Cities for Life Day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370552329#October–December", "title": "1786", "revid": 1370552329, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1800, "year_label": "1800 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Third Treaty of San Ildefonso: Spain returns Louisiana (New Spain) to France, in return for the Tuscany area of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370325498#October–December", "title": "1800", "revid": 1370325498, "section": "Events › October–December"}}]}