{"slug": "tyre-lebanon", "label": "Tyre, Lebanon", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre%2C_Lebanon", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82070", "qid": "Q82070", "description": "city in the South Governorate of Lebanon, also an ancient Phoenician city and the legendary birthplace of Europa and Elissa (Dido)", "entries": 40, "years": 40, "span": [-840, 1291], "span_label": ["841 BCE", "1291 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 31}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "sidon", "label": "Sidon", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "acre-israel", "label": "Acre, Israel", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "beirut", "label": "Beirut", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "lebanon", "label": "Lebanon", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-cyprus", "label": "Kingdom of Cyprus", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-jerusalem", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ancient-egypt", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "antioch", "label": "Antioch", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "jaffa", "label": "Jaffa", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -840, "year_label": "841 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "841 BC—Baal-Eser II, king of Tyre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306362370#Deaths", "title": "840s BC", "revid": 1306362370, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -729, "year_label": "730 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "730 BC: Mattan II succeeds Hiram II as king of Tyre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363514202#730s_BC", "title": "8th century BC", "revid": 1363514202, "section": "Events › 730s BC"}}, {"year": -723, "year_label": "724 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "724 BC: The Assyrians start a four-year siege of Tyre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363514202#720s_BC", "title": "8th century BC", "revid": 1363514202, "section": "Events › 720s BC"}}, {"year": -676, "year_label": "677 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "From this year to 676 BC, Sennacherib's successor, King Esarhaddon, forced Tyre into tribute after campaigning in Khor and destroying Sidon in 679 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510276#Events", "title": "677 BC", "revid": 1370510276, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -675, "year_label": "676 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In 679 BCE, Sennacherib's successor, King Esarhaddon, campaigned in Khor, destroyed Sidon, and forced Tyre into tribute from 677 BCE to this year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510319#Middle_East", "title": "676 BC", "revid": 1370510319, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": -662, "year_label": "663 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Tyre by the Assyrians under Ashurbanipal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510239#Events", "title": "663 BC", "revid": 1370510239, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -649, "year_label": "650 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The city of Ancient Carthage acquires independence from Tyre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372860055#Events", "title": "650 BC", "revid": 1372860055, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -349, "year_label": "350 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sidon, the centre of the revolt against Persia, seeks help from its sister city of Tyre and from Egypt but gets very little.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367585688#Persian_Empire", "title": "350 BC", "revid": 1367585688, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -331, "year_label": "332 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander the Great occupies Damascus and, after a siege lasting seven months, destroys Tyre during which there is great carnage and the sale of the women and children into slavery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322067290#Macedonia", "title": "332 BC", "revid": 1322067290, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -313, "year_label": "314 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus invades Syria, then under Ptolemy's control, and besieges and captures Tyre. Antigonus then occupies Syria, proclaiming himself regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242240408#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "314 BC", "revid": 1242240408, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -311, "year_label": "312 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius rallies the remnants of his army at Tripolis and summons reinforcements from the garrisons of upper Syria and Cilicia; he also writes his father, Antigonus, and urges him to send help. Meanwhile Ptolemy captures Acre, Joppa, Samaria and Sidon, and starts to besiege Tyre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172925#Syria/Mesopotamia/Babylonia", "title": "312 BC", "revid": 1354172925, "section": "Events › By place › Syria/Mesopotamia/Babylonia"}}, {"year": -293, "year_label": "294 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy gains control over Cyprus and the Phoenician coastal towns of Tyre and Sidon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129455#Egypt", "title": "294 BC", "revid": 1350129455, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -218, "year_label": "219 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the defection of one of Ptolemy IV's leading commanders, Egypt's Syrian territories are seriously threatened by Antiochus III, thus initiating the Fourth Syrian War. When the Seleucid ruler captures the important eastern Mediterranean sea ports of Seleucia-in-Pieria, Tyre, and Ptolemais, Ptolemy IV's advisor, Sosibius, and the Ptolemaic court enter into delaying negotiations with the enemy, while the Ptolemaic army is reorganized and intensively drilled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325717539#Egypt", "title": "219 BC", "revid": 1325717539, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -125, "year_label": "126 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Tyre successfully revolts from the Seleucid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213344030#Syria", "title": "126 BC", "revid": 1213344030, "section": "Events › By place › Syria"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pacorus crosses, with the help of Quintus Labienus, the Euphrates and invades Syria. The capital Antioch surrenders, and the Parthians take Phoenicia and Judea. However, they cannot besiege the fortified city of Tyre, because they have no fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Parthia", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor › Parthia"}}, {"year": 335, "year_label": "335 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "First Synod of Tyre: Constantine I convenes a gathering of bishops at Tyre to depose and exile Patriarch Athanasius of Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351653069#Religion", "title": "335", "revid": 1351653069, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Hazir: Muslim Arab forces (17,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeat the Byzantine army near Qinnasrin (Northern Syria). The cities of Beirut and Tyre are captured by Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan after a short siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Arabian_Empire", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Revolt of Tyre: The citizens of Tyre (modern Lebanon) revolt against the Fatimid Caliphate. Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sends an expeditionary army and navy to blockade the city by land and sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Africa", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 998, "year_label": "998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Revolt of Tyre: The city of Tyre (modern Lebanon) is stormed by forces of the Fatimid Caliphate. A Byzantine squadron attempts to reinforce but is repulsed by the Fatimid navy. The defenders are massacred or taken captive to Egypt. The Byzantine captives are executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593041#Arabian_Empire", "title": "998", "revid": 1365593041, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1099, "year_label": "1099 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – The Fatimid governor of Sidon refuses to cooperate and his garrison attacks the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on to Tyre – Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force under Baldwin of Le Bourg (supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265715#First_Crusade", "title": "1099", "revid": 1365265715, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1110, "year_label": "1110 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February–May – Crusaders under Baldwin I besiege Beirut. Genoese and Pisan ships blockade the harbour; Fatimid ships from Tyre and Sidon try in vain to break the blockade. The Fatimid governor flees by night through the Italian fleet to Cyprus. On May 13, Baldwin captures the city by assault and the Italians carry out a massacre among the inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871350#Levant", "title": "1110", "revid": 1368871350, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1111, "year_label": "1111 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Crusaders, led by Baldwin I, besiege Tyre, without a supporting fleet. During the siege, a Byzantine embassy arrives in the Crusader camp. The Byzantines try to persuade Baldwin to join a coalition against Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of Galilee, but he refuses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268639#Levant", "title": "1111", "revid": 1365268639, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1112, "year_label": "1112 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Seljuk forces under Toghtekin, Turkic governor of Damascus, intervene at Tyre, and force King Baldwin I of Jerusalem to raise the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268836#Levant", "title": "1112", "revid": 1365268836, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1116, "year_label": "1116 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Baldwin I hastens to Tyre (modern Lebanon) and begins the construction of a new fortress, known as Scandelion Castle, at the Ladder of Tyre, which completes the blockade of the town from the mainland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168627#Levant", "title": "1116", "revid": 1362168627, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Saladin sends an Egyptian fleet to blockade Beirut and leads his forces in the Bekaa Valley. The city is strongly fortified and Baldwin IV rushes with his army up from Galilee – only pausing to collect the ships that lay in the harbors of Acre and Tyre. Failing to take Beirut by assault before the Crusaders arrived, Saladin breaks off the siege and withdraws.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Levant", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – Conrad of Montferrat, an Italian nobleman, arrives in Tyre which ends the surrender negotiations with Saladin. He finds the remnants of the Crusader army (after the battle of Hattin) and makes the Tyrians swear loyalty to him. Reginald of Sidon and several other nobles give their support, Reginald goes to refortify his own castle of Beaufort on the Litani River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Egypt", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1188, "year_label": "1188 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Siege of Tyre: Muslim forces under Saladin withdraw from Tyre after a 1½-month siege. For the Crusaders, the city-port becomes a strategic rallying point for the Christian revival during the Third Crusade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325547787#Levant", "title": "1188", "revid": 1325547787, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Saladin has reconquered the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem except for Tyre. The castles of Montréal and Kerak are captured by Muslim forces. In the north, Saladin has regained the Principality of Antioch except for Antioch and the castle of Al-Qusayr in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Levant", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Conrad of Montferrat sails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) from Tyre. As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour of Acre, an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, the Ayyubid fleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven to cannibalism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Third_Crusade", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Philip II, accompanied by Conrad of Montferrat, departs to Tyre and returns to France. He leaves behind a French army (some 10,000 men) under the command of Hugh III, duke of Burgundy. Richard I is left in sole command of the Crusader forces in the Levant. Back in France, Philip schemes with Richard's brother, Prince John, to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's mother, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, foils the plan. Meanwhile, Richard rebuilds and strengthens the walls of Acre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Third_Crusade", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1192, "year_label": "1192 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I), King of Jerusalem, is assassinated in Tyre, only days after his title to the throne is confirmed by election. The killing is carried out by Hashshashin, later the basis of folk etymology for the English word \"assassin.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341214506#Events", "title": "1192", "revid": 1341214506, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1193, "year_label": "1193 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – The Pisan colony at Tyre plots to seize the city, and hand it over to Guy of Lusignan – the ruler of Cyprus. King Henry I of Jerusalem arrests the ringleaders, and orders that the colony be reduced to only 30 people. The Pisans retaliate, by raiding the coastal villages between Tyre and Acre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367180478#Levant", "title": "1193", "revid": 1367180478, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1202, "year_label": "1202 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – An earthquake shakes the Levant from Egypt to northern Iraq, causing severe damage in Palestine, Lebanon and western Syria, including the fortifications of the Crusader cities of Acre, Jaffa and Tyre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187490#Middle_East", "title": "1202", "revid": 1369187490, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1231, "year_label": "1231 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War of the Lombards: Richard Filangieri sails for Beirut, where the town is handed over to him. He occupies Sidon and Tyre – while other Lombard forces appear before Acre. At Acre, Filangieri summons a meeting of the High Court and shows letters from Frederick II appointing him as ambassador (baili).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488978#Levant", "title": "1231", "revid": 1367488978, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1233, "year_label": "1233 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War of the Lombards: Lombard forces at Kyrenia surrender to John of Beirut, after a 10-month siege. The defenders, with their personal belongings, are allowed to retire to Tyre. Captured prisoners are exchanged for those held by Richard Filangieri, commander of the Lombards, at Tyre. Cyprus is wholly restored under the rule of the 16-year-old King Henry I (\"the Fat\"). His vassals are rewarded, and loans that they have made are repaid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489040#Europe", "title": "1233", "revid": 1367489040, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1243, "year_label": "1243 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – A Crusader force under Balian III, lord of Beirut, captures Tyre after a long siege. The barons seize the citadel on July 10, with the help of Alice, queen of Cyprus, whose forces arrive on June 15. This ending the War of the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489265#Levant", "title": "1243", "revid": 1367489265, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1246, "year_label": "1246 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Alice of Champagne, queen and regent of Jerusalem, dies after a 3-year reign. She is succeeded by her son, Henry I of Cyprus (the Fat), who appoints Balian III of Beirut as his bailli and confirms Philip of Montfort in the possession of Tyre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356775338#Levant", "title": "1246", "revid": 1356775338, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1283, "year_label": "1283 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – Qalawun (\"the Victorious\"), Mamluk ruler of Egypt, signs a peace treaty for 10 years with the Crusader States at Caesarea. It guarantees the Crusaders the possession of the territory from the Ladder of Tyre, north of Acre, to Mount Carmel and Atlit. But Tyre and Beirut are excluded. The right of free pilgrimage to Nazareth is permitted for the Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347549431#Levant", "title": "1283", "revid": 1347549431, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1286, "year_label": "1286 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Henry II is crowned king of Jerusalem at Tyre. After the ceremony, he returns to Acre for the festivities. A few weeks later, Henry returns to Cyprus and appoints his uncle Philip of Ibelin as regent (bailiff).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071337#Levant", "title": "1286", "revid": 1363071337, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Al-Ashraf Khalil enters Damascus in triumph with Crusaders chained at their feet and the captured Crusader standards, which are carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. Following the capture of Acre, Khalil and his Mamluk generals proceed to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquer Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Haifa and Tartus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Levant", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}]}