{"slug": "upper-mesopotamia", "label": "Upper Mesopotamia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311819", "qid": "Q311819", "description": "northern portion of region between Tigris and Euphrates rivers, now part of Iraq, Syria and Turkey", "entries": 12, "years": 12, "span": [602, 1200], "span_label": ["602 CE", "1200 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "al-mu-tadid", "label": "Al-Mu'tadid", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "edessa", "label": "Edessa", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "arabbyzantine-wars", "label": "Arab–Byzantine wars", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "euphrates", "label": "Euphrates", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mosul", "label": "Mosul", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "khawarij", "label": "Khawarij", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "aleppo", "label": "Aleppo", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II launches an offensive against Constantinople, to avenge Maurice's death, his \"friend and father\", and tries to reconquer Byzantine territory. Narses, governor of Upper Mesopotamia, rebels against Phocas at the city of Edessa and requests aid from the Persians. Khosrau sends an expeditionary force to Armenia and crosses the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 746, "year_label": "746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August or September – Battle of Kafartuta: Caliph Marwan II defeats and kills Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani, leader of the Kharijites, in Upper Mesopotamia. The rebels withdraw across the River Tigris, escaping destruction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809747#Umayyad_Caliphate", "title": "746", "revid": 1340809747, "section": "Events › By place › Umayyad Caliphate"}}, {"year": 866, "year_label": "866 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Kharijite revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate begins in Al-Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), which will last for 30 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129580#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "866", "revid": 1341129580, "section": "Events › Italy › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Caliph Al-Mu'tadid recognizes Khumarawayh as autonomous emir over Egypt and Syria, in exchange for an annual tribute of 300,000 dinars. The Jazira provinces of Diyar Rabi'a and Diyar Mudar are returned to the Abbasid Caliphate. Muslim forces recover direct control of Mosul (modern Iraq) from the Shayban.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Arabian_Empire", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 896, "year_label": "896 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kharijite Rebellion: The Kharijite uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate in Jazira is ended. Caliph Al-Mu'tadid reunifies the entire province under central government, and installs his son and heir, Al-Muktafi, as governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346094345#Arabian_Empire", "title": "896", "revid": 1346094345, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 899, "year_label": "899 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shaybani, Muslim ruler of Diyar Bakr, surrenders at the besieged capital of Amid (modern Turkey) to Caliph Al-Mu'tadid in exchange for clemency. Al-Muktafi, the son of Al-Mu'tadid, is installed as governor of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), ending the semi-independent Shaybanid Dynasty, which has ruled in Diyar Bakr since the 870s.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130263#Arabian_Empire", "title": "899", "revid": 1341130263, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine wars: Emperor Leo VI (\"the Wise\") begins an offensive against the Abbasid army in Cilicia, Upper Mesopotamia and Armenia. He also continues the war against the Muslims in Sicily and southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 944, "year_label": "944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Byzantine forces are defeated by Sayf al-Dawla. He captures the city of Aleppo, and extends his control over the Al-Jazira–Upper Mesopotamia region. Al-Dawla's rule is recognized by the Ikhshidids. With the recovery of Edessa, the Greeks also obtain the fabled Image of Edessa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512279#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "944", "revid": 1341512279, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 972, "year_label": "972 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor John I Tzimiskes divides the Bulgarian territories, recently held by the Kievan Rus', into six new themes. He turns his attention to the East against the Abbasid Caliphate and its vassals, beginning with an invasion of Upper Mesopotamia. John transfers Byzantine troops to Macedonia, and the region of Philippopolis in Thrace, to dilute the Slavs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272305#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "972", "revid": 1365272305, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Byzantine army, led by General Melias (Domestic of the Schools in the East), continues the operations in Upper Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Saladin invades the Jazira Region, ending the truce between him and the Zangids. After a feint attack on Aleppo, he crosses the Euphrates. The towns of the Jazira fall before him; the cities of Edessa, Saruj and Nisibin are captured in October. Saladin presses on to Mosul, and begins the siege of the city on November 10.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Levant", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1200, "year_label": "1200 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Al-Adil I, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, Jerusalem, and parts of the Jazira takes control of Egypt, and is recognized as sultan of the Ayyubid Empire. During his reign, he promotes trade and good relations with the Crusader States. His son Al-Kamil becomes the effective ruler (viceroy) of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354902191#Levant", "title": "1200", "revid": 1354902191, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}]}