{"slug": "vatican-city", "label": "Vatican City", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237", "qid": "Q237", "description": "Holy See's independent state, an enclave within Rome, Italy", "entries": 20, "years": 16, "span": [469, 2023], "span_label": ["469 CE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "pope-john-paul-ii", "label": "Pope John Paul II", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "holy-see", "label": "Holy See", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pope-paul-vi", "label": "Pope Paul VI", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "st-peter-s-basilica", "label": "St. Peter's Basilica", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lutheranism", "label": "Lutheranism", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "christianity", "label": "Christianity", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "constantine-the-great", "label": "Constantine the Great", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "salian-franks", "label": "Salian Franks", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 469, "year_label": "469 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Vatican makes a pact with the Salian Frankish king Childeric I, agreeing to call him \"the new Constantine\" on condition that he accept conversion to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138926#Religion", "title": "469", "revid": 1360138926, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – The Swiss Guard arrives at the Vatican, to serve as permanent ceremonial and palace guards under Pope Julius II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141766#January–March", "title": "1506", "revid": 1368141766, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – The new St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is consecrated, on the 1,300th anniversary of the previous church in 326.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#October–December", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – The first issue of the Vatican's newspaper L'Osservatore Romano is published.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#July", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – The Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See of the Catholic Church sign the Lateran Treaty, to establish the Vatican City as an independent sovereign enclave within Rome, resolving the \"Roman Question\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#February", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – The Lateran Treaty, making Vatican City a sovereign state, is ratified.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#June", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1932, "year_label": "1932 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Pope Pius XI meets Benito Mussolini in Vatican City.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370718676#February", "title": "1932", "revid": 1370718676, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November", "text": "First Bombing of the Vatican – Four bombs are dropped on the neutral Vatican City; the aircraft responsible is never certainly identified.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#November", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – The Vatican announces that bones uncovered in its catacombs could be those of the apostle Peter; 19 years later, Pope Paul VI announces confirmation that the bones belong to this first pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#August", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Pope Pius XII witnesses the \"Miracle of the Sun\" at the Vatican and defines a new dogma of Roman Catholicism, the Munificentissimus Deus, which says that God took Mary's body into Heaven after her death (the \"Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#November", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Pope Paul VI and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko meet in the Vatican (the first meeting between leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Soviet Union).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#April", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – In St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City), Laszlo Toth attacks Michelangelo's Pietà statue with a geologist's hammer, shouting that he is Jesus Christ.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#May", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Pope John Paul II receives a delegation led by Polish Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa at the Vatican.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#January", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Pope John Paul II assassination attempt: Pope John Paul II is shot by Mehmet Ali Ağca, a Turkish gunman, as he enters St. Peter's Square in Vatican City to address a general audience. The Pope recovers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#May", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Pope John Paul II appoints a bishop over the Czechoslovak exile community, which the Rudé právo newspaper calls a \"provocation.\" This begins a year-long disagreement between the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Vatican, leading to the eventual restoration of diplomatic relations between the two states.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#January", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Emanuela Orlandi, a 15-year-old Vatican girl, mysteriously disappears in Rome while returning home from a music lesson. The disappearance of the girl led to many speculations involving international terrorism, Italian organized crime, and even a plot inside the Vatican to cover a sexual scandal inside the Holy See. Because of all these theories, the Orlandi case would later become Italy's most famous mystery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#June", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Sweden re-establishes diplomatic ties with the Vatican after a 450-year interruption. Sweden broke off relations in 1534 in keeping with the rise of Lutheranism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#March", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – The United States and the Vatican (Holy See) restore full diplomatic relations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#January", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Pope John Paul II issues the Apostolic Letter Ordinatio sacerdotalis from the Vatican, expounding the Catholic Church's position requiring \"the reservation of priestly ordination to men alone\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#May", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – The funeral of Pope Benedict XVI is held at St. Peter's Square in the Vatican City. The funeral was attended by an estimated 50,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#January", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › January"}}]}