{"slug": "verona", "label": "Verona", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028", "qid": "Q2028", "description": "city in Veneto, northern Italy", "entries": 37, "years": 37, "span": [265, 1982], "span_label": ["265 CE", "1982 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 23}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "milan", "label": "Milan", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "berengar-i-of-italy", "label": "Berengar I of Italy", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "pavia", "label": "Pavia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "padua", "label": "Padua", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "lombardy", "label": "Lombardy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "alps", "label": "Alps", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ravenna", "label": "Ravenna", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "brenner-pass", "label": "Brenner Pass", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "tuscany", "label": "Tuscany", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 265, "year_label": "265 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gallienus gives the order to fortify Milan and Verona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369159579#Roman_Empire", "title": "265", "revid": 1369159579, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 285, "year_label": "285 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Carinus marches from Britain to northern Italy, and defeats the army of usurper Sabinus Julianus at Verona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367051271#Roman_Empire", "title": "285", "revid": 1367051271, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 403, "year_label": "403 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Battle of Verona: The Visigoths, under command of King Alaric I, invade Italy again, and advance through the Brenner Pass. Stilicho, with an army of 30,000 men, defeats the Goths north of Verona. Alaric makes a truce, and withdraws eastward to Illyricum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641291#Roman_Empire", "title": "403", "revid": 1367641291, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 452, "year_label": "452 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns under Attila invade Northern Italy. Emperor Valentinian III flees from Ravenna to Rome, and sends Pope Leo I to persuade Attila to return to the Hungarian Plain. The cities of Aquileia, Padua and Verona are destroyed by the Huns. Milan is saved because Attila is offered a huge amount of gold. Flavius Aetius (magister militum) is unable to raise a new army against him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342662685#Europe", "title": "452", "revid": 1342662685, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Belisarius consolidates Italy and begins mopping-up operations, capturing the Gothic fortifications. The cities Ticinum and Verona north of River Po remain in Gothic hands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 541, "year_label": "541 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Siege of Verona: Totila defends the city of Verona against a numerically superior Byzantine army. He gains control over the Po Valley and prepares a Gothic offensive in Central Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299131059#Europe", "title": "541", "revid": 1299131059, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 562, "year_label": "562 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The last Ostrogothic strongholds at Verona and Brixia are taken by the Byzantine Empire, ending the Gothic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749268#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "562", "revid": 1364749268, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 572, "year_label": "572 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Alboin, king of the Lombards, is murdered at Verona in his palace, at the instigation of his wife Rosamund (daughter of the Gepid king Cunimund), and her henchman, Helmechis (the king's squire); both flee to seek Byzantine protection in Ravenna. Alboin is succeeded as king by Cleph, who is not related by blood.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801019#Europe", "title": "572", "revid": 1340801019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 589, "year_label": "589 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – Breach at Cucca. The Adige River overflows its banks, flooding the church of St. Zeno and damaging the walls of Verona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654394#Europe", "title": "589", "revid": 1366654394, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Franks and Burgundians under King Guntram invade Italy. They capture the cities Milan and Verona, but are forced to leave by a plague outbreak in the Po Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Europe", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 773, "year_label": "773 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Pavia: Charlemagne besieges Pavia, which is poorly stocked with food. King Desiderius remains in the capital, and orders his son Adalgis to defend Verona to guard Gerberga, and the children of Carloman I. After a short siege, Adalgis flees to Constantinople, where he is received by Emperor Constantine V. Meanwhile, the Franks capture the cities of Verona and Mortara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369635460#Europe", "title": "773", "revid": 1369635460, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Guy III, duke of Spoleto, defeats the Lombard king Berengar I at the Trebbia River, and is acclaimed as king of Italy at an assembly in Pavia. After confirming some privileges to the Catholic Church, he is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, by Pope Stephen V. Berengar is forced to retreat to Verona; Guy does not pursue him into Friuli, because of the (possible) wrath of King Arnulf of Carinthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An East Frankish expeditionary force under Zwentibold, the eldest son of King Arnulf of Carinthia, crosses the Alps into Friuli. He makes junction at Verona, with the army of the deposed king Berengar I, and proceeds to lay siege to Pavia. After a three-month campaign, Zwentibold receives orders to head back to Bavaria, in case of a Magyar intervention.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Europe", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Arnulf of Carinthia invades Italy at the head of an East Frankish expeditionary army, joining up with the deposed king Berengar I at Verona. He conquers Brescia after little resistance, and sacks Bergamo after a one-month siege. The cities of Milan and Pavia open their doors to Arnulf. Emperor Guy III escapes from Pavia, to hide in the mountains of Spoleto (Umbria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Europe", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 896, "year_label": "896 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March", "text": "March – King Lambert II proceeds to re-conquer Italy. Heading north, he captures western Lombardy, and decapitates count Maginulf of Milan. In the meantime, the deposed king Berengar I recovers Verona (March of Friuli) from Arnulf's candidate, count Walfred of Verona, who dies in office with \"great fidelity to the emperor\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346094345#Europe", "title": "896", "revid": 1346094345, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 905, "year_label": "905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Louis III, Holy Roman Emperor, launches another attempt to invade Italy. A Frankish expeditionary force, led by Adalbert I of Ivrea, captures Pavia, and Berengar I retires to Verona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350019271#Europe", "title": "905", "revid": 1350019271, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 922, "year_label": "922 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Adalbert I, margrave of Ivrea, leads a rebellion with the support of the Italian nobles against King Berengar I. He crosses the Alps into Burgundy and invites Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy to invade Italy. Berengar flees again to Verona and Rudolph is crowned King of Italy at Pavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509630#Europe", "title": "922", "revid": 1341509630, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – After having made a new alliance with the Hungarians, the Holy Roman Emperor Berengar I, King of Italy, is assassinated in Verona by one of his guards. Rudolph II, King of Burgundy and a claimant to the throne, takes full control of the Kingdom of Italy, while the office of the Holy Roman Emperor will not be re-created until 38 years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#April—June", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › April—June"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Arnulf I (\"the Bad\") of Bavaria invades Italy, crossing through the Upper Adige (modern Tyrol). He proceeds towards Verona to join his supporters. King Hugh of Provence takes a Burgundian army against him, and defeats Arnulf at Gossolengo, forcing him to return to Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Europe", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Berengar of Ivrea invades Italy with hired Lombard troops and takes up residence in Milan. Berengar proceeds to Verona, where he is joined by forces of Count Milo and other partisans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Europe", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ratherius (or Rathier), bishop of Verona", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Deaths", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Otto III starts his first expedition to Italy from Regensburg, and proceeds over the Brenner Pass. News of Otto's arrival prompts Crescentius II (the Younger), patrician (the de facto ruler) of Rome, to invite Pope John XV (exiled in Tuscany) back to Rome. Otto arrives in Verona, and receives ambassadors of Doge Pietro II Orseolo of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Europe", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Emperor Henry II conducts his fourth Italian military campaign. He crosses the Brenner Pass with a 60,000-strong army, and reaches Verona, where he receives Lombard levies. Henry proceeds to Mantua and then into Ravenna, to spend Christmas there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Europe", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – 1117 Verona earthquake. The earthquake is rated at VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and strikes northern Italy and Germany. The epicentre of the first shock is near Verona, the city which suffers the most damage. The outer wall of the amphitheatre is partially felled, and the standing portion is damaged in a later earthquake of 1183. Many other churches, monasteries, and ancient monuments are destroyed or seriously damaged, eliminating much of Verona's early medieval architecture and providing space for a massive Romanesque rebuilding.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Europe", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1184, "year_label": "1184 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The papal bull Ad Abolendam is issued against several European heretical groups: the Cathars, the Waldensians, the Patarines, Josephines and the Humiliati. It is created after a landmark meeting in Verona, between the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick I and the Catholic Church under Pope Lucius III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362173180#Religion", "title": "1184", "revid": 1362173180, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1185, "year_label": "1185 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Pope Lucius III dies after a 4-year pontificate in exile at Verona. He is succeeded by Urban III as the 172nd pope of the Catholic Church (until 1187).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484284#Religion", "title": "1185", "revid": 1362484284, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1202, "year_label": "1202 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – Byzantine Prince Alexios Angelos sends representatives from Verona to the Crusader leaders in Venice. He promises to submit the Greek Orthodox Church to papal obedience and to provide the Crusade with 200,000 silver marks, together with provisions for a year. Alexios also will contribute 10,000 mounted soldiers to the expedition. In return he wants the Crusade to overthrow his uncle, the Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187490#Fourth_Crusade", "title": "1202", "revid": 1369187490, "section": "Events › By place › Fourth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Frederick II assembles an expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) to crush the rebellious Lombard League. He crosses the Alps to Verona – where he is joined by Lord Ezzelino III da Romano, including troops from Brescia, Vicenza, Padua and Treviso. Frederick relies on his allies for support and in doing so, he provokes the opposition of earlier supporters, such as the House of Este, which now sides with the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#Europe", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1311, "year_label": "1311 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Henry VII, the future Holy Roman Emperor, is crowned King of Italy in Milan with a mock-up of the Iron crown of Lombardy. The Tuscan Guelphs refuse to attend the ceremony and begin preparing for resistance against Henry's rule. Henry approves the despotic regimes of Matteo I Visconti in Milan and Cangrande I della Scala in Verona. The cities of Piedmont and Lombardy submit to Henry – in accordance with the proclaimed program of peace and justice. Florence and their Guelph (anti-imperialist) allies in Tuscany and Romagna move to defend themselves against Henry's accession.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018282#January_–_March", "title": "1311", "revid": 1332018282, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1337, "year_label": "1337 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Scaligeri Family loses control of Padua; Alberto della Scala, patron of the music of the Trecento, moves to Verona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629159#Date_unknown", "title": "1337", "revid": 1359629159, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1356, "year_label": "1356 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Castelvecchio Bridge in Verona is probably completed this year; its main span of 48.7 m ft is the world's longest arch at this time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441440#Date_unknown", "title": "1356", "revid": 1350441440, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1387, "year_label": "1387 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347891884#January–March", "title": "1387", "revid": 1347891884, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1796, "year_label": "1796 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – The Habsburg army under Marshal Wurmser advances from the Alps, and captures Rivoli and Verona. The French abandon the east bank of the Mincio River, the outnumbered division (15,000 men) of Masséna retreats towards Lake Garda.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368676893#July–September", "title": "1796", "revid": 1368676893, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1797, "year_label": "1797 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Veronese Easter: Citizens of Verona, Italy, began an unsuccessful eight-day rebellion against the French occupying forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310974#April–June", "title": "1797", "revid": 1368310974, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April", "text": "Retreating German troops destroy all the bridges over the Adige in Verona, including the historic Ponte di Castelvecchio and Ponte Pietra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#April", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – American Brigadier General James L. Dozier is kidnapped in Verona by the Italian Red Brigades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#December", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Ciabatta bread is invented by a baker in Verona, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#Date_unknown", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}