{"slug": "volga", "label": "Volga", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626", "qid": "Q626", "description": "river in Russia; the longest river in Europe", "entries": 6, "years": 6, "span": [-1199, 1942], "span_label": ["1200 BCE", "1942 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "black-sea", "label": "Black Sea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "grand-duchy-of-lithuania", "label": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "golden-horde", "label": "Golden Horde", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "timur", "label": "Timur", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tokhtamysh", "label": "Tokhtamysh", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "crimea", "label": "Crimea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "khazars", "label": "Khazars", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "caspian-sea", "label": "Caspian Sea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "principality-of-kiev", "label": "Principality of Kiev", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -1199, "year_label": "1200 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 1200 BC: The proto-Scythian Srubna (Timber-grave) culture expands from the lower Volga region to cover the whole of the North Pontic area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350963473#Events_and_trends", "title": "1200s BC (decade)", "revid": 1350963473, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": 650, "year_label": "650 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Khazar Khaganate extends from the Dnieper to the Caspian Sea, and establishes the city, Itil, as its capital on the shore of the Caspian. Northward it extends to the headwaters of the Volga. Their rulers accept the Jewish religion, apparently to assert their independence from both Muslims and Christians (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804422#Europe", "title": "650", "revid": 1340804422, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1152, "year_label": "1152 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The town of Gorodets, located on the banks of the Volga River, is founded by Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584069#Europe", "title": "1152", "revid": 1365584069, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mongol army invades Polovtsian territory and defeats the Polovtsians in a great battle near the Don River. Several Polovtsian leaders are killed – while the remainder flees westwards, across the Dnieper River, to seek support by various Russian princes. Steppe lands east of the Dnieper fall under Mongol control, Subutai and Jebe raise the wealthy city of Astrakhan on the Volga River. Subutai now parts his forces, he moves south to the Crimea (or Tauric Peninsula), while Jebe travels towards the Dnieper.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Events › Other events, by place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – At the Battle of the Terek River, the Mongol conqueror Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler, Quyurchuq, on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#April–June", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – WWII: Battle of Stalingrad: German forces of the 16th Panzer Division reach the suburbs of Stalingrad. The German 6th Army under General Friedrich Paulus stabilishes the frontier and takes up positions at the Volga River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#August", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › August"}}]}