{"slug": "wallachia", "label": "Wallachia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171393", "qid": "Q171393", "description": "historical and geographical region of Romania", "entries": 63, "years": 54, "span": [593, 1859], "span_label": ["593 CE", "1859 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 34}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 10}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "romania", "label": "Romania", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "moldavia", "label": "Moldavia", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "vlad-the-impaler", "label": "Vlad the Impaler", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "bucharest", "label": "Bucharest", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "mircea-i-of-wallachia", "label": "Mircea I of Wallachia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "bulgaria", "label": "Bulgaria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "john-hunyadi", "label": "John Hunyadi", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "transylvania", "label": "Transylvania", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ottoman-turks", "label": "Ottoman Turks", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "hungarians", "label": "Hungarians", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "targoviste", "label": "Târgoviște", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 593, "year_label": "593 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Priscus, commander-in-chief in Thrace, defeats the Slavic tribes and Gepids on Byzantine territory south of the Danube. He crosses the river to fight in the uncharted swamps and forests of modern-day Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755561#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "593", "revid": 1364755561, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 598, "year_label": "598 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maurice pays tribute to the Avars and concludes a treaty with their leader Bayan I, allowing Byzantine expeditions in Wallachia. He reorganises his army and strengthens the Long Walls (west of Constantinople).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751875#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "598", "revid": 1364751875, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1247, "year_label": "1247 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – King Béla IV grants territories to the Knights Hospitaller in the Banate of Severin and Hungarian Cumania (according to a document called the Diploma of the Joannites), makes an early mention of Litovoi and other Vlach/Romanian local rulers, in Wallachia and Transylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480331#Europe", "title": "1247", "revid": 1362480331, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1317, "year_label": "1317 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "A Hungarian document mentions for the first time Basarab I as leader of Wallachia (historians estimate he was on the throne since about 1310). Basarab will become the first voivode of Wallachia as an independent state, and founder of the House of Basarab (until 1352).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368785088#Date_unknown", "title": "1317", "revid": 1368785088, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1324, "year_label": "1324 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – Basarab I, ruler of Wallachia (part of modern-day Romania) is designated by King Charles I of Hungary (Károly Róbert) as a subject of the Hungarian crown.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303312513#July_–_September", "title": "1324", "revid": 1303312513, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1330, "year_label": "1330 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9–12 – Battle of Posada: The Wallachians, under Basarab I, defeat the Hungarians, though heavily outnumbered, thus making a firm statement towards the independence of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350440644#January–December", "title": "1330", "revid": 1350440644, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1352, "year_label": "1352 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Following the death of his father Basarab, Nicholas Alexander becomes voivode of Wallachia, after being co-ruler for about eight years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1294629592#Date_unknown", "title": "1352", "revid": 1294629592, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1364, "year_label": "1364 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Vladislav I (also known as Vlaicu-Vodă) becomes voivode of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339849340#Date_unknown", "title": "1364", "revid": 1339849340, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1364, "year_label": "1364 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nicholas Alexander, voivode of Wallachia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339849340#Deaths", "title": "1364", "revid": 1339849340, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – The third war between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire as the 40,000 Hungarian troops, led by King Lajos of Hungary depart from Várad (now Oradea in Romania) and march into the Principality of Wallachia, whose ruler, Vladislav, has recently changed his alliance from Hungary to the Ottoman sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#April–June", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1388, "year_label": "1388 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – Cozia Monastery is consecrated in the Principality Wallachia by Prince Mircea the Elder in the town of Călimănești (now in Romania)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360557860#April–June", "title": "1388", "revid": 1360557860, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – At the Battle of Karanovasa, Wallachia (now southern Romania) resists an invasion by the army Ottoman Empire and its Serb and Bulgarian vassals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#October–December", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire has the former Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Shishman beheaded after Shishman is accused of collaborating with the Principality of Wallachia during the 1394 Battle of Karanovasa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#April–June", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Battle of Rovine: With the help of the Hungarians, Wallachia resists an invasion by the Ottomans and their Serb and Bulgarian vassals. But Mircea I of Wallachia has to temporarily flee to Transylvania, and Vlad I Uzurpatorul is placed on the throne by the Ottomans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#April–June", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October", "text": "October – A Transylvanian expedition captures Vlad I Uzurpatorul, thus allowing the restoration of Mircea the Elder of Wallachia to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#October–December", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – The Crusaders, with more than 17,000 troops from France, Hungary, the Knights Hospitaler, Wallachia and the Holy Roman Empire , arrive at the outskirts of Nicopolis (now Nikopol in Bulgaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#July–September", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Battle of Nicopolis: The Ottomans defeat a joint crusade by Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Wallachia, led by King Sigismund of Hungary. This is the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#July–September", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1397, "year_label": "1397 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Mircea I takes back the throne of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363907908#January–March", "title": "1397", "revid": 1363907908, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) resists an invasion by the Ottomans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – In what is now Romania, Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Good) is installed as the new Prince (Voivode) of Moldavia by Mircea the Elder, the Voivode of Wallachia, after Mircea removes the reigning monarch, Prince Iuga.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#April–June", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1404, "year_label": "1404 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Wallachia reaches its maximum extent under Mircea cel Bătrân.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361962096#Date_unknown", "title": "1404", "revid": 1361962096, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1408, "year_label": "1408 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Mihail I becomes co-ruler of Wallachia, with his father Mircea cel Bătrân.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360565942#Date_unknown", "title": "1408", "revid": 1360565942, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1412, "year_label": "1412 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The first mention is made of Wallachian knights competing in a jousting tournament, in Buda.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357537157#Date_unknown", "title": "1412", "revid": 1357537157, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1417, "year_label": "1417 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mircea cel Bătrân loses Dobruja to the Ottomans and pays them tribute, thus preventing Wallachia from becoming an Ottoman province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829183#Date_unknown", "title": "1417", "revid": 1368829183, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1419, "year_label": "1419 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mihail I defends Wallachia against the Ottomans, with Hungarian help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358545199#Date_unknown", "title": "1419", "revid": 1358545199, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1420, "year_label": "1420 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August", "text": "August – Radu II of Wallachia, supported by the Ottomans, and Dan II, with Hungarian help, start a seven-years-long struggle for the throne of Wallachia, after Michael I is killed in a battle. The throne of Wallachia will switch from one to another about four times until 1427, when Radu II dies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937924#July–September", "title": "1420", "revid": 1365937924, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1427, "year_label": "1427 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January", "text": "January – Radu II of Wallachia resumes the throne of Wallachia for the fourth time, but a seven-year struggle for it ends in March when he is defeated in battle, and probably killed, by Dan II, who resumes the throne for a fifth term.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937201#January–June", "title": "1427", "revid": 1365937201, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1428, "year_label": "1428 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – Dan II leads an army against the Ottomans at Golubac Fortress, obtaining a treaty that will allow him a semi-peaceful rule in Wallachia, until 1432.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359832254#April–June", "title": "1428", "revid": 1359832254, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1431, "year_label": "1431 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March", "text": "March – Alexander I Aldea takes the throne of Wallachia with support from Alexander I of Moldavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361768961#January–March", "title": "1431", "revid": 1361768961, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vlad II Dracul seizes the recently vacated throne of Wallachia, with Hungarian support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#Date_unknown", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Alexander I Aldea, Prince of Wallachia (probably of illness) (b.1397)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#Deaths", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1442, "year_label": "1442 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "After being imprisoned (before September) by the Sultan, Vlad II Dracul is temporarily replaced, as ruler of Wallachia, by his son Mircea II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360560025#Date_unknown", "title": "1442", "revid": 1360560025, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1442, "year_label": "1442 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – John Hunyadi defeats another army of the Ottoman Empire (70,000 strong), led by Hadım Şehabeddin, Beylerbey (or governor) of Rumelia, near the Ialomița River. Following this, he places Basarab II as ruler of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360560025#July–September", "title": "1442", "revid": 1360560025, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vlad II Dracul begins his second term as ruler of Wallachia, succeeding Basarab II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#Date_unknown", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1447, "year_label": "1447 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 –Vlad II Dracul, ruler of Wallachia, and his eldest son Mircea are assassinated outside of Bucharest. Vladislav II succeeds him, with the assistance of John Hunyadi, beginning the Albanian–Venetian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359486325#October_–_December", "title": "1447", "revid": 1359486325, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Vlad the Impaler becomes reigning Prince of Wallachia for two months, before being deposed in November by Vladislav II of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#October–December", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1455, "year_label": "1455 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – The conflict between Vladislav II of Wallachia and John Hunyadi escalates, so the latter decides to support Vlad the Impaler for the throne of Wallachia, the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371446040#October–December", "title": "1455", "revid": 1371446040, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1456, "year_label": "1456 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Vladislav II, reigning Prince of Wallachia, is killed in hand-to-hand combat by the former Prince, Vlad the Impaler, who succeeds him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371442849#July–September", "title": "1456", "revid": 1371442849, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1459, "year_label": "1459 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Wallachian town of Bucharest is first mentioned.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366548241#Date_unknown", "title": "1459", "revid": 1366548241, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1462, "year_label": "1462 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December", "text": "December – After Radu III the Fair takes over the throne in Wallachia, Vlad III Dracula seeks help in Transylvania, where he is captured by Mathias Corvinus, and imprisoned for the next 12 years, over false charges of treason.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359849875#October–December", "title": "1462", "revid": 1359849875, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1462, "year_label": "1462 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – In the \"Night Attack at Târgoviște\", Vlad the Impaler (\"Dracula\") attempts to assassinate Mehmed II, forcing him to retreat from Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359849875#April–June", "title": "1462", "revid": 1359849875, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1476, "year_label": "1476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – Vlad the Impaler declares himself reigning Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia for the third and last time. He is killed on the march to Bucharest, probably before the end of December. His head is sent to his old enemy, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998162#October_–December", "title": "1476", "revid": 1361998162, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1476, "year_label": "1476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – Matthias Corvinus, as King of Bohemia, orders the Transylvanian Saxons in his employment to assist Stephen V Báthory in the invasion of the principality of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998162#July–September", "title": "1476", "revid": 1361998162, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1481, "year_label": "1481 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – At Târgoviște, Basarab Țepeluș cel Tânăr replaces his successor, Vlad Călugărul as the voivode (prince) of Wallachia (now part of Romania)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936509#October–December", "title": "1481", "revid": 1365936509, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1508, "year_label": "1508 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – Prince Mihnea cel Rău, son of Vlad the Impaler, becomes the Voivode of Wallachia, with a palace at Târgoviște (now in Romania), upon the death of his cousin Radu IV the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320572#April–June", "title": "1508", "revid": 1351320572, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, on the same conditions as Wallachia: the voivode will be designated by the Turks, but will be Eastern Orthodox Christians. Also, the Turks are not allowed to build mosques, to be buried, to own land or to settle in the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#Date_unknown", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 or 30 – The oldest surviving dateable document written primarily in the Romanian language: Neacșu's letter, written by a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, warning that the Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania; the script used is Romanian Cyrillic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Ottoman General Mehmed-Bey of Nikopol enters Târgoviște and takes control of the Principality of Wallachia, now part of Romania, as Radu of Afumați is forced to flee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#July–September", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Mircea the Shepherd enters Bucharest as the new ruler of Wallachia, now in Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#January–March", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Petru Cercel enters Bucharest, and becomes Prince of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#July–September", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Battle of Sellenberk: Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the army of Andrew Báthory near Șelimbăr, leading to the first recorded unification of the Romanians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#October–December", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1600, "year_label": "1600 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Michael the Brave becomes ruler of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia, formally uniting the three Danubian Principalities under one Romanian ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360196741#April–June", "title": "1600", "revid": 1360196741, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1601, "year_label": "1601 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – The Battle of Guruslău takes place in Goroszlo in (now Guruslău in Romania), as Wallachian troops led by Michael the Brave and Giorgio Basta defeat Transylvanian defenders commanded by Sigismund Báthory. Wallachia, assisted by Austrian troops from the Holy Roman Empire, retakes the Principality of Transylvania from Ottoman rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369165918#July–September", "title": "1601", "revid": 1369165918, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Radu Leon is deposed by the Ottoman Sultan as Prince of Wallachia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#January–March", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Prince Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino returns to the throne of the principality of Moldavia for a third reign but is overthrown 14 months later on June 25. In 1859, Moldavia will unite with neighboring Wallachia to form the Kingdom of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#January–March", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Bucharest becomes the capital of Wallachia (part of modern-day Romania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#Date_unknown", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December", "text": "December – Doamna Marica Brâncoveanu, princess consort of Wallachia (b. 1661)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#Deaths", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1831, "year_label": "1831 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Russian imperial officials in Wallachia adopt Regulamentul Organic, introducing a period of unprecedented reforms that provide for Westernization of this region of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360358594#July–September", "title": "1831", "revid": 1360358594, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1838, "year_label": "1838 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – A 7.5 earthquake strikes the Romanian district of Vrancea causing damage in Moldavia and Wallachia, killing 73 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360381946#January–March", "title": "1838", "revid": 1360381946, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1849, "year_label": "1849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian army of Transylvania, under general Josef Bem, defeats the Russian-Austrian army at Second Battle of Nagyszeben, capturing the city which is the headquarters of Austrian general Anton Puchner. Most of Transylvania is liberated from the Austrian rule. The Austrian and the Russian troops flee to Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362576929#January–March", "title": "1849", "revid": 1362576929, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1853, "year_label": "1853 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Crimean War: The Ottoman army crosses the Danube into Vidin/Calafat, Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352708271#October–December", "title": "1853", "revid": 1352708271, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1854, "year_label": "1854 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Romanian provinces it has conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496011#January–March", "title": "1854", "revid": 1362496011, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1859, "year_label": "1859 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 (O. S.) – Under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia are united under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire. It would be a principal step in forming the modern state of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#January–March", "title": "1859", "revid": 1371179353, "section": "Events › January–March"}}]}