{"slug": "western-roman-empire", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42834", "qid": "Q42834", "description": "independently administered western provinces of the Roman Empire", "entries": 51, "years": 44, "span": [335, 555], "span_label": ["335 CE", "555 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 11}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "valentinian-iii", "label": "Valentinian III", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "honorius", "label": "Honorius", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "ravenna", "label": "Ravenna", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "ricimer", "label": "Ricimer", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "military-alliance", "label": "Military alliance", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-senate", "label": "Roman Senate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "africa-roman-province", "label": "Africa (Roman province)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "stilicho", "label": "Stilicho", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "leo-i-emperor", "label": "Leo I (emperor)", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 335, "year_label": "335 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Magnus Maximus, Western Roman emperor (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351653069#Births", "title": "335", "revid": 1351653069, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 380, "year_label": "380 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Thessalonica: The Goths under Fritigern defeat a Roman army in Macedonia. Theodosius I retreats to Thessalonica and leaves Gratian in control of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281452530#Roman_Empire", "title": "380", "revid": 1281452530, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 392, "year_label": "392 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – Arbogast nominates Eugenius, Roman teacher of rhetoric, as the next emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He sends ambassadors to Theodosius's court asking for his recognition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331511439#Roman_Empire", "title": "392", "revid": 1331511439, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 393, "year_label": "393 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his son Honorius, age 8, co-ruler (Augustus) of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744069#Roman_Empire", "title": "393", "revid": 1364744069, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Emperor Theodosius I, age 48, dies of a disease involving severe edema in Milan. The Roman Empire is divided for the final time into an eastern and a western half. The Eastern Roman Empire is centered in Constantinople under Arcadius, son of Theodosius, and the Western Roman Empire in Mediolanum under his brother Honorius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Roman_Empire", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 396, "year_label": "396 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Stilicho, Roman general (magister militum), controls the young emperor Honorius as his regent, and becomes the de facto ruler of the Western Roman Empire. He enlists the Alemanni and the Franks, to defend the Rhine frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276670607#Roman_Empire", "title": "396", "revid": 1276670607, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 398, "year_label": "398 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gildonic Revolt: Gildo, a Berber serving as a high-ranking official (comes) in Mauretania, rebels against the Western Roman Empire. The Gildonic Revolt is instigated by a powerful official in the Eastern Roman Empire named Eutropius, who wishes to undermine his enemies in the Western Roman Empire by cutting off the grain supply to Rome. After Gildo takes much of North Africa and cuts off the grain supply to Rome, Flavius Stilicho returns to Italy to raise troops against the rebels. After a short campaign in the desert, he defeats Gildo. Gildo flees and commits suicide by hanging himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744112#Roman_Empire", "title": "398", "revid": 1364744112, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 405, "year_label": "405 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ricimer, de facto ruler of the Western Roman Empire (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367640804#Births", "title": "405", "revid": 1367640804, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 410, "year_label": "410 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Flavius Constantius, Roman general and politician, is promoted to the rank of magister militum. He becomes the imperial adviser of Honorius, and the power behind the throne in the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367642022#Roman_Empire", "title": "410", "revid": 1367642022, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 411, "year_label": "411 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Following the defeat of Constantine III, the Burgundians and the Gallic nobility proclaim Jovinus, Gallo-Roman senator, emperor of the Western Roman Empire at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367645014#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 411", "revid": 1367645014, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 417, "year_label": "417 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths are granted Aquitaine, and become allies (foederati) of the Western Roman Empire. King Wallia establishes his capital at Toulouse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367640866#Roman_Empire", "title": "417", "revid": 1367640866, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 419, "year_label": "419 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Valentinian III, emperor of the Western Roman Empire (d. 455)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370490430#Births", "title": "419", "revid": 1370490430, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 420, "year_label": "420 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Anthemius, emperor of the Western Roman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371542443#Births", "title": "AD 420", "revid": 1371542443, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 421, "year_label": "421 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Constantius III is appointed co-emperor (Augustus) with his ineffectual brother-in-law, Honorius, and becomes the real ruler of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364903948#Roman_Empire", "title": "421", "revid": 1364903948, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 421, "year_label": "421 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – Constantius III, emperor of the Western Roman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364903948#Deaths", "title": "421", "revid": 1364903948, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 423, "year_label": "423 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Emperor Honorius, age 38, dies at Ravenna of dropsy, perhaps pulmonary edema. With no children to claim the throne, Joannes, primicerius notariorum (\"chief notary\", head of the civil service), seizes the throne of the Western Roman Empire, and is declared emperor. Among his supporters are Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum). Joannes' rule is accepted in the dioceses of Gaul, Hispania and Italia, but not in Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741573#Roman_Empire", "title": "423", "revid": 1364741573, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 424, "year_label": "424 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Emperor Theodosius II nominates his cousin Valentinian, age 5, the imperial title nobilissimus Caesar (\"most noble\") of the Western Roman Empire. Valentinian is betrothed to Theodosius's own daughter Licinia Eudoxia, who is only 2 years old.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367765710#Roman_Empire", "title": "424", "revid": 1367765710, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 425, "year_label": "425 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Valentinian III, six-year-old son of Galla Placidia, is installed as emperor (Augustus) of the Western Roman Empire. Real power is in the hands of his mother who becomes a regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367645280#Roman_Empire", "title": "425", "revid": 1367645280, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 428, "year_label": "428 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Flavius Felix is elected consul for the Western Empire and issues consular diptychs during his political office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321157185#Roman_Empire", "title": "428", "revid": 1321157185, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 431, "year_label": "431 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aetius pushes the Salian Franks back across the River Somme. King Chlodio signs a peace treaty and becomes a foederatus of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311961439#Roman_Empire", "title": "431", "revid": 1311961439, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 433, "year_label": "433 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Petronius Maximus is appointed consul of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274814907#Roman_Empire", "title": "433", "revid": 1274814907, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 435, "year_label": "435 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Huneric, eldest son of Genseric, is sent as a child hostage to the court at Ravenna to secure the alliance with the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339038049#Africa", "title": "435", "revid": 1339038049, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 437, "year_label": "437 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Valentinian III, age 18, rules as emperor over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence until her death in 450.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205048#Europe", "title": "437", "revid": 1349205048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 439, "year_label": "439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vandal War (439-442): King Genseric breaks his treaty with the Western Roman Empire and invades Africa Proconsularis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307025237#Africa", "title": "439", "revid": 1307025237, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 439, "year_label": "439 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Litorius, general of the Western Roman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307025237#Deaths", "title": "439", "revid": 1307025237, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns under Attila reappear in force, along the frontier of the Western Roman Empire. They attack merchants on the north bank of the Danube and cities in Illyricum, including (according to Priscus) Viminacium, city of Moesia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Europe", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 445, "year_label": "445 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Valentinian III issued Novel 17 (Novella XVII) on July 8. It was an imperial edict recognizing papal authority in the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338118826#Religion", "title": "445", "revid": 1338118826, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Eudocia, daughter of Emperor Valentinian III, marries Huneric in Ravenna. The engagement serves to strengthen the alliance between the Western Roman Empire and the Vandal Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Europe", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 453, "year_label": "453 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths, Thorismund having been murdered after he violated the alliance with the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348812409#Europe", "title": "453", "revid": 1348812409, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 454, "year_label": "454 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Emperor Valentinian III stabs his commander-in-chief Flavius Aetius to death, during a meeting of the imperial council at Ravenna. He has accused Aetius of plotting against him to seize power. After his assassination, the Western Roman Empire has no effective defender against its hostile barbarian neighbors (Alans, Franks, Ostrogoths, Vandals and Visigoths).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747737#Roman_Empire", "title": "454", "revid": 1364747737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 455, "year_label": "455 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Petronius Maximus, former domesticus (\"elite bodyguard\") of Aetius, becomes (with support of the Roman Senate) emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He secures the throne by bribing officials of the imperial palace. Maximus consolidates his power by a forced marriage with Licinia Eudoxia, widow of Valentinian III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739434#Roman_Empire", "title": "455", "revid": 1364739434, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 455, "year_label": "455 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – Petronius Maximus, emperor of the Western Roman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739434#Deaths", "title": "455", "revid": 1364739434, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 457, "year_label": "457 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Avitus, emperor of the Western Roman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050070#Deaths", "title": "457", "revid": 1367050070, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 457, "year_label": "457 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – Majorian is crowned emperor of the Western Roman Empire and recognized by Pope Leo I. His rule is accepted in Italy, Dalmatia and some territories in Northern Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050070#Roman_Empire", "title": "457", "revid": 1367050070, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 458, "year_label": "458 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Arelate: Majorian defeats the Visigoths under King Theodoric II at Arles (Southern Gaul), near the Rhone River. Theodoric is forced to sign a peace treaty and becomes a foederatus (pl. foederati) of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748114#Roman_Empire", "title": "458", "revid": 1364748114, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Romulus Augustulus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Births", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 461, "year_label": "461 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – Majorian, emperor of the Western Roman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204937#Deaths", "title": "461", "revid": 1349204937, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 461, "year_label": "461 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – Libius Severus, Roman senator from Lucania, is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204937#Roman_Empire", "title": "461", "revid": 1349204937, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 465, "year_label": "465 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Libius Severus, emperor of the Western Roman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739674#Deaths", "title": "465", "revid": 1364739674, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 465, "year_label": "465 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Libius Severus, puppet emperor of the Western Roman Empire, dies after a 4-year reign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739674#Roman_Empire", "title": "465", "revid": 1364739674, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 467, "year_label": "467 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Emperor Leo I has his general Anthemius elected emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He allies himself with Ricimer, de facto ruler of Rome, and marries Anthemius's daughter Alypia to him, to strengthen the relationship and end the hostilities between the Eastern and Western Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138919#Roman_Empire", "title": "467", "revid": 1360138919, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 468, "year_label": "468 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Vandals reconquer Sicily, administering a decisive defeat to the Western forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138410#Roman_Empire", "title": "468", "revid": 1360138410, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 472, "year_label": "472 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Western Roman Empire enters a period of unrest. Relations between Ricimer, de facto ruler, and Emperor Anthemius deteriorate completely. Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia, negotiates a peace agreement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350806015#Roman_Empire", "title": "472", "revid": 1350806015, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 472, "year_label": "472 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Anthemius, emperor of the Western Roman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350806015#Deaths", "title": "472", "revid": 1350806015, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 473, "year_label": "473 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Emperor Leo I refuses to recognize him, and chooses Julius Nepos as candidate to the Western throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747615#Roman_Empire", "title": "473", "revid": 1364747615, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 474, "year_label": "474 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – Julius Nepos arrives at Portus, and marches on Ravenna. He forces Glycerius to abdicate the throne, and proclaims himself emperor of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137662#Roman_Empire", "title": "474", "revid": 1360137662, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 475, "year_label": "475 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – Romulus Augustus is installed as emperor by his father Orestes, who becomes regent in effect of the Western Roman Empire. Augustus will ultimately rule for 10 months, as the last Western Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137651#Roman_Empire", "title": "475", "revid": 1360137651, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Romulus Augustulus, Roman usurper of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed by Odoacer at Ravenna. Odoacer spares the boy's life and gives him a pension of 6,000 solidi, but exiles him to the \"Castellum Lucullanum\" (Castel dell'Ovo), on the island of Megaride in the Gulf of Naples. This event will later be romanticized in Western literature and history as the Fall of Western Rome, and is traditionally used by historians to mark the beginning of the European Middle Ages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 479, "year_label": "479 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Julius Nepos, former emperor of the Western Roman Empire, plans military campaigns in Dalmatia against Odoacer, hoping to regain control of Italy himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360119770#Europe", "title": "479", "revid": 1360119770, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 480, "year_label": "480 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Julius Nepos, former emperor of the Western Roman Empire, dies in exile in Dalmatia (he is murdered by his own soldiers, in his villa, near Salona).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739995#Balkans", "title": "480", "revid": 1364739995, "section": "Events › By place › Balkans"}}, {"year": 555, "year_label": "555 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "By this date, the Roman Empire under Justinian I has reached its height. Justinian I has reconquered many former territories of the Western Roman Empire, including Italy, Dalmatia, Africa and Southern Hispania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356951195#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "555", "revid": 1356951195, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}]}