{"slug": "westminster", "label": "Westminster", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189960", "qid": "Q189960", "description": "area of the City of Westminster in the London Region in England", "entries": 22, "years": 21, "span": [1194, 1916], "span_label": ["1194 CE", "1916 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 16}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "english-parliament", "label": "English Parliament", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "henry-vi-of-england", "label": "Henry VI of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "wales", "label": "Wales", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jews", "label": "Jews", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "edward-iii", "label": "Edward III", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "edward-the-black-prince", "label": "Edward the Black Prince", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "december", "label": "December", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "france-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "France in the Middle Ages", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "flanders", "label": "Flanders", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "edward-i-of-england", "label": "Edward I of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "palace-of-westminster", "label": "Palace of Westminster", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ordinance of the Jewry: Beginning of strict records of financial transactions by Jews liable to taxation. The Exchequer of the Jews at Westminster regulates the taxes and the law-cases (also in Wales).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#England", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1201, "year_label": "1201 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King John puts an embargo on wheat exported to Flanders, in an attempt to force an allegiance between the states. He also puts a levy of a fifteenth on the value of cargo exported to France and disallows the export of wool to France without a special license. The levies are enforced in each port by at least six men – including one churchman and one knight. John affirms that judgments made by the court of Westminster are as valid as those made \"before the king himself or his chief justice\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364405568#British_Isles", "title": "1201", "revid": 1364405568, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1265, "year_label": "1265 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (called Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267064844#Europe", "title": "1265", "revid": 1267064844, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1292, "year_label": "1292 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – John Balliol is summoned by Edward I to Westminster to answer an appeal by Macduff of Fife against a judgment imposed on him by the Scottish Parliament. John refuses to answer Macduff's appeal, 'without consulting the people of his realm'. Edward asks for compensation for the violation of English law and demands to hand him over three Scottish castles as repayment for the crime committed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358845029#Britain", "title": "1292", "revid": 1358845029, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1295, "year_label": "1295 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – King Edward I of England (\"Longshanks\") summons the Model Parliament to Westminster, the composition of which serves as a model for later parliaments. The parliament agrees that a tax can be raised to allow him to launch campaigns against France and the rebellious Scots for the forthcoming year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368220335#Britain", "title": "1295", "revid": 1368220335, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1306, "year_label": "1306 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – The English Parliament meets at Westminster in a one-day session, on orders of King Edward I, a week after Whit Sunday and passes a five percent tax on \"citizens and burgesses and communities of all the cities and boroughs of the realm and the tenants of our demesne.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354973149#April_–_June", "title": "1306", "revid": 1354973149, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1308, "year_label": "1308 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The English Parliament begins its fourth session of the reign of King Edward II and meets at Westminster.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367315343#October_–_December", "title": "1308", "revid": 1367315343, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1310, "year_label": "1310 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – The English Parliament opens at Westminster, after being summoned on October 26. The Parliament will continue to meet until April 12.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018292#January_–_March", "title": "1310", "revid": 1332018292, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1373, "year_label": "1373 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – King Edward III opens the English Parliament at Westminster and demands more money to be raised to continue the war with France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369605206#October–December", "title": "1373", "revid": 1369605206, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Edward the Black Prince, eldest son and heir apparent to England's King Edward III, presides over a council of bishops and nobles at Westminster on Whitsunday to review a demand by Pope Gregory XI for a subsidy from England to help the Papal States in the war against the Republic of Florence. In his letter, the Pope asserts his right as Lord Spiritual and refers to himself as \"Lord of all\". The English nobles conclude, and the bishops agree, that the Kingdom of England will not be subject to the Pope's authority.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#April–June", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – King Edward III summons the English Parliament to assemble at Westminster on April 28, 1376.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#October–December", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – The fourth parliament of King Henry IV of England closes at Westminster after two months and the passage of new laws, including the penal Laws against Wales which stop the Welsh from gathering together, obtaining office, carrying arms and living in English towns. The laws apply to any Englishman who marries a Welsh woman.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#October–December", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1422, "year_label": "1422 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – The Duke of Bedford Regent for King Henry VI of England, summons the members of Parliament to assemble at Westminster on November 9.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325155630#July–September", "title": "1422", "revid": 1325155630, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – The English Parliament closes its session at Westminster. Royal assent is given in the King's name to the Electors of Knights of the Shire Act 1432 (\"Certain things required in him who shall be a chooser of the knights of the parliament\"), the Appearance of Plaintiffs Act (setting \"the penalty of him that maketh a false entry, that the plaintiff doth offer himself in person, where his doth not\") and the Exportation Act (\"All wools and woolfells that shall be carried to any other place than to Calais, shall be forfeited to the King and the finder.\")", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998124#July–September", "title": "1432", "revid": 1361998124, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – The new English Parliament session is opened at Westminster by the regents for King Henry VI of England, and Sir John Russell is elected by his peers as Speaker of the House of Commons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998124#April–June", "title": "1432", "revid": 1361998124, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1433, "year_label": "1433 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – The English Parliament assembles at Westminster, and Roger Hunt is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320602#July–September", "title": "1433", "revid": 1351320602, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1439, "year_label": "1439 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – King Henry VI of England summons the English Parliament, directing all members to assemble at Westminster on November 12.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373513363#July–September", "title": "1439", "revid": 1373513363, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1442, "year_label": "1442 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – The English Parliament opens at Westminster for a 60-day session, and the House of Commons re-elects William Tresham as its speaker.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360560025#January–March", "title": "1442", "revid": 1360560025, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1477, "year_label": "1477 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – William Caxton produces Earl Rivers' translation into English of Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, at his press in Westminster, the first full-length book printed in England on a printing press.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330635656#October–December", "title": "1477", "revid": 1330635656, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1497, "year_label": "1497 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – At Westminster, King Henry VII opens his sixth English Parliament for a two-month session. The House of Commons elects Sir Thomas Englefield as its speaker.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372862240#January–March", "title": "1497", "revid": 1372862240, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1540, "year_label": "1540 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – Thomas Cromwell, Chief Minister for King Henry VIII, is arrested at meeting of the Privy Council of England at Westminster and charged with treason. Cromwell is removed from his positions as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord Privy Seal, Lord Great Chamberlain and Governor of the Isle of Wight, and will be executed on July 28.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494590#April–June", "title": "1540", "revid": 1366494590, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Robert Baden-Powell gives the first public display of the new Wolf Cub section of Scouting at Caxton Hall, Westminster.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#December", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › December"}}]}