{"year":1839,"population":{"value":1213934891,"source":{"name":"Population (HYDE 3.3; Gapminder; UN World Population Prospects)","publisher":"Our World in Data","url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population","license":"CC BY 4.0"}},"leaders":{"states":[{"state":"Kingdom of Rwanda","region":"Africa","country":"Great Lakes area","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Rwanda","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mutara II Rwogera","person":"Mutara II Rwogera","qid":"Q323582","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Mutara II Rwogera, King (1802–1853)"}]},{"state":"Ethiopian Empire","region":"Africa","country":"Horn of Africa area","wikipedia":"Ethiopian Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sahle Dengel","person":"Sahle Dengel","qid":"Q888067","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Sahle Dengel, Emperor (1832–1840)"}]},{"state":"Merina Kingdom","region":"Africa","country":"Indian Ocean","wikipedia":"Merina Kingdom","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ranavalona I","person":"Ranavalona I","qid":"Q169794","title":"Queen","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Ranavalona I, Queen (1828–1861)"},{"name":"Rainiharo","person":"Rainiharo","qid":"Q218957","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Rainiharo, Prime minister (1833–1852)"}]},{"state":"Beylik of Tunis","region":"Africa","country":"Tunisia","wikipedia":"Beylik of Tunis","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ahmad I ibn Mustafa","person":"Ahmad I ibn Mustafa","qid":"Q400663","title":"Bey","office":"Beys","quote":"Ahmad I ibn Mustafa, Bey (1837–1855)"}]},{"state":"Khedivate of Egypt","region":"Africa","country":"Egypt","wikipedia":"Khedivate of Egypt","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Muhammad Ali","person":"Muhammad Ali of Egypt","qid":"Q182781","title":"Khedive","office":null,"quote":"Muhammad Ali, Khedive (1805–1848)"}]},{"state":"Morocco: Alaouite dynasty","region":"Africa","country":"Morocco and Western Sahara","wikipedia":"Morocco","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abd al-Rahman","person":"Abd al-Rahman of Morocco","qid":"Q508848","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Abd al-Rahman, Sultan (1822–1859)"}]},{"state":"Basutoland","region":"Africa","country":"Lesotho","wikipedia":"Basutoland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Moshoeshoe I","person":"Moshoeshoe I","qid":"Q469775","title":"King or Paramount Chief","office":null,"quote":"Moshoeshoe I, King or Paramount Chief (1822–1870)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Maryland","region":"Africa","country":"Liberia","wikipedia":"Republic of Maryland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"John Brown Russwurm","person":"John Brown Russwurm","qid":"Q3181134","title":"Governor","office":null,"quote":"John Brown Russwurm, Governor (1836–1851)"}]},{"state":"Oyo Empire","region":"Africa","country":"Nigeria","wikipedia":"Oyo Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Atiba Atobatele","person":"Atiba Atobatele","qid":"Q102390302","title":"Alaafin","office":null,"quote":"Atiba Atobatele, Alaafin (1837–1859)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)","region":"Americas","country":"Haiti","wikipedia":"Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Jean-Pierre Boyer","person":"Jean-Pierre Boyer","qid":"Q449421","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Jean-Pierre Boyer, President (1818–1843)"}]},{"state":"Free State of Costa Rica","region":"Americas","country":"Costa Rica","wikipedia":"Free State of Costa Rica","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Braulio Carrillo Colina","person":"Braulio Carrillo Colina","qid":"Q888888","title":"Head of State","office":null,"quote":"Braulio Carrillo Colina, Head of State (1838–1842)"}]},{"state":"El Salvador","region":"Americas","country":"El Salvador","wikipedia":"El Salvador","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Timoteo Menéndez","person":"Timoteo Menéndez","qid":"Q2435053","title":"Acting Head of State","office":null,"quote":"Timoteo Menéndez, Acting Head of State (1838–1839)"},{"name":"Antonio José Cañas","person":"Antonio José Cañas","qid":"Q602597","title":"Acting Head of State","office":null,"quote":"Antonio José Cañas, Acting Head of State (1839)"}]},{"state":"Federal Republic of Central America","region":"Americas","country":"Guatemala","wikipedia":"Federal Republic of Central America","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Francisco Morazán","person":"Francisco Morazán","qid":"Q332111","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Francisco Morazán, President (1830–1834, 1835–1839)"},{"name":"Diego Vigil Cocaña","person":"Diego Vigil Cocaña","qid":"Q327778","title":"Interim President","office":null,"quote":"Diego Vigil Cocaña, Interim President (1839–1840)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Guatemala","region":"Americas","country":"Guatemala","wikipedia":"Guatemala","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mariano Rivera Paz","person":"Mariano Rivera Paz","qid":"Q734565","title":"Head of State","office":null,"quote":"Mariano Rivera Paz, Head of State (1839–1842)"}]},{"state":"Honduras","region":"Americas","country":"Honduras","wikipedia":"Honduras","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Juan Francisco de Molina","person":"Juan Francisco de Molina","qid":"Q437951","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Juan Francisco de Molina, President (1839)"},{"name":"Felipe Neri Medina","person":"Felipe Neri Medina","qid":"Q1403211","title":"Acting President","office":null,"quote":"Felipe Neri Medina, Acting President (1839)"},{"name":"Juan José Alvarado","person":"Juan José Alvarado","qid":"Q1265762","title":"Acting President","office":null,"quote":"Juan José Alvarado, Acting President (1839)"},{"name":"José María Guerrero","person":"José María Guerrero de Arcos y Molina","qid":"Q435382","title":"Acting President","office":null,"quote":"José María Guerrero, Acting President (1839)"},{"name":"Francisco Zelaya y Ayes","person":"Francisco Zelaya y Ayes","qid":"Q887862","title":"Acting President","office":null,"quote":"Francisco Zelaya y Ayes, Acting President (1839–1841)"}]},{"state":"Miskito Coast","region":"Americas","country":"Nicaragua","wikipedia":"Mosquito Coast","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Robert Charles Frederic","person":"Robert Charles Frederic","qid":"Q17145470","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Robert Charles Frederic, King (1824–1842)"}]},{"state":"Centralist Republic of Mexico","region":"Americas","country":"Mexico","wikipedia":"Centralist Republic of Mexico","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Anastasio Bustamante","person":"Anastasio Bustamante","qid":"Q354678","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Anastasio Bustamante, President (1837–1839)"},{"name":"Nicolás Bravo","person":"Nicolás Bravo","qid":"Q379975","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Nicolás Bravo, President (1839)"},{"name":"Anastasio Bustamante","person":"Anastasio Bustamante","qid":"Q354678","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Anastasio Bustamante, President (1839–1841)"},{"name":"Santa Anna","person":"Antonio López de Santa Anna","qid":"Q189145","title":"Interim President","office":null,"quote":"Santa Anna, Interim President (1839)"}]},{"state":"United States","region":"Americas","country":"United States","wikipedia":"United States","key":"United States","holders":[{"name":"Martin Van Buren","person":"Martin Van Buren","qid":"Q11820","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Martin Van Buren, President (1837–1841)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Texas","region":"Americas","country":"United States","wikipedia":"Republic of Texas","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mirabeau B. Lamar","person":"Mirabeau B. Lamar","qid":"Q456633","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Mirabeau B. Lamar, President (1838–1841)"}]},{"state":"Argentine Confederation","region":"Americas","country":"Argentina","wikipedia":"Argentine Confederation","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Juan Manuel de Rosas","person":"Juan Manuel de Rosas","qid":"Q311436","title":"Governor of Buenos Aires Province","office":null,"quote":"Juan Manuel de Rosas, Governor of Buenos Aires Province (1829–1832, 1835–1852)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Bolivia","region":"Americas","country":"Bolivia","wikipedia":"Bolivia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Andrés de Santa Cruz","person":"Andrés de Santa Cruz","qid":"Q467959","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Andrés de Santa Cruz, Provisional President (1829–1831), President (1831–1839)"},{"name":"Andrés de Santa Cruz","person":"Andrés de Santa Cruz","qid":"Q467959","title":"Supreme Protector of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation","office":null,"quote":"Andrés de Santa Cruz, Supreme Protector of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)"},{"name":"José Miguel de Velasco Franco","person":"José Miguel de Velasco Franco","qid":"Q373873","title":"Provisional Supreme Chief; Provisional President","office":null,"quote":"José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Provisional Supreme Chief (1839), Provisional President (1839–1840), President (1840–1841)"}]},{"state":"Empire of Brazil","region":"Americas","country":"Brazil","wikipedia":"Empire of Brazil","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Pedro II","person":"Pedro II of Brazil","qid":"Q156774","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Pedro II, Emperor (1831–1889)"}]},{"state":"Conservative Republic of Chile","region":"Americas","country":"Chile","wikipedia":"Conservative Republic","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"José Joaquín Prieto","person":"José Joaquín Prieto","qid":"Q1330","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"José Joaquín Prieto, President (1831–1841)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Ecuador","region":"Americas","country":"Ecuador","wikipedia":"Ecuador","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Vicente Rocafuerte","person":"Vicente Rocafuerte","qid":"Q879030","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Vicente Rocafuerte, Jéfe Supremo of Guayas (1834–1835), Jéfe Supremo Chief of the State (1835), President (1835–1839)"},{"name":"Juan José Flores","person":"Juan José Flores","qid":"Q554933","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Juan José Flores, President (1839–1843), President (1843–1845)"}]},{"state":"Peru–Bolivian Confederation","region":"Americas","country":"Peru","wikipedia":"Peru–Bolivian Confederation","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Andrés de Santa Cruz","person":"Andrés de Santa Cruz","qid":"Q467959","title":"Supreme Protector","office":null,"quote":"Andrés de Santa Cruz, Supreme Protector (1836–1839)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Peru","region":"Americas","country":"Peru","wikipedia":"Peru","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Agustín Gamarra","person":"Agustín Gamarra","qid":"Q379638","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Agustín Gamarra, President (1838–1841)"}]},{"state":"Oriental Republic of Uruguay","region":"Americas","country":"Uruguay","wikipedia":"Uruguay","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Gabriel Antonio Pereira","person":"Gabriel Antonio Pereira","qid":"Q185971","title":"Acting","office":null,"quote":"Gabriel Antonio Pereira, Acting (1838–1839)"},{"name":"Fructuoso Rivera","person":"Fructuoso Rivera","qid":"Q467976","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Fructuoso Rivera, President (1839–1843)"}]},{"state":"State of Venezuela","region":"Americas","country":"Venezuela","wikipedia":"State of Venezuela","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Carlos Soublette","person":"Carlos Soublette","qid":"Q2497526","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Carlos Soublette, President (1837–1839)"},{"name":"José Antonio Páez","person":"José Antonio Páez","qid":"Q304900","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"José Antonio Páez, President (1839–1843)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Bukhara","region":"Asia","country":"Uzbekistan","wikipedia":"Emirate of Bukhara","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora","person":"Nasrullah Khan (Bukhara)","qid":"Q3870512","title":"Amir","office":null,"quote":"Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1827–1860)"}]},{"state":"Qing dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"China","wikipedia":"Qing dynasty","key":"China","holders":[{"name":"Daoguang","person":"Daoguang Emperor","qid":"Q334351","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Daoguang, Emperor (1820–1850)"}]},{"state":"Tokugawa shogunate of Japan","region":"Asia","country":"Japan","wikipedia":"Tokugawa shogunate","key":"Japan","holders":[{"name":"Ninkō","person":"Emperor Ninkō","qid":"Q312351","title":"Emperor","office":"Emperors","quote":"Ninkō, Emperor (1817–1846)"}]},{"state":"Joseon","region":"Asia","country":"Korea","wikipedia":"Joseon","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Heonjong","person":"Heonjong of Joseon","qid":"Q484966","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Heonjong, King (1834–1849)"}]},{"state":"Bruneian Empire","region":"Asia","country":"Brunei","wikipedia":"Bruneian Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Omar Ali Saifuddin II","person":"Omar Ali Saifuddin II","qid":"Q40107","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Omar Ali Saifuddin II, Sultan (1828–1852)"}]},{"state":"Yogyakarta Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Yogyakarta Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Hamengkubuwono V","person":"Hamengkubuwono V","qid":"Q2581159","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Hamengkubuwono V, Sultan (1822–1826, 1828–1855)"}]},{"state":"Aceh Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Aceh Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Alauddin Sulaiman Ali Iskandar Syah","person":"Alauddin Sulaiman Ali Iskandar Syah","qid":"Q18204972","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Alauddin Sulaiman Ali Iskandar Syah, Sultan (1838–1857)"}]},{"state":"Johor Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Johor Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ali","person":"Sultan Ali of Johor","qid":"Q7636639","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Ali, Sultan (1835–1855)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Champasak","region":"Asia","country":"Laos","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Champasak","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Huy","person":"Huy of Champasak","qid":"Q1418284","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Huy, King (1828–1840)"}]},{"state":"Terengganu Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Terengganu Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Omar Riayat Shah","person":"Omar Riayat Shah of Terengganu","qid":"Q4841946","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Omar Riayat Shah, co-Sultan (1831), Sultan (1839–1876)"}]},{"state":"Selangor Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Selangor Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Muhammad Shah","person":"Muhammad Shah of Selangor","qid":"Q6932720","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1826–1857)"}]},{"state":"Konbaung dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Myanmar / Burma","wikipedia":"Konbaung dynasty","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Tharrawaddy","person":"Tharrawaddy Min","qid":"Q38167","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Tharrawaddy, King (1837–1846)"}]},{"state":"Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam","region":"Asia","country":"Thailand","wikipedia":"Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Rama III","person":"Rama III","qid":"Q319669","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Rama III, King (1824–1851)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Afghanistan","wikipedia":"Emirate of Afghanistan","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Dost Mohammad Khan","person":"Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)","qid":"Q32027","title":"Emir","office":null,"quote":"Dost Mohammad Khan, Emir (1826–1839, 1845–1863)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Kuwait","region":"Asia","country":"Kuwait","wikipedia":"Sheikhdom of Kuwait","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Jaber I","person":"Jaber I Al-Sabah","qid":"Q888268","title":"Sheikh","office":null,"quote":"Jaber I, Sheikh (1814–1859)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Nejd","region":"Asia","country":"Saudi Arabia","wikipedia":"Emirate of Nejd","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Khalid bin Saud","person":"Khalid bin Saud Al Saud (1811-1865)","qid":"Q1059677","title":"Imam","office":null,"quote":"Khalid bin Saud, Imam (1838–1841)"}]},{"state":"Ottoman Empire","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Ottoman Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mahmud II","person":"Mahmud II","qid":"Q174791","title":"Sultan","office":"Sultans","quote":"Mahmud II, Sultan (1808–1839)"},{"name":"Abdülmecid I","person":"Abdülmecid I","qid":"Q174772","title":"Sultan","office":"Sultans","quote":"Abdülmecid I, Sultan (1839–1861)"},{"name":"Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha","person":"Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha","qid":"Q6809540","title":"Grand Vizier","office":"Grand Viziers","quote":"Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1833–1839)"},{"name":"Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha","person":"Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha","qid":"Q1583802","title":"Grand Vizier","office":"Grand Viziers","quote":"Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1839–1840)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi","region":"Asia","country":"United Arab Emirates","wikipedia":"Emirate of Abu Dhabi","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Khalifa bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan","person":"Khalifa bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan","qid":"Q6413077","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Khalifa bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan, ruler (1833–1845)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Dubai","region":"Asia","country":"United Arab Emirates","wikipedia":"Emirate of Dubai","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Maktoum bin Butti bin Suhail","person":"Maktoum bin Butti bin Suhail","qid":"Q340197","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Maktoum bin Butti bin Suhail, ruler (1833–1852)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Sharjah","region":"Asia","country":"United Arab Emirates","wikipedia":"Emirate of Sharjah","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi","person":"Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi","qid":"Q6800497","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi, ruler (1803–1866)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Ajman","region":"Asia","country":"United Arab Emirates","wikipedia":"Emirate of Ajman","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi","person":"Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi","qid":"Q60785942","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1838–1841)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Umm Al Quwain","region":"Asia","country":"United Arab Emirates","wikipedia":"Umm Al Quwain","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla","person":"Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla","qid":"Q60739904","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla, ruler (1820–1853)"}]},{"state":"Yemeni Zaidi State","region":"Asia","country":"Yemen","wikipedia":"Yemeni Zaidi State","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"an-Nasir Abdallah","person":"An-Nasir Abdallah","qid":"Q4749669","title":"Imam","office":null,"quote":"an-Nasir Abdallah, Imam (1837–1840)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)","region":"Europe","country":"Croatia","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ferdinand V","person":"Ferdinand I of Austria","qid":"Q183579","title":"King","office":"Kings","quote":"Ferdinand V, King (1835–1848)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Greece","region":"Europe","country":"Greece","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Greece","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Otto","person":"Otto of Greece","qid":"Q77067","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Otto, King (1832–1862)"}]},{"state":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","region":"Europe","country":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","wikipedia":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","key":"United Kingdom","holders":[{"name":"Victoria","person":"Queen Victoria","qid":"Q9439","title":"Queen","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Victoria, Queen (1837–1901)"},{"name":"William Lamb","person":"William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne","qid":"Q312567","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"William Lamb, Prime minister (1835–1841)"}]},{"state":"Electorate of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia","region":"Europe","country":"German Empire","wikipedia":"Margraviate of Brandenburg","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Frederick William III","person":"Frederick William III of Prussia","qid":"Q37134","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Frederick William III, Elector (1797–1806), King (1797–1840)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Bohemia","region":"Europe","country":"Bohemia","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Bohemia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ferdinand V","person":"Ferdinand I of Austria","qid":"Q183579","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Ferdinand V, King (1835–1848)"}]},{"state":"Liechtenstein","region":"Europe","country":"Liechtenstein","wikipedia":"Liechtenstein","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Aloys II","person":"Aloys II, Prince of Liechtenstein","qid":"Q506521","title":"Prince","office":null,"quote":"Aloys II, Prince (1836–1858)"}]},{"state":"Anhalt-Bernburg","region":"Europe","country":"Anhalt-Bernburg","wikipedia":"Anhalt-Bernburg","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Alexander Karl","person":"Alexander Karl, Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg","qid":"Q65695","title":"Duke","office":null,"quote":"Alexander Karl, Duke (1834–1863)"}]},{"state":"Anhalt-Köthen","region":"Europe","country":"Anhalt-Köthen","wikipedia":"Anhalt-Köthen","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Henry V","person":"Henry, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen","qid":"Q214968","title":"Duke","office":null,"quote":"Henry V, Duke (1830–1847)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Bavaria","region":"Europe","country":"Kingdom of Bavaria","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Bavaria","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ludwig I","person":"Ludwig I, King of Bavaria","qid":"Q44361","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Ludwig I, King (1825–1848)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Hanover","region":"Europe","country":"Kingdom of Hanover","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Hanover","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ernest Augustus","person":"Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover","qid":"Q162302","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Ernest Augustus, King (1837–1851)"}]},{"state":"Duchy of Holstein","region":"Europe","country":"Duchy of Holstein","wikipedia":"Duchy of Holstein","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Christian VIII","person":"Christian VIII of Denmark","qid":"Q157781","title":"Duke","office":"Dukes","quote":"Christian VIII, Duke (1839–1848)"}]},{"state":"Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)","region":"Europe","country":"Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)","wikipedia":"Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"William I","person":"William I of the Netherlands","qid":"Q2079957","title":"Duke","office":null,"quote":"William I, Duke (1839–1840)"}]},{"state":"Duchy of Nassau","region":"Europe","country":"Duchy of Nassau","wikipedia":"Duchy of Nassau","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Adolphe","person":"Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg","qid":"Q57302","title":"Duke","office":null,"quote":"Adolphe, Duke (1839–1866)"}]},{"state":"Saxe-Meiningen","region":"Europe","country":"Saxe-Meiningen","wikipedia":"Saxe-Meiningen","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Bernhard II","person":"Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen","qid":"Q702910","title":"Duke","office":null,"quote":"Bernhard II, Duke (1803–1866)"}]},{"state":"Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont","region":"Europe","country":"Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont","wikipedia":"Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"George II","person":"George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont","qid":"Q62153","title":"Prince","office":null,"quote":"George II, Prince (1813–1845)"}]},{"state":"Moldavia","region":"Europe","country":"Romania","wikipedia":"Moldavia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mihail Sturdza","person":"Mihail Sturdza","qid":"Q715022","title":"Prince","office":null,"quote":"Mihail Sturdza, Prince (1834–1849)"}]},{"state":"Principality of Wallachia","region":"Europe","country":"Romania","wikipedia":"Principality of Wallachia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Alexandru II Ghica","person":"Alexandru II Ghica","qid":"Q2005809","title":"Prince","office":null,"quote":"Alexandru II Ghica, Prince (1834–1842)"}]},{"state":"Russian Empire","region":"Europe","country":"Russia","wikipedia":"Russian Empire","key":"Russia","holders":[{"name":"Nicholas I","person":"Nicholas I of Russia","qid":"Q130734","title":"Emperor","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Nicholas I, Emperor (1825–1855)"}]},{"state":"Caucasian Imamate","region":"Europe","country":"Russia","wikipedia":"Caucasian Imamate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Shamil","person":"Imam Shamil","qid":"Q244742","title":"Imam","office":null,"quote":"Shamil, Imam (1834–1859)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria","region":"Europe","country":"Ukraine","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ferdinand I","person":"Ferdinand I of Austria","qid":"Q183579","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Ferdinand I, King (1835–1848)"}]},{"state":"Denmark","region":"Europe","country":"Denmark","wikipedia":"Denmark","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Frederick VI","person":"Frederick VI of Denmark","qid":"Q155002","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Frederick VI, King (1808–1839)"},{"name":"Christian VIII","person":"Christian VIII of Denmark","qid":"Q157781","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Christian VIII, King (1839–1848)"}]},{"state":"Grand Duchy of Finland","region":"Europe","country":"Finland","wikipedia":"Grand Duchy of Finland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Nicholas I","person":"Nicholas I of Russia","qid":"Q130734","title":"Grand Prince","office":null,"quote":"Nicholas I, Grand Prince (1825–1855)"}]},{"state":"Sweden–Norway","region":"Europe","country":"Sweden–Norway","wikipedia":"Union between Sweden and Norway","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Charles XIV/III John","person":"Charles XIV John","qid":"Q52927","title":"King","office":"Monarchs (complete list, complete list)","quote":"Charles XIV/III John, King (1818–1844)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia","region":"Europe","country":"Italy","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ferdinand I","person":"Ferdinand I of Austria","qid":"Q183579","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Ferdinand I, King (1835–1848)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Sardinia, Duchy of Savoy","region":"Europe","country":"Italy","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Sardinia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Charles Albert","person":"Charles Albert of Sardinia","qid":"Q181261","title":"King of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy","office":null,"quote":"Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy (1831–1849)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies","region":"Europe","country":"Italy","wikipedia":"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ferdinand II","person":"Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies","qid":"Q332717","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Ferdinand II, King (1830–1859)"}]},{"state":"Papal States","region":"Europe","country":"Vatican City","wikipedia":"Papal States","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Gregory XVI","person":"Pope Gregory XVI","qid":"Q43734","title":"Pope","office":null,"quote":"Gregory XVI, Pope (1831–1846)"}]},{"state":"Andorra","region":"Europe","country":"Andorra","wikipedia":"Andorra","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Simó de Guardiola i Hortoneda","person":"Simó de Guardiola y Hortoneda","qid":"Q9337098","title":"Episcopal Co-Prince","office":"Episcopal Co-Princes","quote":"Simó de Guardiola i Hortoneda, Episcopal Co-Prince (1827–1851)"},{"name":"Louis Philippe I","person":"Louis Philippe I","qid":"Q7771","title":"French Co-Prince","office":"French Co-Princes","quote":"Louis Philippe I, French Co-Prince (1830–1848)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Portugal","region":"Europe","country":"Portugal","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Portugal","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Maria II","person":"Maria II of Portugal","qid":"Q221145","title":"Queen","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Maria II, Queen (1826–1828, 1834–1853)"},{"name":"Ferdinand II","person":"Ferdinand II of Portugal","qid":"Q60721","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Ferdinand II, King (1837–1853)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Spain (1810–1873)","region":"Europe","country":"Spain","wikipedia":"History of Spain (1808–1874)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Isabella II","person":"Isabella II","qid":"Q183085","title":"Queen","office":null,"quote":"Isabella II, Queen (1833–1868)"}]},{"state":"Belgium","region":"Europe","country":"Belgium","wikipedia":"Belgium","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Leopold I","person":"Leopold I of Belgium","qid":"Q12971","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Leopold I, King (1831–1865)"},{"name":"Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt","person":"Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt","qid":"Q472257","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt, Prime minister (1834–1840)"}]},{"state":"July Monarchy of France","region":"Europe","country":"France","wikipedia":"July Monarchy","key":"France","holders":[{"name":"Louis Philippe I","person":"Louis Philippe I","qid":"Q7771","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Louis Philippe I, King (1830–1848)"},{"name":"Louis-Mathieu Molé","person":"Louis-Mathieu Molé","qid":"Q1371497","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Louis-Mathieu Molé, Prime minister (1836–1839)"},{"name":"Jean-de-Dieu Soult","person":"Jean-de-Dieu Soult","qid":"Q296023","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Jean-de-Dieu Soult, Prime minister (1839–1840)"}]},{"state":"Luxembourg","region":"Europe","country":"Luxembourg","wikipedia":"Luxembourg","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"William I","person":"William I of the Netherlands","qid":"Q2079957","title":"Grand Duke","office":"Monarchs","quote":"William I, Grand Duke (1815–1840)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of the Netherlands","region":"Europe","country":"Netherlands","wikipedia":"Kingdom of the Netherlands","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"William I","person":"William I of the Netherlands","qid":"Q2079957","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"William I, Sovereign Prince (1813–1815), King (1815–1840)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Huahine","region":"Oceania","country":"French Polynesia","wikipedia":"Huahine","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Teriitaria II","person":"Teriitaria II","qid":"Q7702414","title":"Queen","office":null,"quote":"Teriitaria II, Queen (1815–1852)"}]},{"state":"Kings of Uvea (Wallis)","region":"Oceania","country":"French Polynesia","wikipedia":"List of kings of Uvea","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Soane-Patita Vaimua Lavelua","person":"Soane-Patita Vaimua Lavelua","qid":"Q7549784","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Soane-Patita Vaimua Lavelua, King (1830–1858)"}]}],"source":{"name":"Wikipedia","title":"List of state leaders in the 19th century (1801–1850)","revid":1360994931,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360994931","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","retrieved":"2026-10-22"},"checked":"Each holder is quoted from the list and kept for this year only where the person's own Wikidata record holds the same post over the same term, to within a year."},"births":[{"text":"September 10 – Charles Sanders Peirce, philosopher, logician, scientist, and founder of pragmatism (died 1912)","person":"Charles Sanders Peirce","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369652934#Births","title":"1839 in the United States","revid":1369652934}},{"text":"19 January – Paul Cézanne, painter (died 1906)","person":"Paul Cézanne","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331880528#Births","title":"1839 in France","revid":1331880528}},{"text":"January 4 - Carl Humann, German archaeologist (d. 1896)","person":"January 4","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331898338#Births","title":"1839 in Germany","revid":1331898338}},{"text":"4 January – Anne Jane Cupples, née Douglas, writer (died 1896)","person":"4 January","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353739571#Births","title":"1839 in Scotland","revid":1353739571}},{"text":"14 March – George Adams, publican and lottery promoter (born in the United Kingdom) (d. 1904)","person":"14 March","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1310479498#Births","title":"1839 in Australia","revid":1310479498}},{"text":"March 8 – Josephine Cochrane, American inventor of the first commercially successful dishwasher (d. 1913)","person":"March 8","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#Births","title":"1839","revid":1360384794}},{"text":"January 8 – William A. Clark, American politician, entrepreneur (d. 1925)","person":"January 8","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#Births","title":"1839","revid":1360384794}},{"text":"December 5 – George Armstrong Custer, U.S. Army Officer and Cavalry Commander from Ohio from 1861 to 1876 (died 1876)","person":"George Armstrong Custer","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369652934#Births","title":"1839 in the United States","revid":1369652934}},{"text":"January 26 – Rachel Lloyd, American chemist (d. 1900)","person":"January 26","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#Births","title":"1839","revid":1360384794}},{"text":"10 May – Thomas Joseph Carr, Catholic archbishop (born in Ireland) (d. 1917)","person":"10 May","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1310479498#Births","title":"1839 in Australia","revid":1310479498}},{"text":"March 15 – Daniel Ridgway Knight, American artist (d. 1924)","person":"March 15","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#Births","title":"1839","revid":1360384794}},{"text":"January 2 – Gustave Trouvé, French electrical engineer, inventor (d. 1902)","person":"January 2","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#Births","title":"1839","revid":1360384794}},{"text":"July 8 – John D. Rockefeller, oil industry business magnate and philanthropist (died 1937)","person":"John D. Rockefeller","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369652934#Births","title":"1839 in the United States","revid":1369652934}},{"text":"September 2 – Henry George, writer, politician and political economist (died 1897)","person":"Henry George","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369652934#Births","title":"1839 in the United States","revid":1369652934}},{"text":"August 15 – Antonín Petrof, Czech piano maker (d. 1915)","person":"August 15","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#Births","title":"1839","revid":1360384794}}]}