{"year":1859,"population":{"value":1295121860,"source":{"name":"Population (HYDE 3.3; Gapminder; UN World Population Prospects)","publisher":"Our World in Data","url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population","license":"CC BY 4.0"}},"leaders":{"states":[{"state":"Kingdom of Rwanda","region":"Africa","country":"Great Lakes area","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Rwanda","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Kigeli IV Rwabugiri","person":"Kigeli IV Rwabugiri","qid":"Q327452","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Kigeli IV Rwabugiri, King (1853–1895)"}]},{"state":"Sultanate of Zanzibar","region":"Africa","country":"Great Lakes area","wikipedia":"Sultanate of Zanzibar","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Majid","person":"Majid bin Said of Zanzibar","qid":"Q705143","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Majid, Sultan (1856–1870)"}]},{"state":"Ethiopian Empire","region":"Africa","country":"Horn of Africa area","wikipedia":"Ethiopian Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Tewodros II","person":"Tewodros II","qid":"Q262589","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Tewodros II, Emperor (1855–1868)"}]},{"state":"Merina Kingdom","region":"Africa","country":"Indian Ocean","wikipedia":"Merina Kingdom","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ranavalona I","person":"Ranavalona I","qid":"Q169794","title":"Queen","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Ranavalona I, Queen (1828–1861)"},{"name":"Rainivoninahitriniony","person":"Rainivoninahitriniony","qid":"Q1396490","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Rainivoninahitriniony, Prime minister (1852–1864)"}]},{"state":"Beylik of Tunis","region":"Africa","country":"Tunisia","wikipedia":"Beylik of Tunis","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn","person":"Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn","qid":"Q1932630","title":"Bey","office":"Beys","quote":"Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn, Bey (1855–1859)"},{"name":"Muhammad III as-Sadiq","person":"Muhammad III as-Sadiq","qid":"Q1588031","title":"Bey","office":"Beys","quote":"Muhammad III as-Sadiq, Bey (1859–1882)"},{"name":"Mustapha Khaznadar","person":"Mustapha Khaznadar","qid":"Q1384598","title":"Grand vizier","office":"Grand viziers","quote":"Mustapha Khaznadar, Grand vizier (1837–1873)"}]},{"state":"Morocco: Alaouite dynasty","region":"Africa","country":"Morocco and Western Sahara","wikipedia":"Alaouite dynasty","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abd al-Rahman","person":"Abd al-Rahman of Morocco","qid":"Q508848","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Abd al-Rahman, Sultan (1822–1859)"},{"name":"Mohammed IV","person":"Muhammad IV of Morocco","qid":"Q962860","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Mohammed IV, Sultan (1859–1873)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland)","region":"Africa","country":"Eswatini/ Swaziland","wikipedia":"History of Eswatini","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mswati II","person":"Mswati II","qid":"Q882710","title":"King","office":"Kings","quote":"Mswati II, King (1840–1868)"}]},{"state":"Basutoland","region":"Africa","country":"Lesotho","wikipedia":"Basutoland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Moshoeshoe I","person":"Moshoeshoe I","qid":"Q469775","title":"King or Paramount Chief","office":"Paramount Chiefs","quote":"Moshoeshoe I, King or Paramount Chief (1822–1870)"}]},{"state":"Orange Free State","region":"Africa","country":"South Africa","wikipedia":"Orange Free State","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff","person":"Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff","qid":"Q3643403","title":"State President","office":null,"quote":"Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff, State President (1855–1859)"}]},{"state":"Liberia","region":"Africa","country":"Liberia","wikipedia":"Liberia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Stephen Allen Benson","person":"Stephen Allen Benson","qid":"Q718220","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Stephen Allen Benson, President (1856–1864)"}]},{"state":"Oyo Empire","region":"Africa","country":"Nigeria","wikipedia":"Oyo Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Atiba Atobatele","person":"Atiba Atobatele","qid":"Q102390302","title":"Alaafin","office":null,"quote":"Atiba Atobatele, Alaafin (1837–1859)"}]},{"state":"Second Empire of Haiti","region":"Americas","country":"Haiti","wikipedia":"Second Empire of Haiti","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Faustin Soulouque","person":"Faustin Soulouque","qid":"Q560853","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Faustin Soulouque, President (1847–1849), Emperor (1849–1859)"}]},{"state":"Second Haitian Republic","region":"Americas","country":"Haiti","wikipedia":"Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Fabre Geffrard","person":"Fabre Geffrard","qid":"Q546872","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Fabre Geffrard, President (1859–1867)"}]},{"state":"First Costa Rican Republic","region":"Americas","country":"Costa Rica","wikipedia":"First Costa Rican Republic","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Juan Mora Porras","person":"Juan Rafael Mora Porras","qid":"Q880785","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Juan Mora Porras, President (1849–1859)"}]},{"state":"El Salvador","region":"Americas","country":"El Salvador","wikipedia":"El Salvador","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Miguel Santín del Castillo","person":"Miguel Santín del Castillo","qid":"Q887458","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Miguel Santín del Castillo, President (1858–1859)"},{"name":"Gerardo Barrios","person":"Gerardo Barrios","qid":"Q671414","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Gerardo Barrios, President (1859–1860)"},{"name":"Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán","person":"Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán","qid":"Q880424","title":"Acting President","office":null,"quote":"Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, Acting President (1859)"},{"name":"José María Peralta","person":"José María Peralta","qid":"Q436743","title":"Acting President","office":null,"quote":"José María Peralta, Acting President (1859)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Guatemala","region":"Americas","country":"Guatemala","wikipedia":null,"key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Rafael Carrera","person":"Rafael Carrera","qid":"Q365381","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Rafael Carrera, President (1851–1865)"}]},{"state":"Honduras","region":"Americas","country":"Honduras","wikipedia":"Honduras","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"José Santos Guardiola","person":"José Santos Guardiola","qid":"Q916426","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"José Santos Guardiola, President (1856–1862)"}]},{"state":"Miskito Coast","region":"Americas","country":"Nicaragua","wikipedia":"Mosquito Coast","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"George Augustus Frederic II","person":"George Augustus Frederic II","qid":"Q5536498","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"George Augustus Frederic II, King (1842–1865)"}]},{"state":"Nicaragua","region":"Americas","country":"Nicaragua","wikipedia":"Nicaragua","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Tomás Martínez","person":"Tomás Martínez","qid":"Q888726","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Tomás Martínez, President (1857–1867)"}]},{"state":"Second Federal Republic of Mexico","region":"Americas","country":"Mexico","wikipedia":"Second Federal Republic of Mexico","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Benito Juárez","person":"Benito Juárez","qid":"Q182276","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Benito Juárez, President (1857–1872)"}]},{"state":"United States","region":"Americas","country":"United States","wikipedia":null,"key":"United States","holders":[{"name":"James Buchanan","person":"James Buchanan","qid":"Q12325","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"James Buchanan, President (1857–1861)"}]},{"state":"Argentine Confederation","region":"Americas","country":"Argentina","wikipedia":"Argentine Confederation","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Justo José de Urquiza","person":"Justo José de Urquiza","qid":"Q336247","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Justo José de Urquiza, Provisional Director (1852–1854), President (1854–1860)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Bolivia","region":"Americas","country":"Bolivia","wikipedia":"Bolivia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"José María Linares","person":"José María Linares","qid":"Q888590","title":"Dictator for Life","office":null,"quote":"José María Linares, Provisional President (1857–1858), Dictator for Life (1858–1861)"}]},{"state":"Empire of Brazil","region":"Americas","country":"Brazil","wikipedia":"Empire of Brazil","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Pedro II","person":"Pedro II of Brazil","qid":"Q156774","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Pedro II, Emperor (1831–1889)"}]},{"state":"Conservative Republic of Chile","region":"Americas","country":"Chile","wikipedia":"Conservative Republic","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Manuel Montt","person":"Manuel Montt","qid":"Q1328","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Manuel Montt, President (1851–1861)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Ecuador","region":"Americas","country":"Ecuador","wikipedia":"Ecuador","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Francisco Robles","person":"Francisco Robles","qid":"Q2645103","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Francisco Robles, President (1856–1859)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Paraguay","region":"Americas","country":"Paraguay","wikipedia":"History of Paraguay","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Carlos Antonio López","person":"Carlos Antonio López","qid":"Q235648","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Carlos Antonio López, President (1844–1862)"}]},{"state":"State of Venezuela","region":"Americas","country":"Venezuela","wikipedia":"State of Venezuela","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Julián Castro","person":"Julián Castro (Venezuelan president)","qid":"Q2498267","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Julián Castro, President (1858–1859)"},{"name":"Manuel Felipe de Tovar","person":"Manuel Felipe de Tovar","qid":"Q2498276","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Manuel Felipe de Tovar, President (1859–1861)"},{"name":"Pedro Gual Escandón","person":"Pedro Gual Escandón","qid":"Q2497205","title":"Interim President","office":null,"quote":"Pedro Gual Escandón, Interim President (1859)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Bukhara","region":"Asia","country":"Uzbekistan","wikipedia":"Emirate of Bukhara","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora","person":"Nasrullah Khan (Bukhara)","qid":"Q3870512","title":"Amir","office":null,"quote":"Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1827–1860)"}]},{"state":"Qing dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"China","wikipedia":"Qing dynasty","key":"China","holders":[{"name":"Xianfeng","person":"Xianfeng Emperor","qid":"Q334452","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Xianfeng, Emperor (1850–1861)"}]},{"state":"Tokugawa shogunate of Japan","region":"Asia","country":"Japan","wikipedia":"Tokugawa shogunate","key":"Japan","holders":[{"name":"Kōmei","person":"Emperor Kōmei","qid":"Q299179","title":"Emperor","office":"Emperors","quote":"Kōmei, Emperor (1846–1867)"}]},{"state":"Ryukyu Kingdom: Second Shō dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Japan","wikipedia":"Ryukyu Kingdom","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Shō Tai","person":"Shō Tai","qid":"Q1372454","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Shō Tai, King (1848–1879)"}]},{"state":"Bruneian Empire","region":"Asia","country":"Brunei","wikipedia":"Bruneian Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdul Momin","person":"Abdul Momin","qid":"Q40390","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Abdul Momin, Sultan (1852–1885)"}]},{"state":"Yogyakarta Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Yogyakarta Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Hamengkubuwono VI","person":"Hamengkubuwono VI","qid":"Q2249484","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Hamengkubuwono VI, Sultan (1855–1877)"}]},{"state":"Aceh Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Aceh Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah","person":"Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah","qid":"Q18204955","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah, Sultan (1857–1870)"}]},{"state":"Sultanate of Banjar","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Sultanate of Banjar","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Hidayatullah II","person":"Hidayatullah II of Banjar","qid":"Q12485644","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Hidayatullah II, Sultan (1859–1860)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Luang Phrabang","region":"Asia","country":"Laos","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Luang Phrabang","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Chantharath","person":"Chantharath","qid":"Q5072656","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Chantharath, King (1851–1870)"}]},{"state":"Kedah Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Kedah Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah","person":"Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah of Kedah","qid":"Q2008526","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah, Sultan, (1854–1879)"}]},{"state":"Terengganu Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Terengganu Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Omar Riayat Shah","person":"Omar Riayat Shah of Terengganu","qid":"Q4841946","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Omar Riayat Shah, co-Sultan (1831), Sultan (1839–1876)"}]},{"state":"Selangor Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Selangor Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdul Samad","person":"Abdul Samad of Selangor","qid":"Q4665716","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Abdul Samad, Sultan (1857–1896)"}]},{"state":"Konbaung dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Myanmar / Burma","wikipedia":"Konbaung dynasty","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mindon","person":"Mindon Min","qid":"Q574358","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Mindon, King (1853–1878)"}]},{"state":"Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam","region":"Asia","country":"Thailand","wikipedia":"Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mongkut","person":"Mongkut","qid":"Q312849","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Mongkut, King (1851–1868)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Afghanistan","wikipedia":"Emirate of Afghanistan","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Dost Mohammad Khan","person":"Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)","qid":"Q32027","title":"Emir","office":null,"quote":"Dost Mohammad Khan, Emir (1826–1839, 1845–1863)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Kuwait","region":"Asia","country":"Kuwait","wikipedia":"Sheikhdom of Kuwait","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Jaber I","person":"Jaber I Al-Sabah","qid":"Q888268","title":"Sheikh","office":null,"quote":"Jaber I, Sheikh (1814–1859)"},{"name":"Sabah II","person":"Sabah II Al-Sabah","qid":"Q2490214","title":"Sheikh","office":null,"quote":"Sabah II, Sheikh (1859–1866)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Nejd","region":"Asia","country":"Saudi Arabia","wikipedia":"Emirate of Nejd","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud","person":"Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud","qid":"Q1393513","title":"Imam","office":null,"quote":"Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud, Imam (1834–1838, 1843–1865)"}]},{"state":"Ottoman Empire","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Ottoman Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdülmecid I","person":"Abdülmecid I","qid":"Q174772","title":"Sultan","office":"Sultans","quote":"Abdülmecid I, Sultan (1839–1861)"},{"name":"Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha","person":"Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha","qid":"Q439237","title":"Grand Vizier","office":"Grand Viziers","quote":"Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, Grand Vizier (1858–1859)"},{"name":"Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha","person":"Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha","qid":"Q4250585","title":"Grand Vizier","office":"Grand Viziers","quote":"Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1859)"},{"name":"Mehmed Rushdi Pasha","person":"Mehmed Rushdi Pasha","qid":"Q3658437","title":"Grand Vizier","office":"Grand Viziers","quote":"Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1859–1860)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi","region":"Asia","country":"United Arab Emirates","wikipedia":"Emirate of Abu Dhabi","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan","person":"Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan","qid":"Q4119330","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, ruler (1855–1909)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Dubai","region":"Asia","country":"United Arab Emirates","wikipedia":"Emirate of Dubai","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Saeed bin Butti","person":"Saeed bin Butti","qid":"Q344111","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Saeed bin Butti, ruler (1852–1859)"},{"name":"Hasher bin Maktoum","person":"Hasher bin Maktoum","qid":"Q340171","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Hasher bin Maktoum, ruler (1859–1886)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Sharjah","region":"Asia","country":"United Arab Emirates","wikipedia":"Emirate of Sharjah","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi","person":"Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi","qid":"Q6800497","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi, ruler (1803–1866)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Umm Al Quwain","region":"Asia","country":"United Arab Emirates","wikipedia":"Umm Al Quwain","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ali bin Abdullah Al Mualla","person":"Ali bin Abdullah Al Mualla","qid":"Q57418977","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Ali bin Abdullah Al Mualla, ruler (1853–1873)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)","region":"Europe","country":"Croatia","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Franz Joseph","person":"Franz Joseph I","qid":"Q51056","title":"King","office":"Kings","quote":"Franz Joseph, King (1848–1916)"},{"name":"Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg","person":"Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg","qid":"Q112400","title":"Ban","office":"Bans","quote":"Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg, Ban (1859–1860)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Greece","region":"Europe","country":"Greece","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Greece","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Otto","person":"Otto of Greece","qid":"Q77067","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Otto, King (1832–1862)"},{"name":"Athanasios Miaoulis","person":"Athanasios Miaoulis","qid":"Q370465","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Athanasios Miaoulis, Prime minister (1857–1862)"}]},{"state":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","region":"Europe","country":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","wikipedia":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","key":"United Kingdom","holders":[{"name":"Victoria","person":"Queen Victoria","qid":"Q9439","title":"Queen","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Victoria, Queen (1837–1901)"},{"name":"Edward Smith-Stanley","person":"Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby","qid":"Q237829","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Edward Smith-Stanley, Prime minister (1858–1859)"},{"name":"Henry John Temple","person":"Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston","qid":"Q193656","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Henry John Temple, Prime minister (1859–1865)"}]},{"state":"Electorate of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia","region":"Europe","country":"Germany Empire","wikipedia":"Margraviate of Brandenburg","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Frederick William IV","person":"Frederick William IV of Prussia","qid":"Q57180","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Frederick William IV, King (1840–1861)"}]},{"state":"Austria-Hungary: Archduchy/ Austrian Empire/ Kingdom of Hungary","region":"Europe","country":"Austria-Hungary","wikipedia":"Austria-Hungary","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Johann Bernhard von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen","person":"Count Johann Bernhard von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen","qid":"Q78831","title":"Chairmen of the ministers' conference","office":"Heads of government","quote":"Johann Bernhard von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1859–1861)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Bohemia","region":"Europe","country":"Bohemia","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Bohemia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Francis Joseph","person":"Franz Joseph I","qid":"Q51056","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Francis Joseph, King (1848–1916)"}]},{"state":"Liechtenstein","region":"Europe","country":"Liechtenstein","wikipedia":"Liechtenstein","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Johann II","person":"Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein","qid":"Q317016","title":"Prince","office":null,"quote":"Johann II, Prince (1858–1929)"}]},{"state":"Switzerland","region":"Europe","country":"Switzerland","wikipedia":"Switzerland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Jakob Stämpfli","person":"Jakob Stämpfli","qid":"Q662344","title":"President of the Confederation","office":null,"quote":"Jakob Stämpfli, President of the Confederation (1859)"}]},{"state":"Anhalt-Bernburg","region":"Europe","country":"Anhalt-Bernburg","wikipedia":"Anhalt-Bernburg","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Alexander Karl","person":"Alexander Karl, Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg","qid":"Q65695","title":"Duke","office":null,"quote":"Alexander Karl, Duke (1834–1863)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Bavaria","region":"Europe","country":"Kingdom of Bavaria","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Bavaria","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Maximilian II","person":"Maximilian II of Bavaria","qid":"Q44530","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Maximilian II, King (1848–1864)"}]},{"state":"Duchy of Holstein","region":"Europe","country":"Duchy of Holstein","wikipedia":"Duchy of Holstein","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Frederik VII","person":"Frederick VII of Denmark","qid":"Q94941","title":"Duke","office":"Dukes","quote":"Frederik VII, Duke (1848–1863)"}]},{"state":"Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)","region":"Europe","country":"Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)","wikipedia":"Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"William III","person":"William III of the Netherlands","qid":"Q125649","title":"Duke","office":null,"quote":"William III, Duke (1849–1866)"}]},{"state":"Duchy of Nassau","region":"Europe","country":"Duchy of Nassau","wikipedia":"Duchy of Nassau","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Adolphe","person":"Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg","qid":"Q57302","title":"Duke","office":null,"quote":"Adolphe, Duke (1839–1866)"}]},{"state":"Grand Duchy of Oldenburg","region":"Europe","country":"Grand Duchy of Oldenburg","wikipedia":"Grand Duchy of Oldenburg","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Peter II","person":"Peter II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg","qid":"Q62139","title":"Grand Duke","office":null,"quote":"Peter II, Grand Duke (1853–1900)"}]},{"state":"Saxe-Meiningen","region":"Europe","country":"Saxe-Meiningen","wikipedia":"Saxe-Meiningen","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Bernhard II","person":"Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen","qid":"Q702910","title":"Duke","office":null,"quote":"Bernhard II, Duke (1803–1866)"}]},{"state":"Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont","region":"Europe","country":"Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont","wikipedia":"Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"George Victor","person":"George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont","qid":"Q62080","title":"Prince","office":null,"quote":"George Victor, Prince (1845–1893)"}]},{"state":"Moldavia","region":"Europe","country":"Romania","wikipedia":"Moldavia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Alexander John Cuza","person":"Alexander John Cuza","qid":"Q294832","title":"Prince","office":null,"quote":"Alexander John Cuza, Prince (1859–1862)"}]},{"state":"Russian Empire","region":"Europe","country":"Russia","wikipedia":"Russian Empire","key":"Russia","holders":[{"name":"Alexander II","person":"Alexander II of Russia","qid":"Q83171","title":"Emperor","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Alexander II, Emperor (1855–1881)"}]},{"state":"Caucasian Imamate","region":"Europe","country":"Russia","wikipedia":"Caucasian Imamate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Shamil","person":"Imam Shamil","qid":"Q244742","title":"Imam","office":null,"quote":"Shamil, Imam (1834–1859)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria","region":"Europe","country":"Ukraine","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Francis Joseph I","person":"Franz Joseph I","qid":"Q51056","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Francis Joseph I, King (1848–1916)"}]},{"state":"Denmark","region":"Europe","country":"Denmark","wikipedia":null,"key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Frederik VII","person":"Frederick VII of Denmark","qid":"Q94941","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Frederik VII, King (1848–1863)"},{"name":"Carl Christian Hall","person":"Carl Christian Hall","qid":"Q725118","title":"Council president","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Carl Christian Hall, Council president (1857–1859)"},{"name":"Carl Edvard Rotwitt","person":"Carl Edvard Rotwitt","qid":"Q1037599","title":"Council president","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Carl Edvard Rotwitt, Council president (1859–1860)"}]},{"state":"Sweden–Norway","region":"Europe","country":"Sweden–Norway","wikipedia":"Union between Sweden and Norway","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Oscar I","person":"Oscar I of Sweden","qid":"Q52926","title":"King","office":"Monarchs (complete list, complete list)","quote":"Oscar I, King (1844–1859)"},{"name":"Charles XV/IV","person":"Charles XV of Sweden","qid":"Q52925","title":"King","office":"Monarchs (complete list, complete list)","quote":"Charles XV/IV, King (1859–1872)"},{"name":"Hans Christian Petersen","person":"Hans Christian Petersen","qid":"Q444383","title":"First Minister","office":"Heads of government in Norway","quote":"Hans Christian Petersen, First Minister (1858–1861)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia","region":"Europe","country":"Italy","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Francis Joseph I","person":"Francis Joseph I of Austria","qid":"Q51056","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Francis Joseph I, King (1848–1866)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Sardinia, Duchy of Savoy","region":"Europe","country":"Italy","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Sardinia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Victor Emmanuel II","person":"Victor Emmanuel II of Italy","qid":"Q168691","title":"King of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy","office":null,"quote":"Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy (1849–1861)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies","region":"Europe","country":"Italy","wikipedia":"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ferdinand II","person":"Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies","qid":"Q332717","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Ferdinand II, King (1830–1859)"}]},{"state":"Papal States","region":"Europe","country":"Vatican City","wikipedia":"Papal States","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Pius IX","person":"Pope Pius IX","qid":"Q43720","title":"Pope","office":null,"quote":"Pius IX, Pope (1846–1878)"}]},{"state":"Andorra","region":"Europe","country":"Andorra","wikipedia":"Andorra","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Josep Caixal i Estradé","person":"Josep Caixal i Estradé","qid":"Q330398","title":"Episcopal Co-Prince","office":"Episcopal Co-Princes","quote":"Josep Caixal i Estradé, Episcopal Co-Prince (1853–1879)"},{"name":"Napoléon III","person":"Napoléon III","qid":"Q7721","title":"French Co-Prince","office":"French Co-Princes","quote":"Napoléon III, French Co-Prince (1848–1870)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Portugal","region":"Europe","country":"Portugal","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Portugal","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Pedro V","person":"Pedro V of Portugal","qid":"Q156048","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Pedro V, King (1853–1861)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Spain (1810–1873)","region":"Europe","country":"Spain","wikipedia":"History of Spain (1810–73)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Isabella II","person":"Isabella II","qid":"Q183085","title":"Queen","office":null,"quote":"Isabella II, Queen (1833–1868)"}]},{"state":"Belgium","region":"Europe","country":"Belgium","wikipedia":null,"key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Leopold I","person":"Leopold I of Belgium","qid":"Q12971","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Leopold I, King (1831–1865)"},{"name":"Charles Rogier","person":"Charles Rogier","qid":"Q468109","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Charles Rogier, Prime minister (1857–1868)"}]},{"state":"Second French Empire","region":"Europe","country":"France","wikipedia":"Second French Empire","key":"France","holders":[{"name":"Napoleon III","person":"Napoleon III","qid":"Q7721","title":"Emperor","office":"Emperors","quote":"Napoleon III, Emperor (1852–1870)"}]},{"state":"Luxembourg","region":"Europe","country":"Luxembourg","wikipedia":"Luxembourg","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"William III","person":"William III of the Netherlands","qid":"Q125649","title":"Grand Duke","office":"Monarchs","quote":"William III, Grand Duke (1849–1890)"},{"name":"Charles-Mathias Simons","person":"Charles-Mathias Simons","qid":"Q739463","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Charles-Mathias Simons, Prime minister (1853–1860)"}]},{"state":"Monaco","region":"Europe","country":"Monaco","wikipedia":"Monaco","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Charles III","person":"Charles III, Prince of Monaco","qid":"Q382433","title":"Prince","office":null,"quote":"Charles III, Prince (1856–1889)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of the Netherlands","region":"Europe","country":"Netherlands","wikipedia":"Kingdom of the Netherlands","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"William III","person":"William III of the Netherlands","qid":"Q125649","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"William III, King (1849–1890)"},{"name":"Jan Jacob Rochussen","person":"Jan Jacob Rochussen","qid":"Q729220","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Jan Jacob Rochussen, Prime minister (1858–1860)"}]},{"state":"Mangareva","region":"Oceania","country":"French Polynesia","wikipedia":"Mangareva","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Joseph Gregorio II","person":"Joseph Gregorio II","qid":"Q20639286","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Joseph Gregorio II, King (1857–1868)"}]},{"state":"Kings of Uvea (Wallis)","region":"Oceania","country":"French Polynesia","wikipedia":"List of kings of Uvea","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Falakika Seilala","person":"Falakika Seilala","qid":"Q5431642","title":"Queen","office":null,"quote":"Falakika Seilala, Queen (1858–1869)"}]},{"state":"Malietoa dynasty","region":"Oceania","country":"Samoa and American Samoa","wikipedia":"Malietoa","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Moli","person":"Malietoa Moli","qid":"Q12981466","title":"Malietoa","office":null,"quote":"Moli, Malietoa (1858–1860)"}]},{"state":"Tuʻi Kanokupolu of Tonga","region":"Oceania","country":"Tonga","wikipedia":"Tuʻi Kanokupolu","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"George Tupou I/ Tāufaʻāhau","person":"George Tupou I","qid":"Q379840","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"George Tupou I/ Tāufaʻāhau, King (1845–1893)"}]}],"source":{"name":"Wikipedia","title":"List of state leaders in the 19th century (1851–1900)","revid":1370561602,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370561602","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","retrieved":"2026-10-22"},"checked":"Each holder is quoted from the list and kept for this year only where the person's own Wikidata record holds the same post over the same term, to within a year."},"births":[{"text":"March 12 – Abraham H. Cannon, American Mormon apostle (d. 1896)","person":"March 12","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}},{"text":"December 29 – Venustiano Carranza, 37th President of Mexico (d. 1920)","person":"December 29","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}},{"text":"January 27 – Wilhelm II, last Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia (d. 1941)","person":"Wilhelm II","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}},{"text":"24 March – Hugh de Largie, Western Australian politician (born in the United Kingdom) (d. 1947)","person":"24 March","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1310479539#Births","title":"1859 in Australia","revid":1310479539}},{"text":"January 6 – Hugh Rodman, American admiral (d. 1940)","person":"January 6","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}},{"text":"March 9 – Alexandru Averescu, Romanian general and politician, 24th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1938)","person":"March 9","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}},{"text":"March 16 – Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Russian physicist (d. 1906 [O.S. 1905])","person":"March 16","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}},{"text":"November 29 – Jesse Pomeroy, youngest convicted murderer in Massachusetts (d. 1932)","person":"November 29","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}},{"text":"March 13 – Alice Bellvadore Sams Turner, American physician (d. 1915)","person":"March 13","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}},{"text":"March 8 – Kenneth Grahame, English author (d. 1932)","person":"March 8","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}},{"text":"8 March – Kenneth Grahame, author best known for The Wind in the Willows (died 1932 in England)","person":"8 March","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362254672#Births","title":"1859 in Scotland","revid":1362254672}},{"text":"January 8 – Fanny Bullock Workman, American geographer, writer and mountain climber (d. 1925)","person":"January 8","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}},{"text":"February 25 – Vasil Kutinchev, Bulgarian general (d. 1941)","person":"February 25","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}},{"text":"October 20 – John Dewey, educator born in Vermont (died 1952)","person":"John Dewey","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363808636#Births","title":"1859 in the United States","revid":1363808636}},{"text":"May 1 – Jacqueline Comerre-Paton, French artist (d. 1955)","person":"May 1","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#Births","title":"1859","revid":1371179353}}]}