{"year":1938,"population":{"value":2248127325,"source":{"name":"Population (HYDE 3.3; Gapminder; UN World Population Prospects)","publisher":"Our World in Data","url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population","license":"CC BY 4.0"}},"prices":{"cpi":14.0917,"cpi_now":336.94,"cpi_now_date":"2026-09-01","dollar_today":23.9105,"cpi_source":{"series":"CPIAUCNS","name":"Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCNS","license":"Public domain (U.S. government work)"},"items":[]},"leaders":{"states":[{"state":"Kingdom of Rwanda","region":"Africa","country":"Great Lakes area","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Rwanda","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mutara III Rudahigwa","person":"Mutara III Rudahigwa","qid":"Q2203166","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Mutara III Rudahigwa, King (1931–1959)"}]},{"state":"Sultanate of Zanzibar","region":"Africa","country":"Great Lakes area","wikipedia":"Sultanate of Zanzibar","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Khalifa II","person":"Khalifa bin Harub of Zanzibar","qid":"Q982863","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Khalifa II, Sultan (1911–1960)"}]},{"state":"Ethiopian Empire","region":"Africa","country":"Horn of Africa area","wikipedia":"Ethiopian Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Haile Selassie I","person":"Haile Selassie","qid":"Q41178","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Haile Selassie I, Emperor (1930–1974)"}]},{"state":"Beylik of Tunis","region":"Africa","country":"Tunisia","wikipedia":"Beylik of Tunis","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ahmad II ibn Ali","person":"Ahmad II of Tunis","qid":"Q977010","title":"Bey","office":"Beys","quote":"Ahmad II ibn Ali, Bey (1929–1942)"},{"name":"Hédi Lakhoua","person":"Hédi Lakhoua","qid":"Q3144594","title":"Prime minister","office":"Grand viziers","quote":"Hédi Lakhoua, Prime minister (1932–1942)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Egypt","region":"Africa","country":"Egypt","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Egypt","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Farouk I","person":"Farouk of Egypt","qid":"Q213001","title":"King","office":"King","quote":"Farouk I, King (1936–1952)"},{"name":"Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha","person":"Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha","qid":"Q3139180","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha, Prime minister (1937–1939)"}]},{"state":"Sultanate of Morocco: Alaouite dynasty","region":"Africa","country":"Morocco and Western Sahara","wikipedia":"Morocco","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mohammed V","person":"Mohammed V of Morocco","qid":"Q193874","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Mohammed V, Sultan (1927–1953, 1955–1957), King (1957–1961)"}]},{"state":"Union of South Africa","region":"Africa","country":"South Africa","wikipedia":"Union of South Africa","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"George VI","person":"George VI","qid":"Q280856","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"George VI, King (1936–1952)"},{"name":"J. B. M. Hertzog","person":"J. B. M. Hertzog","qid":"Q356395","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"J. B. M. Hertzog, Prime minister (1924–1939)"}]},{"state":"Liberia","region":"Africa","country":"Liberia","wikipedia":"Liberia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Edwin Barclay","person":"Edwin Barclay","qid":"Q735400","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Edwin Barclay, President (1930–1944)"}]},{"state":"Third Dominican Republic","region":"Americas","country":"Dominican Republic","wikipedia":"Third Republic (Dominican Republic)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Rafael Trujillo","person":"Rafael Trujillo","qid":"Q152474","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Rafael Trujillo, President (1930–1938)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)","region":"Americas","country":"Haiti","wikipedia":"Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sténio Vincent","person":"Sténio Vincent","qid":"Q886213","title":"President","office":"Heads of state","quote":"Sténio Vincent, President (1930–1941)"}]},{"state":"First Costa Rican Republic","region":"Americas","country":"Costa Rica","wikipedia":"First Costa Rican Republic","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"León Cortés Castro","person":"León Cortés Castro","qid":"Q889166","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"León Cortés Castro, President (1936–1940)"}]},{"state":"El Salvador","region":"Americas","country":"El Salvador","wikipedia":"El Salvador","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Maximiliano Hernández Martínez","person":"Maximiliano Hernández Martínez","qid":"Q319419","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, President (1935–1944)"}]},{"state":"Guatemala","region":"Americas","country":"Guatemala","wikipedia":"Guatemala","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Jorge Ubico","person":"Jorge Ubico","qid":"Q549431","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Jorge Ubico, President (1931–1944)"}]},{"state":"Honduras","region":"Americas","country":"Honduras","wikipedia":"Honduras","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Tiburcio Carías Andino","person":"Tiburcio Carías Andino","qid":"Q562044","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Tiburcio Carías Andino, President (1933–1949)"}]},{"state":"Nicaragua","region":"Americas","country":"Nicaragua","wikipedia":"Nicaragua","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Anastasio Somoza García","person":"Anastasio Somoza García","qid":"Q312622","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Anastasio Somoza García, President (1937–1947)"}]},{"state":"Canada","region":"Americas","country":"Canada","wikipedia":"Canada","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"George VI","person":"George VI","qid":"Q280856","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"George VI, King (1936–1952)"},{"name":"William Lyon Mackenzie King","person":"William Lyon Mackenzie King","qid":"Q128633","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime minister (1935–1948)"}]},{"state":"Mexico","region":"Americas","country":"Mexico","wikipedia":"Mexico","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Lázaro Cárdenas","person":"Lázaro Cárdenas","qid":"Q296718","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Lázaro Cárdenas, President (1934–1940)"}]},{"state":"United States","region":"Americas","country":"United States","wikipedia":"United States","key":"United States","holders":[{"name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","person":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","qid":"Q8007","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Franklin D. Roosevelt, President (1933–1945)"}]},{"state":"Argentine Republic","region":"Americas","country":"Argentina","wikipedia":"Argentina","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Agustín Pedro Justo","person":"Agustín Pedro Justo","qid":"Q365352","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Agustín Pedro Justo, President (1932–1938)"},{"name":"Roberto María Ortiz","person":"Roberto María Ortiz","qid":"Q365369","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Roberto María Ortiz, President (1938–1942)"}]},{"state":"Bolivia","region":"Americas","country":"Bolivia","wikipedia":"Bolivia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Germán Busch","person":"Germán Busch","qid":"Q734606","title":"Chairman of the Government Junta; President","office":null,"quote":"Germán Busch, Chairman of the Government Junta (1937–1938), President (1938–1939)"}]},{"state":"Vargas Era Brazil","region":"Americas","country":"Brazil","wikipedia":"Vargas Era","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Getúlio Vargas","person":"Getúlio Vargas","qid":"Q156844","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Getúlio Vargas, President (1930–1945)"}]},{"state":"Presidential Republic (1925–1973) of Chile","region":"Americas","country":"Chile","wikipedia":"Presidential Republic (1925–1973)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Arturo Alessandri","person":"Arturo Alessandri","qid":"Q848","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Arturo Alessandri, President (1932–1938)"},{"name":"Pedro Aguirre Cerda","person":"Pedro Aguirre Cerda","qid":"Q845","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Pedro Aguirre Cerda, President (1938–1941)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Colombia","region":"Americas","country":"Colombia","wikipedia":"Colombia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Eduardo Santos Montejo","person":"Eduardo Santos Montejo","qid":"Q470924","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Eduardo Santos Montejo, President (1938–1942)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Paraguay","region":"Americas","country":"Paraguay","wikipedia":"History of Paraguay","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Félix Paiva","person":"Félix Paiva","qid":"Q861008","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Félix Paiva, President (1937–1939)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Peru","region":"Americas","country":"Peru","wikipedia":"Peru","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Óscar Benavides","person":"Óscar Benavides","qid":"Q129005","title":"Constitutional President","office":null,"quote":"Óscar Benavides, Constitutional President (1933–1939)"}]},{"state":"United States of Venezuela","region":"Americas","country":"Venezuela","wikipedia":"United States of Venezuela","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Eleazar López Contreras","person":"Eleazar López Contreras","qid":"Q878504","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Eleazar López Contreras, President (1935–1941)"}]},{"state":"Republic of China (1916–1949)","region":"Asia","country":"China","wikipedia":"Republic of China (1912–49)","key":"China","holders":[{"name":"Chiang Kai-shek","person":"Chiang Kai-shek","qid":"Q16574","title":"Premier","office":"Premiers","quote":"Chiang Kai-shek, Premier (1935–1938)"},{"name":"H. H. Kung","person":"H. H. Kung","qid":"Q631416","title":"Premier","office":"Premiers","quote":"H. H. Kung, Premier (1938–1939)"}]},{"state":"Manchukuo","region":"Asia","country":"China","wikipedia":"Manchukuo","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Puyi","person":"Puyi","qid":"Q185152","title":"Emperor","office":"Head of State","quote":"Puyi, Chief Executive (1932–1934), Emperor (1934–1945)"},{"name":"Zhang Jinghui","person":"Zhang Jinghui","qid":"Q197223","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Zhang Jinghui, Prime minister (1935–1945)"}]},{"state":"Empire of Japan","region":"Asia","country":"Japan","wikipedia":"Empire of Japan","key":"Japan","holders":[{"name":"Hirohito","person":"Hirohito","qid":"Q34479","title":"Emperor","office":"Emperors","quote":"Hirohito, Emperor (1926–1989)"},{"name":"Fumimaro Konoe","person":"Fumimaro Konoe","qid":"Q315594","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Fumimaro Konoe, Prime minister (1937–1939)"}]},{"state":"Protectorate of Brunei","region":"Asia","country":"Brunei","wikipedia":"Brunei#British intervention","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ahmad Tajuddin","person":"Ahmad Tajuddin","qid":"Q40111","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Ahmad Tajuddin, Sultan (1924–1950)"}]},{"state":"French Protectorate of Cambodia","region":"Asia","country":"Cambodia","wikipedia":"French Protectorate of Cambodia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sisowath Monivong","person":"Sisowath Monivong","qid":"Q522827","title":"King","office":"Kings","quote":"Sisowath Monivong, King (1927–1941)"}]},{"state":"Surakarta Sunanate","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Surakarta Sunanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Pakubuwono X","person":"Pakubuwono X","qid":"Q2330098","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Pakubuwono X, Sultan (1893–1939)"}]},{"state":"Yogyakarta Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Yogyakarta Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Hamengkubuwono VIII","person":"Hamengkubuwono VIII","qid":"Q661401","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Hamengkubuwono VIII, Sultan (1921–1939)"}]},{"state":"Pakualaman","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Pakualaman","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Pakualam VIII","person":"Paku Alam VIII","qid":"Q2140777","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Pakualam VIII, Sultan (1937–1946)"}]},{"state":"Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Syarif Kasim II","person":"Syarif Kasim II","qid":"Q11214817","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Syarif Kasim II, Sultan (1915–1946)"}]},{"state":"French Protectorate of Luang Phrabang","region":"Asia","country":"Laos","wikipedia":"French Protectorate of Laos","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sisavang Vong","person":"Sisavang Vong","qid":"Q379794","title":"King of Luang Phrabang","office":null,"quote":"Sisavang Vong, King of Luang Phrabang (1904–1945), King of Laos (1946–1953)"}]},{"state":"Kedah Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Kedah Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdul Hamid Halim Shah ll","person":"Abdul Hamid Halim of Kedah","qid":"Q4207009","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Abdul Hamid Halim Shah ll, Sultan, (1881–1943)"}]},{"state":"Perak Sultanate: Siak dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Perak Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Iskandar","person":"Iskandar of Perak","qid":"Q4259447","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Iskandar, Sultan (1918–1938)"},{"name":"Abdul Aziz al-Mu’tasim Billah Shah","person":"Abdul Aziz al-Mu’tasim Billah Shah of Perak","qid":"Q4665294","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Abdul Aziz al-Mu’tasim Billah Shah, Sultan (1938–1948)"}]},{"state":"Terengganu Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Terengganu Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah","person":"Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Terengganu","qid":"Q12709893","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah, Sultan (1920–1942)"}]},{"state":"Selangor Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Selangor Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Hisamuddin","person":"Hisamuddin of Selangor","qid":"Q888240","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Hisamuddin, Sultan (1937–1942, 1945–1957)"}]},{"state":"Negeri Sembilan","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Negeri Sembilan","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdul Rahman","person":"Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan","qid":"Q317381","title":"Yamtuan","office":null,"quote":"Abdul Rahman, Yamtuan (1933–1957)"}]},{"state":"Philippines","region":"Asia","country":"Philippines","wikipedia":"Philippines","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Manuel L. Quezon","person":"Manuel L. Quezon","qid":"Q1503","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Manuel L. Quezon, President (1935–1944)"}]},{"state":"Siam/Thailand: Rattanakosin Kingdom","region":"Asia","country":"Thailand","wikipedia":"Thailand","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ananda Mahidol","person":"Ananda Mahidol","qid":"Q248893","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Ananda Mahidol, King (1935–1946)"},{"name":"Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena","person":"Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena","qid":"Q301290","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena, Prime minister (1933–1938)"},{"name":"Plaek Phibunsongkhram","person":"Plaek Phibunsongkhram","qid":"Q152777","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Prime minister (1938–1944)"}]},{"state":"Nguyễn dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Vietnam","wikipedia":"Nguyễn dynasty","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Bảo Đại","person":"Bảo Đại","qid":"Q223771","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Bảo Đại, Emperor (1925–1945)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Afghanistan","region":"Asia","country":"Afghanistan","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Afghanistan","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mohammed Zahir Shah","person":"Mohammed Zahir Shah","qid":"Q152265","title":"King","office":"Kings","quote":"Mohammed Zahir Shah, King (1933–1973)"},{"name":"Mohammad Hashim Khan","person":"Mohammad Hashim Khan","qid":"Q137752","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Mohammad Hashim Khan, Prime minister (1929–1946)"}]},{"state":"Hakims of Bahrain","region":"Asia","country":"Bahrain","wikipedia":"History of Bahrain (1783–1971)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa","person":"Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa (1872–1942)","qid":"Q2665314","title":"Hakim","office":null,"quote":"Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa, Hakim (1923–1942)"}]},{"state":"Imperial State of Iran: Pahlavi dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Iran","wikipedia":"Imperial State of Iran","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Reza Pahlavi","person":"Reza Shah","qid":"Q182921","title":"Shah","office":"Shahs","quote":"Reza Pahlavi, Shah (1925–1941)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Iraq","region":"Asia","country":"Iraq","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Iraq","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ghazi I","person":"Ghazi of Iraq","qid":"Q314784","title":"King","office":"Kings","quote":"Ghazi I, King (1933–1939)"},{"name":"Jameel Al-Madfaai","person":"Jameel Al-Madfaai","qid":"Q2635659","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Jameel Al-Madfaai, Prime minister (1933–1934, 1935, 1937–1938, 1941, 1953)"},{"name":"Nuri al-Said","person":"Nuri al-Said","qid":"Q381150","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Nuri al-Said, Prime minister (1930–1932, 1938–1940, 1941–1944, 1946–1947, 1949, 1950–1952, 1954–1957, 1958)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Transjordan","region":"Asia","country":"Jordan","wikipedia":"Emirate of Transjordan","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Tawfik Abu al-Huda","person":"Tawfik Abu al-Huda","qid":"Q2096713","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Tawfik Abu al-Huda, Prime minister (1938–1944)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Kuwait","region":"Asia","country":"Kuwait","wikipedia":"Sheikhdom of Kuwait","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ahmad I","person":"Ahmad I Al-Jaber Al-Sabah","qid":"Q400907","title":"Sheikh","office":null,"quote":"Ahmad I, Sheikh (1921–1950)"}]},{"state":"Sultanate/ State of Muscat and Oman","region":"Asia","country":"Oman","wikipedia":"Muscat and Oman","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Said III","person":"Said bin Taimur","qid":"Q879869","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Said III, Sultan (1932–1970)"}]},{"state":"Qatar","region":"Asia","country":"Qatar","wikipedia":"Qatar","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani","person":"Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani","qid":"Q4116065","title":"Emir","office":null,"quote":"Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani, Emir (1913–1949)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Nejd and Hasa","region":"Asia","country":"Saudi Arabia","wikipedia":"Emirate of Nejd and Hasa","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ibn Saud","person":"Ibn Saud","qid":"Q151509","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Turkey","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Turkey","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk","person":"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk","qid":"Q5152","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President (1923–1938)"},{"name":"İsmet İnönü","person":"İsmet İnönü","qid":"Q183297","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"İsmet İnönü, President (1938–1950)"},{"name":"Celâl Bayar","person":"Celâl Bayar","qid":"Q151735","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Celâl Bayar, Prime minister (1937–1939)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Abu Dhabi","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Emirate of Abu Dhabi","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan","person":"Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan","qid":"Q2661904","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler (1928–1966)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Dubai","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Emirate of Dubai","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Saeed bin Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum","person":"Saeed bin Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum","qid":"Q713801","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Saeed bin Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum, ruler (1912–1958)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Sharjah","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Emirate of Sharjah","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi II","person":"Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi II","qid":"Q57164266","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi II, ruler (1924–1951)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Ajman","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Emirate of Ajman","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi III","person":"Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi III","qid":"Q7294894","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi III, ruler (1928–1981)"}]},{"state":"Umm Al Quwain","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Umm Al Quwain","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ahmad bin Rashid Al Mualla","person":"Ahmad bin Rashid Al Mualla","qid":"Q4695515","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Ahmad bin Rashid Al Mualla, ruler (1929–1981)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Fujairah","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Emirate of Fujairah","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Saif bin Hamad Al Sharqi","person":"Saif bin Hamad Al Sharqi","qid":"Q60785963","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Saif bin Hamad Al Sharqi, ruler (1936–1938)"},{"name":"Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi","person":"Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi","qid":"Q60785966","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi, ruler (1938–1975)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi","person":"Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi","qid":"Q60785796","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi, ruler (1921–1948)"}]},{"state":"North Yemen: Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen","region":"Asia","country":"Yemen","wikipedia":"Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din","person":"Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din","qid":"Q163945","title":"King","office":"Kings","quote":"Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, King (1918–1948)"}]},{"state":"Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)","region":"Europe","country":"Albania","wikipedia":"Albanian Kingdom (1928–39)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Zogu I (Ahmet Zogu)","person":"Zog I of Albania","qid":"Q60699","title":"King","office":"King","quote":"Zogu I (Ahmet Zogu), President (1925–1928), King (1928–1939)"},{"name":"Kostaq Kota","person":"Kostaq Kota","qid":"Q897425","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Kostaq Kota, Prime minister (1936–1939)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Bulgaria","region":"Europe","country":"Bulgaria","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Bulgaria","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Boris III","person":"Boris III of Bulgaria","qid":"Q159585","title":"Tsar","office":"Tsars","quote":"Boris III, Tsar (1918–1943)"},{"name":"Georgi Kyoseivanov","person":"Georgi Kyoseivanov","qid":"Q534299","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Georgi Kyoseivanov, Prime minister (1935–1940)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Greece: 4th of August Regime","region":"Europe","country":"Greece","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Greece","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"George II","person":"George II of Greece","qid":"Q152935","title":"King","office":"Monarchy","quote":"George II, King (1935–1947)"},{"name":"Ioannis Metaxas","person":"Ioannis Metaxas","qid":"Q189139","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Ioannis Metaxas, Prime minister (1936–1941)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Serbia / Yugoslavia: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia","region":"Europe","country":"Yugoslavia","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Serbia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Milan Stojadinović","person":"Milan Stojadinović","qid":"Q648570","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers: Yugoslavia","quote":"Milan Stojadinović, Prime minister (1935–1939)"}]},{"state":"Yugoslavia: Democratic Federal Yugoslavia","region":"Europe","country":"Yugoslavia","wikipedia":"Yugoslavia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Peter II","person":"Peter II of Yugoslavia","qid":"Q223183","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Peter II, King (1934–1945)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Estonia","region":"Europe","country":"Estonia","wikipedia":"Estonia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Konstantin Päts","person":"Konstantin Päts","qid":"Q299114","title":"President-Regent","office":"Heads of state","quote":"Konstantin Päts, President-Regent (1937–1938)"},{"name":"Konstantin Päts","person":"Konstantin Päts","qid":"Q299114","title":"President","office":"Heads of state","quote":"Konstantin Päts, President (1938–1940)"},{"name":"Kaarel Eenpalu","person":"Kaarel Eenpalu","qid":"Q126704","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Kaarel Eenpalu, Prime minister (1938–1939)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Latvia","region":"Europe","country":"Latvia","wikipedia":"Latvia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Kārlis Ulmanis","person":"Kārlis Ulmanis","qid":"Q298041","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Kārlis Ulmanis, President (1936–1940)"},{"name":"Kārlis Ulmanis","person":"Kārlis Ulmanis","qid":"Q298041","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime minister (1934–1940)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Lithuania","region":"Europe","country":"Lithuania","wikipedia":"Lithuania","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Antanas Smetona","person":"Antanas Smetona","qid":"Q296950","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Antanas Smetona, President (1926–1940)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Ireland","region":"Europe","country":"Ireland","wikipedia":"Republic of Ireland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Douglas Hyde","person":"Douglas Hyde","qid":"Q237951","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Douglas Hyde, President (1938–1945)"},{"name":"Éamon de Valera","person":"Éamon de Valera","qid":"Q173347","title":"Taoiseach","office":"Taoiseachs","quote":"Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach (1937–1948)"}]},{"state":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","region":"Europe","country":"United Kingdom","wikipedia":"United Kingdom","key":"United Kingdom","holders":[{"name":"George VI","person":"George VI","qid":"Q280856","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"George VI, King (1936–1952)"},{"name":"Neville Chamberlain","person":"Neville Chamberlain","qid":"Q10664","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Neville Chamberlain, Prime minister (1937–1940)"}]},{"state":"First Austrian Republic/ Federal State of Austria","region":"Europe","country":"Austria","wikipedia":"First Austrian Republic","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Kurt Schuschnigg","person":"Kurt Schuschnigg","qid":"Q738635","title":"Chancellor","office":"Chancellors","quote":"Kurt Schuschnigg, Chancellor (1934–1938)"},{"name":"Arthur Seyss-Inquart","person":"Arthur Seyss-Inquart","qid":"Q650219","title":"Chancellor","office":"Chancellors","quote":"Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Chancellor (1938)"}]},{"state":"Czechoslovakia: First Republic","region":"Europe","country":"Czechoslovakia","wikipedia":"Czechoslovakia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Edvard Beneš","person":"Edvard Beneš","qid":"Q152274","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Edvard Beneš, President (1935–1938)"},{"name":"Milan Hodža","person":"Milan Hodža","qid":"Q349893","title":"Prime Minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Milan Hodža, Prime Minister (1935–1938)"},{"name":"Jan Syrový","person":"Jan Syrový","qid":"Q974542","title":"Prime Minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Jan Syrový, Prime Minister (1938)"}]},{"state":"Czechoslovakia: Second Republic","region":"Europe","country":"Czechoslovakia","wikipedia":"Czechoslovakia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Emil Hácha","person":"Emil Hácha","qid":"Q156502","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Emil Hácha, President (1938–1939)"},{"name":"Jan Syrový","person":"Jan Syrový","qid":"Q974542","title":"Prime Minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Jan Syrový, Prime Minister (1938)"},{"name":"Rudolf Beran","person":"Rudolf Beran","qid":"Q717754","title":"Prime Minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Rudolf Beran, Prime Minister (1938–1939)"}]},{"state":"Nazi Germany","region":"Europe","country":"Germany","wikipedia":"Nazi Germany","key":"Germany","holders":[{"name":"Adolf Hitler","person":"Adolf Hitler","qid":"Q352","title":"Führer","office":"Heads of state","quote":"Adolf Hitler, Führer (1934–1945)"},{"name":"Adolf Hitler","person":"Adolf Hitler","qid":"Q352","title":"Chancellor","office":"Chancellors","quote":"Adolf Hitler, Chancellor (1933–1945)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)","region":"Europe","country":"Hungary","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Miklós Horthy","person":"Miklós Horthy","qid":"Q117144","title":"Regent","office":"Regents","quote":"Miklós Horthy, Regent (1920–1944)"},{"name":"Kálmán Darányi","person":"Kálmán Darányi","qid":"Q902355","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Kálmán Darányi, Prime minister (1936–1938)"},{"name":"Béla Imrédy","person":"Béla Imrédy","qid":"Q727006","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Béla Imrédy, Prime minister (1938–1939)"}]},{"state":"Liechtenstein","region":"Europe","country":"Liechtenstein","wikipedia":"Liechtenstein","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Franz I","person":"Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein","qid":"Q455890","title":"Prince","office":"Sovereign Princes","quote":"Franz I, Prince (1929–1938)"},{"name":"Franz Josef II","person":"Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein","qid":"Q165674","title":"Prince","office":"Sovereign Princes","quote":"Franz Josef II, Prince (1938–1989)"},{"name":"Josef Hoop","person":"Josef Hoop","qid":"Q345112","title":"Prime Minister","office":"Heads of government","quote":"Josef Hoop, Prime Minister (1928–1945)"}]},{"state":"Second Polish Republic","region":"Europe","country":"Poland","wikipedia":"Second Polish Republic","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ignacy Mościcki","person":"Ignacy Mościcki","qid":"Q310594","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Ignacy Mościcki, President (1926–1939)"},{"name":"Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski","person":"Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski","qid":"Q1403120","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, Prime minister (1936–1939)"}]},{"state":"Switzerland","region":"Europe","country":"Switzerland","wikipedia":"Switzerland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Johannes Baumann","person":"Johannes Baumann","qid":"Q118266","title":"President of the Confederation","office":null,"quote":"Johannes Baumann, President of the Confederation (1938)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Romania","region":"Europe","country":"Romania","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Romania","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Carol II","person":"Carol II of Romania","qid":"Q212897","title":"King","office":"Kings","quote":"Carol II, King (1930–1940)"},{"name":"Octavian Goga","person":"Octavian Goga","qid":"Q223414","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Octavian Goga, Prime minister (1937–1938)"},{"name":"Miron Cristea","person":"Patriarch Miron of Romania","qid":"Q2268352","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Miron Cristea, Prime minister (1938–1939)"}]},{"state":"Soviet Union","region":"Europe","country":"Russia","wikipedia":"Soviet Union","key":"Russia","holders":[{"name":"Joseph Stalin","person":"Joseph Stalin","qid":"Q855","title":"General Secretary","office":"General Secretary","quote":"Joseph Stalin, General Secretary (1922–1952)"},{"name":"Mikhail Kalinin","person":"Mikhail Kalinin","qid":"Q229828","title":"Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets; Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet","office":"Heads of state","quote":"Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets (1922–1938), Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1938–1946)"},{"name":"Vyacheslav Molotov","person":"Vyacheslav Molotov","qid":"Q132899","title":"Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars","office":"Heads of governments","quote":"Vyacheslav Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1930–1941)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Denmark","region":"Europe","country":"Denmark","wikipedia":"Denmark","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Christian X","person":"Christian X of Denmark","qid":"Q156617","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Christian X, King (1912–1947)"},{"name":"Thorvald Stauning","person":"Thorvald Stauning","qid":"Q367557","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Thorvald Stauning, Prime minister (1929–1942)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Finland","region":"Europe","country":"Finland","wikipedia":"Finland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Kyösti Kallio","person":"Kyösti Kallio","qid":"Q209441","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Kyösti Kallio, President (1937–1940)"},{"name":"Aimo Cajander","person":"Aimo Cajander","qid":"Q319444","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Aimo Cajander, Prime minister (1937–1939)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Iceland","region":"Europe","country":"Iceland","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Iceland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Christian X","person":"Christian X of Denmark","qid":"Q156617","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Christian X, King (1918–1944)"},{"name":"Hermann Jónasson","person":"Hermann Jónasson","qid":"Q165477","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Hermann Jónasson, Prime minister (1934–1942)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Norway","region":"Europe","country":"Norway","wikipedia":"Norway","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Haakon VII","person":"Haakon VII of Norway","qid":"Q154927","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Haakon VII, King (1905–1957)"},{"name":"Johan Nygaardsvold","person":"Johan Nygaardsvold","qid":"Q317659","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Johan Nygaardsvold, Prime minister (1935–1940), Prime Minister in exile (1940–1942)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Sweden","region":"Europe","country":"Sweden","wikipedia":"Sweden","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Gustaf V","person":"Gustaf V of Sweden","qid":"Q52890","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Gustaf V, King (1907–1950)"},{"name":"Per Albin Hansson","person":"Per Albin Hansson","qid":"Q53660","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Per Albin Hansson, Prime minister (1936–1946)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Italy","region":"Europe","country":"Italy","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Italy","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Victor Emmanuel III","person":"Victor Emmanuel III of Italy","qid":"Q150642","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Victor Emmanuel III, King (1900–1946)"},{"name":"Benito Mussolini","person":"Benito Mussolini","qid":"Q23559","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Benito Mussolini, Prime minister (1922–1943)"}]},{"state":"Fascist Italy (1922–1943)","region":"Europe","country":"Italy","wikipedia":"Fascist Italy (1922–1943)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Victor Emmanuel III","person":"Victor Emmanuel III","qid":"Q150642","title":"King","office":"King","quote":"Victor Emmanuel III, King (1900–1946)"},{"name":"Benito Mussolini","person":"Benito Mussolini","qid":"Q23559","title":"Prime Minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister (1922–1943)"}]},{"state":"Vatican City","region":"Europe","country":"Vatican","wikipedia":"Vatican City","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Pius XI","person":"Pope Pius XI","qid":"Q42323","title":"Sovereign","office":"Sovereign","quote":"Pius XI, Sovereign (1929–1939)"}]},{"state":"Andorra","region":"Europe","country":"Andorra","wikipedia":"Andorra","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Justí Guitart i Vilardebó","person":"Justí Guitart i Vilardebó","qid":"Q2402274","title":"Episcopal Co-Prince","office":"Episcopal Co-Princes","quote":"Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince (1920–1940)"},{"name":"Albert François Lebrun","person":"Albert François Lebrun","qid":"Q158749","title":"French Co-Prince","office":"French Co-Princes","quote":"Albert François Lebrun, French Co-Prince (1932–1940)"}]},{"state":"Second Portuguese Republic","region":"Europe","country":"Portugal","wikipedia":"Estado Novo (Portugal)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Óscar Carmona","person":"Óscar Carmona","qid":"Q314022","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Óscar Carmona, President (1935–1951)"},{"name":"António de Oliveira Salazar","person":"António de Oliveira Salazar","qid":"Q151394","title":"President of the Council of Minister","office":"Presidents of the Ministry","quote":"António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Minister (1933–1968)"}]},{"state":"Second Spanish Republic","region":"Europe","country":"Spain","wikipedia":"Second Spanish Republic","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Manuel Azaña","person":"Manuel Azaña","qid":"Q203708","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Manuel Azaña, President (1936–1939)"},{"name":"Juan Negrín","person":"Juan Negrín","qid":"Q312757","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Juan Negrín, Prime minister (1937–1939)"}]},{"state":"Spanish State (Francoist Spain)","region":"Europe","country":"Spain","wikipedia":"Francoist Spain","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Francisco Franco","person":"Francisco Franco","qid":"Q29179","title":"Caudillo","office":"Head of state","quote":"Francisco Franco, Caudillo (1936–1975)"},{"name":"Francisco Franco","person":"Francisco Franco","qid":"Q29179","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime minister","quote":"Francisco Franco, Prime minister (1936–1973)"}]},{"state":"Belgium","region":"Europe","country":"Belgium","wikipedia":"Belgium","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Leopold III","person":"Leopold III of Belgium","qid":"Q12973","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Leopold III, King (1934–1951)"},{"name":"Paul-Émile Janson","person":"Paul-Émile Janson","qid":"Q665955","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Paul-Émile Janson, Prime minister (1937–1938)"},{"name":"Paul-Henri Spaak","person":"Paul-Henri Spaak","qid":"Q155691","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime minister (1938–1939)"}]},{"state":"French Third Republic","region":"Europe","country":"France","wikipedia":"French Third Republic","key":"France","holders":[{"name":"Albert François Lebrun","person":"Albert François Lebrun","qid":"Q158749","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Albert François Lebrun, President (1932–1940)"},{"name":"Camille Chautemps","person":"Camille Chautemps","qid":"Q263884","title":"President of the Council of ministers","office":"President of the Council of ministers","quote":"Camille Chautemps, President of the Council of ministers (1937–1938)"},{"name":"Léon Blum","person":"Léon Blum","qid":"Q18434","title":"President of the Council of ministers","office":"President of the Council of ministers","quote":"Léon Blum, President of the Council of ministers (1938)"},{"name":"Édouard Daladier","person":"Édouard Daladier","qid":"Q213526","title":"President of the Council of ministers","office":"President of the Council of ministers","quote":"Édouard Daladier, President of the Council of ministers (1938–1940)"}]},{"state":"Grand Duchy of Luxembourg","region":"Europe","country":"Luxembourg","wikipedia":"Luxembourg","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Charlotte","person":"Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg","qid":"Q155608","title":"Grand Duchess","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Charlotte, Grand Duchess (1919–1964)"},{"name":"Pierre Dupong","person":"Pierre Dupong","qid":"Q945927","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Pierre Dupong, Prime minister (1937–1953)"}]},{"state":"Monaco","region":"Europe","country":"Monaco","wikipedia":"Monaco","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Louis II","person":"Louis II, Prince of Monaco","qid":"Q316543","title":"Prince","office":"Sovereign Prince","quote":"Louis II, Prince (1922–1949)"},{"name":"Émile Roblot","person":"Émile Roblot","qid":"Q8078312","title":"Minister of state","office":"Minister of State","quote":"Émile Roblot, Minister of state (1937–1944)"}]},{"state":"Netherlands","region":"Europe","country":"Netherlands","wikipedia":"Netherlands","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Wilhelmina","person":"Wilhelmina of the Netherlands","qid":"Q150747","title":"Queen","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Wilhelmina, Queen (1890–1948)"},{"name":"Hendrikus Colijn","person":"Hendrikus Colijn","qid":"Q686476","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers of the Netherlands","quote":"Hendrikus Colijn, Prime minister (1933–1939)"}]},{"state":"Australia","region":"Oceania","country":"Australia","wikipedia":"Australia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"George VI","person":"George VI","qid":"Q280856","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"George VI, King (1936–1952)"},{"name":"Joseph Lyons","person":"Joseph Lyons","qid":"Q370966","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Joseph Lyons, Prime minister (1932–1939)"}]},{"state":"Dominion of New Zealand","region":"Oceania","country":"New Zealand","wikipedia":"Dominion of New Zealand","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"George VI","person":"George VI","qid":"Q280856","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"George VI, King (1936–1952)"},{"name":"Michael Joseph Savage","person":"Michael Joseph Savage","qid":"Q1371015","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Michael Joseph Savage, Prime minister (1935–1940)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Tonga (1900–70)","region":"Oceania","country":"Tonga","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Tonga (1900–70)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sālote Tupou III","person":"Sālote Tupou III","qid":"Q541570","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Sālote Tupou III, King (1918–1965)"},{"name":"Viliami Tungi Mailefihi","person":"Viliami Tungi Mailefihi","qid":"Q10948952","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Viliami Tungi Mailefihi, Prime minister (1923–1941)"}]}],"source":{"name":"Wikipedia","title":"List of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950)","revid":1377869146,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377869146","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","retrieved":"2026-10-22"},"checked":"Each holder is quoted from the list and kept for this year only where the person's own Wikidata record holds the same post over the same term, to within a year."},"births":[{"text":"July 28 – Alberto Fujimori, Peruvian politician and dictator, President of Peru (d. 2024)","person":"Alberto Fujimori","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#Births","title":"1938","revid":1368818751}},{"text":"December 29 – Jon Voight, American actor","person":"December 29","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#Births","title":"1938","revid":1368818751}},{"text":"September 29 – Wim Kok, Dutch politician, 48th Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1994 until 2002 (d. 2018)","person":"September 29","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#Births","title":"1938","revid":1368818751}},{"text":"March 24 – David Irving, English author and Holocaust denier","person":"March 24","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#Births","title":"1938","revid":1368818751}},{"text":"6 January – Adriano Celentano, singer-songwriter, actor and filmmaker","person":"6 January","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297625494#Births","title":"1938 in Italy","revid":1297625494}},{"text":"January 6 – Adriano Celentano, Italian singer-songwriter, musician, actor, and filmmaker","person":"January 6","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#Births","title":"1938","revid":1368818751}},{"text":"April 29 – Bernie Madoff, financier and convicted fraudster (died 2021)","person":"Bernie Madoff","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362230601#Births","title":"1938 in the United States","revid":1362230601}},{"text":"January 4 – Mohamed Rahmat (\"Tok Mat\"), Malaysian politician (d. 2010)","person":"January 4","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#Births","title":"1938","revid":1368818751}},{"text":"22 October – Alan Gilzean, footballer (died 2018)","person":"22 October","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362260874#Births","title":"1938 in Scotland","revid":1362260874}},{"text":"2 January – Ian Brady, serial killer (died 2017)","person":"Ian Brady","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363490034#Births","title":"1938 in the United Kingdom","revid":1363490034}},{"text":"March 14 – Árpád Orbán, Hungarian footballer (d. 2008)","person":"March 14","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#Births","title":"1938","revid":1368818751}},{"text":"8 March – Bruno Pizzul, sports journalist (died 2025)","person":"8 March","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297625494#Births","title":"1938 in Italy","revid":1297625494}},{"text":"February 25 – Herb Elliott, Australian runner","person":"February 25","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#Births","title":"1938","revid":1368818751}},{"text":"January 5 – King Juan Carlos I of Spain","person":"Juan Carlos I of Spain","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#Births","title":"1938","revid":1368818751}},{"text":"February 11 – Mohammed Gammoudi, Tunisian Olympic athlete","person":"February 11","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#Births","title":"1938","revid":1368818751}}]}