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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Sir Frederick Hopkins",
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"motivation": "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins",
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{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Thomas Mann",
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"qid": "Q37030",
"motivation": "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Frank B. Kellogg",
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"motivation": "for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Hans Fischer",
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"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Nathan Söderblom",
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"qid": "Q159723",
"motivation": "for promoting Christian unity and helping create 'that new attitude of mind which is necessary if peace between nations is to become reality'",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Carl Bosch",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Friedrich Bergius",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Jane Addams",
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"qid": "Q180989",
"motivation": "for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind",
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Nicholas Murray Butler",
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"motivation": "for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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"motivation": "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Edgar Adrian",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Sir Charles Sherrington",
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"qid": "Q213504",
"motivation": "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "John Galsworthy",
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"qid": "Q82248",
"motivation": "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga",
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{
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Paul A.M. Dirac",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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"qid": "Q177681",
"motivation": "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Ivan Bunin",
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"qid": "Q46602",
"motivation": "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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"motivation": "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "George H. Whipple",
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"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/326"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "George R. Minot",
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"qid": "Q245000",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "William P. Murphy",
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"qid": "Q80323",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Luigi Pirandello",
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"motivation": "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Arthur Henderson",
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"motivation": "for the discovery of the neutron",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Frédéric Joliot",
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"qid": "Q150989",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Irène Joliot-Curie",
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"qid": "Q7504",
"motivation": "in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Hans Spemann",
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"motivation": "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development",
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Carl von Ossietzky",
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"qid": "Q76358",
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"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Carl D. Anderson",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q169366",
"motivation": "for his discovery of the positron",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Victor F. Hess",
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"qid": "Q78520",
"motivation": "for his discovery of cosmic radiation",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/42"
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Peter Debye",
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"qid": "Q103835",
"motivation": "for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Otto Loewi",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q77173",
"motivation": "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Sir Henry Dale",
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"qid": "Q72194",
"motivation": "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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"motivation": "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy",
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Literature",
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"motivation": "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault",
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{
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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"motivation": "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins",
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Nansen International Office for Refugees",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
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{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Frans Eemil Sillanpää",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q80871",
"motivation": "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/615"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Cordell Hull",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q202979",
"motivation": "for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/505"
}
],
"1946": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Percy W. Bridgman",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q172118",
"motivation": "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/51"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "James B. Sumner",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q106756",
"motivation": "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/204"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "John H. Northrop",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q106399",
"motivation": "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/205"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Wendell M. Stanley",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q105937",
"motivation": "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/206"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Hermann J. Muller",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q83598",
"motivation": "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/342"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Hermann Hesse",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q25973",
"motivation": "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/617"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Emily Greene Balch",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q215139",
"motivation": "for her lifelong work for the cause of peace",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/506"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "John R. Mott",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q159726",
"motivation": "for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/507"
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],
"1947": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Edward V. Appleton",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q153194",
"motivation": "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/52"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Sir Robert Robinson",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q49351",
"motivation": "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/207"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Bernardo Houssay",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q237160",
"motivation": "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/345"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Carl Cori",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q78501",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/343"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Gerty Cori",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q204733",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/344"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "André Gide",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q47484",
"motivation": "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/618"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "American Friends Service Committee",
"kind": "org",
"qid": "Q464677",
"motivation": "for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/509"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Friends Service Council",
"kind": "org",
"qid": "Q677499",
"motivation": "for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/508"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Patrick M.S. Blackett",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q184499",
"motivation": "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/53"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Arne Tiselius",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q233026",
"motivation": "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/208"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Paul Müller",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q115475",
"motivation": "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/346"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "T.S. Eliot",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q37767",
"motivation": "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/619"
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],
"1949": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Hideki Yukawa",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q155777",
"motivation": "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/54"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "William F. Giauque",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q110073",
"motivation": "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/209"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Egas Moniz",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q273219",
"motivation": "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/348"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Walter Hess",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q115470",
"motivation": "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/347"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "William Faulkner",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q38392",
"motivation": "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/620"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Lord Boyd Orr",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q315143",
"motivation": "for his lifelong effort to conquer hunger and want, thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict and war",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/510"
}
],
"1950": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Cecil Powell",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q178103",
"motivation": "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/55"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Kurt Alder",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q76595",
"motivation": "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/211"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Otto Diels",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q76616",
"motivation": "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/210"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Edward C. Kendall",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q110101",
"motivation": "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/349"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Philip S. Hench",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q235651",
"motivation": "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/351"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Tadeus Reichstein",
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"qid": "Q115490",
"motivation": "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/350"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Bertrand Russell",
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"qid": "Q33760",
"motivation": "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/621"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Ralph Bunche",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q213500",
"motivation": "for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/511"
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],
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Ernest T.S. Walton",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q183631",
"motivation": "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/57"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "John Cockcroft",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q62897",
"motivation": "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/56"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Edwin M. McMillan",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q19009",
"motivation": "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/212"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Glenn T. Seaborg",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q48973",
"motivation": "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/213"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Max Theiler",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q46928",
"motivation": "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/352"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Pär Lagerkvist",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q93137",
"motivation": "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/622"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Léon Jouhaux",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q155415",
"motivation": "for having devoted his life to the fight against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among men and nations",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/512"
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],
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "E. M. Purcell",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q183270",
"motivation": "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/59"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Felix Bloch",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q123022",
"motivation": "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/58"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Archer J.P. Martin",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q48977",
"motivation": "for their invention of partition chromatography",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/214"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Richard L.M. Synge",
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"qid": "Q48979",
"motivation": "for their invention of partition chromatography",
"share": "1/2",
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},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Selman A. Waksman",
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"qid": "Q232308",
"motivation": "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/353"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "François Mauriac",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q81685",
"motivation": "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/623"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Albert Schweitzer",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q49325",
"motivation": "for his altruism, reverence for life, and tireless humanitarian work which has helped making the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living one",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/513"
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],
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Frits Zernike",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q188293",
"motivation": "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/60"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Hermann Staudinger",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q48956",
"motivation": "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/216"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Fritz Lipmann",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q77104",
"motivation": "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/355"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Hans Krebs",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q57191",
"motivation": "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/354"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Winston Churchill",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q8016",
"motivation": "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/624"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "George C. Marshall",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q151414",
"motivation": "for proposing and supervising the plan for the economic recovery of Europe",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/514"
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],
"1954": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Max Born",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q58978",
"motivation": "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/61"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Walther Bothe",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q76474",
"motivation": "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/62"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Linus Pauling",
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"qid": "Q48983",
"motivation": "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances",
"share": "1",
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},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Frederick C. Robbins",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q309885",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/358"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "John F. Enders",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q312961",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue",
"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Thomas H. Weller",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q310131",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue",
"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Ernest Hemingway",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q23434",
"motivation": "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/625"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees",
"kind": "org",
"qid": "Q132551",
"motivation": "for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world",
"share": "1",
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],
"1955": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Polykarp Kusch",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q184571",
"motivation": "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/64"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Willis E. Lamb",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q186497",
"motivation": "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/63"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Vincent du Vigneaud",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q33128",
"motivation": "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/218"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Hugo Theorell",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q156480",
"motivation": "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/359"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Halldór Laxness",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q80321",
"motivation": "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/626"
}
],
"1956": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "John Bardeen",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q949",
"motivation": "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/66"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Walter H. Brattain",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q184577",
"motivation": "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/67"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "William B. Shockley",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q163415",
"motivation": "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/65"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Nikolay Semenov",
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"qid": "Q48990",
"motivation": "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions",
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"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/220"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Sir Cyril Hinshelwood",
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"qid": "Q48986",
"motivation": "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/219"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "André F. Cournand",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q271757",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/360"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Dickinson W. Richards",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q312963",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/362"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Werner Forssmann",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q77152",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/361"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Juan Ramón Jiménez",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q131318",
"motivation": "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/627"
}
],
"1957": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Chen Ning Yang",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q181369",
"motivation": "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/68"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Tsung-Dao Lee",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q183679",
"motivation": "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/69"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Lord Todd",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q157242",
"motivation": "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/221"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Daniel Bovet",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q115448",
"motivation": "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/363"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Albert Camus",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q34670",
"motivation": "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/628"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Lester Bowles Pearson",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q128604",
"motivation": "for his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force in the wake of the Suez Crisis",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/516"
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],
"1958": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Igor Y. Tamm",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q155759",
"motivation": "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/71"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Il´ja M. Frank",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q192703",
"motivation": "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/721"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Pavel A. Cherenkov",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q76970",
"motivation": "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/70"
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Frederick Sanger",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q151564",
"motivation": "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/222"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Edward Tatum",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q237499",
"motivation": "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/365"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "George Beadle",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q238739",
"motivation": "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/364"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Joshua Lederberg",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q218823",
"motivation": "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/366"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Boris Pasternak",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q41223",
"motivation": "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/629",
"prize_status": "restricted"
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Georges Pire",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q158850",
"motivation": "for his efforts to help refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/517"
}
],
"1959": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Emilio Segrè",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q173028",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the antiproton",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/72"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Owen Chamberlain",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q183655",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the antiproton",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/73"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Jaroslav Heyrovsky",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q157701",
"motivation": "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/223"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Arthur Kornberg",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q295678",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/368"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Severo Ochoa",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q233957",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/367"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Salvatore Quasimodo",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q83038",
"motivation": "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/630"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Philip Noel-Baker",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q211856",
"motivation": "for his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/518"
}
],
"1960": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Donald A. Glaser",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q80905",
"motivation": "for the invention of the bubble chamber",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/74"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Willard F. Libby",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q190486",
"motivation": "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/224"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Peter Medawar",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q214209",
"motivation": "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/370"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q193550",
"motivation": "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/369"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Saint-John Perse",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q132684",
"motivation": "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/631"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Albert Lutuli",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q212955",
"motivation": "for his non-violent struggle against apartheid",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/519"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Robert Hofstadter",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q130113",
"motivation": "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/75"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Rudolf Mössbauer",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q44286",
"motivation": "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/76"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Melvin Calvin",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q49347",
"motivation": "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/225"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Georg von Békésy",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q238716",
"motivation": "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/371"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Ivo Andrić",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q47561",
"motivation": "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/633"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Dag Hammarskjöld",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q1267",
"motivation": "for developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organization, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/520"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Lev Landau",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q133267",
"motivation": "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/77"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "John C. Kendrew",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q232295",
"motivation": "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/227"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Max F. Perutz",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q78480",
"motivation": "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/226"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Francis Crick",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q123280",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/372"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "James Watson",
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"qid": "Q83333",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Maurice Wilkins",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q184659",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/374"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "John Steinbeck",
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"motivation": "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/634"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Linus Pauling",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q48983",
"motivation": "for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/217"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Eugene Wigner",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q155790",
"motivation": "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/78"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "J. Hans D. Jensen",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q76797",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/80"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Maria Goeppert Mayer",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q57100",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/79"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Giulio Natta",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q234145",
"motivation": "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/229"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Karl Ziegler",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q76624",
"motivation": "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/228"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Alan Hodgkin",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q193650",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/376"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Andrew Huxley",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q104607",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/377"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Sir John Eccles",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q273223",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/375"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Giorgos Seferis",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q165823",
"motivation": "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/635"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "International Committee of the Red Cross",
"kind": "org",
"qid": "Q5987345",
"motivation": "for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/482"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "League of Red Cross Societies",
"kind": "org",
"qid": "Q1069175",
"motivation": "for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN",
"share": "1/2",
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],
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Aleksandr M. Prokhorov",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q83552",
"motivation": "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/83"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Charles H. Townes",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q184566",
"motivation": "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/81"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Nicolay G. Basov",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q83557",
"motivation": "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/82"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q7487",
"motivation": "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/230"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Feodor Lynen",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q44597",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/379"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Konrad Bloch",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q35698",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/378"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Jean-Paul Sartre",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q9364",
"motivation": "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/637",
"prize_status": "declined"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Martin Luther King Jr.",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q8027",
"motivation": "for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/524"
}
],
"1965": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Julian Schwinger",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q186465",
"motivation": "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/85"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Richard P. Feynman",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q39246",
"motivation": "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/86"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Sin-Itiro Tomonaga",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q184563",
"motivation": "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/84"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Robert B. Woodward",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q232316",
"motivation": "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/231"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "André Lwoff",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q223309",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/381"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "François Jacob",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q218311",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/380"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Jacques Monod",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q231402",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/382"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Mikhail Sholokhov",
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"qid": "Q42398",
"motivation": "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people",
"share": "1",
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},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "United Nations Children's Fund",
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"qid": "Q740308",
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"share": "1",
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],
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Alfred Kastler",
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"qid": "Q71023",
"motivation": "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/87"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Robert S. Mulliken",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q233355",
"motivation": "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/232"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Charles B. Huggins",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q155371",
"motivation": "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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"motivation": "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses",
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"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/383"
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{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Nelly Sachs",
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"motivation": "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength",
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"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/640"
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{
"category": "Literature",
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"motivation": "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/639"
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{
"category": "Physics",
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"motivation": "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "George Porter",
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"qid": "Q106762",
"motivation": "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/235"
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Manfred Eigen",
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"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/233"
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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"motivation": "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy",
"share": "1/4",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/387"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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"qid": "Q309879",
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"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Ragnar Granit",
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"qid": "Q217722",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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"category": "Physics",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Lars Onsager",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "H. Gobind Khorana",
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"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Marshall W. Nirenberg",
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"qid": "Q110060",
"motivation": "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/390"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Robert W. Holley",
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"qid": "Q108891",
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"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/388"
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{
"category": "Literature",
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"qid": "Q43736",
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"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/642"
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{
"category": "Peace",
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"qid": "Q232873",
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"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/526"
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"category": "Physics",
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"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/90"
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Derek Barton",
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"qid": "Q102419",
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"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/237"
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Odd Hassel",
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"qid": "Q157212",
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"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/238"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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"qid": "Q271703",
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"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/392"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Max Delbrück",
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"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Salvador E. Luria",
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"qid": "Q205667",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/393"
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{
"category": "Literature",
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"motivation": "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation",
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"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/643"
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "International Labour Organization",
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"qid": "Q54129",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Jan Tinbergen",
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"qid": "Q183181",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"share": "1/2",
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"category": "Physics",
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"motivation": "for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/91"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Louis Néel",
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"motivation": "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Luis Leloir",
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"qid": "Q233985",
"motivation": "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/239"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Julius Axelrod",
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"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Ulf von Euler",
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"qid": "Q237142",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"category": "Physics",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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"qid": "Q2514",
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"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"category": "Physics",
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"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/66"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Leon N. Cooper",
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"qid": "Q82563",
"motivation": "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
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"category": "Literature",
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"category": "Economic Sciences",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Le Duc Tho",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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"motivation": "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/100"
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Albert Claude",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "George E. Palade",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Gunnar Myrdal",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Ben R. Mottelson",
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"qid": "Q107423",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Tjalling C. Koopmans",
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{
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Andrew V. Schally",
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Amnesty International",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"name": "Herbert C. Brown",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/422"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Torsten N. Wiesel",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q271421",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/424"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Elias Canetti",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q80064",
"motivation": "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/658"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees",
"kind": "org",
"qid": "Q132551",
"motivation": "for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/515"
},
{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "James Tobin",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q211776",
"motivation": "for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/695"
}
],
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Kenneth G. Wilson",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q193503",
"motivation": "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/121"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Aaron Klug",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q190626",
"motivation": "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/259"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Bengt I. Samuelsson",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q295768",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/426"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "John R. Vane",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q309971",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/427"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Sune K. Bergström",
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"qid": "Q295696",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances",
"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Gabriel García Márquez",
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"qid": "Q5878",
"motivation": "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/659"
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Alfonso García Robles",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q203843",
"motivation": "for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/544"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Alva Myrdal",
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"qid": "Q152437",
"motivation": "for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/543"
},
{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "George J. Stigler",
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"qid": "Q243534",
"motivation": "for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/696"
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{
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"name": "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar",
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"qid": "Q148109",
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"share": "1/2",
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},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "William A. Fowler",
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"qid": "Q46120",
"motivation": "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/123"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Henry Taube",
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"qid": "Q235983",
"motivation": "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/260"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Barbara McClintock",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q199654",
"motivation": "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/428"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "William Golding",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q44183",
"motivation": "for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/660"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Lech Wałęsa",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q444",
"motivation": "for non-violent struggle for free trade unions and human rights in Poland",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/545"
},
{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Gerard Debreu",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q210960",
"motivation": "for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium",
"share": "1",
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],
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Carlo Rubbia",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q187199",
"motivation": "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/124"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Simon van der Meer",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q104779",
"motivation": "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/125"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
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"qid": "Q224153",
"motivation": "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "César Milstein",
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"motivation": "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Georges J.F. Köhler",
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"qid": "Q77160",
"motivation": "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies",
"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Niels K. Jerne",
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"qid": "Q309876",
"motivation": "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies",
"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Jaroslav Seifert",
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"qid": "Q102483",
"motivation": "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Desmond Tutu",
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"motivation": "for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa",
"share": "1",
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},
{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Richard Stone",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q219733",
"motivation": "for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Klaus von Klitzing",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Herbert A. Hauptman",
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"qid": "Q107422",
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"share": "1/2",
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},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Jerome Karle",
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"qid": "Q106733",
"motivation": "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures",
"share": "1/2",
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},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Joseph L. Goldstein",
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"qid": "Q271424",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism",
"share": "1/2",
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},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Michael S. Brown",
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"qid": "Q295684",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism",
"share": "1/2",
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},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Claude Simon",
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"qid": "Q131549",
"motivation": "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War",
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"qid": "Q245385",
"motivation": "for spreading authoritative information and by creating awareness of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear war",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Franco Modigliani",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q205850",
"motivation": "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/699"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Ernst Ruska",
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"qid": "Q71022",
"motivation": "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/127"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Gerd Binnig",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q76766",
"motivation": "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/128"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Heinrich Rohrer",
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"qid": "Q123029",
"motivation": "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope",
"share": "1/4",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Dudley R. Herschbach",
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"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "John C. Polanyi",
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"qid": "Q237825",
"motivation": "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Yuan T. Lee",
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"qid": "Q243190",
"motivation": "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Rita Levi-Montalcini",
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"qid": "Q185007",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Stanley Cohen",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q232299",
"motivation": "for their discoveries of growth factors",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/434"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Wole Soyinka",
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"motivation": "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/548"
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "James M. Buchanan Jr.",
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"qid": "Q205353",
"motivation": "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "J. Georg Bednorz",
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"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/130"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "K. Alex Müller",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q122298",
"motivation": "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/131"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Charles J. Pedersen",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q244998",
"motivation": "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/269"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Donald J. Cram",
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"qid": "Q135151",
"motivation": "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/267"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Jean-Marie Lehn",
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"qid": "Q107690",
"motivation": "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity",
"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Susumu Tonegawa",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q108602",
"motivation": "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/436"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Joseph Brodsky",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q862",
"motivation": "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/664"
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Oscar Arias Sánchez",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q49344",
"motivation": "for his work for lasting peace in Central America",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/549"
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Robert M. Solow",
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"motivation": "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth",
"share": "1",
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],
"1988": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Jack Steinberger",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q153210",
"motivation": "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino",
"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Leon M. Lederman",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q192695",
"motivation": "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino",
"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Melvin Schwartz",
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"motivation": "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino",
"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Hartmut Michel",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q77086",
"motivation": "for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre",
"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Johann Deisenhofer",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q76612",
"motivation": "for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/270"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Robert Huber",
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"motivation": "for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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"motivation": "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Gertrude B. Elion",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Sir James W. Black",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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{
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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"motivation": "for the development of the ion trap technique",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Thomas R. Cech",
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"motivation": "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Harold E. Varmus",
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{
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"name": "J. Michael Bishop",
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"motivation": "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes",
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"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/440"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Camilo José Cela",
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"qid": "Q132589",
"motivation": "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/666"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "The 14th Dalai Lama",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q17293",
"motivation": "for advocating peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/551"
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Trygve Haavelmo",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q208124",
"motivation": "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/703"
}
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Henry W. Kendall",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q190495",
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"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/139"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Jerome I. Friedman",
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"qid": "Q187822",
"motivation": "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/138"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Richard E. Taylor",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q201470",
"motivation": "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/140"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Elias James Corey",
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"qid": "Q135171",
"motivation": "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "E. Donnall Thomas",
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"qid": "Q310485",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/443"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Joseph E. Murray",
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"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/442"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Merton H. Miller",
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"motivation": "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Richard R. Ernst",
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"qid": "Q122272",
"motivation": "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/276"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Bert Sakmann",
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"qid": "Q77081",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/445"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Erwin Neher",
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"qid": "Q77126",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/444"
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{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Nadine Gordimer",
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"qid": "Q47619",
"motivation": "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/668"
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Aung San Suu Kyi",
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"qid": "Q36740",
"motivation": "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/553"
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Ronald H. Coase",
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"qid": "Q188113",
"motivation": "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Georges Charpak",
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"qid": "Q153178",
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"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Rudolph A. Marcus",
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"qid": "Q239067",
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"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Edmond H. Fischer",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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"qid": "Q109731",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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"motivation": "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"motivation": "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Joseph H. Taylor Jr.",
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"qid": "Q192685",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Russell A. Hulse",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Kary B. Mullis",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Michael Smith",
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"qid": "Q232289",
"motivation": "for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies",
"share": "1/2",
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},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Phillip A. Sharp",
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"qid": "Q312977",
"motivation": "for their discoveries of split genes",
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},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Richard J. Roberts",
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{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Toni Morrison",
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"motivation": "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality",
"share": "1",
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{
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{
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"share": "1/2",
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{
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"category": "Physics",
"name": "Bertram N. Brockhouse",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/146"
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
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{
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"share": "1/3",
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"category": "Physics",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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"motivation": "for the discovery of the tau lepton",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Douglas D. Osheroff",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Robert C. Richardson",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Claude Cohen-Tannoudji",
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"motivation": "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Steven Chu",
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"motivation": "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
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{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Dario Fo",
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"motivation": "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"motivation": "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Peace",
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"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/567"
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
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{
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"share": "1/2",
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{
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
"category": "Physics",
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Paul C. Lauterbur",
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"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Sir Peter Mansfield",
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"qid": "Q243601",
"motivation": "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/765"
},
{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "J. M. Coetzee",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q43293",
"motivation": "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/763"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Shirin Ebadi",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q131152",
"motivation": "for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/773"
},
{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Clive W.J. Granger",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q312575",
"motivation": "for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/772"
},
{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Robert F. Engle III",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q295653",
"motivation": "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/771"
}
],
"2004": [
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "David J. Gross",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q40262",
"motivation": "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/776"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Frank Wilczek",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q107450",
"motivation": "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/778"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "H. David Politzer",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q107407",
"motivation": "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/777"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Aaron Ciechanover",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q233205",
"motivation": "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/779"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Avram Hershko",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q232302",
"motivation": "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/780"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Irwin Rose",
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"qid": "Q230652",
"motivation": "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/781"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Linda B. Buck",
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"qid": "Q200136",
"motivation": "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/775"
},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Richard Axel",
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"qid": "Q211940",
"motivation": "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/774"
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{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Elfriede Jelinek",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q47243",
"motivation": "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/782"
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Wangari Maathai",
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"qid": "Q46795",
"motivation": "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/783"
},
{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Edward C. Prescott",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q312585",
"motivation": "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/787"
},
{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Finn E. Kydland",
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"qid": "Q211097",
"motivation": "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles",
"share": "1/2",
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],
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "John L. Hall",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q206390",
"motivation": "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/792"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Roy J. Glauber",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q64188",
"motivation": "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/791"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Theodor W. Hänsch",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q71013",
"motivation": "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/793"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Richard R. Schrock",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q202159",
"motivation": "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/796"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Robert H. Grubbs",
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"qid": "Q202140",
"motivation": "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/795"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Yves Chauvin",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q202146",
"motivation": "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/794"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Barry J. Marshall",
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"qid": "Q202136",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease",
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},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "J. Robin Warren",
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"motivation": "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease",
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{
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"motivation": "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms",
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{
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{
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"name": "Mohamed ElBaradei",
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"qid": "Q133308",
"motivation": "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"qid": "Q157235",
"motivation": "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/799"
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Thomas C. Schelling",
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"qid": "Q206460",
"motivation": "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "George F. Smoot",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q179572",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/805"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "John C. Mather",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q104651",
"motivation": "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/804"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Roger D. Kornberg",
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"qid": "Q170676",
"motivation": "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription",
"share": "1",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Andrew Z. Fire",
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"qid": "Q202152",
"motivation": "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/802"
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Craig C. Mello",
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"motivation": "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Literature",
"name": "Orhan Pamuk",
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"qid": "Q241248",
"motivation": "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures",
"share": "1",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/808"
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Grameen Bank",
"kind": "org",
"qid": "Q188567",
"motivation": "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/810"
},
{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Muhammad Yunus",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q43969",
"motivation": "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Edmund S. Phelps",
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"qid": "Q192566",
"motivation": "for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy",
"share": "1",
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],
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Albert Fert",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q153219",
"motivation": "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/814"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Peter Grünberg",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q57120",
"motivation": "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance",
"share": "1/2",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/815"
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Gerhard Ertl",
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"qid": "Q60066",
"motivation": "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces",
"share": "1",
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},
{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Mario R. Capecchi",
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"qid": "Q215574",
"motivation": "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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"qid": "Q216318",
"motivation": "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Sir Martin J. Evans",
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"motivation": "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells",
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{
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{
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"name": "Al Gore",
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{
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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"share": "1/3",
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{
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"qid": "Q157262",
"motivation": "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory",
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{
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"motivation": "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory",
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{
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"name": "Makoto Kobayashi",
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"motivation": "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature",
"share": "1/4",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Toshihide Maskawa",
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"qid": "Q202168",
"motivation": "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/828"
},
{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Yoichiro Nambu",
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"qid": "Q188120",
"motivation": "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Martin Chalfie",
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"qid": "Q106699",
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"share": "1/3",
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},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Osamu Shimomura",
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"qid": "Q205345",
"motivation": "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP",
"share": "1/3",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/829"
},
{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Roger Y. Tsien",
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{
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"motivation": "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
"name": "Harald zur Hausen",
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"qid": "Q75847",
"motivation": "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer",
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{
"category": "Physiology or Medicine",
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"motivation": "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus",
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{
"category": "Peace",
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{
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{
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"name": "Charles K. Kao",
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"motivation": "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication",
"share": "1/2",
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "George E. Smith",
"kind": "person",
"qid": "Q76373",
"motivation": "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor",
"share": "1/4",
"nobel_url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/840"
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Willard S. Boyle",
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"qid": "Q73058",
"motivation": "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor",
"share": "1/4",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Ada E. Yonath",
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"qid": "Q7426",
"motivation": "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome",
"share": "1/3",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
"name": "Thomas A. Steitz",
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"motivation": "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome",
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{
"category": "Chemistry",
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
"name": "Oliver E. Williamson",
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"qid": "Q232062",
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{
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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{
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"name": "Bob Dylan",
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{
"category": "Peace",
"name": "Juan Manuel Santos",
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"motivation": "for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end",
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{
"category": "Economic Sciences",
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{
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{
"category": "Physics",
"name": "Kip S. Thorne",
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"motivation": "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"category": "Literature",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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