slug: verona

label: Verona

description: city in Veneto, northern Italy

text: Gallienus gives the order to fortify Milan and Verona.

title: 265

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Spring – Emperor Carinus marches from Britain to northern Italy, and defeats the army of usurper Sabinus Julianus at Verona.

title: 285

date: June

text: June – Battle of Verona: The Visigoths, under command of King Alaric I, invade Italy again, and advance through the Brenner Pass. Stilicho, with an army of 30,000 men, defeats the Goths north of Verona. Alaric makes a truce, and withdraws eastward to Illyricum.

title: 403

text: The Huns under Attila invade Northern Italy. Emperor Valentinian III flees from Ravenna to Rome, and sends Pope Leo I to persuade Attila to return to the Hungarian Plain. The cities of Aquileia, Padua and Verona are destroyed by the Huns. Milan is saved because Attila is offered a huge amount of gold. Flavius Aetius (magister militum) is unable to raise a new army against him.

title: 452

text: Belisarius consolidates Italy and begins mopping-up operations, capturing the Gothic fortifications. The cities Ticinum and Verona north of River Po remain in Gothic hands.

title: 540

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Winter – Siege of Verona: Totila defends the city of Verona against a numerically superior Byzantine army. He gains control over the Po Valley and prepares a Gothic offensive in Central Italy.

title: 541

text: The last Ostrogothic strongholds at Verona and Brixia are taken by the Byzantine Empire, ending the Gothic War.

title: 562

section: Crime & Justice

date: June 28

text: June 28 – Alboin, king of the Lombards, is murdered at Verona in his palace, at the instigation of his wife Rosamund (daughter of the Gepid king Cunimund), and her henchman, Helmechis (the king's squire); both flee to seek Byzantine protection in Ravenna. Alboin is succeeded as king by Cleph, who is not related by blood.

title: 572

section: Climate & Environment

date: October 17

text: October 17 – Breach at Cucca. The Adige River overflows its banks, flooding the church of St. Zeno and damaging the walls of Verona.

title: 589

text: The Franks and Burgundians under King Guntram invade Italy. They capture the cities Milan and Verona, but are forced to leave by a plague outbreak in the Po Valley.

title: 590

text: Siege of Pavia: Charlemagne besieges Pavia, which is poorly stocked with food. King Desiderius remains in the capital, and orders his son Adalgis to defend Verona to guard Gerberga, and the children of Carloman I. After a short siege, Adalgis flees to Constantinople, where he is received by Emperor Constantine V. Meanwhile, the Franks capture the cities of Verona and Mortara.

title: 773

text: Guy III, duke of Spoleto, defeats the Lombard king Berengar I at the Trebbia River, and is acclaimed as king of Italy at an assembly in Pavia. After confirming some privileges to the Catholic Church, he is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, by Pope Stephen V. Berengar is forced to retreat to Verona; Guy does not pursue him into Friuli, because of the (possible) wrath of King Arnulf of Carinthia.

title: 889

text: An East Frankish expeditionary force under Zwentibold, the eldest son of King Arnulf of Carinthia, crosses the Alps into Friuli. He makes junction at Verona, with the army of the deposed king Berengar I, and proceeds to lay siege to Pavia. After a three-month campaign, Zwentibold receives orders to head back to Bavaria, in case of a Magyar intervention.

title: 893

text: Spring – King Arnulf of Carinthia invades Italy at the head of an East Frankish expeditionary army, joining up with the deposed king Berengar I at Verona. He conquers Brescia after little resistance, and sacks Bergamo after a one-month siege. The cities of Milan and Pavia open their doors to Arnulf. Emperor Guy III escapes from Pavia, to hide in the mountains of Spoleto (Umbria).

title: 894

section: Deaths

date: March

text: March – King Lambert II proceeds to re-conquer Italy. Heading north, he captures western Lombardy, and decapitates count Maginulf of Milan. In the meantime, the deposed king Berengar I recovers Verona (March of Friuli) from Arnulf's candidate, count Walfred of Verona, who dies in office with "great fidelity to the emperor".

title: 896

text: Louis III, Holy Roman Emperor, launches another attempt to invade Italy. A Frankish expeditionary force, led by Adalbert I of Ivrea, captures Pavia, and Berengar I retires to Verona.

title: 905

text: Adalbert I, margrave of Ivrea, leads a rebellion with the support of the Italian nobles against King Berengar I. He crosses the Alps into Burgundy and invites Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy to invade Italy. Berengar flees again to Verona and Rudolph is crowned King of Italy at Pavia.

title: 922

date: April 7

text: April 7 – After having made a new alliance with the Hungarians, the Holy Roman Emperor Berengar I, King of Italy, is assassinated in Verona by one of his guards. Rudolph II, King of Burgundy and a claimant to the throne, takes full control of the Kingdom of Italy, while the office of the Holy Roman Emperor will not be re-created until 38 years later.

title: 924

section: Events › April—June

text: Spring – Arnulf I ("the Bad") of Bavaria invades Italy, crossing through the Upper Adige (modern Tyrol). He proceeds towards Verona to join his supporters. King Hugh of Provence takes a Burgundian army against him, and defeats Arnulf at Gossolengo, forcing him to return to Bavaria.

title: 935

text: Spring – Berengar of Ivrea invades Italy with hired Lombard troops and takes up residence in Milan. Berengar proceeds to Verona, where he is joined by forces of Count Milo and other partisans.

title: 945

text: Ratherius (or Rathier), bishop of Verona

title: 974

text: Spring – King Otto III starts his first expedition to Italy from Regensburg, and proceeds over the Brenner Pass. News of Otto's arrival prompts Crescentius II (the Younger), patrician (the de facto ruler) of Rome, to invite Pope John XV (exiled in Tuscany) back to Rome. Otto arrives in Verona, and receives ambassadors of Doge Pietro II Orseolo of Venice.

title: 996

date: November

text: November – Emperor Henry II conducts his fourth Italian military campaign. He crosses the Brenner Pass with a 60,000-strong army, and reaches Verona, where he receives Lombard levies. Henry proceeds to Mantua and then into Ravenna, to spend Christmas there.

title: 1021

text: January 3 – 1117 Verona earthquake. The earthquake is rated at VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and strikes northern Italy and Germany. The epicentre of the first shock is near Verona, the city which suffers the most damage. The outer wall of the amphitheatre is partially felled, and the standing portion is damaged in a later earthquake of 1183. Many other churches, monasteries, and ancient monuments are destroyed or seriously damaged, eliminating much of Verona's early medieval architecture and providing space for a massive Romanesque rebuilding.

title: 1117

text: The papal bull Ad Abolendam is issued against several European heretical groups: the Cathars, the Waldensians, the Patarines, Josephines and the Humiliati. It is created after a landmark meeting in Verona, between the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick I and the Catholic Church under Pope Lucius III.

title: 1184

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Pope Lucius III dies after a 4-year pontificate in exile at Verona. He is succeeded by Urban III as the 172nd pope of the Catholic Church (until 1187).

title: 1185

date: September

text: September – Byzantine Prince Alexios Angelos sends representatives from Verona to the Crusader leaders in Venice. He promises to submit the Greek Orthodox Church to papal obedience and to provide the Crusade with 200,000 silver marks, together with provisions for a year. Alexios also will contribute 10,000 mounted soldiers to the expedition. In return he wants the Crusade to overthrow his uncle, the Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos.

title: 1202

section: Events › By place › Fourth Crusade

text: Summer – Emperor Frederick II assembles an expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) to crush the rebellious Lombard League. He crosses the Alps to Verona – where he is joined by Lord Ezzelino III da Romano, including troops from Brescia, Vicenza, Padua and Treviso. Frederick relies on his allies for support and in doing so, he provokes the opposition of earlier supporters, such as the House of Este, which now sides with the Lombards.

title: 1237

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Henry VII, the future Holy Roman Emperor, is crowned King of Italy in Milan with a mock-up of the Iron crown of Lombardy. The Tuscan Guelphs refuse to attend the ceremony and begin preparing for resistance against Henry's rule. Henry approves the despotic regimes of Matteo I Visconti in Milan and Cangrande I della Scala in Verona. The cities of Piedmont and Lombardy submit to Henry – in accordance with the proclaimed program of peace and justice. Florence and their Guelph (anti-imperialist) allies in Tuscany and Romagna move to defend themselves against Henry's accession.

title: 1311

section: Events › January – March

text: The Scaligeri Family loses control of Padua; Alberto della Scala, patron of the music of the Trecento, moves to Verona.

title: 1337

section: Events › Date unknown

text: The Castelvecchio Bridge in Verona is probably completed this year; its main span of 48.7 m ft is the world's longest arch at this time.

title: 1356

date: March 11

text: March 11 – Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.

title: 1387

date: July 29

text: July 29 – The Habsburg army under Marshal Wurmser advances from the Alps, and captures Rivoli and Verona. The French abandon the east bank of the Mincio River, the outnumbered division (15,000 men) of Masséna retreats towards Lake Garda.

title: 1796

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Veronese Easter: Citizens of Verona, Italy, began an unsuccessful eight-day rebellion against the French occupying forces.

title: 1797

section: Events › April–June

date: April

text: Retreating German troops destroy all the bridges over the Adige in Verona, including the historic Ponte di Castelvecchio and Ponte Pietra.

title: 1945

section: Events › April

date: December 17

text: December 17 – American Brigadier General James L. Dozier is kidnapped in Verona by the Italian Red Brigades.

title: 1981

section: Events › December

section: Science & Discovery

text: Ciabatta bread is invented by a baker in Verona, Italy.

title: 1982


slug: vespasian

label: Vespasian

description: ninth Roman Emperor and founder of the Flavian dynasty (69–79)

year_label: 8 CE

section: Births

text: AD 8 – Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul and brother of Vespasian (d. AD 69)

title: 0s

year_label: 43 CE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Vespasian begins to subdue the south-west.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 43

year_label: 51 CE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Emperor Claudius and future emperor Titus Flavius Vespasianus become Roman Consuls.

title: 50s

section: Events › 51 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 63 CE

section: Religion & Belief

text: Vespasian becomes governor of Africa (estimated year).

title: AD 63

year_label: 66 CE

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Emperor Nero creates the Legio I Italica. He appoints Titus Flavius Vespasian as General of the army of Judea, and Governor of Judea which gives him command of three legions — V Macedonica, X Fretensis and XV Apollinaris.

title: AD 66

year_label: 67 CE

text: First Jewish–Roman War: Vespasian arrives in Ptolemais in Phoenicia along with the Legio X Fretensis and Legio V Macedonica, to put down the revolt.

title: AD 67

year_label: 69 CE

text: The Year of the Four Emperors: After Nero's death, Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian succeed each other as emperor during the year. The year is marked by numerous instances of a breakdown in discipline and mutinous conduct amongst the Roman legions and the praetorian guard.

title: AD 69

year_label: 70 CE

text: Emperor Vespasian and his son Caesar Vespasian (the future Emperor Titus) become Roman consuls.

title: AD 70

year_label: 71 CE

text: Emperors Vespasian and Marcus Cocceius Nerva are Roman Consuls.

title: AD 71

year_label: 72 CE

text: Antiochus IV of Syria is deposed by Emperor Vespasian.

title: AD 72

year_label: 73 CE

text: Emperor Vespasian begins conquest of territory east of the upper Rhine and south of the Main. In addition, he reorganizes the defenses of the upper and lower Danube.

title: AD 73

text: Vespasian and Titus are appointed to be Roman censors.

title: AD 73

year_label: 74 CE

text: Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consuls.

title: AD 74

text: Caenis, Roman slave and secretary of Antonia Minor (mother of Emperor Claudius) and mistress of Emperor Vespasian

title: AD 74

year_label: 75 CE

title: AD 75

year_label: 76 CE

text: Emperors Vespasianus Augustus and Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consuls.

title: AD 76

year_label: 79 CE

title: AD 79

date: June 24

text: June 24 – Vespasian, Roman emperor (b. AD 9)

title: AD 79


slug: vexin

label: Vexin

description: former French county

text: Drogo of Mantes, count of Valois and the Vexin (d. 1035)

title: 996

text: Drogo of Mantes, count of Valois and the Vexin (b. 996)

title: 1035

text: Philip I of France conquers the Vexin area, and adds the city of Bourges and the province of Berry to his estate.

title: 1100

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Summer – Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou ("the Fair", husband of Empress Matilda) completes his conquest of Normandy, which comes under Angevin control. In exchange for being recognised as Duke of Normandy by King Louis VII of France, Geoffrey surrenders half of the county of Vexin – a region vital to Norman security – to Louis.

title: 1144

section: Culture & Society

text: Summer – King Henry II of England travels to France to meet King Louis VII and propose a marriage between his three-year-old son Henry and Louis' daughter Margaret (less than a year old). She is shipped to England, as the future wife and queen. The Vexin region is promised to Margaret as dowry and is put under the care of the Knights Templar, until her future husband is old enough to take control of it.

title: 1158

date: November 2

text: November 2 – Betrothal of 5-year-old Henry the Young King of England and 2-year-old Marguerite, daughter of Louis VII of France; she brings Norman Vexin to the English crown as a dowry.

title: 1160

date: September 27

text: September 27 – Battle of Gisors: Richard I defeats the French forces led by Philip II (Augustus) at Courcelles-lès-Gisors, in Picardy. Richard captures three castles on the border of the Vexin. The French troops, many of them mounted, crowd the bridge leading into Gisors Castle but it collapses beneath them. The French king is among those who plunge into the water in his armor. Many French knights drown, but Philip is pulled to safety.

title: 1198

section: Events › By place › England

date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Kings John of England and Philip II of France, sign a peace treaty at Le Goulet, an island in the middle of the Seine River, near Vernon in Normandy. The agreement recognizes John as overlord of most of the English owned lands in France, but John has to give Philip the lands of Norman Vexin and Évreux and a large sum of money (some 20,000 marks) – a "relief" payment for recognition of John's sovereignty of Brittany.

title: 1200


slug: vice-president-of-the-united-states

label: Vice President of the United States

description: second-highest constitutional office in the United States

date: July 27

text: July 27 – The Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which reforms the way that candidates for President and Vice President are chosen, is ratified by Tennessee, removing doubt surrounding adoption.

title: 1804

section: Events › July–September

section: Deaths

date: April 20

text: April 20 – George Clinton, 4th Vice President of the United States (b. 1739)

title: 1812

date: November 23

text: November 23 – Elbridge Gerry, 5th Vice President of the United States (b. 1744)

title: 1814

section: Deaths › July–December

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Daniel D. Tompkins, 6th Vice President of the United States (b. 1774)

title: 1825

section: Deaths › January–June

date: June 12

text: June 12 – George Atzerodt, conspirator with John Wilkes Booth, assigned to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson (d. 1865)

title: 1835

section: Births › January–June

date: October 23

text: October 23 – Adlai Stevenson I, American lawyer and politician, 23rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1914)

title: 1835

section: Births › July–December

date: March 31

text: March 31 – John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President of the United States (b. 1782)

title: 1850

section: Deaths › January–March

date: November 19

text: November 19 – Richard Mentor Johnson, 9th Vice President of the United States (b. 1780)

title: 1850

section: Deaths › October–December

date: April 18

text: April 18 – William R. King, 13th Vice President of the United States (b. 1786)

title: 1853

date: December 31

text: December 31 – George M. Dallas, U.S. Senator, 11th Vice President of the United States (b. 1792)

title: 1864

date: May 17

text: May 17 – John C. Breckinridge, 14th Vice President of the United States, Confederate States Secretary of War (b. 1821)

title: 1875

date: November 22

text: November 22 – Henry Wilson, 18th Vice President of the United States (b. 1812)

title: 1875

date: January 13

text: January 13 – Schuyler Colfax, 17th Vice President of the United States (b. 1823)

title: 1885

text: November 25 – Thomas A. Hendricks, 21st Vice President of the United States (b. 1819)

title: 1885

date: June 4

text: June 4 – William A. Wheeler, 19th Vice President of the United States (b. 1819)

title: 1887

date: June 19

text: June 19 – In Chicago, the Republican Convention opens at the Auditorium Building. Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton win the nominations for President and Vice President of the United States, respectively.

title: 1888

section: Events › June

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Hannibal Hamlin, 15th Vice President of the United States (b. 1809)

title: 1891

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Garret Hobart, Vice President of the United States since 1897 for President William McKinley, dies of cardiovascular disease. The vacancy in the office will remain unfilled until the inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt as Vice President in 1901.

title: 1899

section: Events › November

text: November 21 – Garret Hobart, 24th Vice President of the United States (b. 1844)

title: 1899

section: Deaths › November–December

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Hubert Humphrey, American politician, Vice President of the United States (1965–1969) (d. 1978)

title: 1911

section: Births › May

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Adlai E. Stevenson I, 23rd Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)

title: 1914

section: Deaths › June

date: May 16

text: May 16 – Levi P. Morton, 22nd Vice President of the United States (b. 1824)

title: 1920

section: Deaths › May

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Thomas R. Marshall, 28th Vice President of the United States (b. 1854)

title: 1925

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Charles Curtis takes office as the first multiracial Vice President of the United States.

title: 1929

section: Events › March

date: February 8

text: February 8 – Charles Curtis, 31st Vice President of the United States (b. 1860)

title: 1936

section: Deaths › February

date: January 30

text: January 30 – Dick Cheney, 46th Vice President of the United States (d. 2025)

title: 1941

section: Births › January

date: July 18

text: July 18 – President Harry S. Truman signs the Presidential Succession Act into law, which places the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate next in the line of succession, after the vice president.

title: 1947

section: Events › July

text: March 31 – Al Gore, American politician and environmentalist, 45th Vice President of the United States

title: 1948

section: Births › March

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1865)

title: 1951

section: Deaths › April

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Alben W. Barkley, 35th Vice President of the United States (b. 1877)

title: 1956

date: May 13

text: May 13 – During a visit to Caracas, Venezuela, Vice President Richard Nixon's car is attacked by anti-American demonstrators.

title: 1958

section: Events › May

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Mike Pence, American politician and former Vice President of the United States

title: 1959

section: Births › June

date: July 25

text: July 25–28 – In Chicago, the 1960 Republican National Convention nominates Vice President Richard Nixon as its candidate for President of the United States, and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. for vice-president.

title: 1960

text: November 17 – Michael Rockefeller, son of Governor of New York and later Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, disappears in the jungles of New Guinea.

title: 1961

text: November 7 – John Nance Garner, 32nd Vice President of the United States (b. 1868)

title: 1967

text: October 10 – Spiro Agnew resigns as Vice President of the United States.

title: 1973

text: November 8 – The United States Vice-president and Republican nominee George H. W. Bush defeats the Democratic nominee and Governor of Massachusetts, Michael Dukakis, in the 1988 United States Presidential Election.

title: 1988

text: 2020 United States presidential election: The election of Joe Biden as the 46th President of the United States and Kamala Harris as the 49th Vice President of the United States is called by many news media organizations after remaining vote counts (November 7) come in from key states delayed by an influx of mail-in ballots caused by the pandemic, defeating incumbent President Donald Trump.

title: 2020

text: February 28 – A meeting between U.S. president Donald Trump and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy takes place at the White House. Trump and V.P. JD Vance sharply criticise Zelenskyy, raising questions about support for Ukraine, a proposed end to the war, and the country's future in general.

title: 2025


slug: viceroyalty-of-peru

label: Viceroyalty of Peru

description: viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: March 28

text: March 28 – In what is now the capital of Ecuador, San Francisco de Quito is declared a city by the decree of King Charles I of Spain and the Viceroyalty of Peru.

title: 1541

section: Events › January–March

date: May 17

text: May 17 – At Lima, Blasco Núñez Vela takes office as the first Spanish Governor of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which encompasses most of what are now the nations of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, as well as the western part of Brazil.

title: 1544

section: Events › April–June

section: Conflict & Security

date: January 18

text: January 18 – Blasco Núñez Vela first Spanish Viceroy of Peru fights with Gonzalo Pizarro at the Battle of Iñaquito and is killed.

title: 1546

section: Culture & Society

date: May 12

text: May 12 – The National University of San Marcos is founded in Lima in the Viceroyalty of Peru, being the first officially established university in the Americas.

title: 1551

section: Health & Medicine

text: The Andean population of the Viceroyalty of Peru reaches 1.3 million.

title: 1570

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Religion & Belief

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Córdoba, in the Viceroyalty of Peru, is founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera.

title: 1573

section: Events › July–September

date: October 18

text: October 18 – In South America, the Third Council of Lima comes to an end after two months after being convened to provide a consistent doctrine for the Roman Catholic Church in the Viceroyalty of Peru. Among other things, the Council approves the treatment of the native population "not like slaves but as free men" as part of evangelism and conversion to Christianity, as well as the use of the Quechua language and the Aymara language to spread the gospel. The use of Spanish is ordered for church services, and Latin is forbidden.

title: 1583

section: Events › October–December

date: August 7

text: August 7 – In Lima in the Viceroyalty of Peru, Italian printer Antonio Ricardo receives official permission to set up the first printing press in South America, and prints the first publication there, Pragmatica, a four-page outline of how the new Gregorian calendar (adopted 1582) works.

title: 1584

date: August 25

text: August 25 – San Luis, in the Viceroyalty of Peru (now in Argentina), is founded by Luis Jufré de Loaysa y Meneses.

title: 1594

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: December 21

text: December 21 – On behalf of Spain, Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós begins his expedition to the South Pacific Ocean with 160 men on three ships. Queiros departs from Callao in the Viceroyalty of Peru with his flagship, San Pedro y San Pablo, and San Pedro and Los Tres Reyes.

title: 1605

section: Climate & Environment

date: September 16

text: September 16 – An estimated 7.5 magnitude earthquake strikes Arica

title: 1615

text: May 27 – Spain creates the Viceroyalty of New Granada in South America from the northern section of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The viceroyalty, with a capital at Bogotá, later declares independence and splits up into what become the nations of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.

title: 1717

date: December 24

text: December 24 – The settlement of Montevideo is founded by the Spaniards in the Viceroyalty of Peru.

title: 1726

date: July 8

text: July 8 – 1730 Valparaíso earthquake: An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 9.1 strikes Valparaíso, in modern-day Chile but at this time in the Viceroyalty of Peru.

title: 1730

text: Ecuador, part of Real Audiencia of Quito, becomes a part of New Granada, instead of Peru.

title: 1739

date: October 28

text: October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru.

title: 1746

date: June 29

text: June 29 – An attempt in Lima to begin a native uprising against Spanish colonial authorities in the Viceroyalty of Peru is discovered and thwarted. One of the conspirators, Francisco Garcia Jimenez, escapes to Huarochirí and kills dozens of Spaniards on July 25.

title: 1750

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Francisco de Paula Bucareli, the Governor of Buenos Aires (at the time, a province within the Spanish Empire's Viceroyalty of Peru), hosts the caciques who are the Guarani chiefs of the 30 mission towns established by Jesuit missionaries, in an effort to gain Guarani peoples' support in the expulsion of the Jesuits.

title: 1767

section: Events › October –December

text: November 4 – Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II: In the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, Túpac Amaru II leads an uprising of Aymara and Quechua peoples and mestizo peasants as a protest against the Bourbon Reforms.

title: 1780

section: Deaths

date: March 19

text: March 19 – Ambrosio O'Higgins, 1st Marquis of Osorno, Spanish viceroy of Peru and Governor of the Captaincy General of Chile, father of Bernardo O'Higgins, (b. c. 1720)

title: 1801

section: Deaths › January–June


slug: victoria-australia

label: Victoria (Australia)

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Black Thursday occurs in Australia as bushfires sweep across the state of Victoria, burning about a quarter of its area.

title: 1851

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Port Phillip District separates from New South Wales to become the Colony of Victoria (Australia).

title: 1851

date: December 3

text: December 3 – The Eureka Stockade Miners' Rebellion breaks out in Ballarat, Victoria (Australia).

title: 1854

date: May 22

text: May 22 – In Australia, the province of Victoria (named for then reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria) to the southeast is separated administratively from the earlier larger province of New South Wales to the north.

title: 1855

date: June 1

text: June 1 – British clipper Loch Ard is wrecked off the Shipwreck Coast of Victoria (Australia) with the loss of 52 lives and only 2 survivors.

title: 1878

section: Events › June

date: February 20

text: February 20 – The Richmond Football Club is officially formed at the Royal Hotel in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond, Victoria.

title: 1885

section: Events › February

date: January 1

text: January 1 – The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia; Edmund Barton becomes the first Prime Minister of Australia.

title: 1901

section: Events › January

date: May 9

text: May 9 – The Australian Parliament convenes for the first time in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Previously, the Parliament had met in Melbourne, Victoria.

title: 1927

section: Events › May

section: Science & Discovery

date: October 20

text: October 20–November 5 – The MacRobertson Air Race is flown from RAF Mildenhall in England to Melbourne, Australia, to celebrate the centenary of the state of Victoria. The overall winner is the British de Havilland DH.88 Comet G-ACSS Grosvenor House, flown by C. W. A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black.

title: 1934

section: Events › September–October

section: Crime & Justice

text: Victoria (Australia) abolishes capital punishment.

title: 1975

date: February 16

text: February 16 – The Ash Wednesday bushfires in Victoria and South Australia claim the lives of 75 people, in one of Australia's worst bushfire disasters.

title: 1983

date: February 1

text: February 1 – In Australia, Joan Kirner becomes Victoria's first female Deputy Premier, after the resignation of Robert Fordham over the VEDC (Victorian Economic Development Co-operation) Crisis.

title: 1989

date: January 2

text: January 2 – The Royal Australian Air Force and Navy are deployed to New South Wales and Victoria to assist mass evacuation efforts amidst the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season.

title: 2020


slug: victoria-cross

label: Victoria Cross

description: highest military decoration awarded by the UK and the Commonwealth

section: Births

date: February 19

text: February 19 – Charles Davis Lucas, British Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1914)

title: 1834

section: Births › January–June

section: Conflict & Security

date: June 21

text: June 21 – Battle of Bomarsund in Åland off the coast of Finland: British Royal Navy seaman's mate Charles Davis Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first Victoria Cross in 1857.

title: 1854

section: Events › April–June

section: Culture & Society

date: January 29

text: January 29 – Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross as a British military decoration.

title: 1856

section: Events › January–March

date: June 26

text: June 26 – At a ceremony in London, Queen Victoria awards the first 66 Victoria Crosses to British troops, for actions during the Crimean War.

title: 1857

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: British troops win 24 Victoria Crosses in action this day.

title: 1857

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Augustus Agar, British commodore, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1968)

title: 1890

section: Births › January

date: September 21

text: September 21 – Charles Upham, New Zealand soldier, twice winner of the Victoria Cross (died 1994)

title: 1908

section: Births › September

date: November 23

text: November 23 – Lanoe Hawker VC, British World War I fighter ace, killed in action by Manfred von Richthofen (b. 1890)

title: 1916

section: Deaths › November

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Sir Neville Howse, Australian politician and recipient of the Victoria Cross (b. 1863)

title: 1930

section: Deaths › November – December

date: December 30

text: December 30 – Augustus Agar, British naval officer, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1890)

title: 1968

section: Deaths › December


slug: vienna

label: Vienna

description: capital of and state in Austria

text: Legio X Gemina moves to Vienna, where it remains until the 5th century.

title: AD 103

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Deaths

date: March 17

text: March 17 – Emperor Marcus Aurelius dies after a week's illness at his camp in Vindobona (modern Vienna). He is succeeded by his son Commodus (age 18).

title: AD 180

section: Health & Medicine

text: The city of Vindobona (Vienna) is struck by an epidemic that spreads through the Roman provinces. The disease is probably streptococcus or a form of scarlet fever with streptococcus pneumoniae (approximate date).

title: 455

section: Events › By topic › Medicine

date: July

text: July – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) leads an invasion into Hungary. He plunders the lands west of the River Rába but suffers from the consequences of the scorched earth tactics used by the Hungarians. Conrad, threatened by starvation, is forced to retreat to Germany. King Stephen I (St. Stephen) pursued his forces, which were defeated and captured by the Hungarians at Vienna.

title: 1030

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: May 29

text: May 29 – Andrew II, brother of the late King Emeric, is crowned ruler of Hungary and Croatia at Székesfehérvár, after his 5-year-old nephew, Ladislaus III, suddenly dies in Vienna. Andrew introduces a new policy for royal grants, which he calls "new institutions". He distributes large portions of his domain–such as royal castles and all estates attached to them–to supporters and Hungarian nobles.

title: 1205

text: The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear the Pileum cornutum, a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.

title: 1267

section: Events › Culture

section: Religion & Belief

text: The foundation stone of the Minoritenkirche in Vienna is laid by Ottokar II.

title: 1276

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: June

text: June – King Rudolf I of Germany declares war on his rival Ottokar II of Bohemia. After 6 months of campaigning, Ottokar surrenders all his lands (including Austria and Styria) except Bohemia and Moravia. Rudolf makes Vienna his capital, marking the beginning of the House of Habsburg, which will last until 1918.

title: 1276

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Prince Albert of Austria marries his first cousin, once-removed, Joanna Sophia of Bavaria at Vienna ending a feud between her father, Albert, Duke of Bavaria and his father, Albert III, Duke of Austria.

title: 1395

date: June 3

text: June 3 – In Vienna, Friedrich IV, nicknamed "Friedrich of the Empty Pockets", becomes the new Duke of Further Austria upon the death of his older brother, Leopold the Fat.

title: 1411

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Albert V, Duke of Austria, issues the Vienna Gesera, a campaign of expulsion or extermination of the 1,500 Jewish residents of Vienna. Those who are not imprisoned are executed 10 months later, and similar persecutions are carried out in other cities in Austria.

title: 1420

date: March 12

text: March 12 – In his campaign to rid Germany of Jewish people, Albert V, Duke of Austria issues a death sentence against wealthy Jews who had been imprisoned as part of his order of May 23, 1420. On March 12, the burning at the stake of 120 women and 92 men is carried out south of the city walls of Vienna.

title: 1421

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: December 1

text: December 1 – King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary signs a treaty with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor at Korneuburg, ending the Hungarian blockade of Vienna in return for Frederick's support for making Matthias King of Bohemia and an indemnity of 100,000 florins.

title: 1477

section: Events › October–December

text: January 29 – The siege of Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire, is started by the Black Army of the Kingdom of Hungary in the ninth year of the ongoing Austrian-Hungarian War. Vienna is defended by a force of only 3,000 soldiers and cavalry, against 28,000 soldiers and cavalry of the Black Army, and the city falls to Hungary within four months.

title: 1485

date: June 1

text: June 1 – King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary secures the surrender of Vienna, the Holy Roman Empire's capital, after a siege of four months. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, had departed the city before the siege began.

title: 1485

date: April 9

text: April 9 – The coronation of Maximilian the First as "King of the Romans" takes place at Aachen, in that the Holy Roman Imperial capital of Vienna was captured by Hungary.

title: 1486

date: April 6

text: April 6 – Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary and Croatia, including part of Austria, dies unexpectedly at Vienna. Four people claim the throne before the Hungarian nobility assembles to elect the successor to King Matthias, and begin the War of the Hungarian Succession

title: 1490

text: Henricus Grammateus publishes Ayn neu Kunstlich Buech in Vienna, containing the earliest printed use of plus and minus signs for arithmetic.

title: 1518

section: Events › Date unknown

date: September 27

text: September 27 – Vienna is besieged by the Ottoman Turks commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent.

title: 1529

section: Events › July–September

date: August 5

text: August 5 – The siege of Güns in the Austrian Empire begins as the Ottoman army, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, attempts to take the city of Güns (now Kőszeg in Hungary) with 100,000 troops in order to mount a larger invasion of the Austrian city of Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire. The defenders, less than 800 Croatian soldiers commanded by Nikola Jurišić, puts up a successful resistance despite being outnumbered by more than 100 to 1.

title: 1532

date: January 31

text: January 31 – General Johann Katzianer of the Holy Roman Empire, on trial in Vienna for the disastrous Imperial campaign against the Ottoman Empire and for desertion during the Battle of Gorjani, escapes and flees to Kostajnica Fortress in Ottoman-controlled Croatia. After 14 months, Nikola IV Zrinski has Katzianer murdered.

title: 1538

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Suleiman the Magnificent, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, begins his last campaign, departing from Constantinople at the head of one of the largest armies he has ever commanded, with a plan to attack Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire. However, he dies in September.

title: 1566

section: Climate & Environment

date: September 15

text: September 15 – The estimated 6.0 magnitude Neulengbach earthquake causes significant damage and some loss of life, in Lower Austria and Vienna; the effects are felt as far as Bohemia and Silesia.

title: 1590

text: Jesuit astronomer Christoph Scheiner becomes the advisor to Archduke Maximilian, brother of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna. A lifelong enemy of Galileo, following a dispute over the nature of sunspots, Scheiner is credited with reopening the 1616 accusations against Galileo in 1633.

title: 1616

date: July 29

text: July 29 – The secret Oñate treaty is signed in Vienna between representatives of King Philip III of Spain reached an agreement with the junior Habsburg branch of Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, the heads of two different branches of the House of Habsburg. Spain's Ambassador to Austria, Íñigo Vélez de Guevara, 7th Count of Oñate signs on behalf of King Philip.

title: 1617

text: November 23 – Thirty Years' War– Battle of Humenné: Polish Lisowczycy troops assist the Holy Roman Emperor by defeating a Transylvanian force, forcing Gabor Bethlen to raise his siege of Vienna.

title: 1619

date: November 18

text: November 18 – The coronation as the new Holy Roman Emperor of Ferdinand III, Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, takes place in Vienna.

title: 1637

date: August 6

text: August 6 – The Ottoman Empire declares war on the Holy Roman Empire and makes plans to attack Vienna.

title: 1682

date: July 14

text: July 14 – A 173,000-man Ottoman force arrives at Vienna, and starts to besiege the city.

title: 1683

date: July 4

text: July 4 – A Byzantine icon, the "Weeping Madonna of Pócs", arrives in Vienna after a five-month journey following its forced removal from the Hungarian village of Pócs by order of the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I. It has been housed for more than 320 years in St. Stephen's Cathedral.

title: 1697

date: November 30

text: November 30 – Prince Eugene of Savoy, a field marshal within the Holy Roman Empire, purchases a large tract of land in Vienna for construction of the Belvedere Palace.

title: 1697

date: April 18

text: April 18 – Hungarian freedom activist Ferenc Rákóczi is arrested by Austrian authorities and charged with sedition. Imprisoned near Vienna and facing a death sentence, he escapes and later leads the overthrow of the Habsburg control of Hungary.

title: 1700

date: June 25

text: June 25 – The premiere of the opera L'Offendere per amore overo la Telesilla by Johann Joseph Fux takes place in Vienna.

title: 1702

date: November 15

text: November 15 – The opera La Clemenza d'Augusto by Johann Joseph Fux is premiered in Vienna.

title: 1702

date: January 26

text: January 26 – The Old Pummerin, a 18,161 kg bell newly installed in the Stephansdom, St. Stephen's Cathedral, in Vienna, is rung for the first time to mark the entry of Charles VI to Vienna from Frankfurt after his coronation as Emperor. It takes a quarter-hour for 16 men pulling on the bell rope to swing the heavy bell back-and-forth enough for the clapper to strike; the resulting forces endanger the tower so the architect orders that in future the bell be rung only by pulling its clapper.

title: 1712

text: February 12 – Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor marries Maria Theresa of Austria, ruler of the Habsburg Empire at the Augustinian Church in Vienna.

title: 1736

text: Stemmatographia by Hristofor Zhefarovich, regarded as the first Serbian and Bulgarian secular printed book, is printed in Vienna.

title: 1741

text: January 23 – Prince Joseph of Austria marries Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria in Vienna.

title: 1765

text: July 4 - The Albertina art museum is founded in Vienna, Austria.

title: 1776

text: July 16 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail premieres at the Burgtheater in Vienna.

title: 1782

text: December 11 – An edict is issued limiting Masonic lodges throughout the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Joseph II. With the exception of Vienna, Budapest and Prague, no Empire province may have more than one lodge.

title: 1785

text: May 1 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera The Marriage of Figaro premieres in Vienna.

title: 1786

text: August 10 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his final symphony, the Symphony No. 41 in C Major, and nicknamed (after his death) The Jupiter.

title: 1788

text: July 28 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his penultimate symphony, the Symphony No. 40 in G Minor.

title: 1788

text: June 26 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his antepenultimate symphony, the Symphony No. 39 in E-flat.

title: 1788

text: January 26 – Mozart's opera Così fan tutte premieres in Vienna.

title: 1790

text: September 30 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's singspiel opera The Magic Flute (Die Zauberflöte) premières at the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden in Vienna with Mozart conducting.

title: 1791

text: Johann Georg Albrechtsberger becomes Kapellmeister in Vienna.

title: 1792

text: The composer Ludwig van Beethoven moves to Vienna from Bonn to study with Haydn. He would live in Vienna for the rest of his life.

title: 1792

text: April 2 – Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 premieres at the Burgtheater, in Vienna.

title: 1800

text: April 12 — Beethoven leaves Vienna for a small nearby Austrian village named Heiligenstadt where he would cope with his declining mental and physical health including his growing deafness. He would stay until October and there he would write an unsent letter to his brothers called the Heiligenstadt Testament. In the letter, Beethoven contemplates suicide but it was his passion for the art of music that prevented him so.

title: 1802

text: December 22 – Beethoven concert of 22 December 1808: Ludwig van Beethoven conducts and plays piano in a marathon benefit concert, at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, consisting entirely of first public performances of works by him, including Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 6, Piano Concerto No. 4 and Choral Fantasy.

title: 1808

text: May 31 – The famous composer Joseph Haydn dies in Vienna at age 77 following Napoleon's second siege of Vienna

title: 1809

text: March 11 – Napoleon I marries Marie-Louise of Austria by proxy in Vienna.

title: 1810

text: March 15 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian young revolutionary intellectuals, led by Sándor Petőfi, Mór Jókai and others, called the Márciusi Ifjak (Young men of March) organize peaceful mass demonstrations in Pest, forcing the city's Habsburg authorities to accept the 12 Points: the Hungarian claim for freedom and self-determination within the Habsburg Empire. On the same day, Lajos Kossuth and representatives of the Diet of Hungary go to Vienna, and force the emperor and Hungarian king Ferdinand I of Austria to accept Hungarian claims for self-determination within the empire.

title: 1848

text: October 31 – Vienna is occupied by the imperial forces led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, who crushes the revolution here.

title: 1848

text: September 29 – Battle of Pákozd: The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by János Móga, defeats the Croatian army of Josip Jelačić, forcing him to retreat towards Vienna.

title: 1848

text: December 20 – Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria issues a decree, Es ist Mein Wille, which leads to the demolition of the city walls of Vienna, allowing the construction of the Ringstraße.

title: 1857

text: July 1 – Schenker, predecessor of DB Schenker, the worldwide logistics and freight operator, is founded in Vienna, Austria.

title: 1872

text: May 9 – Der Gründerkrach: The Wiener Börse (Vienna stock exchange) crash in Austria-Hungary ends the Gründerzeit, and heralds the global Panic of 1873 and Long Depression.

title: 1873

text: December 8 – At least 380 die in a fire at the Vienna Ringtheater.

title: 1881

text: Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna.

title: 1897

text: January 8 – The Association football club SK Rapid Wien is founded in Vienna.

title: 1899

text: June 17 – Austrian Football Club FC Admira Wacker is founded as SK Admira Wien in Vienna.

title: 1905

text: January – Joseph Stalin travels to Vienna to research his Marxism and the National Question. This means that, during this month, Stalin, Hitler, Trotsky and Tito are all living in the city, as also are Freud and Jung.

title: 1913

text: May 24–25 – Adolf Hitler moves from Vienna to Munich.

title: 1913

text: July 4 – The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria takes place at Artstetten Castle, 50 miles west of Vienna.

title: 1914

text: February 27 – A Socialist congress at Vienna ends with the International Working Union of Socialist Parties founded.

title: 1921

text: July 15 – July Revolt of 1927: After police in Vienna fire on an angry crowd, 85 protesters (mostly members of the Social Democratic Party of Austria) and 5 policemen are left dead; more than 600 people are injured.

title: 1927

text: September 2 – Film noir The Third Man, with screenplay by Graham Greene and set in Allied-occupied Vienna, is released in the United Kingdom; it wins the 1949 Grand Prix at the Cannes Film Festival.

title: 1949

text: July 27 – El Al Flight 402 from Vienna (Austria) to Tel Aviv, via Istanbul, is shot down over Bulgaria. All 58 passengers and crewmen aboard the Lockheed Constellation are killed.

title: 1955

text: June 4 – Vienna summit: John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev meet during two days in Vienna. They discuss nuclear tests, disarmament and Germany.

title: 1961

text: February 21 – The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.

title: 1971

text: May 27 – Six armed passengers hijack a Romanian passenger plane and force it to fly to Vienna.

title: 1971

text: December 21 – Six people, including Carlos the Jackal, kidnap delegates of an OPEC conference in Vienna.

title: 1975

text: June 18 – Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT II agreement in Vienna.

title: 1979

text: May 27 – At the Prater Stadium of Vienna, Porto of Portugal defeats Bayern München of West Germany 2–1 and wins its first European Cup.

title: 1987

text: December 20 – The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.

title: 1988

text: May 24 – AFC Ajax wins the UEFA Champions League at the Ernst Happel Stadium in Vienna by defeating A.C. Milan 1–0.

title: 1995

text: May 19–23 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2015 is held in Vienna, Austria, and is won by Swedish entrant Måns Zelmerlöw with the song "Heroes".

title: 2015


slug: vienne-isere

label: Vienne, Isère

description: commune in Isère, France

year_label: 6 CE

section: Conflict & Security

text: AD 6 – Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, is deposed and banished to Vienne in Gaul.

title: 0s

section: Events › Roman Empire

date: May 15

text: May 15 – Emperor Valentinian II, age 21, dies while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbogast. He is found hanging in his residence at Vienne under unknown circumstances.

title: 392

section: Crime & Justice

text: Burgundian Civil War: King Gundobad breaks his promise of tribute and regains his military power. He besieges his brother Godegisel at the city of Vienne (Burgundy), and murders him in an Arian church along with the bishop.

title: 501

text: Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim raiders under Abdul Rahman al-Ghafiqi, current governor of Septimania, devastate Avignon, Viviers, Valence, Vienne and Lyon (approximate date).

title: 726

section: Births

text: Guigues VII, ruler (dauphin) of Viennois (d. 1269)

title: 1225

text: Guigues VII, French ruler (dauphin) of Viennois (b. 1225)

title: 1269

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Council of Vienne: Pope Clement V convokes the 15th Ecumenical Council at Vienne, France, in the presence of 20 cardinals, about 100 archbishops and bishops, and a number of abbots and priors. The main item on the agenda of the council is the Order of the Knights Templar. Clement passes papal bulls to dissolve the Templar Order, confiscate their lands, and label them as heretics.

title: 1311

section: Events › October – December

date: August 7

text: August 7 – Battle of Varey: The 16-year-old Guigues VIII, local ruler (dauphin) of Vienne, defeats the Savoyard forces at Saint-Jean-le-Vieux. During the battle, a Burgundian cavalry charge is repulsed and is forced back to the Savoyard camp. With the assistance of the Varey garrison, Guigues pillages the camp and takes John I, Count of Auxerre, prisoner.

title: 1325

section: Events › July – September


slug: viet-cong

label: Viet Cong

description: revolutionary organization active in South Vietnam and Cambodia from 1960 to 1977

date: May 19

text: May 19 – The Viet Minh is formed at Pác Bó in Vietnam, to overthrow French rule of the nation, as an alliance between the Indochina Communist party, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the Nationalist party. It will become the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.

title: 1941

section: Events › May

text: In South Vietnam, the Viet Minh is reorganised into the Viet Cong.

title: 1954

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Official start date of the Vietnam War between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Republic of Vietnam; the north is allied with the Viet Cong.

title: 1955

section: Events › November

date: September 26

text: September 26 – First large unit action of the Vietnam War takes place, when two companies of the ARVN's 23rd Division are ambushed by a well-organized Viet Cong force of several hundred, identified as the "2nd Liberation Battalion".

title: 1959

section: Events › September

date: January 2

text: January 2 – Vietnam War – Battle of Ap Bac: The Viet Cong win their first major victory.

title: 1963

section: Events › January

date: May 2

text: May 2 – Vietnam War: Attack on USNS Card – An explosion caused by Viet Cong commandos causes carrier USNS Card to sink in the port of Saigon.

title: 1964

date: August 18

text: August 18 – Vietnam War: Operation Starlite – 5,500 United States Marines destroy a Viet Cong stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in Quảng Ngãi Province, in the first major American ground battle of the war. The Marines were tipped off by a Viet Cong deserter who said that there was an attack planned against the U.S. base at Chu Lai.

title: 1965

section: Events › July–August

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Vietnam War – Battle of Dong Xoai: About 1,500 Viet Cong mount a mortar attack on Đồng Xoài, overrunning its military headquarters and the adjoining militia compound.

title: 1965

section: Events › May–June

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Vietnam War: The Pentagon tells U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that if planned major sweep operations to neutralize Viet Cong forces during the next year are to succeed, the number of American troops in Vietnam will have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000.

title: 1965

section: Events › November–December

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Vietnam War – Operation Hump: The United States Army 173rd Airborne is ambushed by over 1,200 Viet Cong.

title: 1965

date: October 30

text: October 30 – Vietnam War: Near Da Nang, United States Marines repel an intense attack by Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas. A sketch of Marine positions is found on the dead body of a 13-year-old Vietnamese boy who sold drinks to the Marines the day before.

title: 1965

section: Events › September–October

text: August 18 – Vietnam War – Battle of Long Tan: D Company, 6th Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment, meets and defeats a Viet Cong force estimated to be four times larger, in Phuoc Tuy Province, Republic of Vietnam.

title: 1966

section: Events › August

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Vietnam War: In a ceremony in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 3 United States prisoners of war are released by the Viet Cong and turned over to American "New Left" antiwar activist Tom Hayden.

title: 1967

date: February 1

text: February 1 – Vietnam War: Execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém – A Viet Cong officer is summarily executed by Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. The event is photographed by Eddie Adams. The photo makes headlines around the world, eventually winning the 1969 Pulitzer Prize, and sways U.S. public opinion against the war.

title: 1968

section: Events › January–February

date: January 30

text: January 30 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive begins as Viet Cong forces launch a series of surprise attacks across South Vietnam.

title: 1968

text: January 31 – The South Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong announced that they would resume prisoner of war exchanges on February 8, after a suspension of seven months.

title: 1974


slug: vietnam-war

label: Vietnam War

description: armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia between North Vietnam and South Vietnam, from 1955 to 1975

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

title: 1941

title: 1955

title: 1959

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Vietnam War: The United States announces that 3,500 American soldiers will be sent to Vietnam.

title: 1960

section: Events › March

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Vietnam War: After a trip to Vietnam at the request of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield becomes the first American official to make a pessimistic public comment on the war's progress.

title: 1962

section: Events › December

title: 1963

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: August 2

text: August 2 – Vietnam War: United States destroyer Maddox is attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin. Air support from the carrier USS Ticonderoga sinks one gunboat, while the other two leave the battle.

title: 1964

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Vietnam War: At a rally in Saigon, South Vietnamese Prime Minister and military leader Nguyễn Khánh calls for expanding the war into North Vietnam.

title: 1964

section: Events › July

title: 1964

title: 1965

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Vietnam War: Four F-4C Phantoms escorting a bombing raid at Kang Chi are targeted by antiaircraft missiles, in the first such attack against American planes in the war. One is shot down and the other 3 sustain damage.

title: 1965

title: 1965

date: March 2

text: March 2 – Vietnam War: Operation Rolling Thunder – The United States Air Force 2nd Air Division, United States Navy and South Vietnamese air force begin a 3-year aerial bombardment campaign against North Vietnam.

title: 1965

section: Events › March–April

title: 1965

title: 1965

date: October 15

text: October 15 – Vietnam War: The Catholic Worker Movement stages an anti-war protest in Manhattan. One draft card burner is arrested, the first under the new law.

title: 1965

title: 1965

date: September 2

text: September 2 – Vietnam War: In a follow-up to August's Operation Starlite, United States Marines and South Vietnamese forces initiate Operation Piranha on the Batangan Peninsula, 23 mi km south of the Chu Lai Marine base.

title: 1965

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Vietnam War: An USAF F-104 Starfighter piloted by Captain Philip Eldon Smith is shot down by a Chinese MiG-19 Farmer. The pilot is held until March 15, 1973.

title: 1965

title: 1966

date: February 7

text: February 7 – Lyndon B. Johnson of the United States and Nguyễn Cao Kỳ of South Vietnam convene with other officials in a summit in Honolulu, Hawaii to discuss the course of the Vietnam War.

title: 1966

section: Events › February

date: July 3

text: July 3 – 31 people are arrested when a demonstration by approximately 4,000 anti-Vietnam War protesters in front of the United States Embassy in London in Grosvenor Square turns violent.

title: 1966

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Large demonstrations are held against US involvement in the Vietnam War in New York City and San Francisco. The march, organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, from Central Park to the United Nations drew hundreds of thousands of people, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, and Dr. Benjamin Spock, who marched and spoke at the event. A simultaneous march in San Francisco is attended by Coretta Scott King.

title: 1967

section: Events › April

date: December 5

text: December 5 – In New York City, Benjamin Spock and Allen Ginsberg are arrested for protesting against the Vietnam War.

title: 1967

title: 1967

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Vietnam War: United States General William Westmoreland tells news reporters: "I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing."

title: 1967

section: Economy & Finance

date: November 29

text: November 29 – Vietnam War: U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announces his resignation to become president of the World Bank. McNamara's resignation follows U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's outright rejection of McNamara's early November recommendations to freeze troop levels, stop the bombing of North Vietnam, and hand over ground fighting to South Vietnam.

title: 1967

date: November 3

text: November 3 – Vietnam War – Battle of Dak To: Around Đắk Tô (located about 280 miles north of Saigon near the Cambodian border), heavy casualties are suffered on both sides; U.S. troops narrowly win the battle on November 22.

title: 1967

date: November 30

text: November 30 – U.S. Senator Eugene McCarthy announces his candidacy for the Democratic Party presidential nomination, challenging incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson over the Vietnam War.

title: 1967

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Vietnam War: U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk states during a news conference that, because of North Vietnam's opposition, proposals by the U.S. Congress for peace initiatives are futile.

title: 1967

section: Events › October

date: October 18

text: October 18 – Vietnam War: Students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison protest over recruitment by Dow Chemical on the university campus; 76 are injured in the resulting riot.

title: 1967

date: October 21

text: October 21 – Approximately 70,000 Vietnam War protesters march in Washington, D.C. and rally at the Lincoln Memorial; in a successive march that day, 50,000 people march to the Pentagon, where Allen Ginsberg, Abbie Hoffman, and Jerry Rubin symbolically chant to "levitate" the building and "exorcise the evil within."

title: 1967

date: September 4

text: September 4 – Vietnam War – Operation Swift: The United States Marines launch a search and destroy mission in Quảng Nam and Quảng Tín provinces. The ensuing 4-day battle in Que Son Valley kills 114 Americans and 376 North Vietnamese.

title: 1967

title: 1968

text: February 24 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive is halted; South Vietnam recaptures Huế.

title: 1968

text: January 21 – Vietnam War: Battle of Khe Sanh – One of the most publicized and controversial battles of the war begins, ending on April 8.

title: 1968

title: 1968

text: March 10–11 – Vietnam War: Battle of Lima Site 85, the largest single ground combat loss of United States Air Force members (12) during the (at this time) secret war later known as the Laotian Civil War.

title: 1968

text: March 16 – Vietnam War – My Lai massacre: American troops kill between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians and rape women and children. The story, initially covered up as a military victory, will first become public in November 1969 and will help undermine public support for the U.S. efforts in Vietnam.

title: 1968

text: March 19–23 – Afrocentrism, Black Power, Vietnam War: Students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., signal a new era of militant student activism on college campuses in the U.S. Students stage rallies, protests and a 5-day sit-in, laying siege to the administration building, shutting down the university in protest over its ROTC program and the Vietnam War, and demanding a more Afrocentric curriculum.

title: 1968

text: May 17 – The Catonsville Nine enter the Selective Service offices in Catonsville, Maryland, take dozens of selective service draft records, and burn them with napalm as a protest against the Vietnam War.

title: 1968

text: September 23 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive comes to an end in South Vietnam.

title: 1968

text: August 4 – Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. They eventually fail since the two sides cannot agree to any terms.

title: 1969

text: December 1 – Vietnam War: The first draft lottery in the United States since World War II is held. September 14 is the first of the 366 days of the year selected, meaning that anyone born on September 14 in the years from 1944 to 1951 would be the first to be summoned. On January 4, 1970, The New York Times will run a long article, "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random".

title: 1969

text: July 30 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon makes an unscheduled visit to South Vietnam, meeting with President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and U.S. military commanders.

title: 1969

text: May 10 – The Battle of Dong Ap Bia, also known as Hamburger Hill, begins during the Vietnam War.

title: 1969

text: November 19 – Vietnam War: A Cleveland, Ohio newspaper, The Plain Dealer, publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the My Lai Massacre in Vietnam.

title: 1969

text: October 15 – Vietnam War: Hundreds of thousands of people take part in Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam demonstrations across the United States.

title: 1969

text: November 21 – Vietnam War – Operation Ivory Coast: A joint Air Force and Army team raids the 4Sơn Tây prison camp in an attempt to free American prisoners of war thought to be held there (no Americans are killed, but the prisoners have already moved to another camp; all U.S. POWs are moved to a handful of central prison complexes as a result of this raid).

title: 1970

text: October 30 – In Vietnam, the worst monsoon to hit the area in six years causes large floods, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the Vietnam War.

title: 1970

text: September 5 – Vietnam War: Operation Jefferson Glenn: The United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thua Thien Province (the operation ends in October 1971).

title: 1970

text: June 13 – Vietnam War: The New York Times begins to publish the Pentagon Papers.

title: 1971

text: October 29 – Vietnam War – Vietnamization: The total number of American troops still in Vietnam drops to a record low of 196,700 (the lowest since January 1966).

title: 1971

text: June 8 – Vietnam War: Associated Press photographer Nick Ut takes his Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of a naked nine-year-old Phan Thi Kim Phuc running down a road after being burned by napalm.

title: 1972

text: March 30 – Vietnam War: The Easter Offensive begins after North Vietnamese forces cross into the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of South Vietnam

title: 1972

text: November 11 – Vietnam War: Vietnamization – The United States Army turns over the massive Long Binh military base to South Vietnam.

title: 1972

text: January 15 – Vietnam War: Citing progress in peace negotiations, U.S. President Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam.

title: 1973

text: January 27 – U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War ends with the signing of the Paris Peace Accords.

title: 1973

text: April 25 – Vietnam War: As North Vietnamese Army forces close in on the South Vietnamese capital Saigon, the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost 10 years to the day since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam.

title: 1975

text: April 29 – Vietnam War: North Vietnam concludes its East Sea Campaign by capturing all of the Spratly Islands that were being held by South Vietnam.

title: 1975

text: April 30 – Vietnam War – Fall of Saigon: The Vietnam War concludes as Communist forces from North Vietnam take over Saigon, resulting in mass evacuation of the remaining American troops and South Vietnam civilians. As the capital is taken, South Vietnam surrenders unconditionally and is replaced with a temporary Provisional Government.

title: 1975

text: April 4 – Vietnam War: The first military Operation Babylift flight, C5A 80218, crashes 27 minutes after takeoff, killing 138 on board; 176 survive the crash.

title: 1975

text: March 10 – Vietnam War: North Vietnamese troops attack Ban Mê Thuột in South Vietnam on their way to capturing Saigon.

title: 1975

text: July 11 – President Clinton announces the restoration of United States–Vietnam relations twenty years after the Vietnam War.

title: 1995

text: May 15 – The United States government acknowledges existence of the "Secret War" in Laos (1953–1975) during the Vietnam War, and dedicates the Laos Memorial in honor of Hmong and other "Secret War" veterans.

title: 1997

text: May 27 – COVID-19 pandemic: The U.S. death toll passes 100,000 – more Americans than were killed in the Vietnam War and Korean War combined, and approaching that of the First World War, where 116,000 Americans died in combat. The total number of cases continues to rise, although the rate is slowing.

title: 2020


slug: vietnam

label: Vietnam

description: country in Southeast Asia

year_label: 214 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Qin Shi Huang orders general Ren Xiao (任囂), commanding 200,000 troops, to conquer the kingdoms in present-day northern Vietnam.

title: 214 BC

section: Events › By place › China

year_label: 87 BCE

section: Deaths

date: March 29

text: March 29 – Emperor Wu of Han dies after a 54-year reign in which he leads the Han dynasty (China) through its greatest expansion. The Empire's borders span from modern Kyrgyzstan in the west, to Mongolia in the north, to Korea in the east, and to northern Vietnam in the south.

title: 87 BC

year_label: 40 CE

text: The Vietnamese Trưng Sisters rebel against the rule of the Chinese Emperor Guang Wu of Han.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 40

text: Vietnam is designated a province of China.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 43

text: In Vietnam during the second Era of Northern Domination, rebellion of Cham people broke out in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen. The rebels then surrendered to the Jiaozhi's governor in the same year.

title: AD 144

section: Events › By place › Asia

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: A Roman envoy arrives by sea in Rinan commandery, in southern China (central Vietnam). He travels to the Chinese capital Luoyang, and is greeted by Emperor Huan of the Han dynasty.

title: AD 166

text: The kingdom of Champa begins to control south and central Vietnam (approximate date).

title: AD 192

section: Events › By place › Vietnam

text: Eastern Wu merchants reach Vietnam; ocean transport is improved to such an extent that sea journeys are made to the Liaodong Peninsula and the island of Yizhou.

title: 229

section: Births

text: Ly Thien Bao, emperor of Vietnam (d. 555)

title: 499

text: Rudravarman is granted investiture by China, as the first king of the fourth dynasty of Champa (modern Vietnam).

title: 529

section: Events › By place › Southeast Asia

date: February

text: February – Lý Bí is declared emperor and establishes the empire Van Xuân (modern Vietnam). His armies repel attacks from the kingdom of Champa.

title: 544

section: Crime & Justice

date: April 13

text: April 13 – Emperor Lý Nam Đế of Vietnam is killed by Laotian tribesmen, while on retreat from the Hong River Plain. He is succeeded by his elder brother Lý Thiên Bảo.

title: 548

text: April 13 – Lý Nam Đế, emperor of Vietnam

title: 548

text: Ly Thien Bao, emperor of Vietnam (b. 499)

title: 555

text: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam: The Early Lý dynasty ends; Hậu Lý Nam Đế, last ruler of Vąn Xuân (North Vietnam), abdicates the throne and becomes a vassal of the Sui dynasty.

title: 602

text: An Lushan Rebellion: The Chinese seaport of Guangzhou is sacked by Muslim and Persian raiders. The port is shut down for the next 5 decades, while foreign vessels dock at Hanoi (modern Vietnam) instead. Guangzhou thrives again, once it is reopened to foreign trade in the early 9th century.

title: 758

text: Cambodia begins to break away from the Sumatra-based kingdom Srivijaya, as a 20-year-old Cambodian prince, who claims descent from the rulers of Funan, is consecrated in eastern Cambodia with the title Jayavarman II. In the next 10 years he will extend his powers north into the Mekong Valley (modern Vietnam).

title: 790

text: King Jayavarman III founds a new dynasty at Indrapura (Quảng Nam) in Champa, in the central region of modern-day Vietnam. He initiates a building program in the Dong Duong Style.

title: 875

text: China loses control over Annam (Northern Vietnam). The village notable Khuc Thua Du leads a rebellion against the Tang Dynasty. The Chinese garrison at Tong Binh (modern Hanoi) is destroyed. Khuc Thua Du declares Annam autonomous.

title: 905

text: Battle of Bach Dang: Tĩnh Hải Quân forces under the rule of Ngô Quyền defeated an invading force of the Southern Han state at the Bach Dang River. This put an end to Chinese imperial domination in Vietnam after nearly 1,000 years.

title: 938

text: Ngô Quyền, who the previous year defeated the Chinese at the Battle of Bạch Đằng (938) thereby regaining Vietnamese independence after 1000 years, becomes king of Vietnam.

title: 939

text: Lê Hoàn, emperor of the Early Lê Dynasty (Vietnam) (d.1005)

title: 941

text: In Vietnam during the Early Lê dynasty, a rebellion broke out in Cử Long in Thanh Hóa province against king Lê Đại Hành. Former emperor Đinh Phế Đế, who was a general under Đại Hành's reign, died in the battle while suppressing that rebellion.

title: 1001

text: Lê Trung Tông succeeds his father Lê Hoàn as emperor of the early Lê dynasty (modern Vietnam), preceding anarchy and 8 months succession war with other princes. Lê Ngoạ Triều succeeded his brother Lê Trung Tông, by assassinating him after just a 3 day reign.

title: 1005

text: 21st November – The Lý Dynasty in Vietnam is proclaimed by Emperor Lý Thái Tổ (former commander of the palace guard) after the death of Lê Long Đĩnh, the last monarch of the Lê Dynasty.

title: 1009

text: Lý Nhật Tôn, third king of the Lý Dynasty, begins to rule in Vietnam, and changes the country's official name to Đại Việt.

title: 1054

text: Nam tiến, the southward expansion of the territory of Đại Việt (modern Vietnam), begins when a Lý dynasty army attacks Champa, capturing King Rudravarman III.

title: 1069

section: Culture & Society

text: The Temple of Literature, Hanoi, is established in Hanoi, capital of Vietnam.

title: 1070

section: Events

text: Vietnamese forces under General Lý Thường Kiệt defend Vietnam against a Chinese invasion.

title: 1075

text: Lý Chiêu Hoàng, empress of Vietnam (d. 1278)

title: 1218

date: October 30

text: October 30 – Trần Thủ Độ, head of the Trần dynasty of Vietnam, forces Lý Huệ Tông, the last emperor of the Lý dynasty, to commit suicide.

title: 1226

section: Events › October – December

section: Religion & Belief

text: Emperor Lizong of Song China accepts the Neo-Confucian teachings of the late Zhu Xi, including his commentary on the Four Books. This will have an impact upon the philosophical schools of surrounding countries as well, including Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

title: 1241

text: Spring – Mongol forces under Uriyangkhadai conduct a campaign against local Yi and Lolo tribes in Vietnam. He returns to Gansu and sends messengers to the court of Möngke Khan informing him that Yunnan is firmly under Mongolian control. Möngke Khan honors and rewards Uriyangkhadai for his military achievements.

title: 1257

section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire

text: Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under Uriyangkhadai, son of Subutai, invade Vietnam. After many battles, the Vietnam army is routed and defeated. The senior leaders are able to escape on prepared boats, while the remnants are destroyed on the banks of the Red River. The Mongols occupy the capital city, Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi), and massacres the city's inhabitants, by the end of January.

title: 1258

date: February 13

text: February 13–14 – Battle of Thị Nại Bay: A Mongol-led Yuan expeditionary force (some 5,000 men) lands on the beach, near Champa's capital Vijaya in Vietnam. Despite being outnumbered, the Yuan invaders break the Cham defensive line and force King Indravarman V to retreat to the Western Highlands, where he wages a successful guerrilla campaign against the occupying Yuan forces.

title: 1283

date: April 9

text: April 9 – Battle of Bạch Đằng: Đại Việt (Vietnamese) general Trần Hưng Đạo sinks the fleet of an invading Mongol-led Yuan expeditionary army (some 94,000 men). He orders the placing of steel-tipped bamboo stakes (to create an ambush) in the Bach Dang River near Ha Long Bay. This ends the intentions of Kublai Khan to conquer Vietnam and Champa.

title: 1288

text: Kublai Khan sends a Mongol expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) to Java. He collects an invasion fleet with some 500–1,000 ships and enough provisions for a year from Fujian, Jiangxi and Huguang in southern China. The fleet travels past Champa (modern Vietnam) and the Karimata Islands. The Mongols land on Java, taking the capital of Kediri, but it proves impossible to hold.

title: 1292

text: Tran Anh Tong, emperor of Annam (Northern Vietnam), occupies Champa (Southern Vietnam) and establishes the Cham royal dynasty as puppet rulers.

title: 1313

date: November 15

text: November 15 – Trần Nghệ Tông deposes Dương Nhật Lễ as emperor of Đại Việt, modern-day Vietnam.

title: 1370

section: Events › October–December

date: November 9

text: November 9 – Trần Duệ Tông succeeds his brother Trần Nghệ Tông as King of Vietnam.

title: 1372

section: Health & Medicine

text: February – In what is now Hanoi in Vietnam, the Emperor Trần Duệ Tông of Đại Việt issues decrees establishing an imperial examination for civil servants.

title: 1374

section: Events › January–March

date: January

text: January – On the 24th day of the first lunar month of the year Dinh Ty, Tran Due Tong, Emperor of Đại Việt (Vietnam), is killed in the Battle of Đồ Bàn.

title: 1377

text: January 23 – Ko Cheng succeeds Che Bong Nga, as King of Champa (now eastern Vietnam).

title: 1390

text: March 15 – Trần Thuận Tông is forced to abdicate as ruler of the Trần dynasty in modern-day Vietnam, in favour of his three-year-old son Trần Thiếu Đế.

title: 1398

text: March 23 – Five-year-old Trần Thiếu Đế is forced to abdicate as ruler of Đại Việt (modern-day Vietnam), in favour of his maternal grandfather and court official Hồ Quý Ly, ending the Trần dynasty after 175 years and starting the Hồ dynasty. Hồ Quý Ly subsequently changes the country's name to Đại Ngu.

title: 1400

text: January 12 – Emperor Hồ Quý Ly of Dai Ngu (now Vietnam) passes the throne to his son, Hồ Hán Thương.

title: 1401

text: April 4 – Tran Thien Binh, pretender to the throne of Vietnam (at the time, Dai Ngu) arrives from China, accompanied by an emissary from China, at the invitation of the Emperor Hồ Hán Thương. After crossing into Lang Son, Tran Thien Binh and the Chinese ambassador are killed by King Ho Han Thuong's troops, triggering a war with China.

title: 1406

text: January 20 – Ming–Việt War: China conquers Dong Do, the eastern capital of Dai Ngu (now Hanoi, capital of Vietnam, and follows six days later by conquering the western capital, Tay Do (now Thanh Hóa) on January 26.

title: 1407

text: Lam Sơn uprising: Lê Lợi, founder of the Lê dynasty in Vietnam, liberates Annam (the territory occupied by Ming dynasty China in 1407) and restores the kingdom as Đại Việt.

title: 1428

text: February 24 – In what is now south Vietnam, the Champa–Dai Viet War begins when the Dai Viet Emperor Lê Thánh Tông sends 500 warships to block the Champa Kingdom's Bay of Sa Ky, while another 30,000 troops block all entrances to the capital city of Vijaya at what is now the Quảng Ngãi Province. The Me Can citadel in Quang Na falls two days later and the Vietnamese advance.

title: 1471

text: December 7 – During the war between Dai Viet and Lan Xang (now the northern part of Vietnam and the entire nation of Laos), Emperor Xianxong of Ming dynasty China is informed by his envoys that Dai Viet had subdued Lan Xang and was preparing to invade Lan Na

title: 1480

text: October 31 – The "White Elephant War", which had started in 1479 with the invasion of the Kingdom of Lan Xang (now Laos) by the Dai Viet Empire (now northern Vietnam) with the Vietnamese withdrawing their troops and failing to conquer the Laotians.

title: 1484

text: January - In Vietnam, an uprising led by Phùng Chương broke out in Tam Đảo and was quickly quelled by general Trịnh Duy Sản under emperor Lê Tương Dực of the Lê dynasty.

title: 1515

text: May 8 – In what is now Vietnam, Le Tuong Duc, Emperor of Dai Viet, since 1509, is murdered at his palace at Thang Long (now in Hanoi) by his bodyguards. Le Tuong Duc's 12-year-old nephew, Le Chieu Tong, is installed as the new Emperor by the conspirators.

title: 1516

text: May 20 – In Vietnam, warlord Nguyễn Kim of the Lê dynasty leads troops toward an attack on Ninh Binh when he is invited by Dương Chấp Nhất of the Mạc dynasty to dinner. General Kim is treated to a watermelon by Duong and dies the next day.

title: 1545

text: Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm, Vietnamese administrator, educator, poet, sage and later a saint of the Cao Dai religion (b. 1491)

title: 1585

text: September 24 – Trịnh Căn becomes the new ruler of Tonkin

title: 1682

text: June 16 – The English East India Company founds a settlement on Pulo Condore (modern-day Côn Sơn Island) off the coast of southern Vietnam as an entrepôt for ships travelling between India and China.

title: 1702

text: June 15 – Lê Thuần Tông, Emperor of Đại Việt since 1732, dies at the age of 36 and is succeeded by Lê Ý Tông.

title: 1735

text: Nam tiến, the southward expansion of the territory of Vietnam into the Indochina Peninsula, is concluded.

title: 1757

text: January 20 – Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút: Invading Siamese forces, attempting to exploit the political chaos in Vietnam, are ambushed and annihilated at the Mekong River by the Tây Sơn.

title: 1785

text: January 29 – In Vietnam, Emperor Quang Trung crushes the Chinese Qing forces in Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa. It is considered one of the greatest victories in Vietnamese military history.

title: 1789

text: July 22 – Gia Long captures Hanoi, completing his unification of Vietnam.

title: 1802

text: February 14 – Emperor Minh Mạng starts to rule in Vietnam.

title: 1820

text: Minh Mạng outlaws the teaching of Christianity in Vietnam.

title: 1825

text: September – Cochinchina Campaign: French warships, under Charles Rigault de Genouilly, attack and occupy Da Nang, Vietnam.

title: 1858

text: February 17 – French naval forces under Charles Rigault de Genouilly capture the city and Citadel of Saigon in Vietnam, beginning the Siege of Saigon.

title: 1859

text: June 5 – Treaty of Saigon: Emperor Tự Đức of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam cedes Saigon, Côn Sơn Island and three southern provinces of what is to become known as French Cochinchina (Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường) to become part of the French colonial empire. Guerilla leader Trương Định refuses to recognize the treaty.

title: 1862

text: April 14 – The Treaty of Huế is signed between Vietnam and the French Empire.

title: 1863

text: March 28 – Battle of Gia Cuc: A French force defeats the Vietnamese in northern Vietnam in the run-up to the Sino-French War.

title: 1883

text: Before November 1 – More than 24,000 Christians are killed, 225 churches burnt, seventeen orphanages and ten convents destroyed in Cochinchina (modern-day Vietnam).

title: 1885

text: January 3–4 – Sino-French War: Battle of Núi Bop – French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force, in northern Vietnam.

title: 1885

text: June 3 – The Kingdom of Sedang is formed, in modern-day Vietnam.

title: 1888

text: February 10 – The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng launch the Yên Bái mutiny in the hope of ending French colonial rule in Vietnam.

title: 1930

text: May 19 – The Viet Minh is formed at Pác Bó in Vietnam, to overthrow French rule of the nation, as an alliance between the Indochina Communist party, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the Nationalist party. It will become the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.

title: 1941

text: Vietnam's capital Hanoi is taken by the Viet Minh, which ends the French occupation in what becomes North Vietnam, and thus the southern provinces become South Vietnam. This ends the August Revolution.

title: 1945

text: August 15 – The August Revolution in Vietnam begins, with the Viet Minh taking over the capital Hanoi, taking advantage of the collapse of Japanese power.

title: 1945

text: December 19 – Viet Minh forces begin a war against French occupying forces in Vietnam, succeeding in 1954 with France's surrender at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.

title: 1946

text: President Harry Truman sends United States military advisers to Vietnam, to aid French forces.

title: 1950

text: October 26 – Ngô Đình Diệm proclaims Vietnam to be a republic, with himself as its President (following the State of Vietnam referendum on October 23), and forms the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.

title: 1955

text: March 6 – Vietnam War: The United States announces that 3,500 American soldiers will be sent to Vietnam.

title: 1960

text: March 8 – Vietnam War: Some 3,500 United States Marines arrive in Da Nang, South Vietnam, becoming the first American ground combat troops in Vietnam.

title: 1965

text: November 14 – Vietnam War – Battle of Ia Drang: In the Ia Drang Valley of the Central Highlands in Vietnam, the first major engagement of the war between regular United States and North Vietnamese forces begins.

title: 1965

text: November 27 – Vietnam War: The Pentagon tells U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that if planned major sweep operations to neutralize Viet Cong forces during the next year are to succeed, the number of American troops in Vietnam will have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000.

title: 1965

text: October 30 – Vietnam War: Near Da Nang, United States Marines repel an intense attack by Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas. A sketch of Marine positions is found on the dead body of a 13-year-old Vietnamese boy who sold drinks to the Marines the day before.

title: 1965

text: May 25 – No. 9 Squadron RAAF becomes part of the 4,500 strong Australian Task Force assigned to duties in Vietnam, leaving for Southeast Asia aboard the aircraft carrier HMAS Sydney.

title: 1966

text: March 12 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson barely edges out antiwar candidate Eugene McCarthy in the New Hampshire Democratic primary, a vote which highlights the deep divisions in the country, and the party, over Vietnam.

title: 1968

text: November 19 – Vietnam War: A Cleveland, Ohio newspaper, The Plain Dealer, publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the My Lai Massacre in Vietnam.

title: 1969

text: September 5 – Lieutenant William Calley is charged with six counts of premeditated murder for the 1968 My Lai Massacre deaths of 109 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai, Vietnam.

title: 1969

text: October 30 – In Vietnam, the worst monsoon to hit the area in six years causes large floods, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the Vietnam War.

title: 1970

text: November 12 – Vietnam War – Vietnamization: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon sets February 1, 1972, as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam.

title: 1971

title: 1971

text: December 23 – Swedish Prime minister Olof Palme compares the American bombings of North Vietnam to Nazi massacres. The U.S. breaks diplomatic contact with Sweden.

title: 1972

text: August 15 – The U.S. bombing of Cambodia ends, officially halting 12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia according to the Case–Church Amendment-an act that prohibits military operations in Laos, Cambodia, and North and South Vietnam as a follow-up of the Paris Peace Accords.

title: 1973

text: July 2 – North Vietnam dissolves the Provisional Government of South Vietnam and unites the two countries to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

title: 1976

text: April 30 – The Cold War between Cambodia and Vietnam evolves into the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.

title: 1977

text: December 20 – Djibouti and Vietnam join the United Nations.

title: 1977

text: December 25 – Vietnam launches a major offensive against the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia.

title: 1978

text: February 17 – The People's Republic of China invades northern Vietnam, launching the Sino-Vietnamese War.

title: 1979

text: September 26 – Vietnam announces that it has withdrawn the last of its troops from the State of Cambodia, ending an eleven-year occupation.

title: 1989

text: November 5 – China and Vietnam restore diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War.

title: 1991

text: October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia.

title: 1991

text: November 7 – Typhoon Angela leaves the Philippines and Vietnam devastated, with 882 deaths and US$315 million in damage. The typhoon is the strongest to strike the Philippines in 25 years, with wind speeds of 130 mi/h km/h and gusts of 180 mi/h km/h.

title: 1995

text: November 2 – Severe Tropical Storm Linda devastates southern Vietnam and Thailand, killing 3,275 people.

title: 1997

text: March 12 – The World Health Organization issues a global alert on SARS when it spreads to Hong Kong and Vietnam after originating in Mainland China.

title: 2003

text: November 8 – Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record, hits the Philippines and Vietnam, causing devastation with at least 6,241 people dead.

title: 2013

text: February 27–28 – The 2019 North Korea–United States summit is held in Hanoi, Vietnam. It is the second summit between U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un.

title: 2019

text: Typhoon Vamco makes landfall in Vietnam, after crossing the Philippines and killing at least 69 people. The storm causes the worst floods in the region since Typhoon Ketsana in 2009.

title: 2020

text: October 21 – Heavy rains brought by tropical storm Linfa caused landslides at the Rao Trang 3 hydroelectric plant in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam, killing 17 construction workers and 13 soldiers who were on a rescue mission.

title: 2020

text: November 4 – Typhoon Kalmaegi leaves more than 288 people dead in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand.

title: 2025

text: September 20 – Intervision 2025 is held in Moscow, Russia. Vietnamese contestant Đức Phúc wins with the song "Phù Đổng Thiên Vương".

title: 2025


slug: vijayanagara-empire

label: Vijayanagara Empire

description: Hindu kingdom in Southern India (14th-17th century)

date: April 18

text: April 18 (unconfirmed) – Brothers Harihara and Bukka Raya found the Vijayanagara Empire on the southern part of the Deccan Plateau in South India.

title: 1336

section: Deaths

text: Harihara I, founder of the Vijayanagara Empire

title: 1356

section: Conflict & Security

text: In modern-day southern India, Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I invades the Vijayanagara Empire.

title: 1365

section: Events › Date unknown

date: February 24

text: February 24 – In southern India, Harihara II succeeds Bukka Raya I, as ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire at its capital, Vijayanagara (now Hampi in Karnataka state).

title: 1377

text: Virupaksha Raya succeeds Harihara Raya II, as ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in modern-day southern India.

title: 1404

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: July 27

text: July 27 – In Southern India, Bukka Raya II becomes the new ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in what are the modern-day Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

title: 1404

section: Events › July–September

text: February 13 – The 42 ft tall Statue of Gommateshwara is consecrated by King Veera Pandya in the Indian city of Karkala, capital of the Vijayanagara Empire and now part of the Karnataka state.

title: 1432

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Led by Prince Prataparudra Deva, son of the Emperor Purushottama Deva, the Gajapati Empire (now India's state of Odisha) invades the Vijayanagara Empire (now the Karnataka state) and its armies advance as far as the Penna River, where they are stopped by a force commanded by the Vijayanagara sultan Tuluva Narasa Nayaka, and are turned back.

title: 1496

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Krishnadevaraya ascends the throne of the Vijayanagara Empire.

title: 1509

date: February 17

text: February 17 – In India, Timmaraja Wodeyar II becomes the sixth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore (a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire), after the death of his father, the Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar III.

title: 1553

date: January 23

text: January 23 – Battle of Talikota: The Vijayanagara Empire, the last Hindu kingdom in South India, is greatly weakened by the Deccan sultanates.

title: 1565

date: August 22

text: August 22 – The British East India Company buys a strip of land from King Peda Venkata Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire for the construction of Fort St. George, the first settlement of British India, so founding modern-day Chennai, capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (celebrated as Madras Day).

title: 1639


slug: viking-age

label: Viking Age

description: the period of European history characterised by Viking raids and trading

text: Constantine I is installed as king of the Picts. He becomes one of the greatest Scottish monarchs in the Viking period.

title: 789

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Viking Age: First Viking raid, by Danes against the Baltic coast. Godfred destroys the Slav settlement of Reric (near present-day Wismar), used as a strategic trade route. The population is displaced or abducted, to Hedeby (Denmark).

title: AD 808

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Grímur Kamban becomes the first man to set foot in the Faroe Islands, and settles down in Funningur, on the northwest coast of Eysturoy (beginning the Norwegian Viking era on the islands).

title: 825

text: Summer – The Viking ship of Oseberg near Tønsberg (modern Norway) is buried in a mound, during the Viking Age (approximate date).

title: 834

text: Viking Age: The Vikings plunder the Lower Rhine, as part of their attacks on the Empire of Francia.

title: 847

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Viking Age: Danish Viking raiders, (probably) under King Sweyn Forkbeard, plunder the city of Stade (Lower Saxony). Count Lothair Udo I is captured and killed, during the battle with the pirates.

title: 994

text: 1048 or 1066 – End of the Viking Age: Vikings make an unsuccessful raid on the Kingdom of England; The raiders flee to Flanders (modern Belgium).

title: 1048

section: Events › By place › England

text: The Viking Age craftsman's Mästermyr chest is discovered in the Mästermyr mire (after which it is later named), west of Hemse, on the island of Gotland, Sweden.

title: 1936

section: Events › September–October


slug: viking

label: Viking

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Viking raiders attack the Northumbrian coast, arriving in longships from either Denmark or Norway, and sacking the monastery of Lindisfarne. Many of the monks are killed or enslaved. It is the first Viking attack on a monastery in the British Isles, although it is not the first known Viking attack in the British Isles. The first attack came in 789, when Vikings raided the settlement of Portland in Dorset.

title: 793

text: Danish Vikings raid the trading settlement of Dorestad (present-day Wijk bij Duurstede), located in the southeast of the province of Utrecht (modern Netherlands).

title: 834

text: Viking raiders ascend the River Garonne as far as the city of Toulouse, and pillage the lands of Septimania. Part of the marauding Vikings invades Galicia (Northern Spain), where some perish in a storm at sea. After being defeated in Corunna, the Scandinavian raiders sack the Umayyad cities of Seville (see below), Niebla, Beja, and Lisbon.

title: 844

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Battle of Chippenham: King Alfred the Great of Wessex is surprised by a Viking attack at Chippenham in Wiltshire. He is forced to flee, with his retinue, into the Somerset Levels for safety. From his headquarters at Athelney, Alfred wages guerrilla warfare against the Vikings.

title: 878

text: Ivar of Waterford, Norse Viking king of Dublin

title: AD 1000

text: Winter – Æthelred pays tribute (or Danegeld) to Sweyn Forkbeard, buying him off with a massive payment of 24,000 lbs of silver to hold off further Viking raids against England.

title: 1002

section: Events › By place › British Isles

text: A Danish Viking fleet under Sweyn Forkbeard lands in Norfolk. Ealdorman Ulfcytel orders his Anglo-Saxon troops to burn the raiding ships. The plan fails and Ulfcytel's small army is defeated by the Vikings.

title: 1004

text: Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America (approximate date).

title: 1010

section: Events › By place › American