slug: germanic-peoples

label: Germanic peoples

description: Indo-European ethnolinguistic group

year_label: 104 BCE

text: Rome enacts a state of emergency, as the way to Italy lays open to the Germanic invaders. Gaius Marius, the conqueror of Jugurtha, is elected consul for the second time. He celebrates his triumph over Jugurtha, who is led in the procession and thrown into the Tullianum where he dies of starvation.

title: 104 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 16 BCE

text: Clades Lolliana: Roman consul Marcus Lollius is defeated by a Germanic horde.

title: 16 BC

year_label: 13 BCE

text: Drusus is granted governor of Gaul and mobilises a Roman army to beat the Germans back across the Rhine. He travels to the North Sea and pays tribute to the Frisii.

title: 13 BC

year_label: 10 CE

section: Science & Discovery

text: Differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes of the Irminones.

title: 10s

section: Events › 10 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 15 CE

date: May

text: May – As part of his campaign against the Germanic peoples, Germanicus captures Thusnelda, wife of Arminius.

title: 10s

section: Events › 15 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 16 CE

text: Germanicus employs the North Sea fleet to avoid dangerous rivers, embarking an army in the Rhine Delta, aboard circa 1,000 ships. He defeats the Germans at the Amisius river estuary and the Weser, but during its return, the Roman fleet is partially destroyed by storms.

title: 10s

section: Events › 16 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 17 CE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Germanicus returns to Rome as a conquering hero; he celebrates a triumph for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti and other Germanic tribes west of the Elbe.

title: 10s

section: Events › 17 AD › Roman Empire

title: 213

text: Emperor Alexander Severus celebrates a triumph in Rome to observe his "victory" the previous year over the Persians (in reality, Severus Alexander advanced towards Ctesiphon in 233, but as corroborated by Herodian, his armies suffered a humiliating defeat against Ardashir I). He is soon summoned to the Rhine frontier, where the Alamanni invade what is now modern-day Swabia. German tribes destroy Roman forts, and plunder the countryside at the Limes Germanicus.

title: 233

text: The prosperity of Roman Britain declines during this period, as the Germanic tribes of the Franks and Saxons, whose homelands are in Friesland and the Low Countries, make raids around the southeast coast.

title: 251

text: The legions who have campaigned against the Goths on the Danube elect Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus as new emperor. He advances on Rome along the Flaminian Way, to meet his opponent emperor Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusianus. For the most part, generals in the border regions are proclaimed emperor by their armies to halt the invasion of Germanic tribes.

title: 253

text: Battle of Mediolanum: A Germanic confederation, the Alamanni (300,000 warriors), who crossed the Alps, are defeated by Roman legions under Gallienus, near Mediolanum (modern Milan).

title: 259

text: Postumus, Roman usurper, forms the Gallic Empire and protects the Rhine against an invasion of Germanic tribes.

title: 260

text: Second Gothic invasion: The Goths and other German tribes attack Bosphorean towns on the coast of the Black Sea. Some 2,000 ships and 320,000 men from the Danube enter Roman territory. Emperor Claudius II defeats the invaders and receives the title Gothicus for his triumph. Many of the prisoners will serve in the Roman legions and settle in vacant lands in the Danubian provinces.

title: 269

text: Battle of Fano: The Iuthungi move towards a defenseless Rome. Aurelian rallies his men and defeats the Germanic tribes on the Metauro River, just inland of Fano.

title: 271

text: Germanic tribes take advantage of the destroyed Roman forces of the Rhine to raid Gaul.

title: 274

text: The Lentienses, a Germanic tribe, are fined by the Roman commander Arbetio under Constantius II for several incursions against the Roman Empire.

title: 355

text: Rome's enemies (the Germans, Sarmatians and Huns) are taken into Imperial service; as a consequence, barbarian leaders begin to play an increasingly active role in the Roman Empire.

title: 380

text: Late Roman army: The Notitia Dignitatum shows the development of forces in the Roman Empire. By now 200,000 soldiers guard the borders, and a reserve force of 50,000 is available for deployment. Many non-Roman soldiers are from Germanic tribes: Alamanni, Franks, Goths, Saxons and Vandals.

title: 394

text: War of Radagaisus: King Radagaisus leads an invasion with a force of 20,000 men and crosses the Alps. He spends the winter in the Po Valley and is observed by Stilicho, who lacks sufficient strength to prepare an offensive against the invading German tribes. The exact numbers of the migration are unknown, probably nearly 100,000, including Alans, Burgundians, Goths, Vandals, and other smaller tribes.

title: 405

text: King Vortigern invites a number of Germanic warriors to aid him in consolidating his position in Britain, according to the Historia Brittonum. He hires Saxons who are probably settled in Kent as mercenaries to fight against the Picts and the Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall.

title: 428

text: Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric ("Caesar King"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain and oil supply to Italy.

title: 429

text: Ardaric unites the Gepids with other Germanic tribes, and founds the Kingdom of the Gepids in the Pannonian Basin.

title: 454

text: Emperor Avitus sends a Germanic naval expedition under command of Ricimer, to defend Sicily. They defeat the Vandals twice: on land at the Battle of Agrigentum, and in a sea battle off Corsica.

title: 456

text: Odoacer becomes the leader of the Germanic tribes (Herulic – Scirian foederati) in Northern Italy (approximate date).

title: 470

text: Germanic and Slavic peoples have tremendous population growth, with the Slavs colonizing the Balkan Peninsula.

title: 600

text: Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, fells Thor's Oak (a sacred tree) near Fritzlar in Hesse, marking the decisive event in the Christianization of the northern Germanic tribes (approximate date).

title: 723

section: Events › By topic › Religion


slug: germanic-tribes

label: Germanic tribes

year_label: 113 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Germanic tribes attack Gaul and northern Iberia.

title: 113 BC

year_label: 38 BCE

text: Octavian appoints Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa governor of Transalpine Gaul, where he puts down an uprising of the Aquitanians. He also fights successfully against the Germanic tribes, and becomes the next Roman general to cross the Rhine after Julius Caesar.

title: 38 BC

year_label: 19 CE

text: Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is deposed by Catualda. This ends the threat to the Romans from Germanic tribes until the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Rome places them under its protection.

title: 10s

section: Events › 19 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 58 CE

section: Climate & Environment

text: In Thuringia, conflict between two Germanic tribes erupts over access to water.

title: 50s

section: Events › 58 AD › Europe

year_label: 83 CE

text: Emperor Domitian fights the Chatti, a Germanic tribe. His victory allows the construction of fortifications (Limes) along the Rhine-frontier.

title: AD 83

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Conflict erupts on the Danube frontier between Rome and the Germanic tribe of the Marcomanni.

title: AD 166

text: Marcomannic Wars: Germanic tribes invade the frontiers of the Roman Empire, specifically the provinces of Raetia and Moesia.

title: AD 169

text: Marcus Aurelius signs a peace treaty with the Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges. The Germanic tribes of the Hasdingi (Vandals) and the Lacringi become Roman allies.

title: AD 171

section: Health & Medicine

text: Emperor Marcus Aurelius crosses the Danube with an expeditionary force. He subdues the Marcomanni and their allies and then, in a pact signed with the Germanic tribes, he imports them into the Roman Empire to occupy areas that have been depopulated by the plague.

title: AD 172

date: December 23

text: December 23 – Marcus Aurelius and Commodus enter Rome after a campaign north of the Alps, and receive a triumph for their victories over the Germanic tribes.

title: AD 176

text: The Quadi are chased westwards, deeper into Germania. The Praetorian prefect, Tarutenius Paternus, achieves a decisive victory against the Germanic tribes.

title: AD 180

text: Emperor Caracalla leaves Rome and expels some Germanic marauders from Gaul, while his mother, Julia Domna, rules the Empire. He defends the northern Rhine frontier against the Alamanni and the Chatti. Caracalla wins over the Germanic tribes on the banks of the River Main, and gives himself the title "Germanicus". It is probably while campaigning in Germania that he takes a liking to the caracalla, a Celtic or Germanic tunic from which he acquires the name by which he is known.

title: 213


slug: germanicus

label: Germanicus

description: nephew and adopted son of emperor Tiberius, heir apparent of the Roman Empire, and father of emperor Caligula

year_label: 15 BCE

section: Births

date: May 24

text: May 24 – Germanicus, Roman general (d. AD 19)

title: 15 BC

year_label: 4 CE

text: AD 4 – Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.

title: 0s

section: Events › Roman Empire

year_label: 5 CE

section: Culture & Society

text: AD 5 – Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus, her second cousin.

title: 0s

year_label: 6 CE

text: AD 6 – Nero Julius Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder (d. AD 30)

title: 0s

year_label: 11 CE

text: Germania Inferior and the Rhine are secured by Germanicus.

title: 10s

section: Events › 11 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 14 CE

section: Deaths

text: Legions on the Rhine mutiny after the death of Augustus; Germanicus restores discipline amongst the legions.

title: 10s

section: Events › 14 AD › Roman Empire

text: May – As part of his campaign against the Germanic peoples, Germanicus captures Thusnelda, wife of Arminius.

title: 10s

text: A Roman army of 50,000 men commanded by Germanicus gains a great victory at Idistaviso, defeating the German war chief Arminius, and recovering the lost eagles of Varus' legions.

title: 10s

date: September 16

text: September 16 – Julia Drusilla, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder (d. AD 38)

title: 10s

section: Births › 16 AD

text: May 26 – Germanicus returns to Rome as a conquering hero; he celebrates a triumph for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti and other Germanic tribes west of the Elbe.

title: 10s

year_label: 18 CE

text: Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder (approximate date) (d. AD 41)

title: 10s

section: Births › 18 AD

date: October 10

text: October 10 – Germanicus, Roman general (b. 15 BC)

title: 10s

section: Deaths › 19 AD

year_label: 20 CE

section: Crime & Justice

text: Emperor Tiberius is forced to order an investigation and a public trial in the Roman Senate, for the murder of Germanicus. Fearing he will be found guilty, Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso commits suicide.

title: 20s

section: Events › 20 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 30 CE

text: Agrippina the Elder (the wife of Germanicus) and two of her sons, Nero Julius Caesar and Drusus Caesar, are arrested and exiled on orders of Lucius Aelius Sejanus (the prefect of the Praetorian Guard), and later starved to death in suspicious circumstances. In Sejanus's purge of Agrippina the Elder and her family, her son Caligula, and her three daughters, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla are the only survivors.

title: 30s

section: Events › 30 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 33 CE

text: Agrippina the Elder, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, wife of Germanicus (suicide by starvation; b. 14 BC)

title: 30s

section: Deaths › 33 AD

year_label: 41 CE

text: Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus (starved to death) (b. 18 AD)

title: 40s

section: Deaths › AD 41

text: Corbulo marches to Artaxata crossing the Aras River; along the valley he is shadowed by tens of thousands of mounted Parthian archers led by king Tiridates I. The city opens its gates to Corbulo, just as it had to Germanicus four decades before. When he takes the 250-year-old Armenian capital, Corbulo gives the residents a few hours to collect their valuables and burns the city to the ground.

title: 50s

section: Events › 58 AD › Caucasus


slug: germany-national-football-team

label: Germany national football team

description: German men's national association football team

date: July 4

text: July 4 – "Miracle of Bern": West Germany beats Hungary 3–2 to win the 1954 FIFA World Cup.

title: 1954

section: Events › July

date: July 30

text: July 30 – England beats West Germany 4–2 to win the 1966 FIFA World Cup at Wembley after extra time.

title: 1966

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: June 18

text: June 18 – West Germany beats the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final to win Euro '72.

title: 1972

section: Events › June

date: July 7

text: July 7 – West Germany beats the Netherlands 2–1 to win the 1974 FIFA World Cup. The West German football team is awarded the new FIFA World Cup Trophy.

title: 1974

section: Events › July–August

date: June 20

text: June 20 – Czechoslovakia beats West Germany 5–3 on penalties to win Euro 76 when the game ends 2–2 after extra time.

title: 1976

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Italy beats West Germany 3–1 to win the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain.

title: 1982

date: June 29

text: June 29 – Argentina defeats West Germany 3–2 in the final to win the 1986 World Cup at the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City.

title: 1986

date: July 8

text: July 8 – 1990 FIFA World Cup final (Association football): West Germany defeats Argentina 1–0 to win the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

title: 1990

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Denmark beats Germany 2–0 in the final to win the 1992 UEFA European Football Championship at Ullevi Stadium in Gothenburg, Sweden.

title: 1992

date: June 8

text: June 8–30 – England hosts the UEFA Euro 1996 football tournament, which is won by Germany.

title: 1996

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Germany defeats Argentina 1-0 to win the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

title: 2014


slug: germany

label: Germany

description: country in Central Europe

year_label: 575 BCE

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Ishtar Gate and throne room wall from Babylon, Iraq is made. The modified version for installation is now on display in Germany.

title: 575 BC

section: Events

year_label: 560 BCE

section: Culture & Society

text: Berlin Kore, begun in 570 BC, is finished. It is now displayed in Germany.

title: 560 BC

year_label: 480 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: A sculpture of the Dying Warrior is made in the left corner of the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina (approximate date). Today, it is preserved at the Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek in Munich, Germany.

title: 480 BC

section: Events › By topic › Arts

year_label: 164 BCE

text: Construction of the detail of the frieze from the east front of the altar in Pergamon, Athena Attacking the Giants, begins and is finished eight years later. It is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Antikensammlung, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin, Germany.

title: 164 BC

section: Events › By topic › Art

year_label: 55 BCE

date: June

text: June – Julius Caesar crosses the Rhine River near modern-day Koblenz. He constructs a wooden bridge between Andernach and Neuwied (Germany).

title: 55 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 13 BCE

text: The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus builds the stronghold of castrum Moguntiacum in the location of the modern-day city of Mainz, Germany.

title: 13 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 10 BCE

text: A Roman military camp is established at Speyer (Germany).

title: 10 BC

text: Germanicus is appointed commander of the forces in Germany, beginning a campaign that will end in 16.

title: 10s

year_label: 39 CE

text: Legio XV Primigenia and XXII Primigenia are levied by Caligula for the German frontier.

title: 30s

section: Events › 39 AD › Germania

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Emperor Marcus Aurelius appoints his sons Commodus and Marcus Annius Verus as co-rulers (Caesar), while he and Lucius Verus travel to Germany.

title: AD 166

text: The Roman fort Castra Regina ("fortress by the Regen river") is built at Regensburg, on the right bank of the Danube in Germany.

title: AD 179

section: Events › By place › Roman empire

text: Clodius Albinus defeats the Chatti, a highly organized German tribe that controlled the area that includes the Black Forest.

title: AD 187

text: In order to assure the support of the Roman legion in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul.

title: AD 196

text: Caracalla's victories in Germany ensure his popularity within the Roman army.

title: 214

text: The Roman fort of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni (possibly 260).

title: 259

text: The Roman fort of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni.

title: 260

text: The Huns led by Octar attack the Burgundians, who occupied territory on the Rhine near the city of Worms (Germany). During the fighting Octar dies, and his army is destroyed.

title: 430

text: Spring – Attila gathers his vassals—Bastarnae, Gepids, Heruls, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians and Thuringians (among others), and smashes through Germany, causing widespread panic and destruction. He arrives in Belgica with an army (50,000 men) and crosses the Rhine.

title: 451

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Basina, queen of Thuringia (Germany)

title: 477

text: Battle of Tolbiac: King Clovis I defeats the Alamanni at Zülpich (Germany). Gibuld, last king of the Alamanni, is killed in battle and the territory is incorporated into the Frankish Kingdom.

title: 496

text: Hermanafrid, last king of the Thuringi, is defeated by the Franks near the Unstrut River. During negotiations he is pushed from the town walls of Zülpich (northern Germany).

title: 531

text: King Chlothar I suppresses a revolt of the Saxons and Thuringi in Saxony (Germany). For some time he exacts a tribute of 500 cows every year.

title: 556

text: King Sigebert I repels an attack on Austrasia by the Avars at Regensburg (Germany). He moves his capital from Reims to Metz (approximate date).

title: 562

text: Leutfred becomes duke of Alemannia (modern Germany).

title: 570

section: Religion & Belief

text: Irish missionaries preach in Scotland and Germany (approximate date).

title: 600

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Schuttern Abbey (Germany) is founded by the wandering Irish monk Offo.

title: 603

text: Weltenburg Abbey in Bavaria (Germany) is founded by Benedictine monks.

title: 620

section: Science & Discovery

date: May 1

text: 1 May – A solar eclipse affects areas along a line from Central America, through eastern North America, the North Atlantic, Ireland, Great Britain and Germany.

title: 664

section: Events › By place › North America & Europe

text: The Saxons defeat the Bructeri between the Lippe and the Ruhr, and occupy Westphalia in Germany (approximate date).

title: 695

text: Civil War within the Pepinid clan: A revolt erupts between the Neustrian Franks and Frisians. King Radbod forces bishop Willibrord and his Benedictine monks to flee, and advances as far as Cologne (Germany). Frisia (modern-day Netherlands) once again becomes independent.

title: 714

text: Battle of Cologne: Charles Martel, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, is defeated by the Neustrians under King Chilperic II and his mayor Ragenfrid near Cologne (now part of Germany), who have invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing Frankish factions of Theudoald and Plectrude, the child grandson (and designated heir) and widow respectively of Pepin of Herstal. Simultaneously, Radbod, king (or duke) of the Frisians, attacks Austrasia and allies with the Neustrians. Charles is forced to flee into the mountains of the Eifel (Ardennes).

title: 716

section: Events › Byzantine Empire › Europe

text: Pope Gregory III confers on Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, the pallium as archbishop, with jurisdiction over Bavaria (modern Germany). He orders him to forbid the consumption of horseflesh by his Christian converts.

title: 732

text: Sturm, disciple of Boniface, establishes the Benedictine Abbey of Fulda (present-day Hesse) in Germany (or 744).

title: 742

text: Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy, invades the Swabian Jura (southwestern Germany), and chases Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia, from his mountain redoubt in Alsace.

title: 744

text: Schäftlarn Abbey (Bavaria) is founded by Waltrich, a Benedictine monk of noble family, south of modern-day Munich, Germany.

title: 762

text: Cancor, a Frankish count (possibly of Hesbaye), founds Lorsch Abbey (modern-day Germany).

title: 764

text: Hersfeld Abbey (modern-day Hesse-Nassau), Germany, is founded by Lullus, archbishop of Mainz (approximate date).

title: 769

text: Hedeby, an important trading settlement, in the Danish-northern German borderland is founded (approximate date).

title: 770

text: Saxon Wars: Saxon raiders ravage much of northern Hesse (modern Germany), and burn the abbey at Fritzlar, putting the abbot and monks to the sword. Charlemagne hurriedly returns to Austrasia, assembles local troops, and recaptures Eresburg, before the approach of winter halts further operations.

title: 774

date: October

text: October – Charlemagne marries Fastrada, the 18-year-old daughter of a Frankish count named Rudolph, and makes her his queen at Worms. The probable reason behind the marriage is to solidify a Frankish alliance east of the Rhine, against the Saxons in Lower Saxony (modern Germany).

title: 783

text: The Avars, who are allied with Tassilo III, invade East Francia (modern Germany). This begins the Frankish-Avar conflict.

title: 788

text: Charlemagne founds the town of Herford (modern Germany), in order to guard a ford crossing the narrow Werre River.

title: 789

date: August 10

text: August 10 – Queen Fastrada, third wife of Charlemagne, dies in Frankfurt after 11 years of marriage. Charlemagne consoles himself with Luitgard, an Alemannian noblewoman, whom he marries and moves into his new palace at Aachen (Germany). Luitgard shares Charlemagne's interest in the liberal arts.

title: 794

text: King Charlemagne issues the Capitulare Saxonicum, making Westphalian, Angrian and Eastphalian Saxons equal to other peoples in the Frankish Kingdom. The Nordalbian Saxons revolt; a Frankish fleet is sent to the North Sea coast of Germany. It lands in Hadeln, a marshy coastal region between the Weser and Elbe estuaries, near modern-day Cuxhaven. Charlemagne invades northern Saxony, and again accepts the submission of the Saxons.

title: 797

text: April 25 – Pope Leo III is physically attacked by a band of aristocratic conspirators, under the leadership of a public official who is a nephew of the late Pope Adrian I. After mistreatment and attempted disfigurement by the citizens of Rome, Leo flees to the court of King Charlemagne at Paderborn (modern Germany) to seek protection. He sends him back with Frankish agents, and restores him to the papal throne.

title: 799

text: The Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück is founded by Charlemagne (the oldest school in Germany).

title: 804

text: The Palatine Chapel in Aachen (modern Germany) is consecrated by Pope Leo III.

title: 805

text: The city of Wiesbaden (Germany) is first mentioned by Einhard, biographer of former emperor Charlemagne (approximate date).

title: 829

text: Hirsau Abbey (modern Germany) is founded by the Rhenish Franconian count Erlafried of Calw (approximate date).

title: 830

text: Nominoe, duke of Brittany, is designated missus imperatoris (imperial emissary) by Louis the Pious, at Ingelheim (modern Germany).

title: 831

text: The oldest known mention is made of the city of Rheine, on the Ems River (modern Germany).

title: 838

text: May 20 — Thirteen months before his death, Louis the Pious, successor to his father Charlemagne, consents to the division of Charlemagne's empire among his sons in a declaration at Worms. Upon Louis I's death in 840, Lothair (age 45) is devised Middle Francia that includes Switzerland and northern Italy; Louis the German (Louis II), age 36, receives Eastern Francia that includes much of Germany; and Charles the Bald (17) gets West Francia that incorporates most of France.

title: 839

text: April 22 – Gunther becomes archbishop of Cologne (modern Germany).

title: 850

text: Gandersheim Abbey in Lower Saxony (modern Germany) is founded by Duke Liudolf of Saxony.

title: 852

text: Summer – Charles the Fat designates his illegitimate son Bernard as his heir, ignoring the claims of his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia (illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria), and Charles the Simple (5-year-old son of King Louis the Stammerer). The Frankish bishops protest, so Charles summons Pope Adrian III to an assembly in Worms, to resolve the issue. Adrian leaves Rome in the hands of Bishop John of Pavia and heads to Germany, but dies on the way, just after crossing the River Po.

title: 885

text: Summer – Poppo II, duke of Thuringia (Central Germany), is deposed by King Arnulf of Carinthia. East Frankish forces and their Magyar (Hungarian) allies invade Great Moravia.

title: 892

text: Arnulf of Carinthia returns to Germany through the Alps, harried by militias dispatched by Rudolph I of Burgundy and margrave Anscar I of Ivrea. Only with much difficulty is Arnulf able to get his army through the Aosta Valley and through St. Moritz, back into Germany. Guy III descends from the Apennines, and re-seizes the Italian kingdom.

title: 894

text: King Odo (or Eudes) takes a large army against Rheims, and forces anti-king Charles the Simple to flee to Germany. King Arnulf of Carinthia, throwing off his agreements with Odo, charges his illegitimate son Zwentibold to invade the West Frankish Kingdom, and re-install Charles on the throne.

title: 895

text: Battle of the Inn: The Hungarians invade Bavaria, Swabia and Northern Burgundy. At their return they face the combined armies of Arnulf (duke of Bavaria), Erchanger and Burchard II (dukes of Swabia), who defeat them at Aschbach near the Inn River (modern Germany).

title: 913

text: December 23 – King Conrad I, injured at one of his battles with Arnulf I (the Bad), dies at his residence in Weilburg Castle after a 7-year reign. On his deathbed Conrad persuades his younger brother Eberhard III to offer the East Frankish crown to Henry the Fowler, the duke of Saxony. Conrad is buried in Fulda Cathedral (also the burial place of Boniface) in Germany.

title: 918

text: Summer – King Henry I (the Fowler) defeats his rival Arnulf I (the Bad), duke of Bavaria, in two campaigns. Arnulf is besieged at Regensburg and forced to accept peace negotiations, recognising Henry as sole sovereign of the East Frankish Kingdom (Germany).

title: 921

text: September 4 – Battle of Lenzen: Slavic forces (the Redarii and the Obotrites) are defeated by a Saxon army near the fortified stronghold of Lenzen (modern Germany).

title: 929

text: August 10 – Battle of Lechfeld: King Otto I ("the Great") defeats the Hungarians (also known as Magyars) near Augsburg (Germany). Otto's army (7,000 men), mainly composed of heavy cavalry, overwhelms the Hungarians along the Lech River. The German losses are heavy, among them Conrad ("the Red") and many other nobles. The commanders of the Hungarian army, Bulcsú, Lehel and Súr, are captured and executed. This victory puts an end to the Hungarian campaigns into western Europe.

title: 955

text: Autumn – Oberto I, margrave of the Obertenghi family, takes refuge in Germany. He travels with influential Italian leaders to the Saxon court of Otto I to intervene in Italy to protect him from Berengar II.

title: 960

text: May 7 – Emperor Otto I (the Great) dies at Memleben in Thuringia (modern Germany) after a 37-year reign. He is succeeded by his 18-year-old son Otto II (the Red), who becomes absolute ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. His mother Adelaide will exert great influence on Otto, although her lavish philanthropies will be a source of contention. Otto's succession leads to conflicts in the south German duchies and in Lotharingia.

title: 973

text: Battle of Danevirke: Emperor Otto II defeats the rebel forces of King Harald I, who has invaded Nordalbingia (modern-day Holstein), to shake off imperial overlordship. Otto's armies swiftly subdue the Danes, consolidating the frontier between Scandinavia and Northern Germany. Meanwhile, Henry II begins a rebellion against his cousin Otto. He forges alliances with Bavarian and Saxon nobles.

title: 974

text: Otto II has the three insurrectionists punished at Magdeburg. Henry II is stripped of all his possessions and imprisoned in the custody of Bishop Folcmar of Utrecht. The other two: Henry III (the Younger) loses his duchy to Otto I and Henry I, bishop of Augsburg, is arrested and imprisoned in Werden Abbey (Germany).

title: 978

text: Rikdag, margrave of Meissen (Germany)

title: 985

text: Fall – A revolt organized by Bohemian nobles of the rivalling Vršovci clan, forces Duke Boleslaus III ("the Red") to flee to Germany. He is succeeded by Vladivoj (until 1003).

title: 1002

text: May 4 – Herman II, duke of Swabia (Germany)

title: 1003

text: The oldest known mention is made of the city of Gundelfingen (Southern Germany).

title: 1008

text: King Henry II of Germany signs a peace treaty at Merseburg with Duke Bolesław I the Brave) of Poland. As part of the treaty, Bolesław pays homage and recognizes Henry as his overlord in exchange for receiving the March of Lusatia (including the town of Bautzen) and the March of Meissen as fiefs. To seal their peace, Bolesław's son Mieszko II marries Richeza of Lotharingia (granddaughter of the late Emperor Otto II).

title: 1013

text: July 13 – Emperor Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor dies in his imperial palace at Göttingen in Germany. Henry leaves no heirs. He has deliberately made no provision for a successor, "leaving that regulation in the hands of God", and his death ends the Ottonian dynasty, and plans are made to elect a new Emperor in September.

title: 1024

text: July – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) leads an invasion into Hungary. He plunders the lands west of the River Rába but suffers from the consequences of the scorched earth tactics used by the Hungarians. Conrad, threatened by starvation, is forced to retreat to Germany. King Stephen I (St. Stephen) pursued his forces, which were defeated and captured by the Hungarians at Vienna.

title: 1030

text: Weihenstephan Abbey (Kloster Weihenstephan) in Germany, founds the oldest operating brewery.

title: 1040

text: Hildesheim Cathedral (Germany) is largely destroyed by fire.

title: 1046

text: The brewery of Weltenburg Abbey (modern Germany) is first mentioned, thus making it one of the oldest still operating breweries in the world (approximate date).

title: 1050

text: The Speyer Cathedral is consecrated in Speyer (modern Germany).

title: 1061

text: Michaelsberg Abbey at Siegburg (modern Germany) is founded by Anno II, archbishop of Cologne.

title: 1064

text: Wartburg Castle (near Eisenach) is founded by Louis the Springer, count of Thuringia (modern Germany).

title: 1067

text: February 2 – Treaty of Gerstungen: King Henry IV is forced to restore the peace with Duke Otto of Nordheim (one of the Saxon leaders of the Saxon Rebellion). He signs a treaty in Gerstungen Castle, on the River Werra in Thuringia (modern Germany).

title: 1074

text: June 9 – First Battle of Langensalza: Emperor Henry IV defeats the Saxon nobles on the River Unstrut near Langensalza in Thuringia (modern Germany). He subjugates Saxony, and immediately tries to reassert his rights as the sovereign of northern Italy.

title: 1075

text: January 24 – Synod of Worms: Emperor Henry IV, holds a synod in Worms (modern Germany). The assembly declares Pope Gregory VII deposed, and the bishops abandon their allegiance to him.

title: 1076

text: August 7 – Battle of Mellrichstadt: Emperor Henry IV defeats the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia, near Mellrichstadt (modern Germany).

title: 1078

text: Benno II, bishop of Osnabrück, founds the Benedictine abby of Iburg Castle (modern Germany).

title: 1080

text: January 27 – Battle of Flarchheim: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, defeats the forces led by the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia, near the town of Flarchheim (modern Germany).

title: 1080

text: The first mention of the town of Hofgeismar (modern Germany) is recorded.

title: 1082

text: Spring – Peter the Hermit begins his preaching of the First Crusade, traveling from Berry (in central France) across Champagne, and down the Meuse Valley to Cologne (modern Germany). He gathers the People's Crusade (some 40,000 supporters), which departs about April 20. Peter's speeches appeal not only to nobles and knights, but also laborers, tradesmen and peasants (among them are former brigands and criminals).

title: 1096

text: Intense urban activity in north and central Europe: Kalmar (Kungälv) and Varberg (Sweden) are chartered; The cities of Aach (southern Germany) and Nakléřov in Bohemia are created. The castle of Burg Eppstein is built in central Germany.

title: 1100

text: The county of Berg in Germany is established.

title: 1101

text: Salzwedel in the Altmark (modern Germany) is founded.

title: 1112

text: January 7 – Emperor Henry V marries Matilda (or Maude), 11-year-old daughter of King Henry I of England, at Worms (modern Germany). A political conflict breaks out across the Holy Roman Empire after the marriage, triggered when Henry arrests Chancellor Adalbert and various other German princes.

title: 1114

text: February 11 – Battle of Welfesholz: Duke Lothair of Supplinburg joins the rebellious Saxon forces, and defeats the German Imperial Army of Emperor Henry V at Welfesholz, in Saxony-Anhalt (modern Germany).

title: 1115

text: January 3 – 1117 Verona earthquake. The earthquake is rated at VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and strikes northern Italy and Germany. The epicentre of the first shock is near Verona, the city which suffers the most damage. The outer wall of the amphitheatre is partially felled, and the standing portion is damaged in a later earthquake of 1183. Many other churches, monasteries, and ancient monuments are destroyed or seriously damaged, eliminating much of Verona's early medieval architecture and providing space for a massive Romanesque rebuilding.

title: 1117

text: Burgsteinfurt Castle is built in what is now Steinfurt (modern Germany).

title: 1129

text: The city of Rinteln is founded on the northern bank of the Weser River in Lower Saxony (modern Germany).

title: 1150

text: June 11 – Albert the Bear (Ger: Albrecht der Bär), becomes the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Germany and the first Margrave.

title: 1157

text: Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, has the Brunswick Lion created at Dankwarderode Castle in Braunschweig (modern Germany). (Mentioned by Albert of Stade, a German abbot and chronicler, as the year of origin.)

title: 1166

text: King Valdemar I ("the Great") of Denmark conquers the Wendish capital at Arkona on the island of Rügen (modern Germany). The Wends become Christians and subject to Danish suzerainty.

title: 1168

text: June 30 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) is crowned King of Burgundy at Arles. He will repeat the ceremony in 1186. Returning to Germany, he begins proceedings against Henry III (the Lion), duke of Saxony, who has been charged by Saxon noblemen with breaking the king's peace.

title: 1178

text: Mieszko III (the Old), duke of Poland, travels to Germany to ask Frederick I to offer help in his restoration of the Polish throne, but Frederick demands a payment of 10,000 silver.

title: 1179

text: The city of Rheims emits the first recorded public life annuity in Medieval Europe. This type of instrument had been mostly issued by religious institutions. The emission by Rheims is the first evidence of a consolidation of public debt that is to become common in the Langue d'Oïl, the Low Countries and Germany.

title: 1218

text: The consequences of the volcanic 1257 Samalas eruption in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts: very dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a harsh spring in Iceland; famine in England, Germany, France and Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey.

title: 1258

text: April 24 – Otto I, "the Evil", becomes Duke of the independent city of Göttingen (in modern-day Germany) on the death of his father, Ernst I.

title: 1367

text: October 18 – Heidelberg University (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg), the oldest in Germany, is founded at the behest of Rupert I, Elector Palatine, by charter of Pope Urban VI.

title: 1386

text: April 12 – Albert V, son of the former King of Sweden, Duke Albert IV, becomes the Duke of Mecklenburg (part of modern-day Germany) upon the death of his father.

title: 1412

text: February 13 – The University of Rostock is established in Germany by Albert V, Duke of Mecklenburg following approval in a papal bull from Pope Martin V.

title: 1419

text: March 17 – Albert II of Germany is approved by the electors in the Holy Roman Empire as the King of the Romans, the ruler of Germany.

title: 1438

text: March 21 – In the Holy Roman Empire in Germany, the Electors of Cologne, Trier, Mainz, and the Palatinate, along with representatives of the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg, assemble at Frankfurt-am-Main and create a mutual defense alliance to resist Pope Eugene IV.

title: 1446

text: April 25 – The Treaty of Eger is signed by representatives of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Electorate of Saxony, setting a border that remains more than 500 years later as the border between the Czech Republic and Germany as running along the main ridge of the Ore Mountains from Eger to the River Elbe.

title: 1459

text: The Jews are expelled from Mainz, Germany.

title: 1462

text: March 10 – The government of the Free Imperial City of Köln (Cologne), now part of Germany, begins the removal of all prostitutes from the city.

title: 1486

text: April 26 – Martin Luther makes the first public defense of his views at a gathering of the Roman Catholic order of Augustinians, at what becomes known as the Heidelberg Disputation at a lecture hall at Heidelberg in the Electoral Palatinate in Germany. While there, he is challenged to a theological debate by Johann Eck, the German leader of the anti-Reformation movement.

title: 1518

text: May 7 – The semi-independent Duchy of Mecklenburg, in what is now Germany, is partitioned into two duchies, Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

title: 1520

text: The ducal palace of Celle is constructed in Germany.

title: 1530

text: February 22 – St. Peter's Flood: A first storm tide in the North Sea strikes the coast of Germany, drowning thousands. The island of Juist is split in half, and the western half of Buise is probably washed away.

title: 1651

text: May 21 – The Holy Roman Empire, ruled by Leopold I, repurchases the territory of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Oppeln und Ratibor), which it had ceded to Poland in 1645, for the sum of 120,000 guldens and consolidates it with Upper Silesia. The territory will be ceded from Germany to Poland in 1945 at the end of World War II.

title: 1666

text: September 12 – Battle of Vienna: The Ottoman siege of the city is broken with the arrival of a force of 70,000 Poles, Austrians and Germans under Polish–Lithuanian king Jan III Sobieski, whose cavalry turns their flank. The victory marks a turning point in the Ottoman Empire's fortunes and the end of the Turkish attempt to expand its control into Western Europe.

title: 1683

text: June 3 – The city of Kassel in Germany inaugurates the summer tradition of the "water stairs" or "great cascades" (Grossen Kaskaden) emptying from the base of the Hercules monument down to the Wilhelmshöhe castle.

title: 1714

text: July 16–August 29 – The Masonic Congress of Wilhelmsbad, Germany, one of the most important secret society congresses in history, takes place. High-degree Freemasons from the whole of Europe spend the time deliberating the fate of the rite of Strict Observance, and hierarchy of the governing bodies of world Freemasonry, at the Hanau-Wilhelmsbad spa.

title: 1782

text: August 27 – Napoleon orders the Grande Armée ("The Great Army") of some 165,000 men to march to the Rhine River to deal with the Austrian and Russian threats on the frontier. The French army is organized into seven corps and is supported by 36–40 cannons each. Napoleon orders Marshal Joachim Murat with his I Cavalry Corps (some 20,000 men), to make feint attacks through the Black Forest in south-west Germany.

title: 1805

text: August 1 – The pharmaceutical brand Bayer is founded by Friedrich Bayer in Germany.

title: 1863

text: January 2 – Master Lucius Tar Paint Company (Teerfarbenfabrik Meister Lucius), predecessor of Hoechst as a worldwide chemical manufacturing brand, is founded in a suburb of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

title: 1863

text: Magirus, as predecessor of a major worldwide commercial vehicles manufacturing brand, Iveco, is founded in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

title: 1866

text: September 26 – Global consumer goods and personal care company Henkel is founded by Friedrich Karl Henkel in Aachen, Germany.

title: 1876

text: November 15 – The Werkstätte für Feinmechanik und Elektrotechnik (Workshop for Fine Mechanics and Electronics) is founded in Baden-Württemberg, Germany by Robert Bosch. The company will later become the home appliance and power tool brand, Robert Bosch GmbH.

title: 1886

text: March 3 – In Munich, Germany, bicyclists have to pass a test and display license plates.

title: 1895

text: June 24 – Spain cedes its last Pacific Ocean colonies, the Caroline Islands (later part of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Ladrone islands of Ladrone (later part of the Mariana Islands), and Palau, to Germany.

title: 1899

text: October 6 – The Deutscher Werkbund is founded in Germany.

title: 1907

text: December 24 – Leading Korean dancer Choi Seung-hee arrives in Le Havre, France after her tour in the United States. This is to begin her European tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. She is the first Korean Wave entertainer.

title: 1938

text: May 23 – No evidence of German troop movements against Czechoslovakia is found, and the May Crisis subsides. Germany is, nevertheless, perceived to have backed down in the face of Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity, but the issue of the future of the Sudetenland is far from resolved.

title: 1938

text: January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Euthanasia Centre in Germany, in the first phase of mass killings under the Aktion T4 program here.

title: 1941

text: January 3 – A decree (Normalschrifterlass) promulgated in Germany by Martin Bormann, on behalf of Adolf Hitler, requires replacement of blackletter typefaces by Antiqua.

title: 1941

text: January 4 – First issue of weekly magazine Der Spiegel published in Hanover, Germany, edited by Rudolf Augstein.

title: 1947

text: November 12 – The Volkswagen Type 2 panel van is unveiled in Germany.

title: 1949

text: July 10 – A formal peace agreement between Canada and Germany is signed.

title: 1951

text: August 13 – Berlin Crisis of 1961: Construction of the Berlin Wall begins, restricting movement between East Berlin and West Berlin, and forming a clear boundary between West Germany and East Germany, Western Europe and Eastern Europe (until 1989, when Berlin and Germany both reunified in 1990, following the Fall of the Berlin Wall). On August 22 Ida Siekmann jumps from a window in her tenement building trying to flee to the West, becoming the first of at least 138 deaths at the Wall.

title: 1961

text: March 15 – Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the U.K., the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.) relinquish all remaining rights to the country.

title: 1991

text: April 13 – The 5.3 Roermond earthquake affects the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong).

title: 1992

text: April 30 – Tennis player Monica Seles – at this time the top-ranked player in women's tennis – is stabbed during a match at the 1993 Citizen Cup in Hamburg, Germany.

title: 1993

text: February 6 – Birgenair Flight 301, on a charter flight from the Caribbean to Germany, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of the Dominican Republic, killing all 189 passengers and crew.

title: 1996

text: June 29 – The iPhone, the first modern smartphone, is released in the United States. It is later released in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, and Austria, in November 2007.

title: 2007

text: October 3 – Germany makes final reparation payment for World War I.

title: 2010

text: June 26–July 17 – The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup takes place in Germany, and is won by Japan.

title: 2011

text: May 10–14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2011 takes place in Düsseldorf, Germany, and is won by Azeri entrants Ell & Nikki with the song "Running Scared".

title: 2011

text: May 19 – Chelsea wins the 2011-12 UEFA Champions League held in Munich, Germany by beating the home side Bayern Munich in the final.

title: 2012

text: February 12 – Leaders from Russian Federation, Ukraine, Germany and French Republic reach an agreement on the war in eastern Ukraine that includes a ceasefire and withdrawal of heavy weapons. However, several days later, the Ukrainian government and pro-Russian rebels claim that, within its first day, the ceasefire was broken 139 times, as both sides failed to withdraw their heavy weapons and fighting had continued.

title: 2015

text: April 23 – Syrian Civil War: Two former high-ranking members of the Syrian Army go on trial in Koblenz, Germany, for alleged war crimes committed during the civil war. It is the first time that Syrian military officials are prosecuted for their roles in the conflict.

title: 2020

text: August 23 – In Solingen, Germany, a Syrian immigrant stabs three people to death, which leads to the intensification of the debate on migration in Germany.

title: 2024

text: June 14 – July 14 – UEFA Euro 2024 is held in Germany, and is won by Spain.

title: 2024

text: November 26 – December 14 – The 2025 World Women's Handball Championship is held in Germany and the Netherlands, and is won by Norway.

title: 2025


slug: geta-emperor

label: Geta (emperor)

description: Roman emperor from 209 to 211

section: Births

date: March 7

text: March 7 – Publius Septimius Geta, Roman emperor (d. 211)

title: AD 189

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 28

text: January 28 – Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimius Severus, receives the title of Caesar.

title: AD 198

section: Crime & Justice

text: The Severan Tondo, depicting Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

title: AD 200

text: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and his brother Publius Septimius Geta Caesar become Roman Consuls.

title: 205

text: Emperor Septimius Severus goes to Britain, with his sons Caracalla and Geta.

title: 206

text: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and his brother Publius Septimius Geta Caesar become Roman consuls.

title: 208

text: Publius Septimius Geta receives the titles of Imperator and Augustus from his father, Emperor Septimius Severus.

title: 209

section: Deaths

date: December 26

text: December 26 – Publius Septimius Geta, Roman emperor (b. 189)

title: 211

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Emperor Septimius Severus, having fallen ill, dies in Eboracum (modern-day York) while on campaign in Britain after an 18-year reign. He is later deified by the Senate. His sons Caracalla and Geta succeed him as joint Roman emperors.

title: 211

text: Roman jurist Papinian, one of the famous jurists who flourished during the reign of the late emperor Septimius Severus, refuses to write a legal defence for the murder of Caracalla's brother, Emperor Geta. He is beheaded in Rome, in Caracalla's presence.

title: 212

text: Caracalla's troops massacre the population of Alexandria, Egypt, beginning with the leading citizens after the Alexandrian Revolts. The emperor was angry about a satire, produced in Alexandria, mocking his claim that he killed Geta in self-defense.

title: 215

section: Events › By place › Egypt

section: Health & Medicine

text: Empress Julia, wife of Septimius Severus and mother of Caracalla and Geta, commits suicide.

title: 217


slug: ghana

label: Ghana

description: country in West Africa

text: Traditional date – Larabanga Mosque is founded, in modern-day northern Ghana.

title: 1421

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Conflict & Security

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Fighting in the modern-day West African nation of Ghana, troops of the Dutch West India Company capture the Portuguese territory of the Gold Coast after the five-day Battle of Elmina.

title: 1637

section: Events › July–September

date: February 17

text: February 17 – The Treaty of Axim is signed between the Dutch West India Company and the chiefs of the Nzema people in the modern-day African nation of Ghana.

title: 1642

section: Events › January–March

date: December 27

text: December 27 – Colonists from the German electorate of Brandenburg arrive at Akwidaa on the Brandenburger Gold Coast at what is now Ghana and, five days later, begin building a fort at what is now Princes Town.

title: 1682

section: Events › October–December

date: January 5

text: January 5 – The Brandenburger-African Company, of the German state of Brandenburg, signs a treaty with representatives of the Ahanta tribe (in modern-day Ghana), to establish the fort and settlement of Groß Friedrichsburg, in honor of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. The location is later renamed Princes Town, also called Pokesu.

title: 1683

date: February 24

text: February 24 – A treaty is signed between European German colonists in Brandenburg-Prussia, and the African chiefs in what is now Ghana to permit the German colonists to build a second fort on the Brandenburger Gold Coast, and the fortress of Dorotheenschanze is built. The area is now the Ghanaian city of Akwida.

title: 1684

text: February 4 – A treaty is signed between Brandenburg-Prussia and the indigenous chiefs at Takoradi in what is now Ghana to permit the German colonists to build a third fort on the Brandenburger Gold Coast.

title: 1685

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: March 13

text: March 13 – The British ship Betty capsizes and sinks off of the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana) near Anomabu. More than 200 people on board die, although there are a few survivors.

title: 1744

date: October 11

text: October 11 – In west Africa, officials of the Dutch West India Company sign a peace agreement with officials of the Ashanti Empire at Elmina. In return for an annual tribute in gold, the Ashanti maintain peaceful relations with the Europeans in the Dutch Gold Coast colony and the Dutch maintain their settlement at Fort Coenraadsburg. The area is now part of the Central Region of Ghana.

title: 1755

date: April 16

text: April 16 or 17 – A group of 24 West Indian Moravians from Jamaica and Antigua, recruited by the Danish minister and Basel missionary, Andreas Riis, arrive in Christiansborg (Osu), Gold Coast, now Ghana, to set up schools and Presbyterian churches in the country.

title: 1843

section: Events › April–June

text: Tetteh Quarshie first brings cocoa beans to Ghana from Equatorial Guinea.

title: 1879

date: March 6

text: March 6 – United Kingdom colonies Gold Coast and British Togoland become the independent nation of Ghana.

title: 1957

section: Events › March

section: Economy & Finance

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan makes the Wind of Change speech to the South African Parliament in Cape Town (although he had first made the speech, to little publicity, in Accra, Gold Coast – modern-day Ghana – on January 10).

title: 1960

section: Events › February

date: January 10

text: January 10 – British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan makes the "Wind of Change" speech for the first time, to little publicity, in Accra, Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana).

title: 1960

section: Events › January

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: December 5

text: December 5 – U.S. President John F. Kennedy gives support to the Volta Dam project in Ghana.

title: 1961

section: Events › December

date: January 7

text: January 7 – Following a four-day conference in Casablanca, five African chiefs of state announce plans for a NATO-type African organization to ensure common defense. The Charter of Casablanca involves the Casablanca Group: Morocco, the United Arab Republic, Ghana, Guinea, and Mali.

title: 1961

date: October 21

text: October 21 – The Organization of African Unity meets in Accra, Ghana.

title: 1965

section: Events › September–October

text: February 24 – A coup led by the police and military of Ghana raises the National Liberation Council to power while president Kwame Nkrumah is abroad.

title: 1966

date: December 31

text: December 31 – A coup d'état in Ghana removes President Hilla Limann's PNP government and replaces it with the PNDC led by Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings.

title: 1981

date: August 21

text: August 21 – The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone send peacekeepers to intervene in the First Liberian Civil War.

title: 1990

section: Events › August

text: February 24 – COVID-19 pandemic: the COVAX vaccine-sharing initiative delivers its first vaccines, delivering 600,000 doses for healthcare workers in Ghana.

title: 2021


slug: ghassanids

label: Ghassanids

description: Arab kingdom

section: Deaths

text: King Hormizd II, ruler of the Sassanid Empire, demands that the king of the Ghassanids pays tribute. After the king refuses, Hormizd invades Ghassanid territory. The Ghassanids seek aid from Maximinus Daza, but before a Roman army can arrive, Hormizd defeats the Ghassanid army and kills their king. A Ghassanid force then ambushes Hormizd's small retinue while the latter is on a hunting trip, and the Sasanian king is mortally wounded. He dies after a 7-year reign.

title: 309

section: Events › By place › Persia

text: Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith becomes the king of the Ghassanids. He invades Palestine, but is defeated by a Byzantine army under general (dux) Romanus.

title: 518

section: Events › By place › Arabia

text: Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith, king of the Ghassanids

title: 528

text: Al-Harith ibn Jabalah becomes the fifth king of the Ghassanids. He helps the Byzantines to suppress the wide-scale Samaritan Revolt.

title: 529

text: Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man is defeated and killed by the Ghassanids under al-Harith ibn Jabalah, at the battle of Yawm Halima; 'Amr III ibn al-Mundhir succeeds as king of the Lakhmid kingdom.

title: 554

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Al-Mundhir III succeeds his father Al-Harith V and becomes king of the Ghassanids.

title: 569

text: Al-Harith ibn Jabalah, king of the Ghassanids

title: 569

text: Byzantine–Sasanian War: A Byzantine army commanded by Maurice, and supported by Ghassanid forces under King Al-Mundhir III, fails to capture the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, along the Euphrates.

title: 581

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: The Persians destroy the Ghassanid Kingdom (Arabia), a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date).

title: 614

date: September

text: September – Battle of Mu'tah: The Muslims fail to take the lands east of the Jordan River, and are pushed back near Mu'tah by the Ghassanids.

title: 629

text: Battle of al-Qaryatayn: The Muslim Arabs under Khalid defeat the Ghassanids at Al-Qaryatayn, after the inhabitants resist his proposals. His army conquers and plunders the city, before proceeding to capture other towns in the area.

title: 634


slug: ghaznavids

label: Ghaznavids

description: a Medieval Muslim Turkic dynasty ruling at eastern Iran and northern India (977–1196)

section: Births

text: Sabuktigin, emir of Ghazna (approximate date)

title: 942

text: Mahmud of Ghazni, emir of the Ghaznavid Empire (d. 1030)

title: 971

section: Climate & Environment

text: Spring – Sabuktigin, a Samanid general, succeeds his father-in-law Alp-Tegin as governor of Ghazna (modern Afghanistan). He enlarges his dominions and founds the Ghaznavid Dynasty.

title: 977

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: Winter – Sabuktigin, emir of the Ghaznavid Dynasty, invades India. He expands the emirate between the Kabul Valley and the Indus River after defeating King Jayapala.

title: 986

text: Battle of Ghazni: The Afghan prince Mahmud defeats his younger brother Ismail (the ruling emir of the Ghaznavid Dynasty) in battle. He places Ismail in comfortable captivity for the rest of his life and expands the realm of his late father, Sebuktigin, into the Punjab in northwestern India.

title: 998

text: Masʽud I, sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (d. 1040)

title: 998

text: The Karakhanids invade from north of the Syr Darya river, ending the Samanid Empire (modern Uzbekistan). The Samanid domains are split between the Ghaznavid Dynasty and the Karakhanids.

title: AD 999

text: Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins a series of raids into northern India, establishing the Ghaznavid Empire across most of today's Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Pakistan.

title: 1001

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Battle of Peshawar: Jayapala suffers defeat from the Ghaznavid Empire.

title: 1001

text: Winter – Khalaf ibn Ahmad, Saffarid emir of Sistan (modern Iran), is deposed and surrenders to the Ghaznavid dynasty after a 39-year reign (approximate date).

title: 1002

text: Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni appoints Malik Ayaz to the throne, making Lahore (modern Pakistan) the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire.

title: 1021

text: The Ghaznavid Empire occupies Transoxiana (approximate date).

title: 1023

date: March

text: March/April: The Ghaznavid Sultan Maḥmūd brutally sacks the city of Rayy after receiving a request for help by its Buyyid ruler Majd al-Dawla against his rebellious troops. He crucifies a large number of the local population and burns many books that he considers heretical.

title: 1029

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Mas'ud I, who seizes the throne of the Ghaznavid Empire, which includes much of Afghanistan, Iran, and India.

title: 1030

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Battle of Dandanaqan: The Turkmen Seljuqs defeat the Ghaznavid forces (50,000 men) led by Sultan Masʽud I at Dandanaqan, a fortress city in the desert near Merv. Ghaznavid commanders Ali Daya and Begtoghdi are blamed for the defeat and executed.

title: 1040

section: Events › By place › Islamic world

text: Muhammad of Ghazni, sultan of the Ghaznavids (b. 998)

title: 1041

text: Bahram-Shah, ruler of the Ghaznavids (d. 1157)

title: 1084

text: Battle of Ghazni: Seljuk forces under Ahmad Sanjar (supporting the claim of Bahram-Shah) invade Afghanistan and defeat the ruling Sultan Arslan-Shah. Bahram succeeds his brother as ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire.

title: 1117

section: Events › By place › Seljuk Empire

text: Bahram Shah becomes Ghaznavid Emperor.

title: 1118

section: Events › By place › Western Asia

text: Battle of Ghazni: Ghurid forces under Sayf al-Din Suri defeat the Ghaznavid sultan Bahram-Shah and capture the capital Ghazni. Bahram-Shah is forced to flee to India.

title: 1148


slug: ghent

label: Ghent

description: city in the province of East Flanders, Belgium

section: Religion & Belief

text: Eligius succeeds Acarius as bishop of Doornik and Noyon. He becomes constituted guardian of the towns of Vermandois, which also include Ghent and Kortrijk (Flanders).

title: 639

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Dunstan, an abbot of Glastonbury Abbey, is sent into exile by King Eadwig. He takes refuge in Flanders (modern Belgium), where Count Arnulf I gives him shelter in the Abbey of Mont Blandin, near Ghent.

title: 956

section: Crime & Justice

date: March 2

text: March 2 – Charles the Good, count of Flanders, is murdered by a band of knights while praying in church; he leaves no children. King Louis VI of France appoints William Clito (son of Robert Curthose) as new ruler. But the Flemish towns of Bruges, Ghent, Saint-Omer and Ypres recognize (with English financial support) Thierry of Alsace as rival count.

title: 1127

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February

text: February – Saint-Omer and Ghent declare for Thierry (Theoderic) in his challenge to his cousin William Clito for the County of Flanders.

title: 1128

section: Economy & Finance

text: In Ghent, the first instance is recorded of emission of life annuities by a town in the Low Countries; this event confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt in northwestern Europe, initiated in 1218 by Reims.

title: 1275

section: Events › By topic › Markets

text: The Flemish city of Ghent seeks rights to start redeeming its already issued annuities. It is a clear indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the crisis of the 13th Century.

title: 1288

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: August 22

text: August 22 – Edward I of England leads an expedition to Flanders. He moves with an army (some 8,000 men) supported by 800 knights to Ghent and makes the city his base of operations in Flanders.

title: 1297

section: Events › By place › British Isles

date: June 24

text: June 24 – The leaders of Ghent, Bruges and Ypres agree to support Edward III.

title: 1346

section: Events

section: Culture & Society

date: June 19

text: June 19 – At Ghent, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and ruler of a realm that includes much of present-day Netherlands and Belgium, marries Margaret, daughter of Louis II of Flanders.

title: 1369

section: Events › April–June

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Revolt of Ghent: Ghent takes up arms against Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.

title: 1451

section: Events › October–December

date: April 3

text: April 3 – William Hugonet, formerly the Chancellor of the Duchy of Burgundy during the reign of Charles the Bold, is beheaded in Ghent by citizens who had blamed him for having reduced their independence. Hugonet is executed along with the Marshal of Brabant, Guy of Brimeu (Lord Humbercourt) and the Burgundian treasurer Jan van Melle.

title: 1477

date: August 18

text: August 18 – Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, marries Prince Maximilian, son of the Holy Roman Emperor, in Ghent, bringing her Flemish and Burgundian lands into the Holy Roman Empire, and detaching them from France.

title: 1477

section: Events › July–September

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, enters Ghent without resistance, and executes rebels, ending the Revolt of Ghent (1539–1540).

title: 1540

section: Events › January–March

date: September 16

text: September 16 – The States of Flanders convene a meeting near Ghent, where the Roman Catholic clergy, led by Martinus Rythovius, insist on measures to protect the practice of the Catholic faith in the predominantly Protestant Low Countries.

title: 1576

text: October 28 – In Flanders (now part of Belgium), two Protestant members of the city council of Ghent, Jan van Hembyze and François van Ryhove, proclaim the Calvinist Republic of Ghent. The stadtholder of Flanders, Philippe III de Croÿ, Duke of Aarschot is arrested, along with the Roman Catholic bishops Martin Rythovius of Ypres and Remi Drieux of Bruges. The Calvinist Republic will exist for seven years until the Spanish conquest of Ghent in 1584.

title: 1577

date: September 17

text: September 17 – In what is now Belgium, the Calvinist Republic of Ghent comes to an end after seven years when its capital, Ghent, falls following a siege of 13 months. Jan van Hembyze, leader of the republic since October 1583, surrenders the city to Alexander Farnese, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands.

title: 1584

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Napoleon Bonaparte orders the establishment of five military camps to defend the coast of France, located at Bayonne, Ghent, Saint-Omer, Compiègne, Saint-Malo, and one in the occupied Netherlands, at Utrecht. Each one has 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry to defend it.

title: 1803


slug: gian-galeazzo-visconti

label: Gian Galeazzo Visconti

description: first Duke of Milan (1351-1402)

section: Births

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan (d. 1402)

title: 1351

section: Conflict & Security

date: August 4

text: August 4 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti succeeds his father, Galeazzo II Visconti, as ruler of Milan.

title: 1378

date: October 2

text: October 2 – Caterina Visconti marries her first cousin, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, later Duke of Milan, at the Church of San Giovanni in Conca.

title: 1380

date: May 6

text: May 6 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti leads a coup d'etat against his uncle, Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan and begins conquests to transform Milan into a Duchy, with himself as the Duke of Milan.

title: 1385

date: October 19

text: October 19 – The Scaliger rule over the independent Lordship of Verona comes to an end after 125 years when the dictator Antonio I della Scala is forced by the nobles of the Lordship of Milan, led by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, to flee the city.

title: 1387

date: April 11

text: April 11 – In order to prevent an attack by the Duchy of Milan, led by Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Republic of Florence forms the League of Bologna, a defensive alliance with other Italian city-states of Bologna, Padua, Ferrara, Imola, Faenza and Ravenna.

title: 1392

date: May 1

text: May 1 – The Duchy of Milan is created, after Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan buys the title of Duke from Wenceslaus, King of the Romans.

title: 1395

date: September 5

text: September 5 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti is crowned as the first Duke of Milan.

title: 1395

date: March 18

text: March 18 – The Duchy of Milan, led by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, declares war against the Republic of Florence, led by Chancellor Coluccio Salutati, on the Italian peninsula.

title: 1397

section: Deaths

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Battle of Casalecchio: Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, crushes the forces of Bologna and Florence. He dies from a fever less than three months later.

title: 1402

date: September 3

text: September 3 – Gian Maria Visconti becomes the second Duke of Milan upon the death of his father, Gian Galeazzo Visconti.

title: 1402

text: September 3 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan (b. 1351)

title: 1402


slug: gibraltar

label: Gibraltar

description: British overseas territory on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula

year_label: 155 BCE

text: Under the command of Punicus and then Caesarus, the Lusitani, a Hispanic tribe, reach a point near modern day Gibraltar. Here they are defeated by the Roman praetor Lucius Mummius.

title: 155 BC

section: Events › By place › Hispania

text: The Visigoths under King Euric extend their rule from the Loire to Gibraltar (approximate date).

title: 480

date: April 27

text: April 27 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim troops (7,000 men) led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (now Spain and Portugal). Tariq begins his Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom, which during the decade he occupies and brings under Umayyad sovereignty.

title: AD 711

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

date: August 5

text: August 5 – Reconquista: Siege of Algeciras – Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King Alfonso X ("the Wise") besiege Algeciras (at this time under control of the Marinids). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the Bay of Gibraltar to prevent the supply of the city from nearby Gibraltar. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the Order of Saint Mary of Spain, a military-religious order which is concentrated in naval warfare.

title: 1278

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Siege of Gibraltar: Castilian forces under Juan Núñez II de Lara and Alonso Pérez de Guzmán besiege and conquer the Saracen fortress at Gibraltar, which had been held by them for nearly 600 years (since the year 711). During the siege, the port is blockaded. Ferdinand IV of Castile orders repairs of the damaged city walls.

title: 1309

section: Events › July – September

date: August 31

text: August 31 – An attempt by Spain to recapture Gibraltar from the Moors fails as the expedition leader Enrique Pérez de Guzmán drowns along with 40 of his men after reaching the shore.

title: 1436

date: August 20

text: August 20 – On the Saint Bernard's Day, the Spanish army of the Kingdom of Castile, led by Enrique Pérez de Guzmán y Fonseca, captures Gibraltar, which has been under the rule of the Sultanate of Morocco for almost 130 years since its capture in 1333 AD. King Enrique IV declares himself "King of Gibraltar" in addition to his other titles.

title: 1462

date: June 3

text: June 3 – King Henry IV of Castile makes a gift of Gibraltar to Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Duke of Medina Sidonia, as a reward for Guzman's work in capturing Gibraltar from the Moors.

title: 1469

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Gibraltar is sacked by the fleet of Barbary pirate Ali Hamet, a Sardinian renegade in the service of the Ottoman Empire, and many of its leading citizens are taken as captives to Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera in Morocco. This leads to construction of the defensive Charles V Wall, at this time known as the Muralla de San Benito.

title: 1540

text: Dutch ships under Jochem Swartenhont, while escorting a convoy, repel a Spanish squadron near Gibraltar.

title: 1622

section: Events › Date unknown

date: December 3

text: December 3 – The English warships HMS Nonsuch and HMS Phoenix are wrecked in a storm at Gibraltar.

title: 1664

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: March 1

text: March 1 – British flagship (carrying gold coin) and twelve other ships are wrecked in a storm in the Mediterranean off Gibraltar with the loss of approximately 1,200 lives.

title: 1694

date: December 24

text: December 24 – The first British Governor of Gibraltar, directly appointed by Queen Anne, Roger Elliott, takes up his residence in the Convent of the Franciscan Friars.

title: 1707

section: Events › October– December

date: March 27

text: March 27 – First Treaty of Utrecht between Great Britain and Spain: Philip V is accepted by Britain and Austria as king of Spain; Spain cedes Gibraltar and Menorca to Britain.

title: 1713

date: January 1

text: January 1 – (December 21, 1726 O.S.) Spain's ambassador to Great Britain demands that the British return Gibraltar after accusing Britain of violating the terms of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. Britain refuses and the Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar begins on February 22.

title: 1727

text: June 14 – The Congress of Soissons opens at the French town of Soissons to negotiate a treaty between Great Britain and Spain. The treaty, which is concluded on November 9, 1729, recognizes the Spanish royal family's rule of parts of Italy, and Britain's possession of Gibraltar and Menorca.

title: 1728

date: July 16

text: July 16 – The Great Siege of Gibraltar begins. This is an action by French and Spanish forces to wrest control of Gibraltar from the established British garrison. The garrison, led by George Augustus Eliott (later 1st Baron Heathfield of Gibraltar), survives all attacks and a blockade of supplies.

title: 1779

date: March 17

text: March 17 – The British steamship , carrying Italian migrants to New York, sinks in the inner harbor of Gibraltar after collision with the battleship HMS Anson, killing 564.

title: 1891

section: Events › March

text: March 27 – The first Scout troop outside the U.K. is formed in Gibraltar.

title: 1908

date: November 14

text: November 14 – WWII: British aircraft carrier sinks under tow off Gibraltar, after being torpedoed the previous day by .

title: 1941

section: Events › November

date: June 12

text: June 12–15 – WWII: Operation Harpoon – An Allied convoy under Admiral Alban Curteis leaves from Gibraltar with 6 merchant ships escorted by the British battleship HMS Malaya, aircraft carriers HMS Argus and HMS Eagle, 4 cruisers and 17 destroyers to Malta. Two of the six merchant ships completes the journey, at the cost of several Allied warships.

title: 1942

section: Events › June

date: February 22

text: February 22 – WWII: Royal Canadian Navy corvette HMCS Weyburn sinks east of Gibraltar, after being mined.

title: 1943

section: Events › February

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: October 5

text: October 5 – Spain closes its Gibraltar border to vehicular traffic.

title: 1966

section: Events › October

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Francisco Franco orders the closing of the Gibraltar–Spain border and communications between Gibraltar and Spain in response to the 1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum. The border remains closed until a partial reopening on December 15, 1982.

title: 1969

date: March 20

text: March 20 – John Lennon and Yoko Ono are married at Gibraltar, and proceed to their honeymoon "Bed-in" for peace in Amsterdam.

title: 1969

date: April 10

text: April 10 – In Lisbon, Portugal, the governments of Spain and the United Kingdom agree to reopen the border between Gibraltar and Spain (closed since 1969) in 1985.

title: 1980

section: Events › April

date: May 2

text: May 2 – Falklands War: The British nuclear submarine sinks the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano, killing 323 sailors. Operation Algeciras, an attempt to destroy a Royal Navy warship in Gibraltar, fails.

title: 1982

section: Events › May

date: February 4

text: February 4 – The border between Gibraltar and Spain reopens for the first time since Francisco Franco closed it in 1969.

title: 1985

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Operation Flavius: A Special Air Service team of the British Army shoots dead 3 unarmed members of a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) Active service unit in Gibraltar.

title: 1988

date: November 7

text: November 7 – A sovereignty referendum is held in Gibraltar. The people reject Spanish sovereignty.

title: 2002


slug: giuseppe-verdi

label: Giuseppe Verdi

description: Italian opera composer (1813–1901)

section: Culture & Society

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Giuseppe Verdi's first opera, Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio, opens in Milan.

title: 1839

section: Events › October–December

date: March 9

text: March 9 – Giuseppe Verdi's third opera Nabucco premieres at La Scala in Milan; its success establishes Verdi as one of Italy's foremost operatic composers.

title: 1842

section: Events › January–March

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera I Lombardi alla prima crociata premieres at La Scala in Milan.

title: 1843

text: March 9 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera Ernani debuts at Teatro La Fenice, Venice.

title: 1844

date: November 3

text: November 3 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera I due Foscari debuts at Teatro Argentina, Rome.

title: 1844

date: March 11

text: March 11 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto is first performed at La Fenice in Venice.

title: 1851

date: January 19

text: January 19 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera Il Trovatore premieres at Teatro Apollo in Rome.

title: 1853

text: March 6 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera La traviata premieres at La Fenice in Venice, but is poorly received at this time.

title: 1853

date: May 22

text: May 22 – Verdi's Requiem is first performed at San Marco in Milan, marking the first anniversary of Manzoni's death.

title: 1874

date: February 5

text: February 5 – The Giuseppe Verdi opera Otello premieres at La Scala, Milan.

title: 1887

date: December 6

text: December 6 – Arturo Toscanini conducts a concert performance of the first half of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Otello, for a broadcast on NBC Radio in the United States. The second half of the opera is broadcast a week later.

title: 1947

section: Events › December

date: March 26

text: March 26 – The first half of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida, conducted by legendary conductor Arturo Toscanini, and performed in concert (i.e. no scenery or costumes), is telecast by NBC, live from Studio 8H at Rockefeller Center. The second half is telecast a week later. This is the only complete opera that Toscanini ever conducts on television.

title: 1949

date: September 24

text: September 24 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera Otello makes its first appearance on Live from the Met, in a complete production of the opera starring Jon Vickers. This is the first complete television broadcast of the opera in the U.S. since the historic 1948 one.

title: 1978

section: Events › September


slug: glasgow

label: Glasgow

description: city in Scotland, United Kingdom

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Church of St. James is dedicated in Glasgow.

title: 1134

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Crime & Justice

date: August 3

text: August 3 – William Wallace, Scottish rebel leader and knight, is captured near Glasgow at Robroyston, by English troops led by John de Menteith. He is transported to London and led, crowned mockingly with laurel, in procession to Westminster Hall.

title: 1305

section: Events › July – September

date: June 4

text: June 4 – A fire in Glasgow leaves 200 families homeless.

title: 1749

section: Events › April–June

section: Conflict & Security

text: March 6 – A "corpse riot" breaks out in Glasgow after a body disappears from a churchyard in the Gorbals district. Suspicion falls on anatomy students at the Glasgow Infirmary "had raised a dead body from the grave and carried it to the college" for dissection. The city guard intervenes after a mob of protesters begins breaking windows at random buildings, but groups of citizens begin to make regular patrols of church graveyards

title: 1749

section: Health & Medicine

text: A typhus epidemic occurs in Edinburgh and Glasgow.

title: 1817

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: March

text: March – John Scott Russell's Scottish Steam Carriage Company begins operating a regular passenger service in west central Scotland on the open road between Glasgow and Paisley, Renfrewshire.

title: 1834

date: May

text: May – Rangers F.C., founded in March as an Association football club in Glasgow (Scotland) by brothers Moses and Peter McNeil, Peter Campbell and William McBeath, play their first ever game on the public pitches of Glasgow Green, a 0 to 0 draw against Callander.

title: 1872

date: October 2

text: October 2 – The British ship SS Ismailia, an Anchor Line steamer that departed from New York on September 30 with 52 people disappears while en route to Glasgow.

title: 1873

date: June

text: St Andrew's Ambulance Association is founded in Glasgow, Scotland; St. John Ambulance Canada is also founded this year.

title: 1882

date: July 3

text: July 3 – The SS Daphne sinks on launch in Glasgow, Scotland, leaving 124 dead.

title: 1883

section: Events › July

date: October 4

text: October 4 – The Boys' Brigade (the first uniformed youth organization in existence) is founded in Glasgow, Scotland.

title: 1883

date: November 6

text: November 6 – The Association football club Celtic F.C. is formed in Glasgow, Scotland, by Irish Marist Brother Walfrid, to help alleviate poverty in the city's East End by raising money for his charity, the 'Poor Children's Dinner Table'.

title: 1887

date: May 8

text: May 8 – The International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow opens (continues to November).

title: 1888

section: Science & Discovery

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Cunard liner is launched in Glasgow, as the world's largest ship.

title: 1906

section: Events › May–June

date: May 18

text: May 18 – Real Madrid beat Eintracht Frankfurt 7–3 at Hampden Park, Glasgow, and win the 1959–60 European Cup in Association football, their 5th successive victory in the competition.

title: 1960

date: April 16

text: April 16 – In the Assize Court at Buckingham, England, sentences totalling 307 years are passed on twelve men who stole £2,600,000 in used bank notes, after holding up the night train from Glasgow to London in August 1963 – a heist that becomes known as the Great Train Robbery.

title: 1964

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Glasgow begins its year as European Capital of Culture.

title: 1990

section: Events › January

date: November 29

text: November 29 – A police helicopter crashes into The Clutha, a pub in Glasgow, Scotland, killing 10 people and injuring 31.

title: 2013

date: July 23

text: July 23–August 3 – The 2014 Commonwealth Games takes place in Glasgow, Scotland.

title: 2014

section: Economy & Finance

date: October 31

text: October 31 – October 31–November 13 – The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference is held in Glasgow, after being postponed in 2020 due to COVID-19. A deal is agreed by world leaders, which includes a "phasedown" of unabated coal power, a 30% cut in methane emissions by 2030, plans for a halt to deforestation by 2030, and increased financial support for developing countries.

title: 2021


slug: gloucester

label: Gloucester

description: city and county town of Gloucestershire, England, UK

year_label: 66 CE

text: The Roman Legio II Augusta is stationed at Gloucester.

title: AD 66

section: Events › By place › Britannia

text: Battle of Deorham: The Anglo-Saxons under Ceawlin of Wessex invade the lower Severn Valley, and defeat the British Celts at Dyrham (South West England). After the battle, the Saxons occupy the three cities: Cirencester, Gloucester and Bath, bringing their advance to the Bristol Channel (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).

title: 577

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Autumn – King Alfred the Great raises a large force, and marches on the Viking camp at the city of Exeter. His army besieges the Great Summer Army, led by Guthrum, and forces the Vikings to surrender. They flee north to Gloucester, and settle in the Five Boroughs (modern East Midlands).

title: 877

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Lord Æthelred II and Lady Æthelflæd (a daughter of Alfred the Great) of the Mercians found the Priory of St. Oswald in Gloucester (probably originally dedicated to St. Peter).

title: 890

section: Events › By place › Europe › Britain

text: King Edward the Elder and his sister, Princess Æthelflæd of Mercia, raid Danish East Anglia and bring back the relics of St. Oswald in triumph. Æthelflæd translates them to the new minster in Gloucester, which is renamed St. Oswald's Priory in his honour.

title: 909

section: Deaths

text: Lord Æthelred of Mercia dies. He is buried in St. Oswald's Priory at Gloucester and is succeeded by his wife, Princess Æthelflæd, as Lady of the Mercians. Her brother, King Edward the Elder, insists on taking control of London and Oxford.

title: AD 911

text: Vikings devastate the Welsh coast and move up the Severn River. They capture Bishop Cyfeilliog of Ergyng, and he is ransomed by King Edward the Elder. The Vikings are defeated by levies from Hereford and Gloucester.

title: 914

date: June 12

text: June 12 – Æthelflæd dies at Tamworth while campaigning against the Vikings. She is buried with her husband Æthelred in St. Oswald's Priory at Gloucester. Æthelflæd is succeeded by her only daughter Ælfwynn.

title: 918

date: October 27

text: October 27 – King Æthelstan dies at Gloucester after a 15-year reign. He is buried at Malmesbury Abbey and succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I ("the Magnificent"). After Æthelstan's death Olaf Guthfrithson (or his cousin, Anlaf Cuaran) a Viking leader who rules Dublin, is proclaimed king of York (south of Northumbria).

title: 939

section: Events › By place › England

section: Culture & Society

text: March – The 16-year-old Henry of Anjou, eldest son of Queen Matilda, lands in England in a second attempt to take the English throne from Stephen. He travels up via Salisbury and Gloucester north to Carlisle (Scotland).

title: 1149

text: Summer – Edward I (Longshanks) replies to the Welsh rebellion by raising an army at Gloucester commanded by Edmund of Almain. The English forces besiege Dryslwyn Castle, which lasts for three weeks before the castle falls after the curtain walls are undermined. Rhys ap Maredudd manages to escape and goes into hiding before the stronghold is finally captured in late September.

title: 1287

date: December 8

text: December 8 – Confronting the rebellion of Thomas of Lancaster (his cousin), the Baron Badlesmere and Roger Mortimer, King Edward II of England arrives in Cirencester, then leads troops up the Severn Valley from Gloucester against the rebels.

title: 1321

section: Events › October – December

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: September 3

text: September 3 – As regent for the 11-year-old King Richard II of England, his mother Joan of Kent summons the English Parliament, directing the members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords to assemble at Gloucester on October 20.

title: 1378

section: Events › July–September

date: October 20

text: October 20 – The English Parliament is opened at Gloucester after being summoned on August 26 by King Henry IV, and is marked by arguments between the House of Lords and the House of Commons over primacy and initiation of money bills.

title: 1407

section: Events › July–December

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Fred West, 53, a builder living in Gloucester, England, is remanded in custody, charged with murdering 12 people (including two of his own daughters) whose bodies are mostly found buried at his house in Cromwell Street. His wife Rosemary West, 41, is charged with 10 murders.

title: 1994

date: February 24

text: February 24 – In Gloucester, England, local police begin excavations at 25 Cromwell Street, the home of Fred West, a suspect in multiple murders. On February 28, he and his wife are arrested.

title: 1994

section: Events › February


slug: glywysing

label: Glywysing

description: early medieval petty kingdom in south-east Wales

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Meurig of Glywysing and Gwent invades Ergyng (Archenfield), and reunites the two Welsh kingdoms (approximate date).

title: 635

text: Kings Hyfaidd of Dyfed, Elisedd of Brycheiniog and Hywel of Glywysing, being harassed by the armies of King Anarawd in Wales, seek the protection of Alfred the Great, and submit to his overlordship. Anarawd seeks an alliance with King Guthred of York.

title: 885

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: July 12

text: July 12 – King Æthelstan of Wessex receives the submission of High-Reeve Ealdred I of Bamburgh and probably also of Owain ap Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde, at Eamont Bridge. He also secures a pledge from King Constantine II of Scotland, that he will not ally with the Viking kings. This summer also Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth and Owain of Glywysing and Gwent submit to the overlordship of Æthelstan at Hereford. The borders between England and Wales are set at the River Wye.

title: 927

text: King Morgan Hen of Glywysing and Gwent (Wales) submits to the overlordship of King Æthelstan, and attends his court with Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth and Idwal Foel of Gwynedd.

title: 931

text: King Tewdwr of Brycheiniog attends the court of King Æthelstan and signs the English Land Charters. Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Idwal Foel of Gwynedd and Morgan Mwynfawr ("the Old") of Morgannwg are compelled to accompany Æthelstan on his campaign against King Constantine II of Scotland.

title: 934

section: Births

text: Iestyn ap Gwrgant, king of Morgannwg (d. 1093)

title: 1014

text: Hywel ab Owain, king of Glywysing (Wales)

title: 1043

text: by January 5 – Rhys ap Rhydderch, Welsh co-ruler of Morgannwg, killed

title: 1053


slug: gnaeus-domitius-corbulo

label: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo

description: Roman general, father of empress Domitia Longina

year_label: 7 CE

text: AD 7 – Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman general (d. AD 67)

title: 0s

text: Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula) and Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo become Roman consuls.

title: 30s

section: Events › 39 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 47 CE

text: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is made commander of the Roman army in Germania Inferior. He conquers the Chauci and fights against the Cherusci and Frisians.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 47

year_label: 54 CE

text: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo arrives in the East and takes up an assignment as governor of Asia, with a secret brief from Nero and his chief ministers, Seneca and Burrus, to return Armenia to the Roman Empire.

title: 50s

section: Events › 54 AD › Anatolia

year_label: 58 CE

text: Roman-Parthian War: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, commander in the East, launches his Armenian offensive against Parthia. He leads a Roman army (four legions) through the mountainous country of Armenia, against the fortress at Volandum, to the southwest of Artaxata. After a siege of eight hours Corbulo takes the city; the legionnaires massacre the defenders and plunder Volandum to their hearts' content.

title: 50s

section: Events › 58 AD › Caucasus

year_label: 59 CE

text: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman commander in the east, captures Tigranocerta in Mesopotamia. He installs Tigranes VI, a Cappadocian prince, as ruler of Armenia. For the next four years, a cohort from Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Fretensis is stationed in the capital as bodyguard to the king, supported by fifteen hundred auxiliaries.

title: 50s

section: Events › 59 AD › Caucasus

year_label: 62 CE

text: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo strengthens the fortifications on the Euphrates frontier. He builds a strong flotilla of ships equipped with catapults and a wooden bridge across the river, which allows him to establish a foothold on the Parthian shore.

title: AD 62

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 63 CE

text: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is restored to command after the Roman debacle at the Battle of Rhandeia. He invades Armenia and defeats Tiridates I, who accepts Roman sovereignty. Parthia withdraws from the war.

title: AD 63

year_label: 67 CE

section: Crime & Justice

text: Nero, jealous of the success of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo in Armenia, orders that he be put to death. Corbulo literally "falls on his sword".

title: AD 67

text: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman general (b. c. AD 7)

title: AD 67


slug: gnaeus-julius-agricola

label: Gnaeus Julius Agricola

description: Roman governor and general, AD 40-93 (40-93)

year_label: 40 CE

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor (d. AD 93)

title: 40s

section: Births › AD 40

text: Gnaeus Julius Agricola, 18 years old, is serving as a military tribune in Britain under Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and is attached to Legio II Augusta.

title: 50s

section: Events › 58 AD › Britain

year_label: 64 CE

text: Julia Agricola, daughter of Gnaeus Julius Agricola

title: AD 64

year_label: 77 CE

text: Gnaeus Julius Agricola is named governor of Britannia, a post he occupies until AD 84. He extends the Roman influence to the mouth of the River Clyde (Scotland), and builds fortifications.

title: AD 77

year_label: 78 CE

text: Gnaeus Julius Agricola replaces Sextus Julius Frontinus as governor of Roman Britain, which leads to the conquering of portions of Wales and northern England.

title: AD 78

year_label: 79 CE

text: Roman conquest of Britain: Gnaeus Julius Agricola campaigns in Britain:

title: AD 79

year_label: 82 CE

text: Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet, and encircles the Celtic tribes beyond the Forth; the Caledonians rise in great numbers against the Romans. They attack the camp of Legio IX Hispana at night, but Agricola sends his cavalry in, and puts them to flight.

title: AD 82

year_label: 84 CE

text: Possible date of the Battle of Mons Graupius (AD 83 or 84), in which Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeats the Caledonians.

title: AD 84

year_label: 93 CE

section: Deaths

date: August 23

text: August 23 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general and governor (b. AD 40)

title: AD 93