slug: kiev

label: Kiev

text: Oleg of Novgorod takes Kiev, and makes it his capital, forming the Kievan Rus'.

title: 882

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Constantine VII concludes a Rus'–Byzantine treaty in which Rus' merchants are to conduct their trade in Constantinople. While many Rus' make their fortunes in trade with the Arab Muslims, the Rurik Dynasty of Kiev grows rich from Byzantine commerce.

title: 945

text: Boleslaus I (the Cruel), duke of Bohemia, expands his territory into the Polish territories of Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland. By occupying the city of Kraków, he controls important trade routes from Prague to Kiev and Lviv. Prince Mieszko I of Poland makes an alliance with Boleslaus and marries his daughter Dobrawa.

title: 965

text: Spring – Grand Prince Sviatoslav I is ambushed by the Pechenegs (possibly in the service of the Byzantines) and killed during his attempt to cross the Dnieper rapids (modern Ukraine). His skull is made into a drinking cup. Sviatoslav is succeeded by his eldest son Yaropolk I as ruler of Kiev, which leads to a civil war with his brother Oleg.

title: 972

text: Winter – Vladimir I (the Great), grand prince of Kiev, returns from Norway with a Varangian mercenary army and re-captures Novgorod. On his way to Kiev, he marches against the forces of his brother Yaropolk I.

title: 978

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Vladimir I (the Great), grand prince of Kiev, consolidates the Kievan realm from modern Ukraine to the Baltic Sea. Vladimir is proclaimed ruler (knyaz) of all Kievan Rus'.

title: 980

section: Culture & Society

text: Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, ruler of Kievan Rus', marries Anna Porphyrogenita (sister of Basil II) and converts to Christianity. He is baptized at Cherson in the Crimea, taking the Christian name of Basil (in honor of his brother-in-law). Vladimir returns in triumph to Kiev, and begins the Christianization of Kievan Rus' to the Eastern Orthodox Church.

title: 988

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: July 22

text: July 22–23 – Battle of the River Bug: Polish forces under Bolesław I defeat Yaroslav the Wise near the River Bug. Yaroslav retreats to Novgorod, abandoning Kiev.

title: 1018

section: Births

text: Iziaslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1078)

title: 1024

text: Sviatoslav II, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1077)

title: 1027

text: The first mention is made of Tartu, Estonia, as Grand Prince Yaroslav I (the Wise) of Novgorod and Kiev defeats the Estonians and finds a fort named Yuryev (modern-day Tartu). The Rus' will hold the fortress for 30 or 31 years.

title: 1030

text: Vsevolod I Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1093)

title: 1030

text: King Mieszko II is forced to escape Poland after an attack of Grand Prince Yaroslav I ("the Wise") of Kiev, who installs Mieszko's half-brother Bezprym onto the Polish throne.

title: 1031

text: Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev makes an agreement with Duke Casimir I the Restorer of Poland that recognizes Chervyen as part of Kiev. The agreement is sealed with a double marriage – Casimir to Maria Dobroniega (a daughter of Vladimir the Great), and Iziaslav to Gertrude, Casimir's sister.

title: 1043

section: Religion & Belief

text: Hilarion of Kiev (or Ilarion) becomes the first non-Greek metropolitan bishop of the Eastern Orthodox Church, in Kiev.

title: 1051

date: October 4

text: October 4 – Vladimir Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1020)

title: 1052

text: Kiev Uprising: The city of Kiev rebels against Iziaslav I, in the aftermath of the Kievan Rus' defeat against the Cumans.

title: 1068

text: Sviatoslav II and Vsevolod I unite the Kievan forces and expel their brother Iziaslav I. Sviatoslav II becomes Grand Prince of Kiev.

title: 1073

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Mstislav I "the Great"), Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1132)

title: 1076

date: December 27

text: December 27 – Sviatoslav II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1027)

title: 1077

date: October 3

text: October 3 – Grand Prince Iziaslav I dies, and is succeeded by Vsevolod I, who unites the principalities – Kiev, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl – in Kievan Rus'.

title: 1078

text: October 3 – Iziaslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1024)

title: 1078

date: April 13

text: April 13 – Vsevolod I Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1030)

title: 1093

text: Iziaslav II Mstislavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1154)

title: 1096

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Gertrude, Grand Princess of Kiev

title: 1108

text: Andronikos I Komnenos, a cousin of Manuel I, escapes from prison at Constantinople. After passing through many dangers, he reaches Kiev and seeks refuge at the court of Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl.

title: 1165

date: February 6

text: February 6 (January 27 O.S.) – The Treaty of Andrusovo is signed during the Russo-Polish War. Poland cedes eastern Ukraine, including Kiev and Smolensk, to Russia, ending Poland's status as a major Central European power.

title: 1667

section: Events › January–March

date: May 6

text: May 6 – The Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686) is signed between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, recognizing the former's possession of Left-bank Ukraine and the city of Kiev, as agreed upon in the earlier Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667. The treaty also brings the Tsardom of Russia into the Great Turkish War, on the side of the Holy League of 1684.

title: 1686

section: Events › April–June

date: July 9

text: July 9 – The Great Podil fire breaks out in Kiev, Ukraine.

title: 1811

section: Events › July–September

date: December 11

text: December 11 – In support of the Moscow Uprising, the Council of Workers' Deputies of Kiev stages a mass uprising, establishing the Shuliavka Republic in the city, December 12–16.

title: 1905

date: September 18

text: September 18 – Pyotr Stolypin, third Prime Minister of the Russian Empire is assassinated in Kiev by Leftist revolutionary Dmitry Bogrov and is succeeded by Count Vladimir Kokovtsov.

title: 1911

section: Events › September

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: September 9

text: September 9 – Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov becomes the first person to loop an airplane, flying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near Kiev.

title: 1913

date: March 13

text: March 13 – 1961 Kurenivka mudslide: A dam bursts in Kiev, USSR, killing 145.

title: 1961

section: Events › March


slug: kievan-rus

label: Kievan Rus'

description: former federation of East Slavic tribes

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Rus' Khaganate is created by people who are called Rus', after the 182-year dominance of the Khazars. This is the starting period of the rise of the Kievan Rus', and the later states of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine (approximate date).

title: 800

section: Events › Europe

section: Conflict & Security

text: Oleg of Novgorod takes Kiev, and makes it his capital, forming the Kievan Rus'.

title: 882

text: Olga of Kiev, princess and regent of Russia (approximate date)

title: 890

text: Rus'–Byzantine War: Varangian prince Oleg of Novgorod leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople, concluded by the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (in which the city of Chernihiv in Ukraine is first mentioned). He lays siege to the Byzantine capital with some 2,000 ships (dugout boats), and secures trading rights from the world's leading center of commerce.

title: 907

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Spring – Allied with the Rus', a Hungarian army raids Moesia and Thrace. Emperor Romanos I buys peace, and accepts to pay a yearly tribute (protection money) to the Hungarians. His frontiers now 'protected' on the Balkan Peninsula, Romanos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (80,000 men) led by general John Kourkouas (his commander-in-chief) to invade northern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq).

title: 943

text: Igor I, ruler of the Kievan Rus', is killed while collecting tribute from the Drevlians and is succeeded by his three-year-old son Sviatoslav I. His mother Olga becomes regent and the official ruler.

title: 945

section: Deaths

text: Igor I, Varangian ruler of Kievan Rus'

title: 945

text: Olga of Kiev, ruler and regent of Kievan Rus', converts to the Eastern Orthodox Church, from paganism (approximate date).

title: 957

text: Vladimir I (the Great), Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1015)

title: 958

text: Rogneda of Polotsk, Grand Princess of Kiev (d. 1002)

title: 962

text: March 13 – Anna Porphyrogenita, Grand Princess of Kiev (d. 1011)

title: 963

text: The Khazar fortress city of Sarkel, located on the Lower Don River, is captured by Kievan Rus' under Grand Prince Sviatoslav I. The city is renamed Belaya Vezha (White Fortress) and settled by Slavs.

title: 965

text: Summer – Sviatoslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev, defeats Bulgar forces in the Balkans at the behest of Emperor Nikephoros II (who pays him 1,500 pounds of gold to invade the Bulgarian Empire).

title: 967

text: Emperor Nikephoros II receives a Bulgarian embassy led by Prince Boris (the son of Tsar Peter I of Bulgaria), with a plea for help against the invading Kievan Rus'. Nikephoros, occupied in the East, is unable to support him. Instead he sends envoys to summon the Pechenegs to aid Boris. They besiege Kiev, but Grand Prince Sviatoslav I (on campaign in Bulgaria) returns with a Kievan relief force, and defeats the Pechenegs. He drives them out into the Steppe, and sets up viceroys to rule his Rus' territory.

title: 968

text: Peter I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, suffers a stroke and abdicates the throne in favour of his eldest son Boris II. He arrives (after being an honorary hostage at Constantinople) in Preslav and is proclaimed as the new ruler. Boris regains lost territory from the Kievan Rus' and recaptures Pereyaslavets, an important trade city at the mouth of the Danube.

title: 969

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Olga of Kiev, princess and regent of Russia (b. c. 890)

title: 969

text: Battle of Arcadiopolis: John I dispatches an elite force (10–12,000 men) to delay the Kievan Rus'. The Byzantines under Bardas Skleros successfully ambush the Kievan-Bulgarian invaders at Arcadiopolis (modern Turkey). The battle turns into a complete rout, killing thousands. Grand Prince Sviatoslav I is driven out of Thrace and withdraws his forces to the fortress city of Silistra.

title: 970

text: Spring – Emperor John I Tzimiskes divides the Bulgarian territories, recently held by the Kievan Rus', into six new themes. He turns his attention to the East against the Abbasid Caliphate and its vassals, beginning with an invasion of Upper Mesopotamia. John transfers Byzantine troops to Macedonia, and the region of Philippopolis in Thrace, to dilute the Slavs.

title: 972

text: Sviatopolk I, Grand Prince of Kiev (approximate date)

title: 980

text: June 11 – Vladimir I (the Great), grand prince of Kiev, consolidates the Kievan realm from modern Ukraine to the Baltic Sea. Vladimir is proclaimed ruler (knyaz) of all Kievan Rus'.

title: 980

date: February 7

text: February 7 – Bardas Phokas (the Younger) and Bardas Skleros, two members of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II. They overrun Anatolia, and Phokas declares himself Emperor. Basil applies for military assistance from Prince Vladimir the Great, ruler of Kievan Rus', who agrees to help him and sends a Varangian army (6,000 men).

title: 987

text: Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, ruler of Kievan Rus', marries Anna Porphyrogenita (sister of Basil II) and converts to Christianity. He is baptized at Cherson in the Crimea, taking the Christian name of Basil (in honor of his brother-in-law). Vladimir returns in triumph to Kiev, and begins the Christianization of Kievan Rus' to the Eastern Orthodox Church.

title: 988

text: Ingegerd Olofsdotter, Grand Princess of Kiev (d. 1050)

title: 1001

text: Rogneda of Polotsk, Grand Princess of Kiev (b. 962)

title: 1002

text: The Grand Prince of Kyiv and ruler of Kievan Rus' Vladimir the Great laid the first foundations of Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv.

title: 1011

title: 1011

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Vladimir the Great, Grand Prince of Kiev

title: 1015

text: July 15 – Vladimir the Great dies at Berestove after a 35-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Sviatopolk I as Grand Prince of Kiev.

title: 1015

text: Georgius Tzul, ruler of Khazaria, is captured by a combined Byzantine Empire–Kievan Rus' force, which effectively ends Khazaria's existence.

title: 1016

date: January 30

text: January 30 – The Peace of Bautzen: Emperor Henry II signs a peace treaty with Bolesław I the Brave, Duke of Poland, ending the German–Polish War. Poland keeps Lusatia – the Holy Roman Empire keeps Bohemia. With this peace agreement, Bolesław redirects his forces on an offensive against the Kievan Rus'.

title: 1018

text: Sviatopolk I, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 980)

title: 1019

text: Sviatopolk I dies, and is succeeded by his brother Yaroslav I (the Wise). He becomes the Grand Prince of Kiev with the support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian (Viking) mercenaries. Yaroslav consolidates the Kievan state, through both cultural and administrative improvements, and military campaigns.

title: 1019

text: Battle of Lemnos: Kievan Viking raiders (800 men) sail through the straits at Abydos to the Aegean Sea. From there they make for the island of Lemnos, but are defeated by a Byzantine fleet of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme.

title: 1024

text: Rus'–Byzantine War: A Kievan Rus' naval raid, led by Grand Prince Vladimir Yaraslavich, unsuccessfully attacks Constantinople. A 6,000-strong Kievan contingent under Vyshata is also defeated and deported to the capital.

title: 1043

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Winter – Constantine IX allows the Pecheneg tribes to cross the Danube and settle permanently in Byzantine territory. He buys their alliance with presents, using them to attack his enemies (Bulgars and Magyars) in the rear, and so to prevent any southward advance of the Kievan Rus'.

title: 1047

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Vladimir II, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1125)

title: 1053

date: February 20

text: February 20 – Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus' grand prince (b. c.978)

title: 1054

text: Sosols (a tribe in Estonia) destroy the Kievan Rus' fortification of Yuryev in Tartu, and carry out a raid on Pskov.

title: 1061

text: Battle of the Alta River: The Cumans defeat the Kievan Rus' forces of Grand Prince Iziaslav I, and his brothers Sviatoslav II and Vsevolod I.

title: 1068

title: 1078

text: April 13 –The Grand Prince of Kiev Vsevolod I Yaroslavich dies, after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by Sviatopolk II, who is acknowledged by other princes as the senior son of Iziaslav I, and ascends the Kievan throne as ruler of the Kievan Rus'. His cousin Vladimir II, prince of Chernigov, becomes a bitter rival.

title: 1093

date: August 30

text: August 30 – After the failure of the Council of Liubech in 1097, the Congress of Vytechev establishes peace and the feudal system in Kievan Rus; the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them. Sviatopolk II of Kiev becomes the first Grand Prince.

title: 1100

text: Winter – Bolesław III undertakes a punitive expedition against his half-brother Zbigniew with the help of Kievan and Hungarian allies.

title: 1107

text: March 27 – Battle of the Salnitsa river: Prince Vladimir of Kievan Rus' inflicts a crushing defeat on the Cumans (Polovtsy).

title: 1111

text: April 16 – Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev, dies after a 20-year reign and is succeeded by his 60-year-old cousin Vladimir II Monomakh. He begins a campaign against the Cumans on the steppe in an effort to reunite the land of Kievan Rus'.

title: 1113

text: May 19 – Vladimir II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1053)

title: 1125

text: May 28 – In Russia, the people of Novgorod depose and imprison Prince Vsevolod of Pskov. Novgorod asserts its independence from Kiev, but accepts protection from neighboring Kievan princes. In July, Vsevolod along with his wife and family are released (they are exiled to an uncle in Kiev).

title: 1136

text: Duke Władysław II the Exile attempts to subject his younger (half)-brothers to re-unite Poland. He is supported by the alliances with the Kievan Rus' and the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1142

text: Andrey Bogolyubsky, Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, sacks Kiev (with help from allies) and makes Vladimir the capital of Kievan Rus'. He installs relatives on the throne at Kiev.

title: 1169

text: February – A council of Russian princes summons at Kiev; several princes are convinced by Köten Khan to assemble an allied army to drive the Mongols back. During the first half of March, Russian princes return to their principalities and begin to raise forces for the forthcoming campaign. The alliance has a combined force of some 60,000 men, mainly cavalry. Subutai unites his army with Jebe, and sends ambassadors to the Kievan Rus' princes, to tell them to stay out of the conflict as it didn't involve them.

title: 1223

section: Events › Other events, by place › Mongol Empire

text: The Mongols under Batu Khan, eldest of Jochi, sweep across Central Asia. They settle in the Russian steppe, curtailing the power of the Kievan Rus', extracting tribute from their neighbors, and disrupting their relationship with the Byzantine Empire.

title: 1236

text: January 15–20 – Siege of Moscow: The Mongols under Batu Khan and Subutai campaign across the northern heartland of the Kievan Rus', committing numerous atrocities across multiple settlements, including the sacking of an insignificant town known as Moscow. According to the Chronicle of Novgorod, Moscow is a fortified village, a trading post "on a crossroads of four rivers". The village is taken by the Mongols after 5 days of siege.

title: 1238

text: The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus': The Mongols under Batu Khan continue their campaign across the Pontic Steppe. After devastating the Crimea and campaigning against the Circassians in the Caucasus, they turn towards the Kievan Rus'. In March, Pereyaslavl, capital of the Principality of Pereyaslavl, is sacked by the Mongols.

title: 1239

text: Pope Gregory IX authorizes a Crusade against Novgorod, hoping that the Kievan Rus' will be too preoccupied dealing with the raiding Mongols to the east to defend.

title: 1240

text: Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway.

title: 1251


slug: kilij-arslan-i

label: Kilij Arslan I

description: Seljuk sultan (1079–1107)

text: Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (d. 1107)

title: 1079

section: Crime & Justice

text: Summer – Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, ruler of the Turks in Rum, is killed by Emir Tutush I in the battle of Ain Salm near Antioch. Suleiman's 7-year-old son Kilij Arslan I is captured and transferred as hostage to Isfahan (modern Iran).

title: 1086

section: Events › By place › Seljuk Empire

text: Summer – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos bribes one of Kilij Arslan's (sultan of the Sultanate of Rum) officials to recover Sinope (the capital of Paphlagonia), and neighbouring coastal regions. He uses the Byzantine fleet to defeat the Seljuk navy off the coast of Cius in Bithynia.

title: 1092

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Siege of Xerigordos: Sultan Kilij Arslan I sends a Seljuk expeditionary force to assault and recapture the castle of Xerigordos. They cut off the water supply, and Rainald of Breis is forced to surrender. Many of the crusaders are killed but others convert to Islam and become slaves.

title: 1096

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Battle of Dorylaeum: The Crusaders defeat a Seljuk army led by Kilij Arslan I, ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, who wants revenge for the capture of Nicaea. During the battle many Crusaders are killed but the Seljuk Turks are forced to flee and abandon their tents and treasure after being surprised by the arrival of a second Crusader army.

title: 1097

text: Crusade of 1101 – A second wave of European crusaders attempts to cross Anatolia, to reach the Kingdom of Jerusalem. They are defeated by the Seljuk troops under Sultan Kilij Arslan I, at Heraclea. A handful of crusaders under Raymond IV of Toulouse manage to reach the Byzantine port of Bafra, at the mouth of the River Halys.

title: 1101

text: Sultan Kilij Arslan I of the Sultanate of Rum starts a war with the Danishmendids.

title: 1104

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Autumn – Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the Sultanate of Rum, leads a Seljuk expedition to take over Melitene (modern Turkey). He attempts to capture Edessa, but the Crusader fortress is too strongly defended by its garrison. Kilij Arslan then moves on to Harran, which surrenders to him.

title: 1105

text: Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (b. 1079)

title: 1107

date: June

text: June – Kilij Arslan I, sultan of Sultanate of Rum, conquers Mosul (during the Battle of Mosul). But he is defeated and killed by Seljuk forces under Muhammad I Tapar supported by the Ortoqids and Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan.

title: 1107

section: Events › By place › Levant


slug: king-of-denmark

label: King of Denmark

date: May 7

text: May 7 – Henry I, Count of Schwerin, kidnaps the King of Denmark, Valdemar II and the king's 14-year-old son, Valdemar the Young, after landing with a group of soldiers on the island of Lyø, where King Valdemar had been hunting. King Valdemar will be held captive for three years until Easter Sunday of 1226, and released after payment of 44,000 silver marks and the surrendering of lands taken 20 years earlier in Holstein.

title: 1223

section: Events › April–June

section: Births

text: Valdemar III, King of Denmark from the House of Estridsen (d. 1364)

title: 1314

section: Health & Medicine

date: October 17

text: October 17 – Erik of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, loses direct control of Sweden, as Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.

title: 1438

section: Events › October–December

section: Culture & Society

date: April 9

text: April 9 – Christopher of Bavaria is elected King of Denmark.

title: 1440

date: January 1

text: January 1 – The coronation of Christoffer III as King of Denmark and of his wife Dorothea of Brandenburg, as Queen Consort, took place at the Vor Frue Maria Dormkirke in Ribe, nearly three years after he had first claimed the throne on April 9, 1440.

title: 1443

section: Events › January–March

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, dies at his palace, the Kärnan, in Helsingborg (now in Sweden) with no designated heir, leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones. Brothers Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna and Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna are selected to serve as co-regents of Sweden.

title: 1448

text: January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (b. 1418)

title: 1448

date: October 10

text: October 10 – Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm, Sweden: The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder, with the help of farmers and miners, repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.

title: 1471

date: May 18

text: May 18 – The coronation of Hans of Oldenburg as King of Denmark takes place at the Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen.

title: 1483

date: July 4

text: July 4 – The Election of Christian III, as King of Denmark, takes place in the town of Rye.

title: 1534


slug: king-of-hungary

label: King of Hungary

description: monarch of the former Kingdom of Hungary

text: Felicia of Sicily, queen of Hungary (approximate date)

title: 1102

date: February 13

text: February 13 – Géza II is crowned King of Hungary and Croatia at age 11, succeeding his father.

title: 1141

section: Events

date: May 13

text: May 13 – After an attempt in the spring to have Prince Charles of Anjou succeed the late Andrew III as King of Hungary, the Diet of Hungary votes to declare his coronation invalid, in that Charles was not proclaimed king at Székesfehérvár and never received the Crown of Saint Stephen.

title: 1301

section: Events › April– June

date: June 15

text: June 15 – The second coronation of Charles I as King of Hungary takes place at Székesfehérvár after a first attempt in 1301 was not recognized.

title: 1309

section: Events › April – June

section: Religion & Belief

date: August 27

text: August 27 – The third coronation of Károly Róbert I (Charles I) as King of Hungary is carried out at Székesfehérvár by Thomas II, Archbishop of Esztergom after the Archbishop successfully negotiates the return of the Crown of Saint Stephen from Ladislaus Kán. Use of the Holy Crown had been required by Hungarian law for recognition by the nobles of Hungary.

title: 1310

section: Events › July – September

date: February 27

text: February 27 – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria, proclaims himself to be rightful King of Hungary and prepares to invade the kingdom in order to overthrow King Mathias Corvinus.

title: 1459

date: March 25

text: March 25 – The coronation ceremony of Matthias Hunyadi as King Mátyás I of Hungary takes place in Székesfehérvár as Dénes Szécsi places the Crown of Saint Stephen on the King's head. Corvinus has reigned for more than six years at the time of his formal coronation.

title: 1464

date: December 15

text: December 15 – At the Battle of Baia, troops under Stephen III of Moldavia decisively defeat the forces of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, at Baia (present-day Romania). This is the last Hungarian attempt to subdue the Principality of Moldavia.

title: 1467

date: December 17

text: December 17 – At Pozsony in western Hungary (now Bratislava in Slovakia), the Diet elects the Archduke Ferdinand as the King of Hungary.

title: 1526

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 10

text: November 10 – In eastern Hungary, at Székesfehérvár, a group of lesser nobles proclaims John Zápolya as proclaimed as the King of Hungary. The assembly proclaims the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, with a capital at Buda.

title: 1526

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1533

section: Events › July–September

date: August 16

text: August 16 – The Treaty of Speyer is signed between John Sigismund Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania and Maximilian II, King of Hungary.

title: 1570

text: July 1 – Ferdinand II, a proponent of the Counter-Reformation, is crowned as King of Hungary at a meeting of the Bohemian diet at Pressburg.

title: 1618

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria abdicates in favour of his nephew, Franz Joseph I, who will serve as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary and Bohemia, until his death in 1916.

title: 1848

date: May 29

text: May 29 – The Austro-Hungarian Compromise (called Ausgleich in German or kiegyezés in Hungarian (The Compromise)) is born through Act 12, which establishes the Austro-Hungarian Empire; on June 8 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria is crowned King of Hungary.

title: 1867

section: Events › May


slug: king-of-italy

label: King of Italy

description: regnal title held by several monarchs

section: Conflict & Security

date: March

text: March – Arnulf of Carinthia proceeds to Piacenza, and from there invades central Italy. After a successful campaign, he calls the invasion off and returns to Pavia – probably because Duke Rudolph I of Burgundy was threatening to invade Lorraine. Arnulf has himself proclaimed King of Italy at Pavia, leaving Berengar I as his vice-regent in Italy.

title: 894

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Following Magyars raids in Lombardy, king Louis III ("the Blind") is called to Italy by the grandees. He takes Pavia, forcing king Berengar I to flee, and replaces him as King of Italy.

title: 900

text: Adalbert I, margrave of Ivrea, leads a rebellion with the support of the Italian nobles against King Berengar I. He crosses the Alps into Burgundy and invites Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy to invade Italy. Berengar flees again to Verona and Rudolph is crowned King of Italy at Pavia.

title: 922

text: Spring – The Italian nobles turn against King Rudolph II of Burgundy and request that Hugh of Provence, the effective ruler of Lower Burgundy, be elected as king of Italy. Rudolph's father-in-law Duke Burchard II of Swabia is ambushed and killed near Novara, by the henchmen of Archbishop Lambert of Milan. Rudolph, disillusioned by the news, returns to Burgundy to protect himself. Hugh has himself crowned King of Italy. and appoints Giselbert I as count palatine of Bergamo (Northern Italy).

title: 926

section: Deaths

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Louis III (the Blind), former king of Provence (Lower Burgundy), dies at Arles after a 27-year reign (of which 23 are sightless). He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Hugh I who is King of Italy. With the approval of his kinsman Rudolph I, Hugh strips Louis's son and heir, Charles Constantine, of his inheritance and proclaims himself as ruler of Provence.

title: 928

text: Winter – Otto II celebrates Christmas with his family at Ravenna. He receives the Iron Crown of Lombardy as the King of Italy.

title: 980

date: May 21

text: May 21 – Otto III, 16, is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire at St. Peter's Basilica, and claims also the title of King of Italy. His grandmother, Adelaide, retires to a convent she has founded at Seltz (Alsace). Otto puts down a Roman rebellion; a number of nobles (including Crescentius II) are banished for their crimes.

title: 996

date: February 15

text: February 15 – At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles and secondi milites (the minor nobles), Arduin of Ivrea (grandson of former King Berengar II) is restored to his domains and crowned as King of Italy in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore. Arduin is supported by Arnulf II, archbishop of Milan.

title: 1002

date: May 14

text: May 14 – Henry II is crowned King of Italy by Archbishop Arnulf II in Pavia. A quarrel ensues between the German troops and the Pavese citizens. Henry orders a massacre of the population in response, destroying the city.

title: 1004

date: October

text: October – Conrad III, duke of Franconia, gives up his title as King of Italy in opposition with Lothair III. He receives a pardon and recovers his estates.

title: 1135

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Otto IV is elected by the German nobles as king of Germany at Frankfurt. He is engaged to Beatrice and travels to Milan where he receives the Iron Crown and the title of King of Italy, which continues until the end of World War I in 1918.

title: 1208

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Henry VII, the future Holy Roman Emperor, is crowned King of Italy in Milan with a mock-up of the Iron crown of Lombardy. The Tuscan Guelphs refuse to attend the ceremony and begin preparing for resistance against Henry's rule. Henry approves the despotic regimes of Matteo I Visconti in Milan and Cangrande I della Scala in Verona. The cities of Piedmont and Lombardy submit to Henry – in accordance with the proclaimed program of peace and justice. Florence and their Guelph (anti-imperialist) allies in Tuscany and Romagna move to defend themselves against Henry's accession.

title: 1311

section: Events › January – March

text: July 4 – During a banquet given by Galeazzo I Visconti in Milan, an attempt is apparently made to poison the guest of honor, Louis IV, newly crowned as King of Italy. Galeazzo's brother, Stefano Visconti, becomes ill after tasting food and drink intended for Louis and dies suddenly at home. Stefano's brothers Galeazzo, Giovanni, and Luchino, along with his nephew Azzone Visconti, are all imprisoned on orders of the Holy Roman Emperor based on accusations of a fourth brother, Marco Visconti.

title: 1327

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Napoleon is crowned King of Italy.

title: 1805

date: October 26

text: October 26 – Meeting at Teano: Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to King Victor Emmanuel II, recognizing him as King of Italy.

title: 1860

section: Events › October

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Umberto II of Italy, 4th and last King of Italy (died 1983)

title: 1904

section: Births › September


slug: king-of-poland

label: King of Poland

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Otto III, Duke of Carinthia, dies and is succeeded by his younger brother, King Henry of Bohemia, Margrave of Moravia and the nominal King of Poland.

title: 1310

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania is crowned Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, beginning the Jagiellonian dynasty.

title: 1386

date: July 25

text: July 25 – The coronation of Wladyslaw III as King of Poland takes place at the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków.

title: 1434

date: January 24

text: January 24 – Sigismund I the Old is formally crowned King of Poland, at a ceremony in Kraków.

title: 1507

date: April 18

text: April 18 – The widowed Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, marries Milanese noblewoman Bona Sforza in Wawel Cathedral and she is crowned as Queen consort of Poland.

title: 1518

section: Events › April–June

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Sigismund II Augustus succeeds his father, Sigismund I the Old, as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

title: 1548

date: January 13

text: January 13 – Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, issues an edict against Protestants, at the urging of the Archbishop Mikołaj Dzierzgowski, Primate of Poland.

title: 1557

date: November 8

text: November 8 – The Sejm of Poland meets in Warsaw to elect a new King of Poland after King Henryk has failed to return from France, and considers 11 candidates.

title: 1575

date: February 6

text: February 6 – the formal coronation of Władysław IV Vasa as King of Poland takes place at the cathedral in Kraków. He had been elected as king on November 8.

title: 1633

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Wladyslaw IV Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, dies after a reign of 15 years. The throne remains vacant for six months until Wladyslaw's younger half-brother, John II Casimir Vasa, is elected by Poland's Parliament.

title: 1648

text: April 1 – John II Casimir Vasa, King of Poland, crowns the Black Madonna of Częstochowa as Queen and Protector of Poland in the cathedral of Lwów, after the miraculous saving of the Jasna Góra Monastery during the Deluge, an event which changed the course of the Second Northern War. The King swears a vow, the Lwów Oath, pledging to protect Poland's people from being conquered again.

title: 1656

date: September 29

text: September 29 – The formal coronation of Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki as King of Poland (and Grand Duke of Lithuania) takes place in Kraków.

title: 1669

date: November 22

text: November 22 – The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye, negotiated by Johann Patkul, is signed at a palace of the Tsar of Russia Peter the Great, and representatives of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony to provide for the partition of Swedish Empire between Saxony, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Kingdoms of Denmark-Norway and the Russian Empire. The attack on Sweden, which takes place on February 22, starts the Great Northern War.

title: 1699

date: August 18

text: August 18 (August 7 O.S.) – The Peace of Travendal is concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. On the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden.

title: 1700

date: July 12

text: July 12 – Great Northern War – King Charles XII of Sweden forces the election of his ally Stanisław Leszczyński as King of Poland, in place of Augustus II the Strong.

title: 1704

date: September 24

text: September 24 (O.S.) – Stanisław Leszczyński is crowned as King of Poland.

title: 1705

date: October 5

text: October 5 – The election of Augustus III, to succeed his father as King of Poland, sparks the War of the Polish Succession.

title: 1733

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Stanislas Leszczynski, who had been King of Poland from 1704 to 1709 until being driven from the throne by King Augustus II, is returned to office by the vote of the Sejm. Russia and Austria protest the election, since King Stanislaus is backed by France and Sweden.

title: 1733

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Augustus III, the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, declares his candidacy to become the next Holy Roman Emperor, but loses in September to Francis, Duke of Tuscany.

title: 1745

date: October 24

text: October 24 – The Third Partition of Poland is made, dividing the territory of the Commonwealth of Poland between the Habsburg monarchy, Prussia and the Russian Empire. On November 25, Stanisław August Poniatowski formally abdicates as last King of Poland.

title: 1795

section: Events › July–December


slug: king-of-siam

label: King of Siam

section: Culture & Society

date: January 19

text: January 19 – Maha Chakkraphat is crowned as the King of Siam after having been installed on the throne in 1548 by Maha Thammaracha of Burma.

title: 1549

text: January 13 – Borommarachathirat V becomes King of Siam (now Thailand) upon the death of King Sanphet IX.

title: 1733

date: December 28

text: December 28 – Phraya Taksin, a minor provincial official in Siam (now Thailand), crowns himself as King of Siam, establishing the Siamese Thonburi Kingdom, taking the regnal name of Borommaracha IV and begins a 14-year reign of liberation and conquest; historically, he is known as "Taksin the Great".

title: 1767

section: Events › October –December

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Taksin the Great, King of Siam (Thonburi Kingdom) (b. 1734)

title: 1782

date: September 7

text: September 7 – Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I), King of Siam, founder of the Chakri dynasty of Thailand (b. 1737)

title: 1809

section: Deaths › July–December

date: July 21

text: July 21 – Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II), King of Siam (Thailand) (b. 1767)

title: 1824

date: April 2

text: April 2 – Nangklao (Rama III), King of Siam (Thailand) (b. 1788)

title: 1851

section: Deaths › January–June

date: October 23

text: October 23 – Vajiravudh (Rama VI) is crowned King of Siam, after the death of his father, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V).

title: 1910

date: November 26

text: November 26 – Prajadhipok (Rama VII) is crowned as King of Siam.

title: 1925

section: Events › November


slug: king-of-the-romans

label: King of the Romans

description: title used by medieval German monarchs

section: Religion & Belief

date: March 7

text: March 7 – Conrad III is elected as King of Germany, in the presence of the papal legate Theodwin at Koblenz. He is crowned at Aachen six days later (on March 13), and acknowledged in Bamberg by several German princes of southern Germany. Henry X (the Proud), son-in-law and heir of the late King Lothair III, refuses his allegiance to Conrad. He is deprived of all his Saxon territories, which are given to Leopold IV (the Generous).

title: 1138

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: February 15

text: February 15 – King Conrad III dies after a 14-year reign at Bamberg. He is succeeded by his 29-year-old nephew Frederick I (Barbarossa), duke of Swabia, who is crowned as King of the Germans at Aachen several days later, on March 9. Frederick becomes sole ruler of Germany and receives the royal insignia, despite the fact that Conrad has a 6-year-old son, Frederick IV, who becomes duke of Swabia.

title: 1152

date: March 8

text: March 8 – Philip of Swabia, son of the late Emperor Frederick I, is elected "King of Germany" by his supporters at Mühlhausen in Thuringia. Archbishop Adolf of Cologne elects Otto of Brunswick, son of Henry the Lion, as Philip's rival. Otto IV is crowned as King of the Romans in Aachen by supporters of the House of Welf. Philip's coronation does not take place until September 8, at Mainz.

title: 1198

date: April 6

text: April 6 – Richard I dies from gangrene, caused by his crossbow wound. His younger brother, John (Lackland), becomes King of England. Richard's jewels are left to his nephew, Otto IV, King of the Romans. Mercadier, a mercenary captain and Richard's second in command, has Pierre Basile flayed alive and hanged.

title: 1199

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans and is crowned again with great ceremony at Aachen by Archbishop Adolf of Cologne. After several threats, Adolf is removed from office by Pope Innocent III and excommunicated, on July 19. Philip is able to increasingly assert his kingship against Otto of Brunswick (who is also crowned king of Germany) in the northern parts of the Alps.

title: 1205

section: Births

text: Henry VII, king of Germany (Rex Romanorum) (d. 1242)

title: 1211

text: Summer – Emperor Otto IV is excommunicated and forced to abdicate as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. The German nobles, supported by Innocent III, again elect the 20-year-old Frederick II as King of the Romans who is crowned in Aachen, on July 25. The same day, Frederick takes the Cross and promises to go on Crusade.

title: 1215

section: Events › By continent › Europe

date: November 2

text: November 2 – Henry of Almain, King of the Romans (d. 1271)

title: 1235

date: January 13

text: January 13 – At the first recorded meeting of the college of the seven Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, the 48-year-old Richard of Cornwall (the brother of King Henry III of England) is elected King of the Romans. He is crowned at Aachen, on May 17. His candidacy is opposed by King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise"), Pope Alexander IV and King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") who favour Alfonso, but both are ultimately convinced by Richard's sister-in-law, Queen Eleanor of Provence, to support Richard.

title: 1257

date: August

text: August – Gregory X persuades King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") to give up his claim to the title of "King of the Romans". Gregory gains support in northern Italy through Rudolf I, king of Germany.

title: 1275

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: May 1

text: May 1 – King Albrecht I of Germany, ruler of the Regnum Teutonicorum and King of the Romans within the Holy Roman Empire, is assassinated at Windisch in Switzerland by his nephew, John of Swabia, the day after the two had an argument at a banquet in Winterthur.

title: 1308

section: Events › April – June

text: January 6 – The coronation of Henry of Luxemburg as "King of the Romans", the person first-in-line to succeed the Holy Roman Emperor, takes place at Aachen (now in Germany). He will become the Emperor in 1312.

title: 1309

date: August 12

text: August 12 – The Duchy of Bavaria, split between two brothers since 1294, is reunited upon the death of Rudolf the Stammerer, Duke of Upper Bavaria. Ludwig the Barbarian, King of the Romans and Duke of Lower Bavaria. In 1328, Ludwig will later be elected the Holy Roman Emperor as Louis IV.

title: 1319

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Bertrand du Pouget, French papal legate, commanding a military campaign against the Ghibellines besieges Milan – but abandons the siege when Louis IV of Bavaria, King of the Romans, sends a relief army to Italy to aid the city and to protect his domains against the Kingdom of Naples, which is together with France the strongest ally of the Papal States.

title: 1323

date: October 8

text: October 8 – John XXII claims the right to confirm imperial elections and demands that Louis IV of Bavarian surrender his claim to be King of the Romans.

title: 1323

section: Events › October – December

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is elected King of the Romans.

title: 1346

section: Events

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Wenceslaus the Idle, son of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, is elected King of the Romans by the prince-electors.

title: 1376

date: August 21

text: August 21 – Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, is elected as King of the Romans.

title: 1400

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, rival King of the Romans

title: 1400

text: January 6 – Rupert, King of Germany, is crowned King of the Romans at Cologne.

title: 1401

section: Events › January–March

date: January 18

text: January 18 – Jobst, King of the Romans and Elector of Brandenburg, a member of the House of Luxembourg who had been elected to rule as the German monarch on October 1, dies suddenly at the age of 35 following a suspected poisoning. His death clears the way for Jobst's cousin and rival, Sigismund of Hungary, to become the new King of the Romans, and for control of the Electorate of Brandenburg to pass from the House of Luxembourg to the House of Hohenzollern, with Frederick of Hohenzollern becoming the new Elector in return for supporting the election of Sigismund.

title: 1411

text: January 18 – Jobst of Moravia, ruler of Moravia, King of the Romans

title: 1411

date: November 8

text: November 8 – The coronation of Sigismund of Luxembourg as King of the Romans takes place at Aachen, four years after he had been elected.

title: 1414

section: Events › October–December

date: March 17

text: March 17 – Albert II of Germany is approved by the electors in the Holy Roman Empire as the King of the Romans, the ruler of Germany.

title: 1438

date: June 17

text: June 17 – Friedrich, Duke of Inner Austria is crowned as Romanorum Rex, King of the Germans, and becomes the heir to the Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1442

date: February 16

text: February 16 – Archduke Maximilian I of Habsburg is elected King of the Romans at Frankfurt.

title: 1486

date: February 18

text: February 18 – At a meeting of six electors of the Holy Roman Empire at Frankfurt-am-Main, the Archduke Maximilian of Austria, is elected as the King of the Romans and ruler of the Germans, as the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1486

date: March 16

text: March 16 – Maximilian, King of the Romans, marries Bianca Maria Sforza, sister of the Duke of Milan after the annulment of his marriage to Anne, Duchess of Brittany.

title: 1494

date: July 28

text: July 28 – At Augsburg, Maximilian I, Germany's King of the Romans signs a treaty with representatives of King Henry VII of England, agreeing not to provide assistance to English rebels.

title: 1502

date: February 7

text: February 7 – The Pact of Brussels is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his younger brother Archduke Ferdinand, guaranteeing Charles's support of Ferdinand to become the King of the Romans.

title: 1522

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Maximilian of Bohemia is elected King of the Romans.

title: 1562

section: Health & Medicine

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Ferdinand IV, already the King of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia, is elected King of the Romans by his fellow German monarchs, making him eligible to succeed his father Ferdinand III as Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand IV will not live to become Holy Roman Emperor, instead dying from smallpox 14 months after his designation.

title: 1653

text: January 6 – At the age of 11 years old, Prince Joseph, son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, is named as "King of the Romans", the next in line to become the Emperor.

title: 1690

text: March 27 – The prince-electors, a group of nine German princes who select the next leader of the Holy Roman Empire, vote for the last time as the health of the Emperor Francis I declines. The electors (including Britain's King George III, who also rules as Elector of Hanover) approve Francis's son, Prince Joseph of Austria as King of the Romans. Upon the death of Francis in 1765, Prince Joseph becomes the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II.

title: 1764


slug: kingdom-of-aksum

label: Kingdom of Aksum

description: trading nation in the area of Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia

year_label: 70 CE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Ze-Hakèlé (Zoskales in Greek) becomes king of Aksum.

title: AD 70

section: Events › By place › Africa

section: Economy & Finance

text: The Kingdom of Aksum (modern Ethiopia) begins minting its own gold coins to facilitate international trade, following the model of Roman coinage.

title: 270

text: Saint Yared, Axumite composer (d. 571)

title: 505

text: Ma`adikarib Ya`fur becomes king, supported by the Aksumites; he begins a military campaign against the Arabian tribes.

title: 521

section: Events › By place › Arabia

text: Dhu Nuwas seizes the throne of the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen. He attacks the Aksumite garrison at Zafar, capturing the city and burning the churches.

title: 522

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Kaleb, king of Aksum, collects a fleet and crosses from Africa to conquer Yemen. He establishes better trade ports on the Red Sea.

title: 525

section: Deaths

text: Abraha, an Aksumite army general, Islamic tradition places his death immediately after his expedition to the Hejaz

title: 570

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Saint Yared, Axumite composer (b. 505)

title: 571

text: The Persian Empire overthrows the Axumite- and Byzantine-affiliated regimes in Yemen (Arabian Peninsula).

title: 574

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Several of Muhammad's followers begin to emigrate to the Aksumite Empire. They found a small colony there, under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor Așhama ibn Abjar.

title: 615

section: Climate & Environment

text: Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula destroy the then-Axum-controlled port of Adulis, thus causing the decline of Ethiopian Christianity on the African Red Sea coast (approximate date).

title: 701

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Ethiopian (Axumite) raiders occupy the port of Jeddah (modern Saudi Arabia).

title: 702

text: The Kingdom of Aksum (modern Eritrea) is destroyed by Beta Israel invaders, under the leadership of Queen Gudit (approximate date).

title: 960


slug: kingdom-of-amber

label: Kingdom of Amber

description: Princely state in India

date: September 20

text: September 20 – In the modern-day Indian state of Rajasthan, Raja Udharan becomes the new King of Amber upon the death of the Raja Banbir.

title: 1439

section: Events › July–September

date: November 4

text: November 4 – In India, Puranmal becomes the new Raja of the Kingdom of Amber (now in the Indian state of Rajasthan) after his father, the Raja Prithviraj Singh I dies of wounds sustained in March in the Battle of Khanwa.

title: 1527

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Upon the death of his father, Bhim Singh, Ratan Singh becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Amber with a capital at Amber in what is now the Rajasthan state in India

title: 1537

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Bharmal becomes the new raja of the Kingdom of Amber, in territory now occupied by India's Rajasthan state, upon the overthrow of his nephew, Askaran, Raja of Narwar, who had reigned for only 16 days.

title: 1548

section: Events › April–June

section: Culture & Society

date: February 6

text: February 6 – In the Mughal Empire in India, the Emperor Akbar marries Mariam-uz-Zamani, daughter of Raja Bharmal, the ruler of the Kingdom of Amber. The marriage takes place in Sambhar in what is now the state of Rajasthan, where Akbar has stopped on his way back to the Mughal capital of Agra.

title: 1562

date: January 27

text: January 27 – At Agra, Bhagwant Das becomes the new Maharaja of the Kingdom of Amber in what is now India's state of Uttar Pradesh, upon the death of his grandfather, the Raja Bharmal.

title: 1574

date: December 10

text: December 10 – In India, Man Singh I becomes the new raja of the Kingdom of Amber (now part of the Rajasthan state) upon the death of his father, Bhagwant Das.

title: 1589

date: November 9

text: November 9 – In India, Prince Man Singh I, Maharaja of Amber within the Mughal Empire, becomes the Mughal Governor (subahdar) of Bengal in what is now Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. He lays the foundations of a new capital of Bengal, Akbarnagar (now Rajmahal, Jharkhand state).

title: 1595


slug: kingdom-of-aragon

label: Kingdom of Aragon

description: medieval and early modern kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula (1035-1707)

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Sancho III becomes king of Pamplona, Aragon and Castille (until 1035).

title: 1004

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Births

text: Ermesinda of Bigorre, queen of Aragon (d. 1049)

title: 1015

text: Sancho V, king of Aragon and Pamplona (d. 1094)

title: 1042

date: December 1

text: December 1 – Ermesinda of Bigorre, queen of Aragon (b. 1015)

title: 1049

date: May 8

text: May 8 – Battle of Graus: Allied Muslim and Christian troops, under King Sancho II (the Strong) and Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir (maybe led by El Cid), defeat the Aragonese army. King Ramiro I is killed and succeeded by his son Sancho V, as ruler of Aragon.

title: 1063

text: May 8 – Ramiro I, king of Aragon (House of Jiménez)

title: 1063

text: Peter I, king of Aragon (approximate date)

title: 1068

text: Ebles II of Roucy leads a French army in Spain, to support King Sancho V of Aragon in his struggle against his Muslim neighbors.

title: 1073

text: Alfonso the Battler, king of Aragon (d. 1134)

title: 1073

text: King Sancho Ramírez of Pamplona and Aragon, conquers Graus (located in the Pyrenees).

title: 1083

date: April 24

text: April 24 – Ramiro II ("the Monk"), king of Aragon (d. 1157)

title: 1086

text: Reconquista: King Peter I of Aragon conquers Huesca from the Moors of the Taifa of Zaragoza. He expands his domains to the south, conquering land from Al Andalus (modern Spain). The capital is moved from Jaca to Huesca.

title: 1096

date: June 6

text: June 6 – Agnes of Aquitaine, queen consort of Aragon and Navarre

title: 1097

text: Peter I, king of Aragon and Navarre

title: 1104

date: September 28

text: September 28 – Alfonso I becomes king of Aragon and Navarre (after the death of his half-brother Peter I).

title: 1104

text: As part of the Norman expansion southward, Count Routrou II enters the service of King Alfonso I (the Battler) of Aragon.

title: 1114

date: June 17

text: June 17 – Reconquista: Battle of Cutanda: The combined forces of Aragon and Navarre under King Alfonso the Battler crush the Almoravid army near Calamocha. Alfonso recaptures the fortified towns of Calatayud and Daroca.

title: 1120

text: King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon creates the lay community of knights known as the Confraternity of Belchite. It is the first local attempt to imitate the Order of the Knights Templar created in Palestine.

title: 1122

date: May 3

text: May 3 – Felicia of Roucy, queen of Aragon and Navarre

title: 1123

text: King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre leads a Castellan raid in Andalusia (Southern Spain).

title: 1125

text: Summer – King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre launches a campaign raid into Granada in Andalusia (modern Spain) against the Almoravids. In the aftermath, the Almoravid deport Jews and Christians from Andalusia to Morocco.

title: 1126

text: The Knights Templars appear in the North-East of Spain and are receiving privileges from King Alfonso I (the Battler). The Templars support him to regain land from the Almoravids. Alfonso grants them exemption of tax on a fifth of the wealth taken from the Muslims. The Templars found their first stronghold in Aragon.

title: 1131

text: Battle of Fraga: Castillan forces are defeated by Muslim troops. King Alfonso I (the Battler) is killed and succeeded by his brother Ramiro II as ruler of Aragon. In Navarre the nobility elects Garcia VI as Alfonso's successor.

title: 1134

section: Events › By place › Mediterranean

date: September 7

text: September 7 – Alfonso I (the Battler), king of Aragon

title: 1134

section: Religion & Belief

text: Autumn – King Alfonso II (the Chaste) of Aragon conquers the cities of Caspe and Teruel. He strengthens his southern frontier after Almohad forces under Caliph Yusuf I ravage Catalonia.

title: 1171

date: October 15

text: October 15 – Petronilla, queen regnant of Aragon (b. 1136)

title: 1173

text: Peter II (the Catholic), king of Aragon (d. 1213)

title: 1178

text: Maria of Montpellier, queen consort of Aragon (d. 1213)

title: 1182

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Alfonso II ("the Chaste"), king of Aragon (b. 1157)

title: 1196

text: Rueda Abbey is founded by Cistercians at Sástago, in the Kingdom of Aragon (modern Spain).

title: 1202

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: February 2

text: February 2 – James I ("the Conqueror"), king of Aragon (d. 1276)

title: 1208

text: Peter III, king of Aragon and Valencia (d. 1285)

title: 1239

date: July 27

text: July 27 – James I ("the Conqueror"), king of Aragon (b. 1208)

title: 1276

date: June 18

text: June 18 – Alfonso III (or II; "the Liberal"), king of Aragon (b. 1265)

title: 1291

date: November

text: November–December – The kings Sancho IV of Castile ("the Brave") and James II of Aragon ("the Just") agree to join the war against the Marinids and conclude a treaty of friendship. Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of Granada, gives his support to Sancho to take Tarifa from the Marinids. In the agreement, Castile and Aragon will respect their own boundaries.

title: 1291

text: June 18 – In Spain, the eldest son of Henry II of Castile, Prince Juan of Trastámara marries the daughter of King Pedro of Aragon, Princess Leonor of Aragon as part of a peace agreement between the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon. The marriage takes place at Soria, a town on the Douro river, the border between the two kingdoms. Juan will become King of Aragon in 1379 and Leonor the Queen consort.

title: 1375

date: January 5

text: January 5 – John I succeeds his father, Peter IV, as King of Aragon and Valencia, and forms an alliance with France and Castile.

title: 1387

text: September 28 – Cardinal Pedro Martínez de Luna of the Kingdom of Aragon, opposed to the rule of the Roman Pope Urban VI, is elected at Avignon as the antipope Benedict XIII to succeed the antipope Clement VII.

title: 1394

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Pope Calixtus III issues a papal bull granting a seven-year indulgence to any Christian who makes a pilgrimage to Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza in Spain's Kingdom of Aragon

title: 1456

text: January 15 – At Madrid, Queen Isabella I of Castile, who had been crowned on December 11, declares her husband Prince Fernando de Aragón to be the joint ruler with her, and is proclaimed as King Fernando V of Castile. Fernando, the oldest son and heir to the throne of King Juan II of Aragon, will make Isabella co-ruler of Aragon when he ascends the throne upon his father's death in 1479.

title: 1475

text: January 20 – Fernando II already co-ruler of Crown of Castile with his wife, Isabella I, becomes the King of Aragon upon the death of his father, King Juan II of Aragon and Navarre. He and Isabella rule together over Aragon and Castile, unifying the two kingdoms and controlling most of the Iberian Peninsula. At the same time, King Juan's daughter, Leonor de Trastámara, who had served as regent during times when her father was away fighting in war, becomes Queen of Navarre.

title: 1479

text: September 15 – Peter Arbues is assaulted while praying in the cathedral at Zaragoza in the Kingdom of Aragon, now part of Spain; he dies on September 17. He had been appointed Inquisitor of Aragon by the Inquisitor General, Tomás de Torquemada, in the campaign against heresy and Spanish Judaism.

title: 1485

text: June 24 – Cesare Borgia's French troops storm and overtake the fortress at Capua in the Kingdom of Naples, overcoming the defense of Fabrizio Colonna in the occupation of the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon in southern Italy.

title: 1501

text: June 5 – The Sultan Abu Abdallah V of Tlemcen (now part of Algeria) agrees to pay a demand for tribute to the Ferdinand II, King of Aragon (now part of Spain), prompting Ferdinand to plot an invasion of the neighboring kingdom Ifriqiya and its capital, Tripoli.

title: 1510

text: October 4 – The Holy League is formed, against French dominance in Italy. It is an alliance between the Papal States, the Republic of Venice, and the Kingdom of Aragon, with several other powers joining later (the Swiss Confederation, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of England). On the next day in Rome, the creation of the Holy League is publicly proclaimed by the Pope Julius II.

title: 1511

text: May 8 – The siege of Játiva within the Spanish kingdom of Valencia begins as 9,000 Castilian and French troops, at the direction of King Philip V attack Játiva, defended by troops of the Kingdom of Aragon. Játiva (modern Xàtiva) falls on June 6.

title: 1707


slug: kingdom-of-armenia-antiquity

label: Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

description: ancient state of Armenia

year_label: 331 BCE

text: Vahe, legendary king of Armenia and last of the Hyke dynasty

title: 331 BC

year_label: 260 BCE

text: Orontes III, king of Armenia and Sophene (modern-day Turkey)

title: 260 BC

year_label: 200 BCE

text: Abdissares, king of Sophene (Armenian Kingdom) from 212 BC

title: 200 BC

year_label: 190 BCE

text: Following Antiochus III's defeat by the Romans, two of Antiochus III's Armenian satraps, Artaxias and Zariadres, declare themselves independent of the Seleucids. With Roman consent, they establish themselves as kings of the Kingdom of Armenia and the district of Sophene (Armenia Minor), respectively. Artaxias builds his capital, Artaxata, on the Araxes River (now the Aras River) near Lake Sevan.

title: 190 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

year_label: 140 BCE

text: Tigranes the Great, king of Armenia (d. 55 BC)

title: 140 BC

year_label: 83 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia was invited by a faction in the Seleucid civil wars, entered Syria and effectively ended Seleucid rule. Though a weakened Seleucid monarchy was briefly restored after Roman victories, ongoing instability led Pompey to abolish the dynasty and annex Syria as a Roman province in 63 BC.

title: 83 BC

section: Events › By place › Syria

year_label: 40 BCE

text: Ariobarzanes II, Roman client king of Armenia (d. 4 AD)

title: 40 BC

year_label: 20 BCE

text: Artaxias II, king of Armenia (Artaxiad dynasty)

title: 20 BC

date: May 12

text: May 12 – Emperor Augustus Caesar negotiates a peace with Parthia, making Armenia a buffer zone between the two major powers. The captured eagles of Marcus Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony are returned.

title: 20 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 13 BCE

text: Artaxias III, Roman client king of Armenia (d. AD 34)

title: 13 BC

year_label: 12 BCE

text: Mithridates III, king of Commagene (Armenia)

title: 12 BC

year_label: 4 CE

text: AD 4 – June 26 – Ariobarzanes II, Roman client king of Armenia (b. 40 BC)

title: 0s

year_label: 18 CE

text: Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, ignores the order of Germanicus to send Syrian-based legions, including Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Fretensis, to Armenia to back him in his planned coronation of Artaxias III.

title: 10s

section: Events › 18 AD › Syria

year_label: 34 CE

text: Artaxias III, Roman client king of Armenia (b. 13 BC)

title: 30s

section: Deaths › 34 AD

year_label: 35 CE

text: Arsaces I (or Arshak I), Roman client king of Armenia

title: 30s

section: Deaths › 35 AD

year_label: 58 CE

text: Rhadamistus, Roman client king of Armenia

title: 50s

section: Deaths › 58 AD

year_label: 67 CE

section: Crime & Justice

text: Nero, jealous of the success of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo in Armenia, orders that he be put to death. Corbulo literally "falls on his sword".

title: AD 67

text: Osroes I of Parthia violates the treaty with Rome by installing a puppet ruler in Armenia. Emperor Trajan marches east, without first attempting to use diplomacy to resolve the disagreement.

title: AD 113

text: 139 Mcurn earthquake, listed in bibliographical records of seismology as having affected the city of Mcurn (modern Hösnek, Turkey). The earthquake reportedly took place in the vicinity of Mount Ararat. The region was part of the historic Kingdom of Armenia, corresponding to eastern areas of modern Turkey. A primary source for the earthquake is the work of the historian Movses Khorenatsi (5th century).

title: AD 139

section: Events › By place › Armenia

text: Marcus Statius Priscus re-conquers Armenia; the capital city of Artaxata is ruined.

title: AD 163

text: Sohaemus, Roman client king of Armenia

title: AD 186

text: The lion becomes extinct from Armenia (approximate date).

title: 300

text: Emperor Maximinus Daza campaigns unsuccessfully against the Armenians.

title: 312

text: Tiridates III ("the Great"), king of Armenia

title: 330

text: King Shapur II of Persia begins a war against the Roman Empire. He sends his troops across the Tigris to recover Armenia and Mesopotamia.

title: 337

section: Events › By place › Persia

text: Shapur II, king of the Persian Empire, begins a widespread persecution of Christians. He orders forcible conversions to the state religion, Zoroastrianism, lest the Christians disrupt his realm while he is away fighting the Romans in Armenia and Mesopotamia.

title: 338

text: Emperor Constantius II intervenes against the Persians in Armenia.

title: 338

text: Peter of Sebaste, bishop of Armenia (approximate date)

title: 340

text: The Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius II campaigns in Adiabene, a vassal kingdom of Armenia (Persian Empire).

title: 343

text: King Shapur II the Great of the Persian Empire invades southern Armenia. The Romans implement a scorched earth policy and place strong guards at the Euphrates crossings.

title: 359

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with an expeditionary force (60,000 men), and stays there for nine months, to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire. He secures the co-operation of King Arsaces of Armenia, who fights a bloody guerrilla war against the Persians.

title: 362

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Emperor Julian departs from Antioch with his army (90,000 men) and heads north towards the Euphrates. En route he creates a diversion and sends a force of 30,000 soldiers under his cousin Procopius to Armenia.

title: 363

text: King Shapur II occupies the pro-Roman kingdom of Armenia. He besieges Artogerassa in modern Georgia, where Papas (Pap), son of King Arsaces II (Arshak II), defends the fortress and the royal treasure against Persian forces.

title: 369

text: King Shapur II declares war as a result of Valens' support of Armenia. Emperor Valens makes Antioch his military base for the campaign against Persia.

title: 373

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Pap of Armenia (or Papas), king of Armenia

title: 374

text: King Shapur II, ruler of the Persian Empire, age 70, dies after a 69-year reign in which he conquered Armenia and transferred multitudes of people from the western lands to Susiana (Khuzistan). The great town Nishapur in Khorasan (eastern Parthia) is also founded by him. His brother Ardashir II, governor-king of Adiabene, is placed by the nobles on the throne.

title: 379

text: King Shapur III signs the Peace of Acilisene with Theodosius I. Armenia is divided in two kingdoms and becomes a vassal state of the Roman Empire and Persia. The friendly relations survive for 36 years.

title: 384

text: Autumn – Ardaburius devastates Arzanene (Armenia) and forces the Persians to retreat to Nisibis (Syria). King Bahram V allies himself with the Lakhmid Arabs of Hirah.

title: 421

text: Artaxias IV, last king of Greater Armenia, is deposed by Bahram V. The Arshakuni Dynasty ends and the kingdom becomes a province of the Persian Empire.

title: 428

text: April 15 – Emperor Haraclius celebrates Easter at Nicomedia (now İzmit) then travels to Caesarea (now Kayseri), proceeding during April to Theodosiopolis. He leads troops into Armenia and sacks its capital, Dvin.

title: 624

text: Vahram Pahlavouni, prince of Bjni (Armenia) (d. 1045)

title: 967

text: May – Baldwin II and Joscelin I are rescued by 50 Armenian soldiers (disguised as monks and merchants) at Kharput. They kill the guards, and infiltrate the castle where the prisoners are kept. Joscelin escapes to seek help. However, the castle is soon besieged by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – and is after some time recaptured. Baldwin and Waleran of Le Puiset are moved for greater safety to the castle of Harran.

title: 1123


slug: kingdom-of-asturias

label: Kingdom of Asturias

description: former kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula

text: Pelagius, king of Asturias (approximate date)

title: 685

text: Alfonso I, king of Asturias (approximate date; d. 757)

title: 693

text: Summer – Battle of Covadonga: Pelagius (Don Pelayo) is proclaimed king (caudillo), and defeats the Umayyad forces under Munuza, provincial governor of Asturias, at Picos de Europa (near Covadonga). This marks the beginning of the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. He founds the Kingdom of Asturias, and establishes a military base at Cangas de Onís (northwest of Spain) (or 722).

title: 718

section: Events › By place › Western Europe

text: The Umayyad Caliphate reaches its greatest extent in Spain, controlling all of it except a small region in the north controlled by the Kingdom of Asturias.

title: 720

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Summer – Battle of Covadonga: Visigothic nobleman Pelagius (Don Pelayo) defeats the Umayyad forces under Munuza, provincial governor of Asturias, at Picos de Europa (near Covadonga). This marks the beginning of the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. He founds the Kingdom of Asturias, and establishes a military base at Cangas de Onís (northwest of Spain) (or 718).

title: 722

text: Fruela I, king of Asturias (approximate date)

title: 722

section: Deaths

text: Pelagius, king of Asturias (Spain) (b. 685)

title: AD 737

text: Favila, king of Asturias (Spain)

title: 739

text: Aurelius, king of Asturias (approximate date)

title: 740

text: Bermudo I, king of Asturias (approximate date)

title: 750

text: King Alfonso I ("the Catholic") dies at Cangas (modern Spain), after an 18-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Fruela I as ruler of Asturias.

title: AD 757

text: Alfonso II, king of Asturias (d. 842)

title: 759

text: King Aurelius dies after a 6-year reign, and is succeeded by his cousin-in-law Silo, as ruler of Asturias (Northern Spain).

title: 774

text: Aurelius, king of Asturias (Spain)

title: 774

text: Silo, king of Asturias (Spain)

title: 783

text: King Mauregatus of Asturias dies after a 5-year reign, and is succeeded by Bermudo I as ruler of Asturias (modern Spain).

title: 788

text: Mauregatus, king of Asturias (or 789)

title: 788

text: Mauregatus, king of Asturias (or 788)

title: 789

text: Ramiro I, king of Asturias (approximate date)

title: 790

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Alfonso II, the son of former king Fruela I, becomes ruler of Asturias (Northern Spain). He moves the capital to Oviedo, the commercial centre of the region.

title: 791

text: Emir Hisham I of Córdoba calls for a jihad ("Holy War") against the Christian Franks. He assembles an army of 70,000 men, half of which attacks the Kingdom of Asturias, destroying its capital, Oviedo, while the other half invades Languedoc, penetrating as far as Narbonne. After capturing the city, the contingent moves towards Carcassonne and conquers it too. Both armies return to Córdoba enriched with the spoils of war.

title: 793

title: 797

text: Ordoño I, king of Asturias (approximate date)

title: 821

text: Alfonso III, king of Asturias (approximate date)

title: 848

date: February 1

text: February 1 – Ramiro I, king of Asturias

title: 850

text: February 1 – King Ramiro I dies in his palace at Santa María del Naranco (near Oviedo), after an 8-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Ordoño I, as ruler of Asturias.

title: 850

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Ordoño I, king of Asturias

title: 866

text: May 27 – King Ordoño I, ruler of the Kingdom of Asturias, dies after a 16-year reign. He is succeeded by his son, Alfonso III, who later is referred to as "Alfonso the Great".

title: 866

text: Fruela II, king of Asturias and León (approximate date)

title: 875

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Summer – King Alfonso III of Asturias is forced to abdicate the throne and partitions the kingdom among his three sons. The eldest son, García I, becomes king of León. The second son, Ordoño II, reigns in Galicia, while the third, Fruela II, receives Asturias with Oviedo as his capital.

title: 910

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Alfonso III, king of Asturias

title: 910

date: June

text: June – Fruela II, King of Asturias in what is now Portugal, becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Galicia in Spain upon the death of his younger brother, King Ordoño II, who dies after a 14-year reign. The ascent of Fruela reunites Asturias, Galicia and Leon. Fruela, who is not popular with the nobles, orders the assassination of the sons of Olmundo.

title: 924

section: Events › April—June


slug: kingdom-of-ava

label: Kingdom of Ava

description: Polity in upper Myanmar (1365–1555)

section: Births

date: December 7

text: December 7 – Thado Minbya, founder of the Kingdom of Ava (d. 1367)

title: 1345

text: The Kingdom of Ava is established by Thado Minbya in modern-day northern Burma. Some chronicles and sources however date the event in 1365.

title: 1364

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Culture & Society

date: March 16

text: March 16 – 12th waning of Tabaung, 729 ME. In what is now Myanmar, the coronation of Swa Saw Ke as King of Ava is held. Swa Saw Ke had taken power on six months earlier on September 5, but waited for the court astrologers to determine the ideal date for the coronation ceremony.

title: 1368

section: Events › January–March

date: February 7

text: February 7 – In what is Myanmar, King Swa Saw Ke of Ava declares that occupiers from the neighboring Shan State of Möng Mao have been driven out of the kingdom, and a monument is inscribed at the capital, Inwa.

title: 1375

date: January

text: January – In what is now Myanmar Ma Sein of Toungoo, the Viceroy of Taungoo who had been appointed by the King of Binnya U of Hanthawaddy to replace the assassinated Viceroy Pyanchi, is murdered near Pyay while trying to forment a rebellion against the Kingdom of Ava.

title: 1376

text: January 5 – In what is now Myanmar, peace negotiations begin between King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy at his capital Pegu, with the emissaries of Minkhaung I, ruler of the Kingdom of Ava, 10 days after the Ava forces defeated Razadarit's army at the Battle of Nawin.

title: 1403

date: August 25

text: August 25 – China's Imperial Court sends a delegation to Inwa, capital of the Kingdom of Ava (now part of Myanmar) to persuade King Minkhaung I to cease attacking the Shan States, particularly Mohnyin.

title: 1406

section: Events › July–September

date: May 16

text: May 16 – In Burma, Kale Kye-Taung Nyo, ruler of the Kingdom of Ava, flees his capital. He is succeeded by Mohnyin Thado, who receives Thinkhaya III of Toungoo.

title: 1426

section: Events › April–June

section: Science & Discovery

date: May 18

text: May 18 (Full moon of Nayon 799 M.E.) – In Burma, King Mohnyin Thado of Ava announces that, effective March 30, 1438, the year will be recalibrated after 799 M.E. to will become 2 M.E., as part of the recommendations of his astrologers.

title: 1437

date: January 2

text: January 2 – (5th waxing of Tabodwe 807 ME) At the city of Taungoo in what is now Myanmar, 14-year-old Minkhaung I becomes the new Viceroy of Toungoo, a semi-independent vassal state of the Kingdom of Ava, ruled by King Narapati I of Ava. Minkhaung's ascension comes hours after the sudden death of his father, the Viceroy Tarabya.

title: 1446

date: March 14

text: March 14 – Shwenankyawshin, Burmese king of Ava (b. 1476)

title: 1527

date: March 25

text: March 25 – The Confederation of Shan States sacks Ava, the capital of the Ava Kingdom.

title: 1527

date: January 22

text: January 22 – The Kingdom of Ava in Upper Burma falls.

title: 1555


slug: kingdom-of-bohemia

label: Kingdom of Bohemia

description: monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of modern Czech Republic

date: February

text: February/March – Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen, queen of Bohemia (d. 1248)

title: 1202

text: Wenceslaus I ("the One-Eyed"), king of Bohemia (d. 1253)

title: 1205

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Adelaide of Meissen, duchess of Bohemia

title: 1211

text: Ottokar I of Bohemia reunites Bohemia and Moravia.

title: 1222

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: December 6

text: December 6 – Constance, queen consort of Bohemia (b. 1180)

title: 1240

text: Kunigunda of Halych, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1285)

title: 1245

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Wenceslaus I, king of Bohemia (b. 1205)

title: 1253

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia; Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.

title: 1265

section: Events › By topic › Culture

date: March 13

text: March 13 – Judith of Habsburg, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1297)

title: 1271

section: Religion & Belief

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Rudolf I is elected King of Germany over the rival candidate Ottokar II, king of Bohemia, ending the Great Interregnum. He is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne and is crowned in Aachen Cathedral, on October 24. Ottokar refuses to acknowledge Rudolf as the new ruler and is placed under the imperial ban, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276.

title: 1273

section: Conflict & Security

text: June – King Rudolf I of Germany declares war on his rival Ottokar II of Bohemia. After 6 months of campaigning, Ottokar surrenders all his lands (including Austria and Styria) except Bohemia and Moravia. Rudolf makes Vienna his capital, marking the beginning of the House of Habsburg, which will last until 1918.

title: 1276

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by Kings Rudolf I of Germany in alliance with Ladislaus IV of Hungary ("the Cuman"), defeat and kill Ottokar II, ruler of Bohemia. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of Central Europe. Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.

title: 1278

text: Rudolf I, king of Bohemia (House of Habsburg) (d. 1307)

title: 1282

date: September 9

text: September 9 – Kunigunda of Halych, queen of Bohemia (b. 1245)

title: 1285

date: October 15

text: October 15 – Anne of Bohemia, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1313)

title: 1290

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Elizabeth of Bohemia, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1330)

title: 1292

date: June 21

text: June 21 – At 14 years old, Wenceslaus III becomes ruler of Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland upon the death at age 33 of his father, King Wenceslaus II.

title: 1305

section: Events › April – June

text: June 21 – Wenceslaus II, king of Bohemia and Poland (b. 1271)

title: 1305

date: December 3

text: December 3 – Prague, capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia, is captured and King Henry of Bohemia is deposed by his brother, John of Luxemburg, who will later be known as "John the Blind".

title: 1310

section: Events › October – December

text: Blanche of Valois, queen consort of Germany and Bohemia (d. 1348)

title: 1317

text: Beatrice of Bourbon, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1383)

title: 1320

text: January 20 – Duke Władysław I Łokietek ("Ladislaus the Short") becomes king of a reunited Poland, after receiving the approval from Pope John XXII. He is crowned, along with his wife Jadwiga of Kalisz, at the royal cathedral on Wawel Hill at Kraków. Wladysław's kingdom is surrounded by three hostile neighbors: Brandenburg, the Teutonic Order and Bohemia. Looking for allies, he makes an alliance with Charles I, ruler of Hungary.

title: 1320

section: Events › January – March

text: Congress of Visegrád: The monarchs of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland form an anti-Habsburg alliance.

title: 1335

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio, Bohemian theologian

title: 1388

text: Jan Hus begins preaching Wycliffite ideas in Bohemia.

title: 1403

date: July 30

text: July 30 – The first defenestration of Prague occurs in the Kingdom of Bohemia when a mob led by Jan Želivský storms the Town Hall and kills several members of the town council by throwing them out of a window.

title: 1419

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Vyšehrad – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, fails and is ejected from Bohemia.

title: 1420

section: Events › October–December

date: July 5

text: July 5 – The Hussite Wars effectively end in Bohemia. Sigismund is accepted as King.

title: 1436

date: April 2

text: April 2 – George of Poděbrady (King Jiří z Poděbrad) receives the Crown of Saint Wenceslas at his coronation at the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague as King of Bohemia.

title: 1458

date: February 27

text: February 27 – George of Poděbrady is elected king of Bohemia.

title: 1458

date: April 25

text: April 25 – The Treaty of Eger is signed by representatives of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Electorate of Saxony, setting a border that remains more than 500 years later as the border between the Czech Republic and Germany as running along the main ridge of the Ore Mountains from Eger to the River Elbe.

title: 1459

text: February 27 – At Racibórz (now in Poland, but at the time under the control of the Kingdom of Bohemia), the Bohemian King Matyáš Korvín arrests the Duke of Gliwice, Jan IV of Oświęcim and holds him prisoner until Jan relinquishes half of his lands to Bohemian control.

title: 1475

date: March 28

text: March 28 – The initial draft of the Treaty of Brno, between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Bohemia, is agreed upon by envoys from both kingdoms, subject to modifications.

title: 1478

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Maximilian, son of the Emperor Ferdinand I, succeeds Ferdinand as ruler of the Kingdom of Bohemia (now the Czech Republic).

title: 1562

date: June 10

text: June 10 – In Znojmo (in the modern-day Czech Republic), Wilhelm von Rosenberg, commander of the Army of the Kingdom of Bohemia, begins raising an army to fight an expected invasion by the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1566

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and former King of Bohemia, sends a two-month ultimatum directing King Frederick of Bohemia (who has usurped the throne in the modern-day Czech Republic) to leave Bohemia by June 1. Frederick refuses to depart his capital at Prague.

title: 1620

text: February 25 – Rebel Scots and Irish soldiers assassinate Bohemian military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein at Cheb.

title: 1634

text: September 6 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera seria, La clemenza di Tito, premières at the Estates Theatre in Prague with Mozart conducting to mark the coronation of Leopold II as King of Bohemia.

title: 1791

text: December 18 – The Laurin & Klement automobile brand, predecessor of Škoda Auto, is founded as a bicycle manufacturer in central Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic).

title: 1895