slug: british-raj

label: British Raj

description: British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent (1858–1947)

date: April 21

text: April 21 – In India, the eastern part of the former Garhwal Kingdom is joined with Kumaon division, under the administration of the British Raj.

title: 1815

section: Events › April

date: February 24

text: February 24 – The first Swaminarayan temple, Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir at Ahmedabad in the British Raj, is inaugurated.

title: 1822

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: May 30

text: May 30 – Fatel Razack (Fath Al Razack, 'Victory of Allah the Provider', ) is the first ship to bring indentured labourers from India to Trinidad and Tobago, landing in the Gulf of Paria with 227 immigrants.

title: 1845

section: Religion & Belief

text: The first portion of the Oudh Bequest is transferred from Oudh State in the British Raj to the Shia Islam holy cities of Najaf and Karbala, in Persia.

title: 1850

text: The first commercial tea plantation in the British Raj is opened in the Mulnicherra Estate in Sylhet.

title: 1857

section: Crime & Justice

date: October 12

text: October 12 – The Criminal Tribes Act is enacted by the British Raj in India, naming over 160 communities as "Denotified Tribes", allegedly habitually criminal (it will be repealed in 1949, after Indian independence).

title: 1871

section: Events › October–December

section: Culture & Society

date: November 3

text: November 3 – In the British Raj, what will become one of the biggest boys' schools in Pakistan, Aitchison College, Lahore, is founded under the auspices of Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison.

title: 1886

section: Events › November

date: July 26

text: July 26–August 2 – Siege of Malakand: British troops are besieged by Pashtun tribesmen in Malakand, on the Northwest frontier of British India (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan).

title: 1897

section: Events › July

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Battle of Saragarhi: Twenty-one Sikhs of the 36th Sikhs regiment of the British Indian Army defend an army post to the death, against 10,000 Afghan and Orakzai tribesmen, in the Tirah Campaign on the Northwest frontier of the British Raj (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan).

title: 1897

section: Events › September

section: Science & Discovery

date: March 1

text: March 1 – The 1901 Census of India is taken, the fourth, and first reliable, census of the British Raj.

title: 1901

section: Events › March

date: December 30

text: December 30 – The All-India Muslim League is founded as a political party in Dhaka in the British Raj; it becomes a driving force for the creation of an independent Pakistan.

title: 1906

section: Events › November–December

date: October 25

text: October 25 – Authorities of the British Raj in India arrest Subhas Chandra Bose and jail him for the next 2 years.

title: 1924

section: Events › October

date: December 19

text: December 19 – Three members of the revolutionary movement for Indian independence – Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil, Thakur Roshan Singh and Ashfaqulla Khan – are executed by the British Raj. Rajendra Nath Lahiri had been executed two days before.

title: 1927

section: Events › December

text: March 23 – Indian revolutionary leaders Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the British Raj.

title: 1931

date: February 10

text: February 10–March 3 – Mohandas Gandhi (under arrest by forces of the British Raj in Pune as a member of the Quit India Movement) keeps a hunger strike to protest his imprisonment.

title: 1943

section: Events › February

date: September 2

text: September 2 – The Interim Government of India takes charge, with Jawaharlal Nehru as vice president, as part of the transition from the British Raj to full independence for India and Pakistan.

title: 1946


slug: brittany

label: Brittany

description: cultural area located in northwestern France

year_label: 56 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Battle of Morbihan: Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, one of Caesar's subordinates, defeats the Veneti of Brittany. The Gauls lose most of their warships to the Romans in a sea battle at modern-day Quiberon Bay. The strongholds on the coast are stormed, and the population is slaughtered or sold into slavery.

title: 56 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

text: Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), settles the Alans around Valence and Orléans, to contain unrest in Brittany.

title: 444

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Bishop Germanus of Auxerre visits Ravenna, seeking to soften imperial hostility towards the Bagaudae. On his arrival at the capital, empress-mother Galla Placidia sends him a silver dish with a choice selection of prepared dainties—all vegetarian, out of respect for the bishop's strict diet. Germanus petitions the Senate for leniency for the citizens of Armorica (Brittany).

title: 446

section: Births

text: Budic II, king of Brittany (approximate date)

title: 460

text: King Budic II returns to Cornouaille (Brittany), to claim the Breton throne (approximate date).

title: 520

section: Events › By place › Britannia

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Samson of Dol is ordained as bishop in Brittany, on the Feast of the Chair of Saint Peter.

title: 521

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Samson of Dol, one of seven founder saints of Brittany, attends a council in Paris and witnesses several royal decrees (approximate date).

title: 564

text: Columbanus, Irish missionary, gathers 12 companions for his journey to Britain, probably to the Scottish coast. After a short time, he crosses the English Channel and lands in Brittany (France).

title: 585

text: King Guntram sends envoys to Brittany, to stop the raiding on Frankish territory. He compels obedience from Waroch II and demands 1,000 solidus for looting Nantes.

title: 587

text: Judicaël, high king of Domnonée (Brittany), visits King Dagobert I at his palace in Clichy (northwest of Paris), to promise he will remain under Frankish lordship. The Breton king arrives with gifts, but insults Dagobert by refusing to eat at the royal table.

title: 635

section: Climate & Environment

text: Gwynedd and much of Wales is in the grasp of famine. Would-be king Cadwaladr Fendigaid flees to Brittany. Civil war continues in his kingdom (approximate date).

title: 645

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Grifo, Frankish duke and illegitimate son of Charles Martel, rebels against King Pepin III ("the Short") (his half-brother), in alliance with the Bretons. He flees to Italy to join King Aistulf of the Lombards, but is caught and killed while passing the Alps.

title: 753

text: A Frankish army (supported by Burgundians, Bavarians, Bretons, Lombards, and Visigoths) under King Charlemagne invades Al-Andalus (modern Spain), and conquers the cities of Pamplona and Barcelona. However, the Franks are halted at Zaragoza, in the thughur or frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba.

title: 778

text: Emperor Louis the Pious returns from a campaign in Brittany, and is captured by his son Pepin I, king of Aquitaine. He is put under house arrest at Compiegne, and his wife Judith is incarcerated at Poitiers.

title: 830

text: Summer – King Charles the Bald struggles against the repeated rebellions in Aquitaine, and against the Bretons in West Francia. He besieges Bernard I at the Battle of Toulouse, while Duke Nominoe raids into Maine, and plunders other Frankish territory.

title: 844

text: Danish Vikings land in the Breton March (western part of Gaul). Duke Nominoe of Brittany fails to withstand them in battle, but succeeds in buying them off with gifts and persuading them to leave (approximate date).

title: 847

section: Deaths

text: Alan I, duke ('king') of Brittany

title: 907

text: Bertha of Blois, duchess consort of Brittany (approximate date)

title: 1005

text: Count Hugh II (du Puiset), in alliance with the Egyptian city of Ascalon, revolts against King Fulk V of Jerusalem, attempting to take Jaffa. Hugh submits to Fulk and is exiled for three years. While awaiting for a boat to Italy he is attacked by a Breton knight, but survives the attempted murder. Hugh retires to the Sicilian court of his cousin, King Roger II, who appoints him to the lordship of Gargano, where he dies soon afterwards.

title: 1134

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Summer – Henry II of England invades and conquers Brittany to punish the local Breton barons. He grants the territory to his 7-year-old son Geoffrey.

title: 1166

section: Events › By place › British Isles

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: June 20

text: June 20 – The English win a small victory at La Roche-Derrien in Brittany.

title: 1346

section: Events

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Battle of St Pol de Léon: The English army defeats Charles of Blois in Brittany.

title: 1346

date: April 28

text: April 28 – Hundred Years' War: The French re-capture most of Brittany from the English, but are unable to take Brest, and John IV, Duke of Brittany, is forced into exile.

title: 1373

section: Events › April–June

date: September

text: September – Joanna of Flanders, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1295)

title: 1374

text: In the Hundred Years' War, the French lose control of most of Brittany to the English.

title: 1379

section: Events › Date unknown

date: November

text: November – An English revenge raid on Brittany by Sir William Wilford captures 40 ships and causes considerable damage ashore.

title: 1403

date: April 14

text: April 14 – The foundation stone of Nantes Cathedral in Nantes, Brittany, is laid.

title: 1434

date: November 5

text: November 5 – The Catholicon is published in Tréguier (Brittany). This Breton–greek–Latin dictionary had been written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc. It is the first dictionary of either French or Breton.

title: 1499

date: August 10

text: August 10 – War of the League of Cambrai – Battle of Saint-Mathieu: The English navy defeats the French-Breton fleet. Both navies use ships firing cannons through ports, and each loses its principal ship — Regent and Marie-la-Cordelière — through a large explosion aboard the latter.

title: 1512

section: Events › July–September

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Brought on ships across the English Channel, an English fleet and army under the command of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, attacks Brittany and Picardy after landing at Le Dourduff-en-Mer, near Calais, and burns and loots the countryside.

title: 1522

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Battle of Quiberon Bay: The British fleet of Sir Edward Hawke defeats a French fleet under Marshal de Conflans, near the coast of Brittany. This is the decisive naval engagement of the Seven Years' War – after this, the French are no longer able to field a significant fleet.

title: 1759

text: British forces land off Quiberon to aid the revolt in Brittany.

title: 1795

section: Events › January–June

date: June 16

text: June 16–17 – War of the First Coalition: Cornwallis's Retreat – A British Royal Navy battle squadron commanded by William Cornwallis fends off a numerically superior French Navy fleet, off the coast of Brittany.

title: 1795

date: October 2

text: October 2 – British forces capture the Île d'Yeu off the coast of Brittany.

title: 1795

section: Events › July–December

date: January 13

text: January 13 – Action of 13 January 1797, part of the War of the First Coalition: Two British Royal Navy frigates, HMS Indefatigable and HMS Amazon, drive the French 74-gun ship of the line Droits de l'Homme aground on the coast of Brittany, resulting in over 900 deaths.

title: 1797

section: Events › January–March

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: March 17

text: March 17 – An oil tanker, Amoco Cadiz, runs aground on the coast of Brittany.

title: 1978


slug: brooklyn

label: Brooklyn

description: borough of New York City, New York, United States

section: Conflict & Security

date: August 27

text: August 27 – American Revolution: Battle of Long Island – George Washington's troops are defeated in Brooklyn by the British, under William Howe.

title: 1776

section: Events › July–August

section: Culture & Society

text: July 4 – Walt Whitman's poetry collection Leaves of Grass is published in Brooklyn.

title: 1855

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: January 30

text: January 30 – American Civil War: The first U.S. ironclad warship, , is launched in Brooklyn.

title: 1862

section: Events › January

section: Science & Discovery

text: The folding carton box is invented by Robert Gair, a Brooklyn printer who developed production of paper-board boxes in 1879.

title: 1890

date: January 1

text: January 1 – New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York as the world's second largest. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx and Staten Island.

title: 1898

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Malbone Street Wreck: The worst rapid transit accident in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, in Brooklyn, New York City, with at least 93 dead.

title: 1918

section: Events › November

date: March 1

text: March 1 – New York City Fire Department Rescue 2 is put in service in Brooklyn.

title: 1925

section: Events › March

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Wiley Post becomes the first person to fly solo around the world, landing at Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York, after traveling eastbound 15596 mi km in 7 days 18 hours 45 minutes.

title: 1933

section: Events › July

date: January 6

text: January 6 – The keel of battleship is laid at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn.

title: 1941

date: July 12

text: July 12 – Carmine Galante, boss of the Bonanno crime family, is assassinated in Brooklyn.

title: 1979

section: Crime & Justice

date: August 23

text: August 23 – Murder of Yusef Hawkins in a shooting in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, sparking racial tensions between African Americans and Italian Americans.

title: 1989

section: Events › August


slug: bruges

label: Bruges

description: city in West Flanders, Belgium

text: King Harold I seizes the throne of England from his half-brother Harthacnut. His mother, Emma of Normandy, flees to Bruges in Flanders (modern Belgium).

title: 1037

section: Events › By place › England

date: March 2

text: March 2 – Charles the Good, count of Flanders, is murdered by a band of knights while praying in church; he leaves no children. King Louis VI of France appoints William Clito (son of Robert Curthose) as new ruler. But the Flemish towns of Bruges, Ghent, Saint-Omer and Ypres recognize (with English financial support) Thierry of Alsace as rival count.

title: 1127

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: July 27

text: July 27 – The city of Bruges in Flanders (modern Belgium) receives its city charter as well new walls, and canals are built.

title: 1128

section: Deaths

date: July 28

text: July 28 – William Clito dies as a result of a wound received at the siege of Aalst a fortnight earlier, leaving Thierry as sole claimant to the County of Flanders. He sets up his seat of government at Bruges and King Louis VI ("the Fat") of France agrees to his accession.

title: 1128

section: Religion & Belief

text: Spring – Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat, sends envoys to Venice, Genoa and other city-states to negotiate a contract for transport to the Levant. Meanwhile, Boniface and various nobles are mustering an expeditionary army (mainly forces from France and the Holy Roman Empire) at Paris. On February 23, Baldwin IX, count of Flanders and his brother Henry of Flanders take the cross at Bruges (modern Belgium), and agree to take part in the Fourth Crusade called by Pope Innocent III (see 1199).

title: 1200

section: Economy & Finance

text: First evidence of the existence of consolidated public debt in Bruges, confirming the expansion of use of annuities, to fund government expenditure to the Low Countries.

title: 1282

section: Events › By topic › Markets

date: April 4

text: April 4 – Battle of Arques: Flemish forces (some 10,000 men) led by William of Jülich ("the Younger") defeats a French army at Arques in Flanders. During the battle, the French cavalry (1,600 men) tries to break the Flemish infantry militia formations, but to no avail. Finally, the French withdraw to Saint-Omer, leaving 300 dead behind. Later, William receives a warm reception in Bruges as a liberator in May.

title: 1303

section: Events › April–June

date: November

text: November – Flemish Revolt: A uprising in Flanders is caused by both excessive taxation levied by Louis I, and by his pro-French policies. The revolt is led by landowning farmers under Nicolaas Zannekin. Members of the local gentry join and William Deken, mayor of Bruges, becomes the leader of the revolt.

title: 1323

section: Events › October – December

date: June 24

text: June 24 – The leaders of Ghent, Bruges and Ypres agree to support Edward III.

title: 1346

section: Events

date: May 21

text: May 21 – During a visit by Phillip III of Burgundy, who still controls parts of France while his war against King Charles VI continues, rebels in the city of Bruges take over and lynch his representative, Marshal Jean de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, while Philip himself narrowly escapes capture.

title: 1437

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: January 6 – The first assembly ever of the States General of the Netherlands is held as representatives from at least 17 provinces of the Burgundian Netherlands gather at Bruges. At least 81 delegates come from the clergy, nobility and general public from the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Flanders, Lille, Douai and Orchies, the County of Artois, the County of Hainaut, the County of Holland, the County of Zeeland, the County of Namur, the Lordship of Mechelen, and the Boulonnais, all with the reluctant assent of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.

title: 1464

section: Health & Medicine

date: October 5

text: October 5 – An intelligence report sent by a Venetian agent in Bruges to the Seignory of Venice reports that the death rate in London from the plague has reached 200 people per day, only nine days after the first case was discovered.

title: 1464

section: Events › October–December

text: Possible date – Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye is the first book to be printed in English, by William Caxton, in Bruges.

title: 1473

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye is the first book to be printed in English, by William Caxton in Bruges (or 1473–74?).

title: 1475

date: March 26

text: March 26 – Two months after the death in battle of the Duke of Burgundy, an uprising and rioting take place in Bruges, and 15 local officials, including former mayor Anselm Adornes, are arrested by Burgundian troops, though they are later released without being charged.

title: 1477

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Maximilian I, Duke of Burgundy, orders foreign merchants to leave Bruges. Most merchants move to Antwerp, greatly contributing to its growth as an international trading center.

title: 1484

date: March 20

text: March 20 – The Belgian city of Bruges, controlled by Spain, falls to Dutch rebels.

title: 1578


slug: brunhilda-of-austrasia

label: Brunhilda of Austrasia

description: Queen of Austrasia

section: Births

text: Brunhilda, queen of Austrasia (approximate date)

title: 543

section: Culture & Society

text: Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, marries Brunhilda, and his half brother Chilperic I marries Galswintha, both daughters of the Visigothic king Athanagild.

title: 567

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Sigibert I goes to war against his half brother Chilperic I of Neustria at the urging of his wife, Brunhilda. He appeals to the Germans on the right bank of the Rhine for help, and they obligingly attack the environs of Paris and Chartres.

title: 573

text: Childebert II succeeds his father Sigibert I as king of Austrasia. His mother Brunhilda becomes regent and seeks protection from Guntram, king of Burgundy. He adopts Childebert as his own son and heir. A group of Frankish aristocrats rule Austrasia.

title: 575

date: November 28

text: November 28 – Treaty of Andelot: Guntram recognizes King Childebert II of Austrasia as heir. He signs a treaty with Queen Brunhilda at Andelot-Blancheville.

title: 587

date: October

text: October – King Childebert II dies; his mother Brunhilda attempts to rule Austrasia and Burgundy, as regent for her grandsons. He is succeeded by his two young sons, Theudebert II and Theuderic II.

title: 595

text: Queen Fredegund defeats her old rival Brunhilda of Austrasia, who supports the claims of her grandsons Theudebert II and Theuderic II to the Frankish throne, against those of Fredegund's son Chlothar II. She dies a few months later at Paris and is buried in the Basilica of Saint Denis.

title: 597

text: Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia conspires to have Berthoald, Mayor of the Palace, assassinated. She convinces King Theuderic II to send him to inspect the royal villae along the Seine. Brunhilda then has the noblemen who actually carried out the murder arrested and killed.

title: 604

text: Queen Brunhilda pressures her grandson Theuderic II to go to war against his brother, Theudebert II of Austrasia. She puts Protadius, Mayor of the Palace, in charge of the Burgundian army. At the palace of Quierzy (Picardy), Theuderic assembles his army. The soldiers under Uncelen, Duke of Alemannia, refuse to fight against their countrymen, and declare that the king orders Protadius' death. He is killed by the Frankish warriors, and Theuderic is forced to sign a peace treaty.

title: 606

text: Queen Brunhilda has Uncelen, Duke of Alemannia, removed from office after his foot is cut off as revenge for Protadius' death (according to the Lex Alamannorum).

title: 607

text: King Theudebert II is defeated by his brother Theuderic II at Toul (northeastern France). He is captured in battle and, after having his royal paraphernalia taken, is handed over to his grandmother Brunhilda. He is put in a monastery, and assassinated with his son Merovech. Theuderic, age 25, becomes sole ruler of Austrasia and Burgundy.

title: 612

text: King Theuderic II dies of dysentery in the Austrasian capital of Metz, while preparing a campaign against his longtime enemy, Chlothar II. His grandmother Brunhilda attempts to establish a third regency for her illegitimate great-grandson Sigebert II.

title: 613


slug: bruno-the-great

label: Bruno the Great

description: Archbishop of Cologne

date: May

text: May – Bruno I, archbishop and duke of Lotharingia (d. 965)

title: 925

text: Fall – King Otto I crosses the Brenner Pass and takes his army into Italy. He is accompanied by his brothers, Henry I (duke of Bavaria), Bruno I, and Conrad the Red (duke of Lotharingia). Otto faces no opposition and they arrive in Pavia. Berengar II has departed the day before and entrenched himself in San Marino. Otto receives the homage of the Italian nobility, marries Adelaide, and declares himself King of the Lombards.

title: 951

text: Summer – Liudolf, duke of Swabia, and his brother-in-law Conrad the Red rebel against King Otto I. Otto and his army fail to capture the cities of Mainz and Augsburg. He declares Liudolf and Conrad as outlaws in absentia. His brother Bruno I, archbishop of Cologne, restores royal authority in Lorraine, but some of the rebellious dukes receive support from the Hungarians. They seize the opportunity to invade Bavaria.

title: 953

text: Liudolf, the eldest son of King Otto I (the Great), reconciles with his father and asks again for installation as duke of Swabia. Otto refuses, but at the instigation of his uncle Bruno I (duke of Lotharingia) allows Liudolf to lead an expedition to Italy to bring the vassal Berengar of Ivrea to heel.

title: 956

text: Bruno I, archbishop and duke (archduke) of Lotharingia resigns. His brother, King Otto I divides the duchy in two parts – Upper Lorraine and Lower Lorraine. He appoints Frederick I and Godfrey I as margraves (vice-duke).

title: 959

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor elects his 6-year-old son Otto II as heir apparent and co-ruler at the Imperial Diet in Worms. He is crowned at Aachen, and placed under the tutelage of his grandmother Matilda and his half-brother William of Mainz. Otto's own brother Bruno I is charged with the provisional government of Lorraine again.

title: 961

date: October 11

text: October 11 – Bruno I, archbishop of Cologne (b. 925)

title: 965

text: Otto I 'the Great', Holy Roman Emperor, appoints his imperial secretary Willigis as chancellor (guardian of the emperor's seal), an office formerly held by Otto's brother, Archbishop Bruno I.

title: 971


slug: brussels

label: Brussels

description: federal region of Belgium including the City of Brussels

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The city of Brussels is founded by Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine. He constructs fortifications (a castrum on an island) on the Senne River (modern Belgium).

title: 979

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake in Brussels at the Grote Markt. In response to the executions, Martin Luther composed a hymn called "A New Song Be By Us Begun".

title: 1523

section: Events › July–September

section: Crime & Justice

date: June 1

text: June 1 – A mass execution is carried out in the Spanish Netherlands at Sablon, near Brussels, as 18 persons who signed the Compromise of Nobles on April 5, 1566, are beheaded.

title: 1568

date: September 4

text: September 4 – In Brussels, rebels led by Jacques de Glymes of Brabant arrest the members of the Council of State that administers the city.

title: 1576

date: February 13

text: February 13 – Two days after the Battle of Gembloux, Spanish troops capture the city of Leuven, forcing Willem, Prince of Orange, to flee Brussels and relocate to Antwerp.Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Cornell University Press, 1977) p.186

title: 1578

section: Events › January–March

date: March 10

text: March 10 – The Spanish Army, commanded by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, obtains the surrender of Brussels after a siege that began the year before.

title: 1585

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Albert of Austria arrives in Brussels to begin his administration as Governor General of the Habsburg Netherlands.

title: 1596

text: Heinrich Escher, Mayor of Zürich, introduces chocolate to Switzerland from Brussels.

title: 1697

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts is established in Brussels.

title: 1711

date: June 25

text: June 25 – With the Holy Roman Empire having been ceded the "Southern Netherlands" (modern Belgium) from Spain, Prince Eugene of Savoy arrives in Brussels as the first Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands. Eugene soon returns home and leaves administration of the area to a dictatorial Hercule-Louis Turinetti.

title: 1716

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: February 3

text: February 3 – A fire in Brussels at the Coudenberg Palace, at this time the home of the ruling Austrian Duchess of Brabant, destroys the building, including the state records stored therein.

title: 1731

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Brussels, at the time part of the Austrian Netherlands, surrenders to France's Marshal Maurice de Saxe.

title: 1746

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Holy Roman Empire forces recapture Brussels, bringing an end to the short-lived United States of Belgium and restoring the Austrian Netherlands.

title: 1790

date: June 15

text: June 15 – The Duchess of Richmond's ball is held in Brussels, "the most famous ball in history".

title: 1815

section: Events › June

date: September 26

text: September 26 – Belgian Revolution: The army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands fails to retake Brussels; a National Congress is summoned to draw up a Constitution and a Provisional Government of Belgium is established under Charles Latour Rogier.

title: 1830

date: July 21

text: July 21 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is inaugurated as the first King of the Belgians, in Brussels.

title: 1831

date: May 5

text: May 5 – The first railway in continental Europe is opened between Brussels and Mechelen in Belgium.

title: 1835

text: February 13 – The Covering of the Senne in Brussels begins.

title: 1867

section: Events › February

date: February 24

text: February 24 – The first international telephone line in Europe is opened to the public between Brussels and Paris.

title: 1887

date: November 24

text: November 24 – The first Saint Verhaegen takes place in Brussels.

title: 1888

section: Events › November

date: November 15

text: November 15 – King Leopold II of Belgium survives an attempted assassination in Brussels by Italian anarchist Gennaro Rubino.

title: 1902

date: July 30

text: July 30–August 23 (July 17–August 10, O.S.) – The Second Congress of the All-Russian Social Democratic Labour Party is held in exile in Brussels, transferring to London.

title: 1903

section: Events › July

date: November 22

text: November 22 – The Belgian royal family returns to Brussels after the war, King Albert I having commanded the Allied army group in the September–October Courtrai offensive, which liberated his country.

title: 1918

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Germany, in a note to Brussels, guarantees the inviolability and integrity of Belgium so long as the latter abstains from military action against Germany.

title: 1937

section: Events › October

date: November 16

text: November 16 – In Brussels, 15,000 people demonstrate against the relatively short prison sentences of Belgian Nazi criminals.

title: 1947

date: April 17

text: April 17 – King Baudouin of Belgium officially opens the world's fair in Brussels, also known as Expo 58. The Atomium forms the centrepiece.

title: 1958

section: Events › April

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Real Madrid beats A.C. Milan 3–2 at Heysel Stadium, Brussels, and wins the 1957–58 European Cup in Association football.

title: 1958

section: Events › May

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Sabena Flight 548 crashes near Brussels, Belgium, killing 73, including the entire United States figure skating team and several coaches.

title: 1961

date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Innovation department store in the centre of Brussels, Belgium, burns down. It is the most devastating fire in Belgian history, resulting in 323 dead and missing and 150 injured.

title: 1967

date: September 6

text: September 6 – Dawson's Field hijackings: The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacks four passenger aircraft from Pan Am, TWA and Swissair on flights to New York from Brussels, Frankfurt and Zurich and flies them to a desert airstrip in Jordan.

title: 1970

section: Events › September

text: November 24 – A Brussels court sentences pretender Alexis Brimeyer to 18 months in jail for falsely using a noble title; Brimeyer has already fled to Greece.

title: 1971

date: December 10

text: December 10 – During the Ministerial Session of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, Spain signs the Protocol of Accession to NATO.

title: 1981

section: Events › December

date: May 29

text: May 29 – Heysel Stadium disaster: Thirty-nine spectators are killed in rioting on the terraces during the European Cup final between Liverpool F.C. and Juventus (0–1) at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium.

title: 1985

text: March 31 – TAROM Flight 371 from Bucharest to Brussels crashes shortly after takeoff killing all 60 people on board.

title: 1995


slug: brycheiniog

label: Brycheiniog

description: small kingdom in mid Wales

text: King Cloten of Dyfed (Southern Wales) marries Princess Ceindrech of Brycheiniog, and unites the two kingdoms (approximate date).

title: 650

section: Events › By place › Britain

section: Deaths

text: Rhain ap Cadwgan, king of Dyfed and Brycheiniog

title: 740

text: Battle of Hereford: The Welsh kingdoms of Brycheiniog, Gwent and Powys defeat the Mercians under King Offa at Hereford. They free themselves from the influence of the Anglo-Saxons.

title: 760

text: The armies of Brycheiniog and Gwent clash in the battle of Ffinnant (Wales). King Ithel of Gwent is killed in the fighting (approximate date).

title: 848

text: Kings Hyfaidd of Dyfed, Elisedd of Brycheiniog and Hywel of Glywysing, being harassed by the armies of King Anarawd in Wales, seek the protection of Alfred the Great, and submit to his overlordship. Anarawd seeks an alliance with King Guthred of York.

title: 885

text: A Viking pirate army under Hastein (a son of Ragnar Lodbrok) ravages the Welsh kingdoms of Brycheiniog and Gwent (approximate date).

title: 896

text: Lady Æthelflæd, daughter of the late King Alfred the Great and the widow of Earl Æthelred of Mercia, sends an army into Brycheiniog to avenge the murder of the Mercian abbot Ecbryht and his companions. They seize and burn the royal fort of King Tewdr of Brycheiniog at Llangorse Lake (Wales), and take the queen and thirty-three others captive.

title: 916

text: Summer – Lady Æthelflæd of Mercia cements an alliance with King Constantine II of Scotland against Norse York. She captures the fortress at Derby (belonging to the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw), while her brother, King Edward the Elder, takes Towcester. Æthelflæd's armies also ravage Brycheiniog (Wales) in revenge for killing the Mercian abbot Ecbryht (see 916).

title: 917

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: King Tewdwr of Brycheiniog attends the court of King Æthelstan and signs the English Land Charters. Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Idwal Foel of Gwynedd and Morgan Mwynfawr ("the Old") of Morgannwg are compelled to accompany Æthelstan on his campaign against King Constantine II of Scotland.

title: 934

section: Events › By place › England


slug: bubonic-plague

label: Bubonic plague

description: human and animal disease

year_label: 406 BCE

text: The Carthaginians again invade Sicily and attack Agrigentum (Acragas). Plague breaks out in their camp and Hannibal Mago dies. Himilco assumes command and captures Agrigentum (Acragas), Gela and Camarina. Gela is destroyed and its treasures sacked. The survivors take refuge in Syracuse. The plague is carried back to Carthage by its soldiers.

title: 406 BC

section: Events › By place › Carthage

year_label: 397 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Siege of Syracuse: A Carthaginian expeditionary army (some 50,000 men) under Himilco crosses to Sicily. They conquer the north coast and put Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, on the defensive and besiege Syracuse. However, the Carthaginian army suffers from the plague. The Syracuse counterattacked and completely defeat Himilco's army. Himilco has to escape back to Carthage.

title: 397 BC

section: Health & Medicine

text: Emperor Valerian leads an army (70,000 men) to relieve Edessa, besieged by the forces of Persian King Shapur I. An outbreak of a plague kills many legionaries, weakening the Roman position in Syria.

title: 259

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague appears suddenly in the Egyptian port of Pelusium, spreading to Alexandria and, the following year, to Constantinople. This is the beginning of a 200-year-long pandemic that will devastate Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.

title: 541

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague, spread from Egypt, kills at least 230,000 in Constantinople (modern Istanbul; before counting stops), and perhaps two million or more in the rest of the empire. Emperor Justinian I contracts the disease but recovers.

title: 542

text: The plague hits Rome, and its victims include Pope Pelagius II.

title: 589

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: The Franks and Burgundians under King Guntram invade Italy. They capture the cities Milan and Verona, but are forced to leave by a plague outbreak in the Po Valley.

title: 590

text: A brief outbreak of plague hits Britain (approximate date).

title: 663

text: Plague kills almost all of the Benedictine monks in the monastery of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey (Northumbria), aside from the abbot Ceolfrith and one small boy – future scholar Bede.

title: 686

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Bubonic plague in Asia Minor kills 1/3 of the population, and subsequently sweeps through the Peloponnese (Balkan Peninsula) (approximate date).

title: 745

text: Bubonic plague breaks out in Sicily, Calabria (Southern Italy), and Monemvasia (modern Greece).

title: AD 747

text: Spring – A severe Bubonic Plague epidemic begins in the Crimea, marking the first major epidemic of the Black Death.

title: 1346

section: Events

text: The Bubonic plague spreads in southern France.

title: 1525

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Bubonic plague breaks out in England.

title: 1528

date: April 12

text: April 12 – The burial of Margaret Porteous is recorded; hers is the first known death during the Great Plague of London. This last major outbreak of Bubonic plague in the British Isles has possibly been introduced from the Netherlands. Two-thirds of Londoners leave the city, but over 68,000 die. The plague spreads to Derbyshire.

title: 1665

section: Events › April–June

date: August 10

text: August 10 – Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): The Russian army begins its attempt to cross the Dniester River and fails after three weeks; it is later decimated by plague.

title: 1738

section: Events › July–September

date: May

text: May – Third plague pandemic: Bubonic plague breaks out in the Tai Ping Shan area of Hong Kong (by the end of the year, the death toll is 2,552 people); it also breaks out this year in Canton.

title: 1894


slug: bucharest

label: Bucharest

description: capital and largest city of Romania

date: December 7

text: December 7 –Vlad II Dracul, ruler of Wallachia, and his eldest son Mircea are assassinated outside of Bucharest. Vladislav II succeeds him, with the assistance of John Hunyadi, beginning the Albanian–Venetian War.

title: 1447

section: Events › October – December

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Wallachian town of Bucharest is first mentioned.

title: 1459

date: January 23

text: January 23 – Neagoe Basarab becomes the new Prince of Wallachia at the capital, Târgoviște, after Prince Prince Vlad V is captured at battle in Bucharest and then decapitated.

title: 1512

section: Events › January–March

date: March 17

text: March 17 – Mircea the Shepherd enters Bucharest as the new ruler of Wallachia, now in Romania.

title: 1545

section: Culture & Society

date: August 19

text: August 19 – Petru Cercel enters Bucharest, and becomes Prince of Wallachia.

title: 1583

date: November 13

text: November 13 – After the Principality of Wallachia (now in Romania) joins other Eastern European nations in a Holy League, a rebellion breaks out in Bucharest as Christian residents massacre the soldiers of the Ottoman Muslim garrison, entering Wallachia into the ongoing Thirteen Years' War.

title: 1594

section: Events › October–December

section: Religion & Belief

date: March 16

text: March 16 – Bucharest allows Jews to settle in the city, in exchange for an annual tax of 16 guilders.

title: 1665

date: December 25

text: December 25 – George Ducas, the Prince of Moldavia installed by the Ottomans in 1678, is arrested by Polish authorities while on his way back to Bucharest from the defeat by Poland in the Battle of Vienna. Ducas is replaced by Ștefan Petriceicu.

title: 1683

text: Bucharest becomes the capital of Wallachia (part of modern-day Romania).

title: 1698

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Constantine Hangerli enters Bucharest, as Prince of Wallachia.

title: 1798

section: Events › January–June

date: March 19

text: March 19 – The Holy Alliance sends the Ottoman Empire a final ultimatum after Ottoman repression of Austrian subjects in Bucharest during the Wallachian uprising, otherwise facing war with Austria.

title: 1822

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Bucharest becomes the world's first city to have its streets illuminated by kerosene lamps.

title: 1857

date: March

text: March – The Austrian garrison leaves Bucharest.

title: 1857

date: February 11

text: February 11 – The Romanian Association football club Sportul Studențesc is founded in Bucharest.

title: 1916

section: Events › February

date: November 23

text: November 23 – WWI: Eastern Front – Bucharest, the capital of Romania, is occupied by troops of the Central Powers.

title: 1916

section: Events › November

date: November 26

text: November 26–27 – Jilava Massacre: In Romania, coup leader General Ion Antonescu's Iron Guard arrests and executes over 60 of exiled King Carol II of Romania's aides, starting at a penitentiary near Bucharest. Among the dead is former minister and acclaimed historian Nicolae Iorga.

title: 1940

text: November 16 – Bucharest Metro Line One is opened, in Bucharest, Romania (from Timpuri Noi to Semanatoarea stations, 8.63 km mi).

title: 1979

date: December 21

text: December 21 – Nicolae Ceaușescu addresses an assembly of some 110,000 people outside the Romanian Communist Party headquarters in Bucharest. Unprecedentedly, most of the crowd turns against him.

title: 1989

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: March 31

text: March 31 – TAROM Flight 371 from Bucharest to Brussels crashes shortly after takeoff killing all 60 people on board.

title: 1995

section: Events › March

text: November 24 – The Avdhela Project, an Aromanian digital library and cultural initiative, is founded in Bucharest, Romania.

title: 2009

date: October 30

text: October 30 – Colectiv nightclub fire: a fire ignited by a failed fireworks show sets the walls and columns covered in foam of the Colectiv nightclub, located in Romania's capital Bucharest. 27 people die at the scene, including four out the five members of the Romanian metalcore band "Goodbye to Gravity", and 37 would succumb later due to the injuries and intoxication with fumes, but also because of the poor treatment conditions. The event and the poor management of the situation spark a riot in all of Romania, known as the "Colectiv Revolution".

title: 2015

section: Events › October

text: August 10 – Protests against the government of Romania, prime-minister Viorica Dăncilă and PSD leader and corrupt businessman Liviu Dragnea take place in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca and other major Romanian cities. In Bucharest, the protests take a violent shape and, in the course of a few hours, over 400 people are injured, including civilians not taking part in the protests and police units, and more than a thousand people suffer effects from tear gas and hand grenades thrown by the Romanian Jandarmerie units deployed and backed by the PSD-ruled government.

title: 2018

section: Events › August

date: May 18

text: May 18 – 2025 Romanian presidential election: Following the annulment of the previous election, Bucharest mayor Nicușor Dan wins in the second round, beating George Simion.

title: 2025

section: Events › May


slug: buda

label: Buda

description: western part of Budapest, Hungary, former independent city

section: Conflict & Security

text: Attila, king of the Huns, consolidates his power in the Hungarian capital, probably on the site of Buda (modern Budapest). He jointly rules the kingdom with his brother Bleda.

title: 434

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Matthew III Csák, the Palatine of Hungary, attempts to expand his territory within the kingdom and pillages the area around the town of Buda

title: 1311

section: Events › April – June

date: March 28

text: March 28 – A War Council in Buda, led by King Sigismund of Hungary is held with representatives of various Christian nations to begin the Nicopolis Crusade against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire for the liberation of Bulgaria.

title: 1396

section: Events › January–December

text: The first mention is made of Wallachian knights competing in a jousting tournament, in Buda.

title: 1412

section: Events › Date unknown

date: April 15

text: April 15 – King Wladyslaw of Hungary appears before the Országgyűlés, the Diet of Hungary in Buda, and pledges to the legislators present that he will lead the attack against the Turkish Muslims in the summer.

title: 1444

section: Events › April–June

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman army of Sultan Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army of King Louis II, who drowns while retreating with his troops. Two rival groups seek to elect a successor to Louis. Suleiman takes Buda, while Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and John Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania, dispute the succession. As a result of the battle, Ragusa achieves independence, although it acknowledges Ottoman overlordship.

title: 1526

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Buda is recaptured by the invading forces of the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1529

text: Austrian forces capture Esztergom, Hungary, and raid as far as Buda.

title: 1530

date: October 22

text: October 22 – In the Great Turkish War, the Siege of Pécs ends when the Ottoman-held city, located across the Danube River from the recent liberated Buda, surrenders to Austrian troops of the Holy League, continuing the Austrian assumption of control of Hungary. Buda and Pest are later combined to form the Hungarian city (and now capital) of Budapest.

title: 1686

date: September 2

text: September 2 – Great Turkish War: Battle of Buda – Imperial forces of the Holy League of 1684 (Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria under Austrian leadership) liberate Buda (now part of Budapest) from Ottoman Turkish rule (leading to the end of Ottoman rule in Hungary during subsequent years).

title: 1686

date: January 5

text: January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, enters in the Hungarian capitals, Buda and Pest. The Hungarian government and parliament flee to Debrecen.

title: 1849

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Budapest, Hungary's capital, is formed from Pest, Buda and Óbuda.

title: 1873


slug: budapest

label: Budapest

description: capital and largest city of Hungary

year_label: 89 CE

section: Religion & Belief

text: Aquincum (old Budapest, Óbuda) is founded (approximate date).

title: AD 89

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Permanent castrum of Legio II Adiutrix at Aquincum (modern Budapest) in Pannonia.

title: AD 105

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: The old Legio II Adiutrix, part of which had always been stationed at Aquincum (modern Budapest), is divided into two comitatenses, and shipped to Britannia.

title: 401

title: 434

text: Vata pagan uprising in the Kingdom of Hungary: Peter, King of Hungary ("the Venetian"), is overthrown after a 2-year reign and perhaps executed. Bishops Gerard of Csanád and Bystrík (or Bestricus) are stoned to death in Budapest.

title: 1046

section: Culture & Society

date: May

text: May – The People's Crusade, under Peter the Hermit, arrives at Sopron. Coloman, King of Hungary ("the Learned") gives them permission to pass through Hungary, and to use the markets. Peter and his followers (some 20,000 men and women) travel from Budapest southwards supported by knights, while lumbering wagons carry stores and a chest of money that he has collected for the journey.

title: 1096

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

date: November 27

text: November 27 – On the same day, Hungarian nobles formally elect the 20-year-old Charles Robert of Salerno as King of Hungary and Croatia in the Hungarian city of Pest (now part of Budapest). He becomes Charles I, but his rule remains nominal in most parts of the realm after he is crowned.

title: 1308

section: Events › October – December

title: 1311

date: November 10

text: November 10 – In eastern Hungary, at Székesfehérvár, a group of lesser nobles proclaims John Zápolya as proclaimed as the King of Hungary. The assembly proclaims the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, with a capital at Buda.

title: 1526

section: Events › October–December

date: November 19

text: November 19 – In Budapest, the coronation ceremonies take place for Matthias to be crowned as King Mátyás II of Hungary.

title: 1608

text: November 19 – Archduke Matthias of Austria is formally crowned in Budapest as Mátyás II, King of Hungary, after having been appointed on June 26, 1608.

title: 1609

title: 1686

title: 1686

section: Events › July–September

date: December 11

text: December 11 – An edict is issued limiting Masonic lodges throughout the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Joseph II. With the exception of Vienna, Budapest and Prague, no Empire province may have more than one lodge.

title: 1785

section: Climate & Environment

date: March 13

text: March 13 – A combination of rain and melting snow causes the Danube River to overflow its banks, washing away villages in western Hungary and inundating the twin cities that become Budapest. More than 150 people are drowned and Europe's nations come to Hungary's aid to prevent the spread of famine and disease.

title: 1838

section: Events › January–March

date: June 28

text: June 28 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, defeats the Hungarians, led by Ernő Poeltenberg, in the Battle of Győr. The Hungarian army is forced to retreat towards Budapest.

title: 1849

section: Deaths

date: May 21

text: May 21 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian army, led by Arthur Görgey, captures the Castle of Buda, liberating the Hungarian capital city completely. The leader of the defending Austrian forces, General Heinrich Hentzi, dies because of his injuries. The Hungarian government moves back from Debrecen to Budapest.

title: 1849

title: 1873

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Gustav Mahler premieres his Symphony No. 1, in Budapest.

title: 1889

date: January 15

text: January 15 – The Telefon Hírmondó service starts with around 60 subscribers, in Budapest.

title: 1893

section: Events › January

date: May 3

text: May 3 – The Ferencvárosi TC Association football club is founded in Budapest.

title: 1899

date: April 29

text: April 29 – Anti-Semitic rioting breaks out in Budapest.

title: 1901

section: Events › April

section: Crime & Justice

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Serbia responds to the ultimatum from the 23rd accepting some but not all of Austria-Hungary's demands. In response Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with Serbia and begins to mobilise its own forces. Radomir Putnik, Chief of the Serbian General Staff, is arrested in Budapest, but subsequently allowed to return to Serbia.

title: 1914

section: Events › July

date: November 16

text: November 16 – After Entente pressure, Romanian forces withdraw from Budapest and allow Admiral Horthy to march in.

title: 1919

date: October 23

text: October 23 – The Hungarian Revolution breaks out against the pro-Soviet government, originating as a student demonstration in Budapest. Hungary attempts to leave the Warsaw Pact.

title: 1956

date: November 2

text: November 2 – Greville Wynne, a British trader acting as a courier for MI6, is arrested by the KGB in Budapest and imprisoned in Moscow after confessing to espionage.

title: 1962

section: Economy & Finance

date: March 24

text: March 24 – The first McDonald's restaurant in a country run by a Communist party opens in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. It was later followed by one in Budapest, and in 1990 in Moscow, and Shenzhen, China.

title: 1988

date: June 16

text: June 16 – A crowd of 250,000 gathers at Heroes Square in Budapest for the historic reburial of Imre Nagy, the former Hungarian Prime Minister who had been executed in 1958.

title: 1989

section: Events › June

text: November 23 – The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, the first international treaty to address cybercrime, is signed in Budapest, Hungary.

title: 2001

date: April 3

text: April 3 – Hungary withdraws from the International Criminal Court after Israeli Prime Minister and accused war criminal Benjamin Netanyahu lands in Budapest for a state visit, in defiance of the International Criminal Court's arrest warrant against him.

title: 2025


slug: buddhism-in-japan

label: Buddhism in Japan

description: traditions of Buddhism popular in Japan

section: Births

text: Huiguo, Chinese Buddhist nun (d. 433)

title: 364

section: Religion & Belief

text: Buddhism in Japan is introduced, according to the Nihon Shoki.

title: 552

section: Events › By place › Asia

section: Conflict & Security

text: Japanese Buddhism comes under attack as a "foreign" religion.

title: 586

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Battle of Shigisan: The Soga clan, which has intermarried with the royal Yamato clan, fights the Mononobe and Nakatomi clans over influence in selecting a new successor for the Japanese throne, after Emperor Yōmei dies. The Soga favor importing Buddhism from the Asian mainland, described there as the religion of the most civilized. The Mononobe and Nakatomi hold that Buddhism would be an affront to the gods. The Soga win the civil war and Sushun, age 66, becomes the 32nd emperor of Japan.

title: 587

text: Empress Suiko begins a long reign during a pivotal period, in which Buddhism influences the development and culture of Japan. She is the first female ruler and the first to receive official recognition from China.

title: 593

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Empress Suiko issues the "Flourishing Three Treasures Edict", officially recognizing the practice of Buddhism in Japan. She begins diplomatic relations with the Sui dynasty (China).

title: 594

text: Dōshō, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 700)

title: 629

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: Hōryū-ji, a Japanese Buddhist temple, burns to the ground after being hit by lightning; its reconstruction is immediately begun.

title: 670

text: Rōben, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 773)

title: 689

text: A festival, for the opening of the eyes of Buddhist images, is held in Yakushi-ji Temple in Japan (approximate date).

title: 697

text: Dōkyō, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 772)

title: 700

text: Rōben, scholar-Buddhist monk, invites Shinshō to give lectures on the Avatamsaka Sutra at Kinshōsen-ji (later Tōdai-ji); this event is considered to be the roots of the Kegon school of Buddhism founded in Japan.

title: 736

text: Japanese authorities decree that Buddhist temples should be established throughout the country (approximate date).

title: 741

text: Gyōki, Japanese Buddhist priest (b. 668)

title: 749

date: August 19

text: August 19 – Emperor Shōmu abdicates the throne, after a 25-year reign that has been dominated by his wife (and aunt), Kōmyō, a commoner he married at age 16. He is succeeded by his daughter Kōken; Shōmu becomes the first retired emperor to become a Buddhist priest.

title: 749

section: Events › By place › Japan

text: Emperor Shōmu (retired since 749) takes part in the dedication ceremony of the Great Buddha, (15 metres) at Tōdai-ji in Nara (Japan), and declares himself a Buddhist.

title: 752

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Saichō, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 822)

title: AD 767

date: May 13

text: May 13 – Dōkyō, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 700)

title: 772

text: Rōben, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 689)

title: 773

text: Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 835)

title: 774

text: The Japanese begin a war against the Ainu, in the north, on the main island of Honshu. Emperor Kanmu wishes to be free from the influence of the Buddhist monasteries around Nara (then called Heijō), and moves the capital to Nagaoka, ending the Nara period.

title: 784

text: The Enryaku-ji temple complex is founded by Saichō, a Buddhist monk, on Mount Hiei in Ōtsu (Japan).

title: 788

text: Shinshō, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 873)

title: 797

text: Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk, travels in a government-sponsored expedition to China, in order to learn more about the Mahavairocana Sutra. He brings back texts of Shingon (Esoteric Buddhism).

title: 804

text: Hōzen-ji Temple is founded in Wakakusa, Nakakoma District, Japan (now Minami-Alps, Yamanashi Prefecture). The temple follows the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism.

title: 806

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Saichō, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 767)

title: 822

text: Zenpuku-ji, one of the oldest Tokyo temples, is founded by the Japanese Buddhist monk Kūkai.

title: 824

text: Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 774)

title: 835

text: Emperor Seiwa abdicates the throne, in favor of his 7-year-old son Yōzei. Seiwa becomes a Buddhist priest; he appoints Fujiwara no Mototsune as regent (sesshō), who assists the child emperor.

title: 876

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Emperor Daigo of Japan, being fatally ill, abdicates in favor of his 7-year-old son Suzaku, after a 33-year reign. He enters the Buddhist priesthood, but dies shortly after. Former Emperor Uda (Daigo's father), remains the power behind the Japanese throne (until 931).

title: 930

text: Kōkei, Japanese Buddhist monk (approximate date)

title: 977

text: Fall – Emperor En'yū abdicates the throne in favor of his 16-year-old son Kazan after a 15-year reign. En'yū retires and becomes a Buddhist priest.

title: 984

text: Byōdō-in Temple (located in Yamashiro Province) is built during the Heian Period on orders of Fujiwara no Michinaga, who uses the Buddhist temple as a countryside retreat villa (modern-day Kyoto Prefecture).

title: 998

text: Byōdō-in, a Japanese Buddhist temple (located in the Kyoto Prefecture), changes its name by order of Fujiwara no Yorimichi.

title: 1052

text: Kōgyō-Daishi, Japanese Buddhist priest (d. 1143)

title: 1095

text: Chōgen, Japanese Buddhist monk (kanjin) (d. 1206)

title: 1121

text: Taira no Tokiko, Japanese Buddhist nun (d. 1185)

title: 1126

date: June 20

text: June 20 – Benchō, Japanese Buddhist patriarch (d. 1238)

title: 1162

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Enni, Japanese Buddhist monk and teacher (d. 1280)

title: 1202

text: Sengaku, Japanese Buddhist monk and writer (d. 1273)

title: 1203

text: Hōnen and his followers of the Pure Land sect are persecuted and exiled to remote parts of Japan, while a few are executed, for what the government considers heretical Buddhist teachings.

title: 1207

text: Jakuen, Japanese Buddhist monk and scholar (d. 1299)

title: 1207

date: February 29

text: February 29 – Hōnen, Japanese Buddhist reformer (b. 1133)

title: 1212

text: Nisshō, Japanese Buddhist priest and teacher (d. 1323)

title: 1221

text: Unkei, Japanese Buddhist monk and sculptor (b. 1150)

title: 1223

text: January 1 – Mujū Dōkyō, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 1312)

title: 1227

text: February 21 – Myōe, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 1173)

title: 1232

text: Ippen (or Zuien), Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 1289)

title: 1234

text: March 16 – Benchō, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 1162)

title: 1238

text: Awaji Nichiken, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 1338)

title: 1243

text: Nichirō, Japanese Buddhist disciple and scholar (d. 1320)

title: 1245

text: December 24 – Shōkū, Japanese Buddhist disciple (b. 1177)

title: 1247

text: Nikō, Japanese Buddhist monk and disciple (d. 1314)

title: 1253

text: April 28 – Nichiren, Japanese Buddhist monk, declares his intent to preach the Lotus Sutra and Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō as the true Buddhism, thus founding Nichiren Buddhism.

title: 1253

text: June 13 – Tankei, Japanese Buddhist sculptor (b. 1173)

title: 1256

text: Nichiin, Japanese Buddhist monk and disciple (d. 1329)

title: 1264

text: Nichizō, Japanese Buddhist monk and disciple (d. 1342)

title: 1269

text: September 12 – Nichiren, Japanese Buddhist priest, is arrested by a band of soldiers and nearly beheaded. This incident, known as Hosshaku Kenpon or "casting off the transient and revealing the true," is regarded as a turning point of Nichiren's teachings within the various schools, known as Nichiren Buddhism.

title: 1271

text: Meihō Sotetsu, Japanese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1350)

title: 1277

text: October 13 – Nichiren, Japanese Buddhist priest (b. 1222)

title: 1282

text: Yoshida Kenkō, Japanese Buddhist monk and writer (d. 1350)

title: 1283

text: Ton'a (or Tonna), Japanese Buddhist poet and writer (d. 1372)

title: 1289

text: In Japan the temple of Nanzen-ji at Kyoto is established by Emperor Kameyama. This temple becomes one of the most important religious schools within the Rinzai sect of Zen Buddhism and includes multiple sub-temples.

title: 1291

text: Akashi Kakuichi, Japanese Buddhist monk and musician (d. 1371)

title: 1299

text: Kangan Giin, Japanese Buddhist scholar and Zen Master (b. 1217)

title: 1300

text: April 19 – Nitchō, Japanese Buddhist monk, cleric and scholar (b. 1252)

title: 1317


slug: buddhism

label: Buddhism

description: Indian religion

year_label: 550 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Siddhartha Gautama founds Buddhism in Northern India after achieving enlightenment after six years of practicing penance and meditation.

title: 550 BC

section: Events

year_label: 483 BCE

text: Gautama Buddha, Indian prince, founder of Buddhism (b. c. 563 BC)

title: 483 BC

year_label: 400 BCE

text: Siddhārtha Gautama (also known as Buddha), founder of Buddhism (approximate date)

title: 400 BC

year_label: 327 BCE

text: Moggaliputta-Tissa, Indian Buddhist monk, scholar and philosopher (approximate date)

title: 327 BC

year_label: 266 BCE

text: The Mauryan emperor Ashoka converts to Buddhism.

title: 266 BC

section: Events › By place › India

year_label: 261 BCE

text: Mauryan Emperor Ashoka wages a war against the independent kingdom of Kalinga, culminating in the Battle of the Dhauli Hills. In the aftermath, Kalinga is annexed into the Mauryan Empire, but the brutality of the war is believed to have led to Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism, as described in his many Edicts of Ashoka.

title: 261 BC

year_label: 248 BCE

text: The Mauryan king Ashoka is dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism and begins establishing monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha.

title: 248 BC

year_label: 247 BCE

text: Moggaliputta-Tissa, Indian Buddhist monk and philosopher

title: 247 BC

year_label: 236 BCE

text: Buddhism is introduced to Sri Lanka by Mahinda, a monk acting on behalf of the late Ashoka.

title: 236 BC

section: Events › By place › Sri Lanka

year_label: 58 CE

text: Emperor Ming of Han introduces Buddhism to China inviting monks from the western Indus Valley.

title: 50s

section: Events › 58 AD › China

year_label: 60 CE

text: Buddhamitra, Indian Buddhist nun (approximate date)

title: AD 60

year_label: 65 CE

text: In China, the first official reference to Buddhism is made.

title: AD 65

year_label: 68 CE

text: Buddhism officially arrives in China with the building of the White Horse Temple.

title: AD 68

year_label: 96 CE

text: A schism in Buddhism creates a new, popular religion in India, Mahâyâna ("Great Vehicle").

title: AD 96

text: An Shigao, Chinese Buddhist missionary (b. AD 148)

title: AD 170

text: Ze Rong, Chinese warlord and Buddhist leader

title: AD 195

text: King Bahram I of Persia dies after a 3-year reign, in which the Zoroastrian priests at Ctesiphon (Iran) put pressure on him to persecute Buddhists, Christians, and Manichaeans. He is succeeded by his son Bahram II.

title: 276

section: Events › By place › Sassanid Empire

text: Zhu Jingjian, Chinese Buddhist nun (d. 361)

title: 292

text: Huiyuan, Chinese Buddhist teacher and founder of Donglin Temple (d. 416)

title: 334

text: Kumārajīva, Buddhist monk and translator (d. 413)

title: 344

text: Buddhist monk Lè Zūn has a vision of "golden rays of light shining down on 1,000 Buddhas", resulting in the creation of the Mogao Caves.

title: 366

text: Sengrui, Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar (d. 438)

title: 371

text: Buddhism is adopted as the official religion of Gorguryeo.

title: 372

text: Former Qin captures the city of Xiangyang from Eastern Jin. The Buddhist monk Dao'an is transferred from Xiangyang to Chang'an.

title: 379

section: Events › By place › China

section: Culture & Society

text: King Chimnyu ascends to the throne of Baekje (Korea); he welcomes the Indian Buddhist monk Marananta into his palace, and later declares Buddhism the official religion.

title: 384

text: The Northern Wei Dynasty begins in China. The Tuoba clan of the Xianbei tribe (proto-Mongol people) is politically separated from the Chinese dynasties established in Jiankang (modern Nanjing). The Northern Wei rulers are ardent supporters of Buddhism. Prince Dao Wu Di, age 15, becomes the first emperor (see Northern dynasties).

title: 386

text: Zhu Fatai, Chinese Buddhist scholar (b. 320)

title: 387

text: Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, travels to India, Sri Lanka and Kapilavastu (modern Nepal).

title: 399

text: Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, makes a pilgrimage to India, initiating Sino-Indian relations. Stirred by his faith to Buddhism, he visits the sites of Siddhartha Gautama's life.

title: 402

text: Hui Yuan argues that Buddhist monks should be exempt from bowing to the emperor.

title: 403

text: The Chinese Buddhist monk Huiyuan, who founded the Pure Land Buddhism sect and the monastery on Mount Lushan, writes the book On Why Monks Do Not Bow Down Before Kings in this year. In his book he argues that although the Buddhist clergy should remain independent and undisturbed by politics, the Buddhist laymen nonetheless make good subjects under monarchs, due to their fear of retribution of karma and desire to be reborn in paradise.

title: AD 404

text: Faxian, Chinese traveler, arrives in India. He visits the major seats of Buddhist learning (Udyana, Peshawar, and Taxila).

title: 406

text: Kumarajiva, Buddhist monk and translator (b. 344)

title: 413

text: Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, returns from India and begins translating Buddhist works into Chinese.

title: 414

text: Buddhism begins to spread to Southeast Asia.

title: 425

text: Bodhidharma, semi-legendary Buddhist monk (approximate date)

title: 440

text: Three Disasters of Wu: The Northern Wei dynasty begins persecuting Buddhists, having heretofore encouraged them. The drain of manpower and tax money to temples and monasteries has threatened the secular government, and the reaction is fierce: monks and nuns are murdered, temples and icons destroyed. All men under age 50 are prohibited from joining any monastic order in a program that will continue until 450, helping the Confucianist philosophy of the Han dynasty to gain dominance over Buddhism.

title: 446

text: Kou Qianzhi, Chinese Daoist reformer, dies after having converted emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei and having established Daoism as the country's dominant religion. His death presages a revival of Buddhism as China's dominant faith.

title: 448

text: Dignāga, Buddhist founder of Indian logic (d. 540)

title: 480

text: The Nanhua Temple, located southeast of Shaoguan, is founded by the Indian monk Zhiyao Sanzang. The temple covers an area of 42.5 ha acre and consists of a set of historical Buddhist buildings.

title: AD 502

text: Emperor Wu Di of the Liang Dynasty becomes a Buddhist, and introduces the new religion to central China. He demands that sacrifices to imperial ancestors be changed to using dried meat, instead of the traditional animals (goats, pigs and cows).

title: 517

text: Bodhidharma, Buddhist monk, arrives in Luoyang. He spreads Buddhism and travels to the northern Chinese kingdom of Wei, to the Shaolin Monastery.

title: 520

text: Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, formally adopts Buddhism as a state religion (approximate date).

title: 527

text: The Hephthalites (White Huns) move from the Hindu Kush into the Punjab region, and eastward across the Ganges Delta, ravaging cities and Buddhist monasteries.

title: 528

text: Bodhidharma, Buddhist monk (approximate date)

title: 528

text: Emperor Xiao Zhuang Di is arrested and imprisoned in a Buddhist temple at Jinyang (Shanxi). He is succeeded by Chang Guang Wang, who becomes the new ruler of Northern Wei.

title: 530

text: King Seong of Paekche (Korea) moves the capital from Ungjin (present-day Gongju) further south to Sabi (present-day Buyeo County), on the Geum River. He sends a diplomatic mission that formally introduces Buddhism to the Japanese imperial court (see also 552).

title: 538

text: Dignāga, Buddhist founder of Indian logic

title: 540

text: Jizang, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 623)

title: 549

text: The Jiming Temple in Nanjing is built; the Buddhist pagoda is located near Xuanwu Lake.

title: 557

text: Jnanagupta, a Buddhist monk from Gandhara (Pakistan), begins translating Buddhist texts into Chinese.

title: 561

text: The secondary capital Taiyuan in Northern Qi is rebuilt and becomes a center of Buddhism.

title: 562

text: King Wideok of Baekje (Korea) sends an official escort (bearing tribute), along with a master of Buddhist meditation, a reciter of Buddhist magic spells, a temple architect, and a sculptor of Buddhist images, to the Chinese court of the Sui dynasty (approximate date).

title: 585

text: Jnanagupta, Afghan Buddhist monk, translates the Vimalakirti Sutra into Chinese.

title: 591

text: Zhiyi, de facto founder of Tiantai Buddhism (b. 538)

title: 597

text: Sumatra, Java, and the surrounding islands are converted to Buddhism.

title: 600

text: Hongren, Chán (Buddhist) patriarch of the Tang dynasty (d. 674)

title: 601

text: Wonhyo, Korean Buddhist monk and writer (d. 686)

title: 617

text: Jizang, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 549)

title: 623

text: Fazang, Chinese Buddhist patriarch (d. 712)

title: 643

text: Gyōki, Japanese Buddhist priest (d. 749)

title: 668

text: Yijing, Chinese Buddhist monk, travels by boat from Guangzhou, and visits the capital of the partly Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya in Palembang (Indonesia). He stays for 6 months to study Sanskrit grammar and the Malay language.

title: 671

text: Hongren, Chán (Buddhist) patriarch of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)

title: 674

text: Wonhyo, Korean Buddhist monk (b. 617)

title: 686

text: Jianzhen, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 763)

title: 688

text: Xue Huai-yi, Chinese Buddhist monk

title: 694

text: Fazang, Chinese Buddhist patriarch (b. 643)

title: 712

text: Rōben, scholar-Buddhist monk, invites Shinshō to give lectures on the Avatamsaka Sutra at Kinshōsen-ji (later Tōdai-ji); this event is considered to be the roots of the Kegon school of Buddhism founded in Japan.

title: 736

text: The oldest surviving printed document, a Buddhist scripture, is printed in Korea.

title: 751

text: Trisong Detsen becomes emperor of Tibet. During his reign he plays a pivotal role in the introduction of Buddhism, and the establishment of the Nyingma or "Ancient" school of Tibetan Buddhism.

title: 755

text: The Tōshōdai-ji Buddhist Temple is founded in Nara, Japan.

title: 759

text: Jianzhen, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 688)

title: 763

text: Jia Dao, Chinese poet and Buddhist monk (d. 843)

title: 779

text: Tō-ji, a Buddhist temple of the Shingon sect, is established in Kyoto, Japan.

title: 796

text: Priest Saichō, patriarch of Tendai Buddhism, visits China and reportedly brings back tea seeds (or 805).

title: 804

text: Priest Saichō, patriarch of Tendai Buddhism, visits China and introduces tea to Japan on his return (or 804).

title: 805

text: Borobudur, a Mahayana Buddhist Temple, is completed in Central Java (modern Indonesia).

title: 825

text: Jia Dao, Chinese poet and Buddhist monk (b. 779)

title: 843

text: It is hypothesized that sometime around 850 a group of Buddhist pilgrims travelling through a valley near Roopkund (modern India) were killed when caught out in the open in a sudden hailstorm. Their remains were discovered in 1942.

title: 850

text: Huangbo Xiyun, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk

title: 850

text: Atiśa, Bengali Buddhist religious leader (d. 1054)

title: 982

text: Gusiluo, Tibetan religious leader of Buddhism (d. 1065)

title: 997

text: Maitripada, Indian Buddhist philosopher (d. 1085)

title: 1007

text: Srivijaya, a Buddhist kingdom based in Sumatra, is attacked by Emperor Rajendra I of the Chola dynasty of southern India in a dispute over trading rights in Southeast Asia. It survives but declines in importance.

title: 1025

text: The Flower Sermon first appears in Buddhist literature.

title: 1036

text: Furong Daokai, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1118)

title: 1043

text: Vidyakara, Indian Buddhist scholar (d. 1130)

title: 1050

text: Xuedou Chongxian, Chinese Buddhist monk

title: 1052

text: Atiśa, Tibetan Buddhist leader and master (b. c.980)

title: 1054

text: September 28 – Uicheon, Korean Buddhist monk (d. 1101)

title: 1055

text: Ngok Loden Sherab, Tibetan Buddhist monk (d. 1109)

title: 1059

text: Danxia Zichun, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1117)

title: 1064

text: Gusiluo, Tibetan religious leader of Buddhism (b. 997)

title: 1065

text: Maitripada, Indian Buddhist philosopher (b. 1007)

title: 1085

text: A vast compilation of Liao, Korean, and Song Buddhist writings is completed (approximate date).

title: 1101

text: Chekawa Yeshe Dorje, Tibetan Buddhist monk (d. 1176)

title: 1102

text: Khön Könchok Gyalpo, Tibetan Buddhist monk (b. 1034)

title: 1102

text: Ngok Loden Sherab, Tibetan Buddhist monk (b. 1059)

title: 1109

text: Danxia Zichun, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 1064)

title: 1117

text: Furong Daokai, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 1043)

title: 1118

text: Chekawa Yeshe Dorje, Tibetan Buddhist monk (b. 1102)

title: 1176

text: The Drigung Kagyu school of Kagyu Buddhism is founded (approximate date).

title: 1179

text: Ghurid forces under Qutb al-Din Aibak capture Delhi. General Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji sacks and burns the ancient city of Nalanda, India's greatest Buddhist seat of learning, and the university of Vikramashila.

title: 1193

text: Xueting Fuyu, Chinese Zen Buddhist abbot (d. 1275)

title: 1203

text: April 15 – A fire breaks out in the Song Chinese capital city of Hangzhou, raging for four days and nights, destroying 58,097 houses over an area of more than 3 mi km, killing 59 people, and an unrecorded number of other people, who are trampled while attempting to flee. The government provides temporary lodging for 5,345 people, in nearby Buddhist and Taoist monasteries. The collective victims of the disaster are given 160,000 strings of cash, along with 400 tons of rice. Some of the government officials who lose their homes take up residence in rented boathouses on the nearby West Lake.

title: 1208

text: The carving of the Tripitaka Koreana, a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, is completed.

title: 1251

text: October 12 – The Dai-Gohonzon, supreme object of veneration of Nichiren Shōshū Buddhism, is said to be inscribed by Nichiren Daishonin.

title: 1279

text: Buton Rinchen Drub, Tibetan Buddhist religious leader (d. 1364)

title: 1290

text: The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism, declines the offer of the Emperor Cheng Zu of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title "State Teacher". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king, upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).

title: 1414

text: June 6 – With the passage of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act by the Indian government, Mahabodhi Temple is restored to partial Buddhist control.

title: 1949

text: October 14 – Dalit Buddhist movement (India): B. R. Ambedkar, Dalit leader, converts to Buddhism, along with 500,000 followers.

title: 1956


slug: buddhist

label: Buddhist

year_label: 250 BCE

text: According to the Theravāda commentaries and chronicles, the Third Buddhist Council is convened by the Mauryan king Ashoka at Pataliputra (modern Patna), under the leadership of the monk Moggaliputta Tissa. Its objective is to purify the Buddhist movement, particularly from opportunistic factions which are being attracted by the royal patronage.

title: 250 BC

text: The first Buddhist monks arrive in China.

title: AD 160

text: Zhi Yao, a Kushan Buddhist monk of Yuezhi ethnicity, translates Buddhist texts into the Chinese language during the Han dynasty.

title: AD 185

text: Kumarajiva, Kuchean Buddhist monk, arrives in Chang'an and begins translating Buddhist texts into Chinese.

title: 401

text: The Buddhist Srimala Sutra is translated into Chinese by Gunabhadra.

title: 436

text: Buddhist caves are completed at Ajanta (India) with stone carvings (approximate date).

title: 525

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The Hōryū-ji Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, near Nara (Japan), is constructed.

title: 607

text: Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk (bhikkhu), travels across the Gobi Desert to Kumul. Following the Tian Shan mountain range of Central Asia westwards, he arrives in Turpan.

title: 630

text: Chinese Buddhist monks Zhi Yu and Zhi Yuo craft more south-pointing chariot vehicles (a non-magnetic, mechanical-driven directional-compass vehicle that incorporates the use of a differential).

title: AD 666

text: Guru Rinpoche, Indian Buddhist, travels to Bhutan (eastern end of the Himalayas), to cure the king of Bumthang (approximate date).

title: 746


slug: buenos-aires

label: Buenos Aires

description: capital and largest city of Argentina

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires in what is now Argentina.

title: 1536

section: Events › January–March

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Diego Marín de Negron, the Spanish Governor of Rio de la Plata y Paraguay, is assassinated by poisoning at his palace in Buenos Aires.C. Antonio Zinny, History of the governors of the Argentine provinces from 1810 to the present (Editoriales Huemul, 1941) p.105

title: 1613

section: Events › July–September

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Falklands Crisis (1770): Some 1,600 Spanish marines, sent by the Spanish governor of Buenos Aires in five frigates, seize Port Egmont in the Falkland Islands. The small British force present promptly surrenders.

title: 1770

section: Events › April–June

date: July 23

text: July 23 – British invasions of the River Plate: A British expeditionary force of 1,700 men lands on the left bank of the Río de la Plata and invades Buenos Aires.

title: 1806

date: July 5

text: July 5 – A disastrous British attack is mounted against Buenos Aires, during the second failed invasion of the Río de la Plata.

title: 1807

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Paraguay governor Bernardo de Velasco and the Cabildo of Asunción declare their loyalty to Ferdinand VII of Spain and break up their relationship with Buenos Aires.

title: 1810

date: May 18

text: May 18–25 – May Revolution: Armed citizens of Buenos Aires expel the Viceroy and establish a provincial government for Argentina (the Primera Junta). Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros is removed.

title: 1810

date: April 5

text: April 5–6 – Revolutionary riots occur in Buenos Aires.

title: 1811

date: January 31

text: January 31 – The Assembly of the Year XIII is inaugurated in Buenos Aires.

title: 1813

date: December 1

text: December 1 – Decembrist revolution (Argentina): Juan Lavalle, returning to Buenos Aires with troops that fought in the Cisplatine War, deposes the provincial governor Manuel Dorrego, reigniting the Argentine Civil Wars.

title: 1828

section: Events › October–December

text: In Buenos Aires, leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts the Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores.

title: 1860

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Science & Discovery

text: June 20 – The first recorded association football match in Argentina takes place in Buenos Aires.

title: 1867

section: Events › June

text: July 23 – The Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina is signed in Buenos Aires.

title: 1881

section: Events › July

text: July 26 – In Buenos Aires, the Revolution of the Park takes place, forcing President Juárez Celman's resignation.

title: 1890

date: March 31

text: March 31 – The world's first fingerprinting bureau is formally opened by the Buenos Aires Chief of Police; it has been operating unofficially since the previous year.

title: 1892

section: Events › March

date: May 23

text: May 23 – A bomb attack against the Italian consulate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills 22 and injures 43.

title: 1928

section: Events › May

date: June 1

text: June 1 – The 1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America is held in Buenos Aires.

title: 1929

date: February 25

text: February 25 – The first Pan American Games open in Buenos Aires.

title: 1951

section: Events › February

section: Crime & Justice

date: May 11

text: May 11 – In Buenos Aires, four Mossad agents abduct fugitive Nazi German war criminal Adolf Eichmann in order that he can be taken to Israel and put on trial. This is announced on May 23 by Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion.

title: 1960

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Puerta 12 tragedy: A football stampede in Buenos Aires leaves 74 dead and 150 injured.

title: 1968

section: Events › May–June

date: February 1

text: February 1 – The Benavídez rail disaster near Buenos Aires, Argentina (a rear-end collision) kills 236.

title: 1970

text: June 20 – The Ezeiza massacre occurs in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Snipers shoot at left-wing Peronists, killing at least 13 and injuring more than 300.

title: 1973

date: July 18

text: July 18 – AMIA bombing: In Buenos Aires, a terrorist attack destroys a building housing several Jewish organizations, killing 85 and injuring many more.

title: 1994

date: July 6

text: July 6 – In Buenos Aires, Argentina, serial shooter Martín Ríos opens fire against passers-by on Cabildo Avenue, killing an 18-year-old and injuring six others.

title: 2006


slug: buffalo-new-york

label: Buffalo, New York

description: city and county seat of Erie County, New York, United States

date: October 26

text: October 26 – The Erie Canal opens, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie.

title: 1825

section: Economy & Finance

text: The City of Buffalo in New York is incorporated.

title: 1832

date: October 16

text: October 16 – The New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad ("Nickel Plate Road") runs its first trains over the entire system between Buffalo, New York, and Chicago. Nine days later the Seney Syndicate sells the road to William Henry Vanderbilt, for US$7.2 million.

title: 1882

section: Events › October

date: July 3

text: July 3 – Swiss-born American boxer Frank Erne wins the world lightweight championship by defeating champion George "Kid" Lavigne in Buffalo, New York.

title: 1899

section: Conflict & Security

date: October 29

text: October 29 – Leon Czolgosz is executed in the electric chair for the assassination of William McKinley in Buffalo, New York on September 6.

title: 1901

section: Deaths

date: September 6

text: September 6 – Assassination of William McKinley: American anarchist Leon Czolgosz shoots U.S. President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley dies 8 days later.

title: 1901

section: Events › September

date: October 17

text: October 17 – First Cadillac completed, sold and sent to Buffalo, New York

title: 1902

date: August 7

text: August 7 – The Peace Bridge opens between Fort Erie, Ontario, and Buffalo, New York.

title: 1927

section: Events › August

date: September 11

text: September 11 – The first broadcast of a play by television, melodrama The Queen's Messenger, on General Electric's W2XAD from Schenectady, New York, utilising techniques created by Ernst Alexanderson. WMAK (Kenmore) begins broadcasting in Buffalo, New York.

title: 1928


slug: bukhara

label: Bukhara

description: city in Bukhara Province of Uzbekistan

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Arab forces gain power in Central Asia, as Qutayba ibn Muslim becomes governor of Khorasan. The region has grown rich from trade with China and Eastern Europe, its merchants dealing in silk, furs, amber, honey, and walrus ivory. During his rule, Qutayba subjugates the mercantile cities of Bukhara and Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), as well as the Oxus delta area of Khwarezm, south of the Aral Sea.

title: 705

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: After two years of failed efforts, Qutayba ibn Muslim captures Bukhara (Uzbekistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate. The Hephthalite princes of Tokharistan rebel against the Arabs, but are swiftly subdued by Qutayba.

title: 709

text: Battle of Baykand: The Umayyad Arabs narrowly escape disaster when cut off from water by the Turgesh, and push through to reach Bukhara in Transoxiana.

title: 729

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: The Samanid Dynasty establishes a court at Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan), which becomes a rival city to Baghdad on the strategic Silk Road.

title: 875

text: Emir Isma'il ibn Ahmad dies after a 15-year reign in which he has extended his borders to Tabaristan and Khorasan. He establishes independence throughout the eastern part of his empire from his capital at Bukhara. Isma'il is succeeded by his son Ahmad Samani as ruler of the Samanid Empire.

title: 907

date: January 12

text: January 12 – Ahmad Samani, emir of the Samanid Empire, is murdered (decapitation) while sleeping in his tent at Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan) by some of his slaves. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son, Nasr II, under the regency of Vizier Abu Abdallah al-Jayhani. The Abbasids try, in vain, to benefit from the turmoil to reconquer Sistan.

title: 914

section: Religion & Belief

date: June 21

text: June 21 – A diplomatic delegation is sent from Baghdad to establish trade routes between the Abbasid Caliphate towards Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan). Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab diplomat and traveller, makes contact with Almış, the İltäbär (vassal-king under the Khazars) of Volga Bulgaria, on behalf of Caliph al-Muqtadir.

title: 921

text: The Kalyan minaret (as part of the Po-i-Kalyan mosque complex) is completed in Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan).

title: 1127

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Muhammad Shaybani, Khan of Bukhara (b. 1451)

title: 1510

text: English explorer Anthony Jenkinson travels from Moscow to Astrakhan and Bukhara. He is the first Englishman to note that the Amu Darya changed course, to start flowing into the Aral Sea.

title: 1558

section: Events › Unknown

section: Health & Medicine

date: May

text: May – The first case of the 1889–1890 pandemic of is reported in the city of Bukhara in the Central Asian part of the Russian Empire.

title: 1889