slug: nazi-germany

label: Nazi Germany

description: Germany from 1933 to 1945 while under control of the Nazi Party

date: October 24

text: October 24 – Kurt Huber, German university professor, member of the White Rose resistance group in Nazi Germany (d. 1943)

title: 1893

section: Births › October–December

section: Health & Medicine

date: April 21

text: April 21 – Nazi Germany outlaws the kosher ritual shechita.

title: 1933

section: Events › April

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Nazi Germany outlaws the Social-Democratic Party (SPD).

title: 1933

section: Science & Discovery

date: October 17

text: October 17 – Scientist Albert Einstein arrives from Europe in the United States, where he settles permanently as a refugee from Nazi Germany and takes up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.

title: 1933

section: Events › October

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 26

text: February 26 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler orders reinstatement of the air force, the Luftwaffe, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.

title: 1935

date: May 21

text: May 21 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler announces the reintroduction of conscription to the Wehrmacht, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.

title: 1935

date: March 7

text: March 7 – In violation of the Treaty of Versailles and Locarno Treaties, Nazi Germany reoccupies the Rhineland. Hitler and other Nazis later admit that the French army alone could have destroyed the Wehrmacht.

title: 1936

section: Events › March–April

date: April 1

text: April 1 – The Bombing of Jaén is carried out in Spain, by the Condor Legion of the Nazi German Luftwaffe.

title: 1937

date: April 26

text: April 26 – Spanish Civil War: The Bombing of Guernica is carried out in Spain, by the Condor Legion of the Nazi German Luftwaffe, in support of the Francoists. Three-quarters of the town is destroyed and hundreds killed.

title: 1937

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Coming into effect in Nazi Germany of:

title: 1939

section: Events › January

date: October 8

text: October 8 – WWII: Germany annexes Western Poland.

title: 1939

date: September

text: Following the invasion of Poland, the Free City of Danzig (modern-day Gdańsk, Poland) is annexed to Nazi Germany.

title: 1939

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: June

text: Appeal of 18 June: General Charles de Gaulle, de facto leader of the Free French Forces, makes his first broadcast appeal over Radio Londres from London, rallying the French Resistance, calling on all French people to continue the fight against Nazi Germany: "France has lost a battle. But France has not lost the war."

title: 1940

date: November 2

text: November 2 – German submarine U-69 is commissioned, the first Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, which will become its most numerous class, with 568 commissioned during the War.

title: 1940

section: Events › November

date: September 7

text: September 7 – WWII: The Blitz – Nazi Germany begins to rain bombs on London (the first of 57 consecutive nights of strategic bombing).

title: 1940

date: August 30

text: August 30 – Germany and Romania sign another treaty, the Tighina Agreement.

title: 1941

section: Events › August

date: December

text: Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. The U.S. responds in kind.

title: 1941

section: Crime & Justice

date: December 8

text: December 8 – The Holocaust: The Nazi German Chełmno extermination camp opens in occupied Poland, near the village of Chełmno nad Nerem (Kulmhof) and the first mass gassing of Jews begins here when the SS use gas vans to murder people from the Łódź Ghetto. Between December 1941–April 1943 and June 1944–January 1945, at least 153,000 Jews will be killed in the camp.

title: 1941

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Massacre of Lviv professors: Polish scientists and writers are murdered by Nazi German troops in the occupied Polish city of Lwów.

title: 1941

date: June 18

text: June 18 – The German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship is signed between Nazi Germany and Turkey, in Ankara.

title: 1941

text: June 22 – WWII: Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany (with allies) invades the Soviet Union and declares war on it. Winston Churchill promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet Union in a worldwide broadcast: "Any man or state who fights against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe." Italy and Romania declare war on the Soviet Union.

title: 1941

text: circa JuneThe 1942 FIFA World Cup competition in Association football, which Nazi Germany sought to host, is not held, due to World War II.

title: 1942

section: Events › Date unknown

date: April

text: The Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Sobibór opens in occupied Poland, on the outskirts of the town of Sobibór. Between April 1942 and October 1943, at least 160,000 people are killed here.

title: 1942

date: March 17

text: March 17 – The Holocaust: Operation Reinhard – The Nazi German Bełżec extermination camp opens in occupied Poland, about 1 km south of the railroad station at Bełżec in the Lublin district of the General Government. At least 434,508 people are killed here up to December 1942.

title: 1942

date: October 29

text: October 29 – The Holocaust: In the United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews.

title: 1942

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Members of the White Rose are executed in Nazi Germany.

title: 1943

date: July

text: Nazi Germany commences Operation Citadel. It will eventually lead to the Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle in history.

title: 1943

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Kurt Huber, German university professor, member of the White Rose resistance group in Nazi Germany (executed) (b. 1893)

title: 1943

section: Deaths › July

date: September 23

text: September 23 – WWII: The Italian Social Republic ("Republic of Salò") is founded in northern Italy as a puppet state of Nazi Germany.

title: 1943

text: Sarajevo is liberated from Nazi Germany and the Independent State of Croatia (a fascist puppet state) by Yugoslav Partisans.

title: 1945

date: September 6

text: September 6 – Allied military authorities relinquish control of former Nazi Germany assets back to Germany.

title: 1949

date: May 11

text: May 11 – In Buenos Aires, four Mossad agents abduct fugitive Nazi German war criminal Adolf Eichmann in order that he can be taken to Israel and put on trial. This is announced on May 23 by Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion.

title: 1960

date: May 4

text: May 4 – West German refugee minister Theodor Oberländer is dismissed because of his Nazi past.

title: 1960

text: September 19 – Pakistani Forces achieve a decisive victory at the Battle of Chawinda, ultimately halting the Indian advance and successfully stabilizing the Sialkot Front; it is the world's largest tank battle since the Battle of Kursk in the Second World War between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

title: 1965


slug: nazi

label: Nazi

description: adherents of Nazism, or members of the Nazi Party

section: Conflict & Security

date: February 12

text: February 12 – Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg of Austria meets Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden and, under threat of invasion, is forced to yield to German demands for greater Nazi participation in the Austrian government.

title: 1938

section: Events › February

date: July 6

text: July 6 – The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany are closed by the Nazis.

title: 1939

section: Events › July

date: November 20

text: November 20 – The Nuremberg trials begin: Trials against 22 Nazis for war crimes of World War II start at the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg.

title: 1945

date: October 9

text: October 9 – Former prime minister Pierre Laval is sentenced to death, for collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France.

title: 1945

date: November 16

text: November 16 – In Brussels, 15,000 people demonstrate against the relatively short prison sentences of Belgian Nazi criminals.

title: 1947

date: April 11

text: April 11 – The trial of Nazi Adolf Eichmann begins in Jerusalem.

title: 1961

date: December 23

text: December 23 – Swedish Prime minister Olof Palme compares the American bombings of North Vietnam to Nazi massacres. The U.S. breaks diplomatic contact with Sweden.

title: 1972

section: Events › December

date: March 26

text: March 26 – An article in The New York Times charges that Kurt Waldheim, former United Nations Secretary-General and candidate for president of Austria, may have been involved in Nazi war crimes during World War II.

title: 1986

section: Events › March

section: Climate & Environment

date: February 29

text: February 29 – A Nazi document implicates Kurt Waldheim in World War II deportations.

title: 1988

date: July 29

text: July 29 – The Israeli Supreme Court acquits accused Nazi death camp guard John Demjanjuk of all charges and he is set free.

title: 1993


slug: nazism

label: Nazism

description: ideology of the German Völkisch movement in the 20th century

section: Culture & Society

date: May 9

text: May 9 – The premiere of Bertolt Brecht's play In the Jungle (Im Dickicht), at the Residenztheater in Munich, is interrupted by Nazi demonstrators.

title: 1923

section: Events › May–June

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Beer Hall Putsch: In Munich, Adolf Hitler leads the Nazis in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government; police and troops crush the attempt the next day in one of several significant events on 9 November in German history. 20 people die as a result of associated violence.

title: 1923

section: Events › November–December

date: September 14

text: September 14 – 1930 German federal election: National Socialists win 107 seats in the German Parliament, the Reichstag (18.3% of all the votes), making them the second largest party.

title: 1930

section: Events › September

date: April 1

text: April 1 – The recently elected Nazis (under Julius Streicher) organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany.

title: 1933

section: Events › April

date: April 27

text: April 27 – The Stahlhelm veterans' organization joins the Nazi party in Germany.

title: 1933

section: Health & Medicine

date: May 26

text: May 26 – The Nazi Party in Germany introduces a law to legalize eugenic sterilization.

title: 1933

section: Events › May

date: July 25

text: July 25 – July Putsch: Austrian Nazis assassinate chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, during a failed coup attempt.

title: 1934

section: Events › July–August

date: June 30

text: June 30 – July 2 – Night of the Long Knives in Germany: Nazis purge the Sturmabteilung (SA), the left-wing Strasserist faction of the Nazi Party, and prominent conservative anti-Nazis, in a series of political murders.

title: 1934

section: Religion & Belief

date: March 10

text: March 10 (dated March 14 (Passion Sunday)) – The encyclical Mit brennender Sorge ("With burning concern") of Pope Pius XI is published in Germany in the German language. Largely the work of Cardinals von Faulhaber and Pacelli, it condemns breaches of the 1933 Reichskonkordat agreement signed between the Nazi government and the Catholic Church, and criticises Nazism's views on race and other matters incompatible with Catholicism.

title: 1937

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: November 9

text: November 9 – Holocaust – Kristallnacht: In Germany, the "night of broken glass" begins as Nazi activists and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested). One of several significant events on 9 November in German history.

title: 1938

date: June 4

text: June 4 – The St. Louis, a ship carrying 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida; only a few passengers have been allowed to enter Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, many of its passengers later die in Nazi death camps during The Holocaust.

title: 1939

section: Events › June

date: January 20

text: January 20 – The Holocaust: Nazis at the Wannsee Conference convened by Reinhard Heydrich in Berlin decide that the "Final Solution (Endlösung) to the Jewish problem" is deportations to extermination camps.

title: 1942

date: June

text: June (late) – The Holocaust: The last trainload of Jewish prisoners is moved from Bełżec extermination camp in occupied Poland (for gassing at Sobibór), and for the remainder of the year the Nazis make efforts to obliterate the site.

title: 1943

date: October

text: Nazi troops end the Warsaw Uprising. Home Army commander Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski signs the act of capitulation. This is followed by the Destruction of Warsaw.

title: 1944

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Heinrich Himmler, former head of the Nazi SS, commits suicide in British custody.

title: 1945

date: October 15

text: October 15 – Nuremberg trials: Hermann Göring, founder of the Gestapo and recently convicted Nazi war criminal, poisons himself two hours before his scheduled execution.

title: 1946

date: April 9

text: April 9 – The West German parliament extends the statute of limitations on Nazi war crimes.

title: 1965


slug: nbc

label: NBC

description: American television and radio network

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: November 15

text: November 15 – The NBC Radio Network opens in the United States with 24 stations (formed by Westinghouse, General Electric and RCA).

title: 1926

section: Events › November

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Clara, Lu & Em, generally regarded as the first daytime network soap opera, debuts in its morning time slot over the Blue Network of NBC Radio in the United States, having originally been a late evening program.

title: 1932

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Mae West makes a risqué guest appearance on NBC's Chase and Sanborn Hour, which eventually results in her being banned from radio.

title: 1937

date: August 31

text: August 31 – The Great Gildersleeve debuts on NBC Radio in the United States.

title: 1941

section: Events › August

date: December 10

text: December 10 – Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini leads a concert performance of the first half of Beethoven's Fidelio (minus its spoken dialogue) on NBC Radio, starring Rose Bampton. He chooses this opera for its political message: a statement against tyranny and dictatorship. Presenting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half is broadcast a week later. The performance is later released on LP and CD, the first of 7 operas that Toscanini conducts on radio.

title: 1944

date: December 6

text: December 6 – Arturo Toscanini conducts a concert performance of the first half of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Otello, for a broadcast on NBC Radio in the United States. The second half of the opera is broadcast a week later.

title: 1947

date: November 6

text: November 6 – The television program Meet the Press makes its debut, on the NBC-TV network in the United States.

title: 1947

date: June 24

text: June 24 – The first television western, Hopalong Cassidy, airs on NBC in the United States.

title: 1949

date: March 26

text: March 26 – The first half of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida, conducted by legendary conductor Arturo Toscanini, and performed in concert (i.e. no scenery or costumes), is telecast by NBC, live from Studio 8H at Rockefeller Center. The second half is telecast a week later. This is the only complete opera that Toscanini ever conducts on television.

title: 1949

date: December 24

text: December 24 – Gian Carlo Menotti's 45-minute opera, Amahl and the Night Visitors, premieres live on NBC in the United States, becoming the first opera written especially for television.

title: 1951

date: September 27

text: September 27 – The Tonight Show first airs on live television on NBC in the United States being the first late night talk show.

title: 1954

date: October 29

text: October 29 – The Huntley-Brinkley Report debuts on NBC-TV in the United States.

title: 1956

section: Events › October

date: October 17

text: October 17 – An Evening with Fred Astaire, the first television show recorded on color videotape, is broadcast on NBC in the United States.

title: 1958

date: December 8

text: December 8 – For the first time, Mary Martin's Peter Pan is presented as a stand-alone 2-hour special on NBC television in the United States, instead of as part of an anthology series. This version, rather than being presented live, is shown on videotape, enabling NBC to repeat it as often as they wish without having to restage it. Although nearly all of the adult actors repeat their original Broadway roles, all of the original children have, ironically, outgrown their roles and are replaced by new actors.

title: 1960

text: Johnny Carson takes over as permanent host of NBC's The Tonight Show on television, a post he will hold for 30 years.

title: 1962

date: November 17

text: November 17 – The "Heidi Game": NBC cuts off the final 1:05 of an Oakland Raiders–New York Jets football game to broadcast the pre-scheduled Heidi. Fans are unable to see Oakland (which had been trailing 32–29) score 2 late touchdowns to win 43–32; as a result, thousands of outraged football fans flood the NBC switchboards to protest.

title: 1968

section: Births

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Carson Daly, American television personality, host of NBC's The Voice and Last Call with Carson Daly

title: 1973

section: Births › June

section: Science & Discovery

date: May 12

text: May 12 – NBC unveils its current peacock logo at the finale of its 60th anniversary special.

title: 1986


slug: neoplatonism

label: Neoplatonism

description: strand of Platonic philosophy that emerged in the 3rd century AD

text: Ammonius Saccas renews Greek philosophy by creating Neoplatonism.

title: 229

section: Events › By topic › Art and Science

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Origen, disciple of Ammonius Saccas, founder of Neoplatonism, is exiled in Caesarea.

title: 231

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Porphyry, Phoenician Neoplatonic philosopher (d. c. 305)

title: 234

section: Deaths

text: Ammonius Saccas, Neoplatonic philosopher (approximate date)

title: 240

text: Iamblichus, Syrian Neoplatonist philosopher (approximate date)

title: 245

text: Plotinus, Greek philosopher and founder Neoplatonism

title: 270

text: Hypatia of Alexandria, female Neoplatonist philosopher (approximate date);

title: 350

text: Aedesius, Roman Neoplatonist philosopher and mystic

title: 355

text: Maximus of Ephesus, Greek Neoplatonist philosopher

title: 372

text: Hypatia, Greek philosopher, distinguishes herself as one of the first female scientists and becomes head of the Neo-Platonist school at Alexandria.

title: 400

section: Events › By topic › Physics

date: February 8

text: February 8 – Proclus, Greek Neoplatonist philosopher (d. 485)

title: 412

date: March

text: March – Hypatia of Alexandria, Neoplatonist philosopher, is murdered by a Christian mob of Nitrian monks at the church (former temple conceived by Cleopatra VII) called Caesareum. Having driven out the Jews, Alexandria's new patriarch, Cyril, has instigated the mob after taking offense at Hypatia's scientific rationalism (approximate date).

title: 415

text: March – Hypatia of Alexandria, female Neoplatonist philosopher and mathematician, murdered in Egypt

title: 415

text: Isidore, Neoplatonist philosopher (approximate date)

title: 450

text: Damascius, Syrian neoplatonist (approximate date)

title: 458

text: Isidore of Alexandria, Neoplatonist philosopher (approximate date)

title: 520


slug: nepal

label: Nepal

description: country in South Asia

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, travels to India, Sri Lanka and Kapilavastu (modern Nepal).

title: 399

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Amshuvarma becomes king of the Licchavi in Nepal. He is credited for opening trade routes to Tibet. His ruling period is known as the "Golden Period".

title: 605

section: Conflict & Security

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Battle of Chabuheluo: General Wang Xuance commands a combined Chinese, Nepalese, and Tibetan expedition into India. He ends up winning the battle and acquiring a Buddhist relic.

title: 649

section: Events › By place › China

text: Gunakamadeva, Lichhavi ruler (rajah), founds the city of Kathmandu (modern Nepal). During his reign, he transforms the agrarian society to an industrial city trading between India and Tibet.

title: 723

text: Bhaktapur Royal Palace in Nepal is built by King Yaksa Malla.

title: 1427

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Climate & Environment

date: June 6

text: June 6 – The M8.2–8.8 Lo Mustang earthquake strikes Nepal, causing severe damage in Kathmandu, western Nepal, and some parts of the Indo-Gangetic plain.

title: 1505

section: Events › April–June

date: September 4

text: September 4 – Gorkha state is established by Dravya Shah, beating local Khadka kings, which is the origin of the current country of Nepal.

title: 1559

section: Events › July–September

section: Economy & Finance

date: December 21

text: December 21 – King Prithvi Narayan Shah unifies several small kingdoms to establish modern-day Nepal; this dynasty will end in 2008.

title: 1768

section: Events › October–December

date: March 1

text: March 1 – The Gorkha War between the United Kingdom and Nepal is ended after more than a year by the ratification of the Treaty of Sugauli, with Nepal ceding about one-third of its territory to British Indian control.

title: 1816

section: Events › January–March

date: April 3

text: April 3 – The Nepalese invasion of Tibet (west of China) to the north across the Himalaya Mountains (tallest and most rugged in the world) starts the Nepalese–Tibetan War (1855–1856).

title: 1855

date: June 11

text: June 11 – King Mahendra of Nepal (d. 1972)

title: 1920

text: December 21 – The Nepal–Britain Treaty is the first to define the international status of Nepal as an independent sovereign country.

title: 1923

section: Events › November–December

date: January 15

text: January 15 – The 8.0 Nepal–Bihar earthquake strikes Nepal and Bihar with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing an estimated 6,000–10,700 people.

title: 1934

section: Events › January–February

date: May 29

text: May 29 – 1953 British Mount Everest expedition: Sir Edmund Hillary from New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay from Nepal become the first men to reach the summit of Mount Everest.

title: 1953

section: Events › May

date: January 31

text: January 31 – King Birendra succeeds his father as King of Nepal.

title: 1972

section: Events › January

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal is created.

title: 1976

section: Events › July

section: Culture & Society

date: December 5

text: December 5 – ICIMOD is established and inaugurated with its headquarters in Kathmandu, Nepal, and legitimised through an Act of Parliament in Nepal this same year.

title: 1983

section: Events › December

date: June 20

text: June 20 – 1985 Nepal bombings: A series of bomb blasts occurs in Kathmandu and other cities of Nepal.

title: 1985

date: July 31

text: July 31 – Thai Airways International Flight 311, an Airbus A310-300, crashes into a mountain north of Kathmandu, Nepal killing all 113 people on board.

title: 1992

date: April 25

text: April 25 – A magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes Nepal and causes 8,857 deaths in Nepal (including 19 at Everest base cammp), 130 in India, 27 in China and 4 in Bangladesh with a total of 9,018 deaths.

title: 2015

section: Events › April

text: May 12 – A second major earthquake in Nepal, measuring 7.3 on the moment magnitude scale, results in 153 deaths in Nepal, 62 in India, 1 in China and 2 in Bangladesh, with a total of 218 deaths.

title: 2015

date: April 18

text: April 18 – NepaliSat-1 is launched. It is Nepal's first ever research satellite to be sent into space.

title: 2019

date: August 11

text: August 11 – 2019 Indian floods: At least 114 people, including 57 in Kerala, 30 in Karnataka and 27 in Maharashtra, are reported to have died in monsoon-related floods in India. At least 227 died across India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

title: 2019

text: January 15 – Yeti Airlines Flight 691 crashes during final approach into Pokhara, Nepal, killing all 72 people on board.

title: 2023

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Former chief justice Sushila Karki assumes office as interim prime minister of an interim government formed after K. P. Sharma Oli's resignation in Nepal, the decision notably being decided via a poll on a social media platform, Discord.

title: 2025

section: Events › September

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Mass anti-government protests erupt in Nepal, resulting in at least 22 deaths and hundreds injured. Prime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli resigns the following day amidst the demonstrations.

title: 2025


slug: neptune

label: Neptune

description: eighth and farthest planet from the Sun in the Solar System, mainly composed of ice and rock

section: Science & Discovery

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit until July 23, 1503, according to modern orbital calculations. At the time, neither planet has been discovered by Earth astronomers. The event of Pluto being closer to the Sun than Neptune will happen again during the period lasting from 1979 to 1999.

title: 1483

date: July 23

text: July 23 – Orbital calculations suggest that on this day Pluto moves outside Neptune's orbit, remaining there for 233 years.

title: 1503

date: December 28

text: December 28 – Galileo Galilei becomes the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune when in conjunction with Jupiter. He mistakenly catalogues it as a fixed star, because of its extremely slow motion along the ecliptic. Neptune will not be truly recognized as a planet until 1846, about 234 years later, when Johann Gottfried Galle first sights it in the Berlin Observatory.

title: 1612

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Jupiter occults Neptune.

title: 1702

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Triton, Neptune's largest moon, is discovered by William Lassell 17 days after the discovery of Neptune.

title: 1846

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Nereid, a moon of Neptune, is discovered by Gerard Kuiper.

title: 1949

date: February 7

text: February 7 – Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either was known to science.

title: 1979

section: Events › February

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Pioneer 10 passes the orbit of Neptune, becoming the first human-made object to leave the vicinity of the major planets of the Solar System.

title: 1983

section: Events › June

date: August 25

text: August 25 – Voyager 2 makes its closest approach to Neptune and its largest moon Triton.

title: 1989

section: Events › August

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Pluto moves along its eccentric orbit further from the Sun than Neptune. It had been nearer than Neptune since 1979, and will become again in 2231.

title: 1999

date: July 12

text: July 12 – The planet Neptune completes its first orbit since it was discovered in 1846.

title: 2011


slug: nero

label: Nero

description: fifth and last Roman Emperor of Julio-Claudian dynasty (54–68)

year_label: 39 BCE

section: Births

text: Antonia the Elder, daughter of Mark Antony, grandmother of Nero and Messalina (d. bef. AD 25)

title: 39 BC

year_label: 2 BCE

text: Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, father of Nero

title: 0s BC

section: Births › 2 BC

year_label: 30 CE

text: Poppaea Sabina, second wife of Nero (d. AD 65)

title: 30s

section: Births › 30 AD

year_label: 35 CE

text: Statilia Messalina, Roman empress and wife of Nero (approximate date)

title: 30s

section: Births › 35 AD

year_label: 37 CE

date: December 15

text: December 15 – Nero, Roman emperor (d. 68 AD)

title: 30s

section: Births › 37 AD

year_label: 39 CE

section: Religion & Belief

text: Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligula's sisters.

title: 30s

section: Events › 39 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 49 CE

section: Crime & Justice

text: Seneca the Younger becomes Nero's tutor.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 49

text: Nero becomes engaged to Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius.

title: 40s

year_label: 51 CE

text: Burrus, praetorian prefect (51–62 AD), charges Seneca with the education of Nero.

title: 50s

section: Events › 51 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 53 CE

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Nero is adopted by Claudius as his son and marries his 14-year-old daughter Claudia Octavia.

title: 50s

section: Events › 53 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 54 CE

section: Deaths

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Emperor Claudius dies (possibly after being poisoned by Agrippina, his wife and niece), and is succeeded by Nero.

title: 50s

section: Events › 54 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 55 CE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Emperor Nero becomes a Roman Consul.

title: 50s

section: Events › 55 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 57 CE

text: Emperor Nero becomes a Roman consul again.

title: 50s

section: Events › 57 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 58 CE

text: Agrippina the Younger, conspired with the senators in late 58 to overthrow Nero.

title: 50s

section: Events › 58 AD › Roman Empire

text: Emperor Nero and Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus become Roman consuls.

title: 50s

section: Conflict & Security

text: Agrippina the Younger is expelled from the imperial palace by her son Nero, who installs her in Villa Antonia in Misenum, and leaving more of the effective and real power of Empire in the hands of Nero.

title: 50s

year_label: 59 CE

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Emperor Nero orders the murder of his mother Agrippina the Younger. He tries to kill her through a planned shipwreck, but when she survives, he has her executed and frames it as a suicide.

title: 50s

section: Events › 59 AD › Roman Empire

text: March 23 – Agrippina the Younger, mother of Nero (b. AD 15)

title: 50s

section: Deaths › 59 AD

year_label: 60 CE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Nero's exploration of the Nile: Emperor Nero sends an expedition which reaches the historical city Meroë (Sudan). (approximate date)

title: AD 60

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 62 CE

text: Emperor Nero marries for the second time, to Poppaea Sabina, ex-wife of Marcus Salvius Otho.

title: AD 62

text: Gaius Rubellius Plautus, cousin of Nero (executed) (b. AD 33)

title: AD 62

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Claudia Octavia, wife of Nero (possibly executed) (b. AD 40)

title: AD 62

year_label: 63 CE

text: Claudia Augusta, daughter of Nero

title: AD 63

year_label: 64 CE

text: October 13 — Peter the Apostle (Margherita Guarducci, who led the research leading to the rediscovery of Peter's reputed tomb in 1963, concluded that Peter died on that date, shortly after the Great Fire of Rome and during the festivities to mark "dies imperii" of Emperor Nero, and that Peter and other Christians were crucified in honor of the decennial of Nero's October 13, AD 54 ascension to the imperial throne.) (b. 1 BC)

title: AD 64

year_label: 65 CE

text: Poppea Sabina, second wife of Nero (b. AD 30)

title: AD 65

date: April 19

text: April 19 – The freedman Milichus betrays the Pisonian conspiracy led by Gaius Calpurnius Piso to kill Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.

title: AD 65

year_label: 66 CE

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Emperor Nero creates the Legio I Italica. He appoints Titus Flavius Vespasian as General of the army of Judea, and Governor of Judea which gives him command of three legions — V Macedonica, X Fretensis and XV Apollinaris.

title: AD 66

year_label: 67 CE

text: Gaius Julius Vindex revolts, first in a series of revolts that lead to Nero's downfall.

title: AD 67

year_label: 68 CE

text: June 9 – Emperor Nero commits suicide four miles outside Rome. He is deserted by the Praetorian Guard, and then stabs himself in the throat.

title: AD 68

text: June 9 – Nero, Roman emperor (suicide) (b. AD 37)

title: AD 68

text: The Year of the Four Emperors: After Nero's death, Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian succeed each other as emperor during the year. The year is marked by numerous instances of a breakdown in discipline and mutinous conduct amongst the Roman legions and the praetorian guard.

title: AD 69

text: Locusta, Roman female poison expert to Nero (executed)

title: AD 69

text: Epaphroditus, Roman freedman of Nero (executed)

title: AD 95

text: The Baths of Trajan, built by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus, are dedicated during the Calends. The thermae are constructed on the platform of the Palace of Nero (Domus Aurea) in Rome.

title: AD 109


slug: nestorianism

label: Nestorianism

description: Christological doctrine arguing that human and divine persons of Jesus Christ are separate

section: Births

text: Nestorius, founder of Nestorianism (approximate date)

title: 386

section: Religion & Belief

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople. He preaches a new doctrine, that will be called Nestorianism. It makes a distinction between the divine and human natures of Jesus, but comes under immediate attack from Pope Celestine I, and Cyril of Alexandria.

title: 428

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: June

text: June – First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected; the Nicene Creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is deposed from his see.

title: 431

date: July 27

text: July 27 – Pope Celestine I dies after a 10-year reign in which he led a vigorous policy against Nestorianism. He is succeeded by Sixtus III as the 44th pope.

title: 432

text: Pope Sixtus III helps to settle a Christological dispute between the patriarchs Cyril of Alexandria and John of Antioch, that has continued since the First Council of Ephesus, two years ago. They sign the "Formula of Reunion", thus ending their conflict over Nestorianism.

title: 433

text: Ibas is elected bishop of Edessa. He becomes associated with the growth of Nestorianism and openly preaching heretical doctrines in public.

title: 435

text: Pulcheria leaves for the seaport Hebdomon (Turkey), and becomes a nun to support Nestorianism in the Holy Land (Palestine).

title: 441

section: Events › By place › Byzantium

date: November 10

text: November 10 – Pope Leo I dies at Rome, age 61 (approximate), after a 21-year reign in which he has resisted Manichaeism and defended the Church against Nestorianism. He is succeeded by Hilarius as the 46th pope.

title: 461

text: Persian Christians who follow Nestorianism gather in the second Council of Seleucia (modern Turkey).

title: 486

text: Emperor Zeno closes the School of Edessa (modern Turkey) for their teaching of Nestorian doctrine, whereupon the scholars seek refuge at the Syriac Church of the East.

title: 489

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Christian missionaries arrive in China: Alopen, bishop of the Assyrian Church of the East, preaches Nestorian Christianity in the Tang dynasty capital, Chang'an.

title: 635

text: Nestorians in China build Christian monasteries, and erect the Nestorian Stele (approximate date).

title: 781

text: Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution: Emperor Wu Zong begins the persecution of Buddhists and other foreign religions in China, such as Zoroastrianism, Nestorian Christianity and Manichaeism. More than 4,600 monasteries, 40,000 temples and numerous shrines are destroyed. More than 260,000 Buddhist monks and nuns are forced to return to secular life.

title: 845

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: The Keraites, a Turco-Mongolian tribe, are converted to Nestorianism (a sect of Christianity).

title: 1007

text: Ibn Butlan, Arab Nestorian Christian physician (d. 1075)

title: 1038

text: Ibn Butlan, Arab Nestorian Christian physician (b. 1038)

title: 1075


slug: netherlands

label: Netherlands

description: one of the four autonomous countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; with territories in the Caribbean

year_label: 55 BCE

date: May

text: May – Julius Caesar defeats a Germanic army and massacres the women and children near the Meuse and Rhine Rivers (now known as the city of Kessel in the Netherlands).

title: 55 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 47 CE

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Corbulo orders the construction of the canal Fossa Corbulonis, between the Rhine and Meuse in the Netherlands, which connects the city Forum Hadriani (Voorburg).

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 47

year_label: 50 CE

text: Utrecht is founded, and a Roman fortification (castellum) is constructed at the Rhine border in the present-day Netherlands.

title: 50s

section: Events › 50 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 69 CE

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under the leadership of Gaius Julius Civilis.

title: AD 69

section: Culture & Society

text: The Roman town Forum Hadriani (Voorburg) receives the title of Municipium Aelium Cananefatium, "the town of the Cananefates" (modern Netherlands). The town is awarded with rights to organize markets.

title: AD 150

text: In this or the following year, Constantius defeats the Franks in Batavia (Netherlands).

title: 293

text: Battle of Dorestad: The Frisians under King Radbod are defeated by the Frankish mayor of the palace, Pippin of Herstal. The Rhine delta and Dorestad (modern Netherlands) become Frankish again, as well as the castles of Utrecht and Fechten (approximate date).

title: 689

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Willibrord, Anglo-Saxon missionary, travels from York with 12 Benedictine monks to Westkapelle, (modern Netherlands) to Christianize the pagan Frisians.

title: 690

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Willibrord, Northumbrian missionary, becomes the first bishop of Utrecht (Netherlands). He returns to Frisia to preach, and builds numerous churches (approximate date).

title: 695

text: Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon bishop, travels to Rome again, and is supported in his struggle to retain his see of York by the pope. On his way Wilfrid stops in Frisia (modern Netherlands), to visit Willibrord.

title: 703

text: Civil War within the Pepinid clan: A revolt erupts between the Neustrian Franks and Frisians. King Radbod forces bishop Willibrord and his Benedictine monks to flee, and advances as far as Cologne (Germany). Frisia (modern-day Netherlands) once again becomes independent.

title: 714

text: Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, leaves England and travels to Frisia (the western parts of the modern-day Netherlands) to assist Willibrord, bishop of Utrecht, in his work to convert the pagan Frisians.

title: 716

text: Charles Martel consolidates his power, proclaims Clotaire IV king of Austrasia in opposition to Chilperic, and deposes Rigobert, bishop of Reims, replacing him with Milo. He marches against Radbod, king (or duke) of the Frisians, and pushes him back into his territory (later part of the Netherlands). Charles sends the Saxons back over the Weser River, and secures the Rhine border—in the name of Clotaire.

title: 717

section: Events › By place › Western Europe

text: Frisian–Frankish War: Charles Martel defeats Redbad, King of the Frisians. He easily invades Frisia (modern Netherlands) and subjugates the territory. Charles also crosses the Rhine and annexes "farther" Frisia, to the banks of the River Vlie.

title: 719

section: Deaths

text: Willibrord, the first bishop of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Northumbrian missionary, dies at Echternach (modern Luxembourg).

title: 739

text: Eoban is appointed bishop of Utrecht (modern Netherlands), by the missionary bishop Boniface.

title: 753

text: Lebuinus, Anglo-Saxon missionary, founds the city of Deventer (modern-day Netherlands), and builds a wooden church on the bank of the River IJssel (approximate date).

title: 768

text: King Alhred of Northumbria takes an interest in continental missionary activities, and sends Willehad to Frisia in modern-day Netherlands (approximate date).

title: 770

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Danish Vikings raid the trading settlement of Dorestad (present-day Wijk bij Duurstede), located in the southeast of the province of Utrecht (modern Netherlands).

title: 834

text: Danish Viking raiders, led by King Rorik, conquer Dorestad and Utrecht (modern-day Netherlands). Emperor Lothair I recognizes him as ruler of most of Friesland.

title: 850

text: Emperor Lothair I meets with his (half) brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald in Meerssen (modern-day Netherlands), to continue the system of "con-fraternal government".

title: 851

text: Viking raiders again plunder Dorestad (modern Netherlands), a Frankish port on the mouth of the river Rhine. It thereafter disappears from the chronicles.

title: 863

section: Crime & Justice

text: Summer – Emperor Charles the Fat summons a meeting of officials at Lobith (modern Netherlands), and accuses Hugh, an illegitimate son of former king Lothair II, and his vassal Godfrid, Duke of Frisia, of plotting against him. Hugh is blinded, and exiled to the Abbey of Saint Gall (modern Switzerland). Godfrid is killed by a group of Frisian and Saxon nobles, at the connivance of Henry of Franconia. The local count, Gerolf, takes over the West Frisian coastline from the Danish, after the murder.

title: 885

text: Henry I conquers Utrecht (modern-day Netherlands), which has been in possession of the Vikings for 70 years. Balderic, bishop of Utrecht, moves his seat back from Deventer to Utrecht (approximate date).

title: 920

text: Lutgardis of Luxemburg, countess of Holland (Netherlands)

title: 955

text: The Dom Church at Utrecht (modern Netherlands) is severely damaged by fire. Bishop Adalbold II begins construction of a new Romanesque style church.

title: 1023

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Conrad II grants the right to hold the first Freimarkt festival in Bremen. The city increases her trade with Norway, and the northern Netherlands.

title: 1035

text: Summer – Dirk V, count of Holland, re-conquers West Frisia (modern Netherlands) from the Archdiocese of Utrecht. He besieges Bishop Conrad at the castle of IJsselmonde, taking him prisoner.

title: 1076

text: Dordrecht is granted city rights by William I, Count of Holland, making it the oldest city in present-day Netherlands.

title: 1220

date: July 28

text: July 28 – Battle of Ane: Forces of the Bishopric of Utrecht are defeated by the rebellious Drenths led by Rudolph van Coevorden near Ane (modern Netherlands). The Drenths lure the Bishop's forces, supported by heavily armoured knights, in an ambush into a swampy area and kill Bishop Otto II of Lippe. After the battle, Otto's successor, Wilbrand van Oldenburg, rouses the Frisian people into supporting the war against the Drenths.

title: 1227

text: Gendt receives its city rights from Otto II ("the Lame"), count of Guelders (modern Netherlands).

title: 1233

section: Events › By topic › Cities and Towns

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Battle of Heiloo: Floris V, count of Holland, makes an unsuccessful attack on Frisia in an attempt to recover the body of his father, William II, who was killed (16 years ago) by the Frisians near Hoogwoud (modern Netherlands).

title: 1272

section: Climate & Environment

date: December 14

text: December 14 – A huge storm and associated storm tide in the North Sea and English Channel, known as St. Lucia's flood in the Netherlands, kills thousands and reshapes the coastline of the Netherlands and England. In the Netherlands, a fringing barrier between the North Sea and a shallow lake collapses, causing the fifth-largest flood in recorded history – which creates the Zuider Zee inlet, and kills over 50,000 people. It also gives sea access to Amsterdam, allowing its development as an important port city.

title: 1287

text: The village of Heerle in North Brabant is proclaimed an independent parish (modern Netherlands).

title: 1307

text: In the Netherlands, Vlissingen (Anglicized to "Flushing" later) is granted city rights.

title: 1315

section: By topic › Cities and towns

date: January 16

text: January 16 – The "Grote Mandrenke" storm tide strikes the Netherlands, England, Germany and Denmark, destroying the Danish settlement of Rungholt in the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Humber estuary port of Ravenser Odd in England. The East Frisian island of Buise is broken into two by North Sea floods.

title: 1362

section: Events › January–December

text: Construction begins on Castle Woerden in the Netherlands.

title: 1410

section: Events › Date unknown

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Friso-Hollandic Wars: Friesland soldiers capture the Netherlands city of Staveren, the last Netherlands stronghold in Friesland, after a bitter winter prevents ships from both sides from crossing the Zuiderzee and freezes the moat around the city walls.

title: 1411

section: Events › January–March

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Great Frisian War: In a war that began 70 years earlier in 1350 The Skieringers, led by Sikke Sjaarda, capture the city of Bolsward (part of Friesland in the modern Netherlands) from the wealthier Fetkeapers. The allies of the Fetkeapers, led by Focko Ukena, then react and make a counterattack on May 12 at Palesloot near Hindeloopen.

title: 1420

section: Events › April–June

date: November 17

text: November 17–19 – St. Elizabeth's flood: The coastal area near Dordrecht in the Netherlands is flooded, due to the extremely high tide of the North Sea; 72 villages are drowned, killing about 10,000 people, and the course of the Meuse is changed.

title: 1421

section: Events › October–December

date: June 10

text: June 10 – The Battle of Laaksum is fought in Friesland in the Netherlands at Stavoren and Warns, bringing an end to the civil war fought for almost a century between the Vetkopers and Schieringers. The Scheringers are triumphant after agreeing to allow Albert III, Duke of Saxony to annex Friesland in return for Albert's protection.

title: 1498

text: November 15 – The lands of the Bishopric of Utrecht, now in the Netherlands, are ceded to control of the Habsburgs in return for assistance in suppressing a rebellion by the citizens of Utrecht.

title: 1527

text: February 12 – The "Perpetual Edict", providing for the removal of Spanish troops from what is now the Netherlands, is signed in the city of Marche-en-Famenne in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) by the Spanish Governor-General, Don Juan de Austria and representatives of the Dutch rebellion. The Perpetual Edict will last only five months, before Don Juan begins new attacks on the rebels.

title: 1577

text: May – Esaias van de Velde, Dutch landscape painter (died 1630)

title: 1587

text: August 14 – First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia: A Dutch expedition commanded by Cornelis de Houtman returns to Amsterdam, after having successfully reached Java. This achievement opens the Spice trade, which had until then been monopolised by the Portuguese, to the Dutch, who in the next years launch several more expeditions to the Indies.

title: 1597

text: April 19 – The first Dutch ship ever to arrive in Japan, the Liefde ("Love"), anchors in Sashifu, in the Bungo Province (modern-day Usuki in Ōita Prefecture). The sailors present on this ship are William Adams, Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn, Jacob Quaeckernaeck and Melchior van Santvoort.

title: 1600

text: January 29 – Dutch captain Willem Schouten, in the Eendracht, rounds the southern tip of South America, and names it Kaap Hoorn, after his birthplace in Holland.

title: 1616

text: April 14 – Second Battle of Playa Honda: The Spanish navy defeats a Dutch fleet in the Philippines.

title: 1617

text: May 13 – Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague, after having been convicted of treason.

title: 1619

text: The Dutch settle Manhattan, founding the town of New Amsterdam. The town will transform into a piece of New York City.

title: 1625

text: December 9 – Thirty Years' War: The Netherlands and England sign the Treaty of The Hague, a military peace treaty for providing economical aid to King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway, during his military campaigns in Germany.

title: 1625

text: September 24 – A Dutch fleet attacks San Juan, Puerto Rico.

title: 1625

text: January 26 – The Dutch ship t Gulden Zeepaert, skippered by François Thijssen, makes the first recorded European sighting of the coast of South Australia.

title: 1627

text: July 20 – Eighty Years' War: Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, begins the Siege of Grol, the last Spanish stronghold in the eastern Netherlands, and captures it after 30 days.

title: 1627

text: The Dutch found a trading colony on Dejima, near Nagasaki, Japan.

title: 1641

text: April 19 – First Battle of Guararapes: The Portuguese army defeats the Dutch army, in the north of Brazil.

title: 1648

text: March 4 – St. Peter's Flood: Another storm tide in the North Sea strikes the Netherlands, flooding Amsterdam.

title: 1651

text: May 27 – William Morice takes office as the first Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Relations with France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the Italian states, and the Ottoman Empire are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The position will eventually evolve into the office of the Foreign Secretary.

title: 1660

text: March 4 – The Prince Edward Islands in the sub-antarctic Indian Ocean are discovered by Barent Barentszoon Lam, of the Dutch ship Maerseveen, and named Dina (Prince Edward) and Maerseveen (Marion).

title: 1663

text: April 12 – The burial of Margaret Porteous is recorded; hers is the first known death during the Great Plague of London. This last major outbreak of Bubonic plague in the British Isles has possibly been introduced from the Netherlands. Two-thirds of Londoners leave the city, but over 68,000 die. The plague spreads to Derbyshire.

title: 1665

text: June 12 – England installs a municipal government in New York City (the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam).

title: 1665

text: June 1 – Münster and Cologne begin their invasion of the Dutch Republic; hence 1672 becomes known as het rampjaar ("the disaster year") in the Netherlands.

title: 1672

text: July 11 – The Netherlands and Denmark-Norway sign a defense treaty.

title: 1673

text: July 9 – The Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg) is founded, in response to claims made by Louis XIV of France on the Electorate of the Palatinate in western Germany. It comprises the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony and the Electorate of the Palatinate.

title: 1686

text: January 31 – In the Netherlands, undertakers revolt after funeral reforms in Amsterdam.

title: 1696

text: March 7 – King William III of England departs from the Netherlands.

title: 1696

text: August 3 (July 23 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession – Gibraltar is captured from Spain, by English and Dutch forces under Sir George Rooke.

title: 1704

text: August 1 – The Dutch East India Company trading ship Zuytdorp leaves the Netherlands on an ill-fated voyage to Indonesia bearing a load of freshly minted silver coins. The wreck site remains unknown until the mid-20th century, on a remote part of the Western Australian coast between Kalbarri and Shark Bay.

title: 1711

text: December 24–25 – Christmas flood: A disastrous flood hits the North Sea coast, between the Netherlands and Denmark; thousands die or lose their houses.

title: 1717

text: December 12 – Johan Willem Ripperda of the Netherlands, the former Dutch Ambassador to Spain, arrives in Madrid and claims that King Philip V has appointed him as the new Prime Minister. The bluff is successful and he is granted authority by the King's advisers, but after four months, he is forced to resign.

title: 1725

text: November 21 – The Netherlands signs the Treaty of Seville.

title: 1727

text: July 2 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Lauffeld: France defeats the combined armies of Hanover, Great Britain and the Netherlands.

title: 1747

text: September 13 – The Netherlands city of Bergen op Zoom falls to the Army of France after a 70 day siege during the War of the Austrian Succession.

title: 1747

text: December 4 – Siege of Antwerp: The last remaining Dutch stronghold, Antwerp Citadel, comes under French attack in the aftermath of the Belgian Revolution.

title: 1832

text: August 16 – The Dutch colonial forces sack the fortress of Bonjol, Indonesia, ending the Padri War.

title: 1837

text: April 19 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom, with its independence and neutrality guaranteed by the great powers of Europe. Half of the Limburg province of Belgium is added to the Netherlands, giving rise to a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg (the latter being joined (from September 5) to the German Confederation).

title: 1839

text: October 7 – William II becomes King of the Netherlands.

title: 1840

text: February 15 – Heineken Brewery is founded in the Netherlands.

title: 1864

text: September 5–6 – Bombardment of Shimonoseki: An American, British, Dutch and French alliance engages the powerful feudal Japanese warlord or daimyō Lord Mōri Takachika, of the Chōshū clan, based in Shimonoseki, Japan.

title: 1864

text: Margarine Unie, at the time named Antoon Jurgens United, a predecessor of the Unilever, worldwide toiletries, beauty care and beverage brand, is founded in Netherlands.

title: 1867

text: June 16 – Royal Dutch Petroleum, predecessor of Royal Dutch Shell, the major worldwide energy production and sales company, is founded in the Netherlands to develop an oilfield in Pangkalan Brandan, North Sumatra.

title: 1890

text: Philips founded in Eindhoven, Netherlands, for the production of carbon-filament lamps and other electro-technical products.

title: 1891

text: The Raiffeisen model of Cooperative Credit and Saving Bank, predecessor of Rabobank, a worldwide multiple financial service provider, is founded in the Netherlands.

title: 1895

text: August 24–31 – The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam meets in the Netherlands.

title: 1907

text: July 19 – Feyenoord, the first Dutch football club to win the UEFA Champions League, is founded at Rotterdam, Netherlands

title: 1908

text: Suze Groeneweg becomes the first woman elected to sit in the House of Representatives in the Netherlands (although women will not be granted the right to vote until the following year).

title: 1917

text: SPAR, the global retail brand, is founded in Zegwaart, Netherlands.

title: 1932

text: December 24 – Leading Korean dancer Choi Seung-hee arrives in Le Havre, France after her tour in the United States. This is to begin her European tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. She is the first Korean Wave entertainer.

title: 1938

text: January 1 – State-owned railway networks are created by merger, in France (SNCF) and the Netherlands (Nederlandse Spoorwegen – NS).

title: 1938

text: Dutch East Indies campaign: Japan declares war on the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. Japanese forces invade Borneo and Celebes.

title: 1942

text: July – The Holocaust: Inmates of Westerbork transit camp in the occupied Netherlands begin to be shipped to Nazi extermination camps. From now until 1944 around 107,000, mostly Jewish, from here will be killed.

title: 1942

text: The Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse, where they find Jewish diarist Anne Frank, her family, and others in hiding. All will die in captivity, except for Otto Frank, Anne's father.

title: 1944

text: September 5 – Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg constitute Benelux as representatives of the exiled governments sign the London Customs Convention.

title: 1944

text: March 1 – Indonesia seizes Yogyakarta from the Dutch.

title: 1949

text: December 1 – In Indonesia, Sukarno announces the nationalization of 246 Dutch businesses.

title: 1957

text: March 11 – The Eurovision Song Contest 1959, staged in Cannes, is won for the Netherlands by "'n Beetje" sung by Teddy Scholten (music by Dick Schallies, lyrics by Willy van Hemert).

title: 1959

text: January 8 – Harmelen train disaster: 93 die in the worst Dutch rail disaster.

title: 1962

text: April 17 – An alleged state of war lasting 335 years between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly declared peace, bringing an end to any hypothetical war that may have existed.

title: 1986

text: April 14 – In the Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam; they are found in an abandoned car near the museum less than an hour later.

title: 1991

text: April 13 – The 5.3 Roermond earthquake affects the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong).

title: 1992

text: March 15 – Fokker, a major manufacturer of small size aircraft, goes bankrupt in Netherlands.

title: 1996

text: June 10–July 2 – Belgium and the Netherlands jointly host the UEFA Euro 2000 football tournament, which is won by France.

title: 2000

text: May 18–May 22 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2021 is held in Rotterdam, Netherlands, after the cancellation of the 2020 contest due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The contest is won by Italian entrants Måneskin with the song "Zitti e buoni".

title: 2021

text: November 26 – December 14 – The 2025 World Women's Handball Championship is held in Germany and the Netherlands, and is won by Norway.

title: 2025


slug: neustria

label: Neustria

description: western part of the Kingdom of the Franks

section: Births

text: Chilperic I, king of Neustria (approximate date)

title: 539

text: King Charibert I dies without an heir; his realm (region Neustria and Aquitaine) is divided between his brothers Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I.

title: 567

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Sigibert I goes to war against his half brother Chilperic I of Neustria at the urging of his wife, Brunhilda. He appeals to the Germans on the right bank of the Rhine for help, and they obligingly attack the environs of Paris and Chartres.

title: 573

text: The Franks under Sigibert I pursue his half brother Chilperic I, and conquer the cities Poitiers and Tournai. While he is proclaimed new king of Neustria by the nobles, Sigibert is assassinated at Vitry-en-Artois (Northern Gaul) by hirelings of Fredegund.

title: 575

text: Heavy taxes levied by Merovingian king Chilperic I of Neustria produce a revolt at Limoges (central France), as he sells bishoprics to the highest bidder.

title: 579

text: Chilperic I, king of Neustria (or Soissons)

title: 584

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Chlothar II, age 13, becomes sole ruler of Neustria, and continues his mother's feud with Brunhilda. He is advised to prepare for war against Austrasia, the eastern part of the Frankish Kingdom.

title: 597

text: Fredegund, queen and regent of Neustria

title: 597

text: King Chlothar II of Neustria is defeated by his nephews, Theudebert II and Theuderic II, at Dormelles (approximate date).

title: 600

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Battle of Ėtampes: Theuderic II, with the aid of Berthoald, defeats the Frankish forces under King Chlothar II of Neustria, at Étampes (near Paris).

title: 604

text: Visigoths, Austrasians, Neustrians and Lombards form an alliance against King Theuderic II of Burgundy, whose grandmother and sister have murdered Theuderic's wife Ermenberga, daughter of Witteric, king of the Visigoths. Fighting takes place around Narbonne, but little is known of the details or outcome (approximate date).

title: 607

title: 633

date: January 19

text: January 19 – Dagobert I dies after a 10-year reign as king of all the Franks, in which his realm has prospered. He is succeeded by Sigebert III (age 9), independent ruler of Austrasia, and his half-brother Clovis II (age 2), who becomes king of Neustria and Burgundy. Under the supervision of Pepin of Landen, Mayor of the Palace, the royal treasury is distributed between the two brothers and widowed queen Nanthild (regent on Clovis' behalf).

title: 639

text: Aega, Mayor of the Palace (Neustria and Burgundy)

title: 641

text: Aega, Mayor of the Palace and regent (alongside of queen mother Nanthild) of Neustria and Burgundy, dies during the reign of King Clovis II. He is replaced by Erchinoald, a relative of Dagobert I's mother.

title: 641

text: King Clovis II of Neustria and Burgundy marries Balthild, said to be an Anglo-Saxon aristocrat sold into slavery in Gaul. She has been owned by Clovis' mayor of the palace, Erchinoald, who gives her to him to garner royal favour (approximate date).

title: 651

text: Chlothar III, king of Neustria and Burgundy (d. 673)

title: 652

section: Religion & Belief

text: Philibert, Frankish abbot, receives a gift from King Clovis II of Neustria, and founds Jumièges Abbey in Normandy.

title: 654

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Grimoald the Elder, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, is deposed by Clovis II, king of Neustria. Clovis also captures Grimoald's son Childebert the Adopted, executing them both.

title: 657

text: Clovis II, king of Neustria and Burgundy (or 658)

title: 657

text: Clovis II, king of Neustria and Burgundy (or 657)

title: 658

text: King Chlothar III of Neustria and queen regent Balthild found Corbie Abbey in Picardy (northern France), giving it immunity from taxation, and visits from local bishops in exchange for prayer.

title: 661

text: Emperor Constans II launches an assault against the Duchy of Benevento (Southern Italy). Taking advantage of the fact that Lombard king Grimoald I is engaged against Frankish forces from Neustria, Constans disembarks at Taranto, and besieges Lucera and Benevento.

title: 663

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Ebroin, mayor of the palace, becomes de facto ruler of Neustria and (in theory) "of the Franks". According to Bede, he runs the nation's foreign policy and internal security.

title: 668

text: Chlothar III, king of Neustria and Burgundy (b. 652)

title: 673

text: Spring – King Chlothar III of Neustria and Burgundy dies after a reign of 16 years, in which he has been a puppet — roi fainéant — of the Neustrian mayor of the palace, Ebroin. He is buried in the Basilica of St. Denis, and succeeded by his brother Theuderic III.

title: 673

text: Theuderic III retakes the throne of his elder brother Childeric II. He inherits the Frankish kingdoms of Neustria and Burgundy.

title: 675

text: Warinus, Frankish nobleman, is stoned to death near Arras, because of a feud between his brother, Leodegar (bishop of Autun), and Ebroin, the Mayor of the Palace of Neustria.

title: 677

date: October 2

text: October 2 – Leodegar, bishop of Autun, is tortured and executed by Neustrian nobles at Fécamp (Normandy).

title: AD 679

text: Ebroin, Mayor of the Palace of Neustria (or 681)

title: 680

text: Ebroin, Mayor of the Palace of Neustria (or 680)

title: 681

text: Gistemar becomes mayor of the palace in Neustria and Burgundy, after he deposes his father Waratto. He reverses the peace treaty with Austrasia, signed with Pepin of Herstal at Namur.

title: 682

title: 684

text: Ghislemar, mayor of the palace in Neustria and Burgundy, dies after a 2-year reign, and is succeeded by his father Waratto. He makes peace between the three Frankish kingdoms.

title: 684

title: 686

text: Waratton, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy, dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law Berchar. He advises King Theuderic III to break the peace treaty with Pepin of Herstal, and declares war on Austrasia.

title: 686

text: Battle of Tertry: King Theuderic III of Neustria is defeated by Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, near Péronne (modern France), at the River Somme. Theuderic withdraws to Paris and is forced to sign a peace treaty. Pepin becomes "de facto" ruler of the Frankish Kingdom, and begins calling himself Duke of the Franks. He establishes a base for the future rise of the Pippinids and the Carolingians. Pepin appoints Nordebert as Duke of Burgundy, and puts him in charge of Neustria and Burgundy (as a sort of regent).

title: 687

text: Pepin institutes his son Drogo as mayor of the palace of Burgundy. His younger son Grimoald II becomes mayor of the palace of Neustria.

title: 695

text: Nordebert, mayor of the palace of Neustria

title: 697

text: Grimoald the Younger, mayor of the palace of Neustria, is assassinated while on pilgrimage to visit the tomb of Saint Lambert at Liège, on orders of his father-in-law King Radbod.

title: 714

date: September 26

text: September 26 – Battle of Compiègne: Ragenfrid, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy (appointed by King Dagobert III), defeats Theudoald in the first battle of the Frankish civil war, following the death of Pepin II (of Herstal).

title: 715

text: Battle of Cologne: Charles Martel, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, is defeated by the Neustrians under King Chilperic II and his mayor Ragenfrid near Cologne (now part of Germany), who have invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing Frankish factions of Theudoald and Plectrude, the child grandson (and designated heir) and widow respectively of Pepin of Herstal. Simultaneously, Radbod, king (or duke) of the Frisians, attacks Austrasia and allies with the Neustrians. Charles is forced to flee into the mountains of the Eifel (Ardennes).

title: 716

section: Events › Byzantine Empire › Europe

date: March 21

text: March 21 – Battle of Vincy: Charles Martel invades Neustria and defeats the forces of King Chilperic II at Vincy, near Cambrai. He pursues him and his mayor of the palace Ragenfrid to Paris, before turning back to deal with his stepmother Plectrude at Cologne, to turn over half the wealth of his late father Pepin of Herstal. Charles allows both Plectrude and his nephew Theudoald (who at eleven was still a little child) to live (a gesture uncommon for the time), and obliges her to accept his sovereignty.

title: 717

text: Battle of Soissons: King Chilperic II of Neustria and his mayor of the palace Ragenfrid, allied with Eudes, independent duke of Aquitaine, march on Soissons in Picardy (northern France) but an army of Frankish veterans under Charles Martel defeat the Neustrian allies, who sue for peace. Chilperic flees to the land south of the River Loire and Ragenfrid escapes to Angers. Charles diplomatically chooses not to execute the enemy leaders, and becomes undisputed dux Francorum, ending the Frankish civil war.

title: 718

text: Ragenfrid, ex-mayor of the palace of Neustria, revolts against Charles Martel. He is easily defeated, and Ragenfrid gives up his sons as hostages, in return for being allowed to keep his lands in Anjou.

title: 724

text: Ragenfrid, ex-mayor of the palace of Neustria, meets Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, to accept his rule and independence from the Frankish Kingdom. Fearing an alliance against him, Charles Martel exiles Ragenfrid's supporter Wandon of Fontenelle, and imprisons bishop Aimar of Auxerre.

title: 731

title: 731

text: Summer – Eudes of Aquitaine heads for the Frankish city of Reims, to warn Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, of the Umayyad invasion in Gaul, and ask for his support against the invaders. The two leaders meet near Paris; Charles issues a 'general ban' to raise an army, which includes large numbers of Austrasians, Neustrians, and Burgundians. Meanwhile, Arabians ravage the cities of Périgueux, Saintes, and Angoulême, then sack the basilica of Saint-Hilaire outside Poitiers.

title: 732

text: Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, aged almost 80, abdicates and retires to a monastery. His lands are divided between his sons Hunald I and Hatton, who continue the conflict with Charles Martel, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Austrasia. In battles at Benest in Charente and La Rochefoucauld (near Angoulême), Charles probably defeats the Aquitainians. He also campaigns against the Burgundians.

title: 733

text: Battle of the Boarn: The Franks under Charles Martel, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Austrasia, defeat the Frisians near the mouth of the River Boarn (now the Dutch province of Friesland). During the battle, the Frisian army is beaten and King Poppo is killed. The Franks gain control of the Frisian lands west of the Lauwers (Netherlands), and begin plundering the pagan sanctuaries. The Frisians become Frankish vassals, apart from the tribes living in East Frisia in present-day Germany.

title: 734

text: Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy, invades the Swabian Jura (southwestern Germany), and chases Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia, from his mountain redoubt in Alsace.

title: 744

text: September 24 – King Pepin III (the Short) dies at Saint-Denis, Neustria. The Frankish Kingdom is divided between his two sons: Charlemagne and Carloman I. According to Salic law Charlemagne receives the outer parts of the kingdom bordering on the sea, namely Neustria, western Aquitaine, and the northern parts of Austrasia; while Carloman is awarded his uncle's former share, the inner parts: southern Austrasia, Septimania, eastern Aquitaine, Burgundy, Provence, Swabia, and the lands bordering Italy.

title: 768

text: Emperor Charlemagne divides the Frankish Empire under his three sons, called Divisio Regnorum. For Charles the Younger he designates the imperial title, Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy, and Thuringia. To Pepin he gives Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia. His youngest son Louis the Pious receives Aquitaine, the Spanish March, and Provence.

title: 806

text: March – Robert the Strong is appointed margrave of Neustria by King Charles the Bald. He re-establishes the Breton March, and extends his remit by campaigning against Salomon, duke 'king' of Brittany. Robert hires a combined Seine-Loire fleet for 6,000 pounds of silver, 'before Salomon can ally with them against him'. In return, Salomon enlists 12 Viking ships under the command of Hastein, to raid the county of Maine, which, with Anjou, becomes squeezed between Brittany and Neustria.

title: 861

text: March – Viking raiders led by Weland are trapped at Trilbardou Bridge (Northern France), and submit to King Charles the Bald. He and his family accept Christianity (they are baptised) before leaving Neustria.

title: 862

text: Robert the Strong, margrave of Neustria, attacks the Loire Vikings in a successful campaign. Other Viking raiders plunder the cities of Limoges and Clermont, in Aquitaine.

title: 864

text: December – Treaty of Ribemont: Louis the Younger and the kings of the West Frankish Kingdom sign a treaty. The young Frankish monarch, Louis III, is reduced to merely Neustria.

title: 880


slug: nevada

label: Nevada

description: state of the United States of America

date: October 31

text: October 31 – Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state.

title: 1864

section: Events › October

section: Science & Discovery

date: January 1

text: January 1 – The total solar eclipse of January 1, 1889 is seen over parts of California and Nevada.

title: 1889

section: Events › January

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: May 15

text: May 15 – Las Vegas, Nevada, is founded when 110 acre of land adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks are auctioned to form what becomes Downtown Las Vegas.

title: 1905

section: Events › May

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Desert Rock exercises, the first military exercises for nuclear war, with infantry troops included, are held in the Nevada desert.

title: 1951

section: Events › November

date: March 17

text: March 17 – The first nuclear test of Operation Upshot–Knothole is conducted in Nevada, with 1,620 spectators at 3.4 km mi.

title: 1953

section: Events › March

text: The New Jersey Legislature passes legislation legalizing casinos in the shore town of Atlantic City commencing in 1978. After signing the bill into law, Governor Brendan Byrne declares "The mob is not welcome in New Jersey!" referring to the Mafia's influence at casinos in Nevada.

title: 1976

date: October 4

text: October 4 – British entrepreneur Richard Noble sets a new land speed record of 633.468 mph (1,019.468 km/h), driving Thrust2 at the Black Rock Desert, Nevada.

title: 1983

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Great Basin National Park is dedicated; it is the 49th national park in the United States and the first in the state of Nevada.

title: 1987

section: Events › August


slug: new-amsterdam

label: New Amsterdam

description: 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that became New York City

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Dutch settle Manhattan, founding the town of New Amsterdam. The town will transform into a piece of New York City.

title: 1625

section: Events › Date unknown

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Peter Stuyvesant is appointed Director of New Netherlands, the Dutch colony in what is later the U.S. state of New York, by the Dutch West India Company to replace Willem Kieft, who departs New Amsterdam on the ship Princess Amelia.

title: 1647

section: Events › July–September

date: February 2

text: February 2 – New Amsterdam (now New York City) received municipal rights by a charter from New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant.

title: 1653

section: Events › January–March

date: August 22

text: August 22 – Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam: 23 Sephardic Jews arrive as refugees from Brazil and settle in New Amsterdam, forming the nucleus of what will be the second largest urban Jewish community in history, that of New York City, and of Congregation Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in North America.

title: 1654

date: April 26

text: April 26 – The Dutch West India Company denies Peter Stuyvesant's request to exclude Jews from New Amsterdam (Manhattan).

title: 1655

section: Events › April–June

date: August 28

text: August 28 – New Amsterdam and Peter Stuyvesant bar colonial Jews from military service.

title: 1655

date: July 27

text: July 27 – The Jews in New Amsterdam petition for a separate Jewish cemetery.

title: 1655

date: April 20

text: April 20 – The Jews of New Amsterdam (later New York City) are granted freedom of religion, as full citizens.

title: 1657

date: December 27

text: December 27 – The Flushing Remonstrance is signed in New Amsterdam, at the site of the future (1862) Flushing Town Hall in New York City.

title: 1657

date: June 1

text: June 1 – The first eleven Quaker settlers arrive in New Amsterdam (later New York City), and are allowed to practice their faith.

title: 1657

text: August 15 – Oratam, leader of the Hackensack tribe of the Lenape nation, meets in New Amsterdam (now New York City) with Weswatewchy, Memshe and Wemessamy, three chiefs of the Monsiyok tribe, to ask for the Hackensacks to supply a cannon to defend their fort, and to confirm that the Monsiyok are not allied with the other major division of the Lenape, the Esopus tribe.

title: 1663

date: September 8

text: September 8 (August 29 O.S.) – Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of the Dutch Republic colony of New Netherland, surrenders New Amsterdam to an English naval squadron, commanded by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed.

title: 1664

date: June 12

text: June 12 – England installs a municipal government in New York City (the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam).

title: 1665


slug: new-bern-north-carolina

label: New Bern, North Carolina

description: county seat of Craven County, North Carolina, United States

date: June

text: June – Protestant Swiss and German Palatines, under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried, travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina. The settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenried's hometown of Bern in Switzerland.

title: 1710

date: September 10

text: September 10 (also dated September 12) – John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried, two African American slaves and two Native Americans leave on an exploration expedition from New Bern, North Carolina, and travel north by canoe up the Neuse River.

title: 1711

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Edenton is incorporated as the county seat of Chowan County, North Carolina. The governor and assembly of North Carolina move to Edenton, making it the de facto capital of North Carolina until 1746, when the government is moved to New Bern.

title: 1722

date: November 23

text: November 23 – The Province of Carolina charters New Bern as Newbern (the town later becomes the capital of North Carolina until Raleigh is founded).

title: 1723

section: Events › October–December

text: Gabriel Johnston, British Governor of the Province of North Carolina, moves to New Bern, the province's largest. New Bern replaces Edenton as the capital of North Carolina until Raleigh is established in 1792.

title: 1746

section: Economy & Finance

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Construction begins on Tryon Palace in New Bern, North Carolina. The construction proves more expensive than initially expected, leading the government to increase local taxes. This stirs resentment among some North Carolinians, and helps prolong the War of the Regulation.

title: 1767

date: January 20

text: January 20 – The North Carolina General Assembly in the United States charters the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, to run from Goldsboro through New Bern, to the newly created seaport of Morehead City, near Beaufort.

title: 1854

date: June 17

text: June 17 – The Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad opens, operating 95 miles from Goldsboro, North Carolina, to New Bern, North Carolina.

title: 1858

section: Health & Medicine

text: American pharmacist Caleb Bradham invents the recipe for what later becomes Pepsi. He originally sells it as 'Brad's Drink' at his pharmacy in New Bern, North Carolina.

title: 1893


slug: new-brunswick

label: New Brunswick

description: province of Canada

date: July 7

text: July 7 – The first known exchange between Europeans and the natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence occurs in what is now New Brunswick.

title: 1534

section: Conflict & Security

date: April 25

text: April 25 – The Acadian settlement in Beaubassin, Nova Scotia, is burnt by the French army, and the population is forcibly relocated, after France and Great Britain agree that the Missaguash River should be the new boundary between peninsular British Nova Scotia and the mainland remnant of French Acadia (now New Brunswick).

title: 1750

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Conditional repatriation of the Acadians in Canada, French colonists who took up arms against the British during the war, is approved by order of King George III on advice of the Privy Council. The Council offers settlement to any Acadians willing to take an oath of allegiance to the British Crown and that those living in New Brunswick are to "be allowed to settle in Nova Scotia, but that they should be dispersed in small numbers in various localities."

title: 1764

date: August 16

text: August 16 – Britain creates the colony of New Brunswick.

title: 1784

section: Culture & Society

text: The University of New Brunswick is founded in Fredericton, New Brunswick.

title: 1785

section: Climate & Environment

date: October 7

text: October 7 – The Miramichi Fire, a forest fire, breaks out in New Brunswick (Canada).

title: 1825

date: March 29

text: March 29 – The British North America Act receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada, in an event known as the Confederation. This unites the Province of Canada (Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia on July 1. Ottawa will become the capital.

title: 1867

date: August 18

text: August 18–19 – Scottish aviator Jim Mollison becomes the first pilot to make an East-to-West solo transatlantic flight, from Portmarnock, County Dublin, Ireland to RCAF Station Pennfield Ridge, New Brunswick, Canada, in his de Havilland Puss Moth high-wing monoplane The Heart's Content.

title: 1932

date: May 31

text: May 31 – The 13-kilometer Confederation Bridge, the world's longest bridge spanning ice-covered waters, opens between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, Canada.

title: 1997


slug: new-england

label: New England

description: region of the northeasternmost United States

text: The New England Indian smallpox or leptospirosis epidemic of 1616–19 begins to depopulate the region, killing an estimated 90% of the coastal native peoples.

title: 1616

section: Religion & Belief

date: August

text: August – The Cambridge Platform, a new, localized system of Christian church governance, is agreed upon and written down in New England.

title: 1648

section: Deaths

date: January 29

text: January 29 – John Sassamon, an English-educated Native American Christian, dies at Assawampsett Pond, an event which will trigger a year-long war between the English American colonists of New England, and the Algonquian Native American tribes.

title: 1675

section: Crime & Justice

date: August 12

text: August 12 – King Philip (Metacomet), chief of the Wampanoags that had waged a war throughout southern New England that bore his name, is killed by an Indian named Alderman, a soldier led by Captain Benjamin Church.

title: 1676

date: January

text: January – Six months into King Philip's War, Metacomet (King Philip), leader of the Algonquian tribe known as the Wampanoag, travels westward to the Mohawk nation, seeking an alliance with the Mohawks against the English colonists of New England; his efforts in creating such an alliance are a failure.

title: 1676

date: May 12

text: May 12 – Nine Years' War: With England and the Netherlands now both ruled by William III, they join the Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), thus escalating the conflict, which continues until 1697. This is also the effective beginning of King William's War, the first of four North American Wars (until 1763) between English and French colonists, both sides allied to Native American tribes. The nature of the fighting is a series of raids on each other's settlements, across the Canadian and New England borders.

title: 1689

date: October 17

text: October 17 (October 7 O.S.) – In New England, the two separate colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity by an act of the King and Queen of England.

title: 1691

date: January 1

text: January 1 – The Abenaki tribe and Massachusetts colonists sign a treaty, ending the conflict in New England.

title: 1698

section: Science & Discovery

text: The white potato reaches New England from England.

title: 1718

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Regular mail service between London and New England is established.

title: 1721

date: June 4

text: June 4 – Expulsion of the Acadians: New England planters arrive to claim land in Nova Scotia taken from the Acadians.

title: 1760

text: A smallpox epidemic begins in New England.

title: 1775

date: May 19

text: May 19 – New England's Dark Day: An unaccountable darkness spreads over New England, regarded by some observers as a fulfillment of Bible prophecy.

title: 1780

date: March 4

text: March 4 – The Boston Globe is founded in Boston, Massachusetts, as the largest newspaper of the New England region.

title: 1872

date: November 26

text: November 26 – A two-day blizzard known as the Portland Gale piles snow in Boston, severely impacting the Massachusetts fishing industry and several coastal New England towns.

title: 1898

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Hurricane Donna kills 50 people in Florida and New England, United States.

title: 1960

date: February 5

text: February 5–7 – The Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 hits the New England region and the New York metropolitan area, killing about 100, and causing over US$520 million in damage.

title: 1978

section: Events › February

date: August 17

text: August 17–20 – Hurricane Bob hits North Carolina and New England, killing 17 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage.

title: 1991

date: March 14

text: March 14 – March 2017 North American blizzard: A major late-season blizzard affects the Northeastern United States, New England and Canada, dumping up to three feet of snow in the hardest hit areas.

title: 2017


slug: new-france

label: New France

description: area colonized by France in North America

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: March 15

text: March 15 – French explorer Samuel de Champlain departs from the Channel port of Honfleur in the Calvados département in the Kingdom of France for his first voyage to the settlement of New France in what is now Canada.

title: 1603

date: March 29

text: March 29 – Explorer Samuel de Champlain becomes the first unofficial Governor of New France in Canada.

title: 1613

date: May 27

text: May 27 – After getting an official proclamation that he is the French Governor of New France, explorer Samuel de Champlain begins exploration of the area westward from Quebec, traveling along the Ottawa River.

title: 1613

date: January 15

text: January 15 – After overwintering with the Huron Indians, Samuel de Champlain and Recollect Father Joseph Le Caron visit the Petun and Ottawa Indians of the Great Lakes. This is Champlain's last trip in North America before returning to France. Having secured Canada, he helps create French America, New France, or L'Acadie.

title: 1616

section: Events › January–February

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Anglo-French War (1627–1629): New France's Samuel de Champlain surrenders the city of Quebec to an English force led by David Kirke.

title: 1629

date: July 23

text: July 23 – Three hundred colonists for New France depart Dieppe.

title: 1632

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France, on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.

title: 1633

date: May 22

text: May 22 – Samuel de Champlain, founder of the French colony of New France, returns to Quebec after being gone for four years, commissioned as Lieutenant General of the troops of New France, but not as governor.

title: 1633

date: July 4

text: July 4 – The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France, in what is the modern-day Canadian province of Quebec.

title: 1634

text: French nobleman Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière obtains the seigneurial title to the island of Montreal in New France (modern-day Quebec) in the name of the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal to establish a Roman Catholic mission to evangelize indigenous peoples.

title: 1639

section: Events › Date unknown

date: August 20

text: August 20 – The ship Les Armes d'Amsterdam arrives at Quebec, New France. Among the passengers is Michel Mathieu Brunet dit Lestang (1638–1708), colonist, explorer and co-discoverer of modern-day Green Bay, Wisconsin, and ancestor of the Brunet, Lestang and Carisse families of North America.

title: 1657

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Pope Alexander VII appoints François de Laval vicar apostolic of New France.

title: 1658

date: August 5

text: August 5 – Beaver Wars: Lachine massacre – A force of 1,500 Iroquois largely destroys the village of Lachine, New France.

title: 1689

date: February 8

text: February 8 – The Schenectady massacre takes place in the village of Schenectady in the colony of New York, when 200 Frenchmen, Mohawk and Algonquin warriors kill or capture most of the inhabitants in retaliation for the Lachine massacre.

title: 1690

date: October 24

text: October 24 – Iberville and Bienville sail from Brest to the Gulf of Mexico, to defend the southern borders of New France.

title: 1698

date: January 12

text: January 12 – Marguerite Bourgeoys, French founder of the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal, in the colony of New France (b. 1620)

title: 1700

date: August 4

text: August 4 – The Great Peace of Montreal is signed, ending 100 years of war between the Iroquois Confederacy and New France, and its Huron and Algonquian allies. Formerly allied with the English, the treaty assures the Iroquois will be neutral, if France and England ever resume hostilities.

title: 1701

date: April 13

text: April 13 – The Raudot Ordinance of 1709 becomes law in the French colony of New France, legalizing slavery.

title: 1709

date: May 7

text: May 7 – The settlement of New Orleans is founded in New France.

title: 1718

section: Events › April – June

text: July 23 – Seventeen Ursuline Sisters from France land in New Orleans, in the Louisiana territory of New France, after a journey that began on February 22. They later create the orphanage which is the predecessor of Catholic Charities and the Ursuline Academy, the oldest Catholic school in the United States.

title: 1727

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: June 21

text: June 21 – In Montreal, New France, a black slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique is tortured then hanged by the French authorities for allegedly setting a fire that destroyed part of the city.

title: 1734

date: May 10

text: May 10 – In New France, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville ends his final term (multiple times over 43 years) as Governor of colonial French Louisiana, which he helped colonize; he is succeeded by the Marquis de Vaudreuil (for the next 10 years) and returns to France.

title: 1743

date: February 22

text: February 22 – A fleet of 158 British Royal Navy warships, under the command of Admiral Edward Boscawen, departs from Plymouth toward North America in an effort to conquer the French Canadian territories of New France. Many of the sailors die of nutritional deficiencies along the way, including the scurvy that kills 26 of the crew of HMS Pembroke, captained by future world explorer James Cook on his first long voyage.

title: 1758

date: July 8

text: July 8 – Seven Years' War: French and Indian War – Battle of Restigouche: The British defeat French forces, in the last naval battle in New France.

title: 1760


slug: new-hampshire

label: New Hampshire

description: state of the United States of America

text: On the coast of New Hampshire, the settlement of Hilton's Point, which will become Dover, New Hampshire, is established by men from London, England, the first European settlers in the state.

title: 1623

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Edmund Andros arrives in Boston to become the British Governor of the newly created Dominion of New England, which includes most of the what are now the U.S. states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont and much of the eastern portion of New York. The unpopular Andros, who reigns as a dictator after being appointed by King James II, is driven out of office in 1689 after the overthrow of James, and the Dominion of New England is broken up into its constituent colonies.

title: 1686

section: Events › October–December

date: February 20

text: February 20 – The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans takes place in New Hampshire colony.

title: 1725

section: Events › January–March

date: August 30

text: August 30 – New Hampshire settlers Susannah Willard Johnson and her family are taken hostage by the Abenaki Indians during an attack near Charlestown. Nine months pregnant at the time of their capture, Johnson gives birth two days later to a child, whom she names Elizabeth Captive Johnson. For the next two years, the family is held for ransom in Canada before she is released. In 1796, she will recount the story in a popular memoir, A Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson.

title: 1754

section: Events › July–September

text: Phillips Exeter Academy is founded in New Hampshire.

title: 1781

text: June 21 – New Hampshire ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the ninth U.S. state, enabling the Constitution to go into effect. (The latter happens on March 4, 1789, when the first Congress elected under the new Constitution assembles.)

title: 1788

section: Events › April–June

date: June 15

text: June 15 – The Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified by New Hampshire, and arguably becomes effective (subsequently vetoed by the Governor of New Hampshire).

title: 1804

text: The Old Man of the Mountain, a natural rock formation in the U.S. state of New Hampshire, is first mentioned by two workmen, Francis Whitcomb and Luke Brooks.

title: 1805

date: December 3

text: December 3 – James Monroe is re-elected, virtually unopposed, in the 1820 United States presidential election. One elector, William Plumer of New Hampshire, casts his vote for John Quincy Adams in order to protest the administration of Monroe and Daniel Tompkins while also establishing Adams as a contender for the election in 1824.

title: 1820

date: August 28

text: August 28 – The town of Crawford Notch, New Hampshire suffers a landslide; those killed include all seven members of the Willey Family, after whom Mount Willey is named.

title: 1826

date: November 2

text: November 2 – 1852 United States presidential election: Democrat Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire defeats Whig Winfield Scott of Virginia.

title: 1852

date: September 5

text: September 5 – Russo-Japanese War: Treaty of Portsmouth – In New Hampshire, a treaty mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is signed by Japan and Russia. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin together with port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan.

title: 1905

section: Events › September

date: July 30

text: July 30 – Warren F. Daniell, American politician, U.S. Representative from New Hampshire (b. 1826)

title: 1913

section: Deaths › July

date: July 19

text: July 19 – New Hampshire teacher Christa McAuliffe is selected as the first person to go into space under the Teacher in Space Project, and designated to ride aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger.

title: 1985

section: Events › July