slug: prague

label: Prague

description: capital city of the Czech Republic

section: Culture & Society

text: Prague is founded (according to legend) by Princess Libuše and her husband Přemysl, founder of the Přemyslid dynasty (approximate date).

title: 721

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Early 929 – Henry the Fowler invades Bohemia from the north and marches on Prague. Duke Arnulf I of Bavaria invades Bohemia from the south. The Bohemians capitulate.

title: 929

text: Boleslaus I (the Cruel), duke of Bohemia, expands his territory into the Polish territories of Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland. By occupying the city of Kraków, he controls important trade routes from Prague to Kiev and Lviv. Prince Mieszko I of Poland makes an alliance with Boleslaus and marries his daughter Dobrawa.

title: 965

text: German–Polish War: Duke Bolesław I of Poland loses Bohemia. With German support, Jaromír occupies Prague and proclaims himself the new duke. At Merseburg, he promises to hold Bohemia as a vassal of Henry II.

title: 1004

section: Health & Medicine

date: May 30

text: May 30 – Members of the People's Crusade led by the priest Folkmar from Saxony persecute Jews in Prague, despite the opposition of the local Catholic hierarchy. Local citizens try to hide them in their own houses. Later the Jews manage to escape to safety in neighboring villages, but are slaughtered by the hundreds.

title: 1096

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

text: Spring – Duke Bolesław III along with his ally King Coloman of Hungary, invades Bohemia in order to aid Duke Svatopluk in gaining the Bohemian throne. The Polish expedition is a complete success: on May 14 Svatopluk is installed as Duke of Bohemia in Prague. King Henry V demands tribute from Svatopluk as his overlord and vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1107

section: Economy & Finance

text: Zbraslav, now part of Prague, is founded.

title: 1118

section: Events › By place › Eastern Europe

text: Construction of the Old New Synagogue in Prague is completed.

title: 1270

section: Events › Europe

date: October 16

text: October 16 – In a ceremony at Prague, King Rudolf I of Bohemia marries Elizabeth Richeza, the widow of Rudolf's predecessor, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia.

title: 1306

section: Events › October – December

date: December 3

text: December 3 – Prague, capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia, is captured and King Henry of Bohemia is deposed by his brother, John of Luxemburg, who will later be known as "John the Blind".

title: 1310

section: Religion & Belief

date: January 26

text: January 26 – Charles University in Prague is founded by a bull issued by Pope Clement VI, at the request of Charles I, King of Bohemia.

title: 1347

section: Events › January–December

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Charles University in Prague, founded the previous year by papal bull, is granted privileges by Charles I, King of Bohemia, in a golden bull.

title: 1348

date: July 9

text: July 9 – Construction formally begins on Charles Bridge in Prague.

title: 1357

date: November 29

text: November 29 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, dies in Prague. He is succeeded by his son, Wenceslaus, as King of Bohemia, but the office of Holy Roman Emperor falls into abeyance, until Charles's son Sigismund is crowned in 1433.

title: 1378

section: Events › October–December

section: Science & Discovery

text: The Prague Astronomical Clock (also known as Prague Orloj) is built by Mikuláš of Kadaň and Jan Šindel in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.

title: 1410

section: Events › Date unknown

date: July 30

text: July 30 – The first defenestration of Prague occurs in the Kingdom of Bohemia when a mob led by Jan Želivský storms the Town Hall and kills several members of the town council by throwing them out of a window.

title: 1419

section: Events › July–September

date: March 9

text: March 9 – In Prague, the Hussite priest Jan Želivský is arrested when he appears at the city hall. Already known for overseeing the killing of Catholic civilians and the pillaging of Catholic towns outside of Prague, is blamed for the Czech Bohemian loss at the August 5 Battle of Brüx. He is sentenced to death and beheaded on the same day.

title: 1422

section: Events › January–March

date: December 24

text: December 24 – Hussite Wars: In what is now the Czech Republic, General Sigismund Korybut, commander of the Hussite Army, withdraws his troops from Prague on the orders of Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland.

title: 1423

date: June 29

text: June 29 – The coronation of Albert II of Habsburg as King of Bohemia takes place in Prague.

title: 1438

section: Events › April–June

date: September 3

text: September 3 – Prince George of Poděbrady, leader of the Hussites in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) captures Prague after leading 9,000 of his troops from Kutná Hora.

title: 1448

date: November 23

text: November 23 – King Ladislaus V, King of Hungary, King of Croatia, and Duke of Austria since 1440, as well as King of Bohemia since 1453, dies suddenly at the age of 17 while in Prague. Although suspected by his allies to have been the victim of poisoning, examination of his remains indicates later that he died from bubonic plague. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor is declared Duke of Austria, while Matthias Corvinus attempts to become the new King of Hungary and Croatia, while George of Poděbrady vies to become the new King of Bohemia.

title: 1457

date: April 2

text: April 2 – George of Poděbrady (King Jiří z Poděbrad) receives the Crown of Saint Wenceslas at his coronation at the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague as King of Bohemia.

title: 1458

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 26

text: November 26 – In Bohemia, Count Jaroslav Lev of Rožmitál departs from Prague along with 40 other Bohemian lords as part of King George's project of Establishment of Peace throughout Christendom.

title: 1465

date: September 25

text: September 25 – At St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague, Rudolf of Habsburg, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II, is crowned King of Bohemia by the Archbishop Antonín Brus of Mohelnice.

title: 1575

date: January 28

text: January 28 – The Principality of Transylvania (now encompassing most of Romania) joins the Holy League alliance with the Holy Roman Empire in a war against the Ottoman Empire, as Stephen Bocskai signs a treaty at Prague on behalf of Prince Sigismund Báthory.

title: 1595

text: June 9 – The Principality of Wallachia becomes a vassal state of the Austrian Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire, after Michael the Brave (Mihai Pătrașcu, with a regnal name of Michael II) signs an agreement at Prague with Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor to receive protection from the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1598

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Emperor Rudolf II grants an audience in Prague to Persian diplomats Husayn 'Ali Beg and Anthony Shirley, and present the offer of Persia's King Abbas the Great to supply weapons to the Empire in their fight against the Ottomans.

title: 1600

date: October 20

text: October 20 – Persian diplomats, led by Husayn 'Ali Beg of Persia, and Englishman Anthony Shirley (who serves as translator) arrive in Prague to meet with Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1600

date: February 23

text: February 23 – Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, arrives in Prague to enlist the assistance of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor in driving Ottoman troops out of Transylvania. Michael leaves on March 5, having received a pledge of Austrian troops to the fight.

title: 1601

date: October 9

text: October 9 – Kepler's Supernova (SN 1604) is first observed from the northern parts of the Italian Peninsula. Beginning on October 17, Johannes Kepler begins a year's observation of it from Prague. There won't be another supernova visible to the "naked-eye" until 1987. , this is the last supernova to be observed in the Milky Way.

title: 1604

text: The Collegium Musicum is founded in Prague.

title: 1616

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and former King of Bohemia, sends a two-month ultimatum directing King Frederick of Bohemia (who has usurped the throne in the modern-day Czech Republic) to leave Bohemia by June 1. Frederick refuses to depart his capital at Prague.

title: 1620

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of White Mountain – Catholic Habsburg forces are victorious over Bohemian rebels two hours from Prague.

title: 1620

date: June 21

text: June 21 – Thirty Years' War: Twenty-seven Czech lords are executed on the Old Town Square in Prague, as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.

title: 1621

date: October 10

text: October 10 – Thirty Years' War: A Saxon army takes over Prague.

title: 1631

date: September 30

text: September 30 – The last of Sweden's troops vacate Prague.

title: 1649

text: November 25–26 – War of the Austrian Succession: Franco-Bavarian troops commanded by Maurice of Saxony storm in Battle of Prague city Prague.

title: 1741

text: November 1 – Second Silesian War: The Prussian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, begins the bombardment of Prague. The Bohemian capital surrenders after two weeks.

title: 1744

text: April 21 – Battle of Reichenberg: Marshal Augustus William von Bevern enters Bohemia with a Prussian army (some 15,000 men). In Reichenberg he encounters the Austrians under the command of General Christian Moritz von Königsegg. Von Bevern defeats the Austrian troops and captures large quantities of supplies. He continues his advance on Prague.

title: 1757

text: December 11 – An edict is issued limiting Masonic lodges throughout the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Joseph II. With the exception of Vienna, Budapest and Prague, no Empire province may have more than one lodge.

title: 1785

text: January 19 – Mozart's Symphony No. 38 is premièred in Prague.

title: 1787

text: October 29 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Don Giovanni (libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte) premieres in the Estates Theatre in Prague.

title: 1787

text: September 6 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera seria, La clemenza di Tito, premières at the Estates Theatre in Prague with Mozart conducting to mark the coronation of Leopold II as King of Bohemia.

title: 1791

text: June 17 – The Austrian army bombards Prague, and crushes a working-class revolt.

title: 1848

text: May 30 – Bedrich Smetana's comic opera The Bartered Bride premiered in Prague.

title: 1866

text: March 25 – Dvořák's Symphony No. 5 in F major, Op. 76, B. 54, is premiered (four years after being written) in Prague with Adolf Čech conducting.

title: 1879

text: January 31 – The Czechoslovak Trade Union Association is founded in Prague.

title: 1897

text: September 16 – Lord Runciman is recalled to London from Prague, in order to brief the British government on the situation in the Sudetenland.

title: 1938

text: The Soviet Union marks VE Day as the Red Army enters Prague, celebrated in the USSR as Victory Day.

title: 1945

text: November 17 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – A peaceful student demonstration in Prague, Czechoslovakia, is severely beaten back by riot police. This sparks a revolution aimed at overthrowing the Communist government (it succeeds on December 29).

title: 1989

text: November 20 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – The number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia, swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.

title: 1989

text: September 30 – Nearly 7,000 East Germans who had come to Prague are allowed to leave for the West on special refugee trains.

title: 1989

text: May 10 – Sweden wins the Ice Hockey World Championships in Czechoslovakia defeating Finland, 5–2, in the final game in Prague.

title: 1992

text: August 14 – Helios Airways Flight 522, en route from Larnaca, Cyprus to Prague, Czech Republic via Athens, crashes in the hills near Grammatiko, Greece, killing 121 passengers and crew.

title: 2005


slug: premyslid-dynasty

label: Přemyslid dynasty

description: dynasty

section: Culture & Society

text: Prague is founded (according to legend) by Princess Libuše and her husband Přemysl, founder of the Přemyslid dynasty (approximate date).

title: 721

text: Bořivoj I declares himself duke (knyaz) of Bohemia, and founds the Přemyslid Dynasty (approximate date).

title: 867

section: Conflict & Security

text: Duke Bretislav I (Bohemian Achilles) of Bohemia of the Přemyslid Dynasty reconquers Moravia from Poland (approximate date).

title: 1029

section: Births

text: Spytihněv II, duke of Bohemia (House of Přemyslid) (d. 1061)

title: 1031

section: Deaths

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Jaromír, duke of Bohemia (Přemyslid dynasty)

title: 1035

date: January 5

text: January 5 – Ulrich I, Moravian ruler (House of Přemyslid)

title: 1113

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Frederick, duke of Bohemia (House of Přemyslid)

title: 1189

text: Agnes of Bohemia, Bohemian princess (House of Přemyslid) (d. 1337)

title: 1305

date: August 4

text: August 4 – King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia is assassinated at the age of 16 after a reign of only 14 months, being stabbed to death at Olomouc (now in the Czech Republic), bringing an end to the Přemyslid dynasty. His sister Anne of Bohemia administers the nation until her husband Henry of Carinthia is elected as the new King of Bohemia by the Bohemian nobles.

title: 1306

section: Events › July – September


slug: president-of-argentina

label: President of Argentina

description: head of state and government of Argentina

date: April 11

text: April 11 – Justo José de Urquiza, General, First constitutional President of Argentina (assassinated) (b. 1801)

title: 1870

section: Deaths › January–June

text: August 4 – Arturo Umberto Illia, 34th President of Argentina (d. 1983)

title: 1900

section: Births › August

date: July 17

text: July 17 – Carlos Pellegrini, 11th President of Argentina (b. 1846)

title: 1906

section: Deaths › July–December

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Arturo Frondizi, 35th President of Argentina (d. 1995)

title: 1908

section: Births › October

date: April 14

text: April 14 – Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman, 10th President of Argentina (b. 1844)

title: 1909

section: Deaths › April

date: October 19

text: October 19 – Julio Argentino Roca, Argentine general and statesman, 2-time President of Argentina (b. 1843)

title: 1914

section: Deaths › October

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Hipólito Yrigoyen is elected President of Argentina.

title: 1916

section: Events › October

date: September 6

text: September 6 – 1930 Argentine coup d'état: José Félix Uriburu carries out a military coup, overthrowing Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina.

title: 1930

section: Events › September

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Fernando de la Rúa, Argentine politician, 43rd President of Argentina (d. 2019)

title: 1937

section: Births › September

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, 20th President of Argentina (b. 1868)

title: 1942

section: Deaths › March

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Néstor Kirchner, 49th President of Argentina (d. 2010)

title: 1950

section: Births › February

date: February 19

text: February 19 – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Argentine lawyer and politician, President of Argentina and Vice President of Argentina

title: 1953

date: September 19

text: September 19–21 – President of Argentina Juan Perón is ousted in a military coup.

title: 1955

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Arturo Frondizi becomes President of Argentina.

title: 1958

section: Events › May

date: February 8

text: February 8 – Mauricio Macri, President of Argentina

title: 1959

date: December 10

text: December 10 – Military rule ends and democracy is restored in Argentina, with the beginning of Raúl Alfonsín's first term as President of Argentina.

title: 1983

section: Events › December

date: May 15

text: May 15 – Argentine President Raúl Alfonsín terminates Argentine administration of the Falkland Islands but does not relinquish Argentina's claim to the islands.

title: 1985

date: October 26

text: October 26 – 2025 Argentine legislative election: Incumbent President Javier Milei's party La Libertad Avanza wins the election with over 40% of the votes.

title: 2025


slug: president-of-bolivia

label: President of Bolivia

description: public elective office; head of state and head of government of Bolivia

date: December 5

text: December 5 – Andrés de Santa Cruz, Peruvian military officer, seventh President of Peru and President of Bolivia (d. 1865)

title: 1792

section: Births › July–December

date: September 25

text: September 25 – Andrés de Santa Cruz, Peruvian military officer, seventh President of Peru and President of Bolivia (b. 1792)

title: 1865

text: March 23 – Germán Busch, 36th President of Bolivia (d. 1939)

title: 1903

section: Births › March

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: August 14

text: August 14 – Ismael Montes becomes President of Bolivia.

title: 1904

section: Events › August

date: October 2

text: October 2 – Víctor Paz Estenssoro, 45th President of Bolivia (d. 2001)

title: 1907

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Ismael Montes, Bolivian general and political figure, 26th President of Bolivia (b. 1861)

title: 1933

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Daniel Salamanca Urey, President of Bolivia, is deposed in a military coup, and replaced by José Luis Tejada Sorzano.

title: 1934

section: Events › November–December

date: October 4

text: October 4 – José Luis Tejada Sorzano, Bolivian lawyer, politician and 34th President of Bolivia (b. 1882)

title: 1938

date: August 23

text: August 23 – Germán Busch, 36th President of Bolivia (b. 1903)

title: 1939

section: Deaths › August

date: July 21

text: July 21 – Gualberto Villarroel, 39th President of Bolivia (lynched) (b. 1908)

title: 1946

section: Deaths › July

date: August 12

text: August 12 – Carlos Mesa, President of Bolivia

title: 1953

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Jeanine Áñez, President of Bolivia

title: 1967

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Enrique Peñaranda, Bolivian general, 38th President of Bolivia, leader during World War II (b. 1892)

title: 1969

section: Deaths › December

date: October 7

text: October 7 – General Juan José Torres becomes the new President of Bolivia.

title: 1970

date: November 12

text: November 12 – 2019 Bolivian protests: Jeanine Áñez took power as interim President of Bolivia amidst political crisis.

title: 2019

section: Events › November


slug: president-of-brazil

label: President of Brazil

description: head of state and head of government of Brazil

section: Deaths

date: December 3

text: December 3 – Prudente de Morais, 3rd President of Brazil (b. 1841)

title: 1902

section: Deaths › July–December

section: Births

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Juscelino Kubitschek, 21st President of Brazil (d. 1976)

title: 1902

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Afonso Pena, 6th President of Brazil (b. 1847)

title: 1909

section: Deaths › June

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Tancredo Neves, President of Brazil (d. 1985)

title: 1910

date: January 16

text: January 16 – Rodrigues Alves, Brazilian politician, 5th President of Brazil; Spanish flu (b. 1848)

title: 1919

section: Deaths › January

date: March 31

text: March 31 – Nilo Peçanha, Brazilian politician and 7th President of Brazil (b. 1867)

title: 1924

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Michel Temer, Brazilian politician, President of Brazil between 2016 and 2018.

title: 1940

date: December 14

text: December 14 – Dilma Rousseff, 36th President of Brazil

title: 1947

section: Births › December

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Artur Bernardes, 12th President of Brazil (b. 1875)

title: 1955

date: August 25

text: August 25 – João Goulart replaces Jânio Quadros as President of Brazil (he is ousted in 1964).

title: 1961

section: Conflict & Security

text: March 31 – The military overthrows Brazilian President João Goulart in a coup, starting 21 years of dictatorship in Brazil, lasting until 1985.

title: 1964

section: Events › March

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Carnation Revolution: A left-wing military coup in Portugal restores democracy, ending 41 years of the Estado Novo dictatorship in the country. Portuguese Prime Minister Marcelo Caetano flees to Brazil and is granted political asylum by Brazilian President Ernesto Geisel.

title: 1974

section: Events › March–April

section: Economy & Finance

date: March 15

text: March 15 – Fernando Collor de Mello takes office as President of Brazil, Brazil's first democratically elected president since Jânio Quadros in 1961. The next day, he announces a currency freeze and freezes large bank accounts for 18 months.

title: 1990

date: August 31

text: August 31 – The Brazilian Senate votes (61–20) to impeach the President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff. The Vice President of Brazil, Michel Temer, who had assumed the presidential powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during Rousseff's suspension, takes office for the remainder of her term.

title: 2016

date: October 28

text: October 28 – The right-wing Jair Bolsonaro is elected as the next President of Brazil, with 55% of the vote.

title: 2018

date: January 8

text: January 8 – Following the 2022 Brazilian general election and the inauguration of Lula da Silva as president of Brazil, supporters of former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro storm the Brazilian National Congress, the Supreme Federal Court and the Presidential Palace of Planalto.

title: 2023

section: Events › January

section: Crime & Justice

date: September 11

text: September 11 – The Supreme Federal Court convicts former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and sentences him to 27 years in prison for his involvement in the 2022 Brazilian coup plot.

title: 2025


slug: president-of-chile

label: President of Chile

description: head of state and government of Chile

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Manuel Bulnes, Chilean general and politician, President of Chile (d. 1866)

title: 1799

section: Births › July–December

date: October 18

text: October 18 – Manuel Bulnes, Chilean general and politician, President of Chile (b. 1799)

title: 1866

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Arturo Alessandri, Chilean statesman, 3-Time President of Chile (d. 1950)

title: 1868

section: Births › October–December

date: September 19

text: September 19 – José Manuel Balmaceda, 10th President of Chile (b. 1840)

title: 1891

text: January 16 – Eduardo Frei Montalva, Chilean politician, 29th President of Chile (d. 1982)

title: 1911

section: Births › January

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile

title: 1951

section: Births › September

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 3

text: November 3 – Jorge Alessandri is sworn in as President of Chile.

title: 1958

date: October 24

text: October 24 – Salvador Allende is elected President of Chile by a run-off vote in the National Congress

title: 1970

section: Events › October

date: September 4

text: September 4 – Chilean Socialist Senator Salvador Allende wins 36.2% of the vote in his run for presidency defeating former right-wing President Jorge Alessandri with 34.9% of the votes and Christian Democrat Radomiro Tomic with 27.8% of the votes.

title: 1970

section: Events › September

date: June 27

text: June 27 – The head of the Chilean Military Junta, Army General Augusto Pinochet, assumes the office of "Supreme Chief of the Nation". On December 17, via a Supreme Decree amendment, he will be formally designated President of Chile.

title: 1974

section: Events › May–June

date: March 11

text: March 11 – Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet is sworn in as President of Chile for another 8-year term.

title: 1981

date: December 19

text: December 19 – The second round of the 2021 Chilean presidential election is held; leftist candidate Gabriel Boric is elected President.

title: 2021

section: Events › December

text: March 11 – Gabriel Boric is sworn in as President of Chile. He becomes the youngest head of state in the nation's history and the first to be born during the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.

title: 2022

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Former President of Chile Sebastián Piñera dies in a helicopter crash at the age of 74.

title: 2024

section: Events › February

text: December 14 – 2025 Chilean general election: José Antonio Kast is elected President of Chile. Right-wing coalitions gain control of the Chamber of Deputies and tie in the Senate.

title: 2025


slug: president-of-colombia

label: President of Colombia

description: head of state and head of government of Colombia

date: March 18

text: March 18 – Simón Bolívar, President of Colombia (and former President of Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia), departs from the capital at Bogotá in order to help his ally, General José Antonio Páez, suppress an uprising near the Venezuelan border, but is sidetracked by another rebellion in Cartagena.

title: 1828

section: Events › January–March

date: May 8

text: May 8 – The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia, under President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera.

title: 1863

section: Events › May

section: Births

date: August 10

text: August 10 – Juan Manuel Santos, President of Colombia and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

title: 1951

section: Births › August

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Álvaro Uribe, President of Colombia

title: 1952

section: Births › July

date: April 19

text: April 19 – Gustavo Petro, President of Colombia, 2022–2026

title: 1960

section: Births › April

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Iván Duque, Colombian politician, 33rd President of Colombia

title: 1976

text: July 4 – The Constituent Assembly of Colombia proclaims a new constitution, allowing the President of Colombia César Gaviria to lift the country's seven-year-long state of siege.

title: 1991

section: Events › July

date: June 19

text: June 19 – Ernesto Samper is elected President of Colombia.

title: 1994

section: Events › June


slug: president-of-finland

label: President of Finland

description: head of state of Finland

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Kyösti Kallio, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1940)

title: 1873

section: Births › March–April

section: Deaths

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Johan Gabriel Ståhlberg, Finnish priest and father of K. J. Ståhlberg, the first President of Finland (b. 1832)

title: 1873

section: Deaths › July–December

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Risto Ryti, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1956)

title: 1889

section: Births › February

date: September 3

text: September 3 – Urho Kekkonen, 8th President of Finland (d. 1986)

title: 1900

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, a future President of Finland, meets the 13th Dalai Lama in Shanxi, China, becoming only the third European to be granted an audience with him.

title: 1908

section: Crime & Justice

date: October 14

text: October 14 – Ståhlberg kidnapping: The former and first President of Finland, Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, and his wife, Ester Ståhlberg, are kidnapped from their home by members of the far-right Lapua Movement but released unharmed.

title: 1930

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Martti Ahtisaari, 10th President of Finland, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2023)

title: 1937

section: Births › June

text: December 19 – Kyösti Kallio, Finnish farmerman, banker, 8th Prime Minister of Finland and 4th President of Finland (b. 1873)

title: 1940

section: Deaths › December

date: August

text: The Finnish Parliament, by derogation, elects Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim as President of Finland to replace Risto Ryti, who has resigned.

title: 1944

section: Events › August

date: October 26

text: October 26 – Urho Kekkonen, the 8th President of Finland, resigns after being the longest-serving Finnish president since 1956.

title: 1981

date: January 26

text: January 26 – Mauno Koivisto is elected President of Finland.

title: 1982

section: Events › January

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Sauli Niinistö is inaugurated as the 12th President of Finland.

title: 2012

section: Events › March

date: January 28

text: January 28 – 2018 Finnish presidential election: Incumbent president Sauli Niinistö is reelected on the first round of voting.

title: 2018

date: February 11

text: February 11 – 2024 Finnish presidential election: In the closest presidential election in Finnish history, Alexander Stubb is elected president in the second round.

title: 2024


slug: president-of-india

label: President of India

description: Head of state of India

date: September 5

text: September 5 – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosopher, politician and 2nd President of India (d. 1975)

title: 1888

section: Births › September–October

date: August 10

text: August 10 – V. V. Giri, Indian politician, 4th President of India (d. 1980)

title: 1894

section: Births › July–August

date: February 8

text: February 8 – Zakir Husain, Indian politician, 3rd President of India (d. 1969)

title: 1897

section: Births › January–February

date: May 13

text: May 13 – Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, Indian lawyer, politician, 5th President of India (d. 1977)

title: 1905

section: Births › April – June

date: May 19

text: May 19 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Indian politician, 6th President of India (d. 1996)

title: 1913

section: Births › May

date: May 5

text: May 5 – Zail Singh, Indian politician and 7th President of India (d. 1994)

title: 1916

date: December 11

text: December 11 – Pranab Mukherjee, Indian politician, 13th President of India (d. 2020)

title: 1935

section: Births › December

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: January 26 – India promulgates its constitution, forming a republic, and Rajendra Prasad is sworn in as its first president. The Kingdom of Mysore is merged into the new republic.

title: 1950

date: May 3

text: May 3 – Zakir Husain, Indian politician, 3rd President of India (b. 1897)

title: 1969

section: Deaths › May

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosopher and politician, 2nd President of India (b. 1888)

title: 1975

section: Deaths › April


slug: president-of-ireland

label: President of Ireland

description: head of state of the Republic of Ireland

section: Culture & Society

date: July 20

text: July 20 – Saint Cronan's Boys' National School opens in Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland under the title Bray Male School. Its notable pupils will include President of Ireland Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh.

title: 1820

section: Events › July–September

section: Births

date: February 12

text: February 12 – Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh (Carroll Daly), 5th President of Ireland (d. 1978)

title: 1911

date: December 29

text: December 29 – The new Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann) comes into force. The Irish Free State becomes "Ireland", and Éamon de Valera becomes the first Taoiseach (prime minister) of the new state. A Presidential Commission (made up the Chief Justice, the Speaker of Dáil Éireann, and the President of the High Court) assumes the powers of the new presidency, pending the popular election of the first President of Ireland in June 1938. The new constitution prohibits divorce.

title: 1937

section: Events › December

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Dr. Douglas Hyde takes office as the first President of Ireland.

title: 1938

section: Events › June

text: June 25 – Erskine Hamilton Childers is elected the 4th President of Ireland.

title: 1973

date: December 3

text: December 3 – Patrick Hillery is sworn in after being elected unopposed as the 6th President of Ireland.

title: 1976

date: October 22

text: October 22 – Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, the 5th President of Ireland, resigns after being publicly insulted by the Minister for Defense.

title: 1976

section: Events › October

text: December 3 – Mary Robinson begins her term as President of Ireland, becoming the first female to hold this office.

title: 1990

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Mary Robinson defeats odds-on favorite Brian Lenihan to become the first female President of Ireland.

title: 1990

section: Events › November

date: November 12

text: November 12 – Mary McAleese is elected the eighth President of Ireland in succession to Mary Robinson, the first time in the world that one woman has succeeded another as elected head of state.

title: 1997

date: October 29

text: October 29 – Michael D. Higgins is elected President of Ireland.

title: 2011

date: April 9

text: April 9 – Following Leo Varadkar's resignation, Fine Gael leader Simon Harris becomes Ireland's youngest Taoiseach after a Dáil vote of 88–69 and appointment by President Michael D. Higgins.

title: 2024

section: Events › April


slug: president-of-mexico

label: President of Mexico

description: head of state of the country of Mexico

date: July 27

text: July 27 – Anastasio Bustamante, 4th President of Mexico (d. 1853)

title: 1780

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Guadalupe Victoria, 1st President of Mexico (d. 1843)

title: 1786

date: January 5

text: January 5 – Melchor Múzquiz, 5th President of Mexico (d. 1844)

title: 1790

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Mariano Arista, President of Mexico (d. 1855)

title: 1802

section: Births › July–December

section: Conflict & Security

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Don Agustín de Iturbide, who had formerly been President of Mexico and then proclaimed himself Emperor Agustin the First, until being overthrown on March 19, 1823, is executed by a firing squad in the city of Padilla, five days after returning from exile in England.

title: 1824

section: Deaths

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Vicente Guerrero, 2nd President of Mexico, Independence War hero (b. 1782)

title: 1831

section: Deaths › January–June

date: April 1

text: April 1 – General Antonio López de Santa Anna is elected President of Mexico by the legislatures of 16 of the 18 Mexican states. During his frequent absences from office to fight on the battlefield, Santa Anna turns the duties of government over to his vice president, Valentín Gómez Farías.

title: 1833

section: Events › April–June

date: May 23

text: May 23 – The Mexican State of Aguascalientes is formed, by decree of President Antonio López de Santa Anna.

title: 1835

date: March 21

text: March 21 – Guadalupe Victoria, 1st President of Mexico (b. 1786)

title: 1843

date: December 14

text: December 14 – Melchor Múzquiz, 5th President of Mexico (b. 1790)

title: 1844

section: Deaths › July–December

date: May 14

text: May 14 – Manuel Gómez Pedraza, 6th President of Mexico, 1832-1833 (b. 1789)

title: 1851

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Anastasio Bustamante, 4th President of Mexico (b. 1780)

title: 1853

date: April 22

text: April 22 – Nicolás Bravo, 3-time President of Mexico (b. 1786)

title: 1854

text: December 11 – Ignacio Comonfort (1812–1863) becomes President of Mexico.

title: 1855

section: Events › October–December

date: November 30

text: November 30 – President of Mexico Ignacio Comonfort is succeeded by Félix María Zuloaga.

title: 1857

text: Benito Juárez becomes the Liberal President of Mexico and its first indigenous president. At the same time, the conservatives installed Félix María Zuloaga as a rival president.

title: 1858

section: Events › January–March

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Miguel Miramón (1832–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico.

title: 1859

date: January 21

text: January 21 – José Mariano Salas (1797–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico.

title: 1859

date: August 13

text: August 13 – José Ignacio Pavón (1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interim President of Mexico, replacing Miguel Miramón. Two days later Miramón becomes president again.

title: 1860

section: Events › August

date: December 1

text: December 1 – Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada becomes constitutional President of Mexico.

title: 1872

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Mexican President Benito Juarez dies of a heart attack, and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada becomes interim president.

title: 1872

section: Events › July

date: October 26

text: October 26 – José María Iglesias begins his disputed presidency of Mexico.

title: 1876

date: March 10

text: March 10 – Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Mexican politician, substitute President of Mexico, 1930–1932 (d. 1963)

title: 1877

section: Births › January–March

date: September 25

text: September 25 – Plutarco Elías Calles, Mexican general and President of Mexico, 1924–1928; known as Jefe Maximo ("Maximum Boss") from 1928 to 1934 (d. 1945)

title: 1877

section: Births › July–September

text: December 1 – Manuel González Flores becomes the 31st President of Mexico.

title: 1880

text: December 1 – Porfirio Díaz returns as President of Mexico, an office he will hold until 1911.

title: 1884

date: April 21

text: April 21 – Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, Mexican jurist, 27th President of Mexico (b. 1823)

title: 1889

date: May 12

text: May 12 – Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Mexican professional baseball player, general and substitute President of Mexico, 1932–1934 (d. 1967)

title: 1889

date: May 21

text: May 21 – Lázaro Cárdenas, 44th President of Mexico, 1934–1940 (d. 1970)

title: 1895

date: April 24

text: April 24 – Manuel Ávila Camacho, Mexican general, politician, and 45th President of Mexico, 1940-1946 (d. 1955)

title: 1897

section: Births › March–April

text: September 29 – Miguel Alemán Valdés, 46th President of Mexico, 1946–1952 (d. 1983)

title: 1900

section: Births › September

text: December 1 – Manuel Ávila Camacho takes office as President of Mexico.

title: 1940

date: October 19

text: October 19 – Plutarco Elías Calles, Mexican general, politician and 40th President of Mexico (b. 1877)

title: 1945

section: Deaths › October

text: December 1 – Miguel Alemán Valdés takes office as President of Mexico.

title: 1946

text: April 3 – Carlos Salinas de Gortari, Mexican economist, politician and 53rd President of Mexico (1988–1994)

title: 1948

text: December 1 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines takes office as President of Mexico.

title: 1952

text: July 21 – Pedro Lascuráin, Mexican diplomat, 34th President of Mexico (b. 1856)

title: 1952

text: November 13 – Andrés Manuel López Obrador, President of Mexico (2018–2024)

title: 1953

text: December 1 – Adolfo López Mateos takes office as President of Mexico.

title: 1958

text: August 18 – Felipe Calderón, Mexican politician, 50th President of Mexico

title: 1962

text: December 1 – Gustavo Díaz Ordaz takes office as President of Mexico.

title: 1964

text: July 20 – Enrique Peña Nieto, President of Mexico (2012–2018), Governor of the State of Mexico (2005–2011)

title: 1966

text: October 19 – Lázaro Cárdenas, 44th President of Mexico (b. 1895)

title: 1970

text: December 3 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 47th President of Mexico (b. 1889)

title: 1973

text: December 1 – Miguel de la Madrid takes office as President of Mexico.

title: 1982

text: December 1 – Carlos Salinas de Gortari takes office as President of Mexico.

title: 1988

text: December 1 – Ernesto Zedillo takes office as President of Mexico.

title: 1994

text: July 2 – Vicente Fox of the National Action Party (PAN) is elected President of Mexico, becoming the first president not from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) since 1929.

title: 2000


slug: president-of-paraguay

label: President of Paraguay

description: position

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Francisco Solano López is appointed second President of Paraguay.

title: 1862

section: Events › September

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Francisco Solano López, 2nd President of Paraguay (killed in action) (b. 1827)

title: 1870

date: May 4

text: May 4 – General Alfredo Stroessner deposes Federico Chaves in a coup d'état in Paraguay; from August 15 he will hold the office of President until 1989.

title: 1954

section: Events › May

section: Births

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Santiago Peña, President of Paraguay

title: 1978

section: Births › November

section: Climate & Environment

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Andrés Rodríguez, who seized power and declared himself President of Paraguay during a military coup in February, wins a landslide victory at a general election marked by charges of fraud.

title: 1989

date: October 3

text: October 3 – The President of Paraguay, Juan Carlos Wasmosy, orders the arrest of political opponent Lino Oviedo.

title: 1997

section: Events › October

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Horacio Cartes is sworn in as President of Paraguay.

title: 2013

date: April 30

text: April 30 – The 2023 Paraguayan general election is held, with the Colorado Party candidate Santiago Peña being the president-elect of Paraguay, winning in a plurality.

title: 2023


slug: president-of-peru

label: President of Peru

description: head of the Republic of Peru

date: December 5

text: December 5 – Andrés de Santa Cruz, Peruvian military officer, seventh President of Peru and President of Bolivia (d. 1865)

title: 1792

section: Births › July–December

date: August 25

text: August 25 – Luis José de Orbegoso, Peruvian general and politician, 11th and 12th President of Peru (d. 1847)

title: 1795

date: December 18

text: December 18 – Mariano Ignacio Prado, Peruvian general and statesman, twice President of Peru (d. 1901)

title: 1825

date: November 10

text: November 10 – Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Peruvian general, twice President of Peru (d. 1923)

title: 1836

section: Deaths

date: February 5

text: February 5 – Luis José de Orbegoso, Peruvian general and politician, 11th and 12th President of Peru (b. 1795)

title: 1847

section: Deaths › January–June

date: January 5

text: January 5 – Ramón Castilla begins his third term as President of Peru.

title: 1855

text: September 25 – Andrés de Santa Cruz, Peruvian military officer, seventh President of Peru and President of Bolivia (b. 1792)

title: 1865

section: Deaths › July–December

date: March 15

text: March 15 – Óscar R. Benavides, 67th and 76th President of Peru (d. 1945)

title: 1876

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Juan Velasco Alvarado, general and President of Peru (d. 1977)

title: 1910

section: Births › June

text: October 3 – Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Peruvian entrepreneur and politician, 66th President of Peru

title: 1938

section: Births › September–October

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Manuel Merino, Peruvian politician, 68th President of Peru

title: 1961

section: Births › August

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Dina Boluarte, Peruvian politician, 64th President of Peru

title: 1962

section: Births › May

date: March 22

text: March 22 – Martín Vizcarra, Peruvian engineer and politician, 67th President of Peru

title: 1963

section: Births › March

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru, faxes his resignation from a hotel room in Japan, having fled Peru after facing corruption charges. Fujimori would be officially removed from office by Congress on the 22nd.

title: 2000

section: Events › November

date: July 28

text: July 28 – Alejandro Toledo becomes the President of Peru.

title: 2001

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Leftist schoolteacher Pedro Castillo is confirmed as President of Peru over a month after the 2021 Peruvian general election.

title: 2021

date: August 4

text: August 4 – The Prime Minister of Peru, Aníbal Torres, resigns following multiple criminal investigations against the President of Peru, Pedro Castillo.

title: 2022

date: December 7

text: December 7 – The Congress of Peru removes President Pedro Castillo from office and arrests him after he tries to dissolve Congress in a self-coup attempt. Vice President Dina Boluarte becomes the first female President of Peru.

title: 2022

section: Events › December

date: October 10

text: October 10 – Dina Boluarte, the President of Peru, is unanimously impeached by the Congress of the Republic.

title: 2025


slug: president-of-russia

label: President of Russia

description: head of state of the RSFSR (office established in 1991) and Russia

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Dmitry Medvedev, former President of Russia

title: 1965

section: Births › September

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: July 3

text: July 3 – Boris Yeltsin is re-elected as President of Russia after the second round of elections.

title: 1996

section: Events › July

date: December 31

text: December 31 – Boris Yeltsin resigns as President of Russia, leaving Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the acting president until a new election can be held.

title: 1999

date: March 26

text: March 26 – 2000 Russian presidential election: Vladimir Putin is elected President of Russia.

title: 2000

section: Events › March

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Vladimir Putin is elected President of Russia.

title: 2012

section: Economy & Finance

date: April 28

text: April 28 – United States President Barack Obama's new economic sanctions against Russia go into effect, targeting companies and individuals close to Russian President Vladimir Putin.

title: 2014

section: Events › April

date: March 21

text: March 21 – Russia formally annexes Crimea after President Vladimir Putin signs a bill formalizing the process.

title: 2014

section: Conflict & Security

date: September 1

text: September 1 – Russian President Vladimir Putin expels 755 diplomats in response to United States sanctions.

title: 2017

section: Events › September

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Russian President Vladimir Putin declares a state of emergency after 20,000 tons of oil leaked into the Ambarnaya River near the Siberian city of Norilsk within the Arctic Circle on May 26, 2020. The World Wildlife Fund said the accident is believed to be the second-largest in modern Russian history.

title: 2020

section: Events › June


slug: president-of-the-continental-congress

label: President of the Continental Congress

description: Largely ceremonial position under the Articles of Confederation

section: Births

date: April 14

text: April 14 – John Hanson, President of the Continental Congress of America (d. 1783)

title: 1721

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Peyton Randolph, 1st and 3rd President of the Continental Congress (d. 1775)

title: 1721

date: July 16

text: July 16 – Cyrus Griffin, last American President of the Continental Congress (d. 1810)

title: 1749

date: December 10

text: December 10 – John Jay of New York is chosen as the sixth President of the Continental Congress.

title: 1778

section: Events › October–December

date: September 28

text: September 28 – Samuel Huntington is elected as the seventh President of the Continental Congress.

title: 1779

section: Events › July–September

date: November 5

text: November 5 – John Hanson is elected President of the Continental Congress.

title: 1781

section: Deaths

date: November 15

text: November 15 – John Hanson, American President of the Continental Congress (b. 1721)

title: 1783

date: January 14

text: January 14 – The Congress of the United States ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain to end the American Revolution, with the signature of President of Congress Thomas Mifflin.

title: 1784

section: Events › January–March

date: January 22

text: January 22 – The Congress of the Confederation, effectively a caretaker government until the United States Constitution can be ratified by at least nine of the 13 states, elects Cyrus Griffin as its last president.

title: 1788

text: November 15 – Cyrus Griffin of Virginia completes his service as the last President of the Congress of the Confederation, under the Articles of Confederation.

title: 1788

date: December 14

text: December 14 – Cyrus Griffin, last President of the Continental Congress (b. 1749)

title: 1810

section: Deaths › July–December


slug: president-of-the-philippines

label: President of the Philippines

description: head of state and head of government of the Philippines

date: September 9

text: September 9 – Sergio Osmeña, 4th President of the Philippines (d. 1961)

title: 1878

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Elpidio Quirino, 6th President of the Philippines (d. 1956)

title: 1890

section: Births › November

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Carlos P. Garcia, 8th President of the Philippines (d. 1971)

title: 1896

section: Births › November–December

date: August 31

text: August 31 – Ramon Magsaysay, 7th President of the Philippines (d. 1957)

title: 1907

section: Births › August

text: September 28 – Diosdado Macapagal, 9th President of the Philippines (d. 1997)

title: 1910

date: March 18

text: March 18 – Fidel V. Ramos, 12th President of the Philippines (d. 2022)

title: 1928

section: Births › March

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Corazon Aquino, 11th President of the Philippines (d. 2009)

title: 1933

section: Births › January

date: September 17

text: September 17 – Manuel L. Quezon is elected 2nd President of the Philippines.

title: 1935

date: April 19

text: April 19 – Joseph Estrada, Filipino actor and politician, 13th President of the Philippines

title: 1937

section: Births › April

date: March 28

text: March 28 – Rodrigo Duterte, 16th President of the Philippines

title: 1945

date: July 4

text: July 4 – After more than 48 years of American dominance, the Philippines attains full independence as the 3rd Republic; Manuel A. Roxas is 5th President of the Philippines. It marks the end of nearly 400 years of colonial era when the Viceroyalty of New Spain took control since April 27, 1565.

title: 1946

date: April 5

text: April 5 – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 14th President of the Philippines, daughter of president Diosdado Macapagal

title: 1947

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Manuel Roxas, Filipino statesman, 5th President of the Philippines (b. 1892)

title: 1948

section: Deaths › April

date: December 30

text: December 30 – Ramon Magsaysay becomes the 7th President of the Philippines.

title: 1953

date: March 17

text: March 17 – Ramon Magsaysay, 7th President of the Philippines (b. 1907)

title: 1957

section: Deaths › March

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Bongbong Marcos, 17th President of the Philippines

title: 1957

date: November 6

text: November 6 – José P. Laurel, Filipino politician and judge, 3rd President of the Philippines (b. 1891)

title: 1959

section: Deaths › November

date: February 8

text: February 8 – Benigno Aquino III, 15th President of the Philippines (d. 2021)

title: 1960

section: Births › February

date: October 19

text: October 19 – Sergio Osmeña, Filipino politician, 4th President of the Philippines (b. 1878)

title: 1961

section: Deaths › October

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Carlos P. Garcia, 8th President of the Philippines (b. 1896)

title: 1971

section: Deaths › June

section: Health & Medicine

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos announces on national television the issuance of Proclamation No. 1081 placing the entire country under martial law.

title: 1972

date: November 14

text: November 14 – Zamboanga City mayor Cesar Climaco, a prominent critic of the government of Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, is assassinated in his home city.

title: 1984

section: Events › November

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Former President of the Philippines Corazon Aquino dies at the age of 76 of cardiopulmonary arrest after complications of colon cancer. A memorial service and funeral is scheduled for August 5. (Philippine Daily Inquirer)

title: 2009

section: Events › August

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Rodrigo Duterte is elected the President of the Philippines.

title: 2016

section: Events › May

section: Climate & Environment

text: May 9 – 2022 Philippine presidential election: Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte are elected the 17th President and 15th Vice President of the Philippines in a landslide victory.

title: 2022

section: Crime & Justice

date: March 11

text: March 11 – The former President of the Philippines, Rodrigo Duterte, is arrested in the Philippines after being served an arrest warrant from the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity.

title: 2025


slug: president-of-the-united-states

label: President of the United States

description: head of state and head of government of the United States of America

section: Births

date: March 16

text: March 16 – James Madison, fourth President of the United States (d. 1836)

title: 1751

date: July 11

text: July 11 – John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States, son of John Adams and Abigail Adams (d. 1848)

title: 1767

date: November 24

text: November 24 – Zachary Taylor, 12th President of the United States (d. 1850)

title: 1784

date: March 29

text: March 29 – John Tyler, tenth President of the United States (d. 1862)

title: 1790

date: April 23

text: April 23 – James Buchanan, American lawyer, politician, and 15th President of the United States. (d. 1868)

title: 1791

date: January 7

text: January 7 – Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States (d. 1874)

title: 1800

section: Births › January–June

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 1

text: November 1 – U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).

title: 1800

section: Events › October–December

date: July 27

text: July 27 – The Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which reforms the way that candidates for President and Vice President are chosen, is ratified by Tennessee, removing doubt surrounding adoption.

title: 1804

section: Events › July–September

date: November 23

text: November 23 – Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States (d. 1869)

title: 1804

section: Births › July–December

date: December 29

text: December 29 – Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (d. 1875)

title: 1808

date: October 4

text: October 4 – Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (d. 1893)

title: 1822

date: October 5

text: October 5 – Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States (d. 1886)

title: 1829

date: November 19

text: November 19 – James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (d. 1881)

title: 1831

section: Deaths

date: February 23

text: February 23 – John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States, son of John Adams and Abigail Adams (b. 1767)

title: 1848

section: Deaths › January–June

date: July 9

text: July 9 – Zachary Taylor, 65, 12th President of the United States (b. 1784)

title: 1850

section: Deaths › July–September

section: Culture & Society

date: February 18

text: February 18 – The American Know Nothing Party convenes in Philadelphia to nominate their first Presidential candidate, former President Millard Fillmore.

title: 1856

section: Events › January–March

date: November 4

text: November 4 – 1856 United States presidential election: Democrat James Buchanan defeats former President Millard Fillmore, representing a coalition of Know Nothings and Whigs, and John C. Frémont of the fledgling Republican Party, to become the 15th President of the United States.

title: 1856

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Martin Van Buren, 79, 8th President of the United States (b. 1782)

title: 1862

section: Deaths › July–December

section: Conflict & Security

date: April 14

text: April 14 – Assassination of Abraham Lincoln: President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is shot while attending an evening performance of the farce Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.

title: 1865

section: Events › April

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Three days after his action to dismiss United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, the United States House of Representatives votes 126–47 in favor of a resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, the first of three Presidents to be impeached by the full House. Johnson is later acquitted by the United States Senate.

title: 1868

section: Events › February

date: June 1

text: June 1 – James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States (b. 1791)

title: 1868

date: May 16

text: May 16, May 26 – President Andrew Johnson is twice acquitted during his impeachment trial, by one vote in the United States Senate.

title: 1868

date: October 8

text: October 8 – Franklin Pierce, 64, 14th President of the United States (b. 1804)

title: 1869

date: March 31

text: March 31 – James M. Cox, Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920 (d. 1957)

title: 1870

section: Births › January–March

date: May 10

text: May 10 – Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States, although she is a year too young to qualify and does not appear on the ballot.

title: 1872

date: March 8

text: March 8 – Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States (b. 1800)

title: 1874

date: September 19

text: September 19 – James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (b. 1831)

title: 1881

section: Deaths › July – December

date: June 2

text: June 2 – U.S. President Grover Cleveland marries Frances Folsom in the White House (Washington, D.C.), becoming the only President of the United States to wed in the executive mansion. She is 27 years his junior.

title: 1886

section: Events › June

date: November 18

text: November 18 – Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States (b. 1829)

title: 1886

date: June 19

text: June 19 – In Chicago, the Republican Convention opens at the Auditorium Building. Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton win the nominations for President and Vice President of the United States, respectively.

title: 1888

date: September 8

text: September 8 – In a letter accepting renomination as President of the United States, Grover Cleveland declares the Chinese "impossible of assimilation with our people and dangerous to our peace and welfare".

title: 1888

section: Events › September

date: February 22

text: February 22 – President Grover Cleveland signs the Enabling Act of 1889, admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states.

title: 1889

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (b. 1822)

title: 1893

text: September 14 – William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (assassinated) (b. 1843)

title: 1901

text: May 18 – WWI: The Selective Service Act passes the United States Congress, giving the President the power of conscription.

title: 1917

text: February 8 – President of the United States Warren G. Harding introduces the first radio in the White House.

title: 1922

text: June 14 – President of the United States Warren G. Harding makes his first speech on the radio.

title: 1922

text: December 6 – Calvin Coolidge addresses the United States Congress in the first radio broadcast from a President of the U.S.

title: 1923

text: February 22 – Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a radio broadcast from the White House.

title: 1924

text: June 17 – President Herbert Hoover signs the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act into law, implementing protectionist trade policies in the United States. It has the incidental effect of defining an antique as older than 1830.

title: 1930

text: August 2 – The Einstein–Szilard letter is signed by Albert Einstein, advising President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt of the potential use of uranium to construct an atomic bomb. It is delivered on October 11 and leads to the first meeting on October 21 of the Advisory Committee on Uranium.

title: 1939

text: January 6 – During his State of the Union address, President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt presents his Four Freedoms, as fundamental global human rights.

title: 1941

text: November 22–26 – WWII: Cairo Conference ("Sextant") – President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Chairman of the National Government of China Chiang Kai-shek meet at Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the Pacific War.

title: 1943

text: February 4–11 – WWII: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin hold the Yalta Conference.

title: 1945

text: February 27 – The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, limiting Presidents to two terms, is ratified.

title: 1951

text: July 15 – James M. Cox, Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920 (b. 1870)

title: 1957

text: May 16 – Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev demands an apology from President Dwight D. Eisenhower for the U-2 reconnaissance plane flights over the Soviet Union, thus aborting their summit meeting scheduled for Paris this year.

title: 1960

text: November 8 – 1960 United States presidential election: In a close race, Democratic U. S. Senator John F. Kennedy is elected over Republican U. S. Vice President Richard Nixon, to become (at 43) the second youngest man to serve as President of the United States, and the youngest man elected to this position.

title: 1960

text: October 14 – Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy first suggests the idea for the Peace Corps of the United States.

title: 1960

text: March 29 – The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, allowing residents of Washington, D.C. to vote in presidential elections.

title: 1961

text: May 29–June 3 – The Moscow Summit meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev takes place, where the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was finalized.

title: 1988

text: February 27 – Gulf War: U.S. President Bush declares victory over Iraq and orders a cease-fire. U.S. troops begin to leave the Persian Gulf on March 10.

title: 1991

text: August 15 – Bob Dole is nominated for President of the United States, and Jack Kemp for vice president, at the Republican National Convention in San Diego, California.

title: 1996

text: December 19 – The U.S. House of Representatives forwards articles of impeachment against President Clinton to the Senate, making him the second president to be impeached in U.S. history.

title: 1998

text: November 4 – 2008 United States presidential election: Democratic U.S. Senator Barack Obama defeats Republican candidate John McCain and is elected the 44th President of the United States, making him the first African-American to be elected to the office.

title: 2008

text: October 3 – 2008 financial crisis: U.S. President George W. Bush signs the revised Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a 700 billion dollar Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets.

title: 2008

text: January 20 – Barack Obama is sworn in as the 44th President of the United States, becoming the first African-American to hold the office.

title: 2009

text: November 6 – 2012 United States presidential election: Barack Obama is reelected President of the United States, defeating his Republican challenger Mitt Romney.

title: 2012

text: April 28 – United States President Barack Obama's new economic sanctions against Russia go into effect, targeting companies and individuals close to Russian President Vladimir Putin.

title: 2014

text: November 8 – 2016 United States presidential election: Businessman and television personality Donald Trump is elected the 45th President of the United States in a surprise upset against his opponent, former Secretary of State and First Lady Hillary Clinton.

title: 2016

text: January 21 – Millions of people worldwide join the Women's March following the inauguration of Donald Trump as President of the United States. 420 marches were reported in the U.S. and 168 in other countries, becoming the largest single-day protest in American history at the time.

title: 2017

text: March 9 – President of the United States Donald Trump accepts an invitation from North Korean leader Kim Jong Un for a meeting in May to discuss the denuclearisation of North Korea.

title: 2018

text: December 18 – The U.S. House of Representatives approves two articles of impeachment against President Trump, making him the third president to be impeached in the nation's history.

title: 2019

text: February 27–28 – The 2019 North Korea–United States summit is held in Hanoi, Vietnam. It is the second summit between U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un.

title: 2019

text: April 14 – U.S. president Donald Trump announces that the U.S. will suspend funding towards the World Health Organization (WHO) pending an investigation of its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with China.

title: 2020

text: January 16 – The first impeachment trial of the President of the United States, Donald Trump, begins in the U.S. Senate. He was acquitted on February 5.

title: 2020

text: 2020 United States presidential election: The election of Joe Biden as the 46th President of the United States and Kamala Harris as the 49th Vice President of the United States is called by many news media organizations after remaining vote counts (November 7) come in from key states delayed by an influx of mail-in ballots caused by the pandemic, defeating incumbent President Donald Trump.

title: 2020

text: January 6 – Supporters of US President Donald Trump attack the US Capitol, disrupting certification of the 2020 presidential election, and forcing both houses of Congress to evacuate. Five people die during the ensuing riot. The event is classified as a domestic terrorist attack, and draws international condemnation.

title: 2021

text: July 13 – While campaigning for the 2024 United States presidential election, former President Donald Trump is shot in the right ear in an assassination attempt at a rally he held near Butler, Pennsylvania.

title: 2024

text: May 30 – Former United States President Donald Trump is found guilty on 34 counts in his hush money trial, the first time any American president had been found guilty of a crime.

title: 2024

text: February 28 – A meeting between U.S. president Donald Trump and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy takes place at the White House. Trump and V.P. JD Vance sharply criticise Zelenskyy, raising questions about support for Ukraine, a proposed end to the war, and the country's future in general.

title: 2025


slug: prime-minister-of-australia

label: Prime Minister of Australia

description: Head of Government of Australia

section: Births

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Sir George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1918)

title: 1845

section: Births › January–June

date: January 18

text: January 18 – Sir Edmund Barton, 1st Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1920)

title: 1849

date: August 3

text: August 3 – Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1919)

title: 1856

section: Births › July–September

date: December 7

text: December 7 – Joseph Cook, 6th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1947)

title: 1860

section: Births › October–December

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Andrew Fisher, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)

title: 1862

date: April 9

text: April 9 – Chris Watson, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1941)

title: 1867

section: Births › March–April

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia, Premier of Tasmania (d. 1939)

title: 1879

date: August 8

text: August 8 – Sir Earle Page, 11th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1961)

title: 1880

section: Births › July–August

date: March 29

text: March 29 – Sir John McEwen, 18th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1980)

title: 1900

section: Births › March

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 1

text: January 1 – The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia; Edmund Barton becomes the first Prime Minister of Australia.

title: 1901

section: Events › January

date: July 5

text: July 5 – Alfred Deakin takes office as the new Prime Minister of Australia.

title: 1905

section: Events › July

date: November 13

text: November 13 – Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.

title: 1916

section: Events › November

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Sir George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1845)

title: 1918

section: Deaths › September

date: October 7

text: October 7 – Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1856)

title: 1919

section: Deaths › October

date: January 7

text: January 7 – Sir Edmund Barton, 1st prime minister of Australia (b. 1849)

title: 1920

section: Deaths › January

date: February 9

text: February 9 – Billy Hughes, having resigned as Prime Minister of Australia, after the Country Party refuses to govern in coalition with him as the leader of the Nationalist Party, is succeeded by Stanley Bruce. A Liberal–National Coalition will persist in the politics of Australia for at least 100 years.

title: 1923

section: Events › January–February

date: October 22

text: October 22 – Andrew Fisher, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1862)

title: 1928

date: October 12

text: October 12 – 1929 Australian federal election: The Labor Party, led by James Scullin, defeats the Nationalist/Country Coalition Government, led by Prime Minister Stanley Bruce. Scullin will be sworn in on October 22. Notably, this is the first occasion in Australian political history where a sitting prime minister loses his own seat (the second being John Howard in 2007).

title: 1929

section: Events › October

date: December 19

text: December 19 – The UAP/Country Coalition, led by Joseph Lyons, defeats the Australian Labor Government, led by Prime Minister James Scullin. Coming in the aftermath of two splits in the Labor Party, the election comes about due to the defeat of the Scullin government on the floor of the House of Representatives – to date, it is the last federal election where a one-term government was defeated. Lyons will be sworn in January 6th the following year, but not before disbanding the Coalition, after the UAP wins enough seats to form a government in its own right.

title: 1931

section: Events › December

text: September 15 – 1934 Australian federal election: Joseph Lyons' UAP government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party, led by former Prime Minister James Scullin. Consequently, Lyons is forced to resume the Coalition with the Country Party, and include them in his government. Scullin steps down from the Labor leadership shortly after; he is replaced by future Prime Minister John Curtin.

title: 1934

section: Events › September–October

date: April 18

text: April 18 – Robert Menzies is elected leader of the United Australia Party, and consequently becomes the 12th Prime Minister of Australia, defeating former Prime Minister Billy Hughes. However, he will not be sworn in until April 26, because of the refusal of Earle Page and his Country Party to serve under him.

title: 1939

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia, dies in office from a heart attack at the age of 59. He is briefly replaced by his deputy Earle Page, who serves as the 11th Prime Minister, until a UAP leadership election is held to replace Lyons.

title: 1939

text: April 7 – Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1879)

title: 1939

section: Deaths › April

text: August 29 – Robert Menzies resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, after losing the support of his party. He will not return to the Prime Ministership until 1949. Arthur Fadden, leader of the Country Party, consequently becomes Prime Minister, while former Prime Minister Billy Hughes replaces Menzies as UAP leader.

title: 1941

section: Events › August

text: October 7 – John Curtin becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Australia, following the defeat of Arthur Fadden's Country/UAP Coalition government, on the floor of the House of Representatives.

title: 1941

date: August 21

text: August 21 – 1943 Australian federal election: John Curtin's Labor government defeats the Country/UAP Coalition, led by former Prime Minister Arthur Fadden. Labor achieves its greatest ever electoral result, including winning every seat (except one) outside of the eastern states. Notably, this election marked the first time that a woman has been elected to both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Fadden will step down from the Opposition leadership, handing it over to Robert Menzies, who will go on to dissolve the UAP and form the Liberal Party shortly after.

title: 1943

date: July 12

text: July 12 – Ben Chifley is elected leader of the Labor Party, and consequently becomes the 16th Prime Minister of Australia, defeating Frank Forde as well as Norman Makin and H.V. Evatt. As a result, Forde becomes the shortest-serving prime minister in Australian history; nevertheless, he retains his post as deputy leader.

title: 1945

date: December 10

text: December 10 – 1949 Australian federal election: The Liberal/Country Coalition led by Robert Menzies defeats the Labor government, led by Prime Minister Ben Chifley. Menzies is sworn in on December 19, his second stint as prime minister; he will hold the office for over 16 years until his retirement in 1966 and Labor will not win office again until 1972, under Gough Whitlam.

title: 1949

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Sir Earle Page, Australian politician, 11th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1880)

title: 1961

section: Deaths › December

date: December 9

text: December 9 – 1961 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a one-seat majority, narrowly defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell. One of the closest election results in Australian history, such a result will not be replicated again until 2016. Notably, former Prime Minister Earle Page loses his seat, although he dies a few days later, never knowing the result.

title: 1961

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Julia Gillard, 27th Prime Minister of Australia

title: 1961

section: Births › September

date: March 2

text: March 2 – Anthony Albanese, 31st Prime Minister of Australia

title: 1963

date: November 30

text: November 30 – 1963 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with an increased majority to an unprecedented eighth term in office, defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell. (This would be the final lower house election won by Menzies, who would retire from office during the term as the longest-serving Prime Minister in Australian history; he would be replaced by Harold Holt.)

title: 1963

text: December 5 – Australian Senate election, 1964: The Liberal/Country Coalition Government led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies hold their status quo, while the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell lose one seat to the Democratic Labor Party, who hold the balance of power in the Senate alongside independent Reg Turnbull.

title: 1964

text: December 17 – Harold Holt, 17th Prime Minister of Australia, disappears when swimming at Cheviot Beach, 60 km from Melbourne. He was briefly replaced as prime minister by John McEwen, until the Liberal Party elected Minister for Education and Science John Gorton as leader.

title: 1967

text: November 25 – 1967 Australian Senate election: The Liberal/Country Coalition government led by Prime Minister Harold Holt lost two seats, while the Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam failed to make any gains. The Democratic Labor Party won the two seats from the Liberals and gained the sole balance of power in the Senate.

title: 1967

text: January 10 – John Gorton is sworn in as 19th Prime Minister of Australia, taking over from John McEwen after being elected leader of the Liberal Party the previous day, following the disappearance of Harold Holt. Gorton becomes the only Senator to become Prime Minister, though he immediately transfers to the House of Representatives through the 1968 Higgins by-election in Holt's vacant seat.

title: 1968

text: October 25 – 1969 Australian federal election: John Gorton's Liberal/Country Coalition government is narrowly re-elected with a sharply reduced majority, defeating a resurgent Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam. Prime Minister Gorton survived a leadership challenge by his deputy William McMahon as well as David Fairbairn in the immediate aftermath of the election.

title: 1969

text: November 21 – 1970 Australian Senate election: The Liberal/Country Coalition government led by Prime Minister John Gorton and the Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam each end up with 26 seats, both suffering a swing against them. The Democratic Labor Party wins an additional seat and holds the balance of power in the Senate. This is the last occasion on which a Senate election is held without an accompanying House of Representatives election.

title: 1970

text: May 18 – 1974 Australian federal election: Gough Whitlam's Labor government is re-elected with a reduced majority, defeating the Liberal/Country Coalition led by Billy Snedden. Whitlam consequently becomes the first Labor Prime Minister to be re-elected in his own right. The Democratic Labor Party meanwhile loses all five of their Senate seats, effectively wiping them out as a political force.

title: 1974

text: November 11 – Australian constitutional crisis of 1975: Governor-General of Australia Sir John Kerr controversially dismisses the Whitlam Labor government and commissions Malcolm Fraser of the Liberal/National Country Coalition as caretaker Prime Minister.

title: 1975

text: December 10 – 1977 Australian federal election: Malcolm Fraser's Liberal/National Country Coalition government is re-elected with a slightly reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. Consequently, Whitlam resigns as ALP leader after holding the job for nearly 11 years; he is replaced by former treasurer Bill Hayden.

title: 1977

text: February 3 – Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Fraser is granted a double dissolution of both houses of parliament, for elections on March 5, 1983. As Fraser is being granted the dissolution, Bill Hayden resigns as leader of the Australian Labor Party, and in the subsequent leadership spill Bob Hawke is elected as Hayden's successor unopposed.

title: 1983

text: March 5 – Australian federal election: The Labor Party led by Bob Hawke defeats the Liberal/National Coalition government led by Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. Hawke is to be sworn in on March 11. As soon as the results become clear, Fraser resigns from the Liberal leadership; he is replaced by outgoing Minister for Industry and Commerce Andrew Peacock.

title: 1983

text: March 2 – 1996 Australian federal election: The Liberal/National Coalition led by John Howard defeats the Labor government led by Prime Minister Paul Keating. Howard was sworn in on March 11.

title: 1996

text: November 24 – 2007 Australian federal election: The Labor Party led by Kevin Rudd defeats the Liberal/National Coalition government led by Prime Minister John Howard. Rudd would be sworn in on December 3.

title: 2007

text: June 26 – Kevin Rudd defeats Julia Gillard in an Australian Labor Party leadership ballot and consequently becomes Prime Minister of Australia, three years after Gillard replaced Rudd.

title: 2013

text: September 7 – 2013 Australian federal election: The Liberal/National Coalition led by Tony Abbott defeats the Labor Government led by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. Abbott is sworn in on September 18.

title: 2013

text: September 14 – Malcolm Turnbull defeats Tony Abbott in a Liberal Party leadership ballot. Turnbull becomes Prime Minister of Australia, being sworn in the following day.

title: 2015

text: August 24 – Scott Morrison succeeds Malcolm Turnbull as Prime Minister of Australia following a Liberal Party leadership ballot. Morrison is sworn in as Prime Minister later that evening.

title: 2018

text: May 21 – 2022 Australian federal election: The Labor party, led by Anthony Albanese, defeats the Liberal-National Coalition government led by Prime Minister Scott Morrison. Albanese is sworn in as Prime Minister two days later.

title: 2022


slug: prime-minister-of-canada

label: Prime Minister of Canada

description: head of government of Canada

section: Births

date: July 2

text: July 2 – Sir Charles Tupper, 6th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1915)

title: 1821

section: Births › July–September

date: January 28

text: January 28 – Alexander Mackenzie, 2nd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1892)

title: 1822

section: Births › January–June

date: December 27

text: December 27 – Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1917)

title: 1823

section: Births › July–December

date: November 10

text: November 10 – Sir John Thompson, 4th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1894)

title: 1845

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Robert Borden, Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Canada, leader in World War I (d. 1937)

title: 1854

section: Births › April–June

date: August 7

text: August 7–September 20 – The first Canadian election sees John A. Macdonald's Conservatives elected to government and Macdonald becomes the Dominion's first prime minister.

title: 1867

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Alexander Mackenzie becomes the second Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1873

date: October 17

text: October 17 – John A. Macdonald returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1878

date: February 1

text: February 1 – Louis St. Laurent, 12th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1973)

title: 1882

section: Births › February

date: March 5

text: March 5 – 1st Prime Minister of Canada Sir John A. Macdonald wins a 4th consecutive parliamentary victory over the Liberal Party.

title: 1891

section: Events › March

date: December 5

text: December 5 – John Thompson becomes Canada's fourth prime minister.

title: 1892

section: Deaths

date: October 30

text: October 30 – Sir John Abbott, 3rd Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1821)

title: 1893

section: Deaths › July–December

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Sir John Thompson, 4th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1845)

title: 1894

date: December 21

text: December 21 – Mackenzie Bowell becomes Canada's fifth prime minister.

title: 1894

date: September 18

text: September 18 – John Diefenbaker, 13th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1979)

title: 1895

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Wilfrid Laurier becomes Canada's seventh prime minister, and the first French-speaker to hold that office.

title: 1896

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Liberal leader Wilfrid Laurier defeats Charles Tupper during Canadian federal elections for the 8th Canadian Parliament, to become the first Francophone Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1896

section: Events › June

text: December 10 – Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1823)

title: 1917

section: Deaths › November–December

date: October 18

text: October 18 – Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000)

title: 1919

section: Births › October

date: June 29

text: June 29 – Arthur Meighen briefly returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada during the King-Byng Affair.

title: 1926

date: September 25

text: September 25 – William Lyon Mackenzie King returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada, after winning the Canadian federal election.

title: 1926

section: Events › September

date: June 7

text: June 7 – John Turner, 17th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2020)

title: 1929

section: Births › June

text: August 7 – R. B. Bennett takes office as the eleventh Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1930

date: July 28

text: July 28 – R. B. Bennett defeats William Lyon Mackenzie King in federal elections and becomes the Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1930

date: January 11

text: January 11 – Jean Chrétien, 20th Prime Minister of Canada

title: 1934

section: Births › January

date: October 14

text: October 14 – 1935 Canadian federal election: The Liberal Party of William Lyon Mackenzie King wins a majority government, defeating the Conservative Party of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett.

title: 1935

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Sir Robert Borden, Canadian lawyer, politician and 8th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1854)

title: 1937

section: Deaths › June

date: August 28

text: August 28 – Paul Martin, 21st Prime Minister of Canada

title: 1938

section: Births › July–August

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Joe Clark, 16th Prime Minister of Canada

title: 1939

section: Births › May–June

section: Conflict & Security

date: September

text: The United Kingdom, France, New Zealand, Australia and India (by its Viceroy) declare war on Nazi Germany. Prime Minister of Canada Mackenzie King, in English, and Justice Minister Ernest Lapointe, in French, give an international radio address stating the Dominion's intention to declare war also.

title: 1939

section: Economy & Finance

date: November 22

text: November 22 – Conscription Crisis: Prime Minister of Canada William Mackenzie King agrees a one-time conscription levy in Canada for overseas service.

title: 1944

date: November 15

text: November 15 – Louis Stephen St. Laurent becomes Canada's 12th prime minister.

title: 1948

date: June 21

text: June 21 – John Diefenbaker becomes the 13th Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1957

text: April 30 – Stephen Harper, 22nd Prime Minister of Canada

title: 1959

text: April 22 – Lester Bowles Pearson becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1963

text: March 3 – Pierre Trudeau returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1980

text: June 30 – John Turner becomes the 17th Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1984

text: September 17 – Brian Mulroney is sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1984

text: December 13 – Former Prime Minister of Canada Kim Campbell resigns as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and is succeeded as leader by Jean Charest.

title: 1993

text: June 25 – Kim Campbell becomes the 19th, and first female, Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1993

text: November 4 – Jean Chrétien becomes the 20th Prime Minister of Canada.

title: 1993

text: February 6 – Stephen Harper is sworn in as the Prime Minister of Canada after winning the federal election on January 23.

title: 2006


slug: prime-minister-of-france

label: Prime Minister of France

description: head of government and of the Council of Ministers of France

section: Births

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, 2nd Prime Minister of France (d. 1641)

title: 1560

date: September 9

text: September 9 – Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman and 4th Prime Minister of France (d. 1642)

title: 1585

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, 2nd Prime Minister of France (b. 1560)

title: 1641

date: June 11

text: June 11 – André-Hercule de Fleury, recalled from exile by King Louis XV of France (his former pupil), forces banishment of Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, the Prime Minister, and the Duke's mistress Madame de Prie from court. Financier Jean Pâris de Monmartel is also removed from his position as Guard of the Royal Treasury.

title: 1726

section: Events › April–June

date: January 27

text: January 27 – Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, Prime Minister of France (b. 1692)

title: 1740

date: March 12

text: March 12 – Louis-Jules Trochu, French general and politician, 26th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)

title: 1815

section: Births › January–June

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, succeeds the Comte de Villèle as Prime Minister of France.

title: 1828

section: Events › January–March

date: August 8

text: August 8 – The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac as Prime Minister of France.

title: 1829

section: Events › July–September

date: August 13

text: August 13 – The Duc de Broglie is appointed Prime Minister of France by Louis Philippe.

title: 1830

date: November 2

text: November 2 – Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France.

title: 1830

section: Events › October–December

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, 29th Prime Minister of France (d. 1904)

title: 1846

section: Births › July–December

section: Crime & Justice

date: February 23

text: February 23 – French Revolution of 1848: François Guizot, Prime Minister of France, resigns; 52 people from the Paris mob are killed by soldiers guarding public buildings.

title: 1848

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Étienne Maurice Gérard, French general, statesman and marshal, 11th Prime Minister of France (b. 1773)

title: 1852

section: Deaths › January–June

date: February 18

text: February 18 – The National Assembly of France elects a new President to serve the remainder of the late President Faure's term. Senate president Émile Loubet wins the vote against prime minister Jules Méline.

title: 1899

section: Events › February

date: January 19

text: January 19 – Albert, 4th duc de Broglie, French politician, 28th Prime Minister of France (b. 1821)

title: 1901

section: Deaths › January–February

date: August 10

text: August 10 – Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, French politician, 29th Prime Minister of France (born 1846)

title: 1904

section: Deaths › August

text: January 11 – Pierre Mendès France, French politician, 142nd Prime Minister of France (d. 1982)

title: 1907

text: June 7 – Maurice Rouvier, French statesman, Prime Minister of France (b. 1842)

title: 1911

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Émile Combes, French statesman, 69th Prime Minister of France (b. 1835)

title: 1921

section: Deaths › May–June

date: January 13

text: January 13 – Alexandre Ribot, French statesman, 46th Prime Minister of France (b. 1842)

title: 1923

section: Deaths › January

date: May 10

text: May 10 – Charles de Freycinet, French statesman, Prime Minister of France (b. 1828)

title: 1923

section: Deaths › May

date: November 24

text: November 24 – Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France, leader during World War I (b. 1841)

title: 1929

section: Deaths › November

date: March 2

text: March 2 – André Tardieu begins his second term as Prime Minister of France.

title: 1930

date: October 29

text: October 29 – Paul Painlevé, French mathematician and statesman, 62nd Prime Minister of France (b. 1863)

title: 1933

section: Deaths › October

date: June 18

text: June 18 – Gaston Doumergue, 60th Prime Minister of France, 13th President of France (b. 1863)

title: 1937

date: July

text: Vichy France begins with a constitutional law which only eighty members of the parliament vote against. Philippe Pétain becomes Prime Minister of France.

title: 1940

section: Events › July

date: December 24

text: December 24 – François Darlan, French admiral and politician, 81st Prime Minister of France (assassinated) (b. 1881)

title: 1942

section: Deaths › December

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Paul Ramadier resigns as Prime Minister of France. He is succeeded by Robert Schuman, who calls in 80,000 army reservists to quell rioting miners in France.

title: 1947

section: Events › November

date: April 18

text: April 18 – Élisabeth Borne, French politician, Prime Minister of France

title: 1961

section: Births › April

date: March 28

text: March 28 – 1993 French legislative election: Rally for the Republic (Gaullist party) wins a majority and Édouard Balladur becomes Prime Minister.

title: 1993


slug: prime-minister-of-great-britain

label: Prime Minister of Great Britain

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: April 4

text: April 4 – Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (although this is more a term of disparagement at this time).

title: 1721

section: Events › April–June

section: Births

date: May 13

text: May 13 – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1782)

title: 1730

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, becomes the first British premier to move into London's 10 Downing Street.

title: 1735

section: Events › July–September

date: May 2

text: May 2 – William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1805)

title: 1737

date: February 16

text: February 16 – Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain.

title: 1742

section: Events › January–March

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Robert Walpole is made Earl of Orford, and resigns as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, effectively ending his period as Prime Minister of Great Britain. On his formally relinquishing office five days later, he will have served 20 years and 314 days as Prime Minister, the longest single term ever, and also longer than the accumulated terms of any other British Prime Minister.

title: 1742

section: Conflict & Security

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Thomas Pelham-Holles, the Duke of Newcastle, is forced to resign as Prime Minister of Great Britain after the British lose the Battle of Minorca to the French. The office of Prime Minister remains vacant for eight months with William Pitt and the Duke of Devonshire leading the cabinet.

title: 1756

date: July 2

text: July 2 – The Duke of Newcastle is asked to form a new government of Great Britain and fills the office of Prime Minister of Great Britain, after his forced resignation eight months earlier. Pitt is recalled to conduct Britain's foreign and military affairs and given greater control.

title: 1757

date: June 25

text: June 25 – The Duke of Devonshire resigns as Prime Minister of Great Britain after being unable to conduct governmental affairs without William Pitt.

title: 1757

date: April 16

text: April 16 – George Grenville takes office as the new Prime Minister of Great Britain, after the Earl of Bute resigns amid criticism over Britain's concessions in the Treaty of Paris.

title: 1763

section: Deaths

date: October 2

text: October 2 – William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1720)

title: 1764

date: July 10

text: July 10 – King George III dismisses George Grenville from the office of Prime Minister of Great Britain, and replaces him with another Whig Party statesman, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Lord Rockingham.

title: 1765

section: Events › July–December

date: October 14

text: October 14 – William Pitt resigns from his position as Prime Minister of Great Britain.

title: 1768

date: May 11

text: May 11 – William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1708)

title: 1778

date: January

text: January – William Pitt the Younger, later Prime Minister of Great Britain, enters Parliament, aged 21.

title: 1781

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, British statesman, 2-time Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1730)

title: 1782

date: March 27

text: March 27 – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain.

title: 1782

date: December 19

text: December 19 – William Pitt the Younger becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain.

title: 1783

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Pitt–Tierney duel takes place on Putney Heath. British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger fights a duel against opposition politician George Tierney

title: 1798

section: Events › January–June

date: May 7

text: May 7 – William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1737)

title: 1805


slug: prime-minister-of-greece

label: Prime Minister of Greece

description: head of government of Greece

date: May 14

text: May 14 – Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Greek politician, 20th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1829)

title: 1879

section: Deaths › January–June

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Theodoros Deligiannis ends his term as Prime Minister of Greece and Konstantinos Konstantopoulos takes office.

title: 1892

section: Events › March

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Costas Simitis, Greek politician, 78th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2025)

title: 1936

section: Births › June

date: October 21

text: October 21 – Andreas Papandreou becomes Prime Minister of Greece.

title: 1981

section: Events › October

date: June 18

text: June 18 – In the first Greek legislative election of the year, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, led by Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Papandreou, loses control of the Hellenic Parliament.

title: 1989

section: Events › June

date: September 28

text: September 28 – The Parliament of Greece indicted former Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Papandreou and four of his ministers in connection to the Koskotas scandal.

title: 1989

section: Events › September

date: April 8

text: April 8 – In the Greek legislative election, the conservative New Democracy wins the most seats in the Hellenic Parliament; its leader, Konstantinos Mitsotakis, becomes Prime Minister of Greece on April 11.

title: 1990

section: Events › April

section: Health & Medicine

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece, resigns due to health problems; a new government is formed under Costas Simitis.

title: 1996

section: Events › January

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Snap legislative elections are held in Greece, following the resignation of prime minister Alexis Tsipras, to elect all 300 members of the Hellenic Parliament and the SYRIZA party, led by Alexis Tsipras comes out as the largest party winning 145 out of 300 seats.

title: 2015

text: June 25 – The June 2023 Greek legislative election is held; Kyriakos Mitsotakis becomes prime minister after his centre-right party, New Democracy, wins a majority of seats in the Greek parliament.

title: 2023