slug: jesuit

label: Jesuit

section: Deaths

date: December 3

text: December 3 – Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit missionary and saint (b. 1506)

title: 1552

date: October 18

text: October 18 – Manuel da Nóbrega, Portuguese Jesuit missionary in Brazil (b. 1517)

title: 1570

text: September 30 – Francis Borgia, Italian Jesuit priest and saint (b. 1510)

title: 1572

date: December 1

text: December 1 – Alexander Briant, English Jesuit priest and saint (b. 1556)

title: 1581

text: December 1 – Edmund Campion, English Jesuit priest and saint (b. 1540)

title: 1581

date: July 14

text: July 14 – English Jesuit Edmund Campion is arrested.

title: 1581

section: Events › July–September

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Jesuit Matteo Ricci is allowed to enter the country.

title: 1582

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Culture & Society

date: September 9

text: September 9 – In the Burgundian Netherlands (part of modern-day Belgium), the faculty at the University of Leuven publishes a condemnation of the 34 propositions drawn up by the Jesuit scholar Michel Baius, leading to a campaign by traditional Belgian Catholics against the Jesuits.

title: 1587

date: December 21

text: December 21 – Petrus Canisius, Dutch Jesuit priest and saint (b. 1521)

title: 1597

date: June 9

text: June 9 – José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1534)

title: 1597

section: Religion & Belief

text: Copies are printed of the geographical map of East Asia created by Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit stationed in Ming dynasty Beijing, China, with Chinese-written labeling and map symbols.

title: 1602

text: Missionary Juan Fonte establishes the first Jesuit mission among the Tarahumara, in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Northwest Mexico.

title: 1607

date: May 11

text: May 11 – Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit priest and servant of God (b. 1552)

title: 1610

section: Deaths › April–June

section: Conflict & Security

text: Anti-Christian persecutions break out in Nanjing, China, and Nagasaki, Japan. The Jesuit-lead Christian community in Japan at this time is over 3,000,000 strong.

title: 1616

section: Science & Discovery

text: Jesuit astronomer Christoph Scheiner becomes the advisor to Archduke Maximilian, brother of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna. A lifelong enemy of Galileo, following a dispute over the nature of sunspots, Scheiner is credited with reopening the 1616 accusations against Galileo in 1633.

title: 1616

date: November 16

text: November 16 – The Tepehuán Revolt begins in Nueva Vizcaya with the attack of a Spanish wagon train that is on its way to Mexico City. It tests the limits of Spanish and Jesuit colonialism, in western and northwestern Durango and southern Chihuahua, Mexico.

title: 1616

section: Events › November-December

date: August 13

text: August 13 – John Berchmans, Belgian Jesuit scholastic and saint (b. 1599)

title: 1621

section: Deaths › July–September

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Pedro Páez, Spanish Jesuit missionary in Ethiopia (b. 1564)

title: 1622

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Charles Spinola, Italian Jesuit missionary, martyr and blessed (b. 1564)

title: 1622

date: February 28

text: February 28 – A decree is issued in Norway making it illegal for Jesuits or Roman Catholic monks to be harbored in the country.

title: 1624

section: Events › January–March

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Fasilides, Emperor of Ethiopia in succession to his father Susenyos, declares the state religion of the country again to be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and confiscates the lands of the Jesuit missionaries, relegating them to Fremona.

title: 1632

section: Events › April–June

text: Emperor of Ethiopia Fasilides expels Jesuit missionaries.

title: 1633

text: Suspecting that Patriarch Afonso Mendes played a part in the Portuguese assault on Mombasa, Emperor Fasilides expels him and several Jesuit missionaries from Ethiopia.

title: 1634

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Leonard Calvert arrives in Maryland, with Jesuit missionaries Andrew White, John Altham Gravenor, and Thomas Gervase, establishing St. Mary's as the fourth permanent settlement in British North America. In this year they also establish an institution of higher learning here, which later becomes Georgetown University, the United States's oldest university.

title: 1634

date: March 31

text: March 31 – The war in the West Indies between the indigenous Carib people, and the French Jesuits and English people who have colonized the islands, is ended with a treaty signed at Basse-Terre at Guadeloupe at the residence of the French Governor, Charles Houël du Petit Pré.

title: 1660

date: November 5

text: November 5 – Alexandre de Rhodes, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1591)

title: 1660

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Jesuit missionary Johann Grueber arrives in Rome after a 214-day journey that had started in Beijing, proving that commerce can be had between Europe and Asia by land rather than ship.

title: 1664

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: August 6

text: August 6 – The Parlement of Paris votes to close all colleges, associations and seminaries associated with the Jesuit Order, following a long campaign by Louis-Adrien Le Paige.

title: 1761

section: Births

date: February 5

text: February 5 – Louis Cheikho, Lebanese Jesuit Chaldean priest and venerable (d. 1927)

title: 1859

section: Births › January–March

date: October 14

text: October 14 – French troops under the command of Rear Admiral Pierre-Gustave Roze land at Ganghwa Island, Korea, as part of a punitive expedition against that kingdom for the execution of French Jesuit priests. It is the first military contact between Korea and a Western force.

title: 1866

section: Events › October

date: November 23

text: November 23 – Miguel Pro, Mexican Jesuit and Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (executed) (b. 1891)

title: 1927

section: Deaths › November–December

date: March 13

text: March 13 – Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina is elected the 266th pope, whereupon he takes the name Francis and becomes the first Jesuit pope, the first pope from the Americas, and the first pope from the Southern Hemisphere.

title: 2013

section: Events › March


slug: jesuits

label: Jesuits

description: male religious institute of the Roman Catholic Church

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Ignatius of Loyola and six others take the vows that lead to the establishment of the Jesuits (the Society of Jesus), in Montmartre, near Paris.

title: 1534

section: Events › July–September

text: The first printing press in India is introduced by Jesuits, at Saint Paul's College, Goa.

title: 1556

date: December 1

text: December 1 – In England, Jesuit priest Edmund Campion is executed for treason.

title: 1581

section: Events › October–December

text: The first of the Conimbricenses commentaries on Aristotle, by the Jesuits of the University of Coimbra, is published.

title: 1591

text: St. Paul's College is founded in Macau by Jesuits, being the first western style university in the far east.

title: 1594

date: December 27

text: December 27 – French university student Jean Châtel attempts to assassinate King Henry IV of France, after gaining entrance into the King's office. Châtel attacks the monarch with a knife and causes a minor injury. After court jester Mathurine de Vallois intervenes, she detains Châtel until the King's bodyguard can carry out the arrest. Two days later, Chatel is executed by dismemberment. The Collège de Clermont, the Jesuit institution, where Châtel was a student, is closed, and the order of the Jesuits is temporarily banned.

title: 1594

date: July 4

text: July 4 – A proclamation commands all Roman Catholic seminary priests and Jesuits to leave Ireland by December 10 and directs the laity to attend Church of Ireland services.

title: 1605

date: March 22

text: March 22 – The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty issues the Edict of Toleration, recognizing all the members of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Jesuits, and legalizing missions and their conversion of Chinese people to the Christian Faith.

title: 1692

date: June 21

text: June 21 – St. John's College, later Fordham University, is founded in The Bronx by Jesuits.

title: 1841

text: St. Paul's School, Belgaum, is founded by the Jesuits in Belgaum, India.

title: 1856


slug: jesus

label: Jesus

description: central figure of Christianity (c. 6 or 4 BC – AD 30 or 33)

year_label: 7 BCE

text: Appearance of a very bright triple conjunction of the royal star Jupiter and Saturn in the sign of Pisces (land in the west) in May until December of that year since 854years, with a retrogradation and stationing on November 12. Robert A. Powell (1996) proposes that this is the birth date of Jesus.

title: 0s BC

section: Events › 7 BC › Astronomy

year_label: 1 CE

text: AD 1 – Birth of Jesus, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar.

title: 0s

section: Events › Roman Empire

year_label: 27 CE

text: Using the dates and ranges listed in the Gospel of Luke, this year can be established as when John the Baptist begins preaching. It is also argued that Jesus was baptised by John in the final months of this year before his temptation and the first of three Passovers listed in the Gospel of John (another possibility is AD 29).

title: 20s

section: Events › 27 AD › Palestine

year_label: 29 CE

text: Jesus is executed by crucifixion, according to Roman Catholic tradition and Tertullian's chronology.

title: 20s

section: Events › 29 AD › Palestine

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: According to the Gospel of Luke (Luke 3:1-2), the ministries of John the Baptist and Jesus is thought to have started this year.

title: 20s

year_label: 31 CE

section: Deaths

date: April 6

text: April 6 – Jesus of Nazareth (possible date of the crucifixion) (born circa 4 BC) The other possible dates also supported by scholarly consensus among a survey of 100 published scholarly biblical statements are April 7, AD 30 and April 3, AD 33, and April 27, AD 31 (according to a Chodesh calculating system).

title: 30s

section: Deaths › 31 AD

year_label: 33 CE

text: Jesus of Nazareth (possible date of the crucifixion) The other possible dates supported by a number of scholars are April 7, AD 30 and April 6, AD 31.

title: 30s

section: Deaths › 33 AD

year_label: 40 CE

text: Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera, Roman soldier (hypothesized by numerous scholars to have been the father of Jesus)

title: 40s

section: Deaths › AD 40

year_label: 44 CE

text: James the Great, apostle of Jesus (executed by the order of King Agrippa I)

title: 40s

section: Deaths › AD 44

year_label: 52 CE

text: Saint Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus, is believed to have landed in Kodungallur, India to preach the Gospel; the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, the Indian Orthodox Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East claim descent from him.

title: 50s

section: Events › 52 AD › India

year_label: 62 CE

text: James the Just, brother of Jesus (martyred) (approximate date)

title: AD 62

text: Arius preaches of the human nature of Jesus.

title: 313

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: The lamb becomes the symbol of Jesus in Christian art.

title: 315

date: September 14

text: September 14 (traditional date) – Helena, mother of Constantine I, discovers the so-called True Cross and the Holy Sepulchre (Jesus's tomb) in Jerusalem. On her pilgrimage, which begins about this year, she pauses on the Aegean island of Patmos, where she is said to found the church of Panagia Ekatontapiliani.

title: 326

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople. He preaches a new doctrine, that will be called Nestorianism. It makes a distinction between the divine and human natures of Jesus, but comes under immediate attack from Pope Celestine I, and Cyril of Alexandria.

title: 428

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Leo I begins to formulate Orthodoxy and condemns Eutychianism, an extreme form of monophysitism which holds that the human nature of Christ is absorbed by His divine nature.

title: 440

text: Dionysius Exiguus, Scythian theologian-mathematician, inaugurates the practice of using A.D. (Anno Domini) in Rome for calendar dates after the birth of Jesus Christ, a system which has been supported by subsequent studies. Dionysius also produces his tables for computing the date of "Cyclus Paschalis" (Easter Tables).

title: 525

text: c. 526–547 – Sanctuary apse's mosaic showing Jesus enthroned and flanked by Saint Vitalis and Ecclesius, Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna) is made.

title: 526

text: c. 549–564 – Transfiguration of Christ, mosaic in the apse, Church of the Virgin, Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt, is made.

title: 549

text: Heraclius issues his Ekthesis, espousing the Monothelete doctrine (that there is only one will in Christ), and setting it forth as the official doctrine of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Ekthesis is vigorously opposed, notably by Maximus the Confessor.

title: 638

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Second Council of Nicaea: Empress Irene restores the veneration of icons (images of Christ and saints). This is a major victory of the monks, who will advance extensive claims to complete freedom for the Eastern Orthodox Church in religious matters. This ends the iconoclastic period in the Byzantine Empire.

title: AD 787

text: August 15 – The "Holy Mandylion" (a cloth with the face of Jesus) is conveyed to Constantinople, where it arrives on the feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos. A triumphal entry is staged for the relic in the capital.

title: 944

section: Culture & Society

text: Harald Bluetooth, king of Denmark, consolidates his rule over Jutland and Zealand. He adopts Christianity, erecting a carved stone at Jelling to honour his parents. It features a runic inscription (best-known in Denmark) and an image of Christ surrounded by interlace. The other Scandinavian kingdoms slowly convert to Christianity (approximate date).

title: 960

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Fall – Otto III makes Rome the administrative capital of the Holy Roman Empire and begins the construction of his imperial palace on the Palatine Hill. He restores the ancient Roman Senate to its position of prominence and adopts the title of "Emperor of the Romans". To this Otto adds the apostolic devotion formula servus Jesu Christi ('Servant of Jesus Christ').

title: 998

section: Climate & Environment

text: Panic spreads throughout Europe that the end of the universe may be near, on the 1,000th anniversary of the crucifixion of Christ, due to some unusually harsh spring weather. The Book of Revelation (Chapter 20) predicts the end of the earth after a 1,000 year period after the second return of Jesus Christ.

title: 1033

text: Winter – Great German Pilgrimage: Archbishop Siegfried I of Mainz leads a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Either during this pilgrimage or shortly before it, the Ezzolied; a High German poem on the life of Jesus, is composed.

title: 1064

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Pope Innocent III lays down the principle that Jews are doomed to perpetual servitude, because they had crucified Jesus.

title: 1205

text: Tbilisi becomes a capital of European Christian Cathedra, after the city of Smirna. George V (the Brilliant) returns Jerusalem and the Grave of Christ from the Muslims.

title: 1341

section: Events › Date unknown

date: May 22

text: May 22 – Pope Gregory XI issues five papal bulls condemning the opinion of John Wycliffe, who has argued that Catholic priests should live in poverty, like the twelve disciples of Jesus.

title: 1377

section: Crime & Justice

date: April 5

text: April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Anabaptist Jan Matthys is killed by the Landsknechte, who laid siege to Münster on the day he predicted as the Second Coming of Christ. His follower John of Leiden takes control of the city.

title: 1534

date: October 23

text: October 23 – The Báb is publicly proclaimed to be the promised one of Islam (the Qá'im, or Mahdi). He is also considered to be simultaneously the return of Elijah, John the Baptist and the "Ushídar-Máh" referred to in the Zoroastrian scriptures. He announces to the world the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest". He is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh – the founder of the Baháʼí Faith – whose claims include being the return of Jesus.

title: 1844

date: May

text: May – Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claims to be the Promised Messiah (the second coming of Jesus) and the Mahdi awaited in Islam.

title: 1891

section: Events › May

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Sun Myung Moon, a teenage Presbyterian convert in Korea under Japanese rule, claims to have a revelation from Jesus, telling him to complete his mission from almost 2,000 years ago.

title: 1935

section: Events › April

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Pope Paul VI promulgates Nostra aetate, a "Declaration on the Relation of the (Roman Catholic) Church with Non-Christian Religions" by the Second Vatican Council which includes a statement that Jews are not collectively responsible for the death of Jesus (Jewish deicide).

title: 1965

section: Events › September–October

text: August 15 – Some members of Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Armageddon will occur this year based on the group's chronology and some sell their houses and businesses to prepare for the new world paradise which they believe will be created when Jesus establishes God's Kingdom on Earth.

title: 1975

section: Events › August


slug: jew

label: Jew

year_label: 250 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: According to the Letter of Aristeas, Ptolemy II invited the Jewish residents of Alexandria to have their torah translated into Greek. Because around seventy translators are used to achieve this, the translation is known as the Septuagint.

title: 250 BC

section: Events › By place › Egypt

year_label: 167 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: The Jewish priest Mattathias of Modi'in defies the king Antiochus IV's decrees aimed at hellenizing the Jews and specifically defies the order that Jews should sacrifice to Zeus. Mattathias slays a Syrian official and escapes into the Judean hills with his five sons, beginning the Maccabean Revolt, a Jewish rebellion against Seleucid control of Judea.

title: 167 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

year_label: 166 BCE

section: Deaths

text: The leader of the Jewish revolt against Syria rule, Mattathias, dies and his third son, Judas, assumes leadership of the revolt in accordance with the deathbed deposition of his father.

title: 166 BC

text: Mattathias, father of Judas Maccabaeus, Jewish priest from Modi'in, near Jerusalem, who has started and briefly led a rebellion by the Jews in Judea against the Seleucid kingdom of Syria

title: 166 BC

year_label: 164 BCE

text: Antiochus IV Epiphanes ("God Manifest"), Seleucid king of the Syrian kingdom who has reigned since 175 BC, and has encouraged Greek culture and institutions but also attempted to suppress Judaism, which has led to the uprisings in Judea towards the end of his reign (b. c. 215 BC)

title: 164 BC

year_label: 162 BCE

text: Lysias then lays siege to the city. Just when capitulation by the Maccabees seems imminent, Lysias has to withdraw when the commander-in-chief under the late Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Philip, rebels against him. As a result, Lysias decides to propose a peaceful settlement which is accepted by the Maccabees. The terms of peace involve the restoration of religious freedom, permission for the Jews to live in accordance with their own laws, and the official return of the Temple in Jerusalem to the Jews.

title: 162 BC

year_label: 161 BCE

text: The Jewish High Priest Menelaus, who is supported by the Hellenist party, is removed from office and is executed. His successor is a moderate member of the Hellenic party, Alcimus. However, when Alcimus executes sixty Jews who are opposed to him, he finds himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus flees from Jerusalem and goes to Damascus to ask the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for help.

title: 161 BC

section: Events › by side › Seleucid Empire

year_label: 160 BCE

text: In response to the Jewish high priest, Alcimus', request for assistance, the Seleucid general Bacchides leads an army into Judea with the intent of reconquering this now independent kingdom. Bacchides rapidly marches through Judea after carrying out a massacre of the Assideans in Galilee. He quickly makes for Jerusalem, besieging the city and trapping Judas Maccabeus, the spiritual and military leader of the Maccabees, inside. However, Judas and many of his supporters manage to escape the siege.

title: 160 BC

text: Judas Maccabeus, third son of the Jewish priest Mattathias, who led the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire until his death

title: 160 BC

year_label: 63 BCE

text: Massacre of over 12,000 Jews on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem by Roman troops, in support of John Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II.

title: 63 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 38 CE

section: Health & Medicine

text: Apion heads a deputation to Emperor Caligula, to complain about the Jews in Alexandria.

title: 30s

section: Events › 38 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 73 CE

text: Spring – The Roman governor Lucius Flavius Silva lays siege to Masada, the last outpost of the Jewish rebels following the end, in AD 70, of the First Jewish-Roman War (Jewish Revolt). The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) surrounds the mountain fortress with a 7-mile long siege wall (circumvallation) and builds a rampart of stones and beaten earth against the western approach. After the citadel is conquered, 960 Zealots under the leadership of Eleazar ben Ya'ir commit mass suicide when defeat becomes imminent.

title: AD 73

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Bar Kokhba revolt: The messianic, charismatic Jewish leader Simon bar Kokhba starts a war of liberation for Judea against the Romans, which is eventually crushed (in 135) by Emperor Hadrian; Rabbi Akiva is supportive of the rebellion.

title: AD 132

text: Legio X Fretensis must evacuate Jerusalem, returning to Caesarea. The Jews enter the city, and re-establish their system of sacrifices. They strike coins to celebrate their independence, which will last for only 30 months. Legio XXII Deiotariana, which advanced from Egypt, is completely destroyed.

title: AD 132

text: A Jewish diaspora begins, as Emperor Hadrian bars Jews from Jerusalem, and has survivors of the massacre dispersed across the Roman Empire. Many join Mediterranean ports.

title: AD 135

text: John Chrysostom becomes a presbyter; he also writes eight Homilies entitled "Adversus Iudaeos" ("Against the Jews").

title: 386

text: Emperor Theodosius II starts to reform the Codex Theodosianus in Constantinople. He establishes a committee to codify all Roman laws. All funds raised by Jews to support schools have to be turned over to the state treasury.

title: 429

text: The Jews of Clermont-Ferrand are forced to convert to Christianity.

title: 570

text: The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear the Pileum cornutum, a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.

title: 1267

section: Events › Culture

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Jewish persecutions during the Black Death: Strasbourg massacre – Because they are believed by the residents to be the cause of the Black Death, roughly 2,000 Jews are burned to death.

title: 1349

section: Events › January–December

text: John II of Castile declares the Valladolid laws, that restrict the social rights of Jews. Among many other restrictions, the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes, and deny them administrative positions.

title: 1412

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Plantation Act 1740 or Naturalization Act 1740 of the Parliament of Great Britain comes into effect providing for Protestant alien immigrants (including Huguenots, and also Jews) residing in the American colonies for 7 years to receive British nationality.

title: 1740

section: Events › April–June

date: July 7

text: July 7 – The Parliament of Great Britain's Jewish Naturalization Act receives royal assent, allowing naturalization to Jews; it is repealed in 1754.

title: 1753

section: Events › July–September

date: August 16

text: August 16 – The 1929 Palestine riots break out between Palestinians and Jews in Mandatory Palestine, and continue until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians are killed.

title: 1929


slug: jewish

label: Jewish

year_label: 480 BCE

section: Births

text: Ezra, Jewish scribe and priest (d. c. 440 BCE)

title: 480 BC

year_label: 444 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Nehemiah, the Jewish cupbearer to Artaxerxes I at Susa, is given permission by Artaxerxes to return to Jerusalem as governor of Judea, in order to rebuild parts of it.

title: 444 BC

section: Events › By place › Persian empire

year_label: 440 BCE

text: Ezra, Jewish scribe and priest (b. c. 480 BCE)

title: 440 BC

year_label: 39 CE

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria.

title: 30s

section: Events › 39 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 71 CE

text: Titus is awarded with a triumph, accompanied by Vespasian and his brother Titus Flavius Domitian. In the parade are Jewish prisoners and treasures of the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. The leader of the Zealots, Simon Bar Giora, is lashed and strangled in the Forum.

title: AD 71

year_label: 72 CE

text: First Jewish–Roman War: The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) under Sextus Lucilius Bassus lays siege to the Jewish garrison of Machaerus at the Dead Sea. After they capitulate, the Zealots are allowed to leave the fortress before it is destroyed.

title: AD 72

year_label: 79 CE

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Emperor Vespasian dies of fever from diarrhea; his last words on his deathbed are: "I think I'm turning into a god." Titus succeeds his father as Roman emperor. Titus' Jewish mistress, Berenice, comes to join him in Rome, but he exiles her to please the Senate.

title: AD 79

year_label: 97 CE

text: Nerva recognizes the Sanhedrin of Jamnia as an official governmental body of the Jews, and the patriarch or nasi is designated as the representative of the Jewish people in Rome.

title: AD 97

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Rapid escalation of the Holocaust in Lithuania: Between now and the end of the year, an estimated 190,000-195,000 out of 210,000 Lithuanian Jews will be massacred, killing an estimated 95% of the nation's Jewish population.

title: 1941

section: Events › June


slug: jews

label: Jews

description: ethnoreligious group and nation from the Levant

year_label: 538 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: The Babylonian captivity of the Jews in Babylon ends when Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, allows them to return to Jerusalem under the leadership of Zerubbabel and Joshua the High Priest; possible start of construction of the Second Temple.

title: 538 BC

section: Events › By place › Near East

year_label: 537 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Jews lay the foundations for the Second Temple.

title: 537 BC

section: Events › By place › Judea

year_label: 37 BCE

text: Romans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest; both positions are seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews are slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod.

title: 37 BC

year_label: 49 CE

text: Likely date for the expulsion of the Jews from Rome.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 49

year_label: 50 CE

text: In Judaea, a Roman soldier seizes and burns a Torah scroll. Procurator Cumanus has the culprit beheaded, calming down local Jews and delaying for almost two decades the outbreak of their revolt.

title: 50s

section: Events › 50 AD › Palestine

year_label: 66 CE

text: Mid–late October – Cestius Gallus, legate of Syria, marches into Judea and leads a Roman army of 30,000 men to put down the Jewish rebellion. At its core is Legio XII Fulminata, plus 2,000 selected men from the other three Syrian legions, six more cohorts of infantry and four alae of cavalry, plus over 14,000 auxiliaries furnished by Rome's eastern allies, including Herod Agrippa II and two other client kings, Antiochus IV of Commagene and Sohaemus of Emesa, who lead their forces (largely archers and cavalry) in person.

title: AD 66

year_label: 67 CE

text: Siege of Yodfat: Its 40,000 Jewish inhabitants are massacred. The historian Josephus, leader of the rebels in Galilee, is captured by the Romans. Vespasian is wounded in the foot by an arrow fired from the city wall.

title: AD 67

text: Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian expels the Jews from Judea, and receives a triumphal arch near Scythopolis. The Roman province of Iudaea (plus Galilee) becomes Syria Palaestina (the name Palestine as a designation for this land has been used since at least the 5th century BC (mentioned by Herodotus)).

title: AD 136

text: The edict of Emperor Caracalla (Constitutio Antoniniana) extends Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire, with the exception of a limited group that may include Egyptians. The Jewish people are among those who receive citizenship. All free women in the Empire are given the same rights as Roman women.

title: 212

text: Approximate date of the Synod of Elvira in Elvira, Spain, which prohibits interaction with Jews, pagans, and heretics.

title: 300

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: The Council of Illiberis decrees that priests must be celibate. Additionally, it condemns visiting the homes of Jews and prohibits Christian women from marrying Jews, unless they have converted.

title: 305

date: May 7

text: May 7 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out. After his arrival at Antioch, the Jews begin a rebellion in Palestine. The Roman garrison in the town of Diocesarea is wiped out.

title: 351

text: Constantius Gallus sends his general (magister equitum) Ursicinus to forcefully put down the Jewish revolt in Palestine. The rebels destroy the cities Diopolis and Tiberias, while Diocesarea is razed to the ground. Ursicinus gives the order to kill thousands of Jews, even children. After the revolt, a permanent garrison is stationed in Galilee.

title: 352

date: March

text: March – Hypatia of Alexandria, Neoplatonist philosopher, is murdered by a Christian mob of Nitrian monks at the church (former temple conceived by Cleopatra VII) called Caesareum. Having driven out the Jews, Alexandria's new patriarch, Cyril, has instigated the mob after taking offense at Hypatia's scientific rationalism (approximate date).

title: 415

text: The Visigoths continue their invasion of Hispania, and take control of Tarraconensis. King Wallia occupies the gold mines at Las Médulas, and forces Jewish citizens to convert to Christianity.

title: 416

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Chrysaphius, chief minister, persuades Emperor Theodosius II at Constantinople to dismiss his sister Pulcheria, for her policy of exiling the Jews, and destroying their synagogues.

title: 441

section: Events › By place › Byzantium

text: Yazdegerd II issues a decree to abolish the Shabbat, and orders the execution of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch.

title: 451

section: Events › By place › Persia

text: The Jewish community revolts at Ctesiphon against Mazdakism, and establishes an independent Jewish kingdom that lasts for seven years.

title: 513

text: The Council of Narbonne is held. In Septimania, Jews are forbidden from chanting psalms while burying their dead.

title: 589

text: Pope Gregory I criticizes the bishops of Arles and Marseille for allowing the forced baptism of Jews in Provence (France).

title: 591

text: Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628: The Jews of Jerusalem gain complete control over the city; much of Judea and Galilee becomes an autonomous Jewish province of the Persian Empire. The Jewish Temple is rebuilt by Nehemiah ben Hushiel (exilarch of Jerusalem), who establishes a High Priesthood.

title: 616

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: The Jewish community in Medina (Saudi Arabia) rejects the idea of Muhammad being a leader of Judaism. He and his followers stop bowing toward Jerusalem and start bowing toward Makkah.

title: 623

text: The Shariah enjoins women as well as men to obtain secular and religious educations. It forbids eating pork, domesticated donkey, and other flesh denied to Jews by Mosaic law (approximate date).

title: 628

section: Events › By topic › Education

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council, in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews. Laws against violence to slaves are suppressed.

title: 681

date: November 9

text: November 9 – King Ergica of the Visigoths accuses the Jews of aiding the Muslims, and sentences all Jews to slavery.

title: 694

text: The Khazars, a nation of the Black Sea steppe, though not ethnically Jewish, voluntarily convert to Judaism.

title: 740

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: A paper mill begins production at Baghdad during the Abbasid era, as the Arabs spread the techniques developed by Chinese papermakers. Baghdad becomes a great seat of learning, with Christian and Jewish scholars as well as Muslims, while Europe remains largely unlettered. The Arabs will become the world's most proficient papermakers.

title: 794

section: Events › By topic › Communication

text: Dunash ben Labrat, Spanish Jewish commentator (d. 990)

title: 920

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Cloves, ginger, black pepper, and other Eastern spices are available for purchase in the marketplace at Mainz. The spices are brought to the city by Jewish traveling merchants, known as the Radhanites, who have contacts in the international trade between the Christian and Islamic world (approximate date).

title: 973

section: Events › By topic › Commerce

text: King Philip II (Augustus) annuls all loans made by Jews to Christians, and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris.

title: 1181

section: Events › Europe

text: Spring – King Philip II (Augustus) confiscates all the lands and buildings of the Jews and expels them from Paris. The measures are profitable in the short-term – the ransoms alone bringing in 15,000 marks and enriching Christians at the expense of Jews. Ninety-nine Jews are burned alive in Brie-Comte-Robert.

title: 1182

text: Ordinance of the Jewry: Beginning of strict records of financial transactions by Jews liable to taxation. The Exchequer of the Jews at Westminster regulates the taxes and the law-cases (also in Wales).

title: 1194

section: Events › By place › England

text: Jacob Anatoli, French Jewish translator and writer (d. 1256)

title: 1194

text: July 15 – Pope Innocent III lays down the principle that Jews are doomed to perpetual servitude, because they had crucified Jesus.

title: 1205

section: Crime & Justice

date: November 1

text: November 1 – John orders that Jews across the country have to pay a tallage, a sum of money to the king. Those who do not pay are arrested and imprisoned. Many Jews are executed or leave the country.

title: 1210

date: May 17

text: May 17 – The gates to London are opened by supporters of the rebellious Barons. The houses of Jews are targeted for ransacking and burning. The rebels, under Robert Fitzwalter, call for the English nobles still on the side of King John to join them, and repair the walls. The Tower of London, held by John's supporters, is too well defended to fall into the hands of the rebels.

title: 1215

section: Events › By continent › Europe

text: November 1 – The anti-royalist Union of Valencia attacks the Jews of Murviedro because they are serfs of the King of Valencia and thus "royalists".

title: 1348

date: October 5

text: October 5 – Jews are expelled from Lower Bavaria, by order of Duke Ludwig IX.

title: 1450

section: Events › October–December

text: Isaac Zarfati sends a circular letter to Rhineland, Swabia, Moravia and Hungary, praising the happy conditions of the Jews under the crescent, in contrast to the "great torture chamber" under the cross, and urging them to come to the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1454

section: Events › Date unknown

text: The Jews are expelled from Mainz, Germany.

title: 1462

date: April 19

text: April 19 – The Lisbon Massacre begins in Portugal with three days of violence, in which thousands of Jews are tortured and killed by Catholics.

title: 1506

text: August 19 – Maximillian I orders all Jews within the Holy Roman Empire to destroy all books opposing Christianity.

title: 1509

text: July 11 – Pogrom: Jews are expelled from Little Russia.

title: 1740

text: October 13 – Determined to bring about the revival of the Hebrew language as a way of unifying Jews, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda has what is believed to be the first conversation in Modern Hebrew, with friends living in Paris.

title: 1881

text: January 27 – Fourteen men, 9 of them Jews, are executed in Baghdad for spying for Israel.

title: 1969


slug: jiankang

label: Jiankang

description: ancient Chinese city, modern Nanjing

section: Economy & Finance

text: Change of era name from Hanan (3rd year) to Jiankang era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 144

section: Events › By place › Asia

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: June 23 – Chinese warlord Sun Quan formally declares himself emperor of the Eastern Wu state. The city of Jianye (modern Nanjing) is founded as the capital of Eastern Wu. The independent kingdoms in Cambodia and Laos become Eastern Wu vassals.

title: 229

section: Events › By place › China

section: Conflict & Security

text: Sixteen Kingdoms: Jingwen (later Yuan of Jin) flees with remnants of the Jin court and noble families to the south. He succeeds Emperor Min of Jin as first ruler of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and decides to make Jiankang (modern Nanjing) his new capital.

title: 317

section: Culture & Society

text: The Northern Wei Dynasty begins in China. The Tuoba clan of the Xianbei tribe (proto-Mongol people) is politically separated from the Chinese dynasties established in Jiankang (modern Nanjing). The Northern Wei rulers are ardent supporters of Buddhism. Prince Dao Wu Di, age 15, becomes the first emperor (see Northern dynasties).

title: 386

date: September 17

text: September 17 – (Yuanjia era, 1st year, 8th month (bāyuè), dingyou day) Prince Liu Yilong is formally enthroned as the Emperor Wen of Song of China at its capital in Jiankang.

title: 424

text: Summer – The Liu Song dynasty ends and the Southern Qi dynasty begins in southern China. Emperor Shun Di is forced to abandon the throne and Qi Gao Di becomes the first ruler of Southern Qi. Later former Emperor Shun and empress Wang Zhenfeng are killed by the imperial guard, near the vicinity of the capital Jiankang.

title: 479

text: Dong Hun Hou is killed during a siege of the capital Jiankang. He is succeeded by his brother Qi He Di, who becomes emperor of Southern Qi (China).

title: 501

text: The Liang Dynasty is founded by Xiao Yan, who marches on Jiankang (later Nanjing). Emperor He Di, age 14, is put to death. The Southern Qi Dynasty ends and Wu Di becomes ruler of the Liang Dynasty.

title: AD 502

text: Autumn – Xiao Dong, great-nephew of the rebellious general Hou Jing, succeeds Jianwen Di as emperor of the Liang Dynasty. Xiao Dong has no real power and Hou Jing controls the imperial government at the capital Jiankang.

title: 551

text: The Chinese Empire is reunited under the leadership of Emperor Wéndi (Sui dynasty), who defeats the Chen forces at Jiankang (modern Nanjing), ending the Chen dynasty (the last of the Southern dynasties) that has ruled since 557.

title: 589


slug: jin-chinese-state

label: Jin (Chinese state)

description: ancient Chinese state based in present-day Shanxi Province (11th-century BC to 376 BC)

year_label: 841 BCE

section: Deaths

text: 841 BC—Marquis Jing of Jin, the sixth ruler of the state of Jin.

title: 840s BC

year_label: 746 BCE

text: 746 BC – Marquis Wen of Jin, eleventh ruler of the Chinese state of Jin

title: 740s BC

year_label: 678 BCE

text: King Xi of Zhou used his royal clout to give legitimacy to Wu of Quwo as the rightful duke of Jin

title: 678 BC

section: Events

text: The state of Jin became the first to maintain a standing army

title: 678 BC

year_label: 665 BCE

section: Births

text: Xiqi, Chinese ruler of the State of Jin (died 651 BC)

title: 665 BC

year_label: 657 BCE

text: The Li Ji Unrest, a series of events that ends in 651 BC, initiates when Li Ji, the concubine of Duke Xian of Jin, attempts to have her son Xiqi placed on the throne of Jin.

title: 657 BC

year_label: 651 BCE

text: Xian, ruler of the State of Jin

title: 651 BC

text: The Li Ji Unrest ends, resulting in the deaths of Li Ji, Xian, Xiqi and Zhuozi. After the revolt Duke Hui of Jin becomes ruler of the State of Jin.

title: 651 BC

section: Events › Asia

year_label: 636 BCE

text: Duke Wen of Jin becomes ruler of the State of Jin in Zhou dynasty China.

title: 636 BC

year_label: 628 BCE

text: Duke Wen of Jin, ruler of the state of Jin

title: 628 BC

year_label: 627 BCE

text: Battle of Xiao, between the states of Jin and Qin in China.

title: 627 BC

year_label: 621 BCE

text: Duke Xiang of Jin, ruler of Jin (state)

title: 621 BC

year_label: 607 BCE

text: Duke Ling of Jin, ruler of the Chinese state of Jin

title: 607 BC

year_label: 600 BCE

text: Duke Cheng of Jin, ruler of the Chinese state of Jin

title: 600 BC

year_label: 586 BCE

text: 586 BC—Duke Dao of Jin, ruler of the State of Jin (d. 558 BC)

title: 580s BC

year_label: 575 BCE

text: Battle of Yanling in Henan Province, China takes place between Jin and Chu forces. The State of Jin is victorious.

title: 575 BC

year_label: 573 BCE

text: Duke Li of Jin, ruler of the State of Jin

title: 573 BC

year_label: 558 BCE

text: The Chinese state of Jin defeats its rival state of Qin in battle.

title: 558 BC

title: 558 BC

year_label: 546 BCE

text: Jin and Chu agreed to the truce of Mibing, ending their constant military engagement.

title: 546 BC

year_label: 532 BCE

text: Ping, ruler (duke) of the State of Jin (from 557 to 532 BC)

title: 532 BC

year_label: 526 BCE

text: Duke Zhao of Jin, ruler of the State of Jin 531 to 526 BC

title: 526 BC

year_label: 512 BCE

text: Qing, ruler (duke) of the State of Jin

title: 512 BC

year_label: 475 BCE

text: Duke Ding of Jin, ruler of Jin in ancient China (r. 511–475 BC)

title: 475 BC

year_label: 453 BCE

date: May 8

text: May 8 – The Chinese city of Jinyang is severely flooded in the Battle of Jinyang, where the elite families of Jin, Zhao, Zhi, Wei and Han fight. The Wei and the Han swap allegiances to side with Zhao and eliminate the Zhi house, ending the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history.

title: 453 BC

section: Events › Italy › China


label: Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

description: Jurchen dynasty that ruled in northern China 1115–1234 and its eponymous empire

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Taizu (Aguda), emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 1123)

title: 1068

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Taizong, emperor of the Jin dynasty (d. 1135)

title: 1075

text: The Jin dynasty (1115–1234) (or Great Jin) is created by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Taizu (or Aguda). He establishes a dual-administration system: a Chinese-style bureaucracy to rule over northern and northeast China.

title: 1115

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Taizu, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 1068)

title: 1123

date: September 27

text: September 27 – Prince Wuqimai of the House of Wanyan becomes the new Emperor of China after the death, on September 19, of his elder brother, the Emperor Taizu, founder of the Jin dynasty. Wuqimai is proclaimed the Emperor Taizong of Jin.

title: 1123

section: Events › By date › July–September

date: November

text: November – Jin–Song War: Emperor Taizong of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty declares war on the Chinese Song dynasty – and orders his armies to invade Song territory. He sends the Western army to the city of Taiyuan in Shanxi province and the Eastern army to Bianjing (modern-day Kaifeng), the Song capital. The Song forces are not expecting an invasion and are caught off guard.

title: 1125

text: Jin–Song War: Emperor Gao Zong of the Song dynasty moves the capital from Yangzhou to Hangzhou, after the Jurchen Jin dynasty captures Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident.

title: 1129

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Jin–Song Wars: Jin forces take Hangzhou.

title: 1130

text: Jin–Song War – Song forces under Yue Fei begin a counteroffensive against the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty in northern China. He defeats Jin forces, by entangling his paddle-wheel ships at the Huai River.

title: 1135

date: February 9

text: February 9 – Taizong, emperor of the Jin dynasty (b. 1075)

title: 1135

date: July 8

text: July 8 or August 21 – Jin–Song Wars: Battle of Yancheng – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu.

title: 1139

section: Events › By region › Asia

date: August 21

text: August 21 – Jin–Song Wars – Battle of Yancheng: Chinese forces under the command of Yue Fei defeat a numerically superior Jin army led by Wuzhu.

title: 1140

text: November – The Jin dynasty and Southern Song dynasty sign the Treaty of Shaoxing, and peace in the Jin–Song Wars lasts for the next twenty years. The Huai River is established as the boundary between them.

title: 1141

date: January 28

text: January 28 – Despite having saved the southern Song Dynasty from attempts by the northern Jin Dynasty to conquer it, Chinese general Yue Fei is executed by the Song government.

title: 1142

text: January 9 – Xi Zong, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 1119)

title: 1150

text: Jin–Song Wars: The Battle of Tangdao (November 16) and Battle of Caishi (November 26–27) on the Yangtze River, between the Jin dynasty and the Song dynasty in China result in two pivotal Song naval victories.

title: 1161

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Emperor Gaozong of Song becomes embroiled in war again as hostilities resume with the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (or "Great Jin") after 21 years of peace. Another peace treaty is signed, Gao abdicates the throne in favor of his adopted son Xiaozong. The smaller Southern Song empire becomes richer than the Song dynasty.

title: 1162

text: In China the Jin dynasty ("Great Jin") and the Song dynasty make a lasting peace (until 1205).

title: 1165

text: Temüjin, in alliance with the Jin dynasty of China, launches his first major campaign against the Tatars. This military action marks a new, formalized phase in Temüjin's rise to power and his ongoing unification of the various steppe tribes.

title: 1195

text: Genghis Khan (or Temüjin), with help from the Keraites, defeats the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty. The Jin bestow Genghis' blood brother Toghrul with the honorable title of Ong Khan, and Genghis receives the lesser title of j'aut quri. During the winter, Toghrul returns and re-establishes himself as leader of the Keraites.

title: 1197

text: Temüjin (or Genghis Khan) manages to unite about half the feuding Mongol clans under his leadership. He delegates authority based on skill and loyalty, rather than tribal affiliation or family. The main rivals of the Mongol confederation are the Naimans to the west, the Merkits to the north, the Tanguts to the south and the Jin Dynasty (or Great Jin) to the east.

title: 1200

text: Jin China is overrun by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only Beijing remains free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege.

title: 1213

text: Spring – Emperor Xuan Zong of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin dynasty surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis khan – who have besieged the capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing) for a year. He is forced to pay tribute (including some 3,000 horses, 10,000 'bolts' of silk and his daughter), along with subjugation to the Mongol Khan. Xuan Zong abandons northern China and moves his court to Kaifeng.

title: 1214

text: The Mongol army under Muqali (or Mukhali) attacks Hebei Province, as well as Shandong Province and Shaanxi Province (controlled by the Jin Dynasty). He returns to Genghis Khan's camp in Mongolia, and receives the hereditary of prince with the title "Grand Preceptor of the Empire", a golden seal, and a white standard with nine tails and a black crescent in the middle. He is appointed as commander-in-chief of operations in North China.

title: 1217

section: Events › Other events by place › Asia

date: January 14

text: January 14 – Emperor Xuan Zong of the Chinese Jurchen-led Jin dynasty dies after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son, Ai Zong, who conquers more Song territory during the Jin–Song Wars.

title: 1224

section: Events › January – March

date: May 29

text: May 29 – Mongol–Jin War: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan captures Kaifeng, capital of the Jin dynasty ('Great Jin'), after the 13-month Siege of Kaifeng (1232). The Mongols plunder the city, while Emperor Aizong of Jin flees for the town of Caizhou. Meanwhile, Ögedei departs and leaves the final conquest to his favoured general, Subutai.

title: 1233

section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire

text: February 9 – Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan captures the Jin capital at Caizhou, after the two-month Siege of Caizhou). Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicates the throne to Wanyan Chenglin, a descendant of the Jin imperial clan. After the Mongol and Song forces have breached the city walls, Aizong tries to escape, but commits suicide to avoid being captured. This marks the end of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) ('Great Jin') in China.

title: 1234


label: Jin Dynasty (265-420)

date: May 16

text: May 16 – Wu of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 236)

title: 290

text: May 16 – Emperor Wu of Jin, founder of the Western Jin Dynasty, dies after a 25-year reign. He reunified north and south, but gave away many dukedoms to his kinsmen. Crown Prince Sima Zhong succeeds his father, and has to deal with conflicts among the aristocratic families in China.

title: 290

text: Li Xiu, female general during the Jin Dynasty

title: 291

text: War of the Eight Princes: After the death of Emperor Sima Yan (Jin Wudi), a civil war breaks out among the princes and dukes of the Jin Dynasty. The struggle devastates and depopulates the provinces of northern China.

title: 291

text: Zhou Chu, Jin dynasty general, son of Zhou Fang (b. 236)

title: 297

text: Jin Mingdi, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 325)

title: 299

text: Min of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 318)

title: 300

text: Zhang Jun, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 346)

title: 307

date: January 8

text: January 8 – Emperor Hui of Jin dies after a 16-year reign, in which eight dukes of the imperial family have conducted a civil war (War of the Eight Princes) against each other in a struggle for power. Huai of Jin, age 23, succeeds his father and becomes the third ruler of the Jin Dynasty.

title: 307

text: Han-Zhao forces capture Chang'an, capital of the Chinese Western Jin dynasty. Emperor Min of Jin surrenders to Liu Yao, ending the Western Jin.

title: 316

text: Sixteen Kingdoms: Jingwen (later Yuan of Jin) flees with remnants of the Jin court and noble families to the south. He succeeds Emperor Min of Jin as first ruler of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and decides to make Jiankang (modern Nanjing) his new capital.

title: 317

text: Jin Jianwendi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 372)

title: 320

text: The first dependable representation of a horse rider with paired stirrups is found in China, in a Jin Dynasty tomb.

title: 322

section: Events › By topic › Technology

text: Crown Prince Ming of Jin succeeds his father Yuan of Jin as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

title: 323

text: He Fani, Chinese empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 404)

title: 339

text: Jin Mudi, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (d. 361)

title: 343

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Jin Kangdi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 322)

title: 344

text: Li Shi, ruler of Cheng Han, fails in his attempt to halt a Jin expedition under Huan Wen. He flees to the capital Chengdu and surrenders his forces. Emperor Jin Mudi spares his life and makes him a marquess.

title: 347

text: Wei Shuo, calligrapher of the Jin Dynasty (b. 272)

title: 349

text: Fan Tai, Chinese general of the Jin Dynasty (d. 428)

title: 355

text: Wang Fahui, empress during the Jin Dynasty (d. 380)

title: AD 360

text: Jin Mudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 343)

title: 361

section: Deaths › Date unknown

date: July 10

text: July 10 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Aidi, age 20, succeeds Jin Mudi, as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

title: 361

text: Jin Xiaowudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (d. 396)

title: 362

date: March 30

text: March 30 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Feidi, age 23, succeeds his brother Jin Aidi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He has no actual power; governmental matters are largely in the hands of his granduncle Sima Yu.

title: AD 365

text: Huan Xuan, Chinese warlord and emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 404)

title: 369

text: Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Feidi is dethroned as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is replaced by his granduncle Sima Yu, who is installed as Jin Jianwendi.

title: 372

text: Jianwen of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 320)

title: 372

text: Wang Fahui, empress of the Jin dynasty (b. 360)

title: 380

text: Jin Andi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (d. 419)

title: 382

text: Chu Lingyuan, last empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 436)

title: 384

text: Xi Zuochi, Jin Dynasty historian

title: 384

text: Dao An, Buddhist monk of the Jin Dynasty (b. 312)

title: 385

text: Jin Gongdi, last emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 421)

title: 386

text: Jin Xiaowudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 362)

title: 396

text: Yuan Shansong, official and poet of the Jin Dynasty

title: 399

text: Sima Yuanxian, regent during the Jin Dynasty (b. 382)

title: 402

text: Sima Daozi, regent of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 364)

title: 403

text: Jin Gongdi, age 33, succeeds his developmentally disabled brother Jin Andi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Andi is strangled by orders of the warlord Liu Yu.

title: 419

text: Jin Andi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 382)

title: 419

text: July 10 – The Jin Dynasty ends in China. Liu Yu (Emperor Wu of Liu Song) becomes the first ruler of the Liu Song Dynasty. The capital of the dynasty is Nanjing.

title: AD 420

text: Jin Gongdi, last emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 386)

title: 421

text: Tao Qian, Chinese poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 365)

title: 427


label: Jin dynasty (265–420)

text: Pan Yue, Chinese poet and writer of the Jin Dynasty (d. 300)

title: 247

text: Zhang Gui, Chinese governor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 314)

title: 255

text: Hui of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 307)

title: 259

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Sima Yan, regent of the Chinese state of Cao Wei, forces the last Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate in his favour. The Cao Wei state's existence comes to an end. Sima Yan establishes the Jin Dynasty, and becomes its first emperor on 8 February, and is historically known as "Wu of Jin". He establishes his capital at Luoyang, and gives his male relatives independent military commands throughout his empire.

title: 266

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Sima Wei, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 291)

title: 271

text: Sima Wang, Chinese general and prince of the Jin dynasty (b. 205)

title: 271

text: Yuan of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 323)

title: 276

text: Sima Ai, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 304)

title: 277

text: Sima Yu, Chinese crown prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 300)

title: 278

text: Sima Ying, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 306)

title: 279

text: Emperor Wu of the Jin dynasty completes the unification of China, which was previously divided between three contending powers during the Three Kingdoms period. The Jin dynasty's capital of Luoyang becomes a thriving centre of commerce as foreign diplomats and traders travel there.

title: 280

text: Huai of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 313)

title: 284

text: Yang Zhi, Chinese empress of the Jin Dynasty (b. 259)

title: 292

text: Sima Bao, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 320)

title: 294

text: Yu Wenjun, empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 328)

title: 297

date: February 3

text: February 3 – May 30 – Sima Lun briefly usurps the Jin Dynasty.

title: 301

text: Sima Ying, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (b. 279)

title: 306

date: March 14

text: March 14 – Emperor Huai of Jin is executed by Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu state (Han-Zhao). At the imperial new year he and a number of former Jin officials are poisoned. Crown prince Min of Jin, age 13, succeeds, in Chang'an, his uncle Huai of Jin and becomes the new emperor of the Jin Dynasty.

title: 313

text: Chu Suanzi, Chinese empress of the Jin dynasty (d. 384)

title: 324

section: Health & Medicine

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Crown Prince Cheng of Jin, age 4, succeeds his father Ming of Jin as emperor of the Eastern Jin dynasty. During his reign, he is largely advised by regents, his uncle Yu Liang and high-level officials.

title: 325

text: He Fani, empress of the Jin dynasty (b. 339)

title: AD 404

text: Wang Shen'ai, empress of the Jin dynasty (born 384)

title: 412


label: Jin dynasty (266–420)

description: Chinese dynasty (266–420)

text: Zuo Fen, Chinese poet of the Western Jin Dynasty (d. 300)

title: 255

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Cheng-Han earns its independence from Jin dynasty.

title: 304

date: March 19

text: March 19/20 – Sima Ai, Chinese prince of the Jin dynasty (executed) (b. 277)

title: 304

text: Luo Shang, Chinese general of the Jin dynasty (266–420)

title: 310

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Disaster of Yongjia: Xiongnu soldiers led by Liu Cong conquer and pillage the Jin dynasty capital at Luoyang and capture Emperor Huai; 30,000 residents in the city are massacred.

title: AD 311

section: Events › By place › China

title: 313

text: The Eastern Jin dynasty loses its territories to the north of the Yangtze River, to the benefit of the Xiongnu and the Xianbei. The Former Zhao state is proclaimed; Liu Can and the state ruling family at Pingyang is executed in a coup d'état by Jin Zhun, who is in turn overthrown by Shi Le and Liu Yao.

title: 318

date: August 9

text: August 9 – (guiyou day of the 7th month of the 2nd year of the Tai'ning era) In Jin dynasty China, the rebel warlord Wang Dun succumbs to illness as the armies of the Emperor Ming of Jin are approaching his camp.

title: 324

section: Events › China

text: Wang Muzhi, Chinese empress of the Jin Dynasty

title: AD 365

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Eastern Jin general Huan Wen's third northern expedition is defeated by Former Yan general Murong Chui.

title: 369

section: Crime & Justice

text: Emperor Jìn Ān Dì, age 14, succeeds his father Emperor Xiaowu as ruler of the Eastern Jin dynasty after he is murdered by his concubine Honoured Lady Zhang.

title: 396

text: The Southern Liang, a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty, comes to an end.

title: 414

text: Chu Lingyuan, last empress of the Jin dynasty (b. 384)

title: 436


slug: jinsong-wars

label: Jin–Song Wars

section: Conflict & Security

text: Jin–Song War: Jurchen forces reach the Yellow River Valley, two days after New Year. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace, and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews.

title: 1126

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Jin–Song Wars: Jurchen forces sack the Chinese capital of Kaifeng of the Northern Song dynasty during the Jingkang incident. They capture Emperor Qinzong, along with his father, Huizong, and members of the House of Zhao.

title: 1127

text: Jin–Song Wars: Emperor Gaozong of the Song dynasty establishes a new capital at Yangzhou, while the government retreats south, after Jurchen forces capture the previous capital of Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident.

title: 1128

text: Jin–Song War: Emperor Gao Zong of the Song dynasty moves the capital from Yangzhou to Hangzhou, after the Jurchen Jin dynasty captures Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident.

title: 1129

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Jin–Song Wars: Jin forces take Hangzhou.

title: 1130

section: Events

text: Jin–Song War – Song forces under Yue Fei begin a counteroffensive against the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty in northern China. He defeats Jin forces, by entangling his paddle-wheel ships at the Huai River.

title: 1135

date: July 8

text: July 8 or August 21 – Jin–Song Wars: Battle of Yancheng – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu.

title: 1139

date: August 21

text: August 21 – Jin–Song Wars – Battle of Yancheng: Chinese forces under the command of Yue Fei defeat a numerically superior Jin army led by Wuzhu.

title: 1140

date: November

text: November – The Jin dynasty and Southern Song dynasty sign the Treaty of Shaoxing, and peace in the Jin–Song Wars lasts for the next twenty years. The Huai River is established as the boundary between them.

title: 1141

text: Jin–Song Wars: The Battle of Tangdao (November 16) and Battle of Caishi (November 26–27) on the Yangtze River, between the Jin dynasty and the Song dynasty in China result in two pivotal Song naval victories.

title: 1161

section: Deaths

text: January 14 – Emperor Xuan Zong of the Chinese Jurchen-led Jin dynasty dies after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son, Ai Zong, who conquers more Song territory during the Jin–Song Wars.

title: 1224


slug: joan-of-arc

label: Joan of Arc

description: French folk heroine (1412–1431), military leader who crowned Charles VII and Roman Catholic saint, canonized 500 years after her death

section: Births

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Joan of Arc, French soldier and patron saint of France (tradition holds that she was born on the Feast of the Epiphany, but there is no documentary evidence) (d. 1431)

title: 1412

date: May 13

text: May 13 – Joan of Arc makes her first attempt to reach the Armagnac court at Chinon, arriving at Vaucouleurs speaking to Robert de Baudricourt, captain of the royal garrison, and tells him that God told her in a vision that she had a mission to help restore the Dauphin Charles to the throne. Baudricourt initially declines her request to be given an escort to visit Charles in person.

title: 1428

section: Events › April–June

date: April 29

text: April 29 – Siege of Orléans: Joan of Arc enters Orléans with a relief expedition.

title: 1429

date: June 18

text: June 18 – Battle of Patay: French forces under Joan of Arc smash the English forces under Lord Talbot and Sir John Fastolf, forcing the withdrawal of the English from the Loire Valley.

title: 1429

date: March 8

text: March 8 – After hearing that Joan of Arc says that voices from heaven have told her that she will lead a royalist army to relieve the siege of Orleans and help him secure the French throne, the Dauphin Charles of France meets with her at the Château de Chinon and is persuaded that he should provide her supplies and troops.

title: 1429

section: Events › January–March

date: May 7

text: May 7 – The Tourelles, the last English siege fortification at Orléans, falls. Joan of Arc becomes the hero of the battle by returning, wounded, to lead the final charge.

title: 1429

date: November 24

text: November 24 – Joan of Arc besieges La Charité.

title: 1429

section: Events › October–December

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Joan of Arc leads an unsuccessful attack on Paris, and is wounded.

title: 1429

section: Events › July–September

section: Culture & Society

date: December 23

text: December 23 – Seven months after her capture at Compiegne, Joan of Arc is moved from the castle of Le Crotoy to the tower at the Rouen Castle.

title: 1430

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundian troops, led by John II, Count of Ligny, while leading an army to relieve Compiègne. After her surrender to Lyonnel de Wandomme, she is turned over to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and incarcerated at the castle of Beaulieu-les-Fontaines.

title: 1430

section: Religion & Belief

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Joan of Arc is sold by the Burgundians to the Kingdom of England for 10,000 livre tournois, equivalent to 808.8 kg (28,530 oz or 1,783.1 lbs) of silver.

title: 1430

text: January 9 – Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin at Rouen in France, which is under English occupation.

title: 1431

date: May 30

text: May 30 – 19-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake in Rouen.

title: 1431

text: May 30 – Joan of Arc, French soldier and saint (b. c. 1412)

title: 1431

date: May 2

text: May 2 – Jean Bréhal, chief of the French inquisition, reopens the case of Joan of Arc, who had been executed more than 20 years earlier for heresy and begins taking testimony from witnesses.

title: 1452

text: date unknown – Isabelle Romée, mother of Joan of Arc

title: 1458

date: October 7

text: October 7 – Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, follower of Joan of Arc (b. c. 1390)

title: 1461

date: August 24

text: August 24 – A statue of Joan of Arc is unveiled in Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier, the French town which she stormed in 1429.

title: 1902

section: Events › August

date: April 18

text: April 18 – Joan of Arc is beatified in Rome.

title: 1909

section: Events › March–April


slug: jogaila

label: Jogaila

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila signs the secret Treaty of Dovydiškės, with the Teutonic Knights. This sparks a civil war with his uncle Kęstutis.

title: 1380

date: August

text: August – Kęstutis overthrows his nephew, Jogaila, as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jogaila is allowed to remain as governor of eastern Lithuania. This marks the beginning of the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–84).

title: 1381

text: Kęstutis, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, is taken prisoner by former Grand Duke Jogaila, whilst meeting him to hold negotiations. Kęstutis is subsequently murdered, and Jogaila regains the rule of Lithuania.

title: 1382

section: Events › Date unknown

date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Union of Krewo establishes the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania, through the proposed marriage of Queen regnant Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, and sees the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite, and an end to the Greater Poland Civil War.

title: 1385

date: January 19

text: January 19 – The Treaty of Lyck confirms an alliance between Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights, in the Lithuanian Civil War against Vytautas's cousin, Jogaila.

title: 1390

date: August 4

text: August 4 – King Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania appoints his cousin Vytautas the Great as regent of Lithuania, in return for Vytautas giving up his claim to the Lithuanian throne. Vytautas replaces Jogaila's unpopular brother Skirgaila as regent.

title: 1392

date: March 13

text: March 13 – The Samogitians, supported by Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, rebel against the Teutonic knights and burn two castles. Vytautas is granted increased autonomy by King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania union.

title: 1401

date: January 29

text: January 29 – King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania Union answers the rumblings against his rule of Poland, by marrying Anna of Celje, a granddaughter of Casimir III of Poland.

title: 1402

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (Žalgiris), also known as Battle of Tannenberg: Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken.

title: 1410


slug: johann-sebastian-bach

label: Johann Sebastian Bach

description: German composer (1685–1750)

text: Johann Sebastian Bach is appointed as chamber musician and organist, at the court in Weimar.

title: 1708

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Johann Sebastian Bach leads the first performance of his cantata for Pentecost, Erschallet, ihr Lieder, BWV 172, at the chapel of Schloss Weimar.

title: 1714

date: March 24

text: March 24 – Johann Sebastian Bach's Brandenburg concertos are completed, and dedicated to Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt.

title: 1721

text: Johann Sebastian Bach composes The Well-Tempered Clavier.

title: 1722

date: December 26

text: December 26 – Bach leads the first performance of Darzu ist erschienen der Sohn Gottes, BWV 40, his first Christmas Cantata composed for Leipzig.

title: 1723

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Johann Sebastian Bach leads the first performance of his cantata Erforsche mich, Gott, und erfahre mein Herz, BWV 136, in Leipzig on the eighth Sunday after Trinity.

title: 1723

text: May 30 – Johann Sebastian Bach assumed the office of Thomaskantor in Leipzig, presenting his first new cantata, Die Elenden sollen essen, BWV 75, in the St. Nicholas Church on the first Sunday after Trinity.

title: 1723

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Bach leads the first performance of his cantata Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen, BWV 66, his first cantata composed for Easter in Leipzig.

title: 1724

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Johann Sebastian Bach leads the first performance of his cantata Du Hirte Israel, höre, BWV 104, illustrating the topic of the Good Shepherd in pastoral music.

title: 1724

date: April 7

text: April 7 – (Good Friday) Bach leads the first performance of his St John Passion,""carefully designed with a great deal of musico-theological intent", on Good Friday.

title: 1724

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Johann Sebastian Bach leads the first performance of Nimm von uns, Herr, du treuer Gott, BWV 101, a chorale cantata on a famous tune.

title: 1724

date: December 25

text: December 25 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, BWV 91, in Leipzig, based on Luther's 1524 Christmas hymn.

title: 1724

date: July 2

text: July 2 – On the Feast of the Visitation, Bach leads the first performance of his Meine Seel erhebt den Herren, BWV10, the fifth cantata of his chorale cantata cycle.

title: 1724

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Johann Sebastian Bach leads his cantata O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort (O eternity, you word of thunder), BWV20, on the first Sunday after Trinity, beginning his second cycle, the chorale cantata cycle.

title: 1724

date: June 24

text: June 24 – On the Feast of St. John the Baptist, Bach leads the first performance of his Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV7, the third cantata of his chorale cantata cycle.

title: 1724

date: October 22

text: October 22 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Schmücke dich, o liebe Seele (Adorn yourself, O dear soul) in Leipzig on the 20th Sunday after Trinity, based on the communion hymn of the same name.

title: 1724

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Johann Sebastian Bach leads the first performance of Jesu, der du meine Seele, BWV 78, a chorale cantata based on a passion hymn by Johann Rist.

title: 1724

date: September 29

text: September 29 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130, for the feast of archangel Michael, based on Paul Eber's hymn in twelve stanzas.

title: 1724

date: April 1

text: April 1 – J. S. Bach's later Easter Oratorio in its first version is performed at the Nikolaikirche in Leipzig on Easter Sunday.

title: 1725

date: April 2

text: April 2 – J. S. Bach's cantata Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden, BWV 6, is first performed in Leipzig on Easter Monday.

title: 1725

date: August 19

text: August 19 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Lobe den Herren, den mächtigen König der Ehren, BWV 137, a cantata setting the unchanged text of Neander's hymn.

title: 1725

text: December 25 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of the Christmas cantata Unser Mund sei voll Lachens, BWV 110, making laughter audible in singing.

title: 1725

date: February 2

text: February 2 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of his chorale cantata Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin, BWV 125, based on Luther's paraphrase of the Nunc dimittis.

title: 1725

date: February 23

text: February 23 – J. S. Bach leads his Tafel-Music Shepherd Cantata for the birthday of Christian, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels.

title: 1725

date: January 1

text: January 1 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of his chorale cantata Jesu, nun sei gepreiset, BWV 41, which features the trumpet fanfares from the beginning also in the end.

title: 1725

date: January 6

text: January 6 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Liebster Immanuel, Herzog der Frommen, BWV 123, a chorale cantata for Epiphany.

title: 1725

date: March 30

text: March 30 – The second performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's St John Passion, BWV 245 (including 5 movements from his Weimarer Passion), takes place at St. Thomas Church, Leipzig.

title: 1725

text: January 1 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Herr Gott, dich loben wir, BWV 16, his church cantata for New Year's Day to a libretto by Georg Christian Lehms.

title: 1726

date: January 20

text: January 20 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of his cantata Meine Seufzer, meine Tränen (My sighs, my tears), BWV 13, for the second Sunday after Epiphany.

title: 1726

date: January 27

text: January 27 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Alles nur nach Gottes Willen, BWV 72, concluding his third Christmas season in Leipzig on the Third Sunday after Epiphany.

title: 1726

date: October 27

text: October 27 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Ich will den Kreuzstab gerne tragen, BWV 56, one of the few works he calls a cantata.

title: 1726

date: September 8

text: September 8 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Geist und Seele wird verwirret, BWV 35, a solo cantata for alto voice.

title: 1726

date: April 11

text: April 11 – Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion (BWV 244b) premieres at St. Thomas Church, Leipzig.

title: 1727

text: February 2 – Johann Sebastian Bach's solo cantata, Ich habe genug, BWV 82, premieres in Leipzig.

title: 1727

text: April 15 – Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion, BWV 244b is performed again, at St. Thomas Church, Leipzig.

title: 1729

text: March 23 – Johann Sebastian Bach's First Köthen Funeral music premieres at St. Jakob, Köthen, in honor of the funeral of his former employer Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. The next morning, Bach's funeral cantata Klagt, Kinder, klagt es aller Welt, BWV 244a premieres at St. Jakob, marking the same occasion.

title: 1729

text: March 11 – German composer Felix Mendelssohn conducts the first performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion since the latter's death in 1750, in Berlin; the success of this performance sparks a revival of interest in Bach.

title: 1829


slug: johannes-kepler

label: Johannes Kepler

description: German mathematician and astronomer (1571–1630)

date: April 27

text: April 27 – Johannes Kepler marries Barbara Muhleck.

title: 1597

date: October 26

text: October 26 – Johannes Kepler, assistant to Tycho Brahe, is promoted to the position of Royal Mathematician of the Holy Roman Empire after Brahe's sudden death.

title: 1601

section: Science & Discovery

date: October 9

text: October 9 – Kepler's Supernova (SN 1604) is first observed from the northern parts of the Italian Peninsula. Beginning on October 17, Johannes Kepler begins a year's observation of it from Prague. There won't be another supernova visible to the "naked-eye" until 1987. , this is the last supernova to be observed in the Milky Way.

title: 1604

text: October 27 – Halley's Comet is seen by Johannes Kepler.

title: 1607

text: Johannes Kepler publishes his first two laws of planetary motion in Astronomia nova.

title: 1609

text: Astronomer Johannes Kepler soon begins to employ logarithms, in his description of the Solar System.

title: 1614

text: Johannes Kepler publishes Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo, in response to Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons.

title: 1615

date: March 8

text: March 8 – Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (after some initial calculations, he soon rejects the idea, but on May 15 confirms the discovery).

title: 1618

date: August 7

text: August 7 – The mother of astronomer Johannes Kepler is arrested for witchcraft.

title: 1620

date: April 16

text: April 16 – The works of astronomer Galileo Galilei espousing heliocentrism are removed (with the approval of Pope Benedict XIV) from the Index Librorum Prohibitorum list of books banned by Roman Catholic Church, along with "all books teaching the earth's motion and the sun's immobility". Other works of heliocentrists Galileo, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Diego de Zúñiga and Paolo Foscarini remain on the list.

title: 1757


slug: johannesburg

label: Johannesburg

description: largest city in South Africa

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: March 17

text: March 17 – The first railway in Transvaal, the Randtram, opens between Boksburg and Braamfontein in Johannesburg.

title: 1890

section: Events › March

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: February 19

text: February 19 – Braamfontein Explosion: A train carrying 56 tons of dynamite explodes at Braamfontein, Johannesburg, killing more than 78 people.

title: 1896

section: Events › February

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Ellis Park Stadium, a well-known sport venue of South Africa, officially opens in Johannesburg.

title: 1928

section: Events › June

date: July 1

text: July 1 – The South African Press Association is established, with offices in Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Bloemfontein and Pretoria.

title: 1938

section: Events › July

date: April 9

text: April 9 – White gunman David Pratt shoots South African Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd in Johannesburg, wounding him seriously.

title: 1960

section: Events › April

date: July 11

text: July 11 – South Africa: police raid Liliesleaf Farm to the north of Johannesburg, arresting a group of African National Congress leaders.

title: 1963

section: Economy & Finance

date: September 3

text: September 3 – Zimbabwe breaks diplomatic and consular relations with South Africa, even though it maintains a commercial mission in Johannesburg.

title: 1980

section: Events › September

date: March 28

text: March 28 – Shell House massacre: Inkatha Freedom Party and ANC supporters battle in central Johannesburg, South Africa.

title: 1994

date: August 26

text: August 26–September 4 – Earth Summit 2002 takes places in Johannesburg, South Africa, aimed at discussing sustainable development by the United Nations.

title: 2002


slug: john-adams

label: John Adams

description: Founding Father, U.S. president from 1797 to 1801 (1735–1826)

text: The first American ancestor of John Adams, Henry Adams, emigrates to Massachusetts.

title: 1636

section: Births

date: October 30

text: October 30 – John Adams, second president of the United States (d. 1826)

title: 1735

date: July 14

text: July 14 – Abigail Adams Smith, firstborn daughter of Abigail Adams and John Adams (d. 1813)

title: 1765

text: July 11 – John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States, son of John Adams and Abigail Adams (d. 1848)

title: 1767

date: April 19

text: April 19 – John Adams secures recognition of the United States as an independent government by the Dutch Republic. During this visit, he also negotiates a loan of five million guilders, financed by Nicolaas van Staphorst and Wilhelm Willink.

title: 1782

section: Events › April–June

date: October 18

text: October 18 – John Adams returns to Paris as the first United States Minister to France.

title: 1782

section: Events › October–December

date: April 26

text: April 26 – John Adams is appointed as the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom, and Thomas Jefferson as ambassador to France.

title: 1785

date: April 21

text: April 21 – John Adams takes office as the first vice president of the United States, and begins presiding over the United States Senate.

title: 1789

date: November 6

text: November 6 – The second United States presidential election is held. Incumbent President George Washington receives all 132 electoral votes for president, and incumbent Vice President John Adams is re-elected with 77 of 132 votes, with George Clinton receiving 50.

title: 1792

date: December 7

text: December 7 – The U.S. Electoral College meets to elect John Adams president of the United States.

title: 1796

date: November 3

text: November 3 – John Adams defeats Thomas Jefferson, in the 1796 U.S. presidential election.

title: 1796

date: June 3

text: June 3 – U.S. President John Adams moves to Washington. Because the President's Mansion is still under construction, President Adams takes up residence at Tunnicliffe's City Hotel near the unfinished U.S. Capitol Building.

title: 1800

date: November 1

text: November 1 – U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).

title: 1800

section: Conflict & Security

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Former U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.

title: 1826

section: Events › July–September

section: Deaths

date: February 23

text: February 23 – John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States, son of John Adams and Abigail Adams (b. 1767)

title: 1848

section: Deaths › January–June


slug: john-chrysostom

label: John Chrysostom

description: Church father, Archbishop of Constantinople and Christian saint (c. 347–407)

text: John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date)

title: 347

title: 349

section: Religion & Belief

text: Libanius becomes a teacher of rhetoric in Antioch; his students include John Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia.

title: 354

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: John Chrysostom writes a book on the Christian education of children.

title: 379

text: John Chrysostom becomes a deacon.

title: 381

text: The first sermons declaring the virginity of Mary are given by John Chrysostom.

title: 382

text: John Chrysostom becomes a presbyter; he also writes eight Homilies entitled "Adversus Iudaeos" ("Against the Jews").

title: 386

date: November 13

text: November 13 – John Chrysostom is appointed Archbishop of Constantinople.

title: 397

text: John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, receives a delegation of clergy who want to close the pagan temples at Gaza (Palestine) where worshippers are openly defying the law. John works through the eunuch Eutropius, who has great power over emperor Arcadius, and within a week an imperial Constitution is issued closing the Roman temples, but the official appointed to execute this order is bribed.

title: 398

text: The Synod of the Oak deposes and banishes John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, but shortly afterward he is recalled only to be banished again.

title: 403

text: Eudoxia exiles John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, for criticizing her sumptuous lifestyle. He is banished to the Caucasus in Armenia. Pope Innocent I at Rome orders a synod to reinstate the bishop, but his envoys are imprisoned. Atticus becomes the new bishop of Constantinople.

title: AD 404

title: 407

section: Science & Discovery

text: Relics of John Chrysostom are transported to Constantinople.

title: 438


label: John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough

description: English soldier and statesman (1650-1722)

date: January 30

text: January 30 – English Army General John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, a close adviser to King William III of England, is fired from all of his jobs by the English Secretary of State, the Earl of Nottingham, on orders of Queen Mary II.

title: 1692

section: Events › January–March

section: Culture & Society

date: June 21

text: June 21 – John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough is reinstated in the English Army, with readmission to the Privy Council by King William III. On July 26, he is selected as one of the Lords Justice.

title: 1698

text: Churchill forces the surrender of Liège.

title: 1702

date: December 14

text: December 14 – John Churchill is created duke of Marlborough.

title: 1702

date: June 2

text: June 2 – English General John Churchill, later the Duke of Marlborough, takes command of the alliance of English, Dutch and German troops in the War of the Spanish Succession.

title: 1702

date: September 25

text: September 25 – General John Churchill forces the surrender of Venlo on the Meuse River.

title: 1702

date: August 13

text: August 13 (August 2 OS) – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Blenheim: Allied troops under John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat the Franco-Bavarian army.

title: 1704

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Construction begins on Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire designed by John Vanbrugh for the Duke of Marlborough and partly funded by the Crown. It is completed in 1724.

title: 1705

section: Events › Date unknown

date: July 18

text: July 18 – War of the Spanish Succession: The Battle of Elixheim is fought near the city of Tienen (in modern-day Belgium). A troop of soldiers under the command of England's Duke of Marlborough kills 3,000 French troops under the command of the Duc de Valleroy and forces the retreat of the others, breaking the "Lines of Brabant". Because his soldiers have marched all night and then fought the battle over a full day, Marlborough is unable to send them in pursuit of Villeroy's troops.

title: 1705

date: May 23

text: May 23 – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Ramillies: English, Dutch, German, Swiss and Scottish troops led by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defeat Franco-Bavarian forces in the Low Countries.

title: 1706

date: July 11

text: July 11 – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Oudenarde – Allied forces under the command of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defeat the French in the Spanish Netherlands.

title: 1708

section: Events › July–December

date: July 30

text: July 30 – War of the Spanish Succession: Tournai is captured by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy.

title: 1709

date: August 9

text: August 9 – John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough with an army of 30,000 besieges Bouchain in the War of the Spanish Succession. The siege lasts 34 days and results in the last major victory for Churchill.

title: 1711

section: Health & Medicine

date: May 28

text: May 28 – John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, suffers a paralytic stroke.

title: 1716

text: Blenheim Palace construction is completed in England. It is presented as a gift from the nation to the Duke of Marlborough, for his involvement in the Battle of Blenheim in 1704.

title: 1724


slug: john-hunyadi

label: John Hunyadi

description: Regent-Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary, 1446–1453

text: Iancu de Hunedoara – governor of Hungary (d. 1456)

title: 1406

date: September 10

text: September 10 – A rebellion in Hungary, instigated by Ladislaus Garai against the newly elected King Laszlo (who is also king of Poland), is ended when Garai's army is annihilated in a battle at Bátaszék by the troops of General János Hunyadi and of Nicholas of Ilok, ruler of Croatia.

title: 1440

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Battle of Hermannstadt: After seven days of fighting that began on March 18, John Hunyadi defeats an army of the Ottoman Empire (80,000 strong), led by Mezid Bey of Vidin, near Sibiu in what is now Romania.

title: 1442

date: September 2

text: September 2 – John Hunyadi defeats another army of the Ottoman Empire (70,000 strong), led by Hadım Şehabeddin, Beylerbey (or governor) of Rumelia, near the Ialomița River. Following this, he places Basarab II as ruler of Wallachia.

title: 1442

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Battle of Niš: John Hunyadi and the army of the Crusade of Varna defeat three armies of the Ottoman Empire, and capture the city of Niš in modern-day Serbia; Skanderbeg deserts the Ottoman camp and goes to Albania.

title: 1443

text: Stephen II of Moldavia takes as co-ruler his step brother Petru, also brother-in-law to John Hunyadi.

title: 1444

date: January 2

text: January 2 – The Battle of Kunovica is fought between the Christian crusaders, led by John Hunyadi, and the Muslim armies of the Ottoman Empire in what is now Serbia. After having retreated 10 days earlier following their loss in the Battle of Zlatitsa, Hunyadi and King Wladyslaw III of Hungary defeat the Ottoman forces and take several of their commanders as prisoners of war, including Mahmud Bey, son-in-law of the Sultan Murad II.

title: 1444

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: June 6

text: June 6 – John Hunyadi is proclaimed regent of Hungary during the minority of King Ladislaus the Posthumous, with the title Regni Gubernator. His election is primarily promoted by the lesser nobility, but Hunyadi has by this time become one of the richest barons of the kingdom. His domains cover an area exceeding 800,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres). Hunyadi is one of the few contemporaneous barons who has spent a significant part of their revenues to finance the wars against the Ottomans, thus bearing a large share of the cost of fighting for many years.

title: 1446

date: December 7

text: December 7 –Vlad II Dracul, ruler of Wallachia, and his eldest son Mircea are assassinated outside of Bucharest. Vladislav II succeeds him, with the assistance of John Hunyadi, beginning the Albanian–Venetian War.

title: 1447

section: Events › October – December

text: Roman II flees to Poland, when an army sent by John Hunyadi, and led by Csupor de Monoszló, comes to put Petru III on the throne of Moldavia. Petru dies suddenly, and Csupor takes on the throne for two months, as Ciubăr Vodă.

title: 1448

date: October 20

text: October 20 – After three days of fighting at the Battle of Kosovo, Hungarian forces under John Hunyadi are defeated by the larger Ottoman force commanded by the Sultan Murad II

title: 1448

date: October

text: October – Bogdan II of Moldavia enters the country with troops from John Hunyadi, and takes the throne after Alexăndrel flees.

title: 1449

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Janos Hunyadi, Regent-Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary during the minority of the 11-year-old king, Ladislaus V, signs a 3-year truce with the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1451

date: October 22

text: October 22 – Janos Hunyadi, Regent-Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary during the minority of the 11-year-old king, Ladislaus V, signs a peace treaty with the Holy Roman Emperor, Friedrich III.

title: 1451

date: October 2

text: October 2 – At the Battle of Kruševac, the Serbian Army, commanded by General Skobaljić with the assistance of troops from John Hunyadi and Đurađ Branković, destroys Ottoman invaders commanded by Feriz Beg.

title: 1454

date: November 15

text: November 15 – The conflict between Vladislav II of Wallachia and John Hunyadi escalates, so the latter decides to support Vlad the Impaler for the throne of Wallachia, the following year.

title: 1455

date: August 11

text: August 11 – John Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and military leader (b. c. 1406)

title: 1456

date: July 22

text: July 22 – At the Battle of Nándorfehérvár, the Hungarians under John Hunyadi rout the Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II. The noon bell ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world (and hence is still rung). Hunyadi dies two months later when a plague sweeps the Hungarian camp.

title: 1456

date: November 9

text: November 9 – Ulrich II, Count of Celje, regent for King Ladislas of Hungary and governor of Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia, is assassinated the day after he had entered the fortress of Belgrade, apparently at the direction of Ladislaus Hunyadi, son of the late John Hunyadi.

title: 1456


slug: john-i-of-castile

label: John I of Castile

description: King of Castille and Leon (1358-1390)

section: Births

date: August 24

text: August 24 – King John I of Castile (d. 1390)

title: 1358

date: February 20

text: February 20 – Eleanor of Aragon, queen of John I of Castile (d. 1382)

title: 1358

date: April 14

text: April 14 – The Mamluks from Egypt complete their conquest of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. King Levon V is imprisoned for several years in Cairo, until a ransom is paid by King John I of Castile.

title: 1375

section: Events › April–June

date: June 18

text: June 18 – In Spain, the eldest son of Henry II of Castile, Prince Juan of Trastámara marries the daughter of King Pedro of Aragon, Princess Leonor of Aragon as part of a peace agreement between the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon. The marriage takes place at Soria, a town on the Douro river, the border between the two kingdoms. Juan will become King of Aragon in 1379 and Leonor the Queen consort.

title: 1375

text: A sermon by a German monk states "the game of cards has come to us this year", and prohibitions against cards are issued by Prince John of Castile, and the cities of Florence and Basel.

title: 1377

date: May 29

text: May 29 – John I succeeds his father, Henry II, as King of Castile and King of León.

title: 1379

date: August 10

text: August 10 – The Treaty of Elvas is signed between King Fernando of Portugal and King Juan of Castile to end the Third Fernandine War. Under the agreement, Portugal ends its alliance with England and joins Castile and France in the Hundred Years' War, and recognizes the jurisdiction of the antipope Clement VII over the Portuguese church. Castile returns all Portuguese prisoners of war and ships, and gives Almeida and Miranda back to Portugal. Finally, King Fernando's daughter Beatriz marries King Juan's son Ferdinand.

title: 1382

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Eleanor of Aragon, queen of John I of Castile (b. 1358)

title: 1382

date: May 17

text: May 17 – King John I of Castile and Leon marries Beatrice of Portugal.

title: 1383

text: October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal dies, and is succeeded by his 10-year-old daughter, Beatriz. Her mother, Fernando's widow Leonor Teles, proclaims herself the regent A period of civil war and anarchy, known as the 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, begins in Portugal, due to Beatriz being married to Juan King of Leon and Castile.

title: 1383

date: August 14

text: August 14 – Battle of Aljubarrota: John of Aviz defeats John I of Castile in the decisive battle of the 1383–85 Crisis in Portugal. John of Aviz is crowned King John I of Portugal, ending Queen Beatrice's rule, and Portugal's independence from the Kingdom of Castile is secured.

title: 1385

date: July 21

text: July 21 – King Juan of Castile asserts in his will that he is the King of Portugal by virtue of his marriage in 1383 to Queen Beatriz of Portugal

title: 1385

date: July 8

text: July 8 –John of Gaunt, the uncle of Richard II of England, makes peace with Castile and gives up his claim to the Castilian throne, by allowing his daughter Catherine of Lancaster to marry Prince Henry, the eldest son of John I of Castile.

title: 1388

date: October 9

text: October 9 – King Juan, ruler of the Crown of Castile and the Kingdom of León, is fatally injured when he is thrown from his horse while he is participating in an exhibition of horsemanship before a crowd at Alcalá de Henares. The Archbishop of Toledo, Pedro Tenorio, conceals the news of King Juan's death from the public until a regency council can be created for the King's 11-year-old son, Prince Enrique of Trastámara, who is proclaimed as King Enrique III.

title: 1390

text: October 9 – King John I of Castile (fall from a horse) (b. 1358)

title: 1390


slug: john-i-of-portugal

label: John I of Portugal

description: King of Portugal from 1385 to 1433

date: April 11

text: April 11 – King John I of Portugal (d. 1433)

title: 1357

section: Conflict & Security

date: December 6

text: December 6 – In a coup d'etat, Count João Fernandes Andeiro, the brother of the regent Leonor Teles and uncle of Queen Beatriz of Portugal, is assassinated by João, Master of Aviz.

title: 1383

section: Events › October–December

date: April 6

text: April 6 – At Coimbra, João, Master of Aviz, son of the late King Pedro I of Portugal, is declared by the Cortes of Coimbra to be the new King of Portugal.

title: 1385

title: 1385

date: May 9

text: May 9 – King John I of Portugal and King Richard II of England ratify the Treaty of Windsor.

title: 1386

date: August 15

text: August 15 – King Enrique III of Castile and León (comprising most of Spain) signs a peace treaty with his brother-in-law, King João I of Portugal, ending fighting that began in 1396. The wives of the two kings, Catherine of Lancaster and Philippa of Lancaster respectively, are sisters.

title: 1402

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Philippa of Lancaster, queen of John I of Portugal (plague) (b. 1359)

title: 1415

date: October 19

text: October 19 – Princess Isabella of Portugal, daughter of King João I, departs her homeland, accompanied by a flotilla of 20 ships and 2,000 Portuguese troops and royal officials, to make the voyage to the Duchy of Burgundy, where she is to formally marry Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. Because of storms, the voyage takes more than two months.

title: 1429

text: August 14 – King John I of Portugal (b. 1357)

title: 1433