slug: islamic-calendar

label: Islamic calendar

description: lunar calendar used by Muslims to determine religious observances

section: Science & Discovery

text: The Islamic calendar is introduced by Abu Musa al-Asha'ari. He convinces Umar I to make notes of an era for Muslims.

title: 638

section: Events › By topic › Arts and sciences

section: Conflict & Security

date: October 24

text: October 24 – (22 Rabi’ al-Thani 774 AH) ; Four-year-old Muhammad III ibn Abd al-Aziz succeeds his father, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz I, as Marinid Sultan of Morocco.

title: 1372

section: Events › October–December

date: April

text: April – (Muharram 783 AH) In what is now Afghanistan, the Siege of Herat by the Mongol conqueror Timur ends with the Persian city surrendering to the Mongols, in return for the populace being spared.

title: 1381

section: Events › April–June

section: Religion & Belief

date: February 3

text: February 3 – (2 Muharram 787 AH) The madrasa (a religious school) of the Emir of Artuqid Empire, Majd al-Din Isa Al-Zahir, is dedicated and the date is placed on an inscription on the wall. The building is now a historic landmark in the city of Mardin, now located in Turkey.

title: 1385

date: October 5

text: October 5 – (16 Dhu al-Qadah 794 AH) Muhammed VII succeeds his father, Yusuf II, as Sultan of the Emirate of Granada (modern-day southern Spain).

title: 1392

date: July 28

text: July 28 – (7 Shawwal 797 AH) Ali ibn Ajlan, the Emir of Mecca is killed and is succeeded by his brother Muhammad ibn Ajlan.

title: 1395

section: Events › July–September

date: July 9

text: July 9 – (27 Dhu al-Qadah 803 A.H.) Timur raids the city of Baghdad, in the Jalayirid Empire, then carries out a massacre of its inhabitants, including women and children, as punishment for resisting his rule. According to accounts later, "90,000 human heads were piled up on the public places of the town." The only persons spared death are "theologians, shaikhs and dervishes", and the only buildings not demolished are "mosques, universities and hostels."

title: 1401

date: December 2

text: December 2 – (6 Jumada al-Awwal 805 A.H.) With 4,000 troops, Tamerlane, Amir of the Timurid Empire covering much of what is now Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan begins the Siege of Smyrna (now Izmir in Turkey). Smyrna is captured after two days of attacks on its outer walls. After the Christian Knights of Saint John, who are ruling Smyrna, refuse to convert to Islam or pay tribute, Timur has the entire Christian population massacred. The Knights subsequently begin building Bodrum Castle in Bodrum, to defend against future attacks.

title: 1402

date: October 17

text: October 17 – (4 Dhu al-Hijjah 828 AH) Hasan ibn Ajlan becomes the Emir of Mecca for the third and last time, after having been replaced for 18 months by Ali ibn Inan.

title: 1425

section: Events › October –December

section: Deaths

date: April 25

text: April 25 (17 Jumada II 829 AH) – Hasan ibn Ajlan, who has been allowed to leave Cairo after being appointed by the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan as the Emir of Mecca and paying the first installment of a fee of 30,000 dinars, dies on the way back to Mecca. The Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Barsbāy, summons Hasan's sons Barakat ibn Hasan and Ibrahim ibn Hasan to Cairo to complete payment of the remaining 25,000 dinars owed.

title: 1426

date: August 16

text: August 16 (11 Shawwal 829 AH) – Barakat ibn Hasan, son of the late Hasan ibn Ajlan, is confirmed by the Egyptian Sultan Barsbay as the new Emir of Mecca, conditioned on paying the remaining 25,000 dinars owed by Hasan.

title: 1426

date: September 17

text: September 17 (15 Dhu al-Qidah 829 AH) – Barakat ibn Hasan arrives in Mecca to officially assume the powers of the Emir of Mecca, after taking back over from his brother Abu al-Qasim.

title: 1426

date: September 18

text: September 18 – 18 (Dhu al-Hijjah 832 AH) The Hafsid Sultanate Saracens, ruled by the Hafsid Caliph Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II and commanded by Kaid Ridavan, depart from Tunis with 70 ships and 18,000 troops in an attempt to capture Malta, but are repelled by its defenders.

title: 1429

section: Crime & Justice

date: January 9

text: January 9 – (Rajab 9, 837 AH) King Alfonso V of Aragon ruler of the Kingdom of Sicily as well, contracts with tapestry weaver Guillem d'Uxelles to Flanders to begin learning the Flemish methods to be duplicated in Spain, beginning the "Hispano-Flemish" style.

title: 1434

date: May 2

text: May 2 – (5 Safar 849 AH) Sultan Muhammad of the Timurid Empire in Iran arrives in Isfahan and forces out a disloyal governor, Sa'adat, then declares an amnesty on taxes, stages a feast and celebration, and appoints Shah Ala' al-Din Naqib as the new governor.

title: 1446

date: April 22

text: April 22 – (5 Safar 851 AH) Khwaja Ubaidullah Ahrar becomes the new leader of the tariqa (order) of Süleymancılar among adherents of Sufism in what is now Turkey.

title: 1447

section: Events › April – June

text: December 22 – (28 Zilhicce 855 AH) In Mamluk ruled Egypt, the Amir Asanbay al-Jamali al-Zahiri returns from a trip to the Ottoman Empire with a group of Ottoman diplomats, and the Mamluk Sultan Mehmed II hosts them at a banquet, granting them a private audience the next day. The Ottomans depart on January 17.

title: 1451

date: February 4

text: February 4 – (22 Rajab 873 AH) At the Battle of Qarabagh, in what is now Azerbaijan, troops led by Uzun Hasan, ruler of Aq Qoyunlu, decisively defeat the Timurids of Samrkand, ruled by Abu Sa'id Mirza. Mirza is taken a prisoner of war and is executed four days later on February 8.

title: 1469

date: December 8

text: December 8 – (approximate date) Islamic scholar Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah issues the Oran fatwa for Muslims in Spain (1 Rajab 910 AH in Islamic calendar, Gregorian date is approximate).

title: 1504

date: July 8

text: July 8 – The Javanese calendar is commenced on this day by the order of Sultan Agung of the Mataram Sultanate. It is the Javanese adaptation of the Hijri calendar, but it continues the year numbering of the Shaka era widely used in Java then, thus the calendar's epoch is 1 Sura 1555 AJ, corresponding with 1 Muharram 1043 AH.

title: 1633

date: February 6

text: February 6 – (17 Dhu al-Qadah 1052 AH) In India, the first ceremony at the nearly-complete Taj Mahal in Agra, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan observes the 12th anniversary of the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and opens the structure to thousands of mourners.

title: 1643

text: October 23 – The 13th century AH begins on the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram 1201 AH

title: 1786

date: November 3

text: November 3 – The 14th Century AH begins in the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram, 1301 AH.

title: 1883

section: Events › November


slug: isle-of-man

label: Isle of Man

description: historic nation and a self-governing British Crown dependency

text: King Æthelred I returns to Northumbria, and is restored to the throne after living in exile for 11 years. His rival Osred II is deposed, forcibly tonsured, and exiled to the Isle of Man. Æthelred then faces a rebellion by another rival, named Eardwulf. The latter is captured, and hanged outside the gates to Ripon Abbey. The body is taken into the abbey, where Eardwulf recovers and escapes to exile.

title: 790

section: Events › By place › Britain

date: September

text: September – King Æthelred I of Northumbria marries Princess Ælfflæd, daughter of King Offa of Mercia, at Catterick. Unrest in Northumbria tempts the exiled king Osred II back to his kingdom from the Isle of Man. His supporters desert him, and Osred II is killed by Æthelred's men at Aynburg. He is buried at Tynemouth Priory.

title: 792

text: King Hywel ap Rhodri of Gwynedd dies after an 11-year reign. The kingdom is seized by his grand-nephew, Merfyn Frych of Man.

title: 825

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Tynwald (or Tynwald Court), the parliament of the Isle of Man, is founded. It remains active as the longest continuous parliament in the world.

title: 979

date: June

text: June or July – Battle of Anglesey Sound: A Norwegian fleet led by King Magnus Barefoot reverses an Anglo-Norman invasion of North Wales. Magnus conquers the Orkney Islands, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man.

title: 1098

text: Domnall mac Taidc temporarily seizes the Kingdom of the Isles (the Hebrides and the Isle of Man) by force.

title: 1111

section: Events › By place › British Isles

text: The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.

title: 1265

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: July 2

text: July 2 – Treaty of Perth: King Alexander III of Scotland agrees to a peace settlement with King Magnus VI of Norway ("the Law-mender") in which the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Man are ceded to Scotland in exchange for 4,000 marks. In return, Alexander confirms Norwegian sovereignty over the islands of Shetland and Orkney.

title: 1266

date: October 8

text: October 8 – Battle of Ronaldsway: Scottish forces under John de Vesci defeat the Manx people of the Isle of Man in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.

title: 1275

date: June 12

text: June 12 – Castle Rushen, on the Isle of Man, surrenders to Scotland's King Robert the Bruce after a siege of three weeks.

title: 1313

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland, leads an invasion of the Isle of Man, landing at Ramsey with a multitude of ships and captures it within five days. The only resistance is presented by the lord of Castle Rushen, and King Robert concentrates his efforts on a siege of the castle starting on May 22.

title: 1313

date: February 15

text: February 15 – John of Argyll reports to King Edward II of England that he and his army have recovered the Isle of Man and expelled the Scottish occupiers.

title: 1315

section: Events › January – March

date: June 8

text: June 8 – King Edward III of England seizes the Isle of Man from Scottish control.

title: 1333

section: Events › January–December

date: June 24

text: June 24 – The earliest extant description of Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of the Isle of Man's parliament (Tynwald) is written down in law. Its first recorded use for the promulgation of laws dates to 24 June 1417, when Sir John Stanley presided.

title: 1417

text: November 3 – The Manx Rebellion of 1651 comes to an end as the Countess of Derby surrenders the Isle of Man to the forces of Oliver Cromwell in return for a guarantee of safe passage for herself, her family and her servants, off of the island.

title: 1651

date: July 7

text: July 7 – Bishop Isaac Barrow founds the Bishop Barrow Trust with the intention of establishing a university on the Isle of Man; this becomes King William's College.

title: 1668

text: June 24 – In the Isle of Man, Manx coins become legal tender.

title: 1710

date: June 21

text: June 21 – The Isle of Man is brought under British control, the Isle of Man Purchase Act (coming into force 10 May) confirming HM Treasury's purchase of the feudal rights of the Dukes of Atholl, as Lord of Mann over the island, and revesting them into the British Crown.

title: 1765

section: Culture & Society

date: August 1

text: August 1 – King William's College opens on the Isle of Man.

title: 1833

text: Douglas becomes the capital of the Isle of Man, after its parliament (Tynwald) moves its chambers from Castletown.

title: 1863

section: Events › Date unknown

text: The capital of the Isle of Man moves from Castletown to Douglas.

title: 1869

text: The House of Keys, lower house of the Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man, moves from Castletown to Douglas.

title: 1874

text: On the Isle of Man (an internally self-governing dependent territory of the United Kingdom), the House of Keys Election Act extends the franchise for the national legislature to spinsters and widows owning real estate of a certain value.

title: 1881

date: August

text: August – King William's College is opened on the Isle of Man.

title: 1883

section: Events › August

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: May 10

text: May 10 – 19 zinc miners die of carbon monoxide poisoning at Snaefell Mine on the Isle of Man.

title: 1897

section: Events › May

date: March 11

text: March 11 – WWI: British armed merchantman is sunk in the North Channel off the coast of Scotland by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-27. Around 200 crew are lost, a number of bodies being washed up on the Isle of Man, with only 26 saved.

title: 1915

section: Events › March

date: July 5

text: July 5 – Queen Elizabeth II attends the millennium celebrations of the Isle of Man's Parliament, Tynwald.

title: 1979

section: Events › July


slug: isle-of-wight

label: Isle of Wight

description: island, county and unitary authority area of England, United Kingdom

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Wulfhere of Mercia and his army harry the Berkshire Downs (south of Thame) and move south to conquer the Meonwara and the Isle of Wight.

title: 661

text: Cædwalla conquers Surrey, and tries to exterminate the Jutes of the Isle of Wight. He executes King Arwald and his two brothers. Cædwalla probably also overruns the Meonware, a Jutish people who live in the Meon Valley (Hampshire).

title: 686

section: Deaths

text: Arwald, king of the Isle of Wight

title: 686

text: King Caedwalla of Wessex abdicates the throne and departs on a pilgrimage to Rome, possibly because of the wounds he suffered while fighting on the Isle of Wight. The power vacuum is filled by Ine, son of his second cousin, sub-king Coenred of Dorset.

title: 688

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Summer–Autumn – Danish Viking raiders led by Sweyn Forkbeard raid south-eastern England from the Isle of Wight to Reading in the Thames Valley where they overwinter at the Wallingford river crossing.

title: 1006

text: Henry I of England grants the ownership of Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight to Richard de Redvers, a Norman nobleman.

title: 1100

text: The Isle of Wight is sold to King Edward I of England by Isabella de Forz, Countess of Devon, on her deathbed, for 6,000 marks.

title: 1293

section: Events › By area › Europe

date: April 22

text: April 22 – On the first Sunday after Easter, the French ship Ste Marie is shipwrecked on England's Isle of Wight at Chale Bay. Residents nearby loot the ship of its cargo, casks of wine belonging to Regimus de Depe of Aquitaine. As an act of penance, the Lord of Chale, Walder de Godeton, builds the St Catherine's Oratory.

title: 1313

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Local English forces defeat an attempted French raid on the Isle of Wight under Waleran III, Count of Ligny.

title: 1403

section: Events › October–December

date: July 18

text: July 18– The Battle of the Solent begins between the English and French navies in The Solent, the strait between the British mainland and the Isle of Wight.

title: 1545

section: Events › July–September

date: December 31

text: December 31 – Affair of Fielding and Bylandt: Following a brief naval engagement between the British and Dutch off the Isle of Wight, the Dutch merchantmen and naval vessels are captured and taken to Portsmouth, England.

title: 1779

date: August 10

text: August 10 – The first Cowes Regatta is held in the Isle of Wight, in the U.K.

title: 1826

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom dies at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. She is 81 years old and, having ruled for nearly 64 years, will be the second longest-reigning monarch in British history. Her eldest son, Prince Albert Edward, "Bertie", the longest-serving Prince of Wales to this time, succeeds his mother at the age of 59, reigning as King Edward VII, of the United Kingdom and in innovation the British Dominions and also becoming Emperor of India.

title: 1901

section: Events › January

date: November 15

text: November 15 – 1957 Aquila Airways Solent crash: A flying boat crash on the Isle of Wight leaves 45 dead.

title: 1957


slug: israel

label: Israel

description: country in West Asia

year_label: 92 BCE

section: Climate & Environment

text: 92 BC Levant earthquake, earthquake mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. An earthquake and a tsunami reportedly affected areas of the Levant, including the modern states of Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, and Syria.

title: 92 BC

section: Events › By place › Levant

year_label: 70 CE

text: Phannias ben Samuel, high priest of Israel

title: AD 70

text: Heraclius issues a decree that all Jews must become Christian; a massacre follows around Jerusalem and in Galilee (Israel), some survivors fleeing to the Daraa area.

title: 630

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

date: July 30

text: July 30 – Battle of Ajnadayn: Byzantine forces (90,000 men according to Muslim sources) under Theodore are defeated by the Rashidun Caliphate near Beit Shemesh (modern-day Israel). Heraclius, who is in Emesa, flees to Antioch upon hearing news of the battle's outcome.

title: 634

text: Autumn – The Arabian forces under Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah storm Caesarea Maritima, capital of Byzantine Palestine, and effect their final capture of Ascalon (modern Israel). Caliph Umar I stops the Muslim invasion, and appoints Abu Ubaidah governor of Syria.

title: 638

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Battle of Tawahin: Muslim forces (4,000 men) of the Abbasid Caliphate, under Al-Mu'tadid, are defeated near Ramlah (modern Israel) by Khumarawayh, ruler of the Tulunid dynasty. This ends the Abbasid attempt to recover Syria from the Tulunids. A large part of the Abbasid army is captured, and transported to Egypt. Khumarawayh aims for reconciliation with the caliphal government, and allows the soldiers who want to return to modern-day Iraq to depart without ransom, while offering the rest the opportunity to settle in Egypt.

title: 885

text: John VII, patriarch of Jerusalem (Israel), martyred

title: 966

date: May 26

text: May 26 – The Crusaders march to Haifa and along the coast under Mount Carmel to Caesarea (modern Israel), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate Whitsun (Whit Sunday).

title: 1099

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

date: September 7

text: September 7 – Battle of Ramla: A Crusader force (some 1,100 men) under Baldwin I defeats the invading Fatimids at Ramla (modern Israel). Baldwin plunders the Fatimid camp and the survivors flee to Ascalon.

title: 1101

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Battle of Ramla: The Crusaders (500 knights) under King Baldwin I are defeated by the Fatimid army at Ramla (modern Israel). Baldwin and his companions escape through the enemy lines to Arsuf.

title: 1102

date: April 10

text: April 10 – The Crusaders fight their way back to Acre (modern Israel).

title: 1112

date: July

text: July – August – Battle of Belvoir Castle: Saladin crosses into Palestine round the south of the Sea of Galilee. King Baldwin IV (the Leper) of Jerusalem marches with his army back from Oultrejordain and attacks Saladin's forces near Belvoir Castle (modern Israel). In a fierce battle, the Crusaders successfully repel Saladin's invasion. At the end of the day, each side retires, claiming the victory.

title: 1182

date: October 4

text: October 4 – Guy of Lusignan leads the crusader forces to launch a full-on assault on Saladin's camp. With heavy casualties on both sides, neither force gains the upperhand. On October 26, Saladin moves his camp from Acre to Mount Carmel (modern Israel).

title: 1189

section: Births

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Nechama Rivlin, Israeli socialite, 10th First lady of Israel (d. 2019)

title: 1945

section: Births › June

date: May 14

text: May 14 – Yochanan Vollach, Israeli footballer and president of Maccabi Haifa, CEO

title: 1945

section: Births › May

date: May 15

text: May 15 – 1948 Arab–Israeli War: The British Mandate of Palestine is officially terminated; expeditionary forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria and Iraq invade Israel and clash with Israeli forces after declaring war.

title: 1948

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 23

text: January 23 – The Knesset passes a resolution that states Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.

title: 1950

date: January 9

text: January 9 – The Israeli government recognizes the People's Republic of China.

title: 1950

date: April 4

text: April 4 – At a tribunal in The Hague, Israel demands reparations worth $3 billion from West Germany.

title: 1952

section: Events › March–April

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Reparation negotiations between West Germany and Israel end in Luxembourg: Germany will pay 3 billion Deutsche Marks.

title: 1952

section: Events › July–August

date: February 11

text: February 11 – The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel, after a bomb explodes at the Soviet Embassy, in reaction to the 'Doctors' plot'.

title: 1953

section: Events › February

date: November 5

text: November 5 – David Ben-Gurion resigns as prime minister of Israel.

title: 1953

section: Events › November

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Suez Crisis: The United Nations General Assembly adopts a resolution calling for the United Kingdom, France and Israel to withdraw their troops from Arab lands immediately.

title: 1956

date: October 24

text: October 24 – The Protocol of Sèvres, a secret agreement between Israel, France and the United Kingdom, is signed, allowing the former to invade the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt and occupy the Suez Canal with the support of the other two governments, giving rise to the Suez Crisis.

title: 1956

section: Events › October

date: October 29

text: October 29 – Suez Crisis: Israel invades the Sinai Peninsula and pushes Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.

title: 1956

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on October 29, 1956).

title: 1957

section: Crime & Justice

date: May 11

text: May 11 – In Buenos Aires, four Mossad agents abduct fugitive Nazi German war criminal Adolf Eichmann in order that he can be taken to Israel and put on trial. This is announced on May 23 by Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion.

title: 1960

date: December 11

text: December 11 – Adolf Eichmann is pronounced guilty of crimes against humanity for his part in The Holocaust by a war crimes tribunal of three Israeli judges. On December 15 he is sentenced to death.

title: 1961

section: Events › December

section: Religion & Belief

date: April 21

text: April 21–23 – The first election of the Supreme Institution of the Baháʼí Faith (known as the Universal House of Justice, whose seat is at the Baháʼí World Centre on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel) is held.

title: 1963

section: Events › April

section: Economy & Finance

text: October 4 – Israel applies for membership in the European Economic Community, which is never granted.

title: 1966

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Six-Day War (approach): Israeli fighters shoot down 7 Syrian MIG-21s.

title: 1967

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Six-Day War ends: Israel and Syria agree to a United Nations-mediated cease-fire.

title: 1967

section: Events › June

date: November 22

text: November 22 – UN Security Council Resolution 242 is adopted by the UN Security Council, establishing a set of principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an Arab–Israeli peace settlement.

title: 1967

date: October 21

text: October 21 – An Egyptian surface-to-surface missile sinks the Israeli destroyer Eilat, killing 47 Israeli sailors. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal.

title: 1967

text: January 25 – Israeli submarine sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 69.

title: 1968

text: January 27 – Fourteen men, 9 of them Jews, are executed in Baghdad for spying for Israel.

title: 1969

text: March 17 – Golda Meir becomes the first female prime minister of Israel.

title: 1969

text: September 3–6 – Israeli forces fight Palestinian guerillas in southern Lebanon.

title: 1970

text: May 15 – Israeli ambassador to Turkey Efraim Elrom is kidnapped; he is found killed in Istanbul May 25.

title: 1971

text: May 30 – Lod Airport massacre: Three Japanese Red Army members operating on behalf of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations kill 26 and injure 80 people at Lod Airport, Israel.

title: 1972

text: September 5–6 – Munich massacre: Eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich are murdered after eight members of the Arab terrorist group Black September invade the Olympic Village; five guerillas and one policeman are also killed in a failed hostage rescue.

title: 1972

text: April 10 – Operation Spring of Youth: Israeli commandos raid Beirut, assassinating 3 leaders of the Palestinian Resistance Movement. The Lebanese army's inaction brings the immediate resignation of Prime Minister Saeb Salam, a Sunni Muslim.

title: 1973

text: February 21 – Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 (Boeing 727) is shot down by Israeli fighter aircraft over the Sinai Desert, after the passenger plane is suspected of being an enemy military plane. There are 108 fatalities, and only five people on board survive (one crew member and four passengers).

title: 1973

text: April 11 – The Kiryat Shmona massacre takes place in Israel.

title: 1974

text: July 4 – Entebbe Raid: Israeli airborne commandos free 103 hostages being held by Palestinian hijackers of an Air France plane at Uganda's Entebbe Airport; Yonatan Netanyahu and several Ugandan soldiers are killed in the raid.

title: 1976

text: May 17 – The Likud Party, led by Menachem Begin, wins the national elections in Israel.

title: 1977

text: November 19 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to make an official visit to Israel, when he meets with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, seeking a permanent peace settlement.

title: 1977

text: April 22 – Izhar Cohen & the Alphabeta win the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 for Israel with their song A-Ba-Ni-Bi.

title: 1978

text: March 11 – Coastal Road massacre: Palestinian terrorists kill 34 Israelis.

title: 1978

text: March 14 – Operation Litani: Israeli forces invade Lebanon.

title: 1978

text: February 18 – The Khomeini government in Iran cuts diplomatic relations with Israel.

title: 1979

text: March 26 – In a ceremony at the White House, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel sign an Egypt–Israel peace treaty.

title: 1979

text: March 31 – Milk and Honey win the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 for Israel, with the song Hallelujah.

title: 1979

text: November 1 – Iran hostage crisis: Iranian Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini urges his people to demonstrate on November 4 and to expand attacks on United States and Israeli interests.

title: 1979

text: September 22 – Vela incident: The "South Atlantic Flash" is observed near the Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean, thought to be a nuclear weapons test conducted by South Africa and Israel.

title: 1979

text: July 30 – Israel's Knesset passes the Jerusalem Law.

title: 1980

text: July 17 – Lebanese Civil War: Israeli aircraft bomb Beirut, destroying multi-story apartment blocks containing the offices of PLO-associated groups, killing approximately 300 civilians and resulting in worldwide condemnation and a U.S. embargo on the export of aircraft to Israel.

title: 1981

text: October 14 – Vice President Hosni Mubarak is elected President of Egypt, one week after the assassination of Anwar Sadat during a parade, by servicemen who belong to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization led by Khalid Islambouli and oppose his negotiations with Israel.

title: 1981

text: April 25 – Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in accordance with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty of 1979.

title: 1982

text: June 6 – The 1982 Lebanon War begins: Israeli forces under Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon in their "Operation Peace for the Galilee," eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut. The United Nations Security Council votes to demand that Israel withdraw its troops from Lebanon.

title: 1982

text: May 17 – Lebanon, Israel, and the United States sign an agreement on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.

title: 1983

text: June 25 – Hayim Association is founded by Rina Zaizov Marx and parents of children with cancer as paediatric oncology department in Israel.

title: 1984

text: November 21 – Start of Operation Moses, the evacuation of refugee Beta Israel Ethiopian Jews from Sudan to Israel via Brussels.

title: 1984

text: February 16 – Israel begins withdrawing troops from Lebanon.

title: 1985

text: October 1 – Operation Wooden Leg: The Israeli air force bombs Palestine Liberation Organization headquarters near Tunis.

title: 1985

text: February 11 – Human rights activist Natan Sharansky is released by Soviet authorities and leaves the country for Israel.

title: 1986

text: June 4 – Jonathan Pollard pleads guilty to espionage for selling top secret United States military intelligence to Israel.

title: 1986

text: April 16 – Israeli commandos kill the PLO's Abu Jihad in Tunisia.

title: 1988

text: July 6 – The Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack, the first Palestinian suicide attack on Israel, takes place.

title: 1989

text: October 8 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount.

title: 1990

text: October 18 – The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which have been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War.

title: 1991

text: September 11 – Lebanon hostage crisis: Israel releases 51 Arab prisoners and the bodies of nine guerrillas, paving the way for the release of the last western hostages in Lebanon.

title: 1991

text: December 30 – Representatives of Israel and the Holy See sign the Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel, preparing for the establishment of diplomatic relations.

title: 1993

text: September 13 – Oslo I Accord: Following initially secret talks from earlier in the year, PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin shake hands in Washington, D.C. after signing a peace accord.

title: 1993

text: July 25 – Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration as a preliminary to signature on October 25 of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, which formally ends the state of war that has existed between the nations since 1948.

title: 1994

text: June 15 – Israel and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.

title: 1994

text: April 11 – The Israeli government launches Operation Grapes of Wrath, consisting of massive attacks on Lebanon, in retaliation for "terrorist attacks", and sparking off a violent series of retaliations.

title: 1996

text: April 24 – At the urging of Yasser Arafat, the Palestine Liberation Organization drops its clause in Palestinian National Covenant calling for the removal of Israel (→ Legitimacy of the State of Israel). The Israeli government responds by dropping a similar clause concerning the existence of Palestine.

title: 1996

text: March 3–4 – Two suicide bombs explode in Israel, killing 32 people. The Yahya Ayyash Units admit responsibility, and Palestinian president Yasser Arafat condemns the killings in a televised address. Israel warns of retaliation.

title: 1996

text: May 17 – Ehud Barak is elected prime minister of Israel.

title: 1999

text: September 28 – Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem, sparking an uprising that becomes the Second Intifada.

title: 2000

text: September 7 – Israel becomes the 33rd member of the OECD.

title: 2010

text: October 18 – Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange: Israel and the Palestinian militant organization Hamas begin a major prisoner exchange, in which the captured Israeli Army soldier Gilad Shalit is released by Hamas in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian and Israeli-Arab prisoners held in Israel, including 280 prisoners serving life sentences for planning and perpetrating terror attacks.

title: 2011

text: November 14–21 – Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense against the Palestinian-governed Gaza Strip, killing Hamas military chief Ahmed Jabari. In the following week 140 Palestinians and five Israelis are killed in an ensuing cycle of violence. A ceasefire between Israel and Hamas is announced by Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton after the week-long escalation in hostilities in Southern Israel and the Gaza Strip.

title: 2012

text: December 6 – The United States officially recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital.

title: 2017

text: October 12 – The United States announces its decision to withdraw from UNESCO, and is immediately followed by Israel.

title: 2017

text: May 14–18 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2019 takes place in Tel Aviv, Israel, and is won by Dutch entrant Duncan Laurence with the song "Arcade".

title: 2019

text: August 13 – Israel and the UAE agree to normalise relations, marking the third Israel–Arab peace deal.

title: 2020

text: May 19 – Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas announces the termination of all agreements, including security ones, with Israel and the United States in response to Israel's plans to annex the Jordan Valley.

title: 2020

text: October 23 – Israel and Sudan agree to normalise relations, marking the fifth Israel–Arab peace deal.

title: 2020

text: September 4 – Bahrain and Israel agree to normalise relations, marking the fourth Israel–Arab peace deal.

title: 2020

text: August 17 – Turkey and Israel agree to restore full diplomatic relations after a period of tensions.

title: 2022

text: August 5 – August 7 – Israel launches airstrikes in the Gaza Strip, killing Islamic Jihad military leader Tayseer Jabari. Both parties agree to a ceasefire after three days of skirmish.

title: 2022

text: May 11 – The Palestinian-American journalist Shireen Abu Akleh is killed by the Israel Defence Forces while covering a raid in Jenin. Initially, Israel denied responsibility but later admitted to the killing and issued an apology.

title: 2022

text: January 27 – Widespread unrest erupts in Israel following an Israeli military raid in Jenin the previous day, which killed nine Palestinians. Incendiary air balloons are launched into Israeli-populated areas following it. Israel responds with targeted airstrikes. Later the same day, seven Jewish civilians are killed in a synagogue in Neve Yaakov in a terrorist attack.

title: 2023

text: October 31 – Israel intercepted a Yemeni Houthi ballistic missile with its Arrow 2 missile defense system. The interception occurred above Earth's atmosphere above the Negev Desert, making it the first instance of space combat in history.

title: 2023

text: October 7 – Gaza war: Hamas launches an incursion into southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, killing more than 1,100 Israelis and taking about 240 hostages, prompting a military response from the Israel Defense Forces. Israel launches numerous air strikes on Lebanon after rockets are fired by Hezbollah and further attempts are made to penetrate Israel.

title: 2023

text: April 13 – Iran launches retaliatory strikes against Israel after an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus earlier in the month.

title: 2024

text: January 26 – Gaza war: The UN's International Court of Justice rules that Israel must take all measures to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza, but stops short of ordering an immediate halt to operations.

title: 2024

text: September 17–18 – Thirty-two people are killed and more than 3,200 are injured after pagers and walkie-talkies used by Hezbollah militants and medics explode in two massive cyberattacks. Israel is the presumed perpetrator.

title: 2024

text: December 26 – Israel becomes the first country to recognize Somaliland.

title: 2025

text: January 15 – Gaza war: Israel and Hamas approve a ceasefire agreement that seeks to end the war, exchange Israeli hostages and Palestinian prisoners, and allow in international aid. It takes effect on January 19.

title: 2025

text: October 1 – Israel intercepts the Global Sumud Flotilla, a fleet carrying humanitarian aid to the Gaza Strip, in international waters, arresting 443 activists from 47 countries.

title: 2025


slug: istanbul

label: Istanbul

description: largest city in Turkey

year_label: 667 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Byzantium (modern Istanbul) is founded by Megaran colonists under Byzas.

title: 667 BC

section: Events › By place › Asia Minor

year_label: 200 BCE

section: Culture & Society

text: Alexander the Great, head from a Hellenistic copy of a statue, possibly after a 4th century BC original by Lysippos is made. It is now kept at the Archeological Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.

title: 200 BC

section: Events › By topic › Art

text: May 11 – Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates the Column of Constantine and Constantinople, or Nova Roma (modern-day Istanbul). He had spent four years expanding the city of Byzantium, having chosen the site for its strategic location on the Bosporus. The city became the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

title: 330

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: The Aqueduct of Valens is inaugurated near Constantinople (modern Istanbul); the aqueduct has a length of 971 meters.

title: 373

section: Health & Medicine

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium, departs from his capital at Constantinople (now Istanbul in Turkey) with his wife, the Empress Martina, and two of his children, and does not return for more than four years.

title: 624

section: Events › By date › January–June

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Germanus II takes office as Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, after moving the patriarchate's capital 56 mi from Constantinople (now Istanbul) to Nicaea (now Iznik in Turkey), as the guest of John III Doukas Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea.

title: 1223

section: Events › January–March

section: Climate & Environment

date: January 17

text: January 17 – A major earthquake strikes Byzantium and Constantinople (now Istanbul in Turkey). Byzantine Emperor Michael IX Palaiologos spreads the word that the former Patriarch of the Eastern Church, Athanasius I had given him a warning about the imminent wrath of God against the city.

title: 1303

date: April 11

text: April 11 – The visiting Ottoman envoys to France depart from Marseille, six months after having arrived from Istanbul in October. Jean de La Forêt, the new French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, accompanies the Ottoman fleet with his party on a French galley, and the group sails to Tunis.

title: 1535

section: Events › April–June

text: Istanbul's Sultan Ahmed Mosque (also known as the Blue Mosque) is completed during the rule of Ahmed I.

title: 1616

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Conflict & Security

text: Estimation – Istanbul becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Beijing.

title: 1650

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: July 24

text: July 24 – The Great Fire of 1660 begins in Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire (now Istanbul in Turkey), and destroys two-thirds of the city over two consecutive days, consuming 280,000 buildings and killing 40,000 people.

title: 1660

section: Events › July–September

date: September 16

text: September 16 – The Apostasy of Sabbatai Zevi begins in Istanbul.

title: 1666

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Sultan Mehmed IV departs Istanbul for Adrianople.

title: 1682

section: Events › October–December

text: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of the British ambassador to Istanbul, has her son inoculated.

title: 1717

date: December 28

text: December 28 – For 5 days, fire destroys buildings in Istanbul.

title: 1745

section: Events › October –December

date: January 24

text: January 24 – A fire in Istanbul destroys 10,000 homes.

title: 1750

date: July 1

text: July 1 – In Istanbul, Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha is dismissed from his position as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud I. The Sultan appoints Çorlulu Ali Pasha as the new Grand Vizier.

title: 1752

text: Little Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, is damaged in an earthquake.

title: 1763

date: June 14

text: June 14–15 – The Auspicious Incident: Mahmud II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, crushes the last mutiny of janissaries in Istanbul.

title: 1826

date: July 2

text: July 2 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Russian Field-Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch launches the Trans-Balkan Offensive, which brings the Russian army within 68 km mi of Istanbul.

title: 1829

date: February 8

text: February 8 – The British fleet enters Turkish waters, and anchors off Istanbul; Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul, but does not carry out the threat.

title: 1878

date: October 4

text: October 4 – The Orient Express train begins to run through from Paris Gare de l'Est to Giurgiu in Romania, with onward ferry and train connections to Istanbul (the train has been running since June 5 as far as Vienna).

title: 1883

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Turkish Association football team Galatasaray is founded in Istanbul.

title: 1905

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.

title: 1913

section: Events › September

date: April 24

text: April 24 – Armenian genocide: deportation of Armenian notables from Istanbul begins.

title: 1915

date: March 15

text: March 15–16 – Constantinople is occupied by British Empire forces, acting for the Allied Powers against the Turkish National Movement. Retrospectively, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey regards this as the dissolution of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul.

title: 1920

section: Events › March

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Ankara replaces Istanbul (Constantinople), as the capital of Turkey.

title: 1923

section: Events › September–October

date: March 28

text: March 28 – The government of Turkey requests the international community to adopt Istanbul and Ankara, as the official names for Constantinople and Angora. The U.S. State Department adopts the "Istanbul" form in May.

title: 1930

date: July 27

text: July 27 – El Al Flight 402 from Vienna (Austria) to Tel Aviv, via Istanbul, is shot down over Bulgaria. All 58 passengers and crewmen aboard the Lockheed Constellation are killed.

title: 1955

section: Events › July

date: September 6

text: September 6 – Istanbul pogrom: Istanbul's Greek minority is the target of a government-sponsored pogrom.

title: 1955

date: October 17

text: October 17 – A cholera epidemic breaks out in Istanbul.

title: 1970

date: May 15

text: May 15 – Israeli ambassador to Turkey Efraim Elrom is kidnapped; he is found killed in Istanbul May 25.

title: 1971

section: Events › May

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: October 30

text: October 30 – The Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey, is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus Strait for the first time in history.

title: 1973

date: May 1

text: May 1 – The Taksim Square massacre in Istanbul results in 34 deaths and hundreds of injuries.

title: 1977

text: September 6 – In Istanbul, two Abu Nidal terrorists kill 22 and wound 6 inside the Neve Shalom Synagogue during Shabbat services.

title: 1986

text: July 3 – The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey, is completed, providing the second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus.

title: 1988

text: May 12–15 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2004 takes place in Istanbul, Turkey, and is won by Ukrainian entrant Ruslana with the song "Wild Dances".

title: 2004

text: January 12 – Ten people are killed and 15 wounded in a bombing near the Blue Mosque in Istanbul.

title: 2016

text: June 28 – 2016 Atatürk Airport attack: ISIL is suspected to be responsible for attacking Atatürk Airport in Istanbul, Turkey, killing 44 people and injuring over 230 others.

title: 2016

text: January 1 – Istanbul nightclub shooting: A gunman dressed as Santa Claus opens fire at the Reina nightclub in Istanbul, Turkey, killing 39 people and injuring 79 others.

title: 2017

text: January 16 – Turkish Airlines Flight 6491, a cargo flight en route from Hong Kong to Istanbul via Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, crashes in a residential area while attempting to land at Manas International Airport, Bishkek, killing all four crew members on board and 35 people on the ground.

title: 2017

text: October 2 – The Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi is murdered inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey, triggering a diplomatic crisis for Saudi Arabia.

title: 2018

text: July 10 – Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan orders the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul to be reverted to a mosque following a supreme court annulment of a 1934 presidential decree that made it into a museum.

title: 2020

text: March 19 – Nationwide protests erupt across Turkey following the arrest of the mayor of Istanbul, Ekrem İmamoğlu, on charges of corruption and terrorism.

title: 2025


slug: istria

label: Istria

description: peninsula on the Adriatic Sea

year_label: 219 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Romans extend their area of domination around the head of the Adriatic Sea as far as the peninsula of Histria by the conquest of peoples who dwell to the east of the Veneti. Thus, with the exception of Liguria and the upper valley of the Po River, all Italy south of the Alps is brought within the Roman sphere.

title: 219 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 16 BCE

text: The Noricans having joined with the Pannonians in invading Histria, are defeated by Publius Silius Nerva, proconsul of Illyricum.

title: 16 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Callinicus, governor (exarch) of Ravenna, repulses attacks of the South Slavs in Istria (Croatia). The region is pillaged, but the Byzantines drive them all out.

title: 599

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Religion & Belief

text: King Charlemagne conquers the Lombard Kingdom, and establishes Frankish rule in Pavia, Venetia, Istria, Emilia, Tuscany, and Corsica. Charlemagne visits Rome; he confirms the Donation of Pepin (see 756) while insisting on his own sovereignty. Pope Adrian I grants him the title of patrician. Charlemagne puts down immediate insurrections in Friuli.

title: 774

text: King Pepin of Italy conquers Istria on the Adriatic, ignoring Byzantine protests. He establishes a tributary march, and sends missionaries.

title: 789

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Emperors Nikephoros I and Charlemagne settle their imperial boundaries in the Adriatic Sea, and sign the Pax Nicephori ("Peace of Nikephoros"). The Byzantines retain control of the coastal cities and islands in Dalmatian Croatia, while Frankish rule is accepted over Istria and the Dalmatian hinterland. Venice is recognized as independent by the Byzantine Empire.

title: 803

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

section: Economy & Finance

text: Pietro II and Capodistria make a trade agreement without imperial authorization, the self-proclaimed "Marquis" Wintkar forbids repaying any debts to Venice. Pietro begins an economic blockade of Istrian cities.

title: 932

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Tiepolo conspiracy: Leading Venetian nobles led by Bajamonte Tiepolo organise a conspiracy against Doge Pietro Gradenigo. Their plot fails due to treachery and the rebels are defeated near Piazza San Marco by forces faithful to the doge. During their retreat to the San Polo sestiere, the Rialto Bridge is burnt down. Later, Tiepolo surrenders himself and is exiled to Istria. The suppression of the revolt will lead to the creation of the Council of Ten.

title: 1310

section: Events › April – June

section: Culture & Society

date: May 5

text: May 5 – The Istrian Demarcation, setting out the boundaries of disputed Italian territories in the Adriatic Sea peninsula of Istria (part of the modern-day Republic of Croatia), and confirms the agreement between the independent Italian states of Aquileia, Gorizia, and the Venetian Republic. The document is published in three languages (Latin, German and Croatian).

title: 1325

date: February 20

text: February 20 – The Croatian sailing ship Kostrena, sailing from Cette to Rijeka, ran aground in the Bobina bay on the Istrian side of the Vela vrata strait because of bad weather; the same happened to another Croatian sailing ship, the Ireneo.

title: 1888

section: Events › February


slug: italian-peninsula

label: Italian Peninsula

description: peninsula of southern Europe

section: Conflict & Security

text: Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius I, is captured by the Visigoths and becomes a hostage during their move from the Italian Peninsula to Gaul.

title: 410

text: Julius Nepos, de jure ruler, becomes legally the last "Western Roman Emperor". He governs Dalmatia (Balkans), Morocco, and Northwest Gaul until his death in 480, but has no effective power on the Italian Peninsula.

title: 476

text: Amalasuintha rules the Ostrogothic Kingdom that extends throughout the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica.

title: 526

text: The Exarchate of Ravenna is founded, and organised into a group of duchies, mainly coastal cities on the Italian Peninsula. The civil and military head of these Byzantine territories is the exarch (governor) in Ravenna.

title: 584

text: Rome continues as part of the Byzantine Empire. The Italian mainland is divided into independent cities and duchies.

title: 600

section: Deaths

date: January 11

text: January 11 – Pope John VI dies at Rome, after a reign of little more than 3 years. During his rule, he protected the Byzantine exarch Theophylactus, when he invaded the Italian mainland from Sicily. He also induced Gisulf I, Lombard duke of Benevento, to withdraw from Byzantine territory, ransomed captives and ordered the restoration of Wilfrid, as deposed bishop of York. He is succeeded by John VII as the 86th pope of the Catholic Church.

title: 705

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Muslim Arab forces under Muhammad II, emir of the Aghlabid Dynasty (modern Tunisia), conquer the island of Malta and raid into the mainland of Italy.

title: 868

section: Events › By place › Africa

date: September 4

text: September 4 – Peter III of Aragon is proclaimed "King of Sicily". Charles is forced to flee across the Strait of Messina, and be content with the Kingdom of Naples (ruling a part of the Italian Peninsula with the Pope).

title: 1282

date: April 13

text: April 13 – The University of Pavia is founded, on the Italian Peninsula.

title: 1361

section: Events › January–December

date: March 4

text: March 4– The University of Ferrara is founded on the Italian Peninsula.

title: 1391

section: Events › January–March

section: Health & Medicine

text: On the Italian Peninsula, Venice has a population of 84,000, of which 200 men rule the city, while Florence has a population of 40,000, of which 600 men rule the city.

title: 1422

section: Events › Undated

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Battle of the Sesia: Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy defeat the French army in Italy, under William de Bonnivet. The French, now commanded by François de St. Pol, withdraw from the Italian Peninsula.

title: 1524

section: Events › April–June

section: Science & Discovery

date: October 9

text: October 9 – Kepler's Supernova (SN 1604) is first observed from the northern parts of the Italian Peninsula. Beginning on October 17, Johannes Kepler begins a year's observation of it from Prague. There won't be another supernova visible to the "naked-eye" until 1987. , this is the last supernova to be observed in the Milky Way.

title: 1604

section: Events › October–December

date: October 3

text: October 3 – A railway between Naples and Portici (7.4 km mi) in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies is inaugurated by King Ferdinand II of Bourbon as the first line in the Italian Peninsula.

title: 1839


slug: italy-national-football-team

label: Italy national football team

description: men's national association football team representing Italy

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Italy beats Czechoslovakia 2–1 after extra time, to win the 1934 World Cup, staged in Italy.

title: 1934

section: Events › May–June

date: June 19

text: June 19 – Italy beats Hungary 4–2, to win the 1938 FIFA World Cup.

title: 1938

section: Events › June

text: June 10 – Italy beats Yugoslavia 2–0 in a replay to win the 1968 European Championship in Association football. The original final on June 8 ended 1–1.

title: 1968

date: June 21

text: June 21 – Brazil defeats Italy 4–1 to win the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. As 3-times winner, they keep the Jules Rimet Trophy permanently (but it is subsequently stolen and lost).

title: 1970

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Italy beats West Germany 3–1 to win the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain.

title: 1982

section: Events › July

date: July 2

text: July 2 – France defeats Italy 2–1 after extra time in the final of the UEFA Euro 2000 Championship in Association football, becoming the first team to win the World Cup and European Championship consecutively.

title: 2000

date: July 1

text: July 1 – The final match of the UEFA Euro 2012 takes place in Kyiv between Spain and Italy. Spain wins 4–0, achieving victorious from the third international tournament in a row, after winning UEFA Euro 2008 and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

title: 2012

section: Crime & Justice

date: June 11

text: June 11–July 11 – The delayed UEFA Euro 2020, hosted by 11 different countries, is held, and is won by Italy after beating England on penalties in the final.

title: 2021