slug: donald-trump

label: Donald Trump

description: 45th & 47th President of the United States (2017–2021; 2025–)

date: December 31

text: December 31 – Donald Trump Jr., American businessman and son of former U.S. president Donald Trump

title: 1977

section: Births › December

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 8

text: November 8 – 2016 United States presidential election: Businessman and television personality Donald Trump is elected the 45th President of the United States in a surprise upset against his opponent, former Secretary of State and First Lady Hillary Clinton.

title: 2016

section: Events › November

date: January 27

text: January 27 – U.S. President Donald Trump issues executive order banning travel and immigration from seven Muslim-majority nations. Protests against the immigration order erupt nationwide for about two weeks.

title: 2017

section: Events › January

date: June 20

text: June 20 – After widespread criticism, US President Donald Trump signs an executive order suspending his zero-tolerance family separation policies, though thousands of undocumented children were never reunited with their families even after the policy was suspended.

title: 2018

date: March 9

text: March 9 – President of the United States Donald Trump accepts an invitation from North Korean leader Kim Jong Un for a meeting in May to discuss the denuclearisation of North Korea.

title: 2018

section: Events › March

date: May 8

text: May 8 – U.S. President Donald Trump announces his intention to withdraw the United States from the Iranian nuclear agreement.

title: 2018

section: Events › May

date: February 1

text: February 1 – U.S. President Donald Trump confirms that the U.S. will leave the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty of 1987, citing Russian non-compliance. The next day, Russia follows suit with suspension of its obligations to the treaty.

title: 2019

date: February 27

text: February 27–28 – The 2019 North Korea–United States summit is held in Hanoi, Vietnam. It is the second summit between U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un.

title: 2019

date: June 3

text: June 3–5 – U.S. President Donald Trump makes a state visit to the U.K., meeting with Queen Elizabeth II and outgoing Prime Minister Theresa May. It is the first official state visit to the U.K. by a sitting U.S. president since 2011. Trump also attends D-Day commemorative ceremonies.

title: 2019

date: May 27

text: May 27 – U.S. President Donald Trump, during an official state visit to Japan, becomes the first foreign leader to meet with Japanese emperor Naruhito.

title: 2019

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: October 27

text: October 27 – U.S. President Donald Trump announces that the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, has been killed in a U.S. special forces operation. It is reported that al-Baghdadi detonated a suicide vest after being chased into a tunnel.

title: 2019

date: September 24

text: September 24 – U.S. Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi announces the start of a formal impeachment inquiry against President Donald Trump.

title: 2019

date: April 14

text: April 14 – U.S. president Donald Trump announces that the U.S. will suspend funding towards the World Health Organization (WHO) pending an investigation of its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with China.

title: 2020

date: January 16

text: January 16 – The first impeachment trial of the President of the United States, Donald Trump, begins in the U.S. Senate. He was acquitted on February 5.

title: 2020

section: Economy & Finance

date: January 29

text: January 29 – U.S. President Donald Trump signs the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, a North American trade agreement set to replace NAFTA.

title: 2020

date: November

text: 2020 United States presidential election: The election of Joe Biden as the 46th President of the United States and Kamala Harris as the 49th Vice President of the United States is called by many news media organizations after remaining vote counts (November 7) come in from key states delayed by an influx of mail-in ballots caused by the pandemic, defeating incumbent President Donald Trump.

title: 2020

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Supporters of US President Donald Trump attack the US Capitol, disrupting certification of the 2020 presidential election, and forcing both houses of Congress to evacuate. Five people die during the ensuing riot. The event is classified as a domestic terrorist attack, and draws international condemnation.

title: 2021

date: July 13

text: July 13 – While campaigning for the 2024 United States presidential election, former President Donald Trump is shot in the right ear in an assassination attempt at a rally he held near Butler, Pennsylvania.

title: 2024

text: May 30 – Former United States President Donald Trump is found guilty on 34 counts in his hush money trial, the first time any American president had been found guilty of a crime.

title: 2024

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Ryan Wesley Routh is accused of attempting to assassinate Donald Trump in Florida. Routh is later captured and arrested, and a trial date has been set for 2025.

title: 2024

date: April 2

text: April 2 – US President Donald Trump issues sweeping trade tariffs on many countries, including a 10% baseline tariff for all imports.

title: 2025

date: February 28

text: February 28 – A meeting between U.S. president Donald Trump and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy takes place at the White House. Trump and V.P. JD Vance sharply criticise Zelenskyy, raising questions about support for Ukraine, a proposed end to the war, and the country's future in general.

title: 2025

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Charlie Kirk, an American right-wing activist and influential ally of President Trump, is assassinated at a campus event in Utah, prompting widespread reactions and reprisals both domestically and internationally.

title: 2025


slug: donatism

label: Donatism

description: Christian sect

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Council of Carthage supports Donatism, which espouses a rigorous application and interpretation of the sacraments. These doctrines will be condemned by the Council of Arles (314).

title: 312

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: October 2

text: October 2 – Lateran Synod: Donatism is declared a heresy.

title: 313

date: August 30

text: August 30 – Council of Arles: Confirms the pronouncement of Donatism as a schism, and passes other canons.

title: 314

text: Gratian, advised by his chief advisor Ambrosius, begins a systematic persecution of the pagans. He confiscates the fortunes of the temples and adds the money to the Imperial Treasury. He proscribes Arianism and Donatism.

title: 375

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: The Council of Bagaï in Africa brings 310 Donatist bishops together.

title: 394

text: In the Roman province of Africa, Augustine of Hippo opposes Donatism as a heresy.

title: 405

text: The Councils of Carthage are held, on the issue of Donatism.

title: AD 411

section: Health & Medicine

text: An edict of Honorius outlaws Donatism.

title: 412


slug: dorestad

label: Dorestad

description: medieval emporium in the province of Utrecht, Netherlands

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Dorestad, lying in a fork between two branches of the Rhine, is established by the Franks as a trade center.

title: 600

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: The emporium (market town) of Dorestad is founded near the mouth of the Rhine, and soon becomes a major trading settlement in the North Sea region (approximate date).

title: 680

section: Conflict & Security

text: Battle of Dorestad: The Frisians under King Radbod are defeated by the Frankish mayor of the palace, Pippin of Herstal. The Rhine delta and Dorestad (modern Netherlands) become Frankish again, as well as the castles of Utrecht and Fechten (approximate date).

title: 689

text: Danish Vikings raid the trading settlement of Dorestad (present-day Wijk bij Duurstede), located in the southeast of the province of Utrecht (modern Netherlands).

title: 834

text: Approximate date – Danish Vikings return to ravage the Frisian coast (sacking Dorestad for the second time).

title: 839

text: Danish Viking raiders, led by King Rorik, conquer Dorestad and Utrecht (modern-day Netherlands). Emperor Lothair I recognizes him as ruler of most of Friesland.

title: 850

text: A Danish Viking fleet raids the cities of Dorestad, Paris and Orléans. Others sail up the Oise River, ravaging Beauvais and the abbey of Saint-Germer-de-Fly (approximate date).

title: 857

text: Viking raiders again plunder Dorestad (modern Netherlands), a Frankish port on the mouth of the river Rhine. It thereafter disappears from the chronicles.

title: 863


slug: dorothy-chandler-pavilion

label: Dorothy Chandler Pavilion

description: opera house in Los Angeles, California, part of the Los Angeles Music Center, used by LA Opera

section: Culture & Society

date: April 10

text: April 10 – The 44th Annual Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles.

title: 1972

section: Events › April

date: April 3

text: April 3 – The 50th Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, with Annie Hall winning Best Picture.

title: 1978

date: March 29

text: March 29 – The 54th Academy Awards, hosted by Johnny Carson, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. Chariots of Fire wins Best Picture and 3 other Academy Awards.

title: 1982

date: March 26

text: March 26 – The 62nd Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California, with Driving Miss Daisy winning Best Picture.

title: 1990

text: March 29 – The 65th Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, with Unforgiven winning Best Picture.

title: 1993

date: March 21

text: March 21 – The 66th Academy Awards, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. Steven Spielberg's Holocaust drama Schindler's List wins seven Oscars including Best Picture and Best Director (Spielberg).

title: 1994

date: March 25

text: March 25 – The 68th Academy Awards, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles with Braveheart winning Best Picture.

title: 1996

text: March 21 – The 71st Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles with Shakespeare in Love winning Best Picture.

title: 1999


slug: dorset

label: Dorset

description: ceremonial county in South West England, UK

text: Cerdic of Wessex and his son, Cynric, land somewhere on the south coast, probably near the Hampshire-Dorset border. Their followers establish the beginnings of the Kingdom of Wessex.

title: 495

section: Events › By place › Britannia

section: Deaths

text: Coenred, king of Dorset (approximate date)

title: 694

text: King Geraint of Dumnonia grants land at Maker (Cornwall) to Sherborne Abbey, in an attempt to strengthen his position in the disputed regions of Dorset (approximate date).

title: 705

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: King Ealdwulf of East Anglia dies, and is succeeded by his son Ælfwald. Queen Cuthburh of Northumbria travels south to found a monastery at Wimborne (Dorset).

title: 713

text: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the first appearance of Vikings in England. The Viking raid on Portland in Dorset is the first of its kind recorded in the British Isles, including Ireland. The reeve of Dorchester (a local high-ranking official) goes to greet them after they land, perhaps accustomed to welcoming Scandinavian merchants. He is killed. Viking attacks increase in intensity over the coming decades.

title: 789

text: Autumn – King Æthelberht of Wessex dies after a 5-year reign, and is buried at Sherborne Abbey (Dorset). He is succeeded by his brother Æthelred I, as ruler of Wessex.

title: 865

text: The Great Heathen Army, led by Guthrum, captures the fortress of Wareham (Dorset), and is met by a Viking army (3,500 men) from the sea, which lands at Poole Harbour. King Alfred the Great traps the Vikings, and demands hostages in return for a peace agreement. The Danes divide their forces; half flees to Exeter, where they besiege the town while the other half escape in their ships, but are lost in a storm near Swanage.

title: 876

text: Shaftesbury Abbey is founded by King Alfred the Great in Dorset. He installs his daughter Æthelgifu as first abbess (approximate date).

title: AD 888

date: March 18

text: March 18 – King Edward the Martyr is murdered at Corfe Castle (Dorsetshire) upon the orders of his step-mother Ælfthryth (or Elfrida). He is succeeded by his half-brother Æthelred II (the Unready) who becomes king of England. During his reign Æthelred tries to keep his realm from being overrun by Danish Viking invaders.

title: 978

section: Events › By place › England

text: Bishop Wulfsige III establishes a Benedictine abbey at Sherborne (Dorsetshire).

title: 998

date: August 13

text: August 13 – King Henry III orders the sheriffs of Hampshire, Dorsetshire and Wiltshire to give Simon de Montfort the possession of the lands of his father, Simon de Montfort the elder.

title: 1231

text: Gillingham School is founded, the oldest in Dorset, England.

title: 1516

section: Events › Date unknown

date: July 17

text: July 17 – King James II of England appoints four Roman Catholics to the Privy Council of England, in defiance of the Test Acts, which bar Catholics from public office. Suspicions about James's intentions lead to a group of conspirators meeting at Charborough House in Dorset, to plan his overthrow and replacement with the Protestant Dutch Stadtholder, William III of Orange-Nassau (James's son-in-law).

title: 1686

section: Events › July–September

section: Crime & Justice

text: March 21 – Mary Channing, who was pregnant at the time that she was convicted of the murder of her husband, is burned at the stake at Dorset, in front of a crowd of 10,000 onlookers.

title: 1706

section: Events › January–March

date: May 13

text: May 13 – T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") is involved in a motorcycle accident, near his home in Dorset, England, resulting in his death a few days later.

title: 1935


slug: dos-pilas

label: Dos Pilas

description: human settlement

text: The Maya military outpost of Dos Pilas (Guatemala) is founded, in order to control trade routes in the Petexbatún region. Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil is installed as its leader by his father, K'inich Muwaan Jol II, the ruler of Tikal.

title: 629

section: Events › By place › Americas

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Dos Pilas breaks away from Tikal and becomes a vassal state of Calakmul.

title: 648

text: Yuknoom Chʼeen II, ruler of Calakmul, attacks Dos Pilas and forces its leader, Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil, and a likely heir to the throne of Tikal, to take refuge at Aguateca, beginning the Second Tikal–Calakmul War.

title: 650

text: As part of the Second Tikal–Calakmul War, Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil is again forced to abandon Dos Pilas, after it is attacked by an insurgency led by Nuun Ujol Chaak against Calakmul.

title: 672

text: At Pulil, the army of Calakmul vanquishes the insurgency led by Nuun Ujol Chaak, meaning Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil is able to return to rule Dos Pilas, from his exile in the kingdom of Hix Witz.

title: 677

text: Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil, a Maya ruler of Dos Pilas (b. 625)

title: 692

date: March 24

text: March 24 – Itzamnaaj K'awiil becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city state at Dos Pilas in Guatemala and reigns until 726.

title: 698

section: Events › By place › Central America

date: October 22

text: October 22 – Itzamnaaj K'awiil, a Maya ruler of Dos Pilas

title: 726

text: October 22 – Itzamnaaj K'awiil, the ruler of the Mayan city state at Dos Pilas in Guatemala since 698, dies after a 28-year reign.

title: 726

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Ucha'an K'in B'alam becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city state at Dos Pilas in Guatemala after the death of Itzamnaaj K'awiil and reigns until 741.

title: AD 727

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city state at Dos Pilas in Guatemala after the death of Ucha'an K'in B'alam and reigns until 761 when he is forced to flee during an uprising by rebels from Tamarindito.

title: 741

text: The Maya city of Dos Pilas (modern Guatemala) is abandoned, after the Tamarindito and Petexbatún centres revolt against their Dos Pilas overlord.

title: 760

section: Events › By place › Mesoamerica


slug: douai

label: Douai

description: commune in Nord, France

text: Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine, besieges Douai in West Francia.

title: 930

text: Spring – King Lothair of France marries Princess Emma of Italy (the only daughter of Adelaide of Burgundy—second wife of Emperor Otto the Great, from her first marriage with King Lothair II, member of the Bosonid dynasty). Lothair strengthens his ties with the Holy Roman Empire. He temporarily remains in control of the cities of Arras and Douai. The latter becomes a flourishing textile market centre during the Middle Ages.

title: 966

section: Events › Europe

date: April 5

text: April 5 – The Treaty of Melun is concluded between France (ruled by King Louis VIII) and Flanders, ruled jointly of by Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut, with France agreeing to release her husband Count Ferrand

title: 1226

section: Events › April – June

section: Economy & Finance

text: The Flemish town of Douai emits the first recorded redeemable annuities in medieval Europe, confirming a trend of consolidation of local public debt started in 1218, in Rheims.

title: 1250

section: Events › By topic › Markets

text: January 6 – Italian War of 1551–1559: Gaspard II de Coligny, the French governor of Picardy (in northern France), launches surprise attacks on Douai and Lens in the Spanish Netherlands and captures both cities for France.

title: 1557

section: Religion & Belief

date: December 16

text: December 16 – After Willem van Pamele, the Spanish Governor of Flanders, is forced to flee during the Dutch Revolt, the Duke of Parma orders Pamele and the Catholic members of the Council of Flanders to convene at Douai as the temporary Flemish capital.

title: 1579

section: Events › October–December

date: May 17

text: May 17 – The Treaty of Arras is concluded between Spain (represented by the Duke of Parma), and members of the Union of Arras that had been formed in January. The Union of Utrecht continues its resistance against Spain while the County of Hainaut, the County of Artois, and the cities of Douai, Lille, Orchies and Arras agree to a separate peace under Spanish rule.

title: 1579

section: Events › April–June

text: The Priory of St. Gregory's is founded at Douai, Flanders, at this time in the Spanish Netherlands, by its first prior, John Roberts, and other exiles, thus becoming the first English Benedictine house to renew conventual life after the English Reformation. More than two centuries later the community will establish Downside Abbey back in England.

title: 1605

text: Ambrose Barlow, recently graduated from the College of Saint Gregory, Douai, France, and the Royal College of Saint Alban in Valladolid, Spain, enters the Order of Saint Benedict. In 1641 he will be martyred in England.

title: 1616

date: March

text: March – English Benedictine monks expelled from Douai are permitted to proceed to England.

title: 1795

section: Events › January–June


slug: douro

label: Douro

description: river in Spain and Portugal

year_label: 154 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Lusitanians harry the inhabitants of the Roman provinces in Hispania. At the same time, the Celtiberians of Numantia on the Douro revolt against their Roman occupation.

title: 154 BC

section: Events › By place › Hispania

year_label: 134 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage, takes command in Spain against the Numantians. He recruits 20,000 men and 40,000 allies, including Numidian cavalry under Jugurtha. Scipio, an expert in sieges, builds a ring of seven forts and a ditch palisade before beginning the Siege of Numantia. The perimeter of the circumvallations is twice as long as that of the city. The river Durius (Douro), enables the defenders to be supplied by small boats.

title: 134 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

text: The Alans establish their rule in the Roman province of Lusitania (Portugal south of the Duero River and Spain).

title: AD 411

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: King Alfonso III conquers Porto from the Emirate of Cordoba. This is the end of the direct Muslim domination of the Douro region.

title: 864

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: The County of Portugal is established around the town of Portus Cale (present-day Porto) by Vímara Peres, an Asturian nobleman, after the reconquest from the Moors of the region north of the Douro River.

title: 868

date: July 26

text: July 26 — At the Battle of Valdejunquera, the Muslim forces of the Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III of Córdoba, defeat the Christian armies of King Ordoño II of León and King Sancho I of Pamplona. The decisive battle at the Val de Junquera takes place following the Emir's pre-emptive strike and his invasion of the upper Douro valley and the capture of Osma. The Arab army proceeds on to the upper Ebro, restoring and replenishing Umayyad garrisons in the region.

title: 920

section: Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula

text: Late spring – An expedition of Crusaders and Englishmen, together with forces from Flanders, Frisia, Scotland and some German polities, leaves from Dartmouth in England for the Holy Land. Leadership is provided by Hervey de Glanvill, a Norman nobleman and constable of Suffolk, who leads a fleet of some 200 ships. Bad weather forces them to take refuge at the mouth of the Douro River, on the Portuguese coast, on June 16.

title: 1147

section: Events › By place › Second Crusade

section: Culture & Society

date: June 18

text: June 18 – In Spain, the eldest son of Henry II of Castile, Prince Juan of Trastámara marries the daughter of King Pedro of Aragon, Princess Leonor of Aragon as part of a peace agreement between the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon. The marriage takes place at Soria, a town on the Douro river, the border between the two kingdoms. Juan will become King of Aragon in 1379 and Leonor the Queen consort.

title: 1375


slug: dover

label: Dover

description: town and major ferry port in Kent, South East England

section: Deaths

text: Eustace II, count of Boulogne, visits England and is received with honour at the court by King Edward the Confessor. In Dover a fight breaks out between the Norman visitors and the locals, resulting in the deaths of several people. Edward blames the people of Dover and orders Godwin, earl of Wessex, to deal with them. Godwin refuses to obey Edward's order, and in response Edward raises an army and forces the Godwin family into exile.

title: 1051

section: Events › By place › England

date: December

text: December – William the Conqueror moves along the south coast to Dover, and builds fortifications in the existing castle at the top of the cliffs. He moves to Canterbury and finally enters London. Archbishop Stigand and other English leaders submit to William's rule. On December 25, he is crowned as King William I of England in Westminster Abbey over Edward the Confessor's grave.

title: 1066

section: Events › Europe › England and Scotland

section: Crime & Justice

date: September

text: September – Geoffrey, illegitimate son of the late King Henry II and half-brother to Richard I and John, lands secretly at Dover. He has been consecrated as the new archbishop of York while in Tours, and on his return is arrested by William de Longchamp. Citing the Winchester treaty, John seeks a meeting with William. Geoffrey is freed, William flees and heads to Dover Castle.

title: 1191

date: May 25

text: May 25 – King Charles II lands at Dover.

title: 1660

date: November 23

text: November 23 – James, Duke of York, marries Mary of Modena; they meet for the first time immediately before the ceremony in Dover.

title: 1673

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: January 7

text: January 7 – Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England to Calais, France in a hydrogen gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air.

title: 1785

section: Events › January–March

date: July 31

text: July 31 – William Wordsworth, leaving London for Dover and Calais with his sister Dorothy, witnesses the early morning scene which he captures in his sonnet "Composed upon Westminster Bridge".

title: 1802

section: Events › July–September

date: June 6

text: June 6 – Beginning of the Allied sovereigns' visit to England: Tsar Alexander I of Russia and King Frederick William III of Prussia sail from Boulogne-Sur-Mer to Dover on board the Royal Navy ship HMS Impregnable as guests of George, Prince of Wales, the regent during the incapacity of King George III.

title: 1814

date: June 30

text: June 30 – The first roll-on/roll-off ferry crossing of the English Channel, Dover–Boulogne, takes place.

title: 1953

section: Events › June

section: Science & Discovery

date: July 25

text: July 25 – The British SR.N1 hovercraft crosses the English Channel from Calais to Dover in just over 2 hours, on the 50th anniversary of Louis Blériot's first crossing by heavier-than-air craft.

title: 1959

section: Events › July


slug: dow-jones-industrial-average

label: Dow Jones Industrial Average

description: stock market index

date: February 16

text: February 16 – Charles Dow publishes the first edition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The index stands at a level of 62.76, and represents the dollar average of 14 stocks: 12 railroads and two leading American industries.

title: 1885

section: Events › February

section: Economy & Finance

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Eleven years after its foundation, a group of 12 purely industrial stocks are chosen to form the Dow Jones Industrial Average in the U.S. The index is composed entirely of industrial shares for the first time.

title: 1896

section: Events › May

date: September 3

text: September 3 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average peaks at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November 1954.

title: 1929

section: Events › September

date: July 8

text: July 8 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average in the United States reaches its lowest level of the Great Depression, bottoming out at 41.22.

title: 1932

date: March 15

text: March 15 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average rises from 53.84 to 62.10. The day's gain of 15.34%, achieved during the depths of the Great Depression, remains the largest 1-day percentage gain for the index.

title: 1933

section: Events › March

text: November 23 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average rises 3.27 points, or 0.86 percent, closing at an all-time high of 382.74. More significantly, this is the first time the Dow has surpassed its peak level, reached just before the Wall Street Crash of 1929.

title: 1954

section: Events › November

date: November 14

text: November 14 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 1,000 (1,003.16) for the first time.

title: 1972

date: November 3

text: November 3 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average surges 43.41 points, or 4.25%, to close at 1,065.49, its first all-time high in more than 9 years.

title: 1982

date: July 17

text: July 17 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 2,500 mark for the first time, at 2,510.04.

title: 1987

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Friday the 13th mini-crash: The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunges 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent, to close at 2,569.26, most likely after the junk bond market collapses.

title: 1989

section: Events › October

date: April 17

text: April 17 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 3,000 for the first time in history, at 3,004.46.

title: 1991

section: Events › April

date: March 29

text: March 29 – For the first time, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 10,000 mark, at 10,006.78.

title: 1999

date: January 14

text: January 14 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 11,722.98 (at the peak of the Dot-com bubble).

title: 2000

section: Events › January

date: December 21

text: December 21 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 22,445 after its worst week since 2008.

title: 2018

section: Events › December

date: December 26

text: December 26 – After weeks of losses the Dow Jones Industrial Average posts its largest ever one-day point gain: 1,086 points.

title: 2018

date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Dow Jones plunges more than 500 points, due to concerns over the yield curve inversion.

title: 2019

section: Events › August

date: February 27

text: February 27 – 2020 stock market crash: Triggered by fears of the spreading of COVID-19, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) plunges by 1,190.95 points, or 4.4%, to close at 25,766.64, its largest one-day point decline at the time. This follows several days of large falls, marking the worst week for the index since the 2008 financial crisis.

title: 2020

date: March 12

text: March 12 – Global stock markets crashed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the United States travel ban on the Schengen Area. The DJIA goes into free fall, closing at over −2,300 points, the worst loss for the index since 1987.

title: 2020

date: March 16

text: March 16 – The DJIA falls by 2,997.10, the single largest point drop in history and the second-largest percentage drop ever at 12.93%, an even greater crash than Black Monday (1929). This follows the U.S. Federal Reserve announcing that it will cut its target interest rate to 0–0.25%.

title: 2020

date: March 9

text: March 9 – International share prices fall sharply in response to a Russo-Saudi oil price war and the impact of COVID-19. The DJIA plunges more than 2,000 points, the largest fall in its history up to that point. Oil prices also plunged by as much as 30% in early trading, the biggest fall since 1991.

title: 2020


slug: dresden

label: Dresden

description: capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: A major fire breaks out in Dresden.

title: 1491

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Deaths

text: April 17 – At Dresden in Germany, Heinrich IV of the House of Wettin, nicknamed "Heinrich der Fromme" (Henry the Pious) becomes the new Duke of Saxony within the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his older brother, Georg der Bärtige ("George the Bearded").

title: 1539

section: Events › April–June

section: Culture & Society

date: January 27

text: January 27 – The 2,000 seat Opernhaus am Taschenberg, a theater in Dresden (capital of the Electorate of Saxony) opens with its first production, Pietro Ziani's opera Il teseo.

title: 1667

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Calcareous hard-paste porcelain is produced for the first time in Europe, at Dresden, Saxony, by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, and developed after his death (October) by Johann Friedrich Böttger.

title: 1708

date: March 28

text: March 28 – Johann Friedrich Böttger reports the first production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe, at Dresden.

title: 1709

date: September 3

text: September 3 – The three-story tall Opernhaus am Zwinger, one of the largest opera houses in the world at the time, opens in Dresden by staging Antonio Lotti's Giovi in Argo.

title: 1719

section: Conflict & Security

date: December 17

text: December 17 – Two days after Prussian troops rout the Saxons at the Battle of Kesselsdorf, the Saxon capital of Dresden falls to Prussia's King Frederick the Great.

title: 1745

section: Events › October –December

date: October 14

text: October 14 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Hochkirch: Frederick loses a hard-fought battle against the Austrians under Marshal Leopold von Daun, who besieges Dresden.

title: 1758

section: Events › October–December

date: October 19

text: October 19 – Richard Wagner's opera Tannhäuser debuts at the Dresden Royal Court Theater.

title: 1845

date: October 29

text: October 29 – At Dresden, Albrecht I becomes new King Albrecht I of King of Saxony, an independent state within the German Empire, upon the death of his father King Johann, who had ruled since 1854.

title: 1873

date: January 26

text: January 26 – Premiere of Richard Strauss's opera Der Rosenkavalier in Dresden.

title: 1911

date: July 20

text: July 20 – The Geibeltbad Pirna water sports facility is opened in Dresden, Germany.

title: 1937

section: Crime & Justice

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Convicted Manhattan Project spy Klaus Fuchs is released after nine years in a British prison and allowed to emigrate to Dresden, East Germany where he resumes a scientific career.

title: 1959


slug: druze

label: Druze

description: Arab ethnoreligious group of the Levant

section: Births

text: Hamza ibn 'Ali ibn-Ahmad, founding leader of the Druze

title: 985

section: Religion & Belief

text: Summer – Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad publicly declares the founding of the Druze religion, during the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

title: 1017

section: Events › Arabian Empire

title: 1021

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: October 27

text: October 27 – Hürrem Pasha, the Ottoman Empire's Governor-General of the Damascus Eyalet (which includes parts of what will become Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine) begins a punitive expedition through Lebanon against the Druze of Chouf. During the first campaign, Hürrem's troops burn 43 villages and kill at least 400 Druze.

title: 1523

date: April 13

text: April 13 – Druze warlord Fakhr-al-Din II is executed in Constantinople.

title: 1635

text: Christians and Druzes clash in Damascus, Syria.

title: 1860

date: October 5

text: October 5 – Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.

title: 1860

date: May 9

text: May 9 – The French navy bombards Damascus, because of Druze riots.

title: 1926

section: Events › May

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Several clashes erupt in southern Syria between armed Druze and Bedouin groups.

title: 2025

section: Events › July


slug: dubai

label: Dubai

description: most populous city in the United Arab Emirates and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Dubai secedes from Abu Dhabi.

title: 1833

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: March 6

text: March 6–8 – Exclusive Agreement: Rulers of six Trucial States (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah and Umm al-Quwain) and Bahrain sign an agreement, by which they become de facto British protectorates.

title: 1892

section: Events › March

date: October 25

text: October 25 – The airline Emirates is established in Dubai and makes its first flight, to Karachi, Pakistan.

title: 1985

section: Events › October

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum of Dubai makes the largest single charitable donation in modern history, committing €7.41 billion to an educational foundation in the Middle East.

title: 2007

section: Science & Discovery

date: January 4

text: January 4 – The tallest man-made structure to date, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is officially opened.

title: 2010

section: Events › January

date: August 3

text: August 3 – Emirates Flight 521 crashes at Dubai International Airport in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. 1 person was killed and 39 people were injured.

title: 2016

section: Events › August

section: Health & Medicine

date: October 1

text: October 1 – The 2020 World Expo in Dubai begins. Its opening was originally scheduled for 20 October 2020 but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: 2021

date: March 31

text: March 31 – Expo 2020 closes in Dubai after a 6-month run; originally scheduled for 10 April 2021, it was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: 2022


slug: dublin

label: Dublin

description: capital and largest city of Ireland

text: Vikings from Norway capture Dublin and establish a Norse kingdom in Ireland, and also at about this date make their first overwintering at Lough Neagh in the north of Ireland.

title: 840

section: Events › By place › British Isles

text: The town of Dyflin (meaning "Black Pool") or Dublin (modern Ireland) is founded by Norwegian Vikings, on the south bank of the River Liffey. The settlement is fortified with a ditch and an earth rampart, with a wooden palisade on top. The Norsemen establish a wool weaving industry, and there is also a slave trade. An artificial hill is erected, where the nobility meets to make laws and discuss policy.

title: 841

section: Events › By place › Ireland

section: Conflict & Security

text: Viking raiders, led by Olaf the White, arrive in Scotland from the Viking settlement of Dublin (Ireland). He rampages the country, until his defeat in battle by King Constantine I.

title: 864

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: The Danes, led by Ivar the Boneless and King Olaf of the Dublin Vikings, besiege Dumbarton in Scotland, the capital of King Artgal of Stratchlyde. After a siege of four months, the citadel is captured and destroyed.

title: 870

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Danish Vikings, probably led by Halfdan Ragnarsson, invade Dublin. During the fighting, Eystein Olafsson, king of Dublin, is killed.

title: 875

text: Viking raiders establish a settlement near Waterford (Ireland) led by Ottir (the Black). The Dublin Vikings are forced to pay tribute to the Irish kings of Meath and Leinster as the price to keeping their independence.

title: 914

text: English troops are deployed on the Llŷn Peninsula on behalf of King Hywel of Gwynedd in order to prevent his uncle, King Iago, invading with Viking allies from Dublin.

title: 978

section: Events › By place › England

text: Approximate date – Norse Viking settlers establish a mint in Dublin (Ireland), to produce silver pennies.

title: 992

text: Malachy captures Dublin for the third time.

title: 995

section: Events › Europe

date: September 21

text: September 21 – Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: Following a siege, combined Anglo-Norman and Irish forces seize the city of Dublin, forcing Ascall mac Ragnaill, last King of Dublin, into exile.

title: 1170

date: October 17

text: October 17 – Henry II invades Ireland and lands with a large army of at least 500 mounted knights, and 4,000 men and archers at Waterford. Henry commandeers merchant ships as part of his invasion. He claims the ports of Dublin, Waterford, and Wexford, and promises the Irish chieftains protection if they will acknowledge him as their overlord. Henry is recognized as "Lord of Ireland", traders are invited to Dublin where an English colony is set up.

title: 1171

text: Black Monday, Dublin: A group of 500 recently arrived settlers from Bristol are massacred by warriors of the Irish O'Byrne clan. The group (accompanied by women and children) leaves the safety of the walled city of Dublin to celebrate Easter Monday near a wood at Ranelagh, and are attacked without warning. Although a relatively obscure event in history, it is commemorated by a mustering of the Mayor, Sheriffs, and soldiers on the day, as a challenge to the native tribes for centuries afterwards.

title: 1209

date: January 2

text: January 2 – Most of Dublin, including St. Patrick's Cathedral, is burned in a fire.

title: 1283

date: February 9

text: February 9 – At Dublin, acting in his capacity as Lord of Ireland, King Edward II of England (as Éadbhard II Shasana, Tiarna Éireann) opens the first session of the Parliament of Ireland during his administration. The Irish Parliament will hold 14 sessions before being dismissed in 1326.

title: 1310

section: Events › January – March

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: April 6

text: April 6 – A fire destroys much of St Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.

title: 1362

section: Events › January–December

date: June

text: June – The English Pale in Ireland is reduced to Dublin, County Kildare, County Louth, and County Meath.

title: 1401

section: Events › April–June

section: Economy & Finance

text: Rathbornes Candles is established in Dublin; the company is still trading in the 21st century.

title: 1488

section: Events › Date unknown

date: February 25

text: February 25 – In his capacity as Lord of Ireland, Henry VIII opens the first of six assemblies of parliament during his reign of the Parliament of Ireland at Dublin. The parliament holds three sessions, ending on October 2, when it is dismissed.

title: 1516

section: Events › January–March

date: April 23

text: April 23 – The Earl of Essex arrives in Dublin at the head of 16,000 troops, the largest army ever seen in Ireland.

title: 1599

text: Refugee French Huguenot merchants begin to settle in Dublin and Waterford.

title: 1605

date: January 16

text: January 16 – Citizens of Dublin declare their support for Rinuccini, and refuse to support the army of the Marquis of Ormond.

title: 1647

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin, unopposed and with thousands of English troops, to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.

title: 1649

section: Events › July–September

date: March 25

text: March 25 – England's first royal yacht, HMY Mary, strikes rocks off of the coast of Anglesey while traveling from Dublin to Chester with 74 passengers and crew, and quickly sinks, with the loss of 35 people. The other 39 are able to get to safety. The wreckage is not discovered until almost 300 years later, on July 11, 1971.

title: 1675

date: August 28

text: August 28 – The Irish Donation of 1676 is shipped from Dublin, to relieve Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

title: 1676

date: June 24

text: June 24 – The Grand Lodge of Ireland in Dublin holds its first recorded meeting, making it the second most senior Grand Lodge in world Freemasonry, and the oldest in continuous existence.

title: 1725

section: Culture & Society

text: April 13 – George Frideric Handel's oratorio The Messiah is first performed, in Dublin, Ireland in aid of local charities.

title: 1742

section: Events › April –June

date: December 31

text: December 31 – The Guinness Brewery is leased by Arthur Guinness in St. James's Gate, Dublin, Ireland, for the brewing of Guinness.

title: 1759

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: March 13

text: March 13 – Construction begins in Dublin on the Four Courts Building, with the first stone laid down by the United Kingdom's Viceroy for Ireland, the Duke of Rutland.

title: 1786

date: August 5

text: August 5 – The Royal Hibernian Academy is founded in Dublin.

title: 1823

date: May 25

text: May 25 – The Catholic Association, a campaign for Catholic emancipation within the United Kingdom, begins in Ireland at a meeting of 13 people at a bookseller's house on Capel Street in Dublin.

title: 1823

text: August 28 – St. Vincent's Ecclesiastical Seminary, a predecessor of Castleknock College, is founded by the Vincentian community in Dublin, Ireland.

title: 1835

date: May 12

text: May 12–October 31 – The Great Industrial Exhibition is held in Dublin, Ireland.

title: 1853

date: May 2

text: May 2 – The Kilmainham Treaty, an agreement between the British government and Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell to abate tenant rent arrears, is announced; Parnell is released from Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin.

title: 1882

date: September 6

text: September 6 – Dublin association football club Bohemian F.C. is founded in the Gate Lodge, Phoenix Park.

title: 1890

section: Events › September

text: The Girls' Brigade is founded in Dublin, Ireland, origin of the international Christian youth organisation.

title: 1893

date: December 24

text: December 24 – Kingstown lifeboat disaster: 15 crew are lost when their life-boat capsizes while trying to rescue the crew of the Palme off Kingstown (modern-day Dún Laoghaire), near Dublin, Ireland.

title: 1895

section: Events › December

date: September

text: September – Shelbourne F.C. is founded in Dublin, Ireland.

title: 1895

text: December 27 – The Abbey Theatre in Dublin opens.

title: 1904

text: June 16 – The original "Bloomsday", the day James Joyce first walks out with his future wife Nora Barnacle (whom he first met on June 10), to the Dublin suburb of Ringsend. He sets the action of his novel Ulysses (1922) on this date.

title: 1904

text: July 26 – Howth gun-running: former British civil servant and novelist Erskine Childers and his wife Molly sail into Howth in Ireland and land 2,500 guns for the nationalist Irish Volunteers from a German dealer. British Army troops of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, returning to Dublin having been called out to assist police in attempting to prevent the Volunteers from moving the arms to the city, perpetrate the Bachelor's Walk massacre, firing on a crowd of protestors at Bachelors Walk, killing three; a fourth man dies later from bayonet wounds and more than 37 others are injured.

title: 1914

text: April 24–30 – The Easter Rising occurs in Ireland. Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood proclaim an Irish Republic, and the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army occupy the General Post Office and other buildings in Dublin, before surrendering to the British Army. A total of 485 Irish Volunteers, British soldiers and Irish civilians were killed as well as 2,200 wounded and 16 rebel leaders would be executed.

title: 1916

text: May 3–12 - 15 Irish rebel leaders who took part in the Easter Rising in Dublin in April are executed. Among them were Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Thomas Clarke and William Pearse, brother of Patrick Pearse who had served as a captain rather than a leader.

title: 1916

text: December 28 – Sinn Féin enjoys a landslide victory of the Irish seats at the 1918 United Kingdom general election, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. In accordance with their manifesto, Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the Palace of Westminster but will form the First Dáil in Dublin. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison (London), becomes the first woman elected to (but does not take her seat in) the British House of Commons.

title: 1918

text: November 21 – Irish War of Independence: Bloody Sunday – The Irish Republican Army (IRA), on the instructions of Michael Collins, shoot dead the "Cairo gang", 14 British undercover agents in Dublin, most in their homes. Later this day in retaliation, the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary open fire on a crowd at a Gaelic Athletic Association football match in Croke Park, resulting in 14 deaths with 60 wounded. Three men are shot this night in Dublin Castle "while trying to escape".

title: 1920

text: May 25 – Irish War of Independence: The Irish Republican Army occupies and burns The Custom House in Dublin, the centre of local government in Ireland. Five IRA men are killed, and over 80 are captured by the British Army which surrounds the building.

title: 1921

text: June 28 – The Irish Civil War and Battle of Dublin begin when the Irish National Army, using artillery loaned by the British, begins to bombard the anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army forces occupying the Four Courts in Dublin. Fighting in Dublin lasts until July 5.

title: 1922

text: Ernest Blythe, Minister for Finance in the Irish Free State, arranges an annual government subsidy of £850 for the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, making it the first state-supported theatre in the English-speaking world.

title: 1925

text: July 10 – Timothy Coughlan, Bill Gannon and Archie Doyle, members of the anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army, shoot dead Kevin O'Higgins, Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State and Minister for Justice, as O'Higgins is walking to Mass in Dublin.

title: 1927

text: April 12 – 14 – The first east–west transatlantic flight by aeroplane takes place from Dublin, Ireland, to Greenly Island, Canada, using the German Junkers W 33 Bremen.

title: 1928

text: August 6 – Australian athlete Herb Elliott clips almost 3 seconds off the world record for the mile run at Santry Stadium, Dublin, recording a time of 3 minutes 54.5 seconds.

title: 1958

text: March 8 – Nelson's Pillar in O'Connell Street, Dublin, is clandestinely blown up by former Irish Republican Army volunteers marking this year's 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising.

title: 1966

text: November 19 – Seán Mac Stíofáin, a leader of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, is arrested in Dublin after giving a radio interview to RTÉ and charged with being a member of the IRA.

title: 1972

text: May 17 – The Troubles: The Dublin and Monaghan bombings are carried out by the Ulster Volunteer Force, when they explode four car bombs in counties Dublin and Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland. The attacks kill 33 civilians and wound almost 300, the highest number of casualties in any single event during the conflict.

title: 1974

text: November 23 – The Troubles: In Dublin, Ireland, Provisional Irish Republican Army member Thomas McMahon is sentenced to life in prison for the assassination of Lord Mountbatten of Burma in August. He was released in 1998 under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.

title: 1979

text: April 4 – UK pop group Bucks Fizz's song "Making Your Mind Up" wins the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest in Dublin, Ireland.

title: 1981

text: April 23 – UEFA announces that due to a lack of guarantees regarding spectators caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Aviva Stadium in Dublin, Ireland would be removed as a tournament host for the UEFA Euro 2020.

title: 2021

text: November 23 – Riots broke out in Dublin, Ireland after a mass stabbing on Parnell Square East which injured 4 people.

title: 2023


slug: duchy-of-aquitaine

label: Duchy of Aquitaine

description: medieval duchy in southern France

section: Conflict & Security

text: Lupus I, duke of Gascony, is assassinated in his attempt to seize Limoges (France). Eudes becomes ruler over both Gascony and Aquitaine.

title: 710

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Births

text: Pepin II (the Younger), king of Aquitaine

title: 823

section: Deaths

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Pepin I of Aquitaine, king of Aquitaine (b. 797)

title: 838

text: Charles the Child, king of Aquitaine (or 848)

title: 847

text: Charles the Child, king of Aquitaine (or 847)

title: 848

text: Ranulf II, duke of Aquitaine (d. 890)

title: 850

text: Summer – King Louis the German, summoned by the disaffected Frankish nobles, invades the West Frankish Kingdom and secures Aquitaine for his nephew Pepin II ("the Younger"). King Charles the Bald flees to Burgundy; he is saved by the help of the bishops, and by the fidelity of the family of the Welfs, who are related to Judith (second wife of former emperor Louis the Pious).

title: 858

text: Pepin II joins the Vikings in an attack on Toulouse. He is captured while besieging the Frankish city. Pepin is deposed as king of Aquitaine, and imprisoned in Senlis.

title: 864

text: Charles the Child, king of Aquitaine

title: 866

text: Ebalus, duke of Aquitaine (approximate date)

title: 870

date: March 22

text: March 22 – William I, duke of Aquitaine (d. 918)

title: 875

section: Religion & Belief

date: December 26

text: December 26 – In an assembly at Pavia (Northern Italy), the lords of Lombardia elect Berengar I, a grandson of former emperor Louis the Pious (through his daughter Gisela), as king of Italy. He is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. After the deposition of Charles the Fat, the nobility chooses Ranulf II as duke (or 'king') of Aquitaine.

title: 887

text: August 5 – Ranulf II, duke of Aquitaine (b. 850)

title: 890

text: William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.

title: 910

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: July 6

text: July 6 – William I, duke of Aquitaine (b. 875)

title: 918

text: Emma of Blois, duchess of Aquitaine (d. 1003)

title: 950

date: April 3

text: April 3 – William III, duke of Aquitaine (b. 915)

title: 963

text: William V 'the Great', duke of Aquitaine (d. 1030)

title: 969

text: Council of Charroux: French bishops under the patronage of William IV, duke of Aquitaine, declare the first Peace of God (or Pax Dei). This agreement grants immunity from violence to noncombatants (peasants and clergy) who can not defend themselves.

title: 989

date: February 3

text: February 3 – William IV, duke of Aquitaine (b. 937)

title: 994

date: December 27

text: December 27 – Emma of Blois, duchess of Aquitaine

title: 1003

text: William VII ("the Bold"), duke of Aquitaine (d. 1058)

title: 1023

date: March 6

text: March 6 – In the Duchy of Aquitaine in France, the Aquitanian barons and prelates meet at Maillezais, to discuss the claims by William the Fat, son of the Duke of Aquitaine Guillaume le Grand (William the Great) to rule the vacant throne of the Kingdom of Italy (primarily Lombardy and Tuscany) within the Holy Roman Empire. The title is eventually claimed by Conrad the Salic.

title: 1025

section: Events

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Spring – King Conrad II, "the Elder", assembles an army of thousands of armored knights for an expedition into Italy. He besieges Pavia and marches to Milan, where he is crowned with the Iron Crown by Archbishop Aribert as king of the Lombards. Duke William V ("the Great") of Aquitaine, who is already en route for Italy, decides to renounce his claim to the Lombard throne and turns back.

title: 1026

section: Events › Asia › Europe

date: January 31

text: January 31 – William V (the Great), duke of Aquitaine (b. 969)

title: 1030

text: William VII ("the Bold"), duke of Aquitaine (b. 1023)

title: 1058

text: Ermengarde of Anjou, duchess of Aquitaine and Brittany (d. 1146)

title: 1068

date: October 22

text: October 22 – William IX ("the Troubador"), duke of Aquitaine (d. 1127)

title: 1071

date: September 25

text: September 25 – William VIII, duke of Aquitaine

title: 1086

text: Troubadours begin playing in western Aquitaine (Poitou and Saintonge) and Gascony (approximate date).

title: 1090

section: Events › By topic › Arts and Culture

text: Aénor de Châtellerault, duchess of Aquitaine (d. 1130)

title: 1103

date: February 10

text: February 10 – William IX ("the Troubador"), duke of Aquitaine (b. 1071)

title: 1127

date: April 9

text: April 9 – William X (the Saint), duke of Aquitaine, dies while on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela (modern Spain). On his deathbed, he expresses his wish to see King Louis VI (the Fat) of France as protector of his 15-year-old daughter Eleanor, and to find her a suitable husband.

title: 1137

text: April 9 – William X (the Saint), duke of Aquitaine (b. 1099)

title: 1137

section: Crime & Justice

date: March 27

text: March 27 – Patrick of Salisbury, Angevin governor of Poitou, is killed in an ambush at Poitiers by French forces under Guy of Lusignan. He is escorting Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine on a journey near the border of Aquitaine. Patrick's nephew, William Marshal, is part of the royal escort and is taken prisoner. Later he is ransomed and becomes a member of Eleanor's household.

title: 1168

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II, to establish her own court in Poitiers. It will become known as a center of courtly love. Richard I accompanies his mother and is made heir to Aquitaine.

title: 1169

section: Events › By topic › Art and Science

text: Summer – The 14-year-old Richard (later Richard I of England) is formally recognized as duke of Aquitaine. The ceremony takes place at the church of St. Hilary in Poitiers.

title: 1172

date: September 30

text: September 30 – The Revolt of 1173–1174: After a year and a half of rebellion, Henry II achieves peace agreements with his sons Henry the Young King, Richard, Geoffrey, and John at Montlouis, on the basis of the pre-war status quo. Before he returns to Normandy, Henry orders the rebel castles in England and Aquitaine to be destroyed.

title: 1174

text: King Henry II of England encourages his youngest (and favorite) son John to seize Aquitaine from his brother Richard.

title: 1184

text: Spring – King Philip II of France ("Augustus") summons John, King of England ("Lackland") to Paris to answer his charges against the Lusignans. On April 28, failing to attend Philip's court, John is declared to be a 'rebel' and to have forfeited the areas of Aquitaine, Poitou and Anjou. Philip tries to mediate the political problems between John and the Lusignans (who are charged with treason) but this is ignored by John. The lands are given to Arthur of Brittany. Philip supports Arthur's claim to the English throne and betrothes his 4-year-old daughter Marie.

title: 1202

text: Summer – King Philip II ("Augustus") conquers most of the Angevin lands, including much of Aquitaine. Fearing a French invasion of England itself, John, King of England ("Lackland") requires every English male over 12 years to enter a mobilization "for the general defense of the realm and the preservation of peace". John prepares an expedition force of his own, but the barons refuse to cross the Channel.

title: 1205

text: June – John, King of England ("Lackland") lands an expeditionary army at La Rochelle to defend his interests in Aquitaine, which is his from the inheritance from his mother, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. Meanwhile, French forces led by King Philip II ("Augustus") move south to meet John. The year's campaign ends in a stalemate and a two-year truce is made between the two rulers.

title: 1206

text: October 15 – Hostilities that will lead to the War of Saint-Sardos between England and France begin when King Charles IV of France has a royal sergeant place a stake claiming to claim the French town of Saint-Sardos, territory within the jurisdiction of King Edward II of England (who is also the ruler of the Duchy of Aquitaine in southeastern France).

title: 1323

text: June 24 – King Charles IV of France issues an order declaring the Duchy of Aquitaine, French territory ruled by King Edward II of England, forfeited to the crown. The move comes after King Edward fails to render homage, as Duke of Aquitaine, to King Charles. A French army of 7,000 men is massed at the border of Aquitaine for an invasion.

title: 1324

text: September 12 – Edward II is persuaded not to go to France by Hugh Despenser the Elder, his chief adviser. He decides to send his 12-year-old son, Prince Edward of Windsor, to go to Paris and to pay homage instead. Before the young Edward departs, he is bestowed with the title of Count of Ponthieu. Charles IV gives his consent for him to receive the English Aquitaine.

title: 1325

text: March 31 – King Charles IV of France makes a peace treaty with England. He returns Aquitaine and Gascony to English rule. Charles receives 50,000 livres. The territories of Limousin, Quercy and Périgord county come under control of France.

title: 1327

text: March 18 – In a period of a few days, more than 800 communities in the Duchy of Aquitaine send requests to King Charles V of France for aid in escaping England's rule.

title: 1369

text: September 4 – In the Duchy of Aquitaine, now part of France but at the time ruled by the King of England, the civic leaders of the town of Soule sign an agreement with Gaston III of Foix, popularly known as "Fébus", for his protection against raids from John of Gaunt.

title: 1375


slug: duchy-of-athens

label: Duchy of Athens

description: former country (1205–1458)

text: Othon de la Roche, a Burgundian nobleman, founds the Duchy of Athens (one of the Crusader states set up in Greece) and takes the title of "Grand Lord" (Megaskyr) in Athens.

title: 1205

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: War of the Euboeote Succession: Achaean forces under William II of Villehardouin attempt to gain control of the island of Euboea, which is resisted by the local Lombard barons (or "triarchs") with the aid of the Republic of Venice. William launches devastating raids in Euboea. Guy I de la Roche, the "Great Lord" of Athens and Thebes, enters the war against William, along with other barons of Central Greece.

title: 1256

date: June

text: June – War of the Euboeote Succession: Achaean forces under William II Villehardouin defeat a coalition of Greek princes led by Guy I de la Roche ("Great Lord"), duke of Athens, which ends the conflict, on August 6.

title: 1258

text: Guy I de la Roche, duke of Athens and Thebes (b. 1205)

title: 1263

date: October 5

text: October 5 – Guy II de la Roche, Duchy of Athens, dies at the age of 28, bringing an end to the de la Roche dynasty. He is succeeded by his cousin, Walter V, Count of Brienne.

title: 1308

section: Events › October – December

date: March 15

text: March 15 – The Battle of Halmyros is fought in Greece as the mercenaries of the Catalan Company defeat the Latin forces (some 15,000 men), and their allies under Walter V at Halmyros (southern Thessaly). After the battle, they take control of the Duchy of Athens. Later, Catalan forces peacefully occupy all of Attica and Boeotia, which they rule as part of Greece (until the 1380s).

title: 1311

section: Events › January – March

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Louis "the Child", age 4, succeeds his father, Peter II, as king of Sicily and duke of Athens; he is crowned on September 15 in Palermo Cathedral.

title: 1342

section: Events › January–December

section: Culture & Society

date: December 29

text: December 29 – Representatives of Prince Amadeo of Savoy meet with Nerio I Acciaioli, Duke of Athens at the Acropolis in a pact against the Navarrese Company. The parties agree to oppose the Navarrese control of Morea and Nerio agrees to recognize Amadeo as Prince of Achaea.

title: 1391

section: Events › October–December

date: January 11

text: January 11 – The King of Naples, Ladislao of Anjou-Durazzo, grants Neapolitan-controlled Greece to Nerio Acciaioli as the Duchy of Athens.

title: 1394

section: Events › January–March

date: March 18

text: March 18 – After Donato Acciaioli, Duke of Athens, rewards Captain Andrea Bembo for defending Athens against an Ottoman attack, Senate of the Republic of Venice votes to annex the Duchy of Athens.

title: 1395

text: Constantine XI Palaiologos, as ruler of the Despotate of the Morea, invades the Duchy of Athens (at this time under Florentine control), and forces it to pay tribute and return Thebes to the Byzantine Empire.

title: 1444

section: Events › Date unknown


slug: duchy-of-austria

label: Duchy of Austria

description: a medieval principality of the Holy Roman Empire, established in 1156 by the Privilegium Minus

section: Births

text: Henry II (Jasomirgott), duke of Austria (d. 1177)

title: 1112

section: Conflict & Security

date: December 18

text: December 18 – Conrad III (with support of the imperial cities, Swabia and Austria) is elected and crowned as anti-king of Germany at Nuremberg.

title: 1127

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Frederick I, duke of Austria (d. 1198)

title: 1175

section: Deaths

date: January 2

text: January 2 – Theodora Komnene, duchess of Austria

title: 1184

date: February 14

text: February 14 – King Richard I (the Lionheart), previously imprisoned on his return from the Third Crusade by Leopold V (the Virtuous), duke of Austria is handed over to Emperor Henry VI, and moved to Trifels Castle.

title: 1193

date: April 16

text: April 16 – Frederick I (the Catholic), duke of Austria (b. 1175)

title: 1198

text: Summer – After uncovering a plot against him, Emeric, King of Hungary defeats his brother Duke Andrew in a battle, forcing him into exile in Austria. Thereafter, border clashes occurs between Hungary and Austria.

title: 1199

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Helena of Hungary, duchess of Austria

title: 1199

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Frederick II, duke of Austria and Styria (d. 1246)

title: 1211

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Battle of the Leitha River: Hungarian forces, under King Béla IV, defeat Duke Frederick II (the Quarrelsome) at the banks of the Leitha River. Frederick is killed (leaving no male heirs); the House of Babenberg is dissolved. Emperor Frederick II places the fiefs of Austria and Styria under his rule. This ends the Austrian claims to the western counties of Hungary.

title: 1246

text: June 15 – Frederick II, duke of Austria and Styria (b. 1211)

title: 1246

text: June – King Rudolf I of Germany declares war on his rival Ottokar II of Bohemia. After 6 months of campaigning, Ottokar surrenders all his lands (including Austria and Styria) except Bohemia and Moravia. Rudolf makes Vienna his capital, marking the beginning of the House of Habsburg, which will last until 1918.

title: 1276

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Treaty of Rheinfelden: The 11-year-old Rudolf II is forced to relinquish his claim on the Duchies of Austria and Styria to his elder brother, Albert I. According to the terms of the agreement, concluded at the Imperial City of Rheinfelden (modern Switzerland), Rudolf receives some territories in Further Austria in return.

title: 1283

text: April 9 – At the Battle of Näfels, the Canton of Glarus, in alliance with the Old Swiss Confederacy, decisively defeats the Duchy of Austria and the Habsburgs, despite being outnumbered 16 to one.

title: 1388

section: Events › April–June

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Following the Battle of Sempach, a seven-year peace agreement is concluded between the Duchy of Austria and the Old Swiss Confederacy.

title: 1389

date: July 16

text: July 16 – The agreement between the Swiss Confederacy (the cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz and Unterwaldeden) and the Duchy of Austria, originally signed on April 1, 1389, following the 1386 Battle of Sempach, is extended by amendment.

title: 1394

section: Events › July–September

date: June 12

text: June 12 – An armistice between Duchy of Austria and the Swiss Confederation comes into force, ending the Old Zurich War.

title: 1446


slug: duchy-of-bavaria

label: Duchy of Bavaria

description: Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire (907–1805)

text: Theodo II, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)

title: 625

text: Theodbert, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)

title: 685

text: Tassilo II, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)

title: 690

text: Ansprand, duke of Asti, returns from exile to Italy with a large Bavarian army. Many Austrians (with troops of Venetia) join him in support. King Aripert II, who usurped the throne in 701, is defeated and tries to escape from Pavia to Gaul with his treasury, but drowns in the Ticino River. He is the last Bavarian to wear the Iron Crown (approximate date).

title: AD 711

title: 716

text: Theobald, duke of Bavaria (or 719)

title: 717

title: 719

text: Duke Grimoald becomes sole ruler of Bavaria, after the deaths of his brothers Theodbert, Theobald, and Tassilo II. He reunites the duchy after a civil war, and makes his capital Salzburg (approximate date).

title: 719

text: Charles Martel invades Bavaria, and kills Duke Grimoald in battle. His son Hugbert submits to Frankish suzerainty, and Charles brings back the Agilolfing princess Swanachild, who becomes his concubine (later his wife).

title: 725

text: Tassilo III, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)

title: 741

text: Tassilo III, duke of Bavaria, recognizes the supremacy of King Pepin III ("the Short") at an assembly held at Compiègne (Northern France), and becomes a vassal of the Frankish Kingdom. He swears an oath (commendatio) to Pepin, and promises his allegiance.

title: AD 757

section: Religion & Belief

text: Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria founds Kremsmünster Abbey (modern Austria). During this period, the Tassilo Chalice is possibly donated by Luitpirga, wife of Tassilo (approximate date).

title: AD 777

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. Carloman receives Bavaria (with more lands along the Inn River). He gives Saxony to Louis the Younger (with Franconia, and Thuringia) and Swabia (with Raetia) to Charles the Fat. Louis arranges marriages into the local aristocracy, for his sons to hold important territories along the frontiers.

title: 865

date: August 28

text: August 28 – King Louis the German dies at Frankfurt, while preparing for war against his brother Charles II ("the Bald"), ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. The East Frankish Kingdom is divided among his three sons: Carloman receives Bavaria and styles himself "King of Bavaria". Louis the Younger receives Saxony (with Franconia and Thuringia), and Charles the Fat receives Swabia (with Raetia).

title: 876

date: December 8

text: December 8 – Arnulf of Carinthia dies from paralysis following a stroke and is entombed in St. Emmeram's Abbey at Regensburg (Bavaria). He is succeeded by his 6-year-old son Louis III (the Child) as ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. Arnulf's counselor Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz, becomes regent and guardian of the young king. Louis (possibly at the instigation of Hatto) claims Lotharingia from his half-brother Zwentibold and with the support of the East Frankish nobles he provokes a civil war. The Lombard throne is left temporarily vacant.

title: 899

text: Berthold, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)

title: 900

date: February 4

text: February 4 – The 7-year-old Louis IV ("the Child") is proclaimed king of the East Frankish Kingdom at an assembly at Forchheim (Bavaria). Because of his young age, the reins of government are entirely in the hands of others – the Frankish nobles and bishops. The most influential of Louis' councillors are Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz, and Solomon III, bishop of Constance.

title: 900

text: Spring – King Berengar I of Italy arranges a truce with the Hungarians, on payment of a tribute. Grand Prince Árpád withdraws from Italy, and begins raiding in Bavaria.

title: 905

text: Summer – The Hungarians invade Bavaria, causing great destruction, occupying many towns and, on their way home, defeating a Bavarian army at Lengenfeld. The Hungarian-Bavarian border is fixed on the Enns River.

title: 907

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Luitpold, margrave of Bavaria

title: 907

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.

title: 910

text: The Hungarians cross Bavaria, and invade Swabia and Franconia. They plunder the territories from Minfeld to Aargau. After that, they cross the Rhine, and attack Burgundy for the first time.

title: AD 911

text: German dukes Henry the Fowler of Saxony and Arnulf I (the Bad) of Bavaria claim themselves to be sovereign princes, not recognizing the authority of their overlord, King Conrad I of the East Frankish Kingdom, as he is not a Carolingian. Duke Erchanger II of Swabia and Conrad's brother, Duke Eberhard III of Franconia, support the Conradines.

title: 912

text: Battle of the Inn: The Hungarians invade Bavaria, Swabia and Northern Burgundy. At their return they face the combined armies of Arnulf (duke of Bavaria), Erchanger and Burchard II (dukes of Swabia), who defeat them at Aschbach near the Inn River (modern Germany).

title: 913

date: May 24

text: May 24 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. He recognizes the stem duchies (uniting them in a German confederation) and all their sovereign privileges. Two of the four most influential duchies, Bavaria and Swabia, do not accept his rule. Henry fortifies Magdeburg against the Magyars.

title: 919

section: Events › By Place › Europe

text: Summer – King Henry I (the Fowler) defeats his rival Arnulf I (the Bad), duke of Bavaria, in two campaigns. Arnulf is besieged at Regensburg and forced to accept peace negotiations, recognising Henry as sole sovereign of the East Frankish Kingdom (Germany).

title: 921

text: Judith, duchess regent of Bavaria (d. 985)

title: 925

text: Early 929 – Henry the Fowler invades Bohemia from the north and marches on Prague. Duke Arnulf I of Bavaria invades Bohemia from the south. The Bohemians capitulate.

title: 929

text: Spring – Arnulf I ("the Bad") of Bavaria invades Italy, crossing through the Upper Adige (modern Tyrol). He proceeds towards Verona to join his supporters. King Hugh of Provence takes a Burgundian army against him, and defeats Arnulf at Gossolengo, forcing him to return to Bavaria.

title: 935

date: July 14

text: July 14 – Arnulf I, duke of Bavaria

title: 937

text: Spring – Henry I, duke of Bavaria, plots to assassinate his brother, King Otto I, at the royal palace in Quedlinburg (modern Saxony-Anhalt), but the conspiracy is discovered and Henry is put in captivity in Ingelheim. He is released after doing penance at Christmas.

title: 941

text: Battle of Wels: A joint Bavarian–Carantanian army led by Bertold (duke of Bavaria) defeats the Hungarians near Wels (Upper Austria), who are attacked at a crossing of the Enns River at Ennsburg.

title: 943

text: Winter – King Otto I cedes the Duchy of Bavaria to his brother Henry I. To secure his rule, Henry is married to Judith, a daughter of Arnulf I ("the Bad"), and appoints a series of counts palatine.

title: 947

date: November 23

text: November 23 – Berthold, duke of Bavaria

title: 947

text: Two Hungarian armies invade Bavaria and Carinthia. One of them is defeated at Flozzun in the Nordgau by Henry I, duke of Bavaria.

title: 948

text: Summer – The Hungarians defeat a Bavarian army at Laa (modern Austria).

title: 949

text: Henry I, duke of Bavaria, attacks Western Hungary, taking captives and plunder. He enlarges his duchy in the wars with the Hungarians.

title: 950

text: Fall – King Otto I crosses the Brenner Pass and takes his army into Italy. He is accompanied by his brothers, Henry I (duke of Bavaria), Bruno I, and Conrad the Red (duke of Lotharingia). Otto faces no opposition and they arrive in Pavia. Berengar II has departed the day before and entrenched himself in San Marino. Otto receives the homage of the Italian nobility, marries Adelaide, and declares himself King of the Lombards.

title: 951

text: Henry II (the Wrangler), duke of Bavaria (d. 995)

title: 951

text: Summer – Liudolf, duke of Swabia, and his brother-in-law Conrad the Red rebel against King Otto I. Otto and his army fail to capture the cities of Mainz and Augsburg. He declares Liudolf and Conrad as outlaws in absentia. His brother Bruno I, archbishop of Cologne, restores royal authority in Lorraine, but some of the rebellious dukes receive support from the Hungarians. They seize the opportunity to invade Bavaria.

title: 953

text: Otto I, duke of Swabia and Bavaria (d. 982)

title: 954

text: Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavaria (approximate date)

title: 955

date: September 6

text: September 6 – Liudolf, the eldest son of King Otto I, dies of a violent fever near Pombia (it is rumored from a latent poison administered somehow by Berengar II's agents). The German armies return home, leaving Berengar of Ivrea in control of Italy. Liudolf is succeeded by his 3-year-old son Otto, who will be adopted and raised by his grandfather Otto, as the later duke of Swabia and Bavaria.

title: 957

text: King Berengar II invades the March of Verona, which is under control of the dukes of Bavaria, and lay siege to Count Adalbert Atto at Canossa Castle (northern Italy). Berengar sends a Lombard expeditionary force under his son Guy of Ivrea against Theobald II, duke of Spoleto. He captures Spoleto and Camerino.

title: 958

text: Battle of Danevirke: Emperor Otto II defeats the rebel forces of King Harald I, who has invaded Nordalbingia (modern-day Holstein), to shake off imperial overlordship. Otto's armies swiftly subdue the Danes, consolidating the frontier between Scandinavia and Northern Germany. Meanwhile, Henry II begins a rebellion against his cousin Otto. He forges alliances with Bavarian and Saxon nobles.

title: 974

text: July – Emperor Otto II (the Red) occupies Regensburg, forcing his rebellious cousin Henry II (the Wrangler) (who claims rulership over the Holy Roman Empire) to flee to Bohemia. Henry is deposed and Bavaria is handed over to Otto I of Swabia (a grandson of the late Emperor Otto I). He sets up the new "Grand Duchy of Carinthia" covering modern-day Austria.

title: 976

text: War of the Three Henries: Henry III (the Younger), duke of Carinthia, gets involved in a conflict over the Patriarchate of Aquileia (March of Verona) in northeastern Italy. Emperor Otto II (the Red) decides in Aquileia's favor, prompting Henry III to go into revolt. He joins forces with Henry II (the Wrangler), duke of Bavaria. They are both joined by Henry I, bishop of Augsburg.

title: 977

text: War of the Three Henries: Emperor Otto II (the Red) supported by his nephew Otto I, duke of Bavaria and Carinthia, attacks Passau, where the rebels have assembled. In September, the town surrenders due to Otto's siege tactics, which includes a bridge of boats. Ending of the revolt of Henry II (the Wrangler) against Otto II.

title: 978

text: Summer – Henry II (the Wrangler) is restored as duke of Bavaria by Empress Theophanu and her mother-in-law Adelaide at an Hoftag assembly in Rohr (Thuringia). King Otto III (5-years old) remains under the regency of the two empresses in the Holy Roman Empire and in the Kingdom of Italy.

title: 985

text: Judith, duchess regent of Bavaria (b. 925)

title: 985

text: October 5 – Henry III, duke of Bavaria (b. 940)

title: 989

text: November 1 – Otto III grants the Bavarian bishopric of Freising 30 "royal hides" of land (about 800 hectares, or 2,000 acres - 800 hectares is 2,000 acres) in Neuhofen an der Ybbs (Lower Austria). A document (the oldest known) marks the first use of the name Ostarrîchi, meaning "Eastern Realm" (Austria in Old High German).

title: 996

text: German–Polish War: Bolesław I annexes Bohemia and parts of Moravia (modern Slovakia). German nobles under Henry of Schweinfurt revolt against Henry II (who has been promised the Duchy of Bavaria).

title: 1003

text: July 21 – Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavaria

title: 1006

title: 1007

text: Conrad I (or Cuno), duke of Bavaria (approximate date)

title: 1020

text: Henry V, duke of Bavaria (House of Luxembourg)

title: 1026

text: 9-year-old Henry "the Black" is made duke of Bavaria by his father, Conrad II, after the death of his predecessor Henry V.

title: 1026

text: September/October – Conrad II ("the Child"), duke of Bavaria (d. 1055)

title: 1052

text: December – Conrad I, duke of Bavaria, is summoned to a Christmas court at Merseburg, and deposed by Emperor Henry III. He flees to King Andrew I in Hungary, and joins a coalition with the rebellious Welf III, duke of Carinthia. Henry's 4-year-old son Henry becomes the new duke of Bavaria.

title: 1053

text: April 10 – Conrad II, duke of Bavaria (b. 1052)

title: 1055

text: Welf II (or Welfhard), duke of Bavaria (d. 1120)

title: 1072

text: Henry IX "the Black", duke of Bavaria (d. 1126)

title: 1075

text: May 12 – Battle of Mailberg: Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia invades Austria with an army of 8,000 men (supported by mercenaries from Moravia and Bavaria). He defeats the forces under Margrave Leopold II ("the Fair") near Mailberg. The northern region of Lower Austria is devastated from pillage and famine.

title: 1082

text: Otto IV, count palatine of Bavaria (approximate date)

title: 1083

text: March 5 – Judith of Flanders, duchess of Bavaria

title: 1095

text: Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria (d. 1139) (approximate date)

title: 1108

text: Otto I ("the Redhead"), duke of Bavaria (d. 1183)

title: 1117

text: September 24 – Welf II ("the Fat"), duke of Bavaria (b. 1072)

title: 1120

text: Winter – King Lothair III makes Henry X ("the Proud"), duke of Bavaria to succeed his late father, Henry IX ("the Black"), who has died on December 13.

title: 1126

text: December 13 – Henry IX the Black, duke of Bavaria (b. 1075)

title: 1126

text: Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria (d. 1195)

title: 1129

text: December 4 – Emperor Lothair III dies at Breitenwang in Tyrol, while retreating from Italy after a mutiny among his troops. His son-in-law Henry X (the Proud), duke of Bavaria, inherits the Duchy of Saxony.

title: 1137

text: Spring – King Conrad III gives Bavaria to his half-brother Henry II ("Jasomirgott"). His wife, Gertrude (daughter of the late Emperor Lothair III) dies in childbirth at Klosterneuburg Monastery in Lower Austria on April 18.

title: 1143

text: June – A French expeditionary force (some 18,000 men) led by King Louis VII departs from Metz and travels through Bavaria. Louis is accompanied by the French nobility and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, heiress of France. At Regensburg, where the force arrives on June 29, the Crusaders journey peaceably for fifteen days through Hungary and reach the Byzantine frontier at the end of August.

title: 1147

text: December 23 – Louis I, duke of Bavaria (d. 1231)

title: 1173

text: Clementia of Zähringen, duchess of Bavaria and Saxony

title: 1175

text: Agnes of the Palatinate, duchess of Bavaria (House of Guelf) (d. 1267)

title: 1201

text: March 7 – Otto VIII, count palatine of Bavaria (approximate date)

title: 1209

text: Elizabeth of Hungary, duchess consort of Bavaria (d. 1271)

title: 1236

text: August 14 – Ludmilla of Bohemia, duchess of Bavaria

title: 1240

text: January 18 – Maria of Brabant, duchess of Bavaria (b. 1226)

title: 1256

text: April 7 – In southern Germany, the number of Duchies of Bavaria is reduced from three to two when Bavaria-Ingolstadt is reunited with Bavaria-Landshut, under the rule of Heinrich the Rich following the death of Ludwig the Hunchback of Ingolstadt. The Duchy of Bavaria-Munich, ruled by Albert III the Pious remains the only other duchy in Bavaria.

title: 1445

text: February 29 – Johann IV and his brother Sigismund of the House of Wittelsbach become the joint rulers of "Bavaria-Munich", one of several smaller states that had been fragmented from the original Duchy of Bavaria, upon the death of their father, Albrecht III the Pious. Albrecht III's third son, Albrecht IV, will reunite Bavaria-Munich with the other states (Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Straubing) into a single Duchy of Bavaria in 1503.

title: 1460

text: February 14 – The Swabian League is re-established at a ceremony in Esslingen am Neckar as a military alliance of the Electorate of the Palatinate, the Duchy of Bavaria, monarchies and archbishoprics in Bayreuth, Hesse, Ansbach, Baden, Tyrol, Württemberg, Mainz and Trier, as well as 22 other "free cities" in the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1488

text: Peter Canisius starts the Counter-Reformation in Bavaria.

title: 1549

text: October 24 – The War of the Jülich Succession ends as the Protestant Union (including Margraviate of Brandenburg Brandenburg and Electoral Palatinate) and the Catholic League (led by the Duchy of Bavaria) agree to withdraw their forces from Germany and to disband them by year's end.

title: 1610


slug: duchy-of-benevento

label: Duchy of Benevento

description: duchy

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Benevento becomes the capital of an independent duchy, under the Lombard chieftain Zotto (approximate date).

title: 571

text: The Lombards under Zotto, Duke of Benevento, sack the abbey of Monte Cassino near Naples. The Benedictine monks who survive flee to Rome, but they return to the site, and rebuild the monastery.

title: 581

text: Zotto, founder of the Duchy of Benevento

title: 591

text: King Godepert makes war against his brother Perctarit. He seeks the aid of Grimoald I, duke of Benevento, who has him assassinated; his son Raginpert escapes. Grimoald usurps the throne and becomes ruler of the Lombard Kingdom. Perctarit is exiled, and seeks refuge in Gaul and Britain.

title: 662

text: Emperor Constans II launches an assault against the Duchy of Benevento (Southern Italy). Taking advantage of the fact that Lombard king Grimoald I is engaged against Frankish forces from Neustria, Constans disembarks at Taranto, and besieges Lucera and Benevento.

title: 663

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Grimoald II, duke of Benevento (Italy)

title: 689

date: January 11

text: January 11 – Pope John VI dies at Rome, after a reign of little more than 3 years. During his rule, he protected the Byzantine exarch Theophylactus, when he invaded the Italian mainland from Sicily. He also induced Gisulf I, Lombard duke of Benevento, to withdraw from Byzantine territory, ransomed captives and ordered the restoration of Wilfrid, as deposed bishop of York. He is succeeded by John VII as the 86th pope of the Catholic Church.

title: 705

text: King Liutprand contracts an alliance with Eutychius, exarch of Ravenna, and agrees to support him in his attack on Rome, while subjugating the independent southern Lombard duchies of Benevento and Spoleto.

title: 730

text: Romuald II, duke of Benevento (Italy)

title: 732

text: Duke Audelais of Benevento and his minor son Gisulf are deposed by King Liutprand of the Lombards. He is succeeded by Gregory, who becomes ruler of Benevento.

title: 733

text: Duke Thrasimund II recovers the duchy of Spoleto and kills Hilderic with Papal-Beneventian aid. He does not return the confiscated papal cities, and his alliance with Pope Gregory III ruptures.

title: 740

text: King Liutprand of the Lombards meets Pope Zachary at Terni (Central Italy), who appeals to the king's religious faith. Liutprand is a pious Catholic and signs a 20-year peace treaty, restoring the cities of the Duchy of Rome which he has captured. The independent Lombard duchies of Spoleto and Benevento absorb into the Lombard Kingdom.

title: 742

date: February

text: February – King Liutprand of the Lombards dies of natural causes after a 32-year reign, in which he has defeated the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento, bringing the Lombard Kingdom to the height of her power. He is succeeded by Hildeprand, called "the Useless" (nephew or grandson of Liutprand), as ruler of the Lombards.

title: 744

text: Gisulf II, duke of Benevento (approximate date)

title: 751

text: The Church of Santa Sophia is founded by the Lombard duke Arechis II in Benevento (approximate date).

title: 760

text: Liutprand, duke of Benevento (approximate date)

title: 760

text: King Pepin III ("the Short") restores the papal privileges (see Donation of Pepin) in Benevento and Tuscany territory (and partially in Spoleto).

title: 765

date: June

text: June – King Desiderius surrenders the independence of the Lombards to the Franks, and is exiled to Corbie Abbey (Picardy). Charlemagne annexes northern Italy as a sub-kingdom, and takes the title of Rex Langobardorum. Some Lombards flee south to Benevento, which remains independent; Duke Arechis II retitles himself "Prince of Benevento".

title: 774

text: King Charlemagne spends Easter in Treviso (northern Italy), after putting down a rebellion in Friuli and Spoleto. He removes Hrodgaud of Friuli from power, and reforms the duchy as the March of Friuli (military frontier district). Co-conspirators who support the revolt are Arechis II, duke of Benevento, and Adalgis, son of former Lombard king Desiderius. Frankish counts are placed in the cities of Friuli.

title: 776

text: Charlemagne defines the Papal territory (see Papal States). He codifies the regions over which the pope would be temporal sovereign: the Duchy of Rome is expanded by Ravenna, the Duchy of the Pentapolis, parts of the Duchy of Benevento, Tuscany, Corsica and Lombardy.

title: 781

text: King Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne and ruler of Aquitaine, visits Monte Cassino and Capua, both in Beneventan territory. Prince Arechis II, feeling threatened by the Franks, decides that he needs to stop quarrelling with the Byzantine Duchy of Naples so he can focus on the Frankish foe. Prince Arechis II therefore signs a peace agreement, or 'pactum', with the Duchy of Naples.

title: 786

text: Empress Irene sends a Byzantine expeditionary army to invade southern Italy, but it is defeated and driven out (at Pope Adrian I's urging) by the Frankish army, allied with the forces of Benevento. She breaks off the engagement (see 782) between her son Constantine VI and the Frankish princess Rotrude, daughter of King Charlemagne.

title: AD 787

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Arechis II, duke of Benevento

title: AD 787

text: Byzantine troops led by Adalgis, son of former Lombard king Desiderius, invade southern Italy. His attempts are thwarted by the Franks, who attack territories in Benevento, obtaining notably the annexion of Chieti (Spoleto).

title: 788

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: King Charlemagne orders a 3 kilometre long channel dug from Treuchtlingen to Weißenburg (the Rhine and Danube river basins), to improve the transportation of goods between the Rhineland and Bavaria. Charlemagne's son, Pepin of Italy, campaigns against the Lombards in Benevento (Southern Italy).

title: 793

text: Grimoald III, Lombard prince of Benevento

title: 806

text: Grimoald III, Lombard duke of Benevento, dies without heirs. He is succeeded by Grimoald IV, who is forced to pay tribute to King Charles the Younger.

title: 806

text: Prince Grimoald IV is assassinated by a complot of Lombard nobles vying for his throne. He is succeeded by Sico as ruler of Benevento (Southern Italy), who is forced to pay an annual tribute of 7,000 solidi to Louis I.

title: 817

text: Grimoald IV, Lombard prince of Benevento

title: 817

text: Prince Sicard of Benevento is assassinated by a conspiracy among the nobility. He is succeeded by Radelchis I, chief army officer and treasurer of Sicard, who proclaims himself ruler of Benevento. He imprisons Siconulf, heir and brother of Sicard, in Taranto. But Amalfitan merchants, led by Landulf I, the gastald of Capua, and with the support of Guaifer, rescue him from prison. Siconulf is proclaimed prince of Salerno, and a civil war erupts, which splits the Lombard principality in Southern Italy.

title: 839

text: Radelchis I, prince (or duke) of Benevento

title: 851

text: At the invitation of Benevento, the newly-restored Byzantine fleet appears in the waters off Otranto. On the orders of Emperor Basil I, the Byzantines sail up the Adriatic Sea and reconquer part of southern Italy. The city of Bari is occupied in the name of the Byzantine Empire. Instead of holding it for his 'ally' Adelchis of Benevento, Basil makes it the capital of the new Byzantine Theme of Longobardia.

title: 876

text: Summer – Orso, Lombard prince of Benevento, is deposed after the capture of Benevento by the Byzantines. Benevento becomes the capital of the thema of Longobardia.

title: 891

text: Spring – Atenulf I, Lombard prince of Capua, conquers the Duchy of Benevento. He deposes Duke Radelchis II and unites the two southern Lombard duchies in Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy). The Byzantines offer a strategic alliance to Atenulf who directs a campaign against the Saracens. They establish themselves on the banks of the Garigliano River. From here, Arab warbands launch frequent raids in Campania.

title: 900

text: Duke Atenulf I (the Great) of Benevento attacks the Saracens at the Garigliano River, with the assistance of Naples and Amalfi. Crossing the river, Atenulf defeats an Arab army and reaches the walls of their fortified camp. However, the sudden withdrawal of the Neapolitans renders the siege useless.

title: 908

text: Landulf I, prince of Benevento, supports an anti-Greek Apulian rebellion, ravaging several Byzantine strongpoints as far as Ascoli. The Apulian nobility, professing loyalty to the Byzantine Empire, appoints Landulf as stratego of the Theme of Longobardia.

title: 921

text: A Hungarian army invades Burgundy, and burns the city of Tournus. Then they go southwards to Italy, pillaging the environs of Naples, Benevento and Monte Cassino. When the Hungarians return home, they are attacked in the Apennine Mountains by Lombard forces, losing their plunder (approximate date).

title: 937

text: Atenulf II, prince of Benevento and Capua (Italy)

title: 940

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Landulf I, prince of Benevento and Capua (Italy)

title: 943

date: February 13

text: February 13 – Otto I and John XII co-sign the Diploma Ottonianum, confirming John XII as the spiritual head of the Catholic Church. Otto recognizes John XII's secular control over the Papal States – by expanding the domain over the Exarchate of Ravenna, the Duchy of Spoleto, and the Duchy of Benevento.

title: 962

text: Spring – Emperor Otto I (the Great) travels to Capua to meet there with ambassadors of Nikephoros II, who again reiterate their friendship, but refuse to consent to his dowry demands (see 967). Otto invades the Byzantine Theme of Langobardia with a Lombard expeditionary force. With the assistance of Benevento-Capua and naval support from Pisa, Otto attempts to take Bari by assault, but Byzantine resistance is stiff, and Otto withdraws back to Ravenna.

title: 968

text: Pandulf Ironhead, duke of Benevento and Capua, leads the siege of Bovino. He is captured by the Byzantines and taken in chains to Bari, and jailed in Constantinople. Neapolitan forces under Marinus II, duke of Naples, invade Benevento-Capua, capture the city of Avellino and then lay siege to Capua.

title: 969

text: Landulf III, prince of Benevento and Capua (or 968)

title: 969

text: Pandulf I (Ironhead), a Lombard prince, annexes the Principality of Salerno into his domains. For the first time, the Lombard duchies of Benevento, Capua, Salerno and Spoleto-Camerino are united under one ruler.

title: 978

text: Pandulf Ironhead, prince of Benevento and Capua

title: 981

date: August

text: August – Pandulf II ("the Old"), prince of Benevento and Capua

title: 1014

text: Prince Pandulf IV of Capua becomes the de facto ruler of southern Italy – holding Capua and Naples himself – this in support with his powerful allies Amalfi, Salerno and Benevento. Only the Duchy of Gaeta remains out of his grasp.

title: 1029

text: February 7 – Battle of Montesarchio: Prince Pandulf IV, co-ruler of Benevento, is killed while fighting the Normans in southern Italy.

title: 1074

text: November 27 – Landulf VI, prince of Benevento

title: 1077