slug: goa

label: Goa

description: state in western India

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Kirtivarman I succeeds his father Pulakeshin I as king of the Chalukya dynasty (India). During his rule he completes the subjugation of the Kadambas and annexes the port of Goa.

title: 566

section: Events › By place › Asia

date: February 27

text: February 27– Portuguese conquest of Goa: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal begins a nine month battle to conquer Goa off the coast of India.

title: 1510

section: Events › January–March

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: November 20

text: November 20 – The vessel Frol de la Mar, transporting Afonso de Albuquerque and the valuable treasure of the conquest of Malacca, sinks en route to Goa.

title: 1511

section: Events › October–December

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Portuguese Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque departs from the Indian city of Cochin with 14 ships and 1,700 troops to retake the fortress of Goa, capital of Portuguese India, from Bijapur's General Rasul Khan. A day before a planned Portuguese attack on Bihar's army, Rasul Khan and his occupying forces depart from Goa.

title: 1512

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: June 17

text: June 17 – A fleet of eight ships of the navy of Portugal, commanded by Fernão Pires de Andrade and dispatched from Goa by Portuguese India's Governor Lopo Soares de Albergaria on orders of King Manuel I, arrives in China at Canton (now Guangzhou) and brings the Ambassador Tomé Pires and his diplomatic corps to start trade and foreign relations.

title: 1517

section: Events › April–June

date: February 18

text: February 18 – Because of the large population of Jews included converts to Christianity ("New Christians") in the colony of Portuguese India at Goa, King Manuel I of Portugal announces that there will be no further appointment of New Christians to government offices, but affirms that those already in office are not to be dismissed

title: 1519

date: September 5

text: September 5 – Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama arrives on the island of Goa to become the new Viceroy of Portuguese India but dies three months later.

title: 1524

date: March 18

text: March 18 – Garcia de Noronha is appointed as the new Governor-General of Portuguese India by King João III. He sails to Goa and arrives less than three weeks later.

title: 1538

date: December 31

text: December 31 – Estêvão da Gama, Governor of Portuguese India, departs from Goa with a plan to sail into the Red Sea, and destroy the Ottoman Empire's access to the Indian Ocean by plundering Suez. The planned attack fails.

title: 1540

section: Health & Medicine

date: March 8

text: March 8 – King John III of Portugal issues an order for Portuguese India (at Goa) to forbid Hinduism, destroy Hindu temples, prohibit the public celebration of Hindu feasts, expel Hindu priests and severely punish those who created any Hindu images in Portuguese possessions in India.

title: 1546

section: Religion & Belief

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Spanish Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier departs from Goa on a mission to bring Christian ministry to Japan.

title: 1549

section: Culture & Society

date: December 4

text: December 4 – Antão de Noronha, Viceroy of Portuguese India (the modern-day Indian state of Goa) issues decrees prohibiting the public performance of Hindu rituals for marriages, cremations, and sacred thread wearing. Other rules require all natives 15 or older to attend Christian religious services, upon penalty of punishment.

title: 1567

date: July 14

text: July 14 – In what is now the state of Kerala in India, the Siege of Chaliyam begins as the Zamorin of Kozhikode, Mana Vikrama, sends troops to starve out the Portuguese Empire's Chale fortress. The Portuguese defender, Dom Jorge de Castro, is allowed to surrender the fort in November and the Portuguese are allowed to march out of the fort. De Castro is executed by the Portuguese Governor-General after returning to Portuguese controlled Goa.

title: 1571

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Cuncolim Revolt: The first documented battle of India's independence against a European colonial ruler is fought by the Desais of Cuncolim in Goa, against the Portuguese.

title: 1583

date: February 25

text: February 25 – The Goa state archives are established at the city of Panaji in Portuguese India (now India's Goa state) by historian Diogo do Couto.

title: 1595

date: January 24

text: January 24 – Afonso Mendes, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa.

title: 1624

date: January 4

text: January 4 – A naval battle takes place in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Goa in South India, as a Netherlands fleet commanded by Admiral Adam Westerwolt decimates the Portuguese fleet.

title: 1638

date: May 6

text: May 6 – The Siege of Ponda, an action by the Maratha Empire in southern India against the Sultanate of Bijapur, ends after four weeks when the Mughal Empire fails to send reinforcements. Most of the defenders are massacred after Emperor Shivaji's troops storm the fortress in what is now a small city in the Indian state of Goa.

title: 1675

date: June 27

text: June 27 – Francisco de Távora, the Viceroy of Portuguese India, a small colony located in southwestern India at Goa, issues an order prohibiting indigenous residents from speaking their native language, Konkani, and directs them to learn Portuguese within the next three years.

title: 1684

date: April 12

text: April 12 – Italian Jesuit missionary Niccolò Gianpriamo is dispatched from Portugal on an evangelical trip to Asia starting with the Portuguese Indian colony of Goa, where he arrives after five months.

title: 1714

date: November 28

text: November 28 – Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, (Portuguese) Archbishop of Goa (b. 1837)

title: 1880

section: Deaths › July–December

date: December 18

text: December 18 – 1961 Indian annexation of Goa: India opens hostilities in its annexation of Portuguese India, the colonies of Goa, Damao and Diu.

title: 1961

section: Events › December

date: December 6

text: December 6 – A fire at a nightclub in Arpora, Goa, India, leaves at least 25 people dead and 50 injured.

title: 2025


slug: goguryeo

label: Goguryeo

description: one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea (37 BC–668 AD), along with Baekje and Silla

year_label: 58 BCE

section: Births

text: Jumong (King Dongmyeong), king of Goguryeo (d. AD 19)

title: 58 BC

year_label: 37 BCE

text: The kingdom of Goguryeo in Korea is founded by the king Dongmyeong. (traditional date)

title: 37 BC

year_label: 19 BCE

text: King Yuri becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 19 BC

section: Deaths

text: Dongmyeong, Korean king of Goguryeo

title: 19 BC

year_label: 6 BCE

text: Soseono, Korean queen of Goguryeo (b. 67 BC)

title: 0s BC

section: Deaths › 6 BC

year_label: 4 CE

text: AD 4 – Daemusin, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. AD 44)

title: 0s

year_label: 18 CE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Daemusin becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 10s

section: Events › 18 AD › Korea

text: Yuri, Korean ruler of Goguryeo

title: 10s

section: Deaths › 18 AD

year_label: 21 CE

text: King Daeso of Dongbuyeo is killed in battle against the armies of Goguryeo, led by its third ruler, King Daemusin.

title: 20s

section: Events › 21 AD › Korea

year_label: 44 CE

text: Minjung becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 44

text: Daemusin, Korean ruler of Goguryeo

title: 40s

section: Deaths › AD 44

year_label: 47 CE

text: Taejodae, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (d. 165)

title: 40s

section: Births › AD 47

year_label: 48 CE

text: Mobon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 48

text: Minjung, Korean ruler of Goguryeo

title: 40s

section: Deaths › AD 48

year_label: 53 CE

text: Taejodae becomes ruler of the kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 50s

section: Events › 53 AD › Korea

text: Mobon, Korean ruler of Goguryeo

title: 50s

section: Deaths › 53 AD

year_label: 68 CE

text: King Dodu of Galsa Buyeo offered the country to Taejodae of Goguryeo, Galsa Buyeo was destroyed by Goguryeo.

title: AD 68

year_label: 71 CE

text: Chadae, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. 165)

title: AD 71

year_label: 89 CE

text: Sindae, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (d. 179)

title: AD 89

text: Chadae becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: AD 146

text: Sindae becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: AD 165

text: Chadea, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (b. AD 71)

title: AD 165

text: Battle of Jwawon: Goguryeo Prime Minister Myeongnim Dap-bu defeats the Chinese Han dynasty forces in Manchuria.

title: AD 172

text: Gogukcheon succeeds his father Shindae as King of Goguryeo.

title: AD 179

text: King Gogukcheon (Gaonanwu) of Goguryeo (Gaogouli) pushes Chinese armies back to Liaodong.

title: AD 184

section: Events › By place › Korea

text: Sansang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: AD 197

text: Gogukcheon of Goguryeo, Korean ruler of Goguryeo

title: AD 197

text: Dongcheon, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (d. 248)

title: 209

text: Dongcheon becomes ruler over the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 227

text: The Goguryeo–Wei War is fought between the Korean kingdom Goguryeo and the Chinese state Cao Wei.

title: 244

text: Jungcheon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo (until 270).

title: 248

text: Dongcheon, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (b. 209)

title: 248

text: Seocheon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 270

text: Bongsang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 292

text: Micheon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 300

text: Gogugwon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 331

text: Micheon of Goguryeo, Korean ruler of Goguryeo

title: 331

text: Goguryeo is invaded by Murong Huang of the Xianbei.

title: 342

text: In Korea, the Buyeo Kingdom is absorbed by Goguryeo.

title: 346

text: Goguryeo invades Baekje (approximate date).

title: 369

text: Baekje forces sack the city of P'yongyang in Goguryeo.

title: 371

text: Gogugwon, king of Goguryeo (Korea)

title: 371

text: The national academy of Chinese learning, called Taehak, is established in the kingdom of Goguryeo (Korea).

title: 372

text: Gwanggaeto the Great, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. 412)

title: 374

text: Gogugyang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 384

text: King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) ascends to the throne.

title: 391

text: Jangsu, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. 491)

title: 394

text: King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) defeats the forces of Later Yan, seizing some of their border fortresses.

title: 402

text: Asin of Baekje allies with Silla against Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea).

title: 403

text: Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) attacks Liaodong and takes the entire Liaodong Peninsula.

title: AD 404

text: Gwanggaeto the Great, king of Goguryeo (b. 374)

title: 412

text: Jangsu becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 413

text: King Jangsu transfers the Goguryeo capital from Gungnae City (modern Ji'an, Jilin) on the banks of the Yalu River to Pyongyang (modern Korea).

title: 427

text: Gongju becomes the capital of Baekje, and is threatened by Goguryeo, who conquers the Han River valley (Korea).

title: 475

text: Jangsu of Goguryeo invades Silla with the Mohe. Baekje and Gaya come to Silla's aid and defeats the Goguryeo troops.

title: 481

text: Munjamyeong becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 491

text: Anjang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 519

text: Munjamyeong of Goguryeo, 21st king of Goguryeo

title: 519

text: Anwon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 531

text: Yangwon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 545

text: King Seong of Baekje attacks the kingdoms of Goguryeo and Silla. However, under a secret agreement, Silla troops attack the exhausted Baekje army, and take possession of the entire Han River valley.

title: 553

text: Pyeongwon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 559

text: Yeongyang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 590

text: Emperor Wéndi sends diplomatic letters to the royal court of Goguryeo (Korea). He demands the cancellation of the military alliance with the Eastern Turk Khanate, and the raiding of Sui border regions.

title: 596

text: August 4 – Goguryeo War: Emperor Wéndi orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo (Korea) during the rainy season, with a Chinese army (300,000 men).

title: 598

text: Yŏn Kaesomun, dictator of Goguryeo (d. 666)

title: 603

text: Goguryeo–Sui War: Emperor Yángdi invades Goguryeo (Korea) with an expeditionary force of over one million men, named the "24 Armies".

title: 612

text: Yŏn T'aejo, prime minister of Goguryeo (approximate date)

title: 616

text: Yeongnyu becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

title: 618

text: Yeongyang, king of Goguryeo (Korea)

title: 618

text: Ŭlchi Mundŏk, military leader of Goguryeo (Korea) (approximate date)

title: 619

text: The Xueyantuo assaults the Chinese-conquered vassal of Eastern Tujue. Although simultaneously fighting in Korea against Goguryeo, Emperor Tai Zong commissions his famous general Li Shiji to fend off attacks in the campaign against Xueyantuo.

title: 639

text: Yŏn Namsan, military leader of Goguryeo (d. 701)

title: 639

text: Winter – Yŏn Kaesomun seizes power over Goguryeo (Korea), and places King Bojang on the throne.

title: 642

text: Yeongnyu, king of Goguryeo (Korea)

title: 642

text: May 1 – First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War: A Chinese expeditionary army under Emperor Taizong of Tang crosses the Liao River into Goguryeo (one of the Three kingdoms of Korea).

title: 645

text: Yŏn Kaesomun, military dictator of Goguryeo

title: AD 666

text: Chinese troops sent by the Tang dynasty emperor Gao Zong complete their expedition in the Korean Peninsula. Leaders of the expedition have been selected by the emperor's powerful concubine Wu Zetian. The kingdom of Goguryeo is overthrown; the Unified Silla period starts.

title: 668

text: A Goguryeo restoration movement, led by Geom Mojam in northern Korea, places Anseung on the throne. Geom is later murdered, and Anseung flees to neighboring Silla.

title: 670

text: Geom Mojam, military leader of Goguryeo

title: 670

text: Bojang, king of Goguryeo (Korea)

title: 682

text: Anseung, king of Goguryeo (Korea)

title: 683

text: Yŏn Namsan, military leader of Goguryeo (b. 639)

title: 701


slug: gokturks

label: Göktürks

description: Turkic people organized as a state in medieval Inner Asia

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Bumin Qaghan, chieftain of the Göktürks, founds the Turkic Khaganate. He unites the local Turkic tribes and throws off the yoke of Rouran domination.

title: 551

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Bumin Qaghan, ruler of the Göktürks

title: 552

text: In the Turkic Khaganate Istemi is appointed governor (yabgu) in the west of the empire (modern Turkestan), and Muqan Qaghan succeeds his brother Issik Qaghan as emperor (khagan) of the Göktürks.

title: 553

text: Issik Qaghan, ruler of the Turkic Khaganate

title: 553

title: 554

text: The Rouran Khaganate ends; it is defeated by the Göktürks under Muqan Qaghan, who expands his rule in Central Asia.

title: 555

text: The Göktürks under Muqan Qaghan ally with the Persian Empire, and destroy the Hephthalites (White Huns) in Central Asia.

title: 557

text: The Uyghurs are defeated by the Göktürks, who expand their territory in Central Asia (approximate date).

title: 565

text: The Avar Khaganate attempts to expel Kutrigurs who had fled the Göktürks, ordering them to go south of the Sava River; those who leave generally fall under rule of the Turks.

title: 568

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Taspar Qaghan succeeds his brother Muqan Qaghan as ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).

title: 572

text: Muqan Qaghan, ruler of the Göktürks

title: 572

text: The Göktürks under Tardu cross the Cimmerian Bosporus into the Crimea, and besiege the city of Panticapaeum (Ukraine).

title: 576

text: Summer – Emperor Wu Di engages in military campaigns on two fronts: against the invading Göktürks to the north and against the Chen dynasty in the south.

title: 578

text: Summer – Hormizd IV refuses to give up territories, and breaks off negotiations with the Byzantine Empire. The Türks invade Khorasan and reach Hyrcania on the Caspian Sea.

title: 579

section: Events › By place › Persia

text: Ishbara Qaghan, grandson of Bumin Qaghan, becomes the new ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).

title: 581

text: In the Turkic Empire an interregnum begins, since there are several candidates to the throne: Talopien (late khagan's candidate), Ishbara (Kurultai's choice) and Tardu (western yabghu).

title: 581

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Göktürks under Taspar Qaghan besiege the city of Chersonesos Taurica (modern Ukraine), located at the Black Sea; their cavalry keep plundering the steppes of the Crimean Peninsula until 590.

title: 581

text: Taspar Qaghan, ruler (khagan) of the Göktürks

title: 581

text: Bagha Qaghan becomes the seventh ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Kaganate.

title: 587

text: Ishbara Qaghan, ruler (khagan) of the Göktürks

title: 587

text: First Perso-Turkic War: A Persian army (12,000 men) under Bahrām Chobin, supported by Cataphracts (heavy cavalry), ambush the invading Turks, and win a great victory at the Battle of the Hyrcanian Rock.

title: 588

text: Tulan Qaghan, son of Ishbara Qaghan, becomes the seventh ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate.

title: 589

text: First Perso-Turkic War: The Sassanid Persians capture the cities Balkh and Herat (Afghanistan). They cross the Oxus River and repulse a Turkic invasion.

title: 589

text: Bagha Qaghan, ruler of the Turkic Khaganate

title: 589

text: Battle of Blarathon: A Persian army of about 40,000 men under King Bahrām VI is defeated, in the lowlands near Ganzak (northwestern Iran), by the Byzantines. Bahrām flees to seek refuge with the Turks in Central Asia, and settles in Fergana. However, after some time, he is murdered by a hired assassin of Khosrau II.

title: 591

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

title: 596

text: Tardu declares himself to be ruler (khagan) of the united Turkic Khaganate (east and west). His new status is not recognised widely in the empire.

title: 599

text: Tulan Qaghan, ruler (khagan) of the Göktürks

title: 599

text: Rebellious Göktürks depose and kill the ambitious ruler (khagan) Tardu, of the Western Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).

title: 603

text: Tardu, ruler (khagan) of the Göktürks

title: 603

text: Yángdi is offended by his general Gao Jiong, who makes several comments critical of the emperor's policies, against Tujue submissive Yami Qaghan. He is executed (beheaded), and Gao's sons are exiled to the border provinces (Northern China).

title: 607

text: Shibi Khan becomes the ninth ruler (khagan) of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (approximate date).

title: 609

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Battle of Huoyi: Rebel forces under Li Yuān defeat the Sui troops near the Fen River, and capture the Chinese capital, Chang'an. Li has gained support from Shibi, ruler (khagan) of the Eastern Turks, who secures his northern frontier and supplies him with 2,000 horses.

title: 617

text: Chuluo Khan, ruler of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate

title: 620

text: Third Perso-Turkic War: The Göktürks and their Khazar allies (40,000 men) approach the Caspian Gates, and capture the Persian fortress at Derbent (modern Dagestan). Heraclius marches to the upper Tigris and invades the Persian heartland, leaving the Khazars under Tong Yabghu Qaghan to continue the siege of Tblilisi.

title: 627

text: Tong Yabghu Qaghan, ruler of the Göktürks

title: 628

text: Emperor Tai Zong sends envoys to the Xueyantuo, vassals of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, bearing gold and silk in order to obtain the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners, who were captured during the transition from the Sui to the Tang dynasty from the northern frontier. The embassy succeeds in freeing 80,000 men and women, who are safely returned to China.

title: 631

title: 639

text: Tonyukuk, military leader of the Göktürks (approximate date)

title: 646

text: Arab invaders cross the Oxus River, in what later will be Uzbekistan. Nomadic Turkic tribes continue to control Central Asia.

title: 654

section: Events › By place › Arabian Caliphate

text: Bilge Khan, ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate (or 684)

title: 683

text: Ilterish Qaghan leads the Göktürks northward from Inner Mongolia and occupies the Mongolian Plateau, marking the restoration of the Turkic Khaganate.

title: 687

section: Events › By place › East Asia

text: Qapaghan Khan (694–716) succeeds his brother Illterish Khan, as ruler of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).

title: 694

text: Qapaghan Khan, ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate

title: 716

title: 724

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments of Bilge Khan, ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate, and his brother Kul Tigin, are erected. (Bilge has already erected Kül Tigin's monument and Bilge's son erects Bilge's monument.)

title: 735

section: Events › By topic › Literature

text: The newly founded Uyghur Empire controls most of the former Turkic Empire territory, creating an empire that extends from Lake Balkash (modern Kazakhstan) to Lake Baikal (Mongolia), and is subject to Chinese suzerainty (approximate date).

title: 745

text: Kulun Beg, ruler (khagan) of the Turkish Empire

title: 745


slug: golden-horde

label: Golden Horde

description: medieval state in Eurasia

section: Births

text: Batu Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (d. 1255)

title: 1205

text: Berke Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (d. 1266)

title: 1208

section: Conflict & Security

text: Battle of Samara Bend: A Volga-Bulgarian army under Ghabdula Chelbir defeats the Mongols, probably led by Subutai, Jebe and Jochi. The Bulgars retreat during the battle but the Mongols pursue them. Then the main Bulgar forces ambush the Mongols. Subutai and Jebe retreat their forces near the city of Sarai (future capital of the Golden Horde), not far from where the Volga River empties into the Caspian Sea.

title: 1223

section: Events › Other events, by place › Mongol Empire

section: Deaths

text: Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde

title: 1255

text: Sartaq Khan (or Sartak), Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde, probably poisoned

title: 1257

text: Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania, and Poland.

title: 1259

text: Berke–Hulagu war: Mongol forces under Berke Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde, raid territory in the Caucasus belonging to his cousin Hulagu Khan, ruler of the Ilkhanate. Berke supports the Georgian rebels and allies with the Mamluks. He defeats the Ilkhanate forces on the Terek River, together with the Mamluk army led by Baibars (or Abu al-Futuh), saving Palestine and Arabia from Ilkhanate occupation.

title: 1262

section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire

section: Culture & Society

text: Daniel of Moscow, youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, is mentioned during this year as an independent Prince of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. This Duchy will be a vassal state of the Golden Horde until 1471, later evolving into the Tsardom of Russia.

title: 1282

text: Özbeg Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (d. 1341)

title: 1282

text: Winter – The Mongol Golden Horde led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga attacks Hungary for the second time. They successfully subdue Slovakia and sack territory north of the Carpathian Mountains.

title: 1285

date: February 18

text: February 18 – Kublai Khan dies; by this time the separation of the four khanates of the Mongol Empire (the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Golden Horde in Russia, the Ilkhanate in Persia, and the Yuan Dynasty in China) has deepened.

title: 1294

section: Events › Asia

text: Ambassadors from the Mongol rulers of Central Asia and the Yuan Dynasty announce to Toqta Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde, their general peace proposal. Toqta accepts the supremacy of Emperor Temür Khan and all yams (postal relays) and commercial networks across the Mongol khanates reopen. In response, Toqta solidifies his rule upon the Rus' princes, who pledge allegiance to him at an assembly in Pereyaslavl.

title: 1304

section: Crime & Justice

date: November 22

text: November 22 – Grand Prince Mikhail of Tver is summoned by Özbeg Khan at Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde. After his arrival, he is executed.

title: 1318

section: Events › October – December

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Dmitry, Grand Prince of Tver, is executed for the murder of Grand Duke Yuri of Moscow at Sarai on orders of Özbeg Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde that controls much of modern-day Asian Russia.

title: 1326

section: Events › July – September

text: Autumn 1362 or 1363 – Battle of Blue Waters: Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas defeats the Tatars, and takes over Kyiv.

title: 1362

section: Events › Date unknown

date: February 28

text: February 28 – In what is now part of Kazakhstan and Russia, Tulak Khan of Borjigin is confirmed by the Beylerbey Mamai of the Golden Horde, with the approval of the ruler Tokhtamysh, after Mamai arranges the assassination of Tulak's cousin, the former khan.

title: 1379

section: Events › January–March

text: Khan Tokhtamysh of the White Horde dethrones Mamai of the Blue Horde. The two hordes unite to form the Golden Horde.

title: 1380

text: Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde overruns Muscovy, as punishment for Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy's resistance to Khan Mamai of the Blue Horde in the 1370s. Dmitry Donskoy pledges his loyalty to Tokhtamysh, and is allowed to remain as ruler of Moscow and Vladimir.

title: 1382

date: August 23

text: August 23 – The Siege of Moscow begins as Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde attacks the capital of the Principality of Muscovy while its ruler, Prince Dmitry Donskoy, is away seeking assistance from other Russian princes.

title: 1382

section: Events › July–September

text: Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts of the Jalayirid Sultanate in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.

title: 1385

text: Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde invades the Timurid Empire, but has to withdraw soon after, due to heavy snow.

title: 1387

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.

title: 1391

date: April 14

text: April 14 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – At the Battle of the Terek River, the Mongol conqueror Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler, Quyurchuq, on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.

title: 1395

section: Events › April–June

text: Temür Qutlugh is crowned as the Khan of Golden Horde with the help of general Edigu, although Edigu continues to hold the real power.

title: 1397

date: August 12

text: August 12 – At the Battle of the Vorskla River, Golden Horde forces, led by Mongol Khan Temür Qutlugh and Emir Edigu, annihilate a crusading army led by former Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania..

title: 1399

section: Science & Discovery

date: December 5

text: December 5 – Emir Edigu of the Golden Horde reaches Moscow.

title: 1408

section: Events › July–December

text: With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Hacı I Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.

title: 1441

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Battle of Lipnic: Stephen the Great defeats the Volga Tatars of the Golden Horde, led by Ahmed Khan.

title: 1470

date: October 8

text: October 8 – The Great Stand on the Ugra River begins as troops of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, led by the Grand Duke Ivan III and General Ivan Molodoy battle against the invading Mongol armies of the Golden Horde, led by their ruling monarch, Akhmat Khan. The invasion began after Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Horde. The Theotokos of Vladimir icon is credited with saving Moscow. The standoff between the troops lasts five weeks before Akhmat and the Mongol troops retreat.

title: 1480

section: Events › October–December

text: Meñli I Giray defeats the Golden Horde and sacks their capital, Sarai.

title: 1502

date: April 8

text: April 8 – The Crimean Khanate, which has existed since 1441 and is a late remnant of the Mongol Golden Horde, is annexed by the Russian Empire of Catherine the Great.

title: 1783


slug: golden-horn

label: Golden Horn

description: urban waterway and the primary inlet of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, Turkey

text: Autumn – Revolt of Vitalian: Byzantine general (magister militum) Vitalian mobilises his army, and marches again towards Constantinople. He captures the suburb of Sycae (modern Turkey) across the Golden Horn, and encamps there.

title: 515

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

date: August 7

text: August 7 – In the waters of the Golden Horn, the Persian fleet is destroyed while ferrying reinforcements. The Avars, having suffered terrible losses, running short of food and supplies, burn their siege engines. They abandon the siege and retreat to the Balkan Peninsula. The Byzantines achieve a decisive victory at Blachernae, under the protection of the Church of the Virgin Mary.

title: 626

date: August

text: August – Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Simeon I (the Great), ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire, launches a campaign at the head of a large Bulgarian army, and reaches Constantinople unopposed. The Bulgarians besiege the Byzantine capital and construct ditches from the Golden Horn to the Golden Gate at the Marmara Sea.

title: 913

date: March

text: March – Battle of Pegae: Bulgarian forces under kavhan (first minister) Theodore Sigritsa defeat the Byzantine army at the outskirts of Constantinople. After the battle, the Bulgarians burn the palaces in Pegae ("the Spring"), and devastate the area north of the Golden Horn.

title: 921

date: September 9

text: September 9 – After pillaging the suburbs of Constantinople, Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria meets with the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos on the Golden Horn to arrange a truce, according to which Byzantium will pay the Bulgarians an annual tribute in exchangefor the return of some cities on the Black Sea coast.

title: 924

section: Events › July—September

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: September 10

text: September 10 – The German crusaders under Conrad III reach Constantinople, where there is a frosty exchange of letters between Conrad and Manuel I. The German forces make camp at Galata on the northern shore of the Golden Horn. Manuel orders that a full-scale effort must be made to transport the Germans, who are causing troubles by sacking the Philopatium, across the Bosporus.

title: 1147

section: Events › By place › Second Crusade

date: July 5

text: July 5 – The Crusader fleet disembarks their horse transports, and barrels down upon the Byzantine defenders in a full cavalry charge. The Byzantines flee after brief combat, and retreat to the Tower of Galata, where they fortify themselves. After a bitter struggle, the Crusaders capture the tower and break the floating chain, and allow their fleet to enter the Golden Horn.

title: 1203

section: Events › By place › Fourth Crusade

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: Spring – A fleet consisting of ships from the republics of Venice, Genoa and Pisa arrive at Constantinople. It is headed by Geoffrey II of Villehardouin, ruler of Achaea, who brings 100 of his own knights, 300 cross-bowman, and 500 archers. Geoffrey, formally a vassal of Emperor John I of Constantinople, breaks the blockade of the city, sinks 15 Byzantine ships and enters the Golden Horn. A treaty is signed for two years after the intervention of Angelo Sanudo, duke of Archipelago.

title: 1236


slug: goryeo

label: Goryeo

description: ancient kingdom in the Korean peninsula (918–1392)

section: Births

date: January 31

text: January 31 – Wang Kon, founder of Goryeo (d. 943)

title: 877

text: Hyejong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 945)

title: 912

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Wang Kon, a Korean general, overthrows the government of the short-lived state Ho Goguryeo and ascends the throne at Cheorwon. He founds the Goryeo dynasty and makes Song'ak his capital.

title: 918

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Jeongjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 949)

title: 923

text: Gwangjong (personal name: Wang So), king of Goryeo (d. 975)

title: 925

text: The independent Korean island state of Usan-guk becomes a protectorate of Goryeo.

title: 930

section: Conflict & Security

text: Goryeo forces push the army of Hubaekje back into its heartland and defeat them finally at Hongseong (modern South Korea).

title: 934

section: Deaths

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Wang Kon, founder of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 877)

title: 943

date: October 23

text: October 23 – Hyejong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 912)

title: 945

text: Jeongjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 923)

title: 949

date: January 15

text: January 15 – Seongjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 997)

title: 961

text: Heonjeong, queen of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 992)

title: 966

text: July 5 – Mokjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1009)

title: 980

text: Summer – Seongjong ascends the throne of Goryeo (Korea) after the death of his brother-in-law (and cousin), king Gyeongjong.

title: 981

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Gyeongjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 955)

title: 981

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Hyeonjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1031)

title: 992

text: Goryeo-Khitan War: Negotiations led by the Korean diplomat Sŏ Hŭi prevents a fullscale invasion of the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty. King Seongjong accepts Liao's demands – and agrees to end the alliance with the Chinese Song Dynasty. Goryeo becomes a Liao tributary state, the Khitan army (60,000 men) withdraws while Seongjong orders the Korean border defenses strengthened.

title: 995

section: Events › Asia

text: Spring – General Kang Cho leads a coup against King Mokjong. He is deposed and sent into exile in Chungju. After murdering Mokjong, Kang Cho places Hyeonjong on the throne as ruler of Goryeo.

title: 1009

date: March 2

text: March 2 – Mokjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 980)

title: 1009

text: Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: The Goryeo king is unseated in a revolt, resulting in an invasion by the Liao dynasty, and the burning of the Korean capital Gaegyeong.

title: 1010

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Deokjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1034)

title: 1016

date: August 31

text: August 31 – Jeongjong II, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1046)

title: 1018

date: December

text: December – Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitan forces of the Liao dynasty invade Goryeo (North Korea). Goryeo forces led by General Kang Kam-ch'an annihilates the Khitan army at Kusong.

title: 1018

date: December 29

text: December 29 – Munjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1083)

title: 1019

text: Choe Hang, civil minister of Goryeo (Korea)

title: 1024

date: June 17

text: June 17 – Hyeonjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 992)

title: 1031

date: October 31

text: October 31 – Deokjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 1016)

title: 1034

section: Culture & Society

text: Munjong is crowned the 11th king of Goryeo (Korea).

title: 1046

date: June 24

text: June 24 – Jeongjong II, king of Goryeo (b. 1018)

title: 1046

date: December 28

text: December 28 – Sunjong, ruler of Goryeo (d. 1083)

title: 1047

date: October 9

text: October 9 – Seonjong, king of Goryeo (d. 1094)

title: 1049

date: September 2

text: September 2 – Sukjong, ruler of Goryeo (d. 1105)

title: 1054

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Yejong, king of Goryeo (d. 1122)

title: 1079

text: August 1 – Heonjong, Korean king of Goryeo (d. 1097)

title: 1084

date: November 6

text: November 6 – Heonjong, Korean king of Goryeo (b. 1084)

title: 1097

text: The Tamna Kingdom is annexed by the Korean Goryeo Dynasty.

title: 1105

date: November 10

text: November 10 – Sukjong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (b. 1054)

title: 1105

text: Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty sends a gift of Chinese musical instruments, for use in royal banquets to the Korean court of Goryeo, by request from King Yejong.

title: 1114

text: Yejong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (b. 1079)

title: 1122

text: May 23 – Uijong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1173)

title: 1127

text: November 8 – Myeongjong, Korean king of Goryeo (d. 1202)

title: 1131

text: August 11 – Sinjong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1204)

title: 1144

text: Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1219)

title: 1149

text: May 10 – Gangjong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1213)

title: 1152

text: The palace guards massacre the civil officials at the Korean court of Goryeo and place Myeongjong as new ruler on the throne of the Goryeo dynasty.

title: 1170

text: November 7 – Uijong, Korean ruler Goryeo (b. 1127)

title: 1173

text: June 21 – Huijong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1237)

title: 1181

text: Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn, a Korean general, massacres his rivals and restores unity. After a coup d'état, he takes full power and becomes prime-minister of the Korean state Goryeo (until 1219).

title: 1196

text: June – Mongol invasion of Korea: Choe Woo, Korean military dictator of Goryeo, orders against the pleas of King Gojong and his senior officials, the royal court, and most of Songdo's population to be moved to Ganghwa Island. Woo starts the construction of strong defenses on Ganghwa Island, which becomes a fortress. The government orders the common people to flee the countryside and take refuge in major cities, mountain citadels, or nearby islands. The Mongols occupy much of northern Korea, but fail to capture Ganghwa Island.

title: 1232

text: The Goryeo court in Korea orders the preparation of another set of woodblocks for printing the Buddhist Tripiṭaka ("Triple Basket") – which is intended both to gain protection against the Mongol invaders and to replace the earlier 11th century set that was destroyed by the Mongols in 1232.

title: 1236

text: August 31 – Huijong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (b. 1181)

title: 1237

text: The Goryeo Kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces.

title: 1259

text: In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins against the Goryeo dynasty, a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty.

title: 1270

text: In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion against the Goryeo dynasty (a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty) ends as rebel forces are defeated.

title: 1273

text: August 25 – Gongwon, Korean queen consort of Goryeo (d. 1380)

title: 1298

text: Joguk (or "Borjigin Jintong"), queen consort of Goryeo (d. 1325)

title: 1308

text: January 15 – Gyeguk, Korean queen consort of Goryeo (b. 1285)

title: 1315

text: Chŏng Mong-ju, Goryeo diplomat and poet (d. 1392)

title: 1337

text: King Gongmin ascends the throne in Goryeo.

title: 1351

text: Chinese rebels capture the Goryeo capital.

title: 1361

text: March 8 – Princess Noguk of the Yuan dynasty and queen consort of Goryeo

title: 1365

text: November 26 – In the Kingdom of Goryeo (now sections of North Korea and South Korea), King Gongmin names his Shin-Bi as his royal consort and primary wife.

title: 1371

text: October 27 – King Gongmin of Goryeo is assassinated by several men who invade the royal palace at Songdo, enter the King's private chamber and hack him to death with swords. King Gongmin is succeeded by U of Goryeo as ruler of Goryeo (now part of South Korea).

title: 1374

text: Goryeo Revolution: General Yi Seong-gye begins a four year revolution in Goryeo (modern-day Korea), after being ordered by King U of Goryeo to attack the superior Chinese army. King U is forced from power, and replaced by his son Chang.

title: 1388

text: December 31 – In the Goryeo Revolution in Korea, 9-year-old King Wang Chang of Goryeo, and his father, the former King Wang U are assassinated by Prince Gongyang. The ten-year-old Chang and his predecessor, U, are both assassinated later in the year.

title: 1389

text: August 5 – At Gaegyeong, General Yi Sŏng-gye crowns himself King Taejo of Korea, ending the Goryeo dynasty in the Korean Peninsula, and establishing the Joseon dynasty, which will last for more than 500 years.

title: 1392


label: Gothic War (535–554)

description: 535–554 war between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy

text: Gothic War: Emperor Justinian I appoints Belisarius commander-in-chief (stratēgos autokratōr), and sends a Byzantine expeditionary force of only 8,000 soldiers (half are heavy East Roman cavalry) to begin the reconquest of Italy.

title: 535

text: The death of Amalasuintha gives Byzantine Emperor Justinian I a pretext to invade Italy and begin the Gothic War.

title: 535

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Summer – Gothic War (535–554): Belisarius crosses the Strait of Messina and invades Italy. He conquers the city of Rhegium and advances to Naples.

title: 536

section: Events › By place › Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire

text: Gothic War: Vitiges strengthens the garrisons of various towns and besieges Ariminum. Byzantine forces under the Armenian general Narses arrive at Picenum.

title: 538

text: Spring – Battle of Faventia: King Totila scatters the Byzantine forces near Faventia (modern Faenza) with 5,000 men, beginning the resurgence of Gothic resistance to the reconquest of Italy.

title: 542

text: Gothic War: Emperor Justinian I sends Belisarius back to the Ostrogothic Kingdom (Italy) with an inadequate Byzantine expeditionary force (4,000 men and 200 ships).

title: 544

section: Events › By place › The Mediterranean World, Europe, and the Middle East

text: Gothic War: Belisarius recaptures Rome from the Ostrogoths, but his Italian campaign is unsuccessful (he is starved of supplies and reinforcements from Constantinople).

title: 547

date: January 16

text: January 16 – Gothic War: The Ostrogoths under king Totila recapture Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison.

title: 550

text: The last Ostrogothic strongholds at Verona and Brixia are taken by the Byzantine Empire, ending the Gothic War.

title: 562


slug: goths

label: Goths

description: East Germanic ethnolinguistic group

text: The Goths reach the banks of the Black Sea.

title: AD 180

text: The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkans.

title: 220

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against the Carpians on the Danube in Moesia (Balkans). In spite of the payment of a tribute, the Romans fail to persuade the Goths and the Germanic tribes.

title: 238

text: Gordian III evacuates the Cimmerian cities in the Bosphorus (Crimea), as the territory is now controlled by the Goths.

title: 242

text: The Goths appear on the lower Danube frontier; they invade Ukraine and Romania.

title: 247

text: The Goths under King Cniva invade Moesia. They cross the Danube and lay siege to Novae and Marcianopolis.

title: 250

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Battle of Abritus: The Goths defeat Emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus, on swampy ground in the Dobruja (Moesia).

title: 251

text: The legions who have campaigned against the Goths on the Danube elect Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus as new emperor. He advances on Rome along the Flaminian Way, to meet his opponent emperor Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusianus. For the most part, generals in the border regions are proclaimed emperor by their armies to halt the invasion of Germanic tribes.

title: 253

text: The Goths invade Asia Minor. Dacia is lost for the Roman Empire, and the Goths appear at the walls of Thessalonica.

title: 256

text: Future emperor Aurelian defeats the Goths and brings many prisoners back to Rome.

title: 257

text: The Goths build a fleet on the Black Sea.

title: 257

text: The Goths ravage Asia Minor and Trapezus.

title: 258

text: The Goths invade Asia Minor and destroy the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus.

title: 262

text: Gallienus repels the invasion of the Goths in the Balkans.

title: 265

text: First Gothic invasion: The Goths, originally from Scandinavia, with the Sarmatians (from modern Iran), invade the Balkans and Greece. They ravage Moesia and Thrace.

title: 267

date: September

text: September – Battle of Naissus: Emperor Gallienus, aided by Aurelian, defeats a Gothic coalition (50,000 warriors) near Naissus (Niš, modern Serbia).

title: 268

text: Second Gothic invasion: The Goths and other German tribes attack Bosphorean towns on the coast of the Black Sea. Some 2,000 ships and 320,000 men from the Danube enter Roman territory. Emperor Claudius II defeats the invaders and receives the title Gothicus for his triumph. Many of the prisoners will serve in the Roman legions and settle in vacant lands in the Danubian provinces.

title: 269

text: The Goths begin to raid Thrace and Asia Minor. Aurelian begins a campaign against the Goths in Thrace.

title: 275

text: Tacitus campaigns successfully against the Goths who have invaded Asia Minor, and his half-brother, the praetorian prefect Marcus Annius Florianus, continues the campaign.

title: 276

text: Emperor Probus travels with his army west across the Sea of Marmara (Turkey), and through the provinces of Thrace, Moesia, and Pannonia to defeat the Goths along the lower Danube. He acquires from the troops the title of Gothicus.

title: 277

text: A force of Goths defeat the Burgundians.

title: 291

section: Events › By place › Northern Europe

text: Diocletian watches over the Syrian provinces while Caesar Galerius makes preparations for a campaign against the Persian king Narseh. He recruits veterans from Illyria and Moesia, recruits new soldiers, and strengthens his army with Gothic mercenaries and the Armenian units of Tiridates III.

title: 297

text: Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius battle the Sarmates, the Goths and the Carpians along the Danube. Constantine leads a punitive expedition into Dacia and reestablishes the Roman fortifications of the frontier.

title: 315

section: Religion & Belief

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Emperor Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius elevate their sons Crispus, Constantine II and Licinius II to Caesars. After this arrangement Constantine rules the dioceses Pannonia and Macedonia, and establishes his residence at Sirmium, from where he prepares a campaign against the Goths and Sarmatians.

title: 317

text: Emperor Constantine I expels the Goths from the Danube frontier and repairs Trajan's Bridge. He leads an expedition into the old province Dacia (modern Romania) and makes peace with the barbarians.

title: 321

section: Events › By topic › Roman Empire

text: Emperor Constantine the Great defeats the invading Goths and Sarmatians north of the Danube in Dacia, and claims the title of Sarmaticus Maximus.

title: 323

text: German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine: Emperor Constantine I personally assures the security of the Danube frontier by defeating the Goths, the Vandals and the Sarmatians.

title: 325

text: The Goths devastate the city of Tanais, in the Don River Delta.

title: 330

text: Emperor Constantine I and his son Constantine II, aged 16, defeat the Goths in Moesia. The Goths become Roman allies and protect the Danube frontier.

title: 332

text: The Goths protect the Danube frontier against an invasion by the Vandals.

title: 334

text: The Romans, allied with the Goths, arrive in the north of the Roman Empire to protect the Danube frontier.

title: 338

text: Wulfila evangelizes among the Goths for 7 years.

title: 340

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Wulfila creates a Gothic alphabet composed of letters based on Greek and Roman letters, as well as some Germanic runes. He converts the Goths to Arian Christianity.

title: 369

section: Events › By topic › Art and Science

text: The Huns attack the Tervingi on the Dniester, overwhelming them with light cavalry (horse archers), and devastating the settlements of the Goths. King Athanaric is defeated and seeks refuge in Caucaland in the Carpathian Mountains.

title: 372

text: The Greuthungi, led by Alatheus and Saphrax, displaced by the predations of the Huns and Alans, request asylum within the Roman Empire. They are refused. The Roman frontier forces stretched to the breaking point, they slip across the Danube and unite with Fritigern. With their situation critical and desperately short of food, discontent is rising amongst the Goths.

title: 376

section: Climate & Environment

text: Gothic War: Famine in Lower Moesia (occupied by the Goths) takes a fearsome toll. Fritigern and his followers appeal for help, but the governors Lupicinus and Maximus regard them as second-class citizens. Little help is forthcoming, and thousands starve to death. The pressure on the Roman frontier is still severe, with the Taifali and other hostile bands of Goths on the Danube. In addition, groups of Huns and Alans have also moved up to the river.

title: 377

text: Gothic War: Valens sends Sebastian with a body of picked troops (2,000 men) to Thrace and renews the guerrilla war against the Goths. He chases down small groups of Gothic raiders around Adrianople.

title: 378

text: Battle of Thessalonica: The Goths under Fritigern defeat a Roman army in Macedonia. Theodosius I retreats to Thessalonica and leaves Gratian in control of the Western Roman Empire.

title: 380

text: The Visigothic chieftain Athanaric becomes the first foreign king to visit the Eastern Roman capital of Constantinople. He negotiates a peace treaty with emperor Theodosius I that makes his people foederati as "one body within the imperial soldiery". Athanaric dies 2 weeks later after an 18-year reign in which he has been undisputed king of all the Goths for just 1 year. The peace will continue until Theodosius's death in 395.

title: 381

text: Battle of the Save: Emperor Theodosius I defeats Magnus Maximus near Emona (modern Slovenia). Theodosius is in command of an army including Goths, Huns and Alans. Valentinian II, now 17, is restored as Roman Emperor.

title: 388

text: The Visigoths and Huns, led by Alaric, invade Thrace. Stilicho, high-ranking general (magister militum) of Vandal origin, raises an army and begins a campaign against the Goths.

title: 390

text: Late Roman army: The Notitia Dignitatum shows the development of forces in the Roman Empire. By now 200,000 soldiers guard the borders, and a reserve force of 50,000 is available for deployment. Many non-Roman soldiers are from Germanic tribes: Alamanni, Franks, Goths, Saxons and Vandals.

title: 394

text: The Goths, led by Alaric, invade and devastate Thrace and Macedonia and impose a tribute on Athens.

title: 395

text: Revolt of Alaric I: The Visigoths, led by Alaric I, rampage through Greece and plunder Corinth, Argos and Sparta. They destroy the Temple of Eleusis, and harry the Peloponnese. Stilicho makes peace with the Goths, and allows them to settle in Epirus (Balkans).

title: 396

text: Gainas, a Gothic leader, is made magister militum and forms an alliance with deserters of Tribigild along the Bosphorus. He proclaims himself co-regent (usurper), and installs his forces in Constantinople. Gainas deposes anti-Gothic officials and has Eutropius, imperial advisor (cubicularius), executed.

title: 399

text: A riot breaks out in Constantinople; the Great Palace is burned to the ground. Gainas, a Gothic leader, attempts to evacuate his soldiers out of the city, but 7,000 armed Goths are trapped and killed by order of Arcadius. After the massacre, Gainas tries to escape across the Hellespont, but his rag-tag ad hoc fleet is destroyed by Fravitta, a Gothic chieftain in imperial service.

title: 400

text: Gainas, Gothic chieftain and general (magister militum)

title: 400

text: Emperor Arcadius sends many gifts to the Hunnic chieftain Uldin, in appreciation of his victory over the Goths and Gainas. Arcadius then allies himself with the Huns.

title: 401

text: April 6 – Battle of Pollentia: Stilicho recalls troops from Britain and the Rhine frontier to defend Italy. He decides to attack the Goths on Easter Sunday, and manages to capture Alaric's wife and children.

title: 402

text: June – Battle of Verona: The Visigoths, under command of King Alaric I, invade Italy again, and advance through the Brenner Pass. Stilicho, with an army of 30,000 men, defeats the Goths north of Verona. Alaric makes a truce, and withdraws eastward to Illyricum.

title: 403

text: War of Radagaisus: King Radagaisus leads an invasion with a force of 20,000 men and crosses the Alps. He spends the winter in the Po Valley and is observed by Stilicho, who lacks sufficient strength to prepare an offensive against the invading German tribes. The exact numbers of the migration are unknown, probably nearly 100,000, including Alans, Burgundians, Goths, Vandals, and other smaller tribes.

title: 405

text: August 23 – Radagaisus, Gothic king

title: 406

text: King Ataulf leads the Goths into Gaul at the instigation of Honorius, who promises to recognise a Visigothic Kingdom if he defeats the several usurpers who threaten the Roman Empire.

title: AD 411

text: January 1 – Galla Placidia, half-sister of emperor Honorius, is married to the Visigothic king Ataulf at Narbonne. The wedding is celebrated with Roman festivities and magnificent gifts from the Gothic booty.

title: 414

text: A Vandal fleet and their allies (Alans, Goths and Moors) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege Palermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of King Genseric.

title: 440

text: c. March – Attila the Hun is found dead in bed, after a wedding feast with the Goth princess Ildico. He dies of a nosebleed at his Hungarian stronghold, drowning in his own blood, aged about 47. The Huns celebrate a strava (lamentation) over his burial place with great feasting. Attila's son Ellac is appointed successor, but his brothers Dengizich and Ernakh divide the Hunnic Empire by establishing their own kingdoms north of the Black Sea (Ukraine), supported by vassal states.

title: 453

text: September 21 – Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army. He restores the imperial authority in Noricum (modern Austria) and leaves a Gothic force under Remistus, Visigoth general (magister militum), at Ravenna.

title: 455

text: October 5 – The Visigoths under King Theodoric II, acting on orders of Avitus, invade Spain with an army of Burgundians, Franks and Goths, led by their kings Chilperic I and Gondioc. They defeat the Suebi under King Rechiar on the Urbicus River, near Astorga (Gallaecia); this shatters the power of the Suebi.

title: 456

text: King Theodoric II sends Remismund gifts (for recognizing his kingship), including weapons, and a Gothic princess for a wife.

title: 464

text: The Goths, led by Theodoric Strabo, revolt in Thrace after the assassination of Aspar. Leo I sends Basiliscus to suppress the uprising.

title: 471

text: Theodoric Strabo signs a peace treaty with Leo I, and according to the terms the Goths are paid with an annual tribute of 2,000 pounds of gold. Leo gives him an independent state in Thrace and he obtains the rank of magister militum.

title: 473

text: Odoacer crosses the Maritime Alps with a Gothic army and invades Provence (Southern Gaul). He conquers the cities of Arles and Marseille, after a victorious battle against the Burgundians.

title: 476

text: Thrasamund, king of the Vandals, marries Amalafrida (widowed sister of Theodoric the Great). She brings with her a large dowry and an elite Gothic force of 5,000 soldiers.

title: AD 500

text: October 23 – The Synodus Palmaris, called by Gothic king Theodoric the Great, clears Pope Symmachus of all charges, thus ending the schism of Antipope Laurentius.

title: AD 502

text: Queen Amalasuntha receives a delegation sent by a council of Gothic nobles urging that she have her son Athalaric, now 13, taught an education in the Roman tradition—not by elderly schoolmasters, but by men who will teach him to "ride, fence, and to be toughened, not to be turned into a bookworm".

title: 529

text: March – Ostrogothic King Theodahad cedes Provence and upper Alamannia to the Franks, gaining their support in the war. He sends a large Gothic army into Dalmatia. They defeat the Byzantines, Mundus is killed during the fighting at Salona, and the Byzantine army withdraws.

title: 536

text: Belisarius attacks the Goths when they have crossed the Milvian Bridge. After fierce resistance, Vitiges routs in panic, and many are slain or drowned in the river.

title: 538

text: March – Gothic War: The Goths and the Burgundians recapture Mediolanum (modern Milan), after many months of siege, the city reaching the point of starvation. The Byzantine garrison (1,000 men) surrenders and is spared, but the inhabitants are massacred (according to Procopius 300,000 people are murdered), and the city itself is destroyed.

title: 539

text: May – Gothic War: Belisarius conquers Mediolanum (modern-day Milan) and the Gothic capital Ravenna. Vitiges and his wife Matasuntha are taken as captives to Constantinople.

title: 540

text: Winter – Siege of Verona: Totila defends the city of Verona against a numerically superior Byzantine army. He gains control over the Po Valley and prepares a Gothic offensive in Central Italy.

title: 541

text: Belisarius defeats the Gothic army under King Totila, who unsuccessfully besieges the city of Otranto (southern Italy). After their retreat, the Byzantines march towards the city of Rome.

title: 544

text: Totila conquers the city of Perugia (Central Italy) and stations a Gothic garrison. He takes bishop Herculanus prisoner, and orders him to be completely flayed. The Ostrogoth soldier asked to perform this gruesome execution shows pity, and decapitates Herculanus before the skin on every part of his body is removed.

title: 549

text: Summer – Totila plunders Sicily, after he subdues Corsica and Sardinia. He sends a Gothic fleet to raid the coasts of Greece.

title: 550

text: Gothic War: Narses arrives in Venetia and discovers that a powerful Gothic-Frank army (50,000 men), under joint command of the kings Totila and Theudebald, has blocked the principal route to the Po Valley. Not wishing to engage such a formidable force and confident that the Franks would avoid a direct confrontation, Narses skirts the lagoons along the Adriatic shore, by using vessels to leapfrog his army from point to point along the coast. In this way he arrives at the capital Ravenna without encountering any opposition. He attacks and crushes a small Gothic force at Ariminum (modern Rimini).

title: 551

text: The Ostrogothic Kingdom ends after 60 years of rule in Italy. The Goths are allowed to return to their homes in peace and (re)settle in modern-day Austria. Some 7,000 people retreat to Campsas (Southern Gaul), and resist with minimal help from the Franks against the Byzantines until 554.

title: 553

text: The Visigoths under King Liuvigild invade the Suebian Kingdom (Northern Spain). Intermarriage between Goths and non-Goths is allowed in the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date).

title: 575

text: December 5 – Fourth Council of Toledo: King Sisenand orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that all Visigoths must take an oath to preserve the stability of the Gothic nation.

title: 633

text: June 30 – Fifth Council of Toledo: Chintila orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that only Gothic nobility (with military functions) may be king of the Visigothic Kingdom.

title: 636

text: April 30 – Chindasuinth, a Gothic warlord (already 79 years old), commences a rebellion and deposes King Tulga in Toledo, Spain. He is proclaimed king by the Visigothic nobility and anointed by the bishops. Tulga is tonsured and sent out to live his days in a monastery.

title: 642

text: King Recceswinth draws up the Liber Judiciorum at Toledo, a Visigothic code based on Roman law, that establishes equality between Goths and Hispano-Romans without regard to racial or cultural differences.

title: 654


slug: gotland

label: Gotland

description: island and historical province in Sweden

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Oeselians ravage Danish Scania. The returning pirates later skirmish with the German settlers of Riga, near Visby in Gotland.

title: 1203

text: A civil war breaks out on Gotland between the burghers of Visby and the rural farmers of Gotland; while the exact reason for this war is unknown, the most likely reason is the construction of a large wall around Visby, and the introduction of a toll, which the farmers were forced to pay.

title: 1288

date: July 27

text: July 27 – Battle of Visby: King Valdemar IV of Denmark conquers the city of Visby by defeating the defending Gutnish country yeomen, and takes Gotland.

title: 1361

section: Events › January–December

date: April 5

text: April 5 – The Teutonic Knights conquer the island of Gotland, near Sweden, which has previously been run by the piratical Victual Brothers. In the agreement of surrender, the city of Visby and the entire island are ceded to Johan of Mecklenburg, and merchants from the Hanseatic League are allowed free trade. In addition, the Knights receive the opportunity to clear all known pirates and other enemies from Gotland.

title: 1398

section: Events › April–June

date: March 17

text: March 17 – The Teutonic Knights resume their attack on Lithuania as a fleet of 84 ships, 4,000 men and 400 horses departs from Danzig toward Gotland, and arrive on March 21.

title: 1398

section: Events › January–March

text: Gotland passes under Danish rule.

title: 1408

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen of the Teutonic Knights guarantees peace with the Kalmar Union of Scandinavia by selling the Baltic Sea island of Gotland to Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

title: 1409

date: August 24

text: August 24 – After many years of fruitless negotiations between Christopher of Bavaria and Erik of Pomerania, a Swedish war march to Gotland is launched in the early summer of 1446. King Christopher comes with a force to the island and on an open field in Västergarn with crossbowmen at gunpoint behind each monarch's back; regular peace negotiations take place.

title: 1446

section: Events › July–September

date: July 29

text: July 29 – The War in Gotland begins in Scandinavia as an army from Sweden, commanded by Generals Magnus Gren and Birger Trolle, invades the island of Gotland, at the time ruled by Denmark. The invasion is repelled by Erik of Pomerania, ruler of the island and the former King of Sweden and Denmark.

title: 1448

date: June 4

text: June 4 – Erik of Pomerania, formerly the King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, hands over possession of the island of Gotland to the Swedish invaders.

title: 1449

date: August 23

text: August 23 (August 13 Old Style) – The Treaty of Brömsebro is signed between Sweden and Denmark–Norway, ending the Torstenson War and ceding Jemtland, Herjedalen, Gotland and Ösel (Saaremaa) to Sweden, which also holds the province of Halland for a period of 30 years, as a guarantee.

title: 1645

section: Crime & Justice

text: The Viking Age craftsman's Mästermyr chest is discovered in the Mästermyr mire (after which it is later named), west of Hemse, on the island of Gotland, Sweden.

title: 1936

section: Events › September–October


slug: governor-general-of-canada

label: Governor General of Canada

description: representative of the monarch of Canada

section: Conflict & Security

date: April 25

text: April 25 – James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, the Governor General of Canada, signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, outraging Montreal's English population and triggering the Montreal Riots.

title: 1849

section: Births

date: September 11

text: September 11 – Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy, British general, 12th Governor General of Canada (d. 1935)

title: 1862

section: Births › July–September

date: August 26

text: August 26 – John Buchan, Scottish-Canadian novelist, historian and politician, 15th Governor General of Canada (d. 1940)

title: 1875

section: Births › July–August

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 12

text: November 12 – The Earl of Minto takes office as the new Governor General of Canada.

title: 1898

section: Events › November

date: March 16

text: March 16 – Ray Hnatyshyn, Canadian statesman, 24th Governor General of Canada (d. 2002)

title: 1934

section: Births › March

section: Deaths

date: June 6

text: June 6 – Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy, British general, 12th Governor General of Canada (b. 1862)

title: 1935

section: Deaths › June

date: May 6

text: May 6 – Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, British politician and Governor General of Canada (b. 1868)

title: 1938

section: Deaths › May

text: February 11 – John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, Scottish-born novelist, 15th Governor General of Canada (b. 1875)

title: 1940

section: Deaths › February

date: August 12

text: August 12 – Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon, British politician and colonial administrator, 22nd Viceroy of India, 13th Governor General of Canada (b. 1866)

title: 1941

section: Deaths › August

date: February 26

text: February 26 – Vincent Massey is sworn in, becoming the first Canadian-born Governor General of Canada.

title: 1952

section: Events › January–February

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, British field marshal and 17th Governor General of Canada (b. 1891)

title: 1969


slug: governor-general-of-india

label: Governor-General of India

description: viceroy of British India

date: January 14

text: January 14 – William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, British ambassador to China, Governor-General of India (d. 1857)

title: 1773

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Former Governor-General of India Warren Hastings is acquitted by the British House of Lords of misconduct.

title: 1795

section: Events › January–June

section: Culture & Society

date: July 10

text: July 10 – Fort William College is established by Lord Wellesley, British Governor-General of India, in Calcutta, to promote Bengali, Hindi and other vernaculars of the Indian subcontinent.

title: 1800

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Francis Rawdon-Hastings, the Governor-General of India declares war on Kingdom of Nepal and Anglo-Nepalese War begins.

title: 1814

section: Events › October–December

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: September

text: September – Sir Stamford Raffles sets out to visit Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (modern-day Singapore).

title: 1818

date: August 1

text: August 1 – William Pitt Amherst arrives in Calcutta with Lady Amherst to become the new Governor-General of India.

title: 1823

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Lord William Bentinck arrives at Calcutta (modern-day Kolkata) to begin his administration as the new Governor-General of India, on behalf of King George IV of the United Kingdom.

title: 1828

date: March 13

text: March 13 – Edward, Prince of Wales, inaugurates the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College in Dehradun, India, marking a capitulation of the Governor General and Secretary of State for India to growing pressure for Indianization of the officer cadre of the Indian Army.

title: 1922

section: Events › March

text: The United Kingdom, France, New Zealand, Australia and India (by its Viceroy) declare war on Nazi Germany. Prime Minister of Canada Mackenzie King, in English, and Justice Minister Ernest Lapointe, in French, give an international radio address stating the Dominion's intention to declare war also.

title: 1939

section: Events › September

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Jawaharlal Nehru takes office as the first prime minister of India, taking his oath from Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, Governor-General of India (but no longer viceroy).

title: 1947

section: Events › August

date: December 25

text: December 25 – C. Rajagopalachari, Indian politician and freedom-fighter. Last Governor-General of India (1948–50) (b. 1878)

title: 1972

section: Deaths › December


section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: December 19

text: December 19 – Pieter Both becomes the first Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (now the Republic of Indonesia), serving until 1614.

title: 1610

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Anthony van Diemen takes office as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and will serve until his death in 1645.

title: 1636

section: Events › January–March

section: Conflict & Security

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Cornelis Speelman of the Netherlands becomes the new Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and concludes an alliance with the Sultan Amangkurat II of the Mataram Sultanate on the island of Java, then uses the Dutch Army to suppress the rebellion started by the Sultan's half-brother, Prince Puger. Puger surrenders on November 28 to the ranking Dutch officer, Jacob Couper.

title: 1681

section: Births

text: June 6 – Adriaan Valckenier, Dutch Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1737-1741) (d. 1751)

title: 1695

section: Births › April–June

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Dirck van Cloon becomes the new Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).

title: 1732

section: Events › April–June

date: March 11

text: March 11 – Abraham Patras becomes the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) upon the death of Dirck van Cloon.

title: 1735

text: November 1 – Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff, Dutch Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1705)

title: 1750

date: June 20

text: June 20 – Adriaan Valckenier, Dutch Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1737–1741) (b. 1695)

title: 1751

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Jan Willem Janssens, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1838)

title: 1762

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Johannes van den Bosch, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1844)

title: 1780

date: February 28

text: February 28 – Leonard du Bus de Gisignies, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1849)

title: 1780

date: March 17

text: March 17 – Dominique Jacques de Eerens, Governor general of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1840)

title: 1781

date: March 18

text: March 18 – Pieter Merkus, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1844)

title: 1787

date: October 23

text: October 23 – Jan Jacob Rochussen, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1871)

title: 1797

section: Births › October–December

date: May 2

text: May 2 – Herman Willem Daendels, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1762)

title: 1818

section: Deaths › January–June

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Jan Willem Janssens, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1762)

title: 1838

date: January 28

text: January 28 – Johannes van den Bosch, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1780)

title: 1844

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Leonard du Bus de Gisignies, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1780)

title: 1849

date: October 29

text: October 29 – Carel Sirardus Willem van Hogendorp, Acting Governor-General of Dutch East Indies (b. 1788)

title: 1856

section: Deaths › July–December

date: January 21

text: January 21 – Jan Jacob Rochussen, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1797)

title: 1871


slug: governor-general-of-the-philippines

label: Governor-General of the Philippines

description: title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines

date: November 29

text: November 29 – In Japan, a treaty is signed between Spanish nobleman Rodrigo de Vivero, former Governor-General of the Philippines and the former shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, for the establishment of a Spanish factory in eastern Japan.

title: 1609

date: June 4

text: June 4 – The "Sangley Massacre" is ordered by Sabiniano Manrique de Lara, the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, with the directive for the government to kill all Filipinos of Chinese ancestry — Sangleys — who disobey orders to assemble at Manila for deportation.

title: 1662

date: September 28

text: September 28 – Diego de Salcedo is overthrown from his position as the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines in a coup d'etat led by Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz. Salcedo and other members of his administration are jailed and then sent into exile from Luzon to the island of Panay, and his fortune is confiscated.

title: 1668

section: Events › July–September

date: October 11

text: October 11 – Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda, the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, is assassinated in a bloody coup d'etat by supporters of the Archbishop of Manila, whom Bustamante had imprisoned.

title: 1719

date: January 18

text: January 18 – In Manila, a peace treaty is signed between Spain's Governor-General of the Philippines, Fernándo Valdés y Tamon, and the Sultan Azim ud-Din I of Sulu, recognizing Azim's authority over the islands of the Sulu Archipelago.

title: 1737

date: March 7

text: March 7 – Juan de Arechederra the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, combines his forces with those of Sultan Azim ud-Din I of Sulu to suppress the rebellion of the Moros in the Visayas.

title: 1747

text: March 17 – Francisco Javier de la Torre arrives in Manila to become the new Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines.

title: 1764

section: Events › January–June

section: Religion & Belief

date: August 16

text: August 16 – Narciso Claveria, Governor-General of the Philippines, makes a decree announcing that Monday, December 30, 1844, will be immediately followed by Wednesday, January 1, 1845. (Tuesday, December 31, 1844, is removed from the Philippine calendar because since 1521 the country has been one day behind its Asian neighbors.)

title: 1844

date: July 4

text: July 4 – William Howard Taft becomes Governor-General of the Philippines.

title: 1901

section: Events › July–August


slug: governor-of-new-york

label: Governor of New York

description: head of state and of government of the U.S. state of New York

date: March 2

text: March 2 – DeWitt Clinton, American politician and naturalist, 6th Governor of New York (d. 1828)

title: 1769

text: May 31 – Horatio Seymour, 18th Governor of New York, 1868 Democratic Party Presidential Nominee (d. 1886)

title: 1810

section: Births › January–June

date: February 9

text: February 9 – Samuel J. Tilden, 25th Governor of New York, 1876 Democratic Party Presidential Nominee (d. 1886)

title: 1814

section: Deaths

date: February 11

text: February 11 – DeWitt Clinton, 6th Governor of New York, United States Senator (b. 1769)

title: 1828

section: Culture & Society

date: April 27

text: April 27 – Governor of New York Reuben Fenton signs a bill formally creating Cornell University.

title: 1865

section: Events › April

date: August 4

text: August 4 – Samuel J. Tilden, 25th Governor of New York, 1876 Democratic Party presidential nominee (b. 1814)

title: 1886

date: February 12

text: February 12 – Horatio Seymour, 18th Governor of New York, 1868 Democratic Party presidential nominee (b. 1810)

title: 1886

date: June 29

text: June 29 – At the 1928 Democratic National Convention in Houston, Governor of New York Al Smith becomes the first Catholic nominated by a major political party for President of the United States.

title: 1928

section: Events › June

date: May 20

text: May 20 – David Paterson, American politician, 55th Governor of New York

title: 1954

section: Births › May

section: Climate & Environment

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Michael Rockefeller, son of Governor of New York and later Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, disappears in the jungles of New Guinea.

title: 1961

section: Events › November


slug: granada

label: Granada

description: municipality and capital of the province of Granada, Spain

text: Approximate date of the Synod of Elvira in Elvira, Spain, which prohibits interaction with Jews, pagans, and heretics.

title: 300

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Gregory Bæticus, bishop of Elvira (Spain)

title: 392

section: Conflict & Security

text: Byzantine forces under Liberius seize Granada (Andalusia) and occupy the old province of Baetica. Justinian I calls Belisarius out of retirement, to complete the consolidation of reconquered regions of Southern Spain.

title: 554

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: December 30

text: December 30 – Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, crucifies the Jewish vizier Yusuf ibn Naghrela, and massacres most of the Jewish population.

title: 1066

section: Events › Europe

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: A third Almoravid expedition is launched in Al-Andalus, designed to finally subdue the Taifa's Kingdoms. The cities of Córdoba, Seville, Granada, Málaga, Almería and Ronda fall to the troops of Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin.

title: 1090

text: Summer – King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre launches a campaign raid into Granada in Andalusia (modern Spain) against the Almoravids. In the aftermath, the Almoravid deport Jews and Christians from Andalusia to Morocco.

title: 1126

text: September 28 – King James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia from the Moors, who retreat to Granada. During the campaign, James' cousin, Bernat Guillem de Montpeller, dies from wounds received in action.

title: 1238

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: December

text: December – Reconquista: Ferdinand III issues an edict to expel the Almohads out of Seville. Many Muslims sail to North Africa and others travel to Granada in Al-Andalus.

title: 1248

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Sultan Muhammad I (or Ibn al-Ahmar) suffers fatal injuries after falling from his horse near the city of Granada during a minor military expedition. He is succeeded by his son Muhammad II, who becomes ruler of the Emirate of Granada. Muhammad enters negotiations with King Alfonso X ("the Wise") to make peace with Castile, but he refuses to grant a truce to the Banu governors (arraeces) of Málaga and Guadix in Andalusia.

title: 1273

date: June

text: June – Reconquista: Castilian forces led by King Alfonso X ("the Wise") and accompanied by his sons, the Infantes Sancho, Peter and John, invade the lowlands of Granada. Sultan Muhammad II of Granada sends a Moorish army, supported by many archers and cavalry, to repel them. Alfonso defeats the Moors in a battle near Granada's walls on June 25, but after the failure of the negotiations that follow, he leaves Granada.

title: 1281

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Battle of the Vega of Granada: Castilian forces of 12,000 troops, led by the regents Don Pedro of Castile and Don Juan of Castile are defeated by a Moorish relief army at Granada during their attempt. Both regents are killed in the fighting. Pedro and Juan had summoned their Castilian vassals to assemble an expeditionary army in Córdoba, as part of an attempt to restore the deposed Sultan Nasr to the Granadan throne.

title: 1319

section: Events › April – June

date: August 23

text: August 23 – Ismail II overthrows his uncle, Muhammed V, as Sultan of Granada (in modern-day Spain).

title: 1359

section: Events › January–December

section: Health & Medicine

text: Muhammed V begins building the Maristan of Granada (a hospital) in Granada (in modern-day Spain).

title: 1365

section: Events › Date unknown

date: January 16

text: January 16 – Yusuf II succeeds Muhammad V, as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).

title: 1391

section: Events › January–March

text: The first hospital in al-Andalus is created, at Granada.

title: 1397

date: April 23

text: April 23 – The city of Granada, capital of the Muslim Emirate of Granada in Spain, is besieged by the armies of Castile and Aragon, ruled by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella.

title: 1491

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Ferdinand and Isabella enter Granada.

title: 1492

section: Events › January—March

date: September 22

text: September 22 – A 6.8 magnitude earthquake kills more than 2,500 people in the Spanish city of Almería, near Alhama de Almería. It has a maximum felt intensity of X–XI (extreme), making it the most destructive earthquake in Spanish history, and destroys the city, as well as damaging 80 other towns; in Granada, large cracks are observed in various walls and towers.

title: 1522

date: February 13

text: February 13 – After seizing Jaén, Córdoba, Seville and Granada, Napoleonic troops enter Málaga under the command of General Horace Sebastiani.

title: 1810


slug: grand-canal-china

label: Grand Canal (China)

description: longest canal or artificial river in the world located in China

year_label: 486 BCE

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The first part of the Grand Canal of China is built during the reign of King Fuchai of Wu. It links the Yangtze River with the Huai River, and is a measure to ship ample amount of supplies north for intended wars with the northern states of Song and Lu.

title: 486 BC

section: Events › By place › China

text: Emperor Wéndi of the Sui dynasty organises the Grand Canal. He builds ships for transportation and grain stores are located at strategic points.

title: 584

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Yangdi, a Sui emperor, extends the Grand Canal. He reportedly assumes power by poisoning his father. Ma Shu-mou, aka Mahu, was one of the canal overseers and was said to have eaten a steamed 2-year-old child each day he worked on the canal. On completion the canal extended for 1,100 miles. 5.5 million people were pressed into service to complete the 1,550 mile canal.

title: 600

text: Emperor Yángdi completes the Grand Canal; it provides an unbroken inland ship transport between the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The canal network is 1,776 km (1,400 miles) long—linking five river systems—and extends from Beijing to the city of Hangzhou.

title: 609

text: Rains and heavy storms around the southern seaport of Yangzhou destroy over 1,000 ships and boats in the Grand Canal, during the Tang dynasty (approximate date).

title: 721

text: During the Tang dynasty in China, by this year there is 149,685,400 kg (165,000 short tons) of grain shipped annually along the Grand Canal.

title: 735

text: In China during the Tang Dynasty, a barge load of tea (a medicinal herb) comes up the Grand Canal to Luoyang, from Zhejiang (approximate date).

title: 750

section: Events › By topic › Food and drink

date: December 16

text: December 16 – General An Lushan begins the Anshi Rebellion against Emperor Xuan Zong of the Tang Dynasty (China). His army surges down from Fanyang (near modern Beijing), and moves rapidly along the Grand Canal. Meanwhile, Xuan Zong sends Feng Changqing, governor of Fanyang, to build up defenses at the eastern capital of Luoyang.

title: 755

text: An enormous flood along the Grand Canal inundates thousands of acres of farmland and kills tens of thousands of people in the North China Plain.

title: 858

text: Qiao Weiyue, a Chinese engineer, innovates the first known use of the double-gated canal pound lock during the Song dynasty, for adjusting different water levels in segments of the Grand Canal in China.

title: 984

section: Events › By topic › Technology

text: Fall – Shen Kuo is sent to supervise Wang Anshi's program of surveying the buildup of silt deposits in the Grand Canal, outside the capital city of Kaifeng. Using an original technique, Shen successfully dredges the canal and demonstrates the formidable value of the silt gathered as a fertilizer.

title: 1072

text: In China, the Grand Canal, which runs from Beijing to Hangzhou over a distance of 1,800 km, is completed.

title: 1327

section: Events › By topic › Trade and Transport

text: A series of seven customs offices and barriers are installed along the Grand Canal of China, during the reign of the Ming Dynasty's Yongle Emperor.

title: 1429


slug: grand-chancellor-china

label: Grand chancellor (China)

description: The highest-ranking official in the Imperial Government in ancient China

year_label: 381 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Wu Qi, Chinese military general, Prime Minister of the State of Chu, also a servant of the State of Lu (born in Wei, 440 BC)

title: 381 BC

year_label: 291 BCE

section: Births

text: Lü Buwei, Chinese politician and chancellor of the Qin State (d. 235 BC)

title: 291 BC

year_label: 178 BCE

text: Chen Ping, Chinese official and chancellor of the Western Han dynasty

title: 178 BC

date: May 23

text: May 23 – At Luoyang, Zhao Guangyin, the Grand Chancellor (equivalent to a Prime Minister) of the Emperor Li Cunxu of Later Tang dynasty China, dies. Zhao's duties are assumed by Li Cunxu's son, Prince Li Siyuan.

title: 925

section: Events › By date › January – June

text: Kou Zhun, Chinese Grand chancellor (approximate date)

title: 961

text: Wang Pu, Chinese chancellor (b. 922)

title: 982

date: October 23

text: October 23 – Wen Yanbo, grand chancellor (d. 1097)

title: 1006

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Wang Dan, Chinese Grand Chancellor

title: 1017

text: Wang Gui, Chinese official and chancellor (d. 1085)

title: 1019

date: December 8

text: December 8 – Wang Anshi, Chinese chancellor (d. 1086)

title: 1021

date: October 24

text: October 24 – Kou Zhun, Chinese grand chancellor

title: 1023

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Wang Qinruo, Chinese chancellor

title: 1025

text: Pang Ji, Chinese official and chancellor (b. 988)

title: 1063

section: Economy & Finance

text: Emperor Shenzong of Song China appoints Wang Anshi as his chief chancellor. He implements the New Policies, which include financial and trade reforms, defense and order, institution of the baojia system, etc.

title: 1069

text: Li Gang, Chinese politician and Grand Chancellor (d. 1140)

title: 1083

date: May 21

text: May 21 – Wang Anshi, Chinese chancellor (b. 1021)

title: 1086

text: Zhang Jun, Chinese general and grand chancellor (d. 1164)

title: 1097

text: Li Gang, Chinese Grand Chancellor (b. 1083)

title: 1140

section: Conflict & Security

text: February 12 – Hu Weiyong, the Grand Chancellor of Ming dynasty China, is accused of treason and executed as the Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu) begins a purge of over 30,000 people perceived as opponents of the Imperial government.

title: 1380


slug: grand-duchy-of-lithuania

label: Grand Duchy of Lithuania

description: Eastern European monarchical state that existed from 1236 to 1795

section: Religion & Belief

text: Mindaugas of Lithuania is baptized, in prelude to his crowning as King of Lithuania in 1253.

title: 1251

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Livonian Crusade: The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania decisively defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Durbe. This leads the Estonians of Saaremaa Island to once again rebel against the Livonian Order.

title: 1260

date: February 16

text: February 16 – Livonian Crusade - Battle of Karuse: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order decisively, on the frozen surface of the Baltic Sea.

title: 1270

section: Events › Europe

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Battle of Turaida: Forces of the Livonian Order are decisively defeated near Turaida Castle by the residents of Riga, allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Vytenis. After their defeat, the Livonians receive reinforcements from the Teutonic Order and defeat the residents of Riga and Lithuanians near Neuermühlen, on June 28. The knights proceed with their campaign, and besiege and capture Riga. In response, King Eric VI of Denmark ("Menved") threatens to invade Livonia, but a truce is reached and the conflict is mediated by Pope Boniface VIII.

title: 1298

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Battle of Woplauken: In Europe, the Teutonic Knights defeat the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

title: 1311

section: Events › April – June

date: February 10

text: February 10 – The Raid on Brandenburg begins as Polish-Lithuanian forces led by Władysław I Łokietek, "the elbow-high", King of Poland, and of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Gediminas, raid the territories of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (within the Holy Roman Empire), with the sanction of Pope John XXII. Władysław regards the Neumark (East Brandenburg) as Polish territory.

title: 1326

section: Events › January – March

date: February 1

text: February 1 – King John of Bohemia (of the Teutonic Order) captures Medvėgalis, an important fortress of the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and baptizes 6,000 of its defenders.

title: 1329

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Battle of Strėva: the Teutonic Order secure a victory over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Sources tell of a blow to Lithuanian leadership, one that the Teutonic Order could not fully make use of due to the Black Death.

title: 1348

section: Culture & Society

date: January 1

text: January 1 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania switches New Year to January 1, before any other country does.

title: 1362

text: Winter – Construction of a stone Moscow Kremlin Wall around the city is begun to resist invasion by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

title: 1367

date: February 18

text: February 18 – The Battle of Rudau is fought between the Teutonic Knights and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania near Rudau village, north of Königsberg (now Melnikovo village in the Kaliningrad oblast). According to the Teutonic chronicler Wigand of Marburg and the Livonian chronicle of Hermann de Wartberge, the Lithuanians suffer a great defeat.

title: 1370

date: November 26

text: November 26 – Lithuanian–Muscovite War: In retaliation for the attack by the Grand Principality of Moscow on Tver and Bryansk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Principality of Tver begin a two-day siege of the Muscovite city of Volokolamsk. While the leader of Volokolamsk's defenses, Prince Vasily Ivanovich Berezuysky, is killed, the attackers end the siege without capturing the city, and then march toward Moscow.

title: 1370

section: Events › October–December

date: December 2

text: December 2 – With the threat of the Russian Orthodox believers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania being converted to the Roman Catholic Church, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Philotheos Kokkinos, creates the Orthodox metropolis of Lithuania with the approval of the other bishops at the Council of Constantinople. Philotheos consecrates Cyprian as the first Orthodox Metropolitan of Lithuania and designates Cyprian will be the successor to Alexius II, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia.

title: 1375

date: May 24

text: May 24 – Władysław II Jagiełło succeeds his father, Algirdas, as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jagiello initially shares power with his uncle, Kestutis Giedyminowicz, until 1381.

title: 1377

section: Events › April–June

date: August

text: August – Kęstutis overthrows his nephew, Jogaila, as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jogaila is allowed to remain as governor of eastern Lithuania. This marks the beginning of the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–84).

title: 1381

section: Events › July–September

section: Crime & Justice

text: Kęstutis, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, is taken prisoner by former Grand Duke Jogaila, whilst meeting him to hold negotiations. Kęstutis is subsequently murdered, and Jogaila regains the rule of Lithuania.

title: 1382

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania is crowned Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, beginning the Jagiellonian dynasty.

title: 1386

date: April 14

text: April 14 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – At the Battle of the Terek River, the Mongol conqueror Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler, Quyurchuq, on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.

title: 1395

date: March 13

text: March 13 – The Samogitians, supported by Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, rebel against the Teutonic knights and burn two castles. Vytautas is granted increased autonomy by King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania union.

title: 1401

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Peace is declared between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights, after they agree to exchange land and form an alliance against Muscovy.

title: 1404

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (Žalgiris), also known as Battle of Tannenberg: Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken.

title: 1410

date: October 2

text: October 2 – The Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło.

title: 1413

date: July

text: July – The Hunger War takes place between the allied Kingdom of Poland, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, against the Teutonic Knights, who are severely weakened after the Battle of Grunwald four years prior. The war earned its name from destructive scorched earth tactics followed by both sides.

title: 1414

date: September 27

text: September 27 – The Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after the brief Gollub War. The Prussian–Lithuanian border established by the treaty remains unchanged, until World War I.

title: 1422

date: August 31

text: August 31 – Sigismund Kęstutaitis attempts the capture or murder of Švitrigaila, his rival for the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Švitrigaila manages to escape.

title: 1432

text: December 8 – Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438): The first battle between the forces of Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis is fought near the town of Oszmiana (Ashmyany), launching the most active phase of the civil war in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

title: 1432

date: December 31

text: December 31 – The Peace of Brześć Kujawski is signed by representatives of the State of the Teutonic Order to make peace with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to end the Polish–Teutonic War, with the Teutonic Order agreeing to end its support of the former Grand Duke Svitrigaila and to not interfere further with Polish and Lithuanian affairs.

title: 1435

date: September 1

text: September 1 – In the Battle of Wiłkomierz, Grand Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis decisively defeats his predecessor, Švitrigaila, in the decisive battle of the civil war in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

title: 1435

text: With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Hacı I Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.

title: 1441

date: February 5

text: February 5 – The war between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ends after almost seven years, with the Tsar Ivan III signing a "treaty of Eternal Peace" with Lithuania's Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon. Lithuania is guaranteed its independence in return for ceding its territories captured by Moscow.

title: 1494

date: July 14

text: July 14 – The Muscovites defeat the Lithuanians and the Poles in the Battle of Vedrosha.

title: 1500

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Battle of the Siritsa River: The Livonian Order, supporting the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War, and commanded by Wolter von Plettenberg, defeats an army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Pskov Republic.

title: 1501

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War: At the Battle of Mstislavl, Grand Prince Ivan's Southern Muscovite army defeats the forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

title: 1501

date: August 6

text: August 6 – Battle of Kletsk: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate.

title: 1506

text: February 2 – During the Glinski rebellion, Lithuanian noble Mykolas Glinskis attacks Grodno (now in Belarus) and decapitates Jan Zabrzeziński, the top ally of Grand Duke Alexander.

title: 1508

text: August 1 – Vasili III of Russia captured Smolensk from Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

title: 1514

text: September 8 – Forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, backed by Belarusians, with 30,000 troops, defeat the larger Russian army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow (80,000 soldiers) in the Battle of Orsha.

title: 1514

text: August 15 – Work begins on the Peresopnytsia Gospel at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and continues for the next five years.

title: 1556

text: November 28 – The Treaty of Vilnius is concluded during the Livonian War, between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. With the treaty, the non-Danish and non-Swedish part of Livonia, with the exception of the Free imperial city of Riga, subjects itself to Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus with the Pacta subiectionis (Provisio ducalis). In turn, Sigismund grants protection from the Tsardom of Russia, and confirms the Livonian estates' traditional privileges, laid out in the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti.

title: 1561

text: January 26 – Livonian War – Battle of Ula: A Lithuanian surprise attack results in a decisive defeat of the numerically superior Russian forces.

title: 1564

text: July 1 – The Union of Lublin unites the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, following votes in the Assemblies of three Lithuanian provinces (Volhynia, Ukraine and Podlasie) in favour of the incorporation.

title: 1569

text: April 5 – 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election: Polish and Lithuanian nobles gather at Warsaw to elect a successor to King Sigismund II Augustus, who had died the previous July 7. The vote comes down to four candidates, from France, the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden and Russia.

title: 1573

text: July 31 – Russo-Polish War (1654–67): The Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for 6 years.

title: 1655

text: Polish replaces Ruthenian as an official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

title: 1696

text: March 29 – Acting in his capacity of Grand Duke of Lithuania, Poland's King Stanisław August Poniatowski issues a proclamation allowing Jews in the Lithuanian capital of Vilnius to live anywhere except for two public streets, the Pilies street and the Galves Street.

title: 1742