slug: vytautas

label: Vytautas

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 19

text: January 19 – The Treaty of Lyck confirms an alliance between Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights, in the Lithuanian Civil War against Vytautas's cousin, Jogaila.

title: 1390

section: Conflict & Security

date: September 11

text: September 11 – Lithuanian Civil War: The coalition of Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights begins a 5-week siege of Vilnius. The Duke of Hereford (the future King Henry IV of England) is among the western European knights serving with the coalition.

title: 1390

date: October 12

text: October 12 – The Treaty of Salynas is signed by Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Konrad von Jungingen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, in an attempt to cede Samogitia to the Knights.

title: 1398

section: Events › October–December

date: August 12

text: August 12 – At the Battle of the Vorskla River, Golden Horde forces, led by Mongol Khan Temür Qutlugh and Emir Edigu, annihilate a crusading army led by former Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania..

title: 1399

date: March 13

text: March 13 – The Samogitians, supported by Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, rebel against the Teutonic knights and burn two castles. Vytautas is granted increased autonomy by King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania union.

title: 1401

text: Grand Duke Vytautas ends his alliance with Muscovy, and captures Vyazma and Smolensk.

title: 1403

date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Peace of Raciążek treaty is signed by the representatives of King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland, by the Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, and by the Teutonic Knights.

title: 1404

date: December 24

text: December 24 – Hussite Wars: In what is now the Czech Republic, General Sigismund Korybut, commander of the Hussite Army, withdraws his troops from Prague on the orders of Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland.

title: 1423

date: October 27

text: October 27 – Vytautas, Grand Prince of Lithuania (b. 1352)

title: 1430

text: October 27 – Vytautas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, dies shortly after the cancellation of plans to crown him as King of Lithuania. His cousin Švitrigaila is elected unanimously by the Lithuanian nobles as the new Grand Duke, violating an agreement with the Kingdom of Poland that the Polish nobles would be able to participate in the election.

title: 1430


slug: wadysaw-ii-jagieo

label: Władysław II Jagiełło

description: King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1362-1434)

section: Births

text: probable – Władysław II Jagiełło, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland (d. 1434)

title: 1351

section: Culture & Society

date: May 24

text: May 24 – Władysław II Jagiełło succeeds his father, Algirdas, as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jagiello initially shares power with his uncle, Kestutis Giedyminowicz, until 1381.

title: 1377

section: Events › April–June

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Jogaila resumes his position as Grand Duke of Lithuania.

title: 1382

section: Events › July–September

date: January 11

text: January 11 – Union of Krewo: A delegation of Poland's nobles visits the Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania at Valkaviskas

title: 1386

section: Events › January–March

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania is crowned Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, beginning the Jagiellonian dynasty.

title: 1386

date: September 27

text: September 27 – Petru of Moldavia pays homage to Władysław II Jagiełło, making Moldavia a Polish fief (which it will remain until 1497).

title: 1387

text: Mircea I of Wallachia and Polish king Władysław II Jagiełło sign their first treaty, to protect their countries against Ottoman expansion.

title: 1389

section: Events › Date unknown

date: November 2

text: November 2 – The Treaty of Pyzdry is signed between King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland and Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania with the Duke pledging his support to the King in the Polish-Teutonic War.

title: 1390

section: Deaths

date: July 17

text: July 17 – Władysław II Jagiełło becomes sole ruler of Poland, after the death of his co-ruling wife, Queen Jadwiga.

title: 1399

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Jagiellonian University is re-established in Kraków by order of King Władysław II, with the creation of the Faculty of Theology at what is then called the Kraków Academy. The restoration is partially financed by the sale of jewelry owned by the King's late wife, Queen Jadwiga, who had died in 1399.

title: 1400

title: 1404

date: December

text: December – Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas meet with Polish King Wladyslaw Jagiello in Navahrudak Castle, where they agree to support the Samogitians uprising to provoke the Teutonic Knights into declaring war against Poland.

title: 1408

section: Events › July–December

date: August 29

text: August 29 – The Duchy of Pomerania-Stargard is submitted by Bogislaw VIII, the Duke of Pomerania, to become a fiefdom within the Kingdom of Poland, led by King Wladyslaw II. In return, Bogislaw receives Lauenburg and Bütow Land as well as Człuchów, Biały Bór, Debrzno, Świdwin and Czarne.

title: 1410

date: May 2

text: May 2 – Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, remarries less than year after the death of his wife Anna of Cilli, taking Elizabeth Granowska as his third wife in a ceremony at Sanok. Because the Polish nobles do not approve of the marriage, Elizabeth's coronation does not take place for six months.

title: 1417

title: 1423

section: Religion & Belief

date: February 12

text: February 12 – The coronation of Sophia of Halshany, wife of Władysław II Jagiełło, as Queen consort of Poland takes place at the Kraków Cathedral.

title: 1424

date: August 26

text: August 26 (September 2 N.S.) – At the Polish city of Chortoryisk, representatives of Švitrigaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania and of the King of Poland, Władysław II Jagiełło agree to a truce to end the Lutsk War.

title: 1431

date: September 30

text: September 30 – A delegation from Poland, led by the Bishop of Kraków, Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki, arrives in Vilnius and brings a message Grand Duke Sigismund that King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland recognizes Sigismund as Lithuania's ruler, for life.

title: 1432

date: January 3

text: January 3 – Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, acknowledges the oath of loyalty made on October 25 by Žygimantas I Kęstutaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania, continuing the progress of the eventual Uniting of Poland and Lithuania.

title: 1433

date: June 1

text: June 1 – King Wladislaus II of Poland (age unknown)

title: 1434


slug: wadysaw-iii-of-poland

label: Władysław III of Poland

description: king of Poland and Hungary

date: October 31

text: October 31 – King Władysław III of Poland (d. 1444)

title: 1424

date: July 25

text: July 25 – The coronation of Wladyslaw III as King of Poland takes place at the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków.

title: 1434

date: May 6

text: May 6 – Battle of Grotnik: Wladyslaw III's royal army defeats the Hussite rebels, led by Spytko III of Melsztyn, ending the non-Catholic movement in Poland.

title: 1439

text: July 17 – Wladyslaw III, King of Poland and Supreme Duke of Lithuania, is crowned as King László I of Hungary at the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Székesfehérvár.

title: 1440

date: September 10

text: September 10 – A rebellion in Hungary, instigated by Ladislaus Garai against the newly elected King Laszlo (who is also king of Poland), is ended when Garai's army is annihilated in a battle at Bátaszék by the troops of General János Hunyadi and of Nicholas of Ilok, ruler of Croatia.

title: 1440

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Elizabeth of Luxembourg, widow of the late King Albert of Hungary presents the Crown of St. Stephen to Frederick, King of Germany and invites him to take the throne, although Hungary's nobles had elected King Władysław III of Poland as King Laszlo of Hungary.

title: 1441

date: December 13

text: December 13 – King Władysław III of Poland, who had been elected as King of Hungary in 1440, and Elisabeth of Luxembourg, widow of King Albert of Hungary and mother of Ladislaus the Posthumous, whom she arranged to be crowned king, reach an agreement in the Hungaryian city of Győr, brokered by Cardinal Julian Cesarini. Elizabeth dies at the age of 33, six days after the meeting, leading to rumors that she had been poisoned by King Wladyslaw.

title: 1442

date: January 2

text: January 2 – The Battle of Kunovica is fought between the Christian crusaders, led by John Hunyadi, and the Muslim armies of the Ottoman Empire in what is now Serbia. After having retreated 10 days earlier following their loss in the Battle of Zlatitsa, Hunyadi and King Wladyslaw III of Hungary defeat the Ottoman forces and take several of their commanders as prisoners of war, including Mahmud Bey, son-in-law of the Sultan Murad II.

title: 1444

date: November 10

text: November 10 – Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary are defeated by the Turks, under Sultan Murad II. Władysław is killed, ending the Jagiellonian Union of Hungary and Poland.

title: 1444

text: November 10 – King Władysław III of Poland (in battle) (b. 1424)

title: 1444

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Kazimieras Jogailaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania since 1440, is crowned King of Poland as Casimir IV Jagiellon, bringing an end to an interregnum that had existed since 1444 when Casimir's brother King Wladyslaw III had left Poland to fight in a Crusade against the Ottoman Turks.

title: 1447

section: Events › April – June


slug: waka-poetry

label: Waka (poetry)

description: type of poetry in classical Japanese literature

text: Henjō, Japanese waka poet (d. 890)

title: 816

text: Ariwara no Narihira, Japanese waka poet (d. 880)

title: 825

text: Sosei, Japanese waka poet (approximate date)

title: 844

text: Ariwara no Narihira, Japanese waka poet (b. 825)

title: 880

text: Minamoto no Kintada, Japanese waka poet (d. 948)

title: 889

text: February 12 – Henjō, Japanese waka poet (b. 816)

title: 890

text: Emperor Daigo of Japan orders the selection of four court poets, led by Ki no Tsurayuki, to compile the Kokin Wakashū, an early anthology of Waka poetry.

title: 905

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Minamoto no Shitagō, Japanese waka poet (d. 983)

title: AD 911

text: Nakatsukasa, Japanese waka poet (d. 991)

title: 912

text: Ki no Tokibumi, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 996)

title: 922

text: Fujiwara no Nakafumi, Japanese waka poet (d. 992)

title: 923

text: Fujiwara no Koretada, Japanese statesman and waka poet (d. 972)

title: 924

text: Saigū no Nyōgo (Princess Kishi), Japanese waka poet (d. 985)

title: 929

text: Fujiwara no Takamitsu, Japanese waka poet (approximate date)

title: 939

text: Minamoto no Kintada, a Japanese official and waka poet, dies. He is a respected nobleman at the imperial court and a member of the Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry.

title: 948

section: Events › By topic › Literature

text: Uma no Naishi, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1011)

title: 949

text: Fujiwara no Yoshitaka, Japanese waka poet (d. 974)

title: 954

text: Ōnakatomi no Yorimoto, Japanese waka poet

title: 958

text: Fujiwara no Yoshitaka, Japanese waka poet (b. 954)

title: 974

text: Minamoto no Shitagō, Japanese waka poet (b. 911)

title: 983

text: Kishi Joō, Japanese female waka poet (b. 929)

title: 985

text: Nōin, Japanese monk and waka poet (d. 1051)

title: 988

title: 994

text: The Shūi Wakashū ("Collection of Gleanings"), an anthology of waka (poetry), is compiled by ex-Emperor Kazan of Japan (approximate date).

title: 1005

section: Events › By topic › Arts and literature

text: Uma no Naishi, Japanese waka poet (b. 949)

title: 1011

text: Japanese waka poet Daini no Sanmi, lady-in-waiting to dowager Grand Empress Shōshi, is married to Fujiwara no Kanetaka.

title: 1024

text: Koshikibu no Naishi, Japanese waka poet and lady-in-waiting (b. c.999)

title: 1025

text: Akazome Emon, Japanese waka poet (approximate date)

title: 1041

text: Dōin (Fujiwara no Atsuyori), Japanese waka poet (d. 1179)

title: 1090

text: Fujiwara no Kiyosuke, Japanese waka poet (d. 1177)

title: 1104

text: Fujiwara no Motozane, Japanese waka poet (d. 1166)

title: 1143

text: Kamo no Chōmei, Japanese waka poet (d. 1216)

title: 1155

text: Fujiwara no Ietaka, Japanese waka poet (d. 1237)

title: 1158

text: Fujiwara no Motozane, Japanese waka poet (b. 1143)

title: 1166

text: Asukai Masatsune, Japanese waka poet and writer (d. 1221)

title: 1170

text: Hachijō-in Takakura, Japanese waka poet (d. 1248)

title: 1176

text: Saionji Saneuji, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1269)

title: 1194

text: Prince Dōjonyūdō, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1249)

title: 1196

text: Fujiwara no Tameie, Japanese waka poet (d. 1275)

title: 1198

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Fujiwara no Shunzei, Japanese waka poet (b. 1114)

title: 1204

date: May 5

text: May 5 – Fujiwara no Ietaka, Japanese waka poet (b. 1158)

title: 1237

text: Masanari, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (b. 1200)

title: 1255

text: Fujiwara no Ieyoshi, Japanese waka poet (b. 1192)

title: 1264

text: Nijō Tameakira, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1364)

title: 1295

text: Nijō Yoshimoto, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1388)

title: 1320


slug: waldensians

label: Waldensians

description: mediaval Christian movement

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Peter Waldo, a French merchant of Lyon, starts the popular religious movement of the "Poor Men of Lyon", or Waldenses.

title: 1170

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Approximate date – Peter Waldo, French spiritual leader, is converted to Christianity and founds the Waldensians.

title: 1173

date: March

text: March – Third Council of the Lateran: The Council condemns Waldensians and Cathars as heretics. It further institutes a reformation of clerical life and regulates that in order to prevent future schisms, the pope must receive of the cardinals' votes to be elected.

title: 1179

text: The papal bull Ad Abolendam is issued against several European heretical groups: the Cathars, the Waldensians, the Patarines, Josephines and the Humiliati. It is created after a landmark meeting in Verona, between the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick I and the Catholic Church under Pope Lucius III.

title: 1184

date: January 1

text: January 1 – King Francis I of France issues the "Arrêt de Mérindol", to destroy the Protestant Waldensians of Provence.

title: 1545

date: April 24

text: April 24 – The Piedmontese Easter Massacre of the Waldensians: Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy slaughters 1,500 men, women and children; this is memorialized in John Milton's sonnet "On the Late Massacre in Piedmont" and apologized for by Pope Francis in 2015.

title: 1655

date: February 14

text: February 14 – A peace treaty is signed in Turin in Italy to end the War of the Banished between the Duchy of Savoy and the Waldensians.

title: 1664

date: January 31

text: January 31 – In the wake of the success of France's campaign against Protestantism, Victor Amadeus II, the Duke of Savoy, issues an edict against the Valdesi, the Duchy's Protestant minority, setting a 15-day deadline for members of the Valdesi to publicly renounce their beliefs as erroneous, or face banishment or death. The February 15 deadline is ignored.

title: 1686

date: October 17

text: October 17 – As the Savoyard–Waldensian wars, draw to a close, the Duke of Savoy announces that the Protestant Valdisi defenders will be granted safe passage to Switzerland, and that children taken during the war will be allowed to return to their families. By January, a little more than 2,500 Valdisi take the offer.

title: 1686

text: January 3 – With the end of latest of the Savoyard–Waldensian wars in the Duchy of Savoy between the Savoyard government and Protestant Italians known as the Waldensians, Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, carries out the release of 3,847 surviving prisoners and their families, who had forcibly been converted to Catholicism, and permits the group to emigrate to Switzerland.

title: 1687


slug: wales

label: Wales

description: constituent nation of the sovereign country of the United Kingdom, in north-west Europe

year_label: 48 CE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Publius Ostorius Scapula, governor of Britain, announces his intention to disarm all Britons south and east of the Trent and Severn. The Iceni, an independent, allied kingdom within that area, revolt but are defeated. Ostorius then moves against the Deceangli in north Wales, but is forced to abandon the campaign to deal with a revolt among the allied Brigantes.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 48

year_label: 50 CE

text: In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula begins his campaign against the recalcitrant Silures of south Wales, who are led by the former Catuvellaunian prince Caratacus. London (Londinium), Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum), Tripontium (near modern Rugby) and the fort of Manduessedum (near modern Atherstone) are founded (approximate date).

title: 50s

section: Events › 50 AD › Britain

year_label: 52 CE

text: In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula dies while campaigning against the Silures of south Wales. Following his death, the Roman Second Legion are heavily defeated by the Silures. His replacement is Aulus Didius Gallus, who quells the rebellion and consolidates the gains the Romans have so far made, but does not seek new ones.

title: 50s

section: Events › 52 AD › Britain

year_label: 57 CE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Quintus Veranius Nepos becomes governor in place of Aulus Didius Gallus. He begins a campaign against the Silures of south Wales.

title: 50s

section: Events › 57 AD › Britain

year_label: 75 CE

text: Sextus Julius Frontinus becomes governor of Britannia and makes his headquarters in Isca Augusta (Wales).

title: AD 75

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 76 CE

text: Governor Sextus Julius Frontinus subdues the Silures and other hostile tribes of Wales, establishing a fortress at Caerleon or Isca Augusta for Legio II Augusta, and makes a network of smaller forts for his auxiliary forces.

title: AD 76

year_label: 77 CE

text: Agricola subdues the Ordovices in Wales, and pursues the remnants of the tribe to Anglesey, the holy island of the Druids.

title: AD 77

year_label: 78 CE

text: The Romans conquer the Ordovices, located in present-day northern Wales, as well as the Silures.

title: AD 78

text: Magnus Maximus withdraws Roman troops from the region of Wales, marking the effective end of Roman rule in Wales.

title: AD 383

section: Events › By place › Britannia

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: The Cor Tewdws (College of Theodosius), Llantwit Major (Wales), is supposedly burned down by Irish pirates.

title: 446

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Battle of Wippedesfleot: The Saxons under command of Hengist and Aesc are defeated by the Britons near Ebbsfleet (Kent). During the battle 12 Welsh leaders are killed (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).

title: 465

text: Nectan of Hartland, Welsh prince and saint (approximate date)

title: 468

text: Battle of Llongborth (possibly Langport or Portsmouth): King Budic II of Brittany seeks refuge at the court of Aergol Lawhir, in Dyfed (Wales) after the battle.

title: 510

text: Approximate date – The Diocese of Bangor is established in the Welsh kingdom of Gwynedd, with Deiniol consecrated as first bishop.

title: 546

text: King Erb of Gwent (in Southern Wales) dies; his kingdom is divided into Gwent and Ergyng (approximate date).

title: 555

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Elidyr of Strathclyde invades Gwynedd (Wales) and tries to expel his brother-in-law, King Rhun ap Maelgwn.

title: 560

text: Cadoc, abbot of Llancarfan (Wales), settles in Weedon and is made bishop (approximate date).

title: 564

text: Deiniol, bishop of Bangor (Wales)

title: 584

text: The Britons of Strathclyde (Scotland), Wales, and Cornwall are all separated by the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

title: 600

text: Augustine of Canterbury meets with the Welsh bishops at Aust near Chepstow. He accuses them of not adopting the Roman Christian way of dating Easter, and persuades them to accept the teaching of baptism (according to the Roman Rite).

title: 602

text: Æthelfrith of Northumbria invades Deira and kills its king, Æthelric. Prince Edwin, son of the late king Ælla of Deira (possibly a nephew of Æthelric), flees to the court of King Iago of Gwynedd (northwest Wales).

title: 604

text: The Battle of Chester (Old Welsh: Guaith Caer Legion; Welsh: Brwydr Caer), which separates the (West) Welsh from the 'North' Welsh of Cumbria - marking the formation of Wales, is fought (approximate date).

title: 616

section: Climate & Environment

text: Gwynedd and much of Wales is in the grasp of famine. Would-be king Cadwaladr Fendigaid flees to Brittany. Civil war continues in his kingdom (approximate date).

title: 645

text: King Oswiu of Northumbria invades Pengwern (modern Wales) and kills King Cynddylan in battle, near the River Trent. Cynddylan's brother Morfael and the rest of the royal family flee to Glastening (Wessex).

title: 656

text: Cynddylan, king of Pengwern (Wales)

title: 656

text: Cadafael Cadomedd, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 664

text: King Æscwine of Wessex dies after a 2-year reign, and is succeeded by Centwine, son of the late king Cynegils. He reasserts the power of his Anglo-Saxon kingdom over the Welsh.

title: 676

text: Idwal Iwrch, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 712

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Wat's Dyke, a 40 mile (64 km) earthwork in present-day Wales, is constructed. The border between Mercia and Powys is set here. The date that Wat's Dyke was constructed is very uncertain, with some estimates linking the construction of the dyke to the 5th century and others to the early 9th century (approximate date).

title: 744

text: Rhodri Molwynog, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 754

text: Elisedd ap Gwylog, king of Powys (Wales)

title: 755

text: King Cynewulf of Wessex retakes Berkshire from the Mercians, and begins a war with the Welsh (approximate date).

title: 758

text: Offa's Dyke is constructed around this time, according to the traditional history of this defensive earthwork. This 150 mi km earthwork marks the current border with the Welsh kingdoms, between England and Wales (approximate date). However, modern analysis of Offa's Dyke suggests that it was built in the 5th century, well before the reign of King Offa.

title: 760

text: Brochfael ap Elisedd, king of Powys (Wales)

title: 773

text: Cyngen ap Cadell, king of Powys (Wales)

title: 790

text: Quarrels between the kings Cynan Dindaethwy and Hywel leave the way open for Caradog ap Meirion (the House of Rhos) to usurp the throne of Gwynedd (modern Wales).

title: 795

text: Battle of Rhuddlan: Welsh forces, including those of Powys and Dyfed, clash with Mercians. King Coenwulf tries to re-assert his domination of northeast Wales. King Caradog ap Meirion of Gwynedd is killed during the fighting (approximate date).

title: 797

text: King Coenwulf of Mercia invades Gwynedd (modern Wales), and kills his rival Caradog ap Meirion during the fighting in Snowdonia. Kings Cynan and Hywel retake the throne. Coenwulf also defeats and captures King Eadberht Præn of Kent. He is blinded and his hands are cut off. He introduces his brother Cuthred as a sub-king of Kent (approximate date).

title: 798

text: Cadell ap Brochfael, king of Powys (modern Wales), dies after a 35-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Cyngen ap Cadell.

title: AD 808

text: Cadell ap Brochfael, king of Powys (Wales)

title: AD 808

text: Owain ap Maredudd, king of Dyfed (Wales)

title: 810

text: Deganwy, Wales is burned by lightning.

title: 812

text: King Egbert of Wessex ravages the territories of the remaining British kingdom Dumnonia, known as the West Welsh (Cornwall).

title: 815

text: King Hywel of Gwynedd is attacked by his brother Cynan on Anglesey (modern Wales), who is killed during the fighting (approximate date).

title: 816

text: Cynan Dindaethwy, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 816

text: The Anglo-Saxons, led by King Coenwulf of Mercia, raid Dyfed in Wales (approximate date).

title: 818

text: Rhodri the Great, king of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date)

title: 820

text: King Coenwulf of Mercia dies in Basingwerk near Holywell (Wales), while preparing for another assault on Powys, and is buried in Winchcombe Abbey. He is briefly succeeded by his son Cynehelm, but he is killed, probably fighting the Welsh, though supposedly through the treachery of his sister Cwenthryth. The Mercian throne passes to Coenwulf's brother, Ceolwulf I.

title: 821

text: King Ceolwulf I of Mercia invades Powys (Wales), but is beaten back by King Cyngen. However, Ceolwulf does destroy the fortress of Deganwy, and later takes the kingdom under his control (approximate date).

title: 822

text: Vikings raid Bangor (modern Wales) for the second time, and plunder the bishopric (approximate date).

title: 824

text: Hywel ap Rhodri, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 825

text: Merfyn Frych, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 844

text: King Merfyn Frych dies after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Rhodri Mawr ("the Great"), who thus becomes ruler of Gwynedd (Wales).

title: 844

text: The armies of Brycheiniog and Gwent clash in the battle of Ffinnant (Wales). King Ithel of Gwent is killed in the fighting (approximate date).

title: 848

text: The Pillar of Eliseg is erected by King Cyngen ap Cadell of Powys (Wales), as a memorial to his great-grandfather Elisedd ap Gwylog (or Eliseg) (approximate date).

title: 850

text: King Burgred of Mercia appeals to Æthelwulf, king of the West Saxons, for help against the rebellious Welsh king Rhodri the Great. Æthelwulf agrees to send help, and Wales is subdued as far north as Anglesey.

title: 853

text: Viking chieftain Ubba winters in Milford Haven (Wales) with 23 ships.

title: 854

text: Cyngen ap Cadell, king of Powys (Wales)

title: 855

text: King Rhodri Mawr ("the Great") of Gwynedd annexes Seisyllwg, uniting most of Wales under his rule (approximate date).

title: 871

text: The Vikings invade Wales once more, and King Rhodri ap Merfyn ("the Great") of Gwynedd, Powys and Seisyllwg is forced to flee to Ireland (approximate date).

title: 877

text: Rhodri the Great, king of Wales

title: 878

text: Hywel ap Cadell, king of Deheubarth (Wales) (approximate date)

title: 880

text: Battle of the Conwy: King Anarawd of Gwynedd (Wales) initiates a revenge attack on the Mercian armies, and defeats them on the River Conwy.

title: 881

text: Autumn – Danish Vikings under Hastein take the city of Chester, after a rapid march from East Anglia. Alfred the Great destroys the food supplies, forcing them to move into Wales.

title: 893

text: King Anarawd of Gwynedd is supplied with English troops, to assist in his reconquest of Seisyllwg (Wales). He is successful, and his brother Cadell is finally able to take his rightful place on the Seisyllwg throne.

title: 895

text: Winter – The Norsemen are expelled from Dublin. After a brief foray into Seisyllwg (Wales), a group, under the Viking lord Ingimundr, settle in the Wirral with the agreement of Lady Æthelflæd of the Mercians.

title: 902

text: The Danish Vikings invade Anglesey after being driven out of Dublin (see 902). They fail to gain a foothold in Wales, and sail on to Chester.

title: 903

text: Prince Hywel ap Cadell of Seisyllwg (Wales) marries Princess Elen of Dyfed. The latter's father, King Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, dies. The throne of Dyfed is claimed by Llywarch's brother, Rhodri ap Hyfaidd, but he is probably forced to flee from Hywel's armies.

title: 904

text: Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, king of Dyfed (Wales)

title: 904

text: Cadell ap Rhodri, king of Seisyllwg (Wales), makes his 25-year-old son Hywel ap Cadell ruler of Dyfed, having conquered that territory. Rhodri ap Hyfaidd, nominally king of Dyfed, is caught and executed, at Arwystli.

title: 905

text: Cadell ap Rhodri, king of Seisyllwg (Wales)

title: 909

text: Vikings devastate the Welsh coast and move up the Severn River. They capture Bishop Cyfeilliog of Ergyng, and he is ransomed by King Edward the Elder. The Vikings are defeated by levies from Hereford and Gloucester.

title: 914

text: Lady Æthelflæd, daughter of the late King Alfred the Great and the widow of Earl Æthelred of Mercia, sends an army into Brycheiniog to avenge the murder of the Mercian abbot Ecbryht and his companions. They seize and burn the royal fort of King Tewdr of Brycheiniog at Llangorse Lake (Wales), and take the queen and thirty-three others captive.

title: 916

text: Summer – Lady Æthelflæd of Mercia cements an alliance with King Constantine II of Scotland against Norse York. She captures the fortress at Derby (belonging to the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw), while her brother, King Edward the Elder, takes Towcester. Æthelflæd's armies also ravage Brycheiniog (Wales) in revenge for killing the Mercian abbot Ecbryht (see 916).

title: 917

text: Kings Idwal Foel of Gwynedd and Hywel ap Cadell, and Prince Clydog of Deheubarth (Wales) submit to the overlordship of Edward the Elder. The Vikings raid Anglesey.

title: 918

text: The Welsh ruler Hywel Dda ("the Good") merges Dyfed and Seisyllwg, establishing a new kingdom known as Deheubarth.

title: 920

text: King Æthelstan of Wessex and Mercia annexes Northumbria, and forces Wales and Strathclyde to accept his sovereignty along with the Picts and the Scots (approximate date).

title: 926

text: King Hywel Dda (the Good) of Deheubarth makes a pilgrimage to Rome, he becomes the first Welsh ruler to undertake such a trip. Hywel begins the codification of medieval Welsh law and mints his own coinage.

title: 928

text: King Morgan Hen of Glywysing and Gwent (Wales) submits to the overlordship of King Æthelstan, and attends his court with Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth and Idwal Foel of Gwynedd.

title: 931

text: Hywel Dda, king of Deheubarth, annexes Gwynedd and Powys, to become the sole ruler of most of Wales.

title: 942

text: Idwal Foel, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 942

text: King Hywel Dda ("the Good") convenes a conference at Whitland, which draws up a standardized code of laws in Wales (approximate date).

title: 945

text: in Wales, King Hywel Dda ("the Good") dies after an 8-year reign in which he has established codified laws. His three sons Owain ap Hywel Dda, Rhodri ap Hywel, and Edwin ap Hywel divide Wales amongst themselves.

title: 950

text: Hywel Dda ("the Good"), king of Wales

title: 950

text: Rhodri ap Hywel, king of Deheubarth (Wales)

title: 953

text: Hywel ap Ieuaf, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 985

text: Cadwallon ab Ieuaf, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 986

text: Ieuaf (Idwal ab Idwal), king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 988

text: Maredudd ab Owain, king of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date)

title: AD 999

text: Hywel ab Owain, king of Glywysing (Wales)

title: 1043

text: June 16 – In response to the attack on Hereford Cathedral in 1055, Leofgar the bishop of Hereford takes an army into Wales to deal with the Welsh prince Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. He along with a large number of English troops is killed in battle at Glasbury-on-Wye by the Welsh. Earl Harold Godwinson raises an army to take revenge, but comes to peaceful terms with Gruffydd.

title: 1056

text: Winter – Harold Godwinson leads a successful campaign against King Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. He attacks and captures Rhuddlan Castle in northern Wales, but Gruffydd manages to escape.

title: 1062

text: Battle of Mynydd Carn (near St Davids in Wales): Gruffudd ap Cynan in alliance with Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Deheubarth, defeats the forces of Trahaearn ap Caradog, Caradog ap Gruffydd and Meilir ap Rhiwallon (who are all killed), allowing Gruffudd to claim the Kingdom of Gwynedd.

title: 1081

text: The Normans under Lord Robert Fitzhamon continue their occupation of southern Wales with Pembroke Castle being constructed by Arnulf de Montgomery.

title: 1093

text: Roger le Poer, bishop of Salisbury, is granted land in south Wales by Henry I. He starts the construction of Kidwelly Castle on the banks of the river Gwendraeth.

title: 1106

text: The cantrefs of Rhos and Rhufoniog are annexed by Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd in Wales.

title: 1118

text: Bishop Urban begins the construction on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales.

title: 1120

text: May 9 – Tintern Abbey is founded in Wales by Cistercian monks in the Wye Valley.

title: 1131

text: Basingwerk Abbey originally Benedictine, and later Cistercian, is founded near Holywell in Wales.

title: 1132

text: The Earldom of Pembroke, created for Gilbert de Clare, becomes the first earldom created by Stephen within the borders of Wales. Gilbert receives the rape and Pevensey Castle.

title: 1138

text: July – Henry II launches a campaign against Owain Gwynedd in north Wales. Although Owain defeats him at the Battle of Ewloe he eventually submits to Henry and pays homage.

title: 1157

text: Owain Gwynedd becomes partial ruler of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north Wales on the death of Gruffydd ap Rhys.

title: 1163

text: c. August – Battle of Crogen: Owain Gwynedd (Owain Fawr), ruler of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north Wales, having formed an alliance with his nephew Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of Deheubarth, to challenge English rule, defeats King Henry II of England and drives his army out of Wales.

title: 1165

text: Winter – An international bardic festival at Cardigan Castle in Wales. The first recorded eisteddfod.

title: 1176

text: Archdeacon Giraldus Cambrensis and Archbishop Baldwin of Forde travel through Wales, attempting to recruit men for the Third Crusade.

title: 1188

text: August – William Marshal marries the 17-year-old Isabel de Clare (daughter of Richard de Clare). Through this marriage, he becomes 1st Earl of Pembroke, acquiring huge estates in England, Normandy, Wales and Ireland.

title: 1189

text: Ordinance of the Jewry: Beginning of strict records of financial transactions by Jews liable to taxation. The Exchequer of the Jews at Westminster regulates the taxes and the law-cases (also in Wales).

title: 1194

text: April 28 – Rhys ap Gruffydd, a Welsh prince, dies and is succeeded by his eldest son Gruffydd ap Rhys II. With the help of Gwenwynwyn, his brother Maelgwn ap Rhys invades southern Wales.

title: 1197

text: July 11 – Llywelyn the Great pays homage to John, King of England after Llywelyn has added Eifionydd and Llŷn to his kingdom of Gwynedd in north Wales.

title: 1201

text: Summer – John, King of England ("Lackland") campaigns in Wales against Llywelyn the Great, prince of Gwynedd. In July, after the Welsh uprising, John and Llywelyn reach an agreement and a peace treaty is signed.

title: 1211

text: The Papal Interdict of 1208 laid on England and Wales by Innocent III remains in force.

title: 1212

text: March 11 – Treaty of Worcester: King Henry III writes to the Welsh ruler Llywelyn the Great and promises safe-conduct if they meet at Worcester. A peace treaty is signed, which confirms Llywelyn's ownership of Wales. In return, Llywelyn agrees to pay homage to Henry and to return those castles that he has captured during his recent conquests.

title: 1218

text: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales (d. 1282)

title: 1223

text: October 8 – At Montgomery in Wales, King Henry III of England reaches a peaceful settlement with Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, the powerful ruler of the semi-independent Principality of Gwynedd, following a mediation by Ranulf de Blondeville, the Earl of Chester.

title: 1223

text: December 23 – Stephen of Anagni, Italian papal chaplain, is commissioned to collect a special tax in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales to finance Gregory X's War of the Keys against Frederick II.

title: 1228

text: Spring – Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent becomes a powerful lord in the Welsh Marches, controlling the castles at Cardigan and Carmarthen. He begins to threaten the local Welsh leaders, Llywelyn the Great launches a campaign against Norman lordship in Wales.

title: 1231

text: July 11 – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, prince of Wales (d. 1283)

title: 1238

text: August 29 – After Henry III of England's invasion of Wales, the Treaty of Gwerneigron is signed by him and Dafydd ap Llywelyn, curbing the latter's authority and denying him royal title.

title: 1241

text: King Henry III of England grants his eldest son the Lord Edward areas of land including crown lands in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands and Gascony. He is also given the cities of Bristol, Stamford and Grantham. The reason for these concessions is to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming a king. Edward is granted the Three Castles in Wales, Skenfrith Castle, White Castle and Grosmont Castle.

title: 1254

text: June – Battle of Bryn Derwin: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd defeats his two brothers Dafydd ap Gruffydd and Owain Goch ap Gruffydd, to become sole ruler of northern Wales. Dafydd and Owain are both imprisoned.

title: 1255

text: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd proclaims himself Prince of Wales, first used in an agreement between Llywelyn and his supporters and the Scottish nobility. He becomes the final ruler of an independent Wales before the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England.

title: 1258

text: Spring – King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") demands a meeting with Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales, at Chester to pay homage, but Llywelyn refuses. In an attempt to stir up internal problems, Llywelyn seeks to marry 23-year-old Eleanor de Montfort, daughter of Simon de Montfort, but she is captured by English pirates (employed by Edward) on the journey from France to meet Llywelyn. She is held prisoner at Windsor Castle and used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.

title: 1275

text: King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") orders the people of Bayonne in Gascony (as part of the only English possessions in France) to provide Castile with warships "to resist the Saracens by sea", but excuses himself from personal participation against the Marinid invasion in Spain because of his wars in Wales and his plan to lead a Crusade to the Holy Land.

title: 1276

text: June 19 – Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn, princess of Wales (d. 1337)

title: 1282

text: March – Welsh forces under Prince Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, attack and take control of Hawarden Castle. The garrison is massacred and Constable Roger de Clifford is taken prisoner. Llywelyn, who has sworn fealty to King Edward I of England ("Longshanks"), joins Dafydd in his revolt against the English. Their actions lead to the final English conquest of Wales, by Edward.

title: 1282

text: January 20 – Newcastle Emlyn Castle in West Wales is recaptured by the English forces after a ten-day siege, bringing Rhys ap Maredudd's revolt to an end. Rhys is exiled to Ireland.

title: 1288

section: Events › By place › England and Scotland

text: Construction of Conwy Castle in Wales, ordered by Edward I (Longshanks), is completed.

title: 1289

text: March 5 – Battle of Maes Moydog: English forces led by William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick defeat the Welsh rebels (some 700 men), near the modern-day town of Llanfair Caereinion in Wales. In a night attack on the Welsh infantry, William uses cavalry to drive them into compact formations, which are then shot up by his archers. Madog ap Llywelyn, proclaimed "Prince of Wales", and the remnants of his army are routed and retreat across the Banwy River, in which many drown.

title: 1295

text: February 7 – The 16-year-old Prince Edward of Caernarfon, son and heir of King Edward I ("Edward Longshanks"), becomes the first English Prince of Wales and is also granted the royal lands in Wales.

title: 1301

text: March 18 – After leading a six-week-long revolt from Wales against England's, and retreating to Glamorgan, Welsh rebel Llywelyn Bren finally surrenders to King Edward's general, Humphrey de Bohun at Ystradfellte.

title: 1316

text: November 16 – King Edward II of England is captured at Neath Abbey in Wales and brought to England, where he is imprisoned at Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire.

title: 1326

text: October 26 – After eight days, the castle of Bristol is captured by Queen Isabella, and Hugh Despenser the elder is taken captive. With Bristol secured, Isabella moves her base of operations to Hereford, near the Welsh border. There, she orders Henry of Lancaster to locate and arrest Edward II.

title: 1326

text: December – Financed by Charles V of France, Welshman Owain Lawgoch launches an invasion fleet against the English, in an attempt to claim the throne of Wales.A storm causes Owain to abandon the invasion.

title: 1369

text: June 7 – The day before his death, Prince Edward of Wales, heir to the English throne and known as "The Black Prince" summons his father, King Edward III, and brother, John of Gaunt, and makes them swear to uphold the claim to the throne of his son Richard. Edward is the first "English" Prince of Wales (as opposed to Welsh) not to become King of England.

title: 1376

text: July – Owain Lawgoch, titular Prince of Wales and mercenary – assassinated (b. c. 1330)

title: 1378

text: September 16 – Owain Glyndŵr is proclaimed Prince of Wales by his followers, and begins attacking English strongholds in northeast Wales.

title: 1400

text: November 2 – The Battle of Tuthill takes place at Caernarfon in Wales as Owain Glyndŵr loses 300 soldiers in an attack by the English Army.

title: 1401

text: July 21 – Battle of Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeats a rebel army led by "Hotspur" Percy, who had allied with the Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr. Percy is killed in the battle.

title: 1403

text: May 5 – At the Battle of Pwll Melyn, fought in Wales, Baron Grey of Codnor routs the Welsh rebels commanded by two sons and the brother of the rebel leader Owain Glyndwr. Owain's eldest son, Gruffud, is taken as a prisoner of war by the English, while the brother, Tudur ap Gruffudd, is killed in action.

title: 1405

text: January 1 – The Welsh surrender Harlech Castle to the English.

title: 1409

text: September 30 – Pembroke Castle in Wales is surrendered to William Herbert, who has been sent by England's King Edward IV to remove Jasper Tudor, uncle of the recently deposed King Henry VII. At the same time, Lord Herbert becomes the guardian of the four-year old Prince Henry Tudor, who will later become King Henry VII of England.

title: 1461

text: August 7– After departing France and sailing around the south coast of the island of Britain, Henry Tudor and his troops enter Mill Bay and land near Dale, Pembrokeshire Wales without opposition, and begin marching toward London to attack King Richard, camping at Haverfordwest. From there, the Tudor supporters march north to Cardigan; Llwyn Dafydd; Llanilar, Aberystwyth; Machynlleth, then turn eastward at Mathafarn on August 14.

title: 1485

text: April – An Acte for Laws & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme further incorporates the legal system of Wales into that of England.

title: 1536

text: May 12 – Laws in Wales Act 1542, second phase of the Consolidating Act of Welsh Union, is given royal assent, establishing counties and regularizing parliamentary representation in Wales.

title: 1543

text: Welsh-born mathematician Robert Recorde publishes The Whetstone of Witte in London, containing the first recorded use of the equals sign, and the first use in English of plus and minus signs.

title: 1557

text: December 20 – (December 10 O.S.), John Roberts, a Benedictine monk in Wales, is executed five days after being convicted of high treason for violating a law against Catholic ministry. He is hanged, drawn and quartered. Roberts will be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint almost 360 years later, on October 25, 1970.

title: 1610

text: August 19 – First English Civil War: Raglan Castle in Wales surrenders to General Fairfax after a 2-month siege; it is later destroyed.

title: 1646

text: Aberystwyth Castle in Wales, a former Royalist stronghold, is razed to the ground after "a battery of cannon erected on the top of Pendinas hill by Cromwell" and the Parliamentarian troops.

title: 1647

text: August 7 – As Booth's Uprising spreads to Liverpool, Thomas Myddelton, Randolph Egerton and fellow royalists take control of the town of Wrexham in Wales and proclaim Charles II to be King.

title: 1659

text: December 15 – Henry Morgan, a Welsh privateer in English service, recaptures Santa Catalina Island, Colombia.

title: 1670

text: January 28 – Henry Morgan's Panama expedition – the city of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Panamá, founded more than 150 years earlier at the Isthmus of Panama by Spanish settlers and the first permanent European settlement on the Pacific Ocean, is destroyed by the Welsh pirate Henry Morgan. The last surviving original structures are now part of Panama City, capital of the Central American nation of Panama.

title: 1671

text: The Hearth Tax is abolished in Scotland, one year after its abolition in England and Wales.

title: 1690

text: October 6 – An earthquake with strength 5.2 occurs in Caernarfon, Wales, causing tremors that can be felt as far away as London and Dublin.

title: 1690

text: May 7 – 1705 English general election: Voting begins for 110 constituencies of the 513-member House of Commons of England (including Wales)

title: 1705

text: March 25 – For the last time, New Year's Day is legally on March 25, in England and Wales and "in all his Majesty's Dominions in Europe, Asia, Africa and America" due to the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. The months of January 1751, February 1751 and most of March 1751 did not exist in British territories: those months were recorded as the last three of 1750 according to the Old Style dating system; the equivalent months a year later were recorded as the first three of 1752 under the New Style system.

title: 1751

text: January 30 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, built by engineer Thomas Telford as the first major suspension bridge in world history, is opened between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales.

title: 1826

text: May–June – Merthyr Rising: Coal miners and others riot in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, for improved working conditions.

title: 1831

text: June 7 – The Reform Act receives royal assent after passage by the British Parliament, reforming the electoral system and setting uniform law for voting rights in England and Wales, though not in Scotland or Ireland.

title: 1832

text: May 28 – The Mimosa sets sail with emigrants from Wales for Patagonia.

title: 1865

text: July 11 – National Colliery disaster at Wattstown in the Rhondda valley of Wales: an underground explosion kills 120, with just one survivor.

title: 1905

text: December 20 – Cardiff is declared by the British Government as the capital of Wales.

title: 1955

text: September 19 – Atlantic College opens its doors for the first time in Wales, marking the birth of the pioneering United World College educational movement.

title: 1962

text: September 18 – Wales votes in favour of devolution and the formation of a National Assembly for Wales.

title: 1997

text: October 1–November 6 – The 1999 Rugby World Cup, the first World Cup in the professional era of rugby is held in Wales and is won by Australia who beat France in the final.

title: 1999


slug: wali-administrative-title

label: Wali (administrative title)

text: Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Continuing campaigns of Muslim domination of the Iberian Peninsula. Arab forces raid the valley of the Ebro River, and capture the fortress city of Zaragoza. Musa ibn Nusayr is made protector (wali) of Al-Andalus, with his capital at Seville (approximate date).

title: 714

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

section: Religion & Belief

text: Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, governor of Al-Andalus (modern Spain), is assassinated on order of Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. He is succeeded by his cousin Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi, who becomes interim "protector" (wali) for 6 months, and moves the capital to Córdoba, until replaced by Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi.

title: 716

section: Events › Byzantine Empire › Arabian Empire

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Battle of Toulouse: After besieging Toulouse for three months, Muslim forces under governor (wali) Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani are defeated by Eudes, duke of Aquitaine, preventing the extension of Umayyad control over Gaul.

title: 721

text: Muslim forces withdraw southwards to Septimania; a separate part probably pulls back along the road it originally came through, across the Pyrenees Mountains. Eudes of Aquitaine pursues the main Muslim army via La Marche, before returning to Bordeaux; Charles Martel withdraws to Frankish territory through Orléans and Auxerre, demoting those bishops whom he thought unreliable. Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri becomes the new governor (wali) of Al-Andalus; a separate Muslim force raids the Rhône region.

title: 732

text: Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, cross the Pyrenees and ravage both sides of the mountains. He establishes colonies along the Ebro Valley, and within Basque territory. The Moorish main military efforts are in Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre and Septimania (Southern France), strengthening the towns already in their hands.

title: 733

text: Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus (modern Spain), enter Provence and raid the Rhône Valley. The cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille are handed over by Count Maurontus, who is in rebellion against Charles Martel.

title: 734

text: The Great Berber Revolt: Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik appoints Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi as governor (wali) of Ifriqiya (North Africa). A fourth expedition is sent from Syria by the Umayyad Caliphate to crush the rebellion in the Atlas region, but is defeated at the Battle of Bagdoura, in the plain of the Ghrab (modern Morocco). The counter-attack of the Kharijite rebels to the East is successful, but fails to conquer Kairouan from the loyalists. A more radical branch of the Tunisian Kharijites, (the Sufrists) however, manages to take the city soon after.

title: 741

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Arab forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, suppress the Berber rebellion in the region of Mértola (modern Portugal).

title: 742

text: Summer – The Hungarians invade Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and besiege the fortress city of Lerida. They devastate Cerdanya and Huesca, and capture Yahya ibn Muhammad ibn al Tawil, Umayyad governor (wali) of the town of Barbastro. Lacking food stores and sufficient forage, the Hungarians retreat to the Gothic March.

title: 942

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Mohamed Sa'id Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan, then a province of the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1854

section: Events › July–September


slug: wallachia

label: Wallachia

description: historical and geographical region of Romania

section: Conflict & Security

text: Spring – Priscus, commander-in-chief in Thrace, defeats the Slavic tribes and Gepids on Byzantine territory south of the Danube. He crosses the river to fight in the uncharted swamps and forests of modern-day Wallachia.

title: 593

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Emperor Maurice pays tribute to the Avars and concludes a treaty with their leader Bayan I, allowing Byzantine expeditions in Wallachia. He reorganises his army and strengthens the Long Walls (west of Constantinople).

title: 598

date: July 2

text: July 2 – King Béla IV grants territories to the Knights Hospitaller in the Banate of Severin and Hungarian Cumania (according to a document called the Diploma of the Joannites), makes an early mention of Litovoi and other Vlach/Romanian local rulers, in Wallachia and Transylvania.

title: 1247

text: A Hungarian document mentions for the first time Basarab I as leader of Wallachia (historians estimate he was on the throne since about 1310). Basarab will become the first voivode of Wallachia as an independent state, and founder of the House of Basarab (until 1352).

title: 1317

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Culture & Society

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Basarab I, ruler of Wallachia (part of modern-day Romania) is designated by King Charles I of Hungary (Károly Róbert) as a subject of the Hungarian crown.

title: 1324

section: Events › July – September

date: November 9

text: November 9–12 – Battle of Posada: The Wallachians, under Basarab I, defeat the Hungarians, though heavily outnumbered, thus making a firm statement towards the independence of Wallachia.

title: 1330

section: Events › January–December

section: Deaths

text: Following the death of his father Basarab, Nicholas Alexander becomes voivode of Wallachia, after being co-ruler for about eight years.

title: 1352

text: Vladislav I (also known as Vlaicu-Vodă) becomes voivode of Wallachia.

title: 1364

text: Nicholas Alexander, voivode of Wallachia

title: 1364

date: May 1

text: May 1 – The third war between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire as the 40,000 Hungarian troops, led by King Lajos of Hungary depart from Várad (now Oradea in Romania) and march into the Principality of Wallachia, whose ruler, Vladislav, has recently changed his alliance from Hungary to the Ottoman sultanate.

title: 1375

section: Events › April–June

date: May 18

text: May 18 – Cozia Monastery is consecrated in the Principality Wallachia by Prince Mircea the Elder in the town of Călimănești (now in Romania)

title: 1388

date: October 10

text: October 10 – At the Battle of Karanovasa, Wallachia (now southern Romania) resists an invasion by the army Ottoman Empire and its Serb and Bulgarian vassals.

title: 1394

section: Events › October–December

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire has the former Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Shishman beheaded after Shishman is accused of collaborating with the Principality of Wallachia during the 1394 Battle of Karanovasa.

title: 1395

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Battle of Rovine: With the help of the Hungarians, Wallachia resists an invasion by the Ottomans and their Serb and Bulgarian vassals. But Mircea I of Wallachia has to temporarily flee to Transylvania, and Vlad I Uzurpatorul is placed on the throne by the Ottomans.

title: 1395

date: October

text: October – A Transylvanian expedition captures Vlad I Uzurpatorul, thus allowing the restoration of Mircea the Elder of Wallachia to the throne.

title: 1396

date: September 12

text: September 12 – The Crusaders, with more than 17,000 troops from France, Hungary, the Knights Hospitaler, Wallachia and the Holy Roman Empire , arrive at the outskirts of Nicopolis (now Nikopol in Bulgaria).

title: 1396

date: September 25

text: September 25 – Battle of Nicopolis: The Ottomans defeat a joint crusade by Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Wallachia, led by King Sigismund of Hungary. This is the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages.

title: 1396

text: Mircea I takes back the throne of Wallachia.

title: 1397

section: Events › January–March

text: Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) resists an invasion by the Ottomans.

title: 1400

date: April 23

text: April 23 – In what is now Romania, Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Good) is installed as the new Prince (Voivode) of Moldavia by Mircea the Elder, the Voivode of Wallachia, after Mircea removes the reigning monarch, Prince Iuga.

title: 1400

text: Wallachia reaches its maximum extent under Mircea cel Bătrân.

title: 1404

text: Mihail I becomes co-ruler of Wallachia, with his father Mircea cel Bătrân.

title: 1408

text: The first mention is made of Wallachian knights competing in a jousting tournament, in Buda.

title: 1412

text: Mircea cel Bătrân loses Dobruja to the Ottomans and pays them tribute, thus preventing Wallachia from becoming an Ottoman province.

title: 1417

text: Mihail I defends Wallachia against the Ottomans, with Hungarian help.

title: 1419

date: August

text: August – Radu II of Wallachia, supported by the Ottomans, and Dan II, with Hungarian help, start a seven-years-long struggle for the throne of Wallachia, after Michael I is killed in a battle. The throne of Wallachia will switch from one to another about four times until 1427, when Radu II dies.

title: 1420

date: January

text: January – Radu II of Wallachia resumes the throne of Wallachia for the fourth time, but a seven-year struggle for it ends in March when he is defeated in battle, and probably killed, by Dan II, who resumes the throne for a fifth term.

title: 1427

section: Events › January–June

text: June 3 – Dan II leads an army against the Ottomans at Golubac Fortress, obtaining a treaty that will allow him a semi-peaceful rule in Wallachia, until 1432.

title: 1428

text: March – Alexander I Aldea takes the throne of Wallachia with support from Alexander I of Moldavia.

title: 1431

text: Vlad II Dracul seizes the recently vacated throne of Wallachia, with Hungarian support.

title: 1436

text: Winter – Alexander I Aldea, Prince of Wallachia (probably of illness) (b.1397)

title: 1436

section: Crime & Justice

text: After being imprisoned (before September) by the Sultan, Vlad II Dracul is temporarily replaced, as ruler of Wallachia, by his son Mircea II.

title: 1442

date: September 2

text: September 2 – John Hunyadi defeats another army of the Ottoman Empire (70,000 strong), led by Hadım Şehabeddin, Beylerbey (or governor) of Rumelia, near the Ialomița River. Following this, he places Basarab II as ruler of Wallachia.

title: 1442

text: Vlad II Dracul begins his second term as ruler of Wallachia, succeeding Basarab II.

title: 1443

date: December 7

text: December 7 –Vlad II Dracul, ruler of Wallachia, and his eldest son Mircea are assassinated outside of Bucharest. Vladislav II succeeds him, with the assistance of John Hunyadi, beginning the Albanian–Venetian War.

title: 1447

section: Events › October – December

text: October – Vlad the Impaler becomes reigning Prince of Wallachia for two months, before being deposed in November by Vladislav II of Wallachia.

title: 1448

date: November 15

text: November 15 – The conflict between Vladislav II of Wallachia and John Hunyadi escalates, so the latter decides to support Vlad the Impaler for the throne of Wallachia, the following year.

title: 1455

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Vladislav II, reigning Prince of Wallachia, is killed in hand-to-hand combat by the former Prince, Vlad the Impaler, who succeeds him.

title: 1456

text: The Wallachian town of Bucharest is first mentioned.

title: 1459

text: December – After Radu III the Fair takes over the throne in Wallachia, Vlad III Dracula seeks help in Transylvania, where he is captured by Mathias Corvinus, and imprisoned for the next 12 years, over false charges of treason.

title: 1462

text: June 17 – In the "Night Attack at Târgoviște", Vlad the Impaler ("Dracula") attempts to assassinate Mehmed II, forcing him to retreat from Wallachia.

title: 1462

text: November 26 – Vlad the Impaler declares himself reigning Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia for the third and last time. He is killed on the march to Bucharest, probably before the end of December. His head is sent to his old enemy, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II.

title: 1476

text: September 6 – Matthias Corvinus, as King of Bohemia, orders the Transylvanian Saxons in his employment to assist Stephen V Báthory in the invasion of the principality of Wallachia.

title: 1476

text: November 16 – At Târgoviște, Basarab Țepeluș cel Tânăr replaces his successor, Vlad Călugărul as the voivode (prince) of Wallachia (now part of Romania)

title: 1481

text: April 23 – Prince Mihnea cel Rău, son of Vlad the Impaler, becomes the Voivode of Wallachia, with a palace at Târgoviște (now in Romania), upon the death of his cousin Radu IV the Great.

title: 1508

text: Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, on the same conditions as Wallachia: the voivode will be designated by the Turks, but will be Eastern Orthodox Christians. Also, the Turks are not allowed to build mosques, to be buried, to own land or to settle in the country.

title: 1512

text: June 29 or 30 – The oldest surviving dateable document written primarily in the Romanian language: Neacșu's letter, written by a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, warning that the Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania; the script used is Romanian Cyrillic.

title: 1521

text: August 15 – Ottoman General Mehmed-Bey of Nikopol enters Târgoviște and takes control of the Principality of Wallachia, now part of Romania, as Radu of Afumați is forced to flee.

title: 1522

text: March 17 – Mircea the Shepherd enters Bucharest as the new ruler of Wallachia, now in Romania.

title: 1545

text: August 19 – Petru Cercel enters Bucharest, and becomes Prince of Wallachia.

title: 1583

text: October 18 – Battle of Sellenberk: Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the army of Andrew Báthory near Șelimbăr, leading to the first recorded unification of the Romanians.

title: 1599

text: May 27 – Michael the Brave becomes ruler of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia, formally uniting the three Danubian Principalities under one Romanian ruler.

title: 1600

text: August 3 – The Battle of Guruslău takes place in Goroszlo in (now Guruslău in Romania), as Wallachian troops led by Michael the Brave and Giorgio Basta defeat Transylvanian defenders commanded by Sigismund Báthory. Wallachia, assisted by Austrian troops from the Holy Roman Empire, retakes the Principality of Transylvania from Ottoman rule.

title: 1601

text: March 28 – Radu Leon is deposed by the Ottoman Sultan as Prince of Wallachia

title: 1669

text: February 8 – Prince Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino returns to the throne of the principality of Moldavia for a third reign but is overthrown 14 months later on June 25. In 1859, Moldavia will unite with neighboring Wallachia to form the Kingdom of Romania.

title: 1684

text: Bucharest becomes the capital of Wallachia (part of modern-day Romania).

title: 1698

text: December – Doamna Marica Brâncoveanu, princess consort of Wallachia (b. 1661)

title: 1729

text: July 13 – Russian imperial officials in Wallachia adopt Regulamentul Organic, introducing a period of unprecedented reforms that provide for Westernization of this region of Romania.

title: 1831

text: January 23 – A 7.5 earthquake strikes the Romanian district of Vrancea causing damage in Moldavia and Wallachia, killing 73 people.

title: 1838

text: March 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian army of Transylvania, under general Josef Bem, defeats the Russian-Austrian army at Second Battle of Nagyszeben, capturing the city which is the headquarters of Austrian general Anton Puchner. Most of Transylvania is liberated from the Austrian rule. The Austrian and the Russian troops flee to Wallachia.

title: 1849

text: October 28 – Crimean War: The Ottoman army crosses the Danube into Vidin/Calafat, Wallachia.

title: 1853

text: February 27 – Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Romanian provinces it has conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia.

title: 1854

text: January 24 (O. S.) – Under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia are united under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire. It would be a principal step in forming the modern state of Romania.

title: 1859


slug: walls-of-constantinople

label: Walls of Constantinople

description: city walls of Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey)

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The Theodosian Walls are constructed at Constantinople during the reign of emperor Theodosius II. The work is carried out under supervision of Anthemius, notable praetorian prefect of the East.

title: 412

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

date: March 3

text: March 3 – Theodosius II issues a law to form provisions in peacetime. He instructs landowners leasing towers in the Theodosian Walls to assist with the build-up of emergency goods. Theodosius pays an annual tribute of 350 pounds of gold to the Huns in order to buy peace.

title: 422

section: Health & Medicine

date: November 6

text: November 6 – The Walls of Constantinople are severely damaged by an earthquake, which destroys large parts of the structure, including 57 towers. The population is threatened by a plague. Emperor Theodosius II orders Constantine, praetorian prefect of the East, to supervise the repairs. He employs the city's demoi ("Circus factions") in the work, and rebuilds the walls within 60 days.

title: 447

section: Events › By place › Byzantium

text: Emperor Leo I repels the Hun invasion of Dacia (modern Romania). They ravage the Balkans but are unable to take Constantinople thanks to the city walls, which are rebuilt and reinforced.

title: 466

text: Roman forces under Anagast defeat the Huns at the river Utus (Vit, Bulgaria). Dengizich is killed and his head is paraded through the streets of Constantinople. Stuck on the end of a wooden pole, it is displayed above the Xylokerkos Gate.

title: 468

text: The Slavs push south on the Balkan Peninsula – partly in conjunction with the Avars under their ruler (khagan) Bayan I – ravaging the cities Athens and Corinth, and threatening the Long Walls of Constantinople.

title: 584

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: April

text: April – A Muslim expeditionary force disembarks on the Thracian shore (near Hebdomon), and lays siege to the massive Theodosian Walls, on the landward side to the west.

title: 674

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Muslim general Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik leads his army of 80,000 men from Pergamum to Abydos, where he crosses the Hellespont. To prevent interference by the Bulgars, or by any Byzantine forces in Thrace, he sends part of his army to a covering position near Adrianople; with his main body, Maslama builds siege lines to blockade Constantinople, which is protected by the massive Theodosian Walls.

title: 717

text: August – Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Simeon I (the Great), ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire, launches a campaign at the head of a large Bulgarian army, and reaches Constantinople unopposed. The Bulgarians besiege the Byzantine capital and construct ditches from the Golden Horn to the Golden Gate at the Marmara Sea.

title: 913

date: July 17

text: July 17–18 – Alexios III tries to counterattack from the Gate of St. Romanus but retreats without a fight. Embarrassed, he prefers to escape and abandon his subjects, fleeing with the imperial treasure to Develtos (a fortified town on the Gulf of Burgas) in Thrace. Meanwhile, the Byzantine aristocracy restores the ex-emperor Isaac II to the imperial throne. On August 1, Alexios Angelos is crowned co-emperor as Alexios IV.

title: 1203

section: Events › By place › Fourth Crusade


slug: walt-disney

label: Walt Disney

description: American animator, producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor and entrepreneur, founder of The Walt Disney Company (1901–1966)

section: Economy & Finance

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Roy and Walt Disney found The Walt Disney Company, at this time known as the Disney Brothers Studio.

title: 1923

section: Events › September–October

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Donald Duck makes his film debut in Walt Disney's Silly Symphony cartoon The Wise Little Hen.

title: 1934

section: Events › May–June

date: December 21

text: December 21 – Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the world's first feature-length cel animated film, premieres at the Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles.

title: 1937

section: Events › December

section: Science & Discovery

date: October 23

text: October 23 – Walt Disney's fourth animated film Dumbo is released in the United States.

title: 1941

section: Events › October

date: December 14

text: December 14 – Walt Disney's first live-action Technicolor musical, Babes in Toyland, a remake of the famous Victor Herbert operetta, is released, but flops at the box office.

title: 1961

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Walt Disney's Mary Poppins has its world premiere in Los Angeles. It will go on to become Disney's biggest moneymaker, and winner of 5 Academy Awards, including a Best Actress for Julie Andrews. It is the first Disney film to be nominated for Best Picture.

title: 1964

section: Events › August

date: October 27

text: October 27 – Walt Disney records his final filmed appearance prior to his death, detailing his plans for EPCOT, a utopian planned city to be built in Florida.

title: 1966

date: October 18

text: October 18 – Walt Disney's 19th full-length animated feature The Jungle Book, the last animated film personally supervised by Disney, is released and becomes an enormous box-office and critical success. On a double bill with the film is the (now) much less well-known true-life adventure, Charlie the Lonesome Cougar.

title: 1967


slug: walter-raleigh

label: Walter Raleigh

description: English statesman, soldier and writer (1552–1618)

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: June 4

text: June 4 – Walter Raleigh sends Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the Outer Banks of Virginia (modern-day North Carolina), with a view to establishing an English colony; they locate Roanoke Island.

title: 1584

section: Events › April–June

date: July 29

text: July 29 – Aboard the English ship Tiger, Roanoke expedition leader Ralph Lane negotiates an agreement with the Secotan people, who are represented by Granganimeo, the brother of the Secotan leader, King Wingino. Although the Secotans grant Lane's request to allow the English to live on Roanoke Island, he is told that they will receive no assistance from the natives, because of problems the previous year with Walter Raleigh.

title: 1585

section: Events › July–September

date: January 7

text: January 7 – Sir Walter Raleigh appoints John White to be the Governor of the Roanoke Colony, to be established later in the year by English colonists on Roanoke Island off the coast of the modern-day U.S. state of North Carolina. White and 121 other colonists depart from Portsmouth on three ships on May 8 and arrive at Croatoan Island on July 22.

title: 1587

section: Events › January–March

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Sir Walter Raleigh travels up the Orinoco River, in search of the fabled city of El Dorado.

title: 1595

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Sir Walter Raleigh of England departs from Plymouth to begin an expedition to South America

title: 1595

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Islands Voyage: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and Sir Walter Raleigh set sail on an expedition to the Azores.

title: 1597

text: July 17 – Sir Walter Raleigh is arrested in England on charges of treason and of conspiring with Lord Cobham in the "Main Plot" to overthrow King James for replacement by Lady Arbella Stuart.

title: 1603

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Sir Walter Raleigh goes on trial for treason, in the converted Great Hall of Winchester Castle. He is found guilty, but his life is spared by King James I at this time, and he is returned to imprisonment in the Tower of London.

title: 1603

section: Events › October–December

date: October 29

text: October 29 – English adventurer, writer and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded at the Palace of Westminster, for allegedly conspiring treasonably against James I of England in 1603, following pressure from the Spanish government, over his attack on their settlement on the Orinoco, on his last (1617–18) voyage.

title: 1618

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: March 20

text: March 20 – A new capital of North Carolina, and seat of the newly formed Wake County, is established after North Carolina State senator and surveyor William Christmas submits his design for the city. A few months later, the capital is officially named Raleigh, in honor of Sir Walter Raleigh.

title: 1792


slug: wang-anshi

label: Wang Anshi

description: Song Dynasty chancellor and poet (1021-1086)

section: Births

date: December 8

text: December 8 – Wang Anshi, Chinese chancellor (d. 1086)

title: 1021

text: The Qingli Reforms, put forth by the Chinese statesman Fan Zhongyan in 1043, are halted by their conservative ministerial peers, but will later influence reform efforts under Wang Anshi.

title: 1045

section: Events

text: Emperor Shenzong of Song China appoints Wang Anshi as his chief chancellor. He implements the New Policies, which include financial and trade reforms, defense and order, institution of the baojia system, etc.

title: 1069

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Chinese Chancellor Wang Anshi starts the Xining Reforms (which last until 1085).

title: 1070

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Fall – Shen Kuo is sent to supervise Wang Anshi's program of surveying the buildup of silt deposits in the Grand Canal, outside the capital city of Kaifeng. Using an original technique, Shen successfully dredges the canal and demonstrates the formidable value of the silt gathered as a fertilizer.

title: 1072

section: Events › By place › China

text: Wang Anshi, Chinese chief chancellor of the Song dynasty, creates a new bureau of the central government (called the Directorate of Weapons), which supervises the manufacture of military armaments and ensures quality control.

title: 1073

section: Culture & Society

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Emperor Zhezong ascends the throne at the age of 8 under the supervision of his grandmother, Grand Empress Dowager Gao. She cancels the reform policy of Chancellor Wang Anshi.

title: 1085

section: Deaths

date: May 21

text: May 21 – Wang Anshi, Chinese chancellor (b. 1021)

title: 1086


slug: wang-jian-qin

label: Wang Jian (Qin)

description: Chinese military general from the state of Qin during the Warring States period

year_label: 236 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Ying Zheng of the State of Qin begins a series of campaigns against the State of Zhao that will end with Zhao's conquest in 228 BC. The Qin generals Huan Yi Yang Duan He and Wang Jian seize nine cities in the Yecheng region.

title: 236 BC

year_label: 229 BCE

text: The Qin general Wang Jian launches a three-pronged invasion of the state of Zhao but is hindered by the Zhao general Li Mu.

title: 229 BC

year_label: 228 BCE

text: The State of Qin, its armies led by Wang Jian, completes the conquest of the State of Zhao.

title: 228 BC

year_label: 227 BCE

text: The Qin generals Wang Jian, Li Xin and Wang Ben invade the State of Yan in vengeance for an assassination attempt against the king of Qin, Ying Zheng, that had been organized by Crown Prince Dan.

title: 227 BC

year_label: 226 BCE

text: The Qin generals Wang Jian, Li Xin and Wang Ben conquer western Yan and its capital Ji. To secure peace, king Xi of Yan executes his son Crown Prince Dan, who is wanted for the attempted assassination of the king of Qin, Ying Zheng.

title: 226 BC

year_label: 224 BCE

text: Taking command of the Qin war effort, Wang Jian twice defeats Xiang Yan and captures Fuchu, the king of Chu, as well as the Chu capital Chen and the city of Pingyu.

title: 224 BC

year_label: 223 BCE

text: The Qin generals Wang Jian and Meng Wu defeat the Chu general Xiang Yan and the king of Chu, Lord Changping. Lord Changping is killed, and Xiang Yan commits suicide soon afterwards.

title: 223 BC

year_label: 222 BCE

text: The Qin general Wang Jian conquers Wuyue, forcing the capitulation of its ruler. The conquered region becomes the province of Kuaiji. This campaign completes the subjugation of the lands formerly held by the State of Chu, and it also serves as a precursor for the Qin campaign against the Yue tribes.

title: 222 BC


slug: wang-mang

label: Wang Mang

description: Han dynasty official and founding Emperor of the Xin Dynasty (c.45 BC-23 AD)

year_label: 45 BCE

text: Wang Mang, usurper of the Han dynasty and emperor of the Xin dynasty (d. AD 23)

title: 45 BC

year_label: 36 BCE

date: October

text: October–December – The Han dynasty Chinese army under General Chen Tang and General Gan Yanshou defeat the Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu in the Battle of Zhizhi. This leads to half a century of peace between the Han dynasty and the Xiongnu until Wang Mang enrages them in the year AD 10, resuming hostilities between both sides.

title: 36 BC

year_label: 1 BCE

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Emperor Ai dies and is succeeded by his 8-year-old cousin Ping, who is enthroned on October 17. Wang Mang is appointed regent by Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun, his aunt.

title: 0s BC

section: Events › 1 BC › Han dynasty

year_label: 2 CE

text: AD 2 – Wang Mang begins a program of personal aggrandizement, restoring marquess titles to past imperial princes and introducing a pension system for retired officials. Restrictions are placed on the Emperor's mother, Consort Wei and members of the Wei Clan.

title: 0s

section: Events › China

year_label: 3 CE

text: AD 3 – Wang Mang foils a plot by his son, Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to oust him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.

title: 0s

year_label: 4 CE

text: AD 4 – Wang Mang is given the title "superior duke".

title: 0s

text: AD 4 – Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping), daughter of Wang Mang, cementing his influence.

title: 0s

year_label: 6 CE

text: AD 6 – The imperial Liu clan suspects the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong (a/k/a Marquis of An-chung), with a small force starting in May or June.

title: 0s

year_label: 7 CE

text: AD 7 – Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes.

title: 0s

year_label: 8 CE

text: AD 8 – Wang Mang crushes a rebellion by Chai I, and on the winter solstice (which has been dated January 10 of the following year) officially assumes the title emperor, establishing the short-lived Xin dynasty.

title: 0s

year_label: 10 CE

text: The usurper Wang Mang (who rules during a brief interregnum known as the Xin dynasty) outlaws the private purchase and use of crossbows. Despite this, Liu Xiu, the later Emperor Guangwu of Han, buys crossbows in the winter of AD 22 to aid the rebellion of his brother Liu Yan (styled Bosheng) and Li Tong.

title: 10s

section: Events › 10 AD › China

year_label: 18 CE

section: Climate & Environment

text: After a flooding of the Yellow River in China, farmers are forced to rebel. Emperor Wang Mang reacts by sending an army (some 100,000 men) against the agrarian rebels. The rebel leaders, concerned that during battle it will become impossible to tell friend from foe, order that their men color their eyebrows red – and this is where the name Chimei ("The Red Eyebrows") comes from.

title: 10s

section: Events › 18 AD › China

year_label: 23 CE

text: Liu Xuan, a descendant of the Han dynasty royal family and leader of insurgents against the Xin dynasty, proclaims himself emperor against Wang Mang.

title: 20s

section: Events › 23 AD › China

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Wang Mang, Chinese emperor of the Xin dynasty (b. c. 45 BC)

title: 20s

section: Deaths › 23 AD


label: War of 1812

description: conflict between the United States and the British Empire from 1812 to 1815

date: June 21

text: June 21 – Theodosia Burr Alston, First Lady of South Carolina during War of 1812, daughter of Aaron Burr (d. 1813)

title: 1783

date: February 20

text: February 20 – John E. Wool, general officer in the United States Army, who served during the War of 1812, Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War (d. 1869)

title: 1784

date: September 5

text: September 5 – John L. Burns, American veteran of the War of 1812, civilian combatant for the Union Army during the American Civil War. (d. 1872)

title: 1793

date: November 3

text: November 3 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed by Quashquame and William Henry Harrison; controversy surrounding the treaty eventually causes the Sauk people to ally with the British during the War of 1812, and is the main cause of the Black Hawk War of 1832.

title: 1804

section: Events › October–December

text: August 15 – War of 1812 – Battle of Fort Dearborn: Potawatomi warriors overrun the United States fort in Illinois Territory.

title: 1812

section: Events › July–September

date: August 16

text: August 16 – War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit, without a fight, to the British Army.

title: 1812

date: August 19

text: August 19 – War of 1812: defeats the British frigate , off the coast of Nova Scotia. The British shot is said to have bounced off Constitutions sides, earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides".

title: 1812

date: August 5

text: August 5 – War of 1812: Tecumseh's Indian force ambushes Thomas Van Horne's 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat.

title: 1812

date: June 18

text: June 18 – The United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom begins the War of 1812 between the U.S., Britain and Canada.

title: 1812

section: Events › April–June

date: October 13

text: October 13 – War of 1812 – Battle of Queenston Heights: As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops, led by Sir Isaac Brock (who dies during the battle).

title: 1812

date: October 9

text: October 9 – War of 1812: American naval forces under Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott capture two British warships, and .

title: 1812

date: April 27

text: April 27 – War of 1812: Battle of York – United States troops raid and destroy but do not hold the capital of Upper Canada, York (modern-day Toronto).

title: 1813

date: April 8

text: April 8 – War of 1812: Colonel James Ball arrives at Fort Meigs with 200 dragoons.

title: 1813

date: December 18

text: December 18–19 – War of 1812: British soldiers and native allies invade the United States, and are successful in the Capture of Fort Niagara, and attack Lewiston, New York.

title: 1813

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: February

text: February – War of 1812 in North America: General William Henry Harrison sends out an expedition to burn the British vessels at Fort Malden by going across Lake Erie via the Bass Islands in sleighs, but the ice is not hard enough, and the expedition returns.

title: 1813

section: Events › January–March

date: January 18

text: January 18–23 – War of 1812: The Battle of Frenchtown is fought in modern-day Monroe, Michigan between the United States and a British and Native American alliance.

title: 1813

date: July 5

text: July 5 – War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.

title: 1813

date: June 1

text: June 1 – War of 1812: Capture of USS Chesapeake in Boston Harbor by British Royal Navy frigate .

title: 1813

date: June 6

text: June 6 – War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek – A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeats an American force three times its size, under William H. Winder and John Chandler.

title: 1813

date: May 1

text: May 1–9 – War of 1812: Fort Meigs is first besieged, by British allied forces under General Henry Proctor and Chief Tecumseh.

title: 1813

date: November 11

text: November 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Crysler's Farm: An outnumbered British–Canadian force defeats the Americans, forcing them to give up their attempt to capture Montreal.

title: 1813

date: October 26

text: October 26 – War of 1812 – Battle of the Chateauguay: Charles de Salaberry defeats an American invasion.

title: 1813

date: October 5

text: October 5 – War of 1812 – Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada: William Henry Harrison defeats the British, and native leader Tecumseh is killed in battle.

title: 1813

date: September 10

text: September 10 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Erie: An American squadron under Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British squadron, capturing 6 ships.

title: 1813

date: August 24

text: August 24 – War of 1812 – Burning of Washington: British troops, after defeating American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg, occupy Washington, D.C., setting numerous buildings on fire, including the Capitol and Presidential Mansion.

title: 1814

date: December 15

text: December 15 – War of 1812: The Hartford Convention is convened, by members of the American Federalist Party.

title: 1814

date: December 24

text: December 24 – War of 1812: The Treaty of Ghent is signed, formally ending the war.

title: 1814

date: July 22

text: July 22 – War of 1812 – The Treaty of Greenville is signed between the U.S. government and Native American tribes.

title: 1814

date: March 27

text: March 27 – War of 1812 – Battle of Horseshoe Bend: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek Indians.

title: 1814

section: Events › March

date: March 28

text: March 28 – War of 1812 – Battle of Valparaíso: Two British Royal Navy ships easily defeat and capture USS Essex and a sister ship off the coast of Chile.

title: 1814

date: May 6

text: May 6 – War of 1812 – Battle of Fort Oswego: British forces attack Fort Ontario at Oswego, New York.

title: 1814

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: September 1

text: September 1 – War of 1812 – Sinking of HMS Avon by the USS Wasp.

title: 1814

date: September 11

text: September 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Champlain: An American squadron under Thomas Macdonough defeats the British squadron, ultimately forcing the invading army to retreat back into Canada.

title: 1814

text: February 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom (including Canada) officially ends, following ratification of the Treaty of Ghent (1814) in Washington, D.C.

title: 1815

text: January 13 – War of 1812: British troops capture Fort Peter in St. Marys, Georgia, the only battle of the war to take place in the state.

title: 1815

text: April 29 – The Rush–Bagot Treaty is signed between the United States and the British Empire, limiting the number of warships on the Great Lakes between the U.S. and Canada in the aftermath of settling the War of 1812.

title: 1817

text: November 10 – John E. Wool, general officer in the United States Army, who served during the War of 1812, Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War (b. 1784)

title: 1869

text: February 4 – John L. Burns, American veteran of the War of 1812, civilian combatant for the Union Army during the American Civil War. (b. 1793)

title: 1872

text: A hunter-killer group of the United States Navy captures the , marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel has captured an enemy vessel at sea since the War of 1812. Some significant intelligence data is acquired.

title: 1944


slug: war-of-the-austrian-succession

label: War of the Austrian Succession

description: 1740–1748 war

date: April 8

text: April 8 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Royal Navy captures the Spanish ship of the line Princesa off Cape Finisterre and takes her into British service.

title: 1740

date: December 16

text: December 16 – Frederick II of Prussia invades the Habsburg possession of Silesia, starting the War of the Austrian Succession.

title: 1740

date: April 10

text: April 10 – War of the Austrian Succession: An Austrian army is defeated by Prussian troops of Frederick the Great in the Battle of Mollwitz.

title: 1741

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: December 7

text: December 7 – War of the Austrian Succession: Charles Albert of Bavaria has himself proclaimed King of Bohemia.

title: 1741

date: March 9

text: March 9 – War of the Austrian Succession: Prussian troops bring down the Austrian fortress of Glogau (modern-day Głogów in Poland).

title: 1741

date: May 21

text: May 21 – War of the Austrian Succession: King George II of Great Britain orders the British Army to prepare for an invasion of Prussia to defend his Electorate of Hanover.

title: 1741

date: November 25

text: November 25–26 – War of the Austrian Succession: Franco-Bavarian troops commanded by Maurice of Saxony storm in Battle of Prague city Prague.

title: 1741

text: September 11 – War of the Austrian Succession: Linz falls to the Bavarian Army.

title: 1741

date: February 15

text: February 15— First Silesian War, part of War of the Austrian Succession: Troops of the Kingdom of Prussia, Saxony and France, under the command of Prince Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau, capture the Moravian town of Iglau (now Jihlava). At this point, the Saxons and French declare that their obligations to Prussia have ceased.

title: 1742

date: May 24

text: May 24 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Sahay: French forces defeat the Austrians.

title: 1742

section: Events › April –June

date: June 27

text: June 27 (June 16 O.S.) – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria: British forces, in alliance with those of Hanover and Hesse, defeat a French army under the duc de Noailles; King George II of Great Britain (and Elector of Brunswick) leads his own troops, the last British king to do so.

title: 1743

date: April 15

text: April 15 – War of the Austrian Succession: Battle of Pfaffenhofen – The Austrian Army drives the French Army out of Bavaria, forcing the Electorate of Bavaria to withdraw from the war.

title: 1745

date: April 22

text: April 22 – Having recently turned 18, Bavaria's ruler Maximilian III Joseph agrees to sign the Treaty of Füssen with Austria, withdrawing Bavaria from further participation in the War of the Austrian Succession, and agreeing to support Austria's candidate for the next Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1745

date: January 7

text: January 7 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Austrian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Károly József Batthyány, makes a surprise attack at Amberg and the winter quarters of the Bavarian Army, and scatters the Bavarian defending troops, then captures the Bavarian capital of Munich.

title: 1745

date: July 9

text: July 9 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Melle: The French are victorious in an engagement against the Pragmatic Allies.

title: 1745

date: May 11

text: May 11 – War of the Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy – French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army, including the British 42nd Regiment of Foot, also known as Black Watch.

title: 1745

date: October 11

text: October 11 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Rocoux: The French army defeats the allied Austrian, British, Hanoveran and Dutch army in Rocourt.

title: 1746

text: War of the Austrian Succession: Spanish troops invade and occupy the coastal towns of Beaufort and Brunswick in the Royal Colony of North Carolina, during what becomes known as the Spanish Alarm. They are later driven out by the local militia.

title: 1747

section: Events › Date unknown

date: July 2

text: July 2 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Lauffeld: France defeats the combined armies of Hanover, Great Britain and the Netherlands.

title: 1747

date: May 14

text: May 14 – War of the Austrian Succession – First battle of Cape Finisterre: The British Navy defeats a French fleet.

title: 1747

date: October 25

text: October 25 – War of the Austrian Succession – Second battle of Cape Finisterre: The British Navy again defeats a French fleet.

title: 1747

date: September 13

text: September 13 – The Netherlands city of Bergen op Zoom falls to the Army of France after a 70 day siege during the War of the Austrian Succession.

title: 1747

text: April 15 – The Siege of the Dutch fortress of Maastricht is started by the French under the command of Maurice de Saxe as part of the War of the Austrian Succession. The fortress falls on May 7 after a little more than three weeks.

title: 1748

date: April 24

text: April 24 – A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen), with the intent to conclude the War of the Austrian Succession. The treaty is signed on October 18.

title: 1748

date: December 4

text: December 4 – Austria and Spain sign a second treaty to settle the War of the Austrian Succession, and Austria agrees to remove its troops from Modena and Genoa.

title: 1748

date: October 18

text: October 18 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war. Great Britain obtains Madras, in India, from France, in exchange for the fortress of Louisbourg in Canada.

title: 1748

section: Health & Medicine

date: April 27

text: April 27 – The first official performance of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks in London finishes early, due to the outbreak of fire. The piece had been composed by Handel to commemorate the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748.

title: 1749