slug: arabs

label: Arabs

description: Arabic-speaking ethnic and national groups, originally from the Arabian Peninsula

text: Battle of Nahāvand: The Rashidun army (30,000 men) under Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas defeats the Persians at Nahāvand (modern Iran). The Persian cavalry, full of confidence, mounts an ill-prepared attack. The Arabs retreat to a safe area, where they outmanoeuvre and destroy the Persians in a narrow mountain valley.

title: 642

section: Events › By place › Persia

text: Autumn – Siege of Constantinople: Emperor Constantine IV confronts the Arab besiegers in a head-on engagement. The Byzantine fleet, equipped with Greek fire, destroys the Muslim fleet at Sillyon, ending the Arab threat to Europe, and forcing Yazid (a son of caliph Muawiyah I) to lift the siege on land and sea. The victory also frees up forces that are sent to raise the two-year siege of Thessalonica by the local Slavic tribes.

title: 678

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Emperor Constantine IV signs a peace treaty, of a nominal 30-year duration, with Caliph Mu'awiya I of the Umayyad Caliphate. Constantine pays an annual tribute of 3,000 (nomismata) pounds of gold, 50 horses and 50 slaves. The Arab garrisons are withdrawn from their bases on the Byzantine coastlands, including Crete & Cyzicus.

title: AD 679

text: Emperor Justinian II negotiates a peace treaty with the Umayyad Caliphate (resulting in caliph Abd al-Malik paying tribute). He removes 12,000 Christian Maronites, who continually resist the Arabs, from Lebanon. Justinian reinforces the Byzantine navy on Cyprus, and transfers cavalry troops from the Thracesian Theme in Anatolia to the Theme of Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula.

title: 687

text: Umayyad conquest of Hispania: From North Africa, Musa ibn Nusayr lands in Iberia (Al-Andalus), with an army of 18,000 Arabs and Berbers. He joins the Islamic conquest and captures the city of Seville (Andalusia), where he meets stiff resistance after 3-months of siege.

title: 712

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Battle of the Nobles: The Berber rebels under chieftain Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati defeat and overwhelm the Umayyad forces of Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri, near Tangier (Northern Morocco), undermining Arab domination in Islamic North Africa. The rebellion spreads in Al-Andalus (Spain), causing governor Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab to withdraw Moorish troops from many garrisons north of the Pyrenees.

title: 740

section: Events › By place › Africa

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Sicily, Sardinia, Provence, and Greece are raided by a fleet of Arab Muslim ships sent by the governor of Ifriqya, the ones raiding South Western Europe are led by Habīb Ibn Abi ‘Ubayda Al-Fihrī, while the fleet raiding Greece is led by Mu’awiya ibn Hishām. All of them are successful, submitting the Islands and returning with much wealth from the spoils of war.

title: 740

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: June 18

text: June 18 – Emperor Leo III ("the Isaurian") dies of dropsy at Constantinople, after a 24-year reign that has saved the Byzantine Empire and delivered Eastern Europe from the threat of an Arab conquest. He is succeeded by his son Constantine V.

title: 741

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik dies after a 19-year reign, in which the Arab expansion in Europe has been stopped and the Umayyad Caliphate has come under pressure from the Turks in Central Asia and Berbers in North Africa. He is succeeded by his nephew Al-Walid II, who has Khalid al-Qasri, former governor of Iraq, imprisoned and tortured.

title: 743

text: Siege of Patras: Local Slavic tribes of the Peloponnese lay siege to the city of Patras (modern Greece), with aid from an Arab fleet. A Byzantine relief army under Skleros, military governor (strategos) from Corinth, is sent and retakes the city. The captured Slavs in Patras are made slaves, and a church is dedicated to St. Andrew.

title: 805

text: Al-Andalus: A grave rebellion breaks out in the suburbs of Cordoba, against the Emirate of Córdoba. Andalucian Arab refugees arrive in Fez (modern Morocco).

title: 818

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Euphemius, exiled Byzantine admiral, asks for the help of North African Arabs, to retake Sicily and Malta from the Byzantines. Emir Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya promises to return the islands to Euphemius, in exchange for a yearly tribute, and sends an Arab Muslim expeditionary force of 10,000 men under the 70-year-old Asad ibn al-Furat, which lands at Mazara del Vallo in Sicily.

title: 827

text: Venice sends a fleet of 60 galleys (each carrying 200 men) to assist the Byzantines in driving the Arabs from Crotone, but the attack fails. Muslim troops conquer the city of Brindisi (approximate date).

title: 841

date: May 18

text: May 18 – After his successful campaign against the Saracens, Louis II is crowned as Roman Emperor ("Emperor of the Franks") for the second time and converts the Muwalladun, and the Arab elite.

title: 872

date: September 11

text: September 11 – Yazaman al-Khadim, Abbasid governor of Tarsus, routs a Byzantine army under general Kesta Styppiotes, in a night attack. According to Arab chroniclers, 70,000 out of 100,000 Byzantine troops are killed.

title: 883

text: Fall – The Arabs sack the abbey of Monte Cassino in two raids (September and November). The bulk of the monastic community flee to Teano (Campania).

title: 884

date: May

text: May – Ibrahim II, Aghlabid emir of Ifriqiya, sends a large army to Palermo, to impose Arab authority from Kairouan. After an uprising, the Sicilians make a bid for independence.

title: 892

text: Spring – Atenulf I, Lombard prince of Capua, conquers the Duchy of Benevento. He deposes Duke Radelchis II and unites the two southern Lombard duchies in Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy). The Byzantines offer a strategic alliance to Atenulf who directs a campaign against the Saracens. They establish themselves on the banks of the Garigliano River. From here, Arab warbands launch frequent raids in Campania.

title: 900

text: Summer – The Slavic-Arab leader Sabir defeats a small Byzantine fleet and seizes Termoli (in Molise, on the Adriatic coast). He returns to Africa laden with booty and slaves.

title: 929

text: 957 Caspian Sea earthquake. It took place in the Caspian Sea and its vicinity. The earthquake is mentioned by several Arab and Syriac chronicle writers, who claimed that it mainly affected the region of Persian Iraq. The initial shocks lasted 40 days, but ceased for a while. The main earthquake then occurred, damaging the cities of Ray, Talikan, and Hulwan. A reported number of 150 villages were supposedly destroyed by the earthquake.

title: 957

section: Events › By place › Caspian Sea

date: July

text: July: Melias moves against Amida (modern Turkey). He defeats the Arabs outside the walls, and begins to lay siege to the city. After a few days, a violent wind and a thick dust spreads over the Byzantine camp. Covered by the dust, the Arabs attack and rout the Byzantines. Many of them are slaughtered and some, including Melias, are taken prisoner. Previous Byzantine gains in the area are lost. The wounded Melias dies later in captivity.

title: 973

text: Battle of Haydaran: The Zirid dynasty is defeated by the invading Bedouin Arab tribes of the Banu Hilal.

title: 1052


slug: aragon

label: Aragon

description: autonomous community in Spain

text: Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, cross the Pyrenees and ravage both sides of the mountains. He establishes colonies along the Ebro Valley, and within Basque territory. The Moorish main military efforts are in Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre and Septimania (Southern France), strengthening the towns already in their hands.

title: 733

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Aznar Galíndez I succeeds Aureolus, as count of Aragon (modern Spain). He is installed by King Louis the Pious (a son of emperor Charlemagne), and remains a Frankish vassal.

title: 809

section: Deaths

text: Aznar Galíndez I, king of Aragon

title: 839

text: Galindo Garcés, count of Aragon

title: 844

text: Galindo II Aznárez succeeds his father Aznar II Galíndez as count of Aragon (until 922).

title: 893

text: Aznar II Galíndez, count of Aragon (Spain)

title: 893

section: Births

text: Agnes of Aquitaine, queen of Aragon and Navarre (d. 1097)

title: 1072

section: Health & Medicine

date: April 11

text: April 11 – Hugh II, the self-styled King of Arborea

title: 1323

section: Events › April – June

section: Religion & Belief

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Unhappy with Pope Urban's critical attitude towards them, the majority of the cardinals meet at Fondi, elect Clement VII as antipope, and establish a rival papal court at Avignon. This split within the Catholic Church becomes known as the Western Schism, also known as the Great Schism. France, Aragon, Castile and León, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples and Scotland choose to recognise Antipope Clement VII. Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, northern Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland and Sweden continue to recognise Pope Urban VI.

title: 1378

section: Events › July–September


slug: aratus-of-sicyon

label: Aratus of Sicyon

description: Greek statesman, general and Achaean League strategos (271-213 BC)

year_label: 271 BCE

text: Aratus of Sicyon, Greek general (strategos) and statesman (d. 213 BC)

title: 271 BC

year_label: 264 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: Abantidas, the son of Paseas, becomes tyrant of the Greek city-state of Sicyon after murdering Cleinias. He either banishes or puts to death Cleinias' friends and relations. Cleinias' young son, Aratus, narrowly escapes death.

title: 264 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 245 BCE

text: Aratus of Sicyon is elected general (strategos) of the Achaean League.

title: 245 BC

year_label: 243 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Without a declaration of hostilities, Greek statesman, Aratus of Sicyon, who has gradually built up the Achaean League into a major power in Greece, makes a surprise attack on Corinth and forces the withdrawal of the Macedonian occupation troops. Megara, Troezen, and Epidaurus also desert the Macedonian King Antigonus II.

title: 243 BC

year_label: 241 BCE

text: As general of the Achaean League, Aratus of Sicyon defeats the Aetolians at Pellene and then pursues a policy of establishing democracies in the Peloponnese.

title: 241 BC

year_label: 239 BCE

text: With Aetolia now as its ally, the Achaean League under the command of Aratus of Sicyon repeatedly attacks Athens and Argos.

title: 239 BC

year_label: 235 BCE

text: Aratus of Sicyon brings Megalopolis into the Achaean League.

title: 235 BC

year_label: 229 BCE

text: Aratus of Sicyon brings Argos into the Achaean League and then helps liberate Athens. This brings Aratus into conflict with Sparta.

title: 229 BC

section: Events › By place › Illyria

year_label: 227 BCE

text: Cleomenes III defeats the Achaeans under Aratus of Sicyon at Mount Lycaeum and at Ladoceia near Megalopolis.

title: 227 BC

year_label: 226 BCE

text: The Spartan King Cleomenes III captures Mantinea and defeats the Achaean League under Aratus of Sicyon at Hecatombaeum, near Dyme in north-eastern Elis.

title: 226 BC

year_label: 224 BCE

text: After the Spartan King Cleomenes III takes on Pellene, Phlius and Argos, Aratus of Sicyon is forced to call upon King Antigonus III of Macedonia for assistance. Antigonus III's forces fail to pierce Cleomenes' lines near Corinth, but a revolt against Cleomenes at Argos put the Spartans on the defensive.

title: 224 BC

year_label: 220 BCE

text: Aratus of Sicyon counters Aetolian aggression by obtaining the assistance of the Hellenic League now under the leadership of Philip V of Macedon. In the resulting Social War, the Hellenic League of Greek states is assembled in Corinth at Philip V's instigation. He then leads the Hellenic League in battles against Aetolia, Sparta and Elis.

title: 220 BC

year_label: 213 BCE

text: Aratus of Sicyon, Greek statesman, general and advocate of Greek unity, who, for many years, has been the leader of the Achaean League (b. 271 BC)

title: 213 BC


slug: arcadia-ancient-region

label: Arcadia (ancient region)

year_label: 479 BCE

text: The Persian commander Mardonius, now based in Thessaly, wins support from Argus and western Arcadia. He tries to win over Athens, but fails.

title: 479 BC

year_label: 476 BCE

text: Convicted in Sparta on the charge of accepting a bribe from the Aleudae family whilst leading an expedition to Thessaly against the family for their collaboration with the Persians, the Spartan King Leotychidas flees to the temple of Athena Alea in Tegea, Arcadia. A sentence of exile is passed upon him; his house is razed, and his grandson, Archidamus II, ascends the Spartan throne in his place.

title: 476 BC

year_label: 468 BCE

text: Sparta faces trouble near home, mainly from Arcadia with the support of Argos. Argos regains control of Tiryns.

title: 468 BC

year_label: 446 BCE

text: After hearing that the Spartan army had accepted bribes from Pericles, Pleistoanax, the King of Sparta, is impeached by the citizens of Sparta, but flees to exile in Arcadia. His military adviser, Cleandridas also flees and is condemned to death in his absence.

title: 446 BC

year_label: 391 BCE

text: Iphicrates also campaigns against Phlius and Arcadia, decisively defeating their armies and plundering the territory of the Arcadians when they refuse to engage his troops. After this victory, an Argive army marches to Corinth, and, seizing the Acrocorinth, effectively merges Argos and Corinth.

title: 391 BC

year_label: 371 BCE

text: With the unexpected defeat of Sparta by the Thebans, the Arcadians decide to re-assert their independence. They rebuild Mantinea, form an Arcadian League and build a new federal city, Megalopolis.

title: 371 BC

year_label: 370 BCE

text: The Spartans under King Agesilaus II invade Arcadia. After appealing in vain to the Athenians for help, Arcadia turns to the Thebans. Epaminondas of Thebes arrives with an army, finds that the Spartans have retired and follows them.

title: 370 BC

text: With the support of Thebes, the Arcadian capital city of Megalopolis is completed and a democratic system is set up with an Assembly of Ten Thousand and a Council of fifty.

title: 370 BC

year_label: 369 BCE

text: Epaminondas briefly returns to Arcadia, then marches south to Messenia, a territory which the Spartans had conquered some 200 years before. There, Epaminondas starts the rebuilding of the ancient city of Messene on Mount Ithome, with fortifications that are among the strongest in Greece. He then issues a call to Messenian exiles all over Greece to return and rebuild their homeland. The loss of Messenia is particularly damaging to the Spartans, since the territory comprises one-third of Sparta's territory and contains half of their helot population.

title: 369 BC

year_label: 367 BCE

text: Archidamus III, son of Agesilaus II of Sparta, commands a Spartan army which scores a victory over the Arcadians.

title: 367 BC

year_label: 364 BCE

text: The Spartans under Archidamus III are defeated by the Arcadians at Cromnus.

title: 364 BC

year_label: 331 BCE

text: While Alexander is fighting in Asia, Agis III of Sparta, profiting from the Macedonian king's absence from Greece, leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt. With Persian money and 8,000 Greek mercenaries, he holds Crete against Macedonian forces. In the Peloponnesus he routs a force under the Macedonian general Coragus and, although Athens stays neutral, he is joined by Elis, Achaea (except Pellene) and Arcadia, with the exception of Megalopolis, the staunchly anti-Spartan capital of Arcadia, which Agis III's forces besiege.

title: 331 BC

year_label: 315 BCE

text: Apollonides initiates a raid on Arcadia during the night.

title: 315 BC

year_label: 303 BCE

text: Demetrius Poliorcetes invades the Peloponnese and occupies Corinth, Sicyon, and Argos in the Peloponnese, and Achaea, Elis and almost all of Arcadia join his side.

title: 303 BC

year_label: 267 BCE

text: Macedonia's King Antigonus II Gonatas has to deal with a rebellion by an Athenian-led coalition of Spartans (led by King Areus I of Sparta), Athenians (led by Chremonides), Arcadians and Achaeans that tries to expel the Macedonian forces located in southern Greece. The rebellion has the support of Ptolemy II of Egypt.

title: 267 BC

text: Scerdilaidas and the Aetolians invade Achaea. With the help of Cynaethan traitors, they attack, seize and burn Cynaetha, a town in the north of Arcadia.

title: 220 BC


slug: arcadius

label: Arcadius

description: Roman Emperor from 395–408 (377–408)

text: Arcadius, Roman consul and emperor (approximate date)

title: 377

text: Aelia Eudoxia, empress and wife of Arcadius (approximate date)

title: 380

date: January 19

text: January 19 – Arcadius is elevated to Emperor.

title: AD 383

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Emperor Theodosius I, age 48, dies of a disease involving severe edema in Milan. The Roman Empire is divided for the final time into an eastern and a western half. The Eastern Roman Empire is centered in Constantinople under Arcadius, son of Theodosius, and the Western Roman Empire in Mediolanum under his brother Honorius.

title: 395

text: John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, receives a delegation of clergy who want to close the pagan temples at Gaza (Palestine) where worshippers are openly defying the law. John works through the eunuch Eutropius, who has great power over emperor Arcadius, and within a week an imperial Constitution is issued closing the Roman temples, but the official appointed to execute this order is bribed.

title: 398

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Flavius Mallius Theodorus becomes Roman consul and official at the imperial court of emperor Arcadius.

title: 399

section: Economy & Finance

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Emperor Arcadius gives his wife Aelia Eudoxia the official title of Augusta. She is able to wear the purple paludamentum and is depicted in Roman currency.

title: 400

text: Emperor Arcadius sends many gifts to the Hunnic chieftain Uldin, in appreciation of his victory over the Goths and Gainas. Arcadius then allies himself with the Huns.

title: 401

text: Emperors Arcadius and his younger brother Honorius become Roman consuls.

title: 402

text: Cynegius, acting for Emperor Arcadius at the insistence of Bishop Porphyry, orders the destruction of pagan temples in Gaza.

title: 402

text: Fravitta, a Goth serving the Eastern Roman Empire as a high-ranking general, is executed on the behest of a powerful official named Ioannes. Fravitta is executed because he accused Ioannes of pitting Emperor Arcadius and Emperor Honorius (of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, respectively) against each other. The execution of Fravitta results in the Eastern Roman Empire losing one of their most loyal and competent generals. (404 or 405)

title: AD 404

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Aelia Eudoxia, Roman Empress and wife of Arcadius

title: AD 404

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Emperor Arcadius dies in his palace at Constantinople, after a weak 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, Theodosius II, who rules under the domination of his devout Christian sister Pulcheria and Anthemius, who acts as regent.

title: 408

text: May 1 – Arcadius, Roman emperor

title: 408


slug: archbishop-of-canterbury

label: Archbishop of Canterbury

description: senior bishop of the Church of England

text: The future Archbishops of Canterbury (Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius), and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to aid Augustine in his missionary work. Gregory writes the decretal Libellus responsionum to Augustine.

title: 601

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury, is succeeded by Laurence. He is a member of the Gregorian mission (see 596).

title: 604

text: May 26 – Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury (approximate date)

title: 604

text: Mellitus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 619

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Laurence, Archbishop of Canterbury

title: 619

date: April 24

text: April 24 – Mellitus, Archbishop of Canterbury

title: 624

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Theodore of Tarsus, age 88, dies at Canterbury. He is succeeded by Berhtwald as the 9th Archbishop of Canterbury (approximate date).

title: 690

text: September 19 – Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 602)

title: 690

date: June 10

text: June 10 – The Mercian Tatwine is consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 731

text: Archbishop Hygeberht of Lichfield retires; he is succeeded by Ealdwulf. King Coenwulf of Mercia is on better terms with the archbishopric of Canterbury than his predecessor, and unsuccessfully attempts to have the Mercian archiepiscopal see transferred to London (approximate date).

title: 800

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Wulfred is elected Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 806

date: June 15

text: June 15 – (17th day before the kalends of July) The body of the late Ælfheah of Canterbury, the former Archbishop of Canterbury who will later be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint and a martyr of the church, is reburied at Canterbury Cathedral on orders of England's King Canute, after being moved from St. Paul's Cathedral in London on June 12 (the 3rd day before the ides of June). King Canute, whose Danish troops had murdered Archbishop Ælfheah on April 19, 1012, during Canute's invasion of England, has ordered the reburial as an atonement for Ælfheah's death.

title: 1023

section: Events › April–June

text: April 11 – Stigand is deposed as Archbishop of Canterbury in England by papal legates and imprisoned.

title: 1070

section: Events

date: May 27

text: May 27 – The Accord of Winchester establishes the primacy of the Archbishop of Canterbury over the Archbishop of York, in the Church of England.

title: 1072

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: The Archbishop of York is no longer required to be crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1118

section: Events › By place › British Isles

date: July 22

text: July 22 – William de Corbeil is installed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury, the highest-ranking cleric in England, after his February 4 election is approved by Pope Callixtus II.

title: 1123

section: Events › By date › July–September

text: June 14 – King Henry II has his 15-year-old son, Henry the Young King, crowned by Roger, Archbishop of York, as junior king and heir to the English throne. The coronation drives Pope Alexander III to allow the exiled Thomas Becket (whose privilege as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown English monarchs has been infringed) to lay an interdict on England as punishment, and this threat forces Henry to negotiate with Becket. Sir William Marshal is appointed tutor-in-arms to Henry the Young King.

title: 1170

section: Events › By place › England

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury in England, opens a council at Osney Abbey, Oxford.

title: 1222

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Thomas Cobham, Archdeacon of Lewes, is elected by his peers to be the Archbishop of Canterbury in England, but King Edward II intervenes and asks Pope Clement V to cancel the result. The Pope installs Walter Reynolds as the new archbishop on October 1.

title: 1313

date: January 14

text: January 14 – The Earl of Pembroke and the Earl of Hereford persuade Walter Reynolds, Archbishop of Canterbury, to consecrate Stephen Gravesend as the Bishop of London.

title: 1319

section: Events › January – March

date: December 11

text: December 11 – Simon Mepeham is elected as England's new Archbishop of Canterbury as the candidate of the Earl of Lancaster, leader of the regency council. Mepeham defeats the candidate supported by Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer, and soon works with King Edward III to end Mortimer's power in England.

title: 1327

section: Events › October – December

date: February 1

text: February 1 – The coronation of King Edward III as ruler of England takes place at Westminster Abbey with the approval of the English Parliament. Walter Reynolds, Archbishop of Canterbury, places the crown upon the new King.

title: 1327

date: August 23

text: August 23 – John de Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. c.1275)

title: 1348

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Thomas Bradwardine, Archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1349

text: Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1414)

title: 1353

date: April 26

text: April 26 – Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1366

date: October 11

text: October 11 – Pope Urban V issues a papal bull appointing William Whittlesey as Archbishop of Canterbury, and "primate of all England".

title: 1368

section: Events › October–December

date: June 5

text: June 5 or June 6 – William Whittlesey, Archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1374

text: July 22 – Simon Langham, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1310)

title: 1376

date: January 30

text: January 30 – Simon Sudbury, the Archbishop of Canterbury, becomes the new Lord Chancellor of England, succeeding Baron Scrope of Bolton. Sudbury will continue in office as both archbishop and lord chancellor until his assassination on June 14, 1381, during the Peasants' Revolt.

title: 1380

section: Events › January–March

text: June 14 – Peasants' Revolt: The Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon Sudbury

title: 1381

text: June 14 – Simon Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury (murdered)

title: 1381

date: July 31

text: July 31 – William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1396

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Thomas Arundel, accused of high treason by King Richard II of England, is replaced by Roger Walden as Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1397

section: Events › July–December

text: October 19 – Thomas Arundel is formally restored as Archbishop of Canterbury by King Henry, replacing Roger Walden, who had been installed by King Richard II upon Arundel's dismissal in 1397.

title: 1399

text: March 10 – As the English Parliament session closes, King Henry IV gives royal assent to the Suppression of Heresy Act, permitting secular authorities to carry out punishment for religious crimes. The assent comes after the Archbishop of Canterbury pressures King Henry to outlaw the Lollards, followers of John Wycliffe, and criminalizes possession of a copy of Wycliffe's translation of the Bible.

title: 1401

text: February 19 – Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1353)

title: 1414

text: July 1 – Henry Chichele, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of All England, begins the first of his semiannual inquisitions, directing the archdeacons to seek out heretics and bring them to trial.

title: 1416

text: February 14 – English Lollard William Taylor is acquitted of charges of heresy in a trial before the Archbishop of Canterbury, Henry Chichele. Taylor will in 1423 be convicted of heresy and burned at the stake.

title: 1420

text: April 12 – Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1443

text: April 12 – Henry Chichele, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury for almost 29 years, dies and is succeeded by John Stafford on May 13.

title: 1443

text: May 13 – John Stafford is appointed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Eugene IV.

title: 1443

text: May 30 – At a ceremony at Westminster Abbey, the coronation of Margaret of Anjou as Queen consort of England takes place before John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1445

text: May – John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1452

text: March 22 – John Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1454

text: March 30 – Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England (b. c. 1404)

title: 1486

text: March 6 – Cardinal John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury since January 21, becomes the new Lord Chancellor of England, succeeding the late Thomas Bourchier.

title: 1487

text: July 2 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1556)

title: 1489

text: March 3 – Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1558)

title: 1500

text: September 15 – John Morton, English Archbishop of Canterbury (b. c. 1420)

title: 1500

text: August 6 – Matthew Parker, English Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1574)

title: 1504

text: August 22 – William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1450)

title: 1532

text: March 30 – Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1533

text: November 23 – Catherine Howard, the Queen consort of England, is arrested after 16 days of questioning by Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, reveals that she had also been conducting an adulterous affair with Francis Dereham while married to King Henry VIII. She is imprisoned at Syon Abbey in Middlesex near London.

title: 1541

text: March 7 – Five Roman Catholic priests— John Larke, John Ireland, the vicar of Eltham and Robert Singleton are executed at Tyburn, outside of London, in England after being convicted of participating in the Prebendaries' Plot to remove Thomas Cranmer, the Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1544

text: July 21 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, delivers his most important sermon, speaking at St Paul's Cathedral to defend the Church of England's reasons for uniformly requiring the use of The Book of Common Prayer.

title: 1549

text: November 24 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury and top cleric of the Church of England, delivers the proposed Forty-two Articles to the Privy Council of King Edward VI.

title: 1552

text: November 13 – Thomas Cranmer is officially removed from office as the Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury by order of Pope Paul IV and Queen Mary I.

title: 1555

text: March 21 – In Oxford, Thomas Cranmer, the former Archbishop of Canterbury, is burned at the stake for treason for his role in the English Reformation as chief bishop of the Anglican Church.

title: 1556

text: March 22 – Reginald Pole, a Roman Catholic Cardinal, is appointed by Queen Mary of England as the new Archbishop of Canterbury and head of the Catholic Archdiocese of Canterbury.

title: 1556

text: November 17 – Reginald Pole, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1500)

title: 1558

text: October 19 – George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1633)

title: 1562

text: July 26 – Edmund Grindal succeeds Matthew Parker as Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1575

text: July 6 – Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1519)

title: 1583

text: June 1 – Bishops' Ban of 1599: The Archbishop of Canterbury, John Whitgift, and the Bishop of London, Richard Bancroft order a ban on a selection of literary works, including Microcynicon: Six Snarling Satires, by Thomas Middleton.

title: 1599

text: July 22 – King James begins fundraising for his project for an accurate translation of the Holy Bible into English, asking Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, to contact all Anglican churches for donations.

title: 1604

text: March 4 – George Abbot is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury in England.

title: 1611

text: October – John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1694)

title: 1630

text: August 5 – George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1562)

title: 1633

text: August 6 – William Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1633

text: January 10 – Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud is executed for treason on Tower Hill, London.

title: 1645

text: June 4 – William Juxon, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1582)

title: 1663

text: May 4 – King James II of England orders his Declaration of Indulgence, suspending penal laws against Catholics, to be read from every Anglican pulpit in England. The Church of England and its staunchest supporters, the peers and gentry, are outraged; on June 8 the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Sancroft, is imprisoned in the Tower of London for refusing to proclaim it.

title: 1688

text: November 24 – William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1617)

title: 1693

text: September 21 – Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1768)

title: 1693

text: December 6 – Thomas Tenison is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1694

text: November 22 – John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1630)

title: 1694

text: Archbishop Tenison's School, the world's earliest surviving mixed gender school, is established by Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury, in Croydon, south of London, England.

title: 1714

text: April 26 – John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1805)

title: 1730

text: January 24 – William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1657)

title: 1737

text: October 10 – John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. c. 1674)

title: 1747

text: October 21 – King George II transfers Thomas Herring, Archbishop of York, to become the new Archbishop of Canterbury, three days after the death of John Potter

title: 1747

text: November 17 – Charles Manners-Sutton, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1828)

title: 1755

text: August 3 – Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1693)

title: 1768

text: February 25 – John Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1862)

title: 1780

text: July 28 – Charles Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1868)

title: 1794

text: December 21 – Archibald Campbell Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1882)

title: 1811

text: November 30 – Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1902)

title: 1821

text: July 21 – Charles Manners-Sutton, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1755)

title: 1828

text: July 14 – Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1896)

title: 1829

text: August 7 – William Howley, Archbishop of Canterbury, has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit to Canterbury because of his opposition to the Reform Act in the United Kingdom.

title: 1832

text: April 7 – Randall Davidson, British Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1930)

title: 1848

text: February 17 – John Bird Sumner is nominated as Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1848

text: September 6 – John Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1780)

title: 1862

text: October 31 – Cosmo Gordon Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1945)

title: 1864

text: October 15 – William Temple, English Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1944)

title: 1881

text: December 3 – Archibald Campbell Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1811)

title: 1882

text: May 5 – Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1972)

title: 1887

text: December 4 – Cosmo Gordon Lang is enthroned as the Archbishop of Canterbury, the first bachelor to be appointed in 150 years.

title: 1928

text: May 25 – Randall Davidson, English clergyman, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1848)

title: 1930

text: April 23 – Exeter-born William Temple is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1942

text: December 5 – Cosmo Gordon Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1864)

title: 1945

text: March 24 – Pope Paul VI meets Michael Ramsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, in Rome, and gives him an episcopal ring.

title: 1966

text: January 20 – Terry Waite, the special envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury in Lebanon, is kidnapped in Beirut (released November 1991).

title: 1987

text: July 25 – George Carey, Bishop of Bath and Wells, is named as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in the Church of England.

title: 1990

text: March 25 – Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie announces his intention to retire at the end of the year.

title: 1990

text: April 19 – George Carey is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

title: 1991

text: February 27 – Rowan Williams becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 2003

text: April 21 – The Global Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans, representing a majority of the global Anglican population, reject the leadership of Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby as the head of global Anglicanism over his support for same-sex marriage.

title: 2023

text: November 12 – Justin Welby announces his resignation as Archbishop of Canterbury following the publication of a report critical of his handling of the abuse of children within the Church of England by John Smyth.

title: 2024

text: October 3 – Dame Sarah Mullally is named the first female Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 2025


slug: archbishop-of-york

label: Archbishop of York

description: senior bishop in the Church of England

section: Religion & Belief

text: The future Archbishops of Canterbury (Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius), and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to aid Augustine in his missionary work. Gregory writes the decretal Libellus responsionum to Augustine.

title: 601

section: Deaths

date: October 10

text: October 10 – Paulinus, Archbishop of York

title: 644

text: The see of York receives the pallium from pope Gregory III, and is elevated to an archbishopric. Ecgbert becomes the first archbishop.

title: 735

text: May 27 – The Accord of Winchester establishes the primacy of the Archbishop of Canterbury over the Archbishop of York, in the Church of England.

title: 1072

text: The Archbishop of York is no longer required to be crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1118

date: June 14

text: June 14 – King Henry II has his 15-year-old son, Henry the Young King, crowned by Roger, Archbishop of York, as junior king and heir to the English throne. The coronation drives Pope Alexander III to allow the exiled Thomas Becket (whose privilege as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown English monarchs has been infringed) to lay an interdict on England as punishment, and this threat forces Henry to negotiate with Becket. Sir William Marshal is appointed tutor-in-arms to Henry the Young King.

title: 1170

date: December 4

text: December 4 – William Greenfield, Lord Chancellor of England, is elected Archbishop of York by the church leaders in the diocese, then sets off for Rome to receive the consecration of the office by the Pope.

title: 1304

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Thomas of Corbridge, England's powerful Archbishop of York, dies after a little more than four years in office. The office is vacant for several months, and leads to the resignation of Lord Chancellor William Greenfield to become the new Bishop.

title: 1304

section: Events › July – September

date: January 20

text: January 20 – A convocation at York is held by order of the Archbishop, William Melton, after orders sent by him to the Bishops of Durham and of Carlisle on November 28, 1318 to bring all abbots, priors, archdeacons and convents in their jurisdiction to appear before him "in octabis Sancti Hilarii proxime futuris" (on the next octave of Saint Hillary).

title: 1319

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Pope John XXII grants a mandate to the Archbishop of York, William Melton, to order restitution of confiscated Knights Templar property in England to the Knights Hospitaller.

title: 1320

date: December 18

text: December 18 – Alexander Neville is installed in England as the new Roman Catholic Archbishop of York.

title: 1374

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York and Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk, are executed in York on Henry IV's orders.

title: 1405

date: May 29

text: May 29 – In England, Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, meets Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York and Earl of Norfolk Thomas Mowbray in Shipton Moor, tricks them to send their rebellious army home, and then imprisons them.

title: 1405

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Thomas Wolsey is appointed Archbishop of York in England.

title: 1514

section: Events › July–September

date: May 31

text: May 31–July – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, opens a legatine court at Blackfriars, London, to rule on the legality of King Henry VIII of England's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. The court lasts until July 16.

title: 1529

date: December 30

text: December 30 – At the request of King Charles, John Williams, the Anglican Archbishop of York joins with 11 other bishops in disputing the legality of any legislation passed by the House of Lords during the time that the bishops were excluded. The House of Commons passes a resolution to have the 12 bishops arrested. King Charles, in turn, issues an order on January 3 to have five members of the House of Commons arrested for treason.

title: 1641


slug: archbishop

label: Archbishop

description: bishop of higher rank in many Christian denominations

text: Eudoxia exiles John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, for criticizing her sumptuous lifestyle. He is banished to the Caucasus in Armenia. Pope Innocent I at Rome orders a synod to reinstate the bishop, but his envoys are imprisoned. Atticus becomes the new bishop of Constantinople.

title: AD 404

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Kings Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex call the Synod of Chelsea in Kent, which is attended by the Papal legates. There, Offa persuades the Papacy to grant Archepiscopal status to the Mercian See of Lichfield. In order to secure the royal succession, he has Hygeberht crown his son Ecgfrith king of Mercia at Brixworth.

title: AD 787

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Marco Antonio de Dominis, Roman Catholic Archbishop of the See of Spalato and Primate of Dalmatia, having run afoul of Pope Paul V over secular matters relating to Venice, submits to King James I of England and later becomes Dean of Windsor.

title: 1616

section: Events › November-December

date: June 4

text: June 4 – Scottish-born Presbyterian (and former physician) Alexander Leighton is brought before Archbishop William Laud's Star Chamber court in London for publishing the seditious pamphlet An Appeale to the Parliament, or, Sions Plea Against the Prelacy, an attack on Anglican bishops (printed in the Netherlands, 1628). He is sentenced to be pilloried and whipped, have his ears cropped, one side of his nose slit, and his face branded with "SS" (for "sower of sedition"), to be imprisoned, and be degraded from holy orders.

title: 1630

date: November 28

text: November 28 – Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, (Portuguese) Archbishop of Goa (b. 1837)

title: 1880

section: Deaths › July–December

date: May 13

text: May 13 – Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII, is consecrated Archbishop by Pope Benedict XV.

title: 1917

section: Events › May

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Archbishop Makarios returns to Cyprus from exile.

title: 1959

section: Events › March

date: June 30

text: June 30 – Roman Catholic Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre consecrates four bishops at Écône, Switzerland, for his apostolate, along with Bishop Antonio de Castro Mayer, without a papal mandate.

title: 1988

section: Events › June


slug: archbishopric-of-bremen

label: Archbishopric of Bremen

section: Births

text: Willehad, bishop of Bremen (approximate date)

title: 745

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Willehad, bishop of Bremen

title: 789

section: Conflict & Security

text: Summer – Emperor Charlemagne finishes the conquest of Saxony. The Carolingian administration in the north is restored and the diocese of Bremen is re-established. Venice, torn by infighting, switches allegiance from Constantinople to King Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne.

title: 804

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: May 4

text: May 4 ? – Willerich, bishop of Bremen

title: 838

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Rimbert, archbishop of Bremen (b. 830)

title: AD 888

text: Adaldag, archbishop of Bremen (approximate date)

title: 900

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Adalgar, archbishop of Bremen

title: 909

text: Archbishop Unni of Hamburg-Bremen visits the king of Denmark Gorm and the king of the Swedes Ring before he dies in Birka.

title: 936

date: April 28

text: April 28 – Adaldag, archbishop of Bremen

title: 988

date: January 27

text: January 27 – Unwan (or Unwin), archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen

title: 1029


label: Archdiocese of Utrecht (695–1580)

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Willibrord, Northumbrian missionary, becomes the first bishop of Utrecht (Netherlands). He returns to Frisia to preach, and builds numerous churches (approximate date).

title: 695

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Willibrord, Anglo-Saxon missionary, founds a mission post at Emmerich am Rhein (Germany), in the Utrecht Diocese.

title: 700

text: Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, leaves England and travels to Frisia (the western parts of the modern-day Netherlands) to assist Willibrord, bishop of Utrecht, in his work to convert the pagan Frisians.

title: 716

text: Willibrord, the first bishop of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Northumbrian missionary, dies at Echternach (modern Luxembourg).

title: 739

text: Eoban is appointed bishop of Utrecht (modern Netherlands), by the missionary bishop Boniface.

title: 753

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Eoban, bishop of Utrecht

title: 754

text: Radboud, archbishop of Utrecht

title: 917

text: The Dom Church at Utrecht (modern Netherlands) is severely damaged by fire. Bishop Adalbold II begins construction of a new Romanesque style church.

title: 1023

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Adalbold II, bishop of Utrecht

title: 1026


slug: archduchy-of-austria

label: Archduchy of Austria

description: fief of the Holy Roman Empire, 1453–1806

section: Culture & Society

text: Summer – Otto II appoints Leopold I (the Illustrious), a member of the House of Babenberg, as margrave of the Marcha Orientalis (the later Archduchy of Austria). In order to maintain his possession in Southern Italy, Otto strengthens his army with 2,100 mailed horsemen (heavy cavalry) from Germany, of which around 1,500 are to be provided by the Churches.

title: 976

text: Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. After the death of Duke Henry, the duchies are bestowed by Louis the Bavarian on the Dukes of Austria. From that time onwards, what is today Slovenia is ruled jointly with Austria until 1918.

title: 1335

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Maximilian of Austria and Louis XII of France sign the Treaty of Trente with Austria recognizing all French conquests in the northern territories of Italy.

title: 1501

section: Events › October–December

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1533

date: June 23

text: June 23 – A treaty is signed in Vienna between the Archduchy of Austria and the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania. Archduke Rudolf agrees to recognize Stephen Bocskai as Prince of Transylvania in return for Bocksay's guarantee of constitutional and religious rights to the ethnic Hungarians within Transylvania's borders.

title: 1606

section: Events › April–June

date: November 11

text: November 11 – The Peace of Zsitvatorok is signed between the Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires. The independence of Transylvania is recognized by both sides, and Austria's annual tribute to the Ottomans is abolished.

title: 1606

date: April 10

text: April 10 – War of the Austrian Succession: An Austrian army is defeated by Prussian troops of Frederick the Great in the Battle of Mollwitz.

title: 1741

date: August 12

text: August 12 – Battle of Velletri in the Kingdom of Naples: Spanish-Neapolitan forces defeat those of the Archduchy of Austria.

title: 1744

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Lobositz – Frederick defeats an Austrian army under Marshal Maximilian Ulysses, Reichsgraf von Browne.

title: 1756

date: May 6

text: May 6 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Prague – Frederick the Great defeats an Austrian army, and begins to besiege the city.

title: 1757


slug: ardashir-i

label: Ardashir I

description: founder of the Sassanid Empire (r. 224–242)

text: Ardashir I, founder of the Sasanian Empire (d. 242)

title: AD 180

text: Ardashir I, ruler of Istakhr (Persia), revolts against his brother and founds the Sassanid Dynasty.

title: 208

section: Events › By place › Parthia

text: Ardashir I becomes king of part of Persia.

title: 211

text: King Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, gains support from some Parthian sub-kings and revolts against the rule of Vologases VI. Ardashir, a grandson of Sasan, had ruled Persis since 208 and six years earlier gained control of the region surrounding Persepolis.

title: 220

section: Events › By place › Parthian Empire

text: King Ardashir I annexes his new empire from the east to the northwest. He conquers, with his army, the provinces of Chorasmia, Sistan and the island Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. The kings of the Kushan Empire and Turan recognize Ardashir as their overlord.

title: 227

section: Events › By place › Persian Empire

text: King Ardashir I, four years after establishing the Sassanid Persian Empire, completes his conquest of Parthia.

title: 228

text: King Ardashir I of the Persian Empire invades the Roman province of Mesopotamia, and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town of Nisibis (Turkey). His army threatens the border outposts of Syria and Cappadocia.

title: 230

text: Roman–Persian Wars: Emperor Alexander Severus launches a three-pronged counterattack against the Persian forces of King Ardashir I, who have invaded Mesopotamia. However, the Roman army advancing through Armenia is halted. Alexander gives the order to march to the capital at Ctesiphon, but the Romans are defeated, and withdraw to Syria. The result is an acceptance of the status quo, and after heavy losses on both sides, a truce is signed.

title: 232

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Emperor Alexander Severus celebrates a triumph in Rome to observe his "victory" the previous year over the Persians (in reality, Severus Alexander advanced towards Ctesiphon in 233, but as corroborated by Herodian, his armies suffered a humiliating defeat against Ardashir I). He is soon summoned to the Rhine frontier, where the Alamanni invade what is now modern-day Swabia. German tribes destroy Roman forts, and plunder the countryside at the Limes Germanicus.

title: 233

date: April 12

text: April 12 – Prince Shapur I becomes co-ruler of the Sasanian Empire with his father King Ardashir I.

title: 240

section: Events › By place › Persia

text: Prince Shapur I succeeds his father Ardashir I as ruler of the Sassanid Empire. He begins his expansion in India.

title: 241

section: Deaths

text: Ardashir I, king of the Sassanid Empire (b. 180)

title: 242

text: King Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid Empire, dies after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his son and co-ruler Shapur I.

title: 242


slug: ardennes

label: Ardennes

description: low mountain range in Belgium, France, Luxembourg and Germany

year_label: 69 CE

text: In Gallia Belgica, cohors II Tungrorum, raised from the inhabitants of Atuatuca Tungrorum in the north-west of the Ardennes Forest, revolt against the Romans.

title: AD 69

text: Disibod, Irish monk and hermit, arrives as a missionary in Francia. He begins his religious work in the Vosges and Ardennes.

title: 640

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Crime & Justice

date: December 23

text: December 23 – King Dagobert II is murdered in a hunting accident, near Stenay-sur-Meuse (Ardennes), probably on orders from Pepin of Herstal, the mayor of the palace of Austrasia. He is succeeded by Theuderic III, who becomes sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom.

title: AD 679

date: February 13

text: February 13 – King Chilperic II dies at Attigny (Ardennes), after a five-year reign. He is succeeded by Theuderic IV, infant son of Dagobert III, as Merovingian ruler of the Franks, under the control of the mayor of the palace, Charles Martel.

title: 721

text: Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne summons a major assembly of Saxon and Frankish lords at Paderborn, then leads his army across Saxony as far as the Lower Elbe, without significant resistance. Duke Widukind retreats with his 'rebel' forces beyond the Elbe, but then negotiates and exchanges hostages. Charlemagne returns to his palace at Attigny (Ardennes), followed by Widukind; here the Saxon leaders are baptized as Christians on Christmas Day. Widukind and the Saxon nobility swear fealty to Charlemagne.

title: 785

text: Emperor Lothair I meets his (half) brothers (Louis the German and Charles the Bald) in Attigny, Ardennes for the third time, to continue the system of "con-fraternal government".

title: 854

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Sigfried, count of the Ardennes (Luxembourg)

title: 998

date: August 11

text: August 11 – King Robert II of France and Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor have a neutral site meeting at Ivois (now Carignan in France's département of Ardennes), and pledge to convene an assembly at Pavia to reform the clergy.

title: 1023

section: Events › July–September


slug: argentina-national-football-team

label: Argentina national football team

description: men's national association football team representing Argentina

date: July 30

text: July 30 – Uruguay beats Argentina 4–2 to win the first FIFA World Cup final in Association football, at Estadio Centenario in Montevideo.

title: 1930

section: Events › July

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Argentina defeats the Netherlands 3–1 after extra time to win the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

title: 1978

section: Events › June

date: June 22

text: June 22 – In one of the most famous FIFA World Cup matches, Argentinian football player Diego Maradona scores one handball goal (nicknamed the "Hand of God") and then dribbles past the entire English football team to score a second goal (nicknamed "The Goal of the Century") with Argentina winning 2–1 against England.

title: 1986

date: July 8

text: July 8 – 1990 FIFA World Cup final (Association football): West Germany defeats Argentina 1–0 to win the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

title: 1990

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Germany defeats Argentina 1-0 to win the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

title: 2014

date: June 13

text: June 13–July 10 – The 2021 Copa América, hosted behind closed doors by Brazil, is held, and is won by Argentina.

title: 2021

date: December 18

text: December 18 – Argentina wins the 2022 FIFA World Cup against defending champions France.

title: 2022

section: Events › December

date: November 20

text: November 20–December 18 – The 2022 FIFA World Cup is held in Qatar and won by Argentina.

title: 2022

section: Events › November

date: June 20

text: June 20 – July 14 – The 2024 Copa América is held in the United States, and is won by Argentina.

title: 2024


slug: argentina

label: Argentina

description: country in South America

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Juan Díaz de Solís arrives in what is now Punta del Este in Uruguay, where he becomes the first European to sail into the Río de la Plata (in future Argentina). Díaz and nine of his men are attacked and killed by the local Charrúa people shortly after their arrival. although there was likely an expedition earlier in 1511-1512 by João de Lisboa and Estevão de Fróis.

title: 1516

section: Events › January–March

date: March 31

text: March 31 – The Magellan expedition, led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães), pauses in its attempt to sail around the world, stopping at Puerto San Julian on the lower east coast of what is now Patagonia in Argentina. His fleet consists of Magellan's flagship, Trinidad, and four other vessels, Concepción, Victoria, San Antonio and Santiago.

title: 1520

text: July 8 – After surviving a mutiny of his crew and the death of 18 of his men in an ambush in what is now Argentina, Italian Venetian explorer Sebastian Cabot dispatches his flagship, Trinidad, back to Spain with reports and evidence against the mutineers, and a request for further military aid.

title: 1528

date: April 16

text: April 16 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina.

title: 1582

section: Culture & Society

date: August 25

text: August 25 – San Luis, in the Viceroyalty of Peru (now in Argentina), is founded by Luis Jufré de Loaysa y Meneses.

title: 1594

date: May 18

text: May 18–25 – May Revolution: Armed citizens of Buenos Aires expel the Viceroy and establish a provincial government for Argentina (the Primera Junta). Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros is removed.

title: 1810

date: January 31

text: January 31 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina.

title: 1814

section: Events › January

date: July 9

text: July 9 – The United Provinces of South America (today Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil) declares independence from Spain.

title: 1816

section: Conflict & Security

date: February 12

text: February 12 – Battle of Chacabuco: Argentine and Chilean soldiers of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata defeat the Spanish royalist troops in what is now Chile, marking the turning point in the war against European rule of South America.

title: 1817

date: January 19

text: January 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing the Andes from Argentina, to liberate Chile and then Peru.

title: 1817

date: February 8

text: February 8 – Unitarian Bernardino Rivadavia becomes the first President of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, now Argentina.

title: 1826

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Battle of Monte Santiago: A squadron of the Brazilian Imperial Navy defeats Argentine vessels after a two-day naval battle.

title: 1827

date: February 20

text: February 20 – Battle of Ituzaingó (Passo do Rosário): A Brazilian Imperial Army force is tactically defeated on the border of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata by Argentine and Uruguayan troops.

title: 1827

date: March 7

text: March 7 – Brazilian marines sail up the Rio Negro and attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina; they are defeated by the local citizens.

title: 1827

date: April 11

text: April 11 – The city of Bahía Blanca in modern-day Argentina is founded.

title: 1828

date: August 27

text: August 27 – In South America, the Empire of Brazil and United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina) recognize the independence of Uruguay, causing the end of the Cisplatine War. Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.

title: 1828

text: February 8 – French-born botanical explorer Aimé Bonpland leaves Paraguay for Argentina.

title: 1831

text: Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes Caudillo of Argentina.

title: 1835

section: Events › Date unknown

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Uruguayan Civil War: Argentina supports Oribe of Uruguay, and begins a siege of Montevideo.

title: 1843

section: Climate & Environment

date: October 18

text: October 18 – 1844 Salta earthquake. A magnitude 6.5 earthquake hits Argentina's Salta Province.

title: 1844

text: February 3 – Battle of Caseros, Argentina: The Argentine provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes, allied with Brazil and members of Colorado Party of Uruguay, defeat Buenos Aires troops under Juan Manuel de Rosas.

title: 1852

date: September 17

text: September 17 – Argentine Civil War: Battle of Pavón: Victory of Buenos Aires over the Argentine Confederation, and the re-unification of Argentina.

title: 1861

section: Events › September

date: July 27

text: July 27 – Welsh settlers arrive in Argentina at Chubut Valley.

title: 1865

date: May 1

text: May 1 – The Treaty of the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay is formally signed, following the outbreak of the Paraguayan War.

title: 1865

section: Events › May

text: Federalist revolts occur in Argentina.

title: 1866

text: U.S. arbitration rejects Argentine claims to Paraguay's part of the Chaco region.

title: 1878

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Rafaela, Argentina, is formed.

title: 1881

section: Religion & Belief

date: August

text: August – The Jewish settlement of Moisés Ville is founded in Argentina.

title: 1889

section: Events › August

text: November 20 – Argentina is the first country to recognize the abolition of the monarchy in Brazil.

title: 1889

text: April 12 – The first official game in the Association football league of Argentina (1891 Argentine Primera División) is held in Caballito, Buenos Aires.

title: 1891

section: Events › April

date: May 25

text: May 25 – The Club Atlético River Plate is founded in Argentina.

title: 1901

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Napalpí massacre: Around 400 indigenous people of Toba ethnicity are massacred in Argentina.

title: 1924

section: Health & Medicine

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Students take over the medical wing of Rosario University in Argentina.

title: 1928

section: Economy & Finance

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Federación Obrera de la Industria de la Carne initiates a major strike in the Argentinian meat-packing industry.

title: 1932

text: September 5 – Roberto Ortiz is elected president of Argentina.

title: 1937

text: May 12 – Argentinian labour leader José Peter declares the Meat Industry Workers Federation dissolved.

title: 1945

text: Eva Perón tours Spain, Italy and France on behalf of Argentina, a circuit called the Rainbow Tour.

title: 1946

text: November 11 – Juan Perón is re-elected president of Argentina.

title: 1951

text: June 10 – 1952 San Juan earthquake. A magnitude 6.8 earthquake kills five people on Argentina's San Juan Province.

title: 1952

text: July 15 – Juan Fangio, Argentine driver for German Grand Prix team Mercedes-Benz, makes a new fastest lap of the Silverstone Circuit in England, with an average speed of 100.35 mph, the previous record being 100.16 mph.

title: 1954

text: February 23 – Arturo Frondizi is elected president of Argentina.

title: 1958

text: April 1 – The 1960 United States census begins. There are 179,323,175 U.S. residents on this day. All people from Latin America are listed as white, including blacks from the Dominican Republic, European whites from Argentina and Mexicans who resemble Native Americans.

title: 1960

text: July 14 – Norma Nolan of Argentina is crowned Miss Universe 1962.

title: 1962

text: May 24–25 – The crowd at a football match in Lima, Peru, riots over a referee's decision in the Peru-Argentina game; 319 are killed, 500 injured.

title: 1964

text: June 28 – Argentine Revolution: In Argentina, a military junta calling itself Revolución Argentina deposes president Arturo Umberto Illia in a coup and appoints General Juan Carlos Onganía to power.

title: 1966

text: June 8 – A coup in Argentina brings a new junta of service chiefs; on June 18, Roberto M. Levingston becomes President.

title: 1970

text: June 20 – The Ezeiza massacre occurs in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Snipers shoot at left-wing Peronists, killing at least 13 and injuring more than 300.

title: 1973

text: March 29 – The military dictatorship of General Jorge Rafael Videla comes to power in Argentina.

title: 1976

text: December 22 – Argentina begins Operation Soberanía against Chile, but Argentinian forces quickly withdraw.

title: 1978

text: June 1 – The 1978 FIFA World Cup starts in Argentina.

title: 1978

text: April 1 – The 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands begins when Argentine forces land near Stanley, beginning the Falklands War.

title: 1982

text: June 14 – Argentine surrender in the Falklands War: Argentine forces in the island capital, Stanley, surrender to British forces.

title: 1982

text: March 19 – Argentine scrap metal workers (infiltrated by marines) raise the flag of Argentina on South Georgia and the Falkland Islands, two British overseas territories.

title: 1982

text: December 10 – Military rule ends and democracy is restored in Argentina, with the beginning of Raúl Alfonsín's first term as President of Argentina.

title: 1983

text: June 30 – A total loss of coolant occurs at the Embalse Nuclear Power Station, Argentina. It is classified as an "Accident With Local Consequences" – level 4 on the International Nuclear Event Scale.

title: 1983

text: October 30 – Argentine general election: The first democratic elections in Argentina after seven years of military rule are held.

title: 1983

text: March 29 – A hybrid solar eclipse is the second hybrid solar eclipse in less than one year, the first being on October 3, 1986. It is annular visible in southern Argentina, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan (part of the path of annularity crossed today's South Sudan), Ethiopia, Djibouti and northern Somalia and totally visible in Atlantic Ocean, lasting just 7.57 seconds.

title: 1987

text: February 15 – The United Kingdom and Argentina restore diplomatic relations after 8 years. The UK had severed ties in response to Argentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands, a British Dependent Territory, in 1982.

title: 1990

text: July 1 – Argentina announces the sale of its state-owned airline, Aerolineas Argentinas, to Spanish airline Iberia. The sale will be completed in November.

title: 1990

text: March 26 – Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunción, establishing Mercosur.

title: 1991

text: December 30 – Argentina passes a measure allowing President Carlos Menem and all future presidents to run for a second consecutive term. It also shortens presidential terms to four years and removes the requirement for the president to be Roman Catholic.

title: 1993

text: January 6 – Douglas Hurd is the first high-ranking British official to visit Argentina since the Falklands War.

title: 1993

text: June 2 – Waffen-SS Hauptsturmführer Erich Priebke is extradited from Argentina to Italy.

title: 1995

text: March 13 – Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina is elected the 266th pope, whereupon he takes the name Francis and becomes the first Jesuit pope, the first pope from the Americas, and the first pope from the Southern Hemisphere.

title: 2013


slug: argos-peloponnese

label: Argos, Peloponnese

description: city in Argolis, Peloponnese, Greece

year_label: 494 BCE

text: The Spartan king, Cleomenes I inflicts a severe defeat on Argos at Sepeia near Tiryns (approximate date).

title: 494 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

text: Sparta faces trouble near home, mainly from Arcadia with the support of Argos. Argos regains control of Tiryns.

title: 468 BC

year_label: 462 BCE

text: Argos, taking advantage of Spartan preoccupation with the revolt of its helots, finally conquers Mycenae. The inhabitants of the town are dispersed, with some finding their way into Macedonia.

title: 462 BC

year_label: 460 BCE

text: Argos rises against Sparta. Athens supports Argos and Thessaly. The small force that is sent by Sparta to quell the uprising in Argos is defeated by a joint Athenian and Argos force at Oenoe. (Battle of Oenoe)

title: 460 BC

text: The First Peloponnesian War breaks out between the Delian League (led by Athens) and a Peloponnesian alliance (led by Sparta), caused in part by Athens' alliance with Megara and Argos and the subsequent reaction of Sparta. The Athenians have built long walls for the Megarans to their port at Nisaea, thereby earning the enmity of Megara's old rival Corinth.

title: 460 BC

year_label: 451 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Hostilities among the Greek states come to a formal end with the agreement to the Five Years' Truce. Kimon negotiates a five year truce with Sparta, in which Athens agrees to abandon its alliance with Argos, while Sparta promises to give up its alliance with Thebes. During the same year Argos signs the first "Thirty-Years Peace" with Sparta.

title: 451 BC

year_label: 450 BCE

text: Polykleitos of Argos develops a set of rules (The Canon) for constructing the ideal human figure (approximate date).

title: 450 BC

section: Events › By topic › Arts

year_label: 421 BCE

text: Alcibiades engineers an anti-Spartan alliance between Athens and the democracies of Argos, Mantinea and Elis.

title: 421 BC

year_label: 420 BCE

text: The young and popular Alcibiades is elected "Strategos" (one of a board of ten generals) and begins to dominate Athenian life and politics. A Quadruple Alliance of Athens, Argos, Mantineia and Elis, which has been organised by Alcibiades (in opposition to Nicias) confronts a Spartan-Boeotian alliance.

title: 420 BC

year_label: 419 BCE

text: Despite the Peace of Nicias still being in effect, Sparta's King Agis II gathers a strong army at Philus and descends upon Argos by marching at night from the north. His allied Boeotian forces fail him, but he is able to conclude a treaty with Argos. In 419 BC, the Argives, at the instigation of Alcibiades, attacked Epidaurus; and Agis with a large force from Lacedaemon set out and marched to the frontier city of Leuctra. No one, Thucydides tells us, knew the purpose of this expedition. It was probably to make a diversion in favour of Epidaurus.

title: 419 BC

year_label: 418 BCE

text: The Battle of Mantinea is the largest land battle of the Peloponnesian War (with as many as 10,000 troops on each side). Sparta under King Agis II has a major victory over Argos (and its allies Athens, Ellis and Mantinea), which has broken its treaty with Sparta's King Agis II at the insistence of Alcibiades. Agis II's major victory makes amends with the Spartans for his earlier truce with Argos. The commander of the Athenian forces, Laches, is killed in the battle.

title: 418 BC

year_label: 417 BCE

text: The second battle of Hysiae is fought between the armies of Sparta and Argos during the Peloponnesian War. The Spartan King Agis II was seeking to restore the pro-Spartan faction evicted from Argos by Alcibiades. While he failed to take the city of Argos, he did capture and subsequently destroy the town of Hysiae, killing all its male inhabitants.

title: 417 BC

year_label: 395 BCE

text: Unable to defeat Agesilaus's army, Pharnabazus decides to force Agesilaus to withdraw by stirring up trouble on the Greek mainland. He dispatches Timocrates of Rhodes to visit Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos to incite and bribe them to act against Sparta. Timocrates succeeds in persuading powerful factions in each of those states to pursue an anti-Spartan policy.

title: 395 BC

section: Events › By place › Persian Empire

text: The "Corinthian War" begins, with Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos (with the backing of Persia) against Sparta. The Spartans prepare to send out an army against this new alliance, and order Agesilaus to return to Greece. Agesilaus sets out for Sparta with his troops, crossing the Hellespont and marching west through Thrace.

title: 395 BC

year_label: 394 BCE

text: The allies, Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos, gather a large army at Corinth. A sizable army is sent out from Sparta to challenge this force. The two sides meet on the dry bed of the Nemea River, in Corinthian territory. In the resultant Battle of Nemea, the Spartans win a major victory over the allies.

title: 394 BC

year_label: 393 BCE

text: Fighting breaks out in Corinth between the democratic and oligarchic parties. The democrats, supported by Argos, launch an attack on their opponents, and the oligarchs are driven from the city. These exiles go to the Spartans, based at this time at Sicyon, for support, while the Athenians and Boeotians support the democrats.

title: 393 BC

text: Iphicrates also campaigns against Phlius and Arcadia, decisively defeating their armies and plundering the territory of the Arcadians when they refuse to engage his troops. After this victory, an Argive army marches to Corinth, and, seizing the Acrocorinth, effectively merges Argos and Corinth.

title: 391 BC

year_label: 388 BCE

text: King Agesipolis I leads a Spartan army against Argos. Since no Argive army challenges him, he plunders the countryside for a time, and then, after receiving several unfavorable omens, returns to Sparta.

title: 388 BC

text: Demetrius Poliorcetes invades the Peloponnese and occupies Corinth, Sicyon, and Argos in the Peloponnese, and Achaea, Elis and almost all of Arcadia join his side.

title: 303 BC

year_label: 272 BCE

text: As they plunder the countryside, Pyrrhus and his troops move onto Argos. Entering the city with his army by stealth, Pyrrhus finds himself caught in a confused battle with the Argives (who are supported by Antigonus' forces and a detachment from Sparta) in the narrow city streets. During the confusion an old woman watching from a rooftop throws a roof tile at Pyrrhus which stuns him, allowing an Argive soldier to kill him.

title: 272 BC

year_label: 271 BCE

text: With the restoration of the territories captured by Pyrrhus, and with grateful allies in Sparta and Argos, and garrisons in Corinth and other Greek key cities, Antigonus II securely controls Macedonia and the other states of Greece. Antigonus becomes the chief of the Thessalian League and is on good terms with neighbouring Illyria and Thrace. He secures his position in central and south Greece by keeping Macedonian occupation forces in the cities of Corinth, Chalcis on the island of Euboea, and Demetrias in Thessaly, the three "shackles" of Hellas.

title: 271 BC

year_label: 240 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Aristomachos the Elder, Greek tyrant from Argos

title: 240 BC

year_label: 239 BCE

text: With Aetolia now as its ally, the Achaean League under the command of Aratus of Sicyon repeatedly attacks Athens and Argos.

title: 239 BC

year_label: 235 BCE

text: Aristippus, Greek tyrant of Argos

title: 235 BC

year_label: 229 BCE

text: Aratus of Sicyon brings Argos into the Achaean League and then helps liberate Athens. This brings Aratus into conflict with Sparta.

title: 229 BC

section: Events › By place › Illyria

year_label: 224 BCE

text: After the Spartan King Cleomenes III takes on Pellene, Phlius and Argos, Aratus of Sicyon is forced to call upon King Antigonus III of Macedonia for assistance. Antigonus III's forces fail to pierce Cleomenes' lines near Corinth, but a revolt against Cleomenes at Argos put the Spartans on the defensive.

title: 224 BC

year_label: 223 BCE

text: The king of Macedonia, Antigonus III Doson, restores Macedonian influence in the Peloponnese for the first time in almost two decades. After signing alliances with the Achaeans, Boeotians, Thessalians and the Acarnanians, Antigonus invades the Peloponnese and drives the Spartans out of Argos, taking Orchomenus and Mantineia in the process.

title: 223 BC

year_label: 197 BCE

text: The Spartan ruler, Nabis, acquires the important city of Argos from Philip V of Macedon, as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians. Nabis then defects to the Romans in the expectation of being able to hold on to his conquest.

title: 197 BC

year_label: 196 BCE

text: Flamininus accuses the Spartan ruler, Nabis, of tyranny, takes Gythium in Laconia and forces Nabis to surrender Argos.

title: 196 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

text: The Goths sack several cities of southern Greece including Athens, Corinth, Argos and Sparta. After the Sack of Athens, an Athenian militia force (2,000 men), under the historian Dexippus, pushes the invaders to the north where they are intercepted by the Roman army under emperor Gallienus. He wins an important victory near the Nestos River, on the boundary between Macedonia and Thrace.

title: 267

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Revolt of Alaric I: The Visigoths, led by Alaric I, rampage through Greece and plunder Corinth, Argos and Sparta. They destroy the Temple of Eleusis, and harry the Peloponnese. Stilicho makes peace with the Goths, and allows them to settle in Epirus (Balkans).

title: 396

text: Spring – After the fall of Argos the Crusaders complete their conquest of the Morea in southern Greece. The city, along with Nauplia, is given to Othon de la Roche, a Burgundian nobleman, as a fief, along with an income of 400 hyperpyron from Corinth. Meanwhile, the Venetians conquer Crete and evict Henry, Count of Malta ("Enrico Pescatore"), a Genoese adventurer and pirate, active in the Mediterranean.

title: 1212

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: June 11

text: June 11 – The Venetians take over possession of Argos, from Despot Theodore I Palaiologos.

title: 1394

section: Events › April–June

date: April 3

text: April 3 – The Ottoman Army under the command of Isa Bey Ishaković captures the town of Argos, located in Greece but territory of the Republic of Venice, prompting concerns that the Ottoman Empire intends to spread their conquests to the Italian peninsula.

title: 1463


slug: arianism

label: Arianism

description: Christological doctrine, attributed to Arius

section: Births

text: Arius, Egyptian priest and founder of Arianism (d. 336)

title: 256

text: A synod held in Alexandria condemns Arianism.

title: 321

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Eusebius of Nicomedia is made bishop of Constantinople, while another Arian succeeds Athanasius as bishop of Alexandria, under the name Gregory.

title: 339

text: Pope Julius I tries to unite the Western bishops against Arianism by convoking the Council of Serdica, which acknowledges the pope's supreme authority and grants him the right to judge cases involving the legal possession of episcopal sees, but only Western and Egyptian bishops attend, and Arianism remains strong.

title: 343

text: The Visigoths are converted to Arianism by Wulfila.

title: 346

text: Council of Sardica: An attempt is made to resolve the Arian controversy, and ground rules for bishops are laid down.

title: 347

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Pope Julius I dies after a 15-year reign in which he has made himself the chief opponent of Arianism. He is succeeded by Pope Liberius as the 36th pope, who immediately writes to Constantius II requesting a council at Aquileia to discuss the former Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who opposes the Arian belief to which the emperor subscribes.

title: 352

text: Anthony the Great (pictured) dies at his hermitage near the Red Sea in mid-January at age 105 (approximate), having preached against Arianism, and having tried to codify guidelines for monastic life. His followers subsequently establish the Monastery of Saint Anthony, beginning the tradition of Coptic monasticism.

title: 356

text: Late in the year Pope Liberius travels to Sirmium (Pannonia) and agrees to sign documents that effectively undo the Nicene Creed (which implicitly disavows Arianism) and to sever his relationship with the former Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who is replaced as patriarch of Alexandria by his Arian opponent George of Cappadocia.

title: 357

date: July

text: July – Emperor Constantius II convenes the Council of Rimini, to resolve the crisis over Arianism in the Church. Some 400 bishops of the Western portion of the Roman Empire attend, while the Eastern bishops simultaneously hold a meeting at Seleucia. Given Saint Jerome's comment that, "The whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian", it appears to have failed. Pope Liberius rejects the new creed at Rimini.

title: 359

text: Emperor Julian tries to organize a pagan church and substitute it for Christianity. Pope Liberius repudiates the Arian creed, and declares that the Council of Ariminum has no authority to issue decrees.

title: 361

text: Wulfila creates a Gothic alphabet composed of letters based on Greek and Roman letters, as well as some Germanic runes. He converts the Goths to Arian Christianity.

title: 369

section: Events › By topic › Art and Science

text: Emperor Valens is converted to Arianism, and orders the persecution of Trinitarian Christians in the Roman East.

title: 373

text: Gratian, advised by his chief advisor Ambrosius, begins a systematic persecution of the pagans. He confiscates the fortunes of the temples and adds the money to the Imperial Treasury. He proscribes Arianism and Donatism.

title: 375

date: February 27

text: February 27 – Edict of Thessalonica: Theodosius I, with co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to trinitarian Christianity, in accordance with the patriarchs of Rome and Alexandria, implicitly rejecting the Arianism of the patriarch of Constantinople as heretical.

title: 380

text: First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 383): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene Creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism. Most trinitarian churches consider this an Ecumenical council.

title: 381

text: Council of Aquileia: Ambrose and the council depose the Arian bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum.

title: 381

text: First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 381): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene Creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism. Most trinitarian Christian churches consider this an Ecumenical council.

title: AD 383

text: Ambrosius refuses the request of Empress Justina for a church in Milan, where she can worship according to her Arian belief.

title: 384

text: Eunomius of Cyzicus, Arian bishop and theologian

title: 393

text: King Remismund establishes a policy of friendship with the Visigoths, and promotes the conversion of the Suebi into Arianism in Galicia (Northern Spain).

title: 465

date: February 24

text: February 24 – King Huneric passes the Edict of 484, a law banning Catholicism within the Vandal Kingdom. A few weeks later, King Huneric removes Catholic bishops from their offices and banishes some to Corsica. A few are martyred, including former proconsul Victorian along with Frumentius and other merchants. They are killed at Hadrumetum after refusing to become Arians.

title: 484

section: Events › By place › Africa

section: Crime & Justice

text: Burgundian Civil War: King Gundobad breaks his promise of tribute and regains his military power. He besieges his brother Godegisel at the city of Vienne (Burgundy), and murders him in an Arian church along with the bishop.

title: 501

text: Clovis I (Chlodowech) becomes the first Catholic king of the Franks, uniting all the Frankish tribes under his rule. He controls an immense territory in Gaul (modern France), and delivers a major blow for the Church against the Arian heresy.

title: 509

text: King Theodoric the Great sends Pope John I to Constantinople, to negotiate a withdrawal of Byzantine emperor Justin's edict against Arian Christianity.

title: 525

text: Pope John I returns to Ravenna from Constantinople. Theodoric the Great finds that he has been only partly successful in persuading the Byzantine emperor Justin I to withdraw his edict against Arian Christianity, and throws the pope into prison.

title: 526

text: King Hilderic is deposed by his cousin Gelimer after a seven-year reign. Gelimer restores Arianism as the official religion of the Vandal Kingdom and puts Hilderic in prison along with other supporters.

title: 530

text: Leander, Catholic bishop of Seville, is exiled by Liuvigild and withdraws to Constantinople. At the Byzantine court he composes works against Arianism (approximate date).

title: 579

text: King Liuvigild calls for an Arian synod in Toledo (central Spain), which modifies several doctrines; he tries to unify the Christians within the Visigothic Kingdom.

title: 580

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Reccared I renounces Arianism and adopts Catholicism. Many Visigothic nobles follow his example, but in Septimania (Southern Gaul) there are Arian uprisings.

title: 587

text: The Third Council of Toledo, called by King Reccared I of the Visigoths, renounces Arianism and embraces Catholicism.

title: 589

text: Agilulf, under the influence of his wife Theodelinda, abandons Arianism for Catholicism, and is (with his son Adaloald) baptised in the Cathedral of Monza, where later the Iron Crown of Lombardy is installed.

title: 603


slug: aristides

label: Aristides

description: Athenian general and statesman (530–468 BC)

year_label: 530 BCE

text: Aristides, Athenian statesman (d. 468 BC)

title: 530 BC

year_label: 489 BCE

text: The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides (the Just), is made chief archon of Athens.

title: 489 BC

year_label: 482 BCE

text: The Athenian archon Themistocles secures the ostracism of his opponents and becomes the political leader of Athens. The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides, is one of those ostracised due to his opposition to Themistocles' naval policy.

title: 482 BC

year_label: 480 BCE

text: The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides, as well as the former Athenian archon Xanthippus, return from banishment in Aegina to serve under Themistocles against the Persians.

title: 480 BC

year_label: 479 BCE

date: August 27

text: August 27 – The Battle of Plataea in Boeotia ends the Persian invasions of Greece as the Persian general Mardonius is routed by the Greeks under Pausanias, nephew of the former Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Athenian contingent is led by the repatriated Aristides. Mardonius is killed in the battle and the Greeks capture enormous amounts of loot. Thebes is captured shortly thereafter and the Theban collaborators executed by Pausanias.

title: 479 BC

year_label: 478 BCE

text: With the help of the Athenian statesman and general, Cimon, Aristides commands an Athenian fleet of 30 ships that the Spartan commander Pausanias leads to capture the Greek cities on Cyprus and Byzantium, taking them from the Persians and their Phoenician allies.

title: 478 BC

year_label: 477 BCE

text: Greek maritime cities around the Aegean Sea no longer wish to be under Spartan control and at Delos offer their allegiance, through Aristides, to Athens. They form the Delian League (also known as the Confederacy of Delos) with Cimon as their principal commander.

title: 477 BC

year_label: 468 BCE

text: Aristides, Athenian statesman (b. 530 BC)

title: 468 BC


slug: aristocracy

label: Aristocracy

description: form of government in which power is in the hands of a small, privileged, ruling class

year_label: 481 BCE

text: Sima Niu, the highest ranking aristocrat among the disciples of Confucius

title: 481 BC

section: Religion & Belief

text: Petronius Maximus, prominent aristocrat, is given the title of Patrician. He becomes the most honored of all non-imperial Romans, and political rival of Flavius Aetius.

title: 445

text: Childebert II succeeds his father Sigibert I as king of Austrasia. His mother Brunhilda becomes regent and seeks protection from Guntram, king of Burgundy. He adopts Childebert as his own son and heir. A group of Frankish aristocrats rule Austrasia.

title: 575

text: Emperor Shōmu changes the law of Perpetual Ownership of Cultivated Lands. This permits aristocrats and members of the clergy to cultivate land. The new farmland will be called shoin.

title: 743

section: Events › By place › Japan

text: Yang Yan, Chinese statesman, commits suicide after being accused of bribery and corruption. He is credited with reforming the tax system for peasants, reducing the power of the aristocratic classes, and eliminating their tax-free estates.

title: 781

section: Events › By place › Asia

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Pope Leo III is physically attacked by a band of aristocratic conspirators, under the leadership of a public official who is a nephew of the late Pope Adrian I. After mistreatment and attempted disfigurement by the citizens of Rome, Leo flees to the court of King Charlemagne at Paderborn (modern Germany) to seek protection. He sends him back with Frankish agents, and restores him to the papal throne.

title: 799

text: Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Nikephoros I organises a new campaign against the Bulgarian Empire, gathering an expeditionary force (most of the Roman army) from all parts of the empire. He is accompanied by high-ranking officials and aristocrats, including his son Stauracius and brother-in-law Michael I Rangabe (both later emperors temporarily). Krum, ruler (khan) of Bulgaria, sends envoys to sue for peace. Nikephoros refuses to accept the terms and marches through the Balkan passes towards Pliska, the Bulgarian capital.

title: 811

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Chang Pogo, a powerful maritime hegemon of Silla, is assassinated by aristocratic elements at his garrison headquarters by Yŏm Chang (or 841).

title: 846

text: Summer – Constantine Doukas, a Byzantine general (magister militum), tries, unsuccessfully, with the support of several aristocrats to usurp the throne from the young Constantine VII. He is killed in a clash by the soldiers of the Hetaireia guard, assembled by John Eladas. His head is cut off and presented to Constantine.

title: 913


slug: aristophanes

label: Aristophanes

description: Classical Athenian comic playwright (c. 446 – c. 386 BC)

year_label: 456 BCE

text: Aristophanes, Greek playwright (d. c. 386 BC)

title: 456 BC

year_label: 450 BCE

title: 450 BC

year_label: 446 BCE

text: Aristophanes, Greek playwright (approximate year) (d. c. 385 BC)

title: 446 BC

year_label: 427 BCE

text: Aristophanes produces Daitaleis (The Banqueters)

title: 427 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 425 BCE

text: Aristophanes produces the comedy, Archanians.

title: 425 BC

section: Culture & Society

text: Aristophanes' play The Acharnians is performed. Produced by Callistratus, it wins Aristophanes a first prize at the Lenaea.

title: 425 BC

section: Events › By topic › Literature

year_label: 424 BCE

text: Aristophanes produces the comedy, Knights

title: 424 BC

year_label: 423 BCE

text: Aristophanes' play The Clouds is performed as is Sophocles' play Maidens of Trachi and The Putine (The Bottle), by Cratinus.

title: 423 BC

section: Events › By topic › Drama

year_label: 422 BCE

text: Aristophanes' play The Wasps is performed.

title: 422 BC

year_label: 421 BCE

text: Aristophanes' play Peace is performed.

title: 421 BC

year_label: 416 BCE

text: Agathon along with Alcibiades and Socrates and Aristophanes and others attend a symposium described by Plato.

title: 416 BC

year_label: 414 BCE

text: Aristophanes' play The Birds is performed.

title: 414 BC

year_label: 411 BCE

text: Aristophanes' plays Lysistrata and Women Celebrating the Thesmophoria are performed.

title: 411 BC

year_label: 405 BCE

date: January

text: January – Aristophanes' The Frogs is first performed, winning first prize at the Lenaia festival.

title: 405 BC

year_label: 393 BCE

text: Aristophanes' play, a new comedy called The Ecclesiazusae, is performed.

title: 393 BC

year_label: 388 BCE

text: Aristophanes' play Plutus is performed.

title: 388 BC

section: Events › By topic › Art

title: 388 BC

year_label: 386 BCE

text: Aristophanes, Greek playwright (b. c. 456 BC)

title: 386 BC


slug: aristotle

label: Aristotle

description: Greek philosopher

year_label: 387 BCE

text: Plato founds the Platonic Academy in Athens, where he teaches Aristotle until 347 BC.

title: 387 BC

year_label: 384 BCE

text: Aristotle, Greek philosopher (d. 322 BC)

title: 384 BC

year_label: 371 BCE

section: Science & Discovery

text: It is suggested that the original comet associated with the Kreutz Sungrazers family of comets passes perihelion at this time. It is thought to have been observed by Aristotle and Ephorus during this year.

title: 371 BC

section: Events › By topic › Astronomy

year_label: 370 BCE

text: Theophrastus, Greek philosopher, a native of Eressos in Lesbos, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school (d. c. 285 BC) Chanakya

title: 370 BC

year_label: 367 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Aristotle arrives in Athens and teaches at Plato's Academy.

title: 367 BC

text: The Greek philosopher and scientist, Aristotle, goes to Athens as a pupil at Plato's Academy.

title: 367 BC

section: Events › By topic › Philosophy

year_label: 350 BCE

text: Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations. Also he discusses logical reasoning in Organon.

title: 350 BC

section: Events › By topic › Science

year_label: 348 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Aristotle leaves Athens and Plato's Academy, after which he resided in Assus in northwestern Anatolia.

title: 348 BC

year_label: 347 BCE

text: Aristotle leaves Athens due to the anti-Macedonian feeling that arises in Athens after Philip II of Macedon has sacked the Greek city-state of Olynthus in 348 BC. With him goes another Academy member of note, Xenocrates of Chalcedon. They establish a new academy on the Asia Minor side of the Aegean Sea at the newly built town of Assus.

title: 347 BC

year_label: 344 BCE

text: The Greek philosopher and scientist, Aristotle, travels from Assus to Lesbos to study natural history, especially marine biology.

title: 344 BC

year_label: 342 BCE

text: The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, is invited by Philip II to his capital at Pella to tutor his son, Alexander. As the leading intellectual figure in Greece, Aristotle is commissioned to prepare Alexander for his future role as a military leader. (or 343 BC)

title: 342 BC

section: Events › By place › Macedonia

year_label: 335 BCE

text: Aristotle returns to Athens from Macedon and opens a peripatetic school in an old gymnasium called the Lyceum. It contains a museum of natural history, zoological gardens and a library.

title: 335 BC

year_label: 327 BCE

text: The relations between Alexander and Aristotle are embittered by the execution of Aristotle's nephew, the historian Callisthenes of Olynthus, who is charged with treason. Callisthenes has been accompanying Alexander to write a chronicle of the campaign.

title: 327 BC

section: Events › By place › Macedonian Empire

section: Deaths

text: Callisthenes of Olynthus, Greek historian, great nephew and pupil of Aristotle (b. c. 360 BC)

title: 327 BC

year_label: 325 BCE

text: Aristotle writes Ta Ethika on virtue and moral character (approximate date).

title: 325 BC

year_label: 323 BCE

text: The Greek philosopher and scientist, Aristotle, faces a strong anti-Macedonian reaction in Athens following the death of Alexander the Great. Aristotle is accused of impiety by the Athenians. However, he escapes to Chalcis in Euboea.

title: 323 BC

year_label: 322 BCE

text: Aristotle, Greek philosopher and scientist (b. 384 BC)

title: 322 BC

year_label: 318 BCE

text: Aristoxenus, a Greek peripatetic philosopher, and writer on music and rhythm, and a pupil of Aristotle, writes a treatise on music called the "Elements of Harmony".

title: 318 BC

section: Events › By topic › Music

year_label: 287 BCE

text: Theophrastus, Greek Peripatetic philosopher and pupil of Aristotle (b. c. 372 BC)

title: 287 BC

year_label: 285 BCE

text: Theophrastus, Greek philosopher, a native of Eressos in Lesbos, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school (b. c. 370 BC). 288 B.C. is also given as a potential date of death.

title: 285 BC

section: Health & Medicine

text: The Persian scientist Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi distinguishes smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. Holding against any sort of orthodoxy, particularly Aristotle's physics, he maintains the conception of an 'absolute' time, regarded by him as "a never-ending flow".

title: 900

section: Events › By topic › Medicine

text: Robert Grosseteste translates Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics from Greek into Latin, which marks the true start of the rediscovery of the philosopher by Medieval Europe.

title: 1246

section: Events › By topic › Arts

date: December

text: December – Crucial aspects of the philosophy of Averroism (itself based on Aristotle's works) are banned by the Roman Catholic Church, in a condemnation enacted by papal authority at the University of Paris.

title: 1270

section: Events › Europe

text: The first of the Conimbricenses commentaries on Aristotle, by the Jesuits of the University of Coimbra, is published.

title: 1591

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Francis Bacon publishes the Novum Organum (beyond Aristotle's Organon) on logical thinking. 1.

title: 1620

date: February 11

text: February 11 – The People's Republic of China lifts a ban on works by Aristotle, William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.

title: 1978

section: Events › February