slug: nicene-creed

label: Nicene Creed

description: statement of belief adopted at the First Ecumenical Council in 325

section: Religion & Belief

date: May 20

text: May 20 – First Council of Nicaea: Constantine summons an ecumenical council of bishops in Nicaea (Turkey). The Nicene Creed, adopted on June 19, declares that the members of the Trinity (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) are equal. The council decides that Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox. Arius is exiled to Illyria; his works are confiscated and consigned to the flames.

title: 325

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Late in the year Pope Liberius travels to Sirmium (Pannonia) and agrees to sign documents that effectively undo the Nicene Creed (which implicitly disavows Arianism) and to sever his relationship with the former Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who is replaced as patriarch of Alexandria by his Arian opponent George of Cappadocia.

title: 357

text: First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 383): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene Creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism. Most trinitarian churches consider this an Ecumenical council.

title: 381

text: First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 381): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene Creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism. Most trinitarian Christian churches consider this an Ecumenical council.

title: AD 383

text: Theodosius I abolishes the Greek Olympic Games, ending a thousand years of festivals, as part of the general Christian policy to establish universal Christian worship in accordance with the doctrines set forth in the Nicene Creed (the next Olympic Games will not be held until 1896).

title: 393

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Council of Seleucia: Persian Christians create a national church and adopt the Nicene Creed.

title: 410

date: June

text: June – First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected; the Nicene Creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is deposed from his see.

title: 431

text: The Synod of Toledo (Spain) tries to add the filioque clause to the Nicene Creed. The Eastern Orthodox Church refuses to go along with this idea.

title: 447

text: The filioque clause is first used in the Nicene Creed, against the Arians in Visigothic Spain (approximate date).

title: 587

text: The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Symbol of the Faith is used for the first time during the Roman Mass, after Henry II, the newly crowned Holy Roman Emperor, asks the Pope to add it – together with the filioque clause. Prior to this date, the Creed has not been used at all during the liturgy.

title: 1014


slug: nicholas-ii-of-russia

label: Nicholas II of Russia

section: Births

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, third son of Alexander III, Maria of Russia and brother of Nicholas II (d. 1899)

title: 1871

section: Births › May–June

section: Conflict & Security

date: May 11

text: May 11 – Ōtsu incident: Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich (the future Czar Nicholas II) of Russia survives an assassination attempt while visiting Japan.

title: 1891

section: Events › May

section: Culture & Society

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Emperor Alexander III of Russia is succeeded by his son, Nicholas II.

title: 1894

section: Events › November

date: November 26

text: November 26 – Wedding of Nicholas II of Russia and Alix of Hesse in the Grand Church of the Winter Palace at Saint Petersburg.

title: 1894

section: Deaths

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, Russian Grand Duke, younger brother of Nicholas II of Russia (b. 1871)

title: 1899

section: Deaths › July–August

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: March 3

text: March 3 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia announces the creation of an elected assembly, the Duma, to represent the people of the Russian Empire in an advisory capacity, although the real power to make laws will remain with the Tsar and the cabinet of ministers.

title: 1905

section: Events › March

date: October 30

text: October 30 (October 17 Old Style) – October Manifesto: Tsar Nicholas II of Russia is forced to announce the granting of his country's first constitution (the Russian Constitution of 1906), conceding a national assembly (State Duma) with limited powers.

title: 1905

section: Events › October

date: July 16

text: July 16 – A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar. He proceeds to leave Persia for the Russian Empire, reportedly seeking the assistance of Nicholas II of Russia in regaining the throne.

title: 1909

section: Events › July–August

date: November 24

text: November 24 – Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, sister of Tsar Nicholas II (b. 1882)

title: 1960

section: Deaths › November

section: Crime & Justice

date: July 27

text: July 27 – The Soviet Politburo orders Boris Yeltsin to demolish the Ipatiev House, where Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family were shot in 1918. Yeltsin later refers to this as a barbarian act.

title: 1977

section: Events › July

date: July 17

text: July 17 – In Saint Petersburg, Nicholas II of Russia and his family are buried in St. Catherine Chapel, 80 years after he and his family were killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918.

title: 1998


slug: nicias

label: Nicias

description: 5th c. BCE Athenian politician and general, son of Niceratus

year_label: 426 BCE

text: The Athenian leader Cleon and Athenian general Demosthenes revitalise the city's military and naval forces despite opposition from Nicias, a rich merchant and soldier, and his supporters.

title: 426 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 424 BCE

text: Nicias captures the Peloponnesian island of Cythera, from which to harry the Spartans.

title: 424 BC

year_label: 423 BCE

text: Brasidas ignores the proposed year-long truce and proceeds to take Scione and Mende in the hope of reaching Athens and freeing Spartan prisoners. Athens sends reinforcements under Nicias who retakes Mende.

title: 423 BC

year_label: 420 BCE

text: The young and popular Alcibiades is elected "Strategos" (one of a board of ten generals) and begins to dominate Athenian life and politics. A Quadruple Alliance of Athens, Argos, Mantineia and Elis, which has been organised by Alcibiades (in opposition to Nicias) confronts a Spartan-Boeotian alliance.

title: 420 BC

year_label: 417 BCE

text: Following the loss by Athens and its allies in the Battle of Mantinea, a political "tug of war" takes place in Athens. Alcibiades joins forces with Nicias against Hyperbolus, the successor of the demagogue politician Cleon as champion of the common people. Hyperbolus tries to bring about the ostracism of either Nicias or Alcibiades, but the two men combine their influence and induce the Athenian people to expel Hyperbolus instead.

title: 417 BC

year_label: 415 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Athenian expedition to Sicily sets sail under Nicias, Lamachus and Alcibiades. After his departure with the armada, Alcibiades is accused of profanity and is recalled to Athens to stand trial.

title: 415 BC

year_label: 414 BCE

text: Athens responds to appeals from its general, Nicias, by sending out 73 vessels to Sicily under the command of Demosthenes to assist Nicias and his forces with the siege of Syracuse.

title: 414 BC

year_label: 413 BCE

text: Nicias, Athenian soldier and statesman (b. 470 BC)

title: 413 BC


slug: nicolaus-copernicus

label: Nicolaus Copernicus

description: Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543)

section: Births

date: February 19

text: February 19 – Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer and mathematician (d. 1543)

title: 1473

section: Science & Discovery

text: Nicolaus Copernicus enters the University of Kraków

title: 1491

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Religion & Belief

text: July 27 – Copernicus is formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral.

title: 1501

section: Events › July–September

date: November 29

text: November 29 – Astronomer Mikołaj Kopernik of Poland is granted benefits by Pope Julius II in order to perform his work.

title: 1508

section: Events › October–December

text: Nicolaus Copernicus begins to write Commentariolus, an abstract of what will eventually become De revolutionibus orbium coelestium; he sends it to other scientists interested in the matter by 1514.

title: 1512

text: Nicolaus Copernicus's Commentariolus is written by this date.

title: 1514

text: Georg Joachim Rheticus publishes De libris revolutionum Copernici narratio prima in Danzig, an abstract of Copernicus' as yet unpublished De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.

title: 1540

date: October 7

text: October 7 – The first biography of Nicolaus Copernicus (d.1543) is completed by Bernardino Baldi.

title: 1588

date: March 5

text: March 5 – De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, written by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books, by the Congregation of the Index of the Roman Catholic Church "until corrected".

title: 1616

section: Events › March-April

date: April 16

text: April 16 – The works of astronomer Galileo Galilei espousing heliocentrism are removed (with the approval of Pope Benedict XIV) from the Index Librorum Prohibitorum list of books banned by Roman Catholic Church, along with "all books teaching the earth's motion and the sun's immobility". Other works of heliocentrists Galileo, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Diego de Zúñiga and Paolo Foscarini remain on the list.

title: 1757

section: Events › April–June


slug: nicomedia

label: Nicomedia

description: ancient city of Bithynia in modern-day Turkey

year_label: 278 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Nicomedes I becomes the first ruler of Bithynia to assume the title of king. He founds the city of Nicomedia, which soon rises to great prosperity.

title: 278 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

year_label: 35 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Sextus Pompeius defeats the governor of Asia, Gaius Furnius, with three legions and seizes Nicaea and Nicomedia (modern Izmit).

title: 35 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

date: November 20

text: November 20 – The commander of Numerian's domestici (household troops), Diocles, is chosen to be the new emperor. In a military assembly outside Nicomedia (modern İzmit, Turkey), Diocles claims that the praetorian prefect (and rival for the throne) Arrius Aper murdered Numerian, and he personally stabs and kills the prefect on the spot. The new emperor changes his name to the Latinised 'Diocletian'. Building on existing trends, Diocletian presents his rule as that of a god-like dominus or autocrat.

title: 284

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

date: February

text: February: Emperors Constantine I and Licinius convene in Mediolanum (modern Milan). Licinius marries Constantine's half-sister Constantia, and they issue the Edict of Milan. This edict ends the Great Persecution against the Christians and is the first piece of legislation in western history to decree freedom of religion. It also returns property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13.

title: 313

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Edict of Milan: Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius meet at a conference in Mediolanum (modern Milan). They proclaim a policy of religious freedom for all, ending the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire and returning property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13.

title: 313

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Arius travels to Nicomedia at the invitation of Bishop Eusebius, after having been accused of heresy and condemned by Alexander, the Patriarch of Alexandria. This gives rise to the Arian Controversy.

title: 319

date: September 18

text: September 18 – Battle of Chrysopolis: Constantine I definitively defeats Licinius at Chrysopolis, and becomes sole Emperor, thus ending the period of the Tetrarchy. Licinius escapes and gathers around 30,000 of his surviving troops at Nicomedia. Thus, the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy, which began in 306, end with Constantine ruling as sole Emperor.

title: 324

section: Events › Roman Empire

section: Deaths

date: May 22

text: May 22 – Constantine the Great, first Christian Roman emperor of the Western Empire (312–324), and of the Roman Empire (324–337), dies in Achyron, near Nicomedia, at age 65, after he is baptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia.

title: 337

section: Climate & Environment

date: August 24

text: August 24 — An earthquake destroys Nicomedia, and damages 150 cities in Macedonia, Asia and Pontus.

title: 358

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Emperor Haraclius celebrates Easter at Nicomedia (now İzmit) then travels to Caesarea (now Kayseri), proceeding during April to Theodosiopolis. He leads troops into Armenia and sacks its capital, Dvin.

title: 624

section: Events › By date › January–June

text: Autumn – Conrad III decides not to wait for the French and crosses the Bosporus into Asia Minor. He leads the German crusader army to Nicomedia, and divides his forces into two divisions. Conrad takes the knights and his professional soldiers across Seljuk central territory while the baggage train, pilgrims and a defending force under Bishop Otto of Freising travel along the Aegean coast.

title: 1147

section: Events › By place › Second Crusade

text: July 27 – Battle of Bapheus: To counter the Turkish threat at Nicomedia, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sends a Byzantine force (some 2,000 men) to cross over the Bosporus to relieve the city. On the plain, Turkish forces (some 5,000 light cavalry) led by Sultan Osman I defeat the Byzantines, who are forced to withdraw to Nicomedia. After the battle, Andronikos loses control of the countryside of Bithynia, withdrawing to the forts. Meanwhile, Turkish forces capture Byzantine settlements, such as the coastal city of Gemlik.

title: 1302

text: Nicomedia is captured by the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1338


slug: nicosia

label: Nicosia

description: capital of Cyprus

text: The 8-year-old Henry I (the Fat) is crowned as king of Cyprus in the Cathedral of Saint Sophia at Nicosia. His uncle Philip of Ibelin orders the coronation, so that when Henry comes of age at fifteen a regency could not be prolonged on the ground that he is not yet crowned.

title: 1225

section: Events › By place › Levant

section: Culture & Society

date: June 15

text: June 15 – King James II of Aragon is married by proxy to Marie of Lusignan, daughter of King Hugh III of Cyprus, at a ceremony attended by James's representative at Nicosia.

title: 1315

section: Events › April – June

text: April 15 – The coronation of King Hugh IV of Cyprus, nephew of the late King Henry II, takes place at the Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Nicosia.

title: 1324

section: Crime & Justice

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Peter the Fat becomes the new King of Cyprus when his father, King Peter I, is stabbed to death while in bed at the Palace of La Cava in Nicosia. The murder is carried out by a group of noblemen, led by Philip of Ibelin, Henry of Jubail, John of Gaurelle, and James of Nores, along with some outlaws freed from imprisonment earlier in the evening.

title: 1369

section: Events › January–March

date: January 6

text: January 6 – The coronation of Peter the Fat as King Peter II of Cyprus takes place in Nicosia at the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Sophia (now the Selimiye Mosque). Peter had become the ruler of Cyprus at age 14 upon the death of his father, King Peter I.

title: 1372

text: February 3 –After invading Cyprus, the Republic of Genoa bombards the city of Kyrenia, but the Cypriots repel the invasion and force the Genoese to retreat to Nicosia.

title: 1374

date: June 29

text: June 29 – At Nicosia John II becomes King of Cyprus upon the death of his father, King Janus.

title: 1432

date: July 3

text: July 3 – The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus begins as more than 350 Ottoman ships and over 60,000 troops land near Larnaca and then march toward the Cypriot capital, Nicosia.

title: 1570

date: September 9

text: September 9 – Nicosia falls to the Turks under the command of General Lala Mustafa Pasha. After the Ottomans breach the walls, the Venetian defenders are massacred and the women and boys are sold into slavery.

title: 1570

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: April 20

text: April 20 – A Globe Air Bristol Britannia turboprop crashes at Nicosia, Cyprus, killing 126 people.

title: 1967

section: Events › April


slug: nigeria

label: Nigeria

description: sovereign state in West Africa

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Ife, in present-day Nigeria, becomes an important urban center (approximate date).

title: 800

section: Events › Africa

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Kingdom of Nri (modern Nigeria) is founded by the priest-king Eri (until 1041).

title: 948

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: February – Bugaya becomes the new Sultan of Kano in what is now northern Nigeria, upon the death of his brother Yaji I.

title: 1385

text: Omar I is succeeded by Sa'id, as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (modern-day east Chad and Nigeria). Sa'id is succeeded in the same year by Kade Alunu. Omar and Sa'id are both killed by Bilala invaders from the west.

title: 1388

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Biri II succeeds Kade Alunu as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (now eastern Chad and Nigeria), and the Empire loses its land in present-day Chad to the Bilala.

title: 1389

date: May 19

text: May 19 – Battle of Yemoja River: British troops defeat Ijebu infantry in modern-day Nigeria, using a maxim gun.

title: 1892

section: Events › May

text: May 22 – The British conquest of Ijebu Ode marks a major extension of colonial power into the Nigerian interior.

title: 1892

date: June 28

text: June 28 – In Nigeria, British authorities publicly hang King Ologbosere Irabor outside of the courthouse at Benin City, after he was convicted of ordering the massacre of a party dispatched by the British consul.

title: 1899

section: Events › June

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Nigeria becomes a British protectorate.

title: 1901

section: Events › January

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Nigeria becomes independent from the United Kingdom, and Nnamdi Azikiwe becomes its first native-born Governor General.

title: 1960

section: Events › October

date: October 2

text: October 2 – Nigeria becomes a republic; The 1st Republican Constitution is established.

title: 1963

date: January 15

text: January 15 – 1966 Nigerian coup d'état: A bloody military coup is staged in Nigeria, deposing the civilian government and resulting in the death of Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa.

title: 1966

date: January 22

text: January 22 – The military government of Nigeria announces that ex-prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was killed during the coup a week previously.

title: 1966

date: July 29

text: July 29 – 1966 Nigerian counter-coup: Army officers from the north of Nigeria execute head of state General Aguiyi-Ironsi and install Yakubu Gowon.

title: 1966

section: Events › July

section: Health & Medicine

date: May 24

text: May 24 – The Nigerian government forbids all political activity in the country until January 17, 1969.

title: 1966

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Nigerian Civil War: Nigerian forces invade the secessionist Biafra May 30.

title: 1967

date: May 30

text: May 30 – Biafra, in eastern Nigeria, announces its independence, which is not recognized.

title: 1967

text: January 15 – After a 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria, Biafran forces under Philip Effiong formally surrender to General Yakubu Gowon, ending the Nigerian Civil War.

title: 1970

text: January 22 – A Royal Jordanian Boeing 707 flight from Jeddah crashes in Kano, Nigeria; 176 people are killed.

title: 1973

date: February 13

text: February 13 – General Murtala Mohammed of Nigeria is assassinated in a military coup.

title: 1976

section: Events › February

text: October 1 – Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Second Nigerian Republic is established.

title: 1979

date: August 21

text: August 21 – The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone send peacekeepers to intervene in the First Liberian Civil War.

title: 1990

section: Events › August

date: December 12

text: December 12 – The government of Nigeria moves the capital from Lagos to Abuja.

title: 1991

section: Events › December

date: November 8

text: November 8 – All 144 people on board a Nigerian-owned Boeing 727 die after the aircraft crashed into the Atlantic Ocean while approaching Lagos airport.

title: 1996

section: Events › November

date: October 17

text: October 17 – 1998 Jesse pipeline explosion: An oil pipeline explosion in Jesse, Nigeria results in 1,082 deaths.

title: 1998

date: May 29

text: May 29 – Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Fourth Nigerian Republic is established with Olusegun Obasanjo as president.

title: 1999

date: July 10

text: July 10 – In southern Nigeria, a leaking petroleum pipeline explodes, killing about 250 villagers who were scavenging gasoline.

title: 2000

date: April 14

text: April 14 – Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping: an estimated 276 girls and women are abducted from a school in Nigeria and held hostage.

title: 2014

date: March 10

text: March 10 – The UN warns that the world is facing the largest humanitarian crisis since World War II, with up to 20 million people at risk of starvation and famine in Yemen, Somalia, South Sudan and Nigeria.

title: 2017

section: Events › March

date: June 17

text: June 17 – A triple suicide blast kills 30 and injures over 40 in Borno, Nigeria, at a hall where people were watching a football match.

title: 2019

date: June 13

text: June 13 – At least 106 people are killed when a wedding boat capsizes on the Niger River in Kwara State, Nigeria.

title: 2023


slug: nikephoros-ii-phokas

label: Nikephoros II Phokas

description: Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969

section: Births

text: Nikephoros II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 969)

title: 912

text: Summer – Emperor Constantine VII appoints Nikephoros Phokas to commander of the Byzantine field army (Domestic of the Schools) in the East. He gives him order to prepare a campaign against the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla. Constantine makes treaties with neighbouring rulers, to seek military aid.

title: 956

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: Summer – Siege of Chandax: A Byzantine fleet with an expeditionary force (comprising about 50,000 men) under Nikephoros Phokas lands on Crete. Nikephoros defeats the Muslim resistance and begins a siege at the capital of Chandax. He decides to blockade the city for the winter, while his engineers begin to construct siege engines. Emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb sends for aid by the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and the Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain).

title: 960

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Siege of Chandax: Byzantine forces under Nikephoros II Phokas capture and pillage Chandax after an 8-month siege. Nikephoros massacres the population without mercy and carries them off into slavery, returning to Constantinople with Emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb and his family as prisoners. The island Emirate of Crete is converted into a Byzantine theme and the remaining Muslims are converted to Christianity.

title: 961

date: December

text: December – Arab–Byzantine wars – Sack of Aleppo: A Byzantine expeditionary force under General Nikephoros Phokas invades northern Syria, and sacks Aleppo, capital of the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla. In late December Aleppo is taken by storm, with the population killed or enslaved; the city is razed. The Byzantine army takes possession of 390,000 silver dinars, 2,000 camels and 1,400 mules.

title: 962

date: July 2

text: July 2 – Nikephoros II Phokas is proclaimed emperor by his troops in Caesarea. He sends a fleet to secure the Bosphorus Strait against his enemies. Chief minister Joseph Bringas gathers support and closes the gates of Constantinople. General Marianos Argyros is killed in a riot, forcing Bringas to flee.

title: 963

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Nikephoros II continues the reconquest of south-eastern Anatolia (modern Turkey). He recaptured Cyprus through Niketas Chalkoutzes, and reorganizes the conquered lands into new themes. In the summer, they take the fortress cities of Anazarbus and Adana. Byzantine troops under General John Tzimiskes besiege Mopsuestia, but with the coming of winter he is forced to retreat to Caesarea.

title: 964

section: Events › Byzantine Empire

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Nikephoros II conquers the fortress cities of Tarsus and Mopsuestia. The Muslim residents abandon the defense and flee into Syria. Nikephoros completes the conquest of Cilicia; Muslim raids into Anatolia (modern Turkey) permanently cease. Byzantine troops under General Niketas Chalkoutzes occupy Cyprus, liberating the Greek population from Muslim domination.

title: 965

text: John VII, patriarch of Jerusalem, is burned at the stake by a Muslim mob after writing to Emperor Nikephoros II, pleading him to intervene in Palestine and retake it from the Fatimid Caliphate.

title: 966

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Summer – Sviatoslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev, defeats Bulgar forces in the Balkans at the behest of Emperor Nikephoros II (who pays him 1,500 pounds of gold to invade the Bulgarian Empire).

title: 967

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Emperor Nikephoros II receives a Bulgarian embassy led by Prince Boris (the son of Tsar Peter I of Bulgaria), with a plea for help against the invading Kievan Rus'. Nikephoros, occupied in the East, is unable to support him. Instead he sends envoys to summon the Pechenegs to aid Boris. They besiege Kiev, but Grand Prince Sviatoslav I (on campaign in Bulgaria) returns with a Kievan relief force, and defeats the Pechenegs. He drives them out into the Steppe, and sets up viceroys to rule his Rus' territory.

title: 968

section: Crime & Justice

date: December 11

text: December 11 – Emperor Nikephoros II is murdered in the royal palace of Boukoleon at Constantinople after a 6-year reign. Former friends have acted on the instructions of his wife Theophano. Nikephoros is succeeded by his nephew John I Tzimiskes, who becomes co-emperor and regent. He sends Theophano into exile to the island of Prinkipo (Prince Islands).

title: 969

section: Deaths

text: December 11 – Nikephoros II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire

title: 969


slug: nile-delta

label: Nile Delta

description: delta formed in Northern Egypt where the Nile River drains into the Mediterranean Sea

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: c. 1800 BC: Hyksos start to settle in the Nile Delta. They had the capital at Avaris in northeastern Nile Delta.

title: 18th century BC

section: Events

year_label: 728 BCE

text: 728 BC: Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Delta. He founds the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt.

title: 8th century BC

section: Events › 720s BC

year_label: 668 BCE

text: King Ashurbanipal puts down an Egyptian rebellion. He drives out Egypt's Ethiopian king Taharqa, and restores Necho I as governor of Sais in the Nile Delta.

title: 668 BC

section: Events › By Place › Middle East

year_label: 455 BCE

text: The Athenians suffer a severe defeat in Egypt at the hands of the Persians. After being cut off in the Nile Delta, the Athenian fleet is defeated, and the Athenian army retreats across the Sinai Desert to Byblos before its remnants are rescued. The Egyptian rebel Inaros is crucified by the Persians. The Athenians decide against any further military activity in Egypt.

title: 455 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 450 BCE

text: Athenian general Cimon sails to Cyprus with two hundred triremes of the Delian League. From there, he sends sixty ships to Egypt to help the Egyptians under Amyrtaeus, who are fighting the Persians in the Nile Delta. Cimon uses the remaining ships to aid an uprising of the Cypriot Greek city-states against Persian control of the island. He lays siege to the Persian stronghold of Citium on the southern west coast of Cyprus. However, the siege fails and Cyprus remains under Phoenician (and Persian) control.

title: 450 BC

year_label: 449 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Greek city-states make peace with the Persian Empire through the Peace of Callias, named after Callias II, the chief Greek ambassador to the Persian Court, an Athenian who is a brother-in-law of Cimon. Athens agrees to end its support for the Egyptian rebels still holding out in parts of the Nile Delta, while the Persians agree not to send ships of war into the Aegean Sea. Athens now effectively controls all the Greek city states in Ionia.

title: 449 BC

year_label: 343 BCE

text: The King of Persia, Artaxerxes III, personally leads the Persian forces invading Egypt. The Persians are keen to access Egypt's gold and corn supplies. The town of Pelusium in the Nile Delta puts up resistance, but Pharaoh Nectanebo II is forced to retreat to Memphis. As the situation deteriorates, Nectanebo II leaves for exile in Nubia. His departure marks the end of the 30th Dynasty, the last native house to rule Egypt.

title: 343 BC

section: Events › By place › Persian Empire

year_label: 197 BCE

text: The Egyptian King, Ptolemy V, fights rebels in the Nile Delta, exhibiting great cruelty toward those of their leaders who capitulate.

title: 197 BC

section: Events › By place › Egypt

text: Arab–Byzantine War: The Rashidun army (4,000 men), under the command of 'Amr ibn al-'As, invades Byzantine Egypt. They capture the strategic town of Pelusium (Nile Delta) after a two-month siege. Arab reinforcements led by Zubayr ibn al-Awwam are sent from Medina to assist Amr's army. The losses incurred by the Muslims are ameliorated by Sinai Bedouins, tribes of Rashida and Lakhm; they join the invaders in conquering Egypt.

title: 639

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

date: May

text: May – Siege of Babylon Fortress: The Rashidun army lays siege to Babylon Fortress in the Nile Delta (near Cairo). The next two months' fighting remain inconclusive, the Byzantines having the upper hand by repulsing every Muslim assault.

title: 640

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: The Egyptians wage the Bashmurian revolts against the foreign Arab rulers. Egyptians establish a semi-independent region in the Nile Delta with Bashmur as the capital.

title: 720

text: Military action continues in the Bashmurian war. Egyptians granted tax breaks in the Nile Delta.

title: 750

section: Events › Egypt

date: May 22

text: May 22 – A Byzantine fleet (85 ships and 5,000 men) sacks and destroys the port city of Damietta, located on the Nile Delta in Egypt. A large quantity of weapons and supplies intended for the Emirate of Crete are captured.

title: 853

text: First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt: The Qarmatians under al-Hasan al-A'sam invade Syria, recently conquered by the Fatimid Caliphate, capturing Damascus and Ramla, defeating a major Fatimid army and blockading another in Jaffa. A subsequent invasion of Egypt leads to widespread anti-Fatimid revolts in the Nile Delta, but the delay allows the Fatimid general Jawhar to prepare his defences, leading to the decisive Qarmatian at Ayn Shams on 24 December and the collapse of the invasion.

title: 971

section: Events › By place › Middle East

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: July

text: July – The Crusaders, led by the Knights Hospitaller, raid Burlus, located in the Nile Delta in Egypt. The town is pillaged, but the knights are ambushed on their return, and several Hospitallers, including Grand Master Guérin de Montaigu, are captured. Meanwhile, Sultan Al-Kamil sends an Egyptian squadron down the Rosetta branch of the Nile. It sails to Cyprus, where it finds a Crusader fleet lying off Limassol. During the attack, they sink and capture all the ships, taking many thousands of prisoners.

title: 1220

section: Events › By place › Fifth Crusade

date: June 15

text: June 15 – In Egypt, the Sultan Sayf al-Din Inal confronts a revolt of 500 of his ethnic Circassian slave-troops (mamluks) after rejecting the soldiers' requests for camels to accompany them on an expedition against Bedouin invaders in the Nile Delta. After attempting to assassinate the Sultan's secretary, Yunus al-Aqba'i, the rebels join discontented Zahiri troops and besieged the Cairo Citadel. Facing a withdrawal of support from the Egyptian Caliph, the Sultan eventually meets the rebels' demands.

title: 1455

section: Events › April–June


slug: nile

label: Nile

description: major river in northeastern Africa

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: c. 2300 BC: Canal Bahr Yusuf (current name) is created when the waterway from the Nile to the natural lake (now Lake Moeris) is widened and deepened to create a canal.

title: 23rd century BC

year_label: 332 BCE

text: Alexander founds the city of Alexandria near the western arm of the Nile on a site between the sea and Lake Mareotis, protected by the island of Pharos, and has the city laid out by the Rhodian architect Deinocrates.

title: 332 BC

section: Events › By place › Macedonia

year_label: 321 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Leaving Eumenes to hold Asia Minor against Craterus and Antigonus, Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy, but when he fails to cross the Nile he is murdered by mutinous officers. Prominent among the mutineers is Seleucus. A truce is arranged, leaving Ptolemy in power in Egypt and Seleucus in power in Babylon.

title: 321 BC

section: Events › By place › Macedonian Empire

year_label: 47 BCE

text: Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, king of Egypt (drowned in the Nile)

title: 47 BC

year_label: 22 BCE

text: The Roman governor of Egypt, Gaius Petronius, marches up the Nile with legions XXII Deiotariana and III Cyrenaica, and destroys the Nubian capital of Napata.

title: 22 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 54 CE

text: Two centurions are sent to the south of Egypt to find the source of the Nile, and possible new provinces. They report that while there are many cities in the desert, the area seems too poor to be worthy of conquest.

title: 50s

section: Events › 54 AD › Egypt

section: Religion & Belief

text: An edict of Theodosius I closes pagan temples in the Nile Valley (Egypt).

title: 384

text: Cosmas Indicopleustes, Alexandrian explorer-geographer, travels up the Nile. He will venture as far to the east as Ceylon, become a monk, and write "Topographia Christiana" to vindicate the biblical account of the world (see 550).

title: 525

section: Events › By topic › Exploration and colonization

text: The fortress city of Old Dongola (modern Sudan) along the River Nile becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Makuria. Several churches are built, including the "Old Church" (approximate date).

title: 543

text: Byzantine–Sasanian War: The besieged city of Alexandria is captured by the Persians. Nicetas, cousin of Emperor Heraclius, and Chalcedonian patriarch, John V, flee to Cyprus. King Khosrow II extends his rule southwards along the Nile.

title: 619

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Summer – Caliph Al-Muktafi sends an Abbasid army (10,000 men) led by Muhammad ibn Sulayman to re-establish control over Syria and Egypt. The campaign is supported from the sea by a fleet from the frontier districts of Cilicia under Damian of Tarsus. He leads his ships up the Nile River, raids the coast, and intercepts the supplies for the Tulunids.

title: 905

date: February 6

text: February 6–July 9 – Fatimid conquest of Egypt: Caliph Al-Mu'izz's army under General Jawhar invades Egypt. Jawhar occupies the lands around the Nile from the Ikhshidids after a siege at Giza and the capitulation of Fustat.

title: 969

text: The Nile river in Egypt freezes over.

title: 1010

text: Normans conduct a series of raids in North Africa, including Annaba (modern Algeria) and the Nile Delta.

title: 1154

date: March 18

text: March 18 – Battle of Al-Babein: A second Zangid army (some 12,000 men) under General Shirkuh and his nephew Saladin marches towards Egypt, but is met by the combined Crusader-Fatimid forces led by King Amalric of Jerusalem. After skirmishing down the Nile, the Crusaders are defeated near Giza and forced to retreat to Cairo.

title: 1167

date: October 20

text: October 20 – Amalric I invades Egypt again from Ascalon, sacking Bilbeis and threatening Cairo. In November, a Crusader fleet sails up the Nile and arrives in Lake Manzala, sacking the town of Tanis.

title: 1168

section: Events › By place › Levant

date: May 24

text: May 24 – A Crusader expeditionary force, (some 30,000 men) under King John I of Jerusalem, embarks at Acre (supported by Frisian ships), and sails for Egypt. They arrive at the harbour of Damietta, on the right bank of the Nile, on May 27. Sultan Al-Adil, surprised by the invasion, recruits an army in Syria, while his son Al-Kamil marches an Egyptian force northwards from Cairo, and encamps at Al-Adiliya, a few miles south of Damietta.

title: 1218

title: 1220

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Louis IX sets out (against the advice of his nobles) with a Crusader force from Damietta, along the southern road to Mansourah. A garrison is left to guard the city – where Queen Margaret of Provence and Patriarch Robert of Nantes remain. The Crusaders make slow progress along the Nile, carrying a number of supplies and equipment. After 32 days, Louis orders to make camp opposite the Ayyubid camp near Mansourah, protected by a branch of the river and fortifications. Both camps use their catapults to bombard each other.

title: 1249

section: Events › By place › Seventh Crusade

text: Battle of Dongola: Mamluk forces led by Sultan Baibars gain a decisive victory against the Kingdom of Makuria. They capture the Makurian capital of Dongola and force King David of Makuria to flee upstream on the Nile. He seeks refuge in the Kingdom of Al-Abwab, but is handed over to Baibars, who has him executed. Later, Baibars conquers Al-Maris (Lower Nubia), previously a part of Makuria, and annexes it into Egypt.

title: 1276

date: December 10

text: December 10 – The first Aswan Dam on the Nile is completed.

title: 1902

section: Events › December

date: November 1

text: November 1 – A trolleybus plunges into the Nile at Cairo, Egypt, killing 74 passengers.

title: 1965

section: Events › November–December


slug: nimes

label: Nîmes

description: city and prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France

year_label: 16 BCE

text: Construction of the Roman temple of Maison Carrée at Nîmes in Gallia Narbonensis (approximate date).

title: 16 BC

year_label: 2 CE

text: AD 2 – Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, is built.

title: 0s

section: Events › Roman Empire

year_label: 34 CE

text: The Roman aqueduct Pont du Gard is constructed, running for 50 km, ending at Nîmes.

title: 30s

section: Events › 34 AD › Roman Empire

text: Wamba succeeds Recceswinth as king of the Visigoths. After ascending to the throne he faces a revolt from Hilderic, governor of Nîmes, who has himself aspired to the kingship. He is supported by Gumild, bishop of Maguelone. Wamba sends dux Paulus to Septimania (Southern France) to end the hostilities, but on his arrival at Narbonne, Paulus proclaims himself king.

title: 672

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: September 3

text: September 3 – King Wamba of the Visigoths puts down the revolt by Hilderic, governor of Nîmes and rival for the throne. He captures the rebel leaders, who are brought to trial and, for their crimes, scalped and imprisoned for life.

title: 673

text: Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi (governor of Al-Andalus) capture the fortified town of Carcassonne, which has been under siege (see 720), as well as Nîmes in Septimania (the latter without resistance).

title: 725

text: Summer – al-Samh's successor, Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi, moves against Gothic nobles resisting surrender. The city of Carcassonne is besieged, and its Gothic ruler forced to cede half of his territory, pay tribute, and make an offensive and defensive alliance with Muslim forces. The Gothic rulers of Nîmes and the other resisting Septimanian cities also eventually fall under the sway of the Umayyads.

title: 725

text: Battle of Nîmes: The Franks under Charles Martel fail to capture Narbonne but devastate most of the other settlements, including Nîmes, Agde, Béziers and Maguelonne, which Martel views as potential strongholds of the Umayyads.

title: 736

text: Moors under Uqba ibn Al-Hajjaj cross the Pyrenees into France. Uqba fortifies Narbonne and reconquers Avignon, Arles, Nimes. He then advances into Provence, and penetrates as far as Piedmont; he then heads North, and conquers Dauphiné, destroying the city of Saint-Paul, taking Valence, Vienne and Lyon, which he uses as a base to attack Bourgogne.

title: 738

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: King Pepin III ("the Short") begins a Frankish military expedition down the Rhône Valley, and receives the submission of eastern Septimania (i.e. Nîmes, Melguelh, Agde and Béziers), after securing Count Ansemund's allegiance.

title: 752


slug: nine-years-war

label: Nine Years' War

description: war principally fought in Central Europe from 1688 to 1697

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The latter realms entering the Nine Years War and its expansion to the American colonies in the King William's War.

title: 1689

section: Events

date: March 2

text: March 2 – Nine Years' War: As French forces leave, they set fire to Heidelberg Castle, and the nearby town of Heidelberg.

title: 1689

section: Events › January–March

date: May 12

text: May 12 – Nine Years' War: With England and the Netherlands now both ruled by William III, they join the Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), thus escalating the conflict, which continues until 1697. This is also the effective beginning of King William's War, the first of four North American Wars (until 1763) between English and French colonists, both sides allied to Native American tribes. The nature of the fighting is a series of raids on each other's settlements, across the Canadian and New England borders.

title: 1689

section: Events › April–June

date: September 9

text: September 9 – King William brings England into a military alliance with the Holy Roman Empire in a fight against France in the Nine Years War.

title: 1689

section: Events › July–September

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Nine Years' War: French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons.

title: 1691

date: July 1

text: July 1 – The siege of the Belgian city of Namur in the Spanish Netherlands ends as Dutch General Menno van Coehoorn capitulates to King Louis XIV of France after five weeks. The siege, a battle in the ongoing Nine Years War, had begun on May 24.

title: 1692

date: May 29

text: May 29 (May 19 O.S.) – Nine Years' War: Battle of Barfleur – The Anglo-Dutch fleet breaks the French line off the Cotentin Peninsula, foiling the French plan to invade England.

title: 1692

date: July 29

text: July 29 – Nine Years' War – Battle of Landen: William III of England is defeated by the French (with Irish Jacobite mercenaries).

title: 1693

date: June 27

text: June 27 – Nine Years' War – Battle of Lagos off Portugal: The French fleet defeats the joint Dutch and English fleet.

title: 1693

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Taking advantage of a fog, the French Army, with 24,000 troops, fights the Battle of Torroella against an equally large Spanish Army force on the banks of the Ter in Spain, near the city of Girona during the Nine Years' War. The Spaniards suffer 3,000 casualties, while the French sustain 500.

title: 1694

date: August 13

text: August 13–15 – Nine Years' War: Brussels is bombarded by French troops.

title: 1695

date: September 1

text: September 1 – Nine Years' War: France surrenders Namur, Spanish Netherlands to forces of the Grand Alliance, led by King William III of England, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, following the 2-month Siege of Namur.

title: 1695

date: August 29

text: August 29 – King Louis XIV of France and Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, sign the Treaty of Turin, ending Savoy's involvement in the Nine Years' War.

title: 1696

date: March 16

text: March 16 – The Dutch bombard Givet during the Nine Years' War.

title: 1696

date: October 7

text: October 7 – The Convention of Vigevano is signed, bringing a general ceasefire in Italy and an end to the Nine Years' War between France and the remaining members of the Grand Alliance.

title: 1696

section: Events › October–December

date: October 30

text: October 30 – The Nine Years' War, between France and the Grand Alliance comes to an end with the signing of the last pacts of the Peace of Ryswick in the Dutch city of Rijswijk as Leopold I of Austria accedes two days before a deadline that had been set by the other members of the Grand Alliance. The areas of the Duchy of Lorraine (Lotharingen), Freiburg im Breisgau, and Vieux-Brisach (Breisach) are returned by France to Leopold's control.

title: 1697

date: September 20

text: September 20 – The Treaty of Ryswick is signed by France and the Grand Alliance, to end both the Nine Years' War and King William's War. Louis XIV of France recognises William III as King of England & Scotland, and both sides return territories they have taken in battle. In North America, the treaty returns Port-Royal (Acadia) to France.

title: 1697

date: September 5

text: September 5 (August 25 O.S.) – During the Nine Years' War, the Battle of Hudson's Bay is fought between English and French ships in Hudson Bay near what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba; The French warship Pélican captures York Factory, a trading post of the English Hudson's Bay Company.

title: 1697


slug: nintendo

label: Nintendo

description: Japanese multinational video game and consumer electronics company

section: Economy & Finance

date: September 23

text: September 23 – The Nintendo Koppai (later Nintendo Company, Limited) is founded in Japan by Fusajiro Yamauchi, to produce and market Hanafuda playing cards.

title: 1889

section: Events › September

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: July 9

text: July 9 – Donkey Kong is released in Japan by Nintendo, marking the first release in both the Donkey Kong and Mario series of games. The arcade game proves to be Nintendo's first major hit.

title: 1981

section: Events › July

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Nintendo's Family Computer, also known as the Famicom, goes on sale in Japan.

title: 1983

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Super Mario Bros by Nintendo, the start of the Mario series, officially comes out.

title: 1985

section: Science & Discovery

date: August 6

text: August 6 – Metroid is released by Nintendo for the Famicom Disk System.

title: 1986

section: Events › August

date: July 31

text: July 31 – Nintendo releases the Game Boy portable video game system in North America.

title: 1989

text: September 23 – Nintendo Company Ltd. celebrates its 100th anniversary.

title: 1989

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Nintendo releases the Super Famicom in Japan alongside its launch games Super Mario World and F-Zero.

title: 1990

section: Events › November

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Sonic the Hedgehog is released by Sega for the Sega Genesis to compete with Nintendo's Mario franchise.

title: 1991

section: Events › June

section: Health & Medicine

text: November 21 – Nintendo releases the Nintendo DS handheld game console in North America.

title: 2004

date: November 19

text: November 19 – Nintendo releases the Wii.

title: 2006

section: Deaths

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Nintendo's president and CEO Satoru Iwata dies.

title: 2015

date: March 3

text: March 3 – Nintendo releases the Switch worldwide.

title: 2017

section: Events › March


slug: nizari-ismaili-state

label: Nizari Ismaili state

description: Nizari Ismaili government with the center of Alamut Castle (1090–1273)

section: Conflict & Security

text: Hassan-i Sabbah founds the Nizari Ismaili state after taking control of the Alamut Castle and organising the military group called the Order of Assassins.

title: 1090

section: Events › By place › Middle East

text: The rebellion of Nizar is squashed by al-Afdal. Nizar is immured and his death results in a schism of Ismaili Shia. While Shiites in Egypt, Yemen and parts of Syria remain loyal to the new caliph, Al-Musta'li, the Persian and many other Eastern Shiites under Hasan-i Sabbah break away in the newly formed Nizari Ismaili state.

title: 1095

section: Events › Fatimid Empire

date: June 12

text: June 12 – Hasan-i Sabbah, founder of the Nizari Ismaili state (b. c. 1250)

title: 1124

section: Births

text: Muhammad II, ruler of the Nizari Ismaili State (d. 1210)

title: 1148

text: Hassan III, ruler of the Nizari Ismaili State (d. 1221)

title: 1187

text: Muhammad II, ruler of the Alamut state (b. 1148)

title: 1210

text: Muhammad III, ruler of the Nizari Ismaili State (d. 1255)

title: 1211

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Nizari Imam Muhammad III and the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir send a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this is unsuccessful.

title: 1238

text: Muhammad III, ruler of the Nizari Ismaili State (b. 1211)

title: 1255

date: December 15

text: December 15 – The Nizari Ismaili garrison of Gerdkuh, Persia surrender after 17 years to the Mongols.

title: 1270

section: Events › Asia


description: award established in 1968 by Sveriges Riksbank in memory of Alfred Nobel

text: March 3 – Ragnar Frisch, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)

title: 1895

section: Births › March

date: August 5

text: August 5 – Wassily Leontief, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)

title: 1906

section: Births › July–August

text: July 31 – Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)

title: 1912

section: Births › July

date: January 23

text: January 23 – W. Arthur Lewis, Saint Lucian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)

title: 1915

section: Births › January

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Herbert A. Simon, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)

title: 1916

section: Births › June

date: October 3

text: October 3 – James M. Buchanan, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)

title: 1919

section: Births › October

date: August 23

text: August 23 – Kenneth Arrow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017)

title: 1921

section: Births › August

text: August 23 – Robert Solow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)

title: 1924

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014)

title: 1927

section: Births › March–April

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Gary Becker, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014)

title: 1930

section: Births › December

date: October 24

text: October 24 – Robert Mundell, Canadian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2021)

title: 1932

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Daniel Kahneman, Israeli economist and Nobel laureate (d. 2024)

title: 1934

date: February 9

text: February 9 – Joseph E. Stiglitz, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

title: 1943

section: Births › February

date: November 12

text: November 12 – Michael Kremer, American development economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

title: 1964

section: Births › November

date: October 25

text: October 25 – Esther Duflo, French American economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

title: 1972


slug: nobel-peace-prize

label: Nobel Peace Prize

description: one of five Nobel Prizes

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Frédéric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1912)

title: 1822

section: Births › January–June

date: March 18

text: March 18 – Sir Randal Cremer, English politician, pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1908)

title: 1828

date: May 8

text: May 8 – Henry Dunant, Swiss founder of the Red Cross, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1910)

title: 1828

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Auguste Beernaert, Belgian statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1912)

title: 1829

section: Births › July–December

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Ferdinand Buisson, French pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1932)

title: 1841

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1914)

title: 1843

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Elihu Root, American statesman, diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937)

title: 1845

date: May 21

text: May 21 – Léon Bourgeois, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1925)

title: 1851

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Frank B. Kellogg, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937)

title: 1856

section: Births › October–December

date: September 6

text: September 6 – Jane Addams, American social worker, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1935)

title: 1860

section: Births › July–September

date: April 2

text: April 2 – Nicholas Murray Butler, American president of Columbia University, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1947)

title: 1862

section: Births › April–June

date: March 28

text: March 28 – Aristide Briand, French politician, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1932)

title: 1862

section: Births › January–March

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Austen Chamberlain, English politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937)

title: 1863

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Arthur Henderson, Scottish politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1935)

title: 1863

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, English politician, diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1958)

title: 1864

date: May 25

text: May 25 – John Mott, American YMCA leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)

title: 1865

section: Births › May–June

date: December 26

text: December 26 – Norman Angell, English politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1967)

title: 1872

date: January 14

text: January 14 – Albert Schweitzer, Alsatian philosopher and musician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1965)

title: 1875

section: Births › January–February

date: May 10

text: May 10 – Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1929)

title: 1878

section: Births › May

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Argentine politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1959)

title: 1878

date: December 31

text: December 31 – George C. Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1959)

title: 1880

section: Births › November–December

date: September 23

text: September 23 – John Boyd Orr, Scottish physician and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1971)

title: 1880

section: Births › September–October

text: November 1 – Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker, Canadian-born peace activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1982)

title: 1889

text: October 3 – Carl von Ossietzky, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1938)

title: 1889

date: February 28

text: February 28 – Linus Pauling, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Peace (d. 1994)

title: 1901

date: March 27

text: March 27 – Eisaku Satō, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1975)

title: 1901

date: January 31

text: January 31 – Alva Myrdal, Swedish politician, diplomat, and writer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1986)

title: 1902

date: August 7

text: August 7 – Ralph Bunche, American diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 1971)

title: 1904

date: January 26

text: January 26 – Seán MacBride, Irish statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 1988)

title: 1904

section: Deaths

text: June 12 – Frédéric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1822)

title: 1912

section: Deaths › June

date: June 21

text: June 21 – Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)

title: 1914

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Norman Borlaug, American agricultural scientist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2009)

title: 1914

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Bernard Lown, American medical innovator, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (d. 2021)

title: 1921

text: May 21 – Andrei Sakharov, Soviet physicist, human rights activist, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1989)

title: 1921

text: August 2 – Shimon Peres, 8th Prime Minister of Israel, 9th President of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2016)

title: 1923

text: May 27 – Henry Kissinger, German-born United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2023)

title: 1923

text: January 8 – Kim Dae-jung, 15th President of South Korea, recipient of Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2009)

title: 1924

text: September 30 – Elie Wiesel, Rumanian-born Holocaust survivor, writer, lecturer, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (d. 2016)

title: 1928

text: October 3 – Gustav Stresemann, German statesman, 16th Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1878)

title: 1929

text: May 13 – Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian explorer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1861)

title: 1930

text: March 2 – Mikhail Gorbachev, the 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2022)

title: 1931

text: October 7 – Desmond Tutu, South African Anglican archbishop, activist and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2021)

title: 1931

text: March 7 – Aristide Briand, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1862)

title: 1932

text: December 21 – Frank B. Kellogg, United States Secretary of State, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1856)

title: 1937

text: February 7 – Elihu Root, American statesman, diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1845)

title: 1937

text: January 18 – John Hume, Northern Irish politician, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (d. 2020)

title: 1937

text: June 23 – Martti Ahtisaari, 10th President of Finland, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2023)

title: 1937

text: March 16 – Sir Austen Chamberlain, British statesman, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1863)

title: 1937

text: May 4 – Carl von Ossietzky, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1889)

title: 1938

text: April 1 – Wangari Maathai, Kenyan environmentalist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2011)

title: 1940

text: June 28 – Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi founder of Grameen Bank, Nobel Prize laureate

title: 1940

text: June 17 – Mohamed El Baradei, Egyptian International Atomic Energy Agency director, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

title: 1942

text: January 27 – Mairead Maguire, Northern Irish peace activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

title: 1944

text: October 15 – David Trimble, Northern Irish Unionist political leader; recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize 1998 (d. 2022)

title: 1944

text: December 7 – Nicholas Murray Butler, American president of Columbia University, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1862)

title: 1947

text: December 26 – José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

title: 1949

text: April 23 – Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1865)

title: 1951

text: December 28 – Liu Xiaobo, Chinese literary critic and human rights activist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (d. 2017)

title: 1955

text: December 10 – Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson receives the Nobel Peace Prize, for his peacekeeping efforts in the United Nations.

title: 1957

text: November 24 – Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, English politician and diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1864)

title: 1958

text: January 9 – Rigoberta Menchú, Guatemalan recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

title: 1959

text: October 16 – George C. Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1880)

title: 1959

text: October 30 – Dmitry Muratov, Russian campaigning journalist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

title: 1961

text: September 18 – Dag Hammarskjöld, Swedish diplomat, politician and author, 2nd Secretary General of the United Nations, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1905)

title: 1961

text: October 2 – Maria Ressa, Filipina American campaigning journalist, Nobel Prize laureate

title: 1963

text: October 14 – American civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. becomes the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which is awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States.

title: 1964

text: September 4 – Albert Schweitzer, Alsatian physician and missionary, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1875)

title: 1965

text: October 7 – María Corina Machado, Venezuelan politician, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize

title: 1967

text: December 9 – Ralph Bunche, African-American diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1904)

title: 1971

text: June 25 – John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr, Scottish physician and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1880)

title: 1971

text: April 21 – Narges Mohammadi, Iranian human rights activist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate

title: 1972

text: February 1 – Leymah Gbowee, Liberian peace activist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate

title: 1972

text: August 15 – Abiy Ahmed, Ethiopian Prime Minister, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

title: 1976

text: October 27 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin win the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord.

title: 1978

text: February 7 – Tawakkol Karman, Yemeni politician, Nobel Peace Prize laureate

title: 1979


slug: nobel-prize-in-chemistry

label: Nobel Prize in Chemistry

description: one of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

section: Births

date: August 30

text: August 30 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1911)

title: 1852

date: September 28

text: September 28 – Henri Moissan, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907)

title: 1852

date: September 2

text: September 2 – Wilhelm Ostwald, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1932)

title: 1853

date: November 5

text: November 5 – Paul Sabatier, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)

title: 1854

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Walther Nernst, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)

title: 1864

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1929)

title: 1865

section: Births › March–April

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Marie Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (d. 1934)

title: 1867

date: December 9

text: December 9 – Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1934)

title: 1868

text: January 31 – Theodore William Richards, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928)

title: 1868

text: August 30 – Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1937)

title: 1871

section: Births › July–August

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Carl Bosch, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)

title: 1874

section: Births › August

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Adolf Windaus, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959)

title: 1876

text: January 31 – Irving Langmuir, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)

title: 1881

section: Births › January

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)

title: 1881

section: Births › March

date: March 24

text: March 24 – Peter Debye, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966)

title: 1884

date: August 1

text: August 1 – George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966)

title: 1885

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Leopold Ružička, Croatian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)

title: 1887

date: April 29

text: April 29 – Harold Urey, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)

title: 1893

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Irène Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1956)

title: 1897

date: November 26

text: November 26 – Karl Ziegler, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)

title: 1898

text: February 28 – Linus Pauling, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Peace (d. 1994)

title: 1901

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Lars Onsager, Norwegian-born American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)

title: 1903

date: October 3

text: October 3 – Charles J. Pedersen, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1989)

title: 1904

section: Births › October

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)

title: 1911

section: Deaths › March

date: April 19

text: April 19 – Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)

title: 1912

section: Births › April

date: May 19

text: May 19 – Max Perutz, Austrian-born British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2002)

title: 1914

date: November 30

text: November 30 – Henry Taube, Canadian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)

title: 1915

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)

title: 1917

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1835)

title: 1917

section: Deaths › July–August

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist, chemist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2003)

title: 1917

date: September 7

text: September 7 – John Cornforth, Australian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)

title: 1917

section: Births › September

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Frederick Sanger, English biochemist, double Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)

title: 1918

date: April 22

text: April 22 – Donald J. Cram, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)

title: 1919

text: December 9 – William Lipscomb, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)

title: 1919

text: September 23 – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)

title: 1929

text: April 26 – Michael Smith, English-born chemist and Nobel laureate (d. 2000)

title: 1932

text: April 4 – Wilhelm Ostwald, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)

title: 1932

text: December 3 – Paul J. Crutzen, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2021)

title: 1933

text: January 29 – Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)

title: 1934

text: July 4 – Marie Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (b. 1867)

title: 1934

text: July 14 – Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist and Nobel laureate (d. 2021)

title: 1935

text: October 19 – Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand physicist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry recipient (b. 1871)

title: 1937

text: October 7 – Harold Kroto, English organic chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016)

title: 1939

text: November 18 – Walther Nernst, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)

title: 1941

text: May 24 – Fraser Stoddart, Scottish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2024)

title: 1942

text: March 19 – Mario J. Molina, Mexican chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)

title: 1943

text: December 28 – Kary Mullis, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019)

title: 1944

text: July 25 – Frances Arnold, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

title: 1956

text: March 17 – Irène Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1897)

title: 1956

text: September 22 – Frederick Soddy, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)

title: 1956

text: August 16 – Irving Langmuir, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)

title: 1957

text: November 2 – Peter Debye, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884)

title: 1966

text: December 11 – Emmanuelle Charpentier, French biochemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry

title: 1968


slug: nobel-prize-in-literature

label: Nobel Prize in Literature

description: one of five prizes established by Alfred Nobel

text: November 30 – Theodor Mommsen, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1903)

title: 1817

section: Births › July–December

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Frédéric Mistral, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1914)

title: 1830

date: December 8

text: December 8 – Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Norwegian author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1910)

title: 1832

date: April 16

text: April 16 – Anatole France, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1924)

title: 1844

section: Births › April–June

date: July 26

text: July 26 – George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950)

title: 1856

section: Births › July–September

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)

title: 1857

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Selma Lagerlöf, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)

title: 1858

date: August 4

text: August 4 – Knut Hamsun, Norwegian author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1952)

title: 1859

date: October 18

text: October 18 – Henri Bergson, French philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1941)

title: 1859

section: Births › October–December

date: May 7

text: May 7 – Rabindranath Tagore, Poet, novelist, dramatist, essayist, story-writer, composer, painter, philosopher, social reformer, educationist, linguist, grammarian, and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate for the collection of poems Gitanjali. (d. 1941)

title: 1861

section: Births › January–June

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (d. 1949)

title: 1862

date: June 13

text: June 13 – W. B. Yeats, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1939)

title: 1865

section: Births › May–June

date: January 29

text: January 29 – Romain Rolland, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944)

title: 1866

section: Births › January–March

date: August 14

text: August 14 – John Galsworthy, English writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1933)

title: 1867

date: June 28

text: June 28 – Luigi Pirandello, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)

title: 1867

text: May 7 – Władysław Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1925)

title: 1867

date: November 22

text: November 22 – André Gide, French writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1951)

title: 1869

date: October 10

text: October 10 – Ivan Bunin, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)

title: 1870

date: May 18

text: May 18 – Bertrand Russell, British philosopher and mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1970)

title: 1872

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Johannes V. Jensen, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950)

title: 1873

section: Births › January–February

date: June 6

text: June 6 – Thomas Mann, German novelist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)

title: 1875

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)

title: 1882

date: February 7

text: February 7 – Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951)

title: 1885

section: Births › February

date: October 11

text: October 11 – François Mauriac, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)

title: 1885

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Saint-John Perse, French diplomat, writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)

title: 1887

date: July 17

text: July 17 – Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)

title: 1888

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Eugene O'Neill, American playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)

title: 1888

date: September 26

text: September 26 – T. S. Eliot, American-born British poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)

title: 1888

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Gabriela Mistral, Chilean writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)

title: 1889

date: February 10

text: February 10 – Boris Pasternak, Russian writer (Doctor Zhivago), Nobel Prize laureate (declined) (d. 1960)

title: 1890

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Pearl S. Buck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)

title: 1892

section: Births › June

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Eugenio Montale, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)

title: 1896

date: September 25

text: September 25 – William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)

title: 1897

text: October 19 – Miguel Ángel Asturias, Guatemalan writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)

title: 1899

text: March 13 – Giorgos Seferis, Greek poet, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1971)

title: 1900

text: April 23 – Halldór Laxness, Icelandic writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)

title: 1902

text: February 27 – John Steinbeck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)

title: 1902

text: November 1 – Theodor Mommsen, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1817)

title: 1903

text: July 12 – Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1973)

title: 1904

text: May 6 – Harry Martinson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1978)

title: 1904

text: September 6 – Sully Prudhomme, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1839)

title: 1907

text: May 28 – Patrick White, Australian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1990)

title: 1912

text: March 31 – Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat, writer, and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)

title: 1914

text: June 10 – Saul Bellow, Canadian-born American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)

title: 1915

text: May 11 – Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)

title: 1916

text: November 15 – Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1846)

title: 1916

text: December 21 – Heinrich Böll, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)

title: 1917

text: December 11 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2008)

title: 1918

text: November 16 – José Saramago, Portuguese author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010)

title: 1922

text: November 20 – Nadine Gordimer, South African fiction writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014)

title: 1923

text: October 12 – Anatole France, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1844)

title: 1924

text: December 5 – Władysław Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)

title: 1925

text: October 16 – Günter Grass, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)

title: 1927

text: January 23 – Derek Walcott, West Indian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017)

title: 1930

text: October 10 – Harold Pinter, English playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2008)

title: 1930

text: April 15 – Tomas Tranströmer, Swedish poet, translator and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2015)

title: 1931

text: February 18 – Toni Morrison, African-American writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2019)

title: 1931

text: July 10 – Alice Munro, Canadian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2024)

title: 1931

text: August 17 – V. S. Naipaul, West Indian-born writer and Nobel laureate (d. 2018)

title: 1932

text: January 31 – John Galsworthy, British writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)

title: 1933

text: July 13 – Wole Soyinka, Nigerian writer and Nobel laureate

title: 1934

text: December 10 – Luigi Pirandello, Italian dramatist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)

title: 1936

text: January 18 – Rudyard Kipling, British writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)

title: 1936

text: April 13 – Seamus Heaney, Irish poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)

title: 1939

text: January 28 – W. B. Yeats, Irish writer, 1923 Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)

title: 1939

text: February 9 – J. M. Coetzee, South African writer, Nobel Prize laureate

title: 1940

text: March 16 – Selma Lagerlöf, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1858)

title: 1940

text: May 24 – Joseph Brodsky, Russian-born poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)

title: 1940

text: August 7 – Rabindranath Tagore, Indian author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)

title: 1941

text: January 4 – Henri Bergson, French philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1859)

title: 1941

text: April 22 – Louise Glück, American poet, 12th US Poet Laureate, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2023)

title: 1943

text: December 30 – Romain Rolland, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)

title: 1944

text: June 6 – Gerhart Hauptmann, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)

title: 1946

text: May 31 – Svetlana Alexievich, Belarusian writer of literary reportage, Nobel Prize laureate

title: 1948

text: June 10 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882)

title: 1949

text: May 6 – Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (b. 1862)

title: 1949

text: November 2 – George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1856)

title: 1950

text: February 19 – André Gide, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869)

title: 1951

text: January 10 – Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)

title: 1951

text: February 19 – Knut Hamsun, Norwegian author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)

title: 1952

text: November 27 – Eugene O'Neill, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)

title: 1953

text: November 8 – Ivan Bunin, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1870)

title: 1953

text: November 8 – Kazuo Ishiguro, Japanese-born British author, Nobel Prize laureate

title: 1954

text: August 12 – Thomas Mann, German novelist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1875)

title: 1955

text: January 10 – Gabriela Mistral, Chilean writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1889)

title: 1957

text: January 4 – Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize winner, automobile accident (b. 1913)

title: 1960

text: May 30 – Boris Pasternak, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (declined) (b. 1890)

title: 1960

text: July 2 – Ernest Hemingway, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (suicide) (b. 1899)

title: 1961

text: August 9 – Hermann Hesse, German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)

title: 1962

text: July 6 – William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)

title: 1962

text: January 4 – T. S. Eliot, American-British poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)

title: 1965

text: December 20 – John Steinbeck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)

title: 1968

text: February 17 – Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)

title: 1970

text: February 2 – Bertrand Russell, British logician and philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1872)

title: 1970

text: March 6 – Pearl S. Buck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)

title: 1973

text: September 23 – Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)

title: 1973

text: June 9 – Miguel Ángel Asturias, Guatemalan writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)

title: 1974


slug: nobel-prize-in-physics

label: Nobel Prize in Physics

description: yearly physics award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

section: Births

date: November 23

text: November 23 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923)

title: 1837

text: June 6 – Karl Ferdinand Braun, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1918)

title: 1850

date: December 15

text: December 15 – Henri Becquerel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1908)

title: 1852

date: December 19

text: December 19 – Albert A. Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)

title: 1852

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928)

title: 1853

date: September 21

text: September 21 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1926)

title: 1853

date: December 18

text: December 18 – J. J. Thomson, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)

title: 1856

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Max Planck, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)

title: 1858

section: Births › March–April

date: July 2

text: July 2 – William Henry Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)

title: 1862

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Philipp Lenard, Hungarian–German physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1947)

title: 1862

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Pieter Zeeman, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)

title: 1865

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Marie Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (d. 1934)

title: 1867

section: Births › November–December

date: March 22

text: March 22 – Robert Andrews Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)

title: 1868

date: September 30

text: September 30 – Jean Baptiste Perrin, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)

title: 1870

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Johannes Stark, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)

title: 1874

date: October 9

text: October 9 – Max von Laue, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1960)

title: 1879

date: December 11

text: December 11 – Max Born, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)

title: 1882

section: Births › December

date: October 7

text: October 7 – Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)

title: 1885

date: January 8

text: January 8 – Walther Bothe, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1957)

title: 1891

date: October 20

text: October 20 – James Chadwick, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)

title: 1891

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Louis de Broglie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)

title: 1892

section: Births › August

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Arthur Compton, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)

title: 1892

date: September 6

text: September 6 – Edward Victor Appleton, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)

title: 1892

date: May 27

text: May 27 – John Cockcroft, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)

title: 1897

date: November 18

text: November 18 – Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)

title: 1897

date: July 29

text: July 29 – Isidor Isaac Rabi, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)

title: 1898

section: Births › July

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: January 26

text: January 26 – German inventor Karl Ferdinand Braun, who will later share the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Guglielmo Marconi, receives a British patent for his wireless radio invention "Telegraphy without directly connected wire".

title: 1899

section: Events › January

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian-born American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)

title: 1900

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Dennis Gabor, Hungarian-born British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)

title: 1900

date: August 8

text: August 8 – Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)

title: 1901

date: December 5

text: December 5 – Werner Heisenberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)

title: 1901

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954)

title: 1901

text: August 8 – Paul Dirac, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)

title: 1902

text: February 10 – Walter Houser Brattain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)

title: 1902

text: November 17 – Eugene Wigner, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)

title: 1902

text: December 5 – C. F. Powell, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1969)

title: 1903

text: October 6 – Ernest Walton, Irish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)

title: 1903

text: August 27 – Norman Ramsey Jr., American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)

title: 1915

text: July 28 – Charles H. Townes, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)

title: 1915

text: October 4 – Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2009)

title: 1916

text: February 12 – Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)

title: 1918

text: March 16 – Frederick Reines, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)

title: 1918

text: May 11 – Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)

title: 1918

text: June 30 – John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1842)

title: 1919

text: March 11 – Nicolaas Bloembergen, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017)

title: 1920

text: May 25 – Jack Steinberger, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)

title: 1921

text: July 15 – Leon M. Lederman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)

title: 1922

text: October 1 – Yang Chen-Ning, Chinese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2025)

title: 1922

text: September 2 – Arthur Ashkin, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)

title: 1922

text: December 13 – Philip Warren Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)

title: 1923

text: March 8 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1837)

title: 1923

text: February 21 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)

title: 1926

text: January 29 – Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)

title: 1926

text: February 4 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)

title: 1928

text: May 29 – Peter Higgs, British theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2024)

title: 1929

text: August 8 – Roger Penrose, English mathematical physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

title: 1931

text: May 9 – Albert A. Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)

title: 1931

text: September 29 – Rainer Weiss, German-born American gravitational physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2025)

title: 1932

text: May 3 – Steven Weinberg, American physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2021)

title: 1933

text: November 4 – Charles K. Kao, Chinese electrical engineer, physicist and Nobel laureate (d. 2018)

title: 1933

text: July 4 – Marie Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (b. 1867)

title: 1934

text: April 25 – Jim Peebles, Canadian-born theoretical cosmologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics

title: 1935

text: August 30 – J. J. Thomson, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1856)

title: 1940

text: June 1 – Kip Thorne, American gravitational physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

title: 1940

text: March 12 – Sir William Henry Bragg, British physicist, chemist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)

title: 1942

text: October 9 – Pieter Zeeman, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)

title: 1943

text: May 20 – Anton Zeilinger, Austrian quantum physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

title: 1945

text: May 20 – Philipp Lenard, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)

title: 1947

text: October 4 – Max Planck, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1858)

title: 1947

text: December 19 – Robert Andrews Millikan, American physicist Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)

title: 1953

text: November 28 – Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)

title: 1954

text: February 8 – Walther Bothe, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)

title: 1957

text: August 27 – Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)

title: 1958

text: December 15 – Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian-born American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)

title: 1958

text: November 15 – Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Scottish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869)

title: 1959

text: April 24 – Max von Laue, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879)

title: 1960

text: March 15 – Arthur Compton, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)

title: 1962

text: May 17 – Ferenc Krausz, Hungarian-born attosecond physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

title: 1962

text: November 18 – Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)

title: 1962

text: May 21 – James Franck, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1882)

title: 1964

text: April 21 – Sir Edward Victor Appleton, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)

title: 1965

text: June 16 – Andrea M. Ghez, American astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics

title: 1965

text: April 1 – Lev Landau, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)

title: 1968

text: August 9 – C. F. Powell, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)

title: 1969

text: January 5 – Max Born, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882)

title: 1970

text: July 1 – Sir Lawrence Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1890)

title: 1971

text: February 20 – Maria Goeppert Mayer, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)

title: 1972

text: July 13 – Patrick Blackett, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)

title: 1974

text: July 24 – Sir James Chadwick, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)

title: 1974

text: February 1 – Werner Heisenberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)

title: 1976