slug: principality-of-iberia

label: Principality of Iberia

description: early medieval aristocratic regime in a core Georgian region of Kartli

text: Stephen I succeeds his father Guaram I as king of Iberia (Georgia) (approximate date).

title: 590

text: Guaram I, king of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 590

section: Conflict & Security

text: Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Maurice, seeing an opportunity to end the prolonged war to the advantage of Constantinople, assists Khosrau II to regain the Persian throne. He sends a Byzantine army (35,000 men) under Narses into Mesopotamia, through Syria. At the same time, an expeditionary force in Armenia advances through Caucasian Iberia into Media (modern Azerbaijan).

title: 591

text: Adarnase II, king of Iberia (approximate date)

title: 684

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Muslims conquer Armenia, Iberia and Colchis, the last remaining Byzantine holdings east of the Taurus Mountains. Emperor Justinian II is forced to agree to joint Byzantine-Arab control of Cyprus, in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (approximate date).

title: 692

text: Umayyad troops invade Armenia, and secure the submission of Prince Smbat VI Bagratuni. The South Caucasus becomes a viceroyalty called al-Arminiya, and is divided into four regions: Caucasian Albania, Caucasian Iberia, the area around the Aras River, and Taron (modern Turkey).

title: 699

section: Events › By place › Umayyad Caliphate

text: Harun al-Rashid appoints Ashot Msaker ("the Carnivorous") as the new presiding prince of Armenia. The Bagratids emerge as one of the country's two most powerful noble families. Harun recognizes another Bagratid branch, under Ashot I Curopalates, as princes of Caucasian Iberia.

title: 806

section: Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate

text: Ashot I ("the Great") becomes the first Georgian Bagratid prince of Iberia, under Byzantine protection.

title: 813

text: Ashot I, prince of Iberia (or 830)

title: 826

text: Ashot I, prince of Iberia (or 826)

title: 830

text: Bagrat I, prince of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 876

text: David I, prince of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 881

text: Adarnase IV, prince of Iberia/Kartli (Georgia)

title: 923

text: Bagrat II, king of Iberia and Kartli (d. 994)

title: 937

text: Sumbat I, king of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 958

text: Bagrat II, king of Iberia-Kartli (Georgia) (b. 937)

title: 994


slug: principality-of-kiev

label: Principality of Kiev

description: former Ruthenian state in the regions of central Ukraine around the city of Kyiv

section: Births

text: Yaropolk II Vladimirovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1139)

title: 1082

text: Viacheslav I Vladimirovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1154)

title: 1083

text: Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1157)

title: 1099

section: Deaths

date: April 16

text: April 16 – Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1050)

title: 1113

text: April 16 – Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev, dies after a 20-year reign and is succeeded by his 60-year-old cousin Vladimir II Monomakh. He begins a campaign against the Cumans on the steppe in an effort to reunite the land of Kievan Rus'.

title: 1113

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Sviatoslav III, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1194)

title: 1126

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: May 28

text: May 28 – In Russia, the people of Novgorod depose and imprison Prince Vsevolod of Pskov. Novgorod asserts its independence from Kiev, but accepts protection from neighboring Kievan princes. In July, Vsevolod along with his wife and family are released (they are exiled to an uncle in Kiev).

title: 1136

text: Agnes of Poland, Grand Princess of Kiev (d. 1182)

title: 1137

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Vsevolod II, Grand Prince of Kiev (Rurik Dynasty)

title: 1146

section: Culture & Society

text: The town of Gorodets, located on the banks of the Volga River, is founded by Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev.

title: 1152

text: Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev, founds and fortifies the town of Moscow and erects a wooden Kremlin within the settlement (approximate date).

title: 1156

date: August 19

text: August 19 – Mstislav II Izyaslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev

title: 1170

text: Rostislav II, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1214)

title: 1173

text: Roman Mstislavich (the Great), Grand Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, unites his realm with its westerly neighbor Galicia (after the death of Vladimir II). He makes the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia more powerful than Kiev.

title: 1199

text: Vasilko Romanovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1269)

title: 1203

date: June 19

text: June 19 – Battle of Zawichost: Polish forces under High Duke Leszek the White defeat the Kievan army at Zawichost. During the ambush, Roman Mstislavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, is killed. He is succeeded by his two infant sons, Daniel and Vasilko. Their principalities are ruled by their mother Anna of Byzantium, but the boyars of Galicia–Volhynia forces her and the young princes into exile.

title: 1205

text: Prince Mstislav Mstislavich ("the Daring") clashes with his uncle Rurik Rostislavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, and is forced to surrender the town of Torchesk (a major centre of resistance against Polovtsian raids).

title: 1207

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Vsevolod III, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1154)

title: 1212

text: Autumn – The Mongols under Batu Khan retire, leaving behind the ruined northern Rus' territories. He spends the rest of the year suppressing the last resistance of the Kipchaks, while his cousin Möngke (son of Tolui Khan) conquer the Alans and the northern Caucasian tribes. Later, Möngke makes a raid of reconnaissance as far as Kiev.

title: 1238

section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire

text: Vasylko Romanovych, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1203)

title: 1269


slug: principality-of-tao-klarjeti

label: Principality of Tao-Klarjeti

text: Ashot the Swift, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 939

text: Gurgen II, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 941

date: February 23

text: February 23 – David I, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 943

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Ashot II, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 954

text: Adarnase V, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 961

text: Bagrat II, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 988

text: David II, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 993

text: Sumbat III, Georgian prince of Tao-Klarjeti

title: 1011


label: Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)

description: semi-independent principality in Eastern Europe between 1570 and 1711

date: January 28

text: January 28 – The Principality of Transylvania (now encompassing most of Romania) joins the Holy League alliance with the Holy Roman Empire in a war against the Ottoman Empire, as Stephen Bocskai signs a treaty at Prague on behalf of Prince Sigismund Báthory.

title: 1595

section: Events › January–March

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Michael the Brave becomes ruler of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia, formally uniting the three Danubian Principalities under one Romanian ruler.

title: 1600

section: Events › April–June

date: August 3

text: August 3 – The Battle of Guruslău takes place in Goroszlo in (now Guruslău in Romania), as Wallachian troops led by Michael the Brave and Giorgio Basta defeat Transylvanian defenders commanded by Sigismund Báthory. Wallachia, assisted by Austrian troops from the Holy Roman Empire, retakes the Principality of Transylvania from Ottoman rule.

title: 1601

section: Events › July–September

text: A rebellion breaks out in Transylvania.

title: 1603

section: Events › Date unknown

date: June 23

text: June 23 – A treaty is signed in Vienna between the Archduchy of Austria and the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania. Archduke Rudolf agrees to recognize Stephen Bocskai as Prince of Transylvania in return for Bocksay's guarantee of constitutional and religious rights to the ethnic Hungarians within Transylvania's borders.

title: 1606

date: November 11

text: November 11 – The Peace of Zsitvatorok is signed between the Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires. The independence of Transylvania is recognized by both sides, and Austria's annual tribute to the Ottomans is abolished.

title: 1606

section: Events › October–December

section: Crime & Justice

date: October 21

text: October 21 – Gabriel Bathory, ruler of the Principality of Transylvania, is removed from office by vote of the nobles meeting at Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia in Romania). Bathory refuses to vacate the palace at the Transylvanian capital at Várad, (now Oradea in Romania), and is murdered on October 27.

title: 1613

date: September 5

text: September 5 – In the course of a revolt against the Habsburg Empire, Prince Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania (now in Romania) conquers Kassa (now Košice in Slovakia) with the help of George I Rákóczi.

title: 1619

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Prince of Transylvania George I Rákóczi invades Hungary to aid Sweden against the Habsburgs.

title: 1644

date: October 24

text: October 24 – A peace treaty is signed between Prince Ferenc Rákóczi of Transylvania, and representatives of the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I at Schemnitz (now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia)

title: 1704


slug: prior-ecclesiastical

label: Prior (ecclesiastical)

description: ecclesiastical title for a monastic superior

section: Religion & Belief

text: Anselm, later to become archbishop of Canterbury, becomes prior at the Abbey of Bec (approximate date).

title: 1063

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Anthelm of Belley, French prior and bishop (d. 1178)

title: 1107

date: June 24

text: June 24 – Nicholas of Worcester, prior of the Benedictine priory of Worcester Cathedral

title: 1124

text: Hugh of Fouilloy, French prior and writer

title: 1172

text: Anthelm of Belley, French prior and bishop (b. 1107)

title: 1178

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Simon of Elmham, English prior and bishop-elect

title: 1257

date: August 4

text: August 4 – Robert Stitchill (or Stichel), English prior and bishop

title: 1274

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Hugh de Balsham, English sub-prior and bishop

title: 1286

text: The Priory of St. Gregory's is founded at Douai, Flanders, at this time in the Spanish Netherlands, by its first prior, John Roberts, and other exiles, thus becoming the first English Benedictine house to renew conventual life after the English Reformation. More than two centuries later the community will establish Downside Abbey back in England.

title: 1605


slug: prophets-in-islam

label: Prophets in Islam

text: Abdul Mutallib, grandfather of Islamic prophet Mohammed (d. 578)

title: 497

text: Khadija, wife of Islamic prophet Muhammad (approximate date)

title: 555

text: Muhammad, Islamic prophet, is born in Mecca (today's Saudi Arabia). His father Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib dies a few months before his birth, so he and his mother Aminah bint Wahb are protected by Muhammad's paternal grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, who is recognized as the leading figure in his tribe, the Quraysh.

title: 570

section: Events › By place › Arabia

text: Abdul Muttalib, grandfather of Islamic prophet Muhammad

title: 578

text: Muhammad, Islamic prophet, meets and marries Khadija. She is a 40-year-old widow and 15 years older than he. Supported by Khadija's wealth, they form a successful merchant partnership.

title: 595

text: Muhammad, Islamic prophet, begins at 40 years old to preach a religion which will be called Islam. According to Islamic teachings, the angel Gabriel appears to him in a cave on Mount Hira near Mecca (Saudi Arabia) and calls him: "The Prophet of Allah". Muhammad gathers followers, reciting to them the first verses of Qur'an(Iqra), thus beginning the revelation of the Qur'an.

title: 610

text: Muhammad, Islamic prophet, leads about 1,400 men on a pilgrimage to Mecca where their passage is blocked. The Quraysh tribe and the Muslim community in Medina sign a 10 year truce (Treaty of Hudaybiyyah).

title: 628

text: June 8 – Muhammad, Islamic Prophet (b. 570)

title: 632


slug: protestant

label: Protestant

text: The first edition of John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, a seminal work of Protestant systematic theology, is published in Basel.

title: 1536

text: The first book in Slovene, Catechismus, written by Protestant reformer Primož Trubar, is printed in Schwäbisch Hall, Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1550

text: April 15 – The Act of Uniformity is given royal assent and imposes use of the Protestant Book of Common Prayer on England.

title: 1552

date: August 2

text: August 2 – The Peace of Passau revokes the Augsburg Interim of 1548, and promises religious freedom to the Protestant princes.

title: 1552

date: June 10

text: June 10 – The New Testament of the Geneva Bible, a Protestant Bible translation into English (produced under the supervision of William Whittingham, and printed in Roman type), is published in Geneva.

title: 1557

section: Conflict & Security

date: May 13

text: May 13 – Marian civil war in Scotland: Battle of Langside – The forces of Mary, Queen of Scots, are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland and her half-brother.

title: 1568

date: March 11

text: March 11 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (b. 1520)

title: 1575

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War begins when King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, leading an army of 13,000 on the Protestant side, makes landfall at Peenemünde, Pomerania.

title: 1630

date: October 28

text: October 28 – The first Protestant church assembly for Native Americans (specifically, the Waban people) is held in Massachusetts.

title: 1646

date: March 15

text: March 15 – Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms; this will be withdrawn the following year under pressure from the Parliament of England.

title: 1672

date: July 17

text: July 17 – King James II of England appoints four Roman Catholics to the Privy Council of England, in defiance of the Test Acts, which bar Catholics from public office. Suspicions about James's intentions lead to a group of conspirators meeting at Charborough House in Dorset, to plan his overthrow and replacement with the Protestant Dutch Stadtholder, William III of Orange-Nassau (James's son-in-law).

title: 1686

date: April 18

text: April 18 – The Siege of Derry begins in Ireland as former King James II arrives at the gates of Derry and asks for its surrender during the Williamite War in Ireland. The Protestant defenders refuse and the siege lasts until August 1 when it is abandoned. .

title: 1689

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: June

text: June – Protestant Swiss and German Palatines, under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried, travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina. The settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenried's hometown of Bern in Switzerland.

title: 1710

date: September 7

text: September 7 – Robert Morrison, the first Protestant missionary to China, arrives in Guangzhou (Canton).

title: 1807


slug: protestantism

label: Protestantism

description: branch of Christianity that emerged following the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church and rejects papal supremacy

date: March 29

text: March 29 – On Easter Sunday, in the Bohemian city of Kunvald (now part of the Czech Republic), the Unity of the Brethren (commonly called the Moravian Church) is formed as one of the first Protestant churches by four Hussite bishops. Despite persecution, it progresses to as many as 100,000 adherents within 100 years.

title: 1467

date: November 1

text: November 1 – At the age of 16, Prince Wolfgang of the House of Ascania becomes the new ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Köthen, succeeding his father Waldemar VI. In 1521, he will meet Martin Luther and, in 1525, will introduce the Reformation to his principality, making Anhalt-Köthen only the second nation (after the Electorate of Saxony) to officially adopt Protestantism.

title: 1508

date: April 19

text: April 19 – Diet of Speyer: A group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protest the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement.

title: 1529

date: July 29

text: July 29 – The Count's Feud ends when Copenhagen surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark. On August 6 he marches into the city and on August 12 arrests the country's bishops, thus consolidating the Protestant Reformation in Denmark.

title: 1536

date: November 9

text: November 9 – King James V of Scotland writes a letter to Pope Paul III and notes that he defied Henry VIII's attempts to convert him to the Protestant faith.

title: 1542

date: August 17

text: August 17 – The Scottish Reformation Parliament adopts a Protestant confession of faith and rejects papal authority, beginning the Scottish Reformation, and disestablishing Roman Catholicism in Scotland.

title: 1560

date: July 31

text: July 31 – King Philip II of Spain sends a final letter to the administrators and Catholic bishops of the Spanish Netherlands, rejecting a request to abolish ordinances treating Protestants as heretics. The decision leads to an uprising against Spain by Calvinists and ultimately to the Eighty Years War.

title: 1566

date: July 25

text: July 25 – As he promised in January, Henry IV of France abjures Protestantism at the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Legend attributes to him the saying Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a mass").

title: 1593

date: September 2

text: September 2 (August 23 O.S.) – The Lutheran Duchy of Prussia, a fiefdom within Poland, becomes the first Protestant government to follow the Roman Catholic nations in adopting the Gregorian calendar.

title: 1612

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Restitution, ordering all Catholic properties lost to Protestantism since 1552 to be restored. The Edict further provides that Catholics and Lutherans (but not Calvinists, Hussites or members of other sects) are to be allowed to practice their faith.

title: 1629

text: St Columb's Cathedral, Derry, Ireland, the first post-Reformation Anglican cathedral built in the British Isles and the first Protestant cathedral built in Europe, is completed.

title: 1633

text: June 16 (June 6 Old Style) – Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.

title: 1654

date: March 16

text: March 16 – At the Synod of Jerusalem, presided over by Dositheos II of Jerusalem, the 68 bishops and representatives from the whole of Eastern Orthodox Christendom close by approving the Orthodox dogma against the challenge of Protestantism, declaring against "the falsehoods of the adversaries which they have devised against the Eastern Church" and making a goal of "reformation of their innovations and for their return to the catholic and apostolic church in which their forefathers also were."

title: 1672

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: October 22

text: October 22 – Louis XIV of France issues the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal, thereby depriving Huguenots of civil rights. Their Temple de Charenton-le-Pont is immediately demolished and many flee to England, Prussia and elsewhere.

title: 1685

date: November 15

text: November 15 (November 5 OS) – The Glorious Revolution begins: William of Orange lands at Torbay, England with a multinational force of 20,000 soldiers. He makes no claim to the British Crown, saying only that he has come to save Protestantism and to maintain English liberty, and begins a march on London.

title: 1688

date: May 24

text: May 24 – The Act of Toleration, drawn up by the Convention Parliament of England to protect Protestants but with Roman Catholics intentionally excluded, is passed; this effectively concludes the Glorious Revolution.

title: 1689

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Protestant nations in Western Europe, except England, start using the Gregorian calendar. Catholic nations have been using the Gregorian calendar since its introduction in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.

title: 1700

date: August 11

text: August 11 – The Peace of Aarau is signed by Catholics and Protestants, ending the Toggenburg War and establishing Protestant dominance in Switzerland, while preserving the rights of Catholics.

title: 1712

date: February 21

text: February 21 – Spain grants Protestantism and Judaism legal equality with the Roman Catholic Church.

title: 1990

section: Events › February


slug: provence

label: Provence

description: region and historical province of southeastern France

text: Revolt of Euric: The Aquitanian Goths under Euric defeat a Roman army that was sent by Emperor Anthemius near Arles and conquer a large part of the Provence (Southern Gaul). The city of Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne is besieged.

title: 471

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Summer – Emperor Julius Nepos grants the Visigoth King Euric legal tenure of his conquests, which include Provence (region of Gaul), in exchange for full independence.

title: 475

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Odoacer crosses the Maritime Alps with a Gothic army and invades Provence (Southern Gaul). He conquers the cities of Arles and Marseille, after a victorious battle against the Burgundians.

title: 476

text: King Theodoric the Great sends an Ostrogoth army, led by his sword-bearer Theudis, drives the Franks out of Provence, and recovers Septimania (Languedoc) from the Visigoths.

title: 508

text: King Theodoric the Great raises the Frankish siege at Arles; the city is heroically defended by its inhabitants, assisted by the Ostrogothic general Theudis. The Ostrogoths overrun Provence (Southern Gaul), and consolidate their gains in the region.

title: 510

text: Date unknown – Queen Guntheuc, widow of Chlodomer, is forced into marrying his brother, Chlothar I. Her two children are murdered by him, but the eldest son Clodoald survives by escaping to Provence.

title: 524

date: March

text: March – Ostrogothic King Theodahad cedes Provence and upper Alamannia to the Franks, gaining their support in the war. He sends a large Gothic army into Dalmatia. They defeat the Byzantines, Mundus is killed during the fighting at Salona, and the Byzantine army withdraws.

title: 536

text: Mummolus, Gallo-Roman prefect, defeats the Lombards at Embrun and expels them from Provence (Southern Gaul).

title: 568

text: Pope Gregory I criticizes the bishops of Arles and Marseille for allowing the forced baptism of Jews in Provence (France).

title: 591

text: Summer – Charles Martel restores the authority of the Austrasian palace throughout the Frankish Kingdom, including against Frankish-claimed Aquitaine and Provence (Southern France). He exiles Rigobert, bishop of Reims, to Gascony.

title: 721

text: Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus (modern Spain), enter Provence and raid the Rhône Valley. The cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille are handed over by Count Maurontus, who is in rebellion against Charles Martel.

title: 734

text: Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, forms local alliances with the Burgundians, and imposes Frankish domination on Provence. He defeats Muslim forces at Sernhac and Beaucaire in Septimania (Southern France).

title: 736

text: Battle of Narbonne: Frankish forces under Charles Martel besiege Narbonne, occupied by a Umayyad garrison, but are unable to retake the fortress city. A Lombard army under King Liutprand crosses the Alps, to aid Charles in expelling the Muslims from Septimania. Meanwhile Maurontus, duke or count of Provence, raises a revolt from his unconquered city of Marseille, and threatens the rear of the Franks.

title: AD 737

text: Moors under Uqba ibn Al-Hajjaj cross the Pyrenees into France. Uqba fortifies Narbonne and reconquers Avignon, Arles, Nimes. He then advances into Provence, and penetrates as far as Piedmont; he then heads North, and conquers Dauphiné, destroying the city of Saint-Paul, taking Valence, Vienne and Lyon, which he uses as a base to attack Bourgogne.

title: 738

text: Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Charles Martel attacks Duke Maurontus of Provence and his Muslim allies. His brother Childebrand captures Marseille, one of the largest cities still in Umayyad hands. Maurontus is forced to go into hiding in the Alps.

title: 739

text: Sicily, Sardinia, Provence, and Greece are raided by a fleet of Arab Muslim ships sent by the governor of Ifriqya, the ones raiding South Western Europe are led by Habīb Ibn Abi ‘Ubayda Al-Fihrī, while the fleet raiding Greece is led by Mu’awiya ibn Hishām. All of them are successful, submitting the Islands and returning with much wealth from the spoils of war.

title: 740

text: Council of Frankfurt: King Charlemagne calls for a church meeting of the Frankish realm. Bishops and priests from Francia, Aquitaine, Italy, and Provence are gathered in Franconofurd (modern-day Frankfurt am Main).

title: 794

section: Deaths

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Emperor Louis II claims Provence, after the death of his brother Charles. King Lothair II receives Lower Burgundy and a part of the Jura Mountains.

title: 863

text: The Frankish nobles, who have ruled Provence in anarchy (since 887), declare Louis the Blind (a son of the late usurper King Boso) ruler of Lower Burgundy, at an assembly at Valence.

title: 890

text: Ermengard of Italy, queen and regent of Provence

title: 897

text: Spring – Adalbert II, margrave of Tuscany, revolts against Emperor Louis III ("the Blind"). He helps the deposed King Berengar I to recover the Kingdom of Italy. Louis III is forced to abdicate the Lombard throne and flees to Provence, compelled to promise never to return to Italy.

title: 902

text: Louis III returns to Provence. Unable to govern properly, he relinquishes the government of Lower Burgundy to his cousin Hugh, Count of Arles.

title: 905

date: March 24

text: March 24 – Hungarian Magyar forces led by General Szalárd, capture Pavia, capital of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, at the request of the Holy Roman Emperor Berengar. Later, after crossing the Alps via the St. Bernard Pass, the Magyars pillage Provence, Septimania and Nismes in southern France).

title: 924

section: Events › January—March

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Louis III (the Blind), former king of Provence (Lower Burgundy), dies at Arles after a 27-year reign (of which 23 are sightless). He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Hugh I who is King of Italy. With the approval of his kinsman Rudolph I, Hugh strips Louis's son and heir, Charles Constantine, of his inheritance and proclaims himself as ruler of Provence.

title: 928

text: Summer – Fatimid caliph al-Qa'im dispatches a naval expedition under Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi to raid the coast of Provence and Liguria, sacking Genoa on 16 August and attacking Pisa. Ya'qub also raids Corsica and Sardinia before returning to Mahdia with some 8,000 prisoners.

title: 935

text: King Hugh of Provence lays siege to Vignola to put an end to Berengar's advance. But to no avail, as Berengar of Ivrea is hailed throughout northern Italy as a liberator, and Hugh flees to Provence.

title: 945

text: Summer – The Hungarians plunder the surroundings of Laon, Reims, Chalon, Metz, and Gorze. After that, they return to Burgundy. In Provence, the Hungarians battle with the Moors from the Muslim enclave of Fraxinet.

title: 954

date: April 27

text: April 27 – Fulk Bertrand I, count of Provence

title: 1051

date: July 28

text: July 28 – William Bertrand, margrave of Provence

title: 1094

text: July 28 – William Bertrand dies, and his margravial title of Provence is inherited by Raymond IV ("Saint-Gilles"), who becomes count of Toulouse (until 1105).

title: 1094

date: October

text: October – Raymond IV ("Saint-Gilles"), count of Toulouse, sets off to join the First Crusade. He travels with his army, accompanied by his wife Elvira and Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy, via Provence through the Balkan route (along the coast of Croatia). He arrives at Dyrrachium to march to Thessaloniki.

title: 1096

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

text: Saracen pirates raid the city of Antibes in Provence and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat on the Lérins Islands (French Riviera).

title: 1125

text: Ramon Berenguer III (the Great), count of Barcelona, dies after a 34-year reign. He leaves most of his Catalonian territories to his elder son Ramon Berenguer IV, who continues the fight against the Almoravid Muslims. His younger son Berenguer Ramon inherits Provence (Southern France) and will reign as Ramon I (until 1144).

title: 1131

text: Douce II, countess of Provence (b. 1162)

title: 1172

section: Births

text: Alfonso II (Berenguer), count of Provence (d. 1209)

title: 1180

date: April 5

text: April 5 – Ramon Berenguer III, count of Provence

title: 1181

date: April 25

text: April 25 – King Alfonso II of Aragon ("the Chaste") dies after a 32-year reign at Perpignan. He leaves a will that divides his realm (Aragon loses Provence) and is succeeded by his 21-year-old son Peter II (the Catholic).

title: 1196

text: Saracen pirates, from the Balearic Islands, raid the city of Toulon in Provence, and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat, on the Lérins Islands.

title: 1197

text: Beatrice of Savoy, countess of Provence (d. 1266)

title: 1198

date: June 7

text: June 7 – King Louis VIII of France begins the Crusade against the Cathars (Albigensians) in southern France and against Raymond VII, count of Count of Toulouse. Over the next three months, the Crusaders capture the cities of Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire and Marseille and by Avignon's surrender on September 9, Louis forces the region of Languedoc into submission, and reasserts his authority upon the autonomous municipalities of his estates. Most cities have to accept the authority of Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Provence, but Marseille and Nice rebel.

title: 1226

section: Events › April – June

date: January 14

text: January 14 – King Henry III marries the 14-year-old Eleanor of Provence, one of the four daughters of Raimond Berenguer, count of Provence. The ceremony takes place at Canterbury Cathedral, with Simon de Montfort, as Lord High Steward, takes care of the banquet and kitchen arrangements. Eleanor is crowned queen at Westminster Abbey shortly afterward.

title: 1236

section: Events › By place › England

date: April 24

text: April 24 – Louis IX and his family sail from Acre to France. His boat is nearly wrecked off the coast of Cyprus and later nearly destroyed by fire. In July, the royal party arrives at Hyères in Provence.

title: 1254

section: Events › By place › Levant

text: October 18 – Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes Charles I, king of Sicily, to make a Crusade against Michael, who has re-established his rule in Constantinople. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.

title: 1281

text: May 1 – The 1314–1316 papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Clement V begins at Carpentras Cathedral in Provence with 23 cardinals in attendance, of whom the votes of 16 are necessary to elect a new Pontiff. The cardinals are divided into three factions, none of which have more than eight people, with a group from Italy (led by Guillaume de Mandagot), who want to move the papacy back to Rome; nine from Gascony, most of whom are relatives of Pope Clement (led by Arnaud de Pellegrue); and five from Provence (led by Berengar Fredol).

title: 1314

text: July 26 – At Avignon, Pope Urban V learns of a possible invasion of France by John of Gaunt and his intention to capture Provence, and writes to England's King Edward III to take steps to prevent it.

title: 1367

text: December 10 – With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou reverts to the French crown under Louis XI, as does the Provence, which until then was part of the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1481

text: Provence was legally incorporated into the French royal domain.

title: 1486

text: January 1 – King Francis I of France issues the "Arrêt de Mérindol", to destroy the Protestant Waldensians of Provence.

title: 1545


slug: province-of-carolina

label: Province of Carolina

description: British province in North America and the Caribbean (1663–1712)

text: March 24 – King Charles II of England issues the Charter of Carolina, establishing the Province of Carolina, and dividing it between eight Lords Proprietors.

title: 1663

section: Events › January–March

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: June 30

text: June 30 – King Charles II of England issues a second charter for the Province of Carolina, which clarifies and expands the borders of the Lords Proprietors' tracts.

title: 1665

section: Events › April–June

date: March 15

text: March 15 – The first English settlers arrive at the modern-day U.S. state of South Carolina, at this time the Province of Clarendon carved out of the Province of Carolina, and construct a settlement at Albemarle Point on the Ashley River.

title: 1670

text: About 1,200 Irish families sail from Barbados to Virginia and the Carolinas.

title: 1678

section: Events › Date unknown

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Spanish troops attack and plunder the Scottish colony of Stuarts Town in the Province of Carolina (now Port Royal, South Carolina) and plunder the city. After three days, the Spaniards begin a march of over 75 mi toward the larger port city of Charles Town.

title: 1686

section: Events › July–September

text: January 25–26 – Apalachee massacre: English colonists from the Province of Carolina, and their native allies, stage a series of brutal raids against a largely pacific population of Apalachee, in Spanish Florida.

title: 1704

section: Culture & Society

date: March 8

text: March 8 – The Province of Carolina incorporates the town of Bath, making it the first incorporated town in modern-day North Carolina. The town becomes the political center and de facto capital of the northern portion of the Province of Carolina until Edenton is incorporated in 1722.

title: 1705

date: June

text: June – Protestant Swiss and German Palatines, under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried, travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina. The settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenried's hometown of Bern in Switzerland.

title: 1710

date: January

text: January – Cary's Rebellion: The Lords Proprietor appoint Edward Hyde to replace Thomas Cary, as the governor of the North Carolina portion of the Province of Carolina. Hyde's policies are deemed hostile to Quaker interests, leading former governor Cary and his Quaker allies to take up arms against the province.

title: 1711

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The Province of Carolina incorporates Beaufort, North Carolina, as the Port of Beaufort, making it the third incorporated town in the province.

title: 1723

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Seven of the original eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina sell their shares back to the British crown. The 1710 division of the Province is made permanent and the area is reorganized into the Royal Colonies of North Carolina and South Carolina.

title: 1729


slug: province-of-massachusetts-bay

label: Province of Massachusetts Bay

description: former colony in North America, part of Great Britain

date: December 20

text: December 20 (December 10, 1690 O.S.) — The General Court of the Province of Massachusetts Bay creates the first authorized paper money issued by any government in the Western World as a substitute for coins. The first money is printed on February 13, 1691 (N.S.) and is dated "Feb. 3, 1690" based on the British old style calendar in use at the time.

title: 1690

section: Events › October–December

date: January 1

text: January 1 – The Abenaki tribe and Massachusetts colonists sign a treaty, ending the conflict in New England.

title: 1698

section: Crime & Justice

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Scottish-born pirate captain William Kidd is arrested and imprisoned in Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay, after being tricked by his former patron New York Governor Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont.

title: 1699

date: December 15

text: December 15 – A treaty is signed by chiefs of four member tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy (the Abenaki, Pequawket, Mi'kmaq, Maliseet) and representatives of three British provinces in North America (Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire and Nova Scotia) and their allies, the Mohawk nation, bringing an end to Dummer's War, named for acting Massachusetts Bay Governor William Dummer.

title: 1725

section: Conflict & Security

date: October 19

text: October 19 – William Shirley, the British colonial Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, announces the declaration of war against the Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet Indian tribes.

title: 1744

date: October 16

text: October 16 – At Falmouth, a part of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay that would later be the site of Portland, Maine, a peace treaty is signed between representatives of Massachusetts Bay and 19 sagamores and tribal chiefs of the Wabanaki Confederacy (encompassing the Penobscot, Kennebec, Odanak and Wôlinak tribes of the Abenaki Indians), temporarily settling territorial disputes in Maine during King George's War.

title: 1749

date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Province of Massachusetts Bay sends 2,000 troops to supplement other British Army and colonial forces in Acadia; the troops anchor at Chignecto Bay on June 1.

title: 1755

date: October 28

text: October 28 – A boycott, of 38 types of goods imported from England, is resolved by Boston merchants meeting at Faneuil Hall as a response to the taxes imposed by Great Britain, and one of the first "Buy American" campaigns is started in order to encourage the purchase of items manufactured and produced in the 13 colonies. Copies of the agreement, to be signed by participating merchants, are circulated beyond the Province of Massachusetts Bay to other colonial provinces in New England.

title: 1767

section: Events › October –December

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Christopher Seider, an 11-year-old boy in Boston in the British Province of Massachusetts Bay, is shot and killed by a colonial official, Ebenezer Richardson. The funeral sets off anti-British protests that lead to the massacre days later.

title: 1770

section: Events › January– March

date: February 24

text: February 24 – The Province of Massachusetts Bay House of Representatives votes, 92 to 8, to impeach Superior Court Chief Justice Peter Oliver, but Provincial Governor Thomas Hutchinson refuses to allow the trial to proceed.

title: 1774

date: September 1

text: September 1 – Powder Alarm: Thomas Gage, royal governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, orders British soldiers to remove gunpowder from a magazine, causing Patriots to prepare for war.

title: 1774

date: February 9

text: February 9 – American Revolution: The Parliament of Great Britain declares the Province of Massachusetts Bay to be in rebellion.

title: 1775

section: Events › January–June


slug: province-of-new-york

label: Province of New York

section: Births

date: October 24

text: October 24 – Stephen Delancey, major colonial New York figure (d. 1741)

title: 1663

date: April 12

text: April 12 – The Treaty of Casco Bay is signed between officials of the Province of New York and the Penobscot tribe and the Wabanaki Confederacy, bringing an end to further fighting that has happened in the two years since the end of King Philip's War in the modern-day U.S. state of Maine. Under the terms of the treaty, English settlers pay rent to the Penobscots and are given back farm land that had been confiscated in the war, while the English settlers agree to respect the Penobscot land rights.

title: 1678

section: Economy & Finance

date: August 25

text: August 25 – The Earl of Limerick, Irishman Thomas Dongan, takes office as the new British Colonial Governor of the Province of New York and makes major reforms to restore public order and rescue the province from bankruptcy.

title: 1683

date: November 1

text: November 1 – The English crown colony of the Province of New York is subdivided into 12 counties: Albany, Dutchess, Orange, Ulster, and Westchester (upstate); Kings, New York County, Queens, Richmond (within New York City); Suffolk (eastern Long Island), and two areas not in New York state, Dukes County (now in Massachusetts) and Cornwall County (now 11 counties in Maine).

title: 1683

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Leisler's Rebellion: Calvinist Jacob Leisler deposes lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson and assumes control of the Province of New York.

title: 1689

date: February 8

text: February 8 – The Schenectady massacre takes place in the village of Schenectady in the colony of New York, when 200 Frenchmen, Mohawk and Algonquin warriors kill or capture most of the inhabitants in retaliation for the Lachine massacre.

title: 1690

date: May 6

text: May 6 – The Province of New York establishes the New York Supreme Court as the Supreme Court of Judicature. It is the oldest Supreme Court with general original jurisdiction.

title: 1691

date: November 8

text: November 8 – The first newspaper in the Province of New York, the New-York Gazette, is introduced by William Bradford as a weekly publication.

title: 1725

date: September 14

text: September 14 – The Nanfan Treaty of July 19, 1701 between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Province of New York, is amended by both parties.

title: 1726

date: August 16

text: August 16 (August 5 old style) – John Peter Zenger of The New York Weekly Journal becomes a symbol of freedom of the press when he is acquitted of seditious libel against William Cosby, the British Governor of the Province of New York. A jury concludes that what Zenger published was true.

title: 1735

section: Deaths

date: November 18

text: November 18 – Stephen Delancey, major colonial New York figure (b. 1663)

title: 1741

date: July 17

text: July 17 – Classes begin at Columbia University, founded on October 31 as King's College by royal charter of King George II of Great Britain. The college is originally located in Lower Manhattan in the Province of New York. Instruction is suspended in 1776, and the school reopens in 1784 as Columbia College. With the college's growth in the 19th century, it is renamed Columbia University in 1896.

title: 1754

date: July 20

text: July 20 – King George, on advice of the Privy Council, issues the Royal Determination of the disputed boundary between the colonial provinces of New York and New Hampshire. The King-in-Council "doth hereby order and declare the western banks of the river Connecticut from where it enters the province of Massachusetts Bay, as far north as the 45th degree of north latitude to be the boundary line between the two provinces of New Hampshire and New York."

title: 1764

date: November 27

text: November 27 – A British sloop-of-war is searching all vessels passing near Cape Lookout, North Carolina, and some vessels have been seized, according to an observer in New York City, in the Province of New York, reporting to the Pennsylvania Gazette.

title: 1766


slug: province-of-pennsylvania

label: Province of Pennsylvania

text: The lower three counties of the Province of Pennsylvania become the colony of Delaware.

title: 1704

date: June 8

text: June 8 – The Tuscarora nation sends a petition to the Province of Pennsylvania, protesting the seizure of their lands and enslavement of their people, by citizens of the Province of Carolina.

title: 1710

date: March 16

text: March 16 – The establishment by Thomas Cresap of Wright's Ferry under the authority of the Province of Pennsylvania becomes the basis for Cresap's War, a nine-year-long conflict also known as the Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary dispute; the conflict mainly centers in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and York County, Pennsylvania on either bank of the Susquehanna River.

title: 1730

date: May 10

text: May 10 – Representatives of the heirs of William Penn and of Lord Baltimore, the respective owners of most of the land in the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Maryland set out the boundary between the two future U.S. states after a survey determines that Philadelphia is located on the Maryland side of the border. The dispute eventually leads to a lawsuit and the eventual survey by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to determine the Mason–Dixon line.

title: 1732

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Runner Edward Marshall completes his journey in the Walking Purchase, forcing the cession of 1200000 acre km2 of Lenape-Delaware tribal land to the Province of Pennsylvania.

title: 1737

date: May 25

text: May 25 – The military phase of Cresap's War between the British North American Provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania is ended when King George II of Great Britain negotiates a cease-fire.

title: 1738

date: December 7

text: December 7 – Benjamin Franklin forms the Pennsylvania Associators, the first militia in the colony of Pennsylvania, which had no standing militia because of its foundation by pacifistic Quakers.

title: 1747

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Pennsylvania becomes the first of the British colonies to address Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan for an inter-colonial union. With Franklin absent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's House of Representatives votes against to not consider the Plan at all, and to not refer it to the next legislative session for debate.

title: 1754


slug: provisional-irish-republican-army

label: Provisional Irish Republican Army

description: Irish republican paramilitary group, 1969–2005

text: May 6 – Arms Crisis in the Republic of Ireland: Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney are dismissed as members of the Irish Government for accusations of their involvement in a plot to import arms for use by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland.

title: 1970

section: Events › May

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: July

text: Claudy bombing ("Bloody Monday"), 10:00 AM : Three car bombs in Claudy, County Londonderry, kill nine. It becomes public knowledge only in 2010 that a local Catholic priest was an IRA officer believed to be involved in the bombings but his role was covered up by the authorities.

title: 1972

section: Events › July

date: July 21

text: July 21 – The Troubles: Bloody Friday – 22 bombs planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army explode in Belfast, Northern Ireland; nine people are killed and 130 seriously injured.

title: 1972

date: November 19

text: November 19 – Seán Mac Stíofáin, a leader of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, is arrested in Dublin after giving a radio interview to RTÉ and charged with being a member of the IRA.

title: 1972

section: Events › November

date: March 8

text: March 8 – The Troubles: A referendum is held in Northern Ireland over whether to reunite with the Republic of Ireland or to stay a part of the UK. The result was 98% remain. The Provisional Irish Republican Army responds to the referendum by planting four car bombs in London on the same day, two of which went off, causing one death and injuring over 200 people.

title: 1973

section: Events › March

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Birmingham pub bombings: In Birmingham, England, two pubs are bombed, killing 21 people in an attack widely believed at the time to be linked to the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The Birmingham Six are later sentenced to life in prison for this, but their convictions are quashed after a lengthy campaign.

title: 1974

section: Events › November–December

text: July 21 – A Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb kills Christopher Ewart-Biggs, new British ambassador to the Irish Republic, and Judith Cooke, a Northern Ireland Office private secretary, in Dublin; two others are seriously wounded but survive.

title: 1976

section: Health & Medicine

date: August 27

text: August 27 – The Troubles: Lord Mountbatten of Burma and two others are killed in a bombing on his boat in the Republic of Ireland by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). Mountbatten was a British fleet admiral, statesman and an uncle of The Duke of Edinburgh. On the same day, the Warrenpoint ambush occurs, killing 18 British soldiers. Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne would die in a hospital the following day from injuries sustained in the bombing.

title: 1979

section: Events › August

date: November 23

text: November 23 – The Troubles: In Dublin, Ireland, Provisional Irish Republican Army member Thomas McMahon is sentenced to life in prison for the assassination of Lord Mountbatten of Burma in August. He was released in 1998 under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.

title: 1979

section: Climate & Environment

date: October 27

text: October 27 – Six Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners in Maze prison in Northern Ireland refuse food and demand status as political prisoners; the hunger strike lasts until December.

title: 1980

section: Events › October

date: March 1

text: March 1 – 1981 Irish hunger strike: Bobby Sands, a Provisional Irish Republican Army member, begins a hunger strike for political status at HM Prison Maze (Long Kesh) in Northern Ireland, dying on May 5, the first of 7 IRA and 3 INLA hunger strikers to die.

title: 1981

date: October 12

text: October 12 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) attempts to assassinate Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the British Cabinet in the Brighton hotel bombing with an explosive device planted nearly a month earlier in their conference hotel. The terror attack kills five people and injures 31.

title: 1984

date: February 28

text: February 28 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army carries out a mortar attack on the Royal Ulster Constabulary police station at Newry in Northern Ireland. With nine officers dead, it is the highest loss of life for the RUC on a single day.

title: 1985

section: Events › February

date: June 22

text: June 22 – British and Irish police foil a "mainland bombing campaign" sponsored by the Provisional Irish Republican Army which targets luxury vacation resorts.

title: 1985

section: Events › June

text: November 8 – Enniskillen bombing: Twelve people are killed by a Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb at a Remembrance Day service at Enniskillen.

title: 1987

text: March 16 – Milltown Cemetery attack: Three men are killed and 70 wounded in a gun and grenade attack by loyalist paramilitary Michael Stone on mourners at Milltown Cemetery in Belfast, Northern Ireland, during the funerals of the 3 IRA members killed in Gibraltar.

title: 1988

date: March 19

text: March 19 – Corporals killings in Belfast: Two British Army corporals are abducted, beaten and shot dead by Irish republicans after driving into the funeral cortege of IRA members killed in the Milltown Cemetery attack.

title: 1988

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Operation Flavius: A Special Air Service team of the British Army shoots dead 3 unarmed members of a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) Active service unit in Gibraltar.

title: 1988

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army shoot and kill Major Michael Dillon-Lee and Private William Robert Davies of the British Army. Dillon-Lee is killed outside his home in Dortmund, Germany and Davies is killed at a railway station in Lichfield, England.

title: 1990

date: February 18

text: February 18 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army explodes bombs in the early morning, at both Paddington station and Victoria station, in London.

title: 1991

date: November 28

text: November 28 – The Observer reveals that a channel of communications has existed between the Provisional Irish Republican Army and the British government, despite the government's persistent denials.

title: 1993

date: August 31

text: August 31 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army announces a "complete cessation of military operations" as part of the Northern Ireland peace process. This will temporarily end in 1996 with the Docklands bombing in England before a definite ceasefire in 1997. In 1998, the Good Friday Agreement is signed and the IRA decommissions its weapons in 2005

title: 1994

date: January 11

text: January 11 – The Irish government announces the end of a 15-year broadcasting ban on the Provisional Irish Republican Army and its political arm Sinn Féin.

title: 1994

section: Events › January

date: July 28

text: July 28 – As a result of the Good Friday Agreement signed in 1998, the Provisional Irish Republican Army ends its armed campaign and decommissions their weapons, by ordering all its units to drop their arms under the supervision of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning.

title: 2005


slug: prussia

label: Prussia

description: common term for the Duchy, the Kingdom and the Free State of Prussia (1525–1947)

section: Conflict & Security

text: Polish forces under Konrad I drive out the heathen Prussians, from the Masovian territory of Chełmno Land.

title: 1220

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Teutonic Knights undertake a new Crusade, attempting to subdue the pagan Prussians, who occupy a part of the Baltic coast. They are invited to Poland by High Duke Konrad I of Masovia, a grandson of Bolesław III Wrymouth. Their task is to defend Masovia against raids of the Prussians. After defeating them, the German knights set up their own state, which they named after the pagan people they have all but annihilated – Prussia.

title: 1226

section: Religion & Belief

text: Frederick II bestows on the Teutonic Order a special privilege for the conquest of Prussia, including Chełmno Land, with papal sovereignty. He allows the Teutonic Knights to forcibly convert the Prussians to Christianity.

title: 1230

text: The Teutonic Knights in Prussia found Königsberg (modern-day Kaliningrad) and name it in honour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia.

title: 1255

section: Culture & Society

date: October 17

text: October 17 – The University of Greifswald is established, making it the second oldest university in Northern Europe. Due to border changes, from 1648 to 1815 it is the oldest in Sweden, and from 1815 to 1945 the oldest in Prussia.

title: 1456

section: Events › October–December

date: August 4

text: August 4 – Martin Truchsess von Wetzhausen is elected as the new Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights to succeed the late Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg as ruler of a few territories in Prussia.

title: 1477

section: Events › July–September

text: A permanent standing army is established in Prussia.

title: 1660

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Neuruppin becomes a Prussian garrison town.

title: 1688

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Battle of Koroncó: Austrians and their allies from Denmark, Prussia, Croatia, Germany and Vojvodina defeat the Kurucs.

title: 1704

section: Events › April–June

text: November 28 – The royal wedding of Prussia takes place in Berlin between the 18-year-old Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm and his bride Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, the 19-year-old daughter of the future King George I of Great Britain.

title: 1706

date: July 12

text: July 12 – Christian von Wolff holds a lecture for students and the magistrates at the end of his term as a rector, as a result of which he is banned from Prussia, on a charge of atheism.

title: 1723

date: September 16

text: September 16 – The Treaty of Hanover is signed between Great Britain, France and Prussia.

title: 1725

date: January 9

text: January 9 – The world-famous Charité Hospital is established in Berlin, to be used for research and to help the poor. Prussia's King Frederick William I had ordered the conversion of a 16-year old institution, originally built in anticipation of an epidemic of the bubonic plague.

title: 1727

section: Events › January–March

date: March 9

text: March 9 – War of the Austrian Succession: Prussian troops bring down the Austrian fortress of Glogau (modern-day Głogów in Poland).

title: 1741

date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Union of Germany is proclaimed in Frankfurt Frederick II of Prussia, as articles of union are signed between Prussia, Hesse-Kassel and the Rhineland Palatinate.

title: 1744

date: December 25

text: December 25 – The Treaty of Dresden gives Prussia full possession of Silesia.

title: 1745

section: Events › October –December

date: October 8

text: October 8 – The Empress Elizabeth of Russia agrees to provide the Electorate of Saxony with aid in its war against Prussia, but the agreement comes too late.

title: 1745

text: December 25 – Prussia and Russia break off diplomatic relations after the Russians refuse to stop assisting the Electorate of Saxony. Five years later, the two Empires fight the Seven Years' War.

title: 1750

section: Births

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Karl August von Hardenberg, Prussian politician (d. 1822)

title: 1750

text: September 16 – Sir Charles Hanbury-Williams, the new British Minister to Russia, secures an alliance signed by Empress Catherine the Great. The Russian Empire agrees to provide up to 55,000 troops to defend the Electorate of Hanover against invasion by Prussia. At the time, King George II of Great Britain is also the ruler of the German duchy; the Russian troops are provided in return for an annual payment of £600,000.

title: 1755

date: January 16

text: January 16 – The Treaty of Westminster is signed between Great Britain and Prussia, guaranteeing the neutrality of the Electorate of Hanover, controlled by King George II of Great Britain.

title: 1756

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Pomeranian War: A column of troops from Sweden begins the surprise invasion of Prussia, setting up a pontoon bridge across the Peene River that marks the boundary between Swedish Pomerania and northern Prussia. After crossing at Loitz in the early morning hours, the troops march 10 km and begin the occupation of the undefended Prussian town of Demmin. Hours later, another Swedish infantry regiment charges across the border into the Prussian town of Anklam, where the city gate had been left open.

title: 1757

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Russian troops under the command of William Fermor invade East Prussia and capture Königsberg with 34,000 soldiers; although the city is later abandoned by Russia after the Seven Years' War ends, the city again comes under Russian control in 1945 during World War II and is now named Kaliningrad.

title: 1758

date: June 30

text: June 30 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Domstadtl: Austrian forces under Ernst Gideon von Laudon and Joseph von Siskovits rout an enormous convoy with supplies for the Prussian army, guarded by strong troops of Hans Joachim von Zieten.

title: 1758

date: April 3

text: April 3 – Great Britain and Prussia agree to begin peace negotiations to end the Seven Years' War.

title: 1760

date: January 5

text: January 5 – Empress Elisabeth of Russia dies, and is succeeded by her nephew Peter III. Peter, an admirer of Frederick the Great, immediately opens peace negotiations with the Prussians.

title: 1762

date: February 17

text: February 17 – The First Partition of Poland is agreed to by Russia and Prussia, later including Austria.

title: 1772

date: September 10

text: September 10 – The United States and the Kingdom of Prussia sign a Treaty of Amity and Commerce.

title: 1785

date: July 27

text: July 27 – The Convention of Reichenbach is signed between Prussia and Austria.

title: 1790

date: April 19

text: April 19 – Britain, Prussia and the Netherlands sign a treaty of alliance against France.

title: 1794

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Battle of Trippstadt between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria (First Coalition).

title: 1794

date: April 5

text: April 5 – The Peace of Basel is signed, between France and Prussia.

title: 1795

section: Events › January–June

date: October 24

text: October 24 – The Third Partition of Poland is made, dividing the territory of the Commonwealth of Poland between the Habsburg monarchy, Prussia and the Russian Empire. On November 25, Stanisław August Poniatowski formally abdicates as last King of Poland.

title: 1795

section: Events › July–December

date: August 23

text: August 23 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Großbeeren: Napoleon is defeated by Prussia and Sweden.

title: 1813

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Katzbach: Napoleon's troops are defeated by Prussia and Russia.

title: 1813

text: September 6 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Dennewitz: The armies of Napoleon I are again defeated by Prussia and Russia.

title: 1813

text: January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.

title: 1815

text: September 26 – Austria, Prussia and Russia sign a Holy Alliance, to uphold the European status quo.

title: 1815

text: October 25–November 20 – The Congress of Troppau is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.

title: 1820

text: November 26 – Karl August von Hardenberg, Prussian politician (b. 1750)

title: 1822

text: October 20 – The Congress of Verona opens in the Austrian-ruled province of Lombardy-Venetia. The event is the largest diplomatic gathering since the Congress of Vienna seven years earlier. The Congress lasts until December 14, and Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.

title: 1822

text: March 9 – Prussia imposes the Child Labor Law of 1839, becoming the first nation in the world to place restrictions on child labor.

title: 1839

text: November 29 – The treaty known as the Punctation of Olmütz is signed in Olomouc. It means diplomatic capitulation of Prussia to the Austrian Empire, which takes over the leadership of the German Confederation.

title: 1850

text: October 5 – Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.

title: 1860

text: October 30 – The Second Schleswig War is concluded. Denmark renounces all claim to Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, which come under Prussian and Austrian administration.

title: 1864

text: July 3 – Battle of Königgrätz: the Prussian army under King Wilhelm and Helmuth von Moltke defeats the Austrian army of Ludwig von Benedek, leading to a decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War.

title: 1866

text: July 1 – The Constitution of the North German Confederation comes into effect, creating a confederation of states, under the leadership of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck.

title: 1867

text: July 14 – The Ems Dispatch is published, serving as casus belli for a war between Prussia and France.

title: 1870

text: July 19 – Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia.

title: 1870

text: September 2 – Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Sedan – Prussian forces defeat the French armies and take Emperor Napoleon III and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner at Sedan, France.

title: 1870

text: March 26 – Prussian deportations: The Prussian government, motivated by Otto von Bismarck, expels all ethnic Poles and Jews without German citizenship from Prussia.

title: 1885

text: January 16 – A resolution is passed in the German Parliament to condemn the Prussian deportations, the politically motivated mass expulsion of ethnic Poles and Jews from Prussia, initiated by Otto von Bismarck.

title: 1886

text: October 16 – Imposter Wilhelm Voigt impersonates a Prussian officer and takes over the city hall in Köpenick for a short time.

title: 1906

text: February 25 – The German state of Prussia is officially abolished, by the Allied Control Council.

title: 1947


slug: ptolemaic-kingdom

label: Ptolemaic kingdom

year_label: 245 BCE

text: Babylon and Susa fall to the Ptolemaic armies of Ptolemy III.

title: 245 BC

section: Events › By place › Egypt

year_label: 204 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Ptolemy IV Philopator, king (Pharaoh) of Egypt

title: 204 BC

year_label: 117 BCE

text: Ptolemy XII Auletes, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (d. 51 BC)

title: 117 BC

year_label: 116 BCE

text: Ptolemy IX Philometor Soter II Lathyros becomes king of Egypt and claims the throne.

title: 116 BC

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Ptolemy VIII Physcon, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (b. c. 182 BC)

title: 116 BC

year_label: 101 BCE

text: Cleopatra III, queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom (assassinated by her son Ptolemy X Alexander I)

title: 101 BC

year_label: 88 BCE

text: Ptolemy X Alexander I, king (pharaoh) of Egypt

title: 88 BC

year_label: 81 BCE

text: Ptolemy IX Lathyros, king of Ptolemaic Egypt

title: 81 BC

year_label: 80 BCE

text: Berenice III, queen regnant of Egypt (b. 120 BC)

title: 80 BC

text: Ptolemy XI Alexander II, king (pharaoh) of Egypt

title: 80 BC

year_label: 77 BCE

text: Berenice IV Epiphaneia, Greek princess and queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom (d. 55 BC)

title: 77 BC

year_label: 70 BCE

text: Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt (d. 30 BC)

title: 70 BC

year_label: 69 BCE

text: Cleopatra VII Philopator, queen of Egypt (d. 30 BC)

title: 69 BC

year_label: 62 BCE

text: Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (d. 47 BC)

title: 62 BC

year_label: 60 BCE

text: Ptolemy XIV, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (or 59 BC)

title: 60 BC

year_label: 59 BCE

text: Ptolemy XIV, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (or 60 BC)

title: 59 BC

year_label: 58 BCE

text: Berenice IV becomes queen of Egypt after temporarily dethroning her father, King Ptolemy XII Auletes.

title: 58 BC

year_label: 55 BCE

text: Berenice IV Epiphaneia, queen of Egypt (b. 77 BC)

title: 55 BC

year_label: 51 BCE

text: Ptolemy XII (Auletes), king (pharaoh) of the Ptolemaic Kingdom

title: 51 BC

text: by March 22 – Pharaoh Ptolemy XII Auletes dies and is succeeded by his eldest surviving daughter Cleopatra VII and her younger brother Ptolemy XIII as co-rulers of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. By August 29, official documents start listing Cleopatra as sole ruler.

title: 51 BC

year_label: 48 BCE

date: August

text: August – Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus, who flees to Egypt. Pompey's army by and large is pardoned.

title: 48 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 47 BCE

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Caesarion, prince of Egypt, later Ptolemy XV (d. 30 BC)

title: 47 BC

year_label: 44 BCE

text: c. August – Ptolemy XIV, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (presumed murdered) (b. c. 59 BC)

title: 44 BC

year_label: 29 BCE

text: Ptolemy Philadelphus, Ptolemaic prince of Egypt (b. 36 BC)

title: 29 BC

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Turkish general, is sent to Egypt as governor, by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tazz. He becomes the founder of the Tulunid Dynasty (until 905), and Egypt becomes an autonomous state for the first time since the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

title: 868

section: Events › By place › Africa


slug: ptolemy-i-soter

label: Ptolemy I Soter

description: Macedonian general, ruler of Egypt

year_label: 367 BCE

text: Ptolemy, Macedonian general, later founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt (d. 282 BC)

title: 367 BC

year_label: 337 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Olympias is put aside by her husband Philip II, following Philip's marriage to a girl named Cleopatra (who is renamed Eurydice). Their son, Alexander, is effectively disowned by Philip's actions. Philip II has Ptolemy, along with other companions of his son, exiled.

title: 337 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 329 BCE

text: Crossing the Oxus, Alexander sends his general Ptolemy in pursuit of Bessus. In the meantime, Bessus is overthrown by the Sogdian Spitamenes. Bessus is captured, flogged, and sent to Ptolemy in Bactria with the hope of appeasing Alexander. In due course, Bessus is publicly executed at Ecbatana. With the death of Bessus (Artaxerxes V), Persian resistance to Alexander the Great ceases.

title: 329 BC

section: Events › By place › Macedonian Empire

year_label: 322 BCE

text: By custom, kings in Macedonia assert their right to the throne by burying their predecessor. To pre-empt Perdiccas, the imperial regent, Ptolemy has Alexander the Great's body brought to Memphis, Egypt and buried there in a gold sarcophagus. Ptolemy then marries Alexander's mistress, Thaïs and commences to reign as king of Egypt and the adjacent Libyan and Arabian regions.

title: 322 BC

text: Cleomenes of Naucratis, Greek deputy to the Macedonian ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy

title: 322 BC

year_label: 321 BCE

text: Leaving Eumenes to hold Asia Minor against Craterus and Antigonus, Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy, but when he fails to cross the Nile he is murdered by mutinous officers. Prominent among the mutineers is Seleucus. A truce is arranged, leaving Ptolemy in power in Egypt and Seleucus in power in Babylon.

title: 321 BC

year_label: 320 BCE

text: Alexander the Great's various generals control different parts of Alexander's empire. Ptolemy controls Egypt, Seleucus controls Babylon and Syria, Antipater and his son Cassander control Macedon and Greece, Antigonus controls Phrygia and other parts of Asia Minor, Lysimachus controls Thrace and Pergamum and Eumenes controls the Cappadocia and Pontus areas.

title: 320 BC

year_label: 319 BCE

text: Polyperchon's authority is challenged by Antipater's son Cassander, who refuses to acknowledge the new regent. With the aid of Antigonus, ruler of Phrygia, and with the support of Ptolemy and Lysimachus, Cassander seizes most of Greece including Macedonia.

title: 319 BC

year_label: 318 BCE

text: Antigonus resolves to become lord of all Asia, and in conjunction with Cassander and Ptolemy. He enters into negotiations with Eumenes; but Eumenes remains faithful to the royal house. He raises an army and forms a coalition with the satraps of the eastern provinces. He then captures Babylon from Antigonus.

title: 318 BC

year_label: 317 BCE

text: Ptolemy marries Berenice, lady-in-waiting to his first wife Eurydice.

title: 317 BC

year_label: 315 BCE

text: Ptolemy's armies fight supporters of Antigonus in Cyprus. Ptolemy is able to re-conquer the island.

title: 315 BC

section: Events › By place › Cyprus

year_label: 314 BCE

text: The Aetolians enter into an alliance with Antigonus, and the League of the Islanders is established under Antigonus' hegemony. Cassander marches against them with his allies Lysimachus, Ptolemy and Seleucus and destroys the city of Agrinio.

title: 314 BC

text: Antigonus, the ruler of the Asian parts of the late Alexander the Great's empire, faces a coalition consisting of Cassander, the Macedonian regent; Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace; and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt, who have taken the side of the ousted satrap of Babylon, Seleucus.

title: 314 BC

year_label: 313 BCE

text: Ptolemy, whose Egyptian kingdom includes Cyprus, puts down a revolt there.

title: 313 BC

text: Cassander orders Dionysius (the commander of his garrison in Athens) and Demetrius of Phalerum (the tyrant of Athens) to send a fleet of 20 warships to try and recapture Lemnos. An Athenian strategos named Aristoteles is sent, ravaging the island in conjunction with Seleucus (who was sent into the Aegean by Ptolemy). After Seleucus sails away, Aristoteles is attacked by the Antigonid fleet, most of his ships being captured.

title: 313 BC

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Asander sends emissaries to Ptolemy and Seleucus asking for help

title: 313 BC

section: Events › By place › Asia Minor

year_label: 312 BCE

text: At the end of the year, Ptolemy invades Antigonus' territories in Palestine with an army of 18,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry. The resulting Battle of Gaza leads to a triumph for Ptolemy over Antigonus' son, Demetrius.

title: 312 BC

section: Events › By place › Syria/Mesopotamia/Babylonia

text: The people of Cyrene in the Cyrenaica rise up in a revolt against Ptolemy, putting the Ptolemaic garrison, which occupies their citadel, under siege. After they execute Ptolemy's envoys, who came to bade them to cease their sedition, he sends Agis (one of his generals) with an army and Epaunetus (another general) with a fleet to put down the rebellion. Agis storms the city, captures the rebels, and sends the ringleaders to Alexandria.

title: 312 BC

section: Events › By place › Cyrenaica

text: Demetrius rallies the remnants of his army at Tripolis and summons reinforcements from the garrisons of upper Syria and Cilicia; he also writes his father, Antigonus, and urges him to send help. Meanwhile Ptolemy captures Acre, Joppa, Samaria and Sidon, and starts to besiege Tyre.

title: 312 BC

text: Ptolemy raids Antigonus' territories in Cilicia and Syria, and then sails back to Egypt.

title: 312 BC

year_label: 311 BCE

text: Ptolemy tries to occupy Syria; he himself campaigns in Coele Syria (southern Syria) while he sends Killes, one of his generals, into northern Syria to finish off the remnants of Demetrius Poliorcetes' army. Demetrius defeats Killes at Myus and Antigonus enters Syria in force. So, after only a few months, Ptolemy evacuates his forces from Syria.

title: 311 BC

section: Events › By place › Asia Minor/Syria/Palestina

year_label: 310 BCE

text: Ptolemy attacks Cilicia, territory held by Antigonus, but is driven out by Demetrius.

title: 310 BC

text: By order of Ptolemy, Nicocles of Paphos kills himself.

title: 310 BC

year_label: 309 BCE

text: Ptolemy arrives at Kos and sends for Ptolemaeus (the nephew of Antigonus – who has revolted against Antigonus) to join him to discuss strategy. After finding out Ptolemaeus plans to take over his army and fleet, Ptolemy forces him to commit suicide.

title: 309 BC

text: Ptolemy I Soter personally commands a fleet that takes the coastal regions of Lycia and Caria from Antigonus I Monophthalmus, capturing the cities of Phaselis, Xanthos, Kaunos, Iasos and Myndus.

title: 309 BC

year_label: 308 BCE

text: Ptolemy makes peace with Cassander

title: 308 BC

text: Ptolemy crosses from Asia Minor into Greece, where he takes possession of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara.

title: 308 BC

year_label: 306 BCE

text: Demetrius Poliorcetes lands on Cyprus and besieges Menelaus, brother of Egypt's ruler, Ptolemy I Soter, at Salamis. Ptolemy Soter, coming to his brother's aid, is decisively defeated in the Battle of Salamis. The battle completely destroys the naval power of Egypt and results in the capture of Cyprus by Demetrius. This gives Demetrius' father, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, control of the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean.

title: 306 BC

year_label: 305 BCE

text: Antigonus I Monophthalmus sends his son Demetrius to initiate the Siege of Rhodes, as the city has refused him armed support against Ptolemy.

title: 305 BC

section: Events › By place › Syria

year_label: 304 BCE

text: Antigonus then concludes a peace treaty and an alliance with the island state, guaranteeing it autonomy and neutrality in his conflicts with Ptolemy.

title: 304 BC

text: Demetrius Poliorcetes and the Rhodians come to a truce, with the agreement that the city should be autonomous, should keep its own revenue and that the Rhodians should be allies of Antigonus unless he is at war with Ptolemy.

title: 304 BC

year_label: 303 BCE

text: Cassander and Lysimachus persuade Seleucus and Ptolemy to join them in trying to destroy Antigonus.

title: 303 BC

year_label: 302 BCE

text: Following their agreement to work together to defeat Antigonus, Seleucus invades Asia Minor from Babylonia, while Ptolemy attacks Syria and Lysimachus moves into the western part of Asia Minor.

title: 302 BC

year_label: 301 BCE

text: The southern part of Syria is occupied by Ptolemy.

title: 301 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

text: Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, is taken as a hostage to Egypt after the Battle of Ipsus and makes a diplomatic marriage with the princess Antigone, daughter of Ptolemy and Berenice.

title: 300 BC

text: Ptolemy gives his stepdaughter Theoxena in marriage to Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse (in south-eastern Sicily).

title: 298 BC

text: Ptolemy decides to support Pyrrhus of Epirus and restores him to his kingdom. At first, Pyrrhus reigns with a kinsman, Neoptolemus II of Epirus (who is a son of Cleopatra of Macedonia and a nephew of Alexander the Great), but soon he has him assassinated.

title: 297 BC

text: Ptolemy makes peace with Demetrius Poliorcetes, to whom he betrothes his daughter Ptolemais.

title: 296 BC

text: Archidamus IV, king of Sparta, son of Eudamidas I and grandson of Archidamus III, is defeated by Demetrius Poliorcetes of Macedonia in a battle at Mantinea. Sparta is saved only because Demetrius is called away by the threatening activities of his rivals Lysimachus and Ptolemy.

title: 294 BC

text: Berenice, wife of Ptolemy, is proclaimed queen of Egypt. Ptolemy has the city of Berenice built on the Red Sea in her honour. It becomes a great emporium for Egyptian trade with the East.

title: 290 BC

text: The Macedonian King, Demetrius Poliorcetes, faces a combined attack from Lysimachus and Phyrrhus, king of Epirus, after Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus form a coalition to block plans by Demetrius to invade Asia Minor.

title: 288 BC

text: As Demetrius Poliorcetes and his army are chased across Asia Minor to the Taurus Mountains by the armies of Lysimachus and Seleucus, in Greece his son Antigonus meets with success. Ptolemy's fleet is driven off and Athens surrenders to Antigonus.

title: 286 BC

text: June 26 – Egypt's Ptolemy I Soter abdicates. He is succeeded by his youngest son by his wife Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who has been co-regent for three years.

title: 285 BC

text: Ptolemy I's eldest (legitimate) son, Ptolemy Keraunos, whose mother, Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater, had been repudiated by the new King Ptolemy II, flees Egypt to the court of Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor.

title: 284 BC

text: Ptolemy I Soter, Macedonian military general who served under Alexander the Great and became ruler of Egypt (born c.367)

title: 282 BC

text: Demetrius of Phaleron (or Demetrius Phalereus), Athenian orator, statesman, and philosopher, who has become prominent at the court of Ptolemy I, enjoying a high reputation as an orator (b. c. 350 BC)

title: 280 BC


slug: ptolemy-ii-philadelphus

label: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

description: king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt (308–246 B.C.)

section: Births

text: Ptolemy II Philadelphus, King of Egypt (d. 246 BC)

title: 309 BC

year_label: 285 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

title: 285 BC

year_label: 284 BCE

title: 284 BC

year_label: 283 BCE

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The canal from the Nile River to the Red Sea, initially started but not completed by the Egyptian pharaoh Necho II and repaired by the Persian king Darius I, is again repaired and made operational by Ptolemy II.

title: 283 BC

year_label: 282 BCE

text: Arsinoe, daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, marries Ptolemy II of Egypt as part of the alliance between Thrace and Egypt against Seleucus.

title: 282 BC

year_label: 281 BCE

text: Seleucus is succeeded as ruler of the Seleucid Empire by Antiochus, who was already king of the Syrian part of the empire. He is immediately beset by revolts in Syria (probably instigated by Ptolemy II of Egypt) and by independence movements in northern Anatolia.

title: 281 BC

year_label: 280 BCE

text: Antiochus is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II in the Damascene War.

title: 280 BC

year_label: 279 BCE

text: The aggression of Ptolemy II of Egypt continues to cause friction with Antiochus as he takes Miletus in south-western Asia Minor from him.

title: 279 BC

year_label: 276 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: The Egyptian King Ptolemy II's first wife, Arsinoe I (daughter of the late King Lysimachus of Thrace) is accused, probably at instigation of Ptolemy II's sister (who also has the name Arsinoe), of plotting his murder and is exiled by the King. Arsinoe then marries her own brother, a customary practice in Egypt, but scandalous to the Greeks. The suffix "Philadelphoi" ("Brother-Loving") consequently is added to the names of King Ptolemy II and Queen Arsinoe II. The former queen, Arsinoe I, is banished to Coptos, a city of Upper Egypt near the Wadi Hammamat, while her rival adopts her children.

title: 276 BC

year_label: 275 BCE

section: Culture & Society

text: The Museum of Alexandria is founded by the Egyptian King Ptolemy II.

title: 275 BC

year_label: 274 BCE

text: Magas of Cyrene marries Apama, the daughter of Antiochus and uses his marital alliance to foment a pact to invade Egypt. He opens hostilities against his half brother Ptolemy II, by declaring his province of Cyrenaica to be independent and then attacks Egypt from the west as Antiochus I takes the Egyptian controlled areas in coastal Syria and southern Anatolia, after which he attacks Palestine.

title: 274 BC

year_label: 273 BCE

text: Impressed by Rome's defeat of Pyrrhus of Epirus, Pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus sends a friendly embassy. The visit is reciprocated.

title: 273 BC

year_label: 272 BCE

text: The Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II during the First Syrian War. Ptolemy II annexes Miletus, Phoenicia and western Cilicia from Antiochus. As a result, Ptolemy II extends Egyptian rule as far as Caria and into most of Cilicia.

title: 272 BC

year_label: 270 BCE

text: Arsinoe II, queen to Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, and later wife of her brother, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt (b. c. 316 BC)

title: 270 BC

year_label: 267 BCE

text: Macedonia's King Antigonus II Gonatas has to deal with a rebellion by an Athenian-led coalition of Spartans (led by King Areus I of Sparta), Athenians (led by Chremonides), Arcadians and Achaeans that tries to expel the Macedonian forces located in southern Greece. The rebellion has the support of Ptolemy II of Egypt.

title: 267 BC

year_label: 261 BCE

text: The new Seleucid king Antiochus II reaches an agreement with the king of Macedonia, Antigonus II Gonatas, to work together in trying to push Ptolemy II's fleet and armies out of the Aegean Sea. With Macedonia's support, Antiochus II launches an attack on Ptolemaic outposts in Asia Minor.

title: 261 BC

year_label: 259 BCE

text: The Seleucid king Antiochus II starts the Second Syrian War against Ptolemy II Philadelphus to avenge his father's losses. Antiochus II finds a willing ally in Antigonus II Gonatas, the king of Macedonia, who has been dealing with Ptolemy II's attempts to destabilize Macedonia.

title: 259 BC

year_label: 258 BCE

text: The forces of the Macedonian King Antigonus II and the Seleucid King Antiochus II win a naval victory at Cos against their common enemy, Ptolemy II. This victory secures Antigonus control over the Aegean Sea and the League of the Islanders. It also diminishes Ptolemaic naval power.

title: 258 BC

text: Ptolemy II loses control of the territory of Cyrenaica.

title: 258 BC

year_label: 255 BCE

text: In the Second Syrian War, Ptolemy II loses ground in Cilicia, Pamphylia, and Ionia, while Antiochus II regains Miletus and Ephesus. A peace is then concluded between Antiochus and Ptolemy under which Antiochus is to marry Ptolemy's daughter Berenice Syra.

title: 255 BC

year_label: 253 BCE

text: The second Syrian War between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies ends. Antiochus II regains much of Anatolia from Ptolemy II, including the cities of Miletus and Ephesus, and also the Phoenician coast.

title: 253 BC

year_label: 251 BCE

text: Aratus recalls back to Sicyon those exiled by Nicocles. This leads to confusion and division within the city. Fearing that Antigonus II will exploit these divisions to attack the city, Aratus applies for the city to join the Achaean League, a league of a few small Achaean towns in the Peloponnese. Aratus then gains the financial support of the Egyptian king Ptolemy II to enable the Achaean League to defend itself against Macedonia.

title: 251 BC

year_label: 250 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: According to the Letter of Aristeas, Ptolemy II invited the Jewish residents of Alexandria to have their torah translated into Greek. Because around seventy translators are used to achieve this, the translation is known as the Septuagint.

title: 250 BC

year_label: 246 BCE

text: Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy III. At the time of Ptolemy II's death, Egypt comprises the ancient kingdom of Egypt in the Nile Valley, Cyrene, Judea and the coast of southern Syria, Cyprus and a number of cities on the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. The Macedonian Ptolemies maintain their authority over their territories with a small mercenary army made up of Macedonians and other Greeks.

title: 246 BC

text: Ptolemy II Philadelphus, king of Egypt from 285 BC, second king of the Ptolemaic dynasty, who has extended his power by skillful diplomacy, developed agriculture and commerce, and made Alexandria a leading centre of the arts and sciences (b. 308 BC)

title: 246 BC

text: Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Arsinoe, wife of the Seleucid ruler Antiochus II Theos, supplanting his first wife, Laodice, whose children she has persuaded him to bar from the succession to the throne in favour of her own.

title: 246 BC


slug: ptolemy-iii-euergetes

label: Ptolemy III Euergetes

description: Egyptian pharaoh

section: Conflict & Security

text: Berenice's brother, Ptolemy III, sets about to avenge his sister's murder by invading Syria which begins the Third Syrian War (also known as the Laodicean War). Ptolemy III's navy, perhaps with the aid of rebels in the cities, advances against Seleucus II's forces as far as Thrace, across the Hellespont, and also captures some islands off the Anatolian coast.

title: 246 BC

text: Arsinoe III, queen of Egypt from 220 BC, daughter of Ptolemy III and Berenice II (d. 204 BC)

title: 246 BC

section: Deaths

title: 246 BC

section: Events › By place › Egypt

year_label: 245 BCE

text: Babylon and Susa fall to the Ptolemaic armies of Ptolemy III.

title: 245 BC

year_label: 244 BCE

text: The war in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea intensifies as the Achaean League allies itself to Ptolemy III Euergetes of Egypt, while Seleucus II secures two allies in the Black Sea region. Ptolemy III's armies reach as far as Bactria and the borders of India in their attacks on the Seleucid Empire.

title: 244 BC

year_label: 243 BCE

text: Ptolemy III returns from Syria due to a revolt in Egypt. As a result, Seleucus II is able to regain control of his kingdom with the Egyptians being pushed out of Mesopotamia and part of Northern Syria.

title: 243 BC

year_label: 241 BCE

text: Peace is finally reached between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II. Ptolemy manages to keep the Orontes River region in Syria and Antioch as well as Ephesus in Asia Minor and Thrace and Cilicia.

title: 241 BC

year_label: 238 BCE

text: The Decree of Canopus, also called "Table of Tanis", is a memorial stone promulgated by an assemblage of priests in honour of Ptolemy III Euergetes and his consort Berenice. The decree, written in Greek, demotic, and hieroglyphs is an ancient bilingual Egyptian decree that provides a key for deciphering hieroglyphic and the simpler demotic scripts.

title: 238 BC

year_label: 230 BCE

text: The Temple of Horus is built by King Ptolemy III.

title: 230 BC

year_label: 222 BCE

text: Ptolemy III Euergetes (the Benefactor), king of Egypt

title: 222 BC

year_label: 221 BCE

text: Ptolemy III, king of Egypt, who has reunited Egypt and Cyrenaica and successfully waged the Third Syrian War against the Seleucid Empire

title: 221 BC

text: Berenice II, queen of Egypt, daughter of Magas, king of Cyrenaica (in modern Libya), whose marriage to Ptolemy III Euergetes has reunited her country with Egypt (b. c. 267 BC)

title: 221 BC

text: Egypt's Ptolemy III dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy IV. Sosibius is appointed by Ptolemy IV as his chief minister and immediately has a great influence over the young king, directing all of the affairs of state.

title: 221 BC


slug: ptolemy-iv-philopator

label: Ptolemy IV Philopator

description: 4th Pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt (r. 221–204 BC)

title: 221 BC

year_label: 220 BCE

text: Arsinoe III marries her brother, King Ptolemy IV of Egypt.

title: 220 BC

year_label: 219 BCE

text: Following the defection of one of Ptolemy IV's leading commanders, Egypt's Syrian territories are seriously threatened by Antiochus III, thus initiating the Fourth Syrian War. When the Seleucid ruler captures the important eastern Mediterranean sea ports of Seleucia-in-Pieria, Tyre, and Ptolemais, Ptolemy IV's advisor, Sosibius, and the Ptolemaic court enter into delaying negotiations with the enemy, while the Ptolemaic army is reorganized and intensively drilled.

title: 219 BC

year_label: 217 BCE

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Egyptian native hoplites under Ptolemy IV crush the Seleucid army under Antiochus III in the Battle of Raphia near Gaza. The realization of their military importance leads to demands by native Egyptians for greater privileges and so to the development of racial difficulties which will weaken the Ptolemy dynasty in the future.

title: 217 BC

year_label: 216 BCE

text: A revolt of the Egyptian peasants is put down by Ptolemy IV.

title: 216 BC

year_label: 211 BCE

section: Economy & Finance

text: Rome faces the burdens of inflation and the danger of famine, caused by the disturbed conditions in Italy and Sicily and the withdrawal of so many men from farming. The situation is only relieved by an urgent appeal by the Romans to the King of Egypt, Ptolemy IV, from whom grain is purchased at three times the usual price.

title: 211 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 210 BCE

text: Arsinoe III, wife and sister of King Ptolemy IV gives birth to the future Ptolemy V Epiphanes. Thereafter, she is sequestered in the palace, while Ptolemy's depraved male and female favourites ruin both the king and his government of Egypt. Although Arsinoe III disapproves of the sordid state of the court, she is unable to exert any influence.

title: 210 BC

year_label: 205 BCE

text: Ptolemy IV dies and is succeeded by his five-year-old son Ptolemy V. However, no public announcement is made about the king's death.

title: 205 BC

text: Ptolemy IV Philopator, Greek king of Egypt who has reigned from 221 BC (b. c. 238 BC)

title: 205 BC

year_label: 204 BCE

text: The late Egyptian King Ptolemy IV's clique of favourites, led by Sosibius, Ptolemy's chief minister, keeps Ptolemy's death a secret, fearing retribution from the new king Ptolemy V's mother, Queen Arsinoe III. They arrange for the murder of Arsinoe, and then the five-year-old king is officially elevated to the throne with Sosibius as his guardian. Arsinoe has been popular with the Egyptian population so rioting follows the news of her assassination.

title: 204 BC

text: Ptolemy IV Philopator, king (Pharaoh) of Egypt

title: 204 BC


slug: ptolemy-v-epiphanes

label: Ptolemy V Epiphanes

description: fifth ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt (209–179 B.C.)

title: 210 BC

text: Ptolemy V Epiphanes, king of Egypt (d. 180 BC)

title: 210 BC

title: 205 BC

title: 204 BC

year_label: 202 BCE

text: The Egyptian regent and chief minister, Sosibius, retires and Agathocles, another member of the ruling clique, becomes Ptolemy V's guardian.

title: 202 BC

text: The Egyptian boy king, Ptolemy V, is encouraged by a mob clamouring for revenge against the murderers of his mother Arsinoe III to agree to Agathocles being killed. As a result, the mob searches out and butchers Agathocles and his family. Tlepolemus takes Agathocles' place as regent. However, he soon proves to be incompetent and is removed.

title: 202 BC

year_label: 198 BCE

text: The Battle of Panium is fought between Seleucid forces led by Antiochus III and Ptolemaic forces led by Scopas of Aetolia. The Seleucids win the battle which allows Antiochus III to obtain entire possession of Palestine and Coele-Syria from King Ptolemy V of Egypt. Though the Romans send ambassadors to Ptolemy V, they are unable to lend him any serious assistance against Antiochus III.

title: 198 BC

year_label: 197 BCE

text: The Egyptian King, Ptolemy V, fights rebels in the Nile Delta, exhibiting great cruelty toward those of their leaders who capitulate.

title: 197 BC

year_label: 196 BCE

text: According to the Roman scholar and writer Marcus Terentius Varro, the foundation of a library at Pergamum around this time by Eumenes II of Pergamum, combined with an embargo on papyrus by Ptolemy V, leads to the invention of parchment.

title: 196 BC

section: Events › By place › Anatolia

year_label: 193 BCE

text: Cleopatra I Syra, daughter of Antiochus III and Laodice, marries the Egyptian King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

title: 193 BC

year_label: 187 BCE

text: Queen Cleopatra I is appointed Vizier (Chief Minister) to the King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

title: 187 BC

year_label: 181 BCE

section: Health & Medicine

text: Ptolemy V is poisoned after a reign of 24 years in which the Egyptian kingdom has declined in power and influence and has lost most of its empire outside Egypt other than Cyprus and Cyrenaica. The elder of his two sons, Ptolemy VI Philometor succeeds him, but since he is an infant, he rules under the regency of his mother Cleopatra the Syrian.

title: 181 BC

year_label: 180 BCE

text: Ptolemy V Epiphanes, king of Egypt (b. 210 BC)

title: 180 BC


slug: ptolemy-vi-philometor

label: Ptolemy VI Philometor

description: Egyptian pharaoh

year_label: 186 BCE

text: Ptolemy VI Philometor, king of Egypt, who will reign from 180 BC (d. 145 BC)

title: 186 BC

title: 181 BC

text: Ptolemy VI Philometor, aged 6, rules as co-regent with his mother, Cleopatra I, who, although a daughter of a Seleucid king, does not take King Seleucus IV's side and remains on friendly terms with Rome.

title: 180 BC

year_label: 176 BCE

text: Cleopatra I Syra dies leaving her son, Ptolemy VI, to rule Egypt alone.

title: 176 BC

year_label: 175 BCE

text: Cleopatra I of Egypt, mother of Ptolemy VI.

title: 175 BC

year_label: 173 BCE

text: Ptolemy VI Philometor marries his sister, Cleopatra II.

title: 173 BC

year_label: 170 BCE

text: With the guardians of the young king Ptolemy VI Philometor demanding the return of Coele-Syria to Egyptian control, the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, decides on a preemptive strike against Egypt and invades the country, conquering all but the city of Alexandria. He is also able to capture Ptolemy VI.

title: 170 BC

year_label: 168 BCE

text: The joint rulers of Egypt, Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and their sister Cleopatra II send a renewed request to Rome for aid.

title: 168 BC

year_label: 164 BCE

text: The Egyptian King Ptolemy VI Philometor is expelled from Alexandria by his brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes and flees to Rome to seek support.

title: 164 BC

text: Cleopatra Thea Euergetis ("Benefactress"), ruler of the Seleucid kingdom from 125 BC, a daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt and his sister/wife Cleopatra II (d. 121 BC) (approximate date)

title: 164 BC

year_label: 163 BCE

text: The Ptolemaic king Ptolemy VI Philometor is restored to his throne through the intervention of the citizens of Alexandria. However, the Romans intervene and partition the kingdom, giving Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Cyrenaica and Ptolemy VI Cyprus and Egypt. The two brothers accept the Roman partition.

title: 163 BC

year_label: 161 BCE

text: Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, now king of Cyrenaica, convinces the Roman Senate to back his claim for control of Cyprus, but the Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor ignores this threat, and after Ptolemy VIII Euergetes' attempt to conquer the island fails, the Roman Senate disengages from the dispute.

title: 161 BC

section: Events › by side › Egypt

year_label: 154 BCE

text: The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats his brother, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, after he attempts to seize Cyprus by force. Nevertheless Philometor restores his brother to Cyrenaica, marries one of his daughters to him, and grants him a grain subsidy.

title: 154 BC

year_label: 153 BCE

text: The Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt deteriorate to the point where they support a rival claimant to the Syrian throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the former Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and, therefore, a first cousin of Demetrius. He has been "discovered" by Heracleides, a former minister of Antiochus IV and brother of Timarchus, who has been executed by Demetrius I Soter in 160 BC after leading a revolt against him in Media.

title: 153 BC

year_label: 150 BCE

text: The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the late Antiochus IV, defeats the Seleucid king, Demetrius I Soter, in battle and kills him. The Roman Senate, along with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt, support Alexander Balas and he becomes the ruler of the Seleucid Empire. Demetrius I Soter's son, Demetrius, goes into exile in Crete.

title: 150 BC

year_label: 148 BCE

text: Demetrius II Nicator, claimant to the Seleucid throne had challenged Alexander Balas, in view of the threat of such an invasion Ptolemy VI Philometor entered Coele-Syria, passing through the cities of Ashdod and Jaffa, to Ptolemais.

title: 148 BC

section: Events › By place › Hellenistic Egypt

year_label: 145 BCE

text: In the Battle of Antioch, Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats the Seleucid usurper Alexander Balas, but dies in the battle.

title: 145 BC