slug: kingdom-of-georgia

label: Kingdom of Georgia

description: medieval state in Eastern Europe

text: George I, king of Georgia (approximate date)

title: 1002

text: Battle of Shirimni, the Byzantine Empire under Basil II defeats the Kingdom of Georgia under Giorgi I at Shirimni, at the Lake Palakazio, modern Lake Çıldır, Turkey

title: 1021

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: George II (Giorgi), king of Georgia (approximate date)

title: 1054

text: Alp Arslan, leader of the Seljuk Turks, campaigns against the Kipchaks and the Türkmen in Central Asia. He captures the city of Kars and plunders the western provinces of Georgia.

title: 1065

section: Events › By place › Seljuk Empire

date: November 24

text: November 24 – Bagrat IV, king of Georgia (b. 1018)

title: 1072

text: David IV ("the Builder"), king of Georgia (d. 1125)

title: 1073

section: Climate & Environment

date: April 16

text: April 16 – The 6.5 Tmogvi earthquake affects the southern provinces of Georgia, which causes the destruction of the castle of Tmogvi and many deaths.

title: 1088

section: Events › By topic › Geology

text: King George II abdicates the throne in favour of his 16-year-old son David IV ("the Builder") who becomes ruler of Georgia (until 1125).

title: 1089

text: Demetrius I, king of Georgia (approximate date)

title: 1093

text: King David IV of Georgia defeats 100,000 Seljuk Turks with only 1,500 warriors (approximate date).

title: 1104

text: George II (or Giorgi), king of Georgia (b. 1054)

title: 1112

text: The much larger Seljuk army is heavily defeated; Georgia is unified and independence is achieved from Muslim authority. King David IV lays siege and captures Tbilisi later in the year assigning it as his capital.

title: 1121

section: Events › By place › Eurasia

text: Summer – Sultan Mahmud II of the Seljuk Empire declares a Holy War on the Kingdom of Georgia. He sends an expedition under Ilghazi, the Artukid ruler of Mardin, to invade the country.

title: 1121

text: Siege of Tbilisi: The Georgians led by King David IV ('the Builder') re-conquer the city of Tbilisi from the Emirate of Tbilisi after a 1-year siege. David makes it his capital and unifies the Georgian State.

title: 1122

date: January 24

text: January 24 – David IV (the Builder), king of Georgia (b. 1073)

title: 1125

text: King George III defeats a nobles' revolt and proclaims his 18-year-old daughter Tamar (the Great) as co-ruler of Georgia.

title: 1178

date: March 27

text: March 27 – Tamar I becomes queen regnant of Georgia on the death of her father and coregent George III. She remains sole ruler of Georgia (the first woman to hold this office) until her death in 1213.

title: 1184

text: March 27 – George III, king of Georgia (House of Bagrationi)

title: 1184

text: George IV (or Lasha Giorgi), king of Georgia (d. 1223)

title: 1191

text: Rusudan, queen of Georgia (House of Bagrationi) (d. 1245)

title: 1194

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Battle of Shamkor: Georgians defeat the Ildenizids of Azerbaijan.

title: 1195

text: Tamar I, queen of Georgia, raids Eastern Anatolia and seizes Kars. She leads a liberational war in southern Armenia.

title: 1209

text: David VII (or David Ulugh), king of Georgia (d. 1270)

title: 1215

text: David VI Narin (the Clever), king of Georgia (d. 1293)

title: 1225

date: March 9

text: March 9 – Khwarazmian Empire forces commanded by the Muslim Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni capture Tbilisi, capital of the Kingdom of Georgia. After the capture, the massacre of thousands of its Christian inhabitants begins as residents are given the choice between converting to Islam or being put to death.

title: 1226

section: Events › January – March

text: David VIII, king of Georgia (House of Bagrationi) (d. 1311)

title: 1273

text: Vakhtang III, king of Georgia (House of Bagrationi) (d. 1308)

title: 1276

text: March 12 – Demetrius II (the Devoted), king of Georgia (b. 1259)

title: 1289

section: Culture & Society

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Queen Oljath, who had been the Queen consort of the Kingdom of Georgia as wife of King Vakhtang II (d. 1292), and then his cousin, King David VIII (d. 1311), marries a third time, taking as her husband Qara Sonqur, Governor of Maragheh (in the modern-day East Azerbaijan province of Iran), in exchange for a dowry of 30,000 dinars.

title: 1314

text: Georgia makes peace with Timur, but has to recognise him as a suzerain and pay him tribute.

title: 1403

date: December

text: December – Battle of Chalagan: The Kara Koyunlu Turkomans defeat the Georgians under Constantine I of Georgia, and their ally Ibrahim I of Shirvan.

title: 1412

section: Events › October–December


slug: kingdom-of-germany

label: Kingdom of Germany

description: 10th-century kingdom of Germany

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Summer – Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne sends a punitive expedition (an elite force of Eastern Frankish troops) under the command of Adalgis the Chamberlain, Gallo, and Worad, supported by Saxon forces, to deal with the Saxons and Sorb raiders in Thuringia.

title: 782

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: August 8

text: August 8 – Treaty of Meerssen: King Louis the German forces his half-brother Charles the Bald to accept a peace treaty, which partitions the Middle Frankish Kingdom into two larger east and west divisions. Louis receives most of Austrasia (which evolves into the Kingdom of Germany), and Charles receives territory in Lower Burgundy (which evolves into the Kingdom of France). However, large parts of the Frisian coast are under Viking control.

title: 870

section: Births

text: Henry the Fowler, king of Germany (d. 936)

title: 876

text: Matilda of Ringelheim, queen of Germany (approximate date)

title: 894

section: Deaths

date: January 26

text: January 26 – Eadgyth, queen consort of Germany (b. 910)

title: 946

text: Summer – Otto II appoints Leopold I (the Illustrious), a member of the House of Babenberg, as margrave of the Marcha Orientalis (the later Archduchy of Austria). In order to maintain his possession in Southern Italy, Otto strengthens his army with 2,100 mailed horsemen (heavy cavalry) from Germany, of which around 1,500 are to be provided by the Churches.

title: 976

section: Conflict & Security

text: Great Slav Rising: The Polabian Slavs (Wends), mainly Lutici and Obotrite tribes living east of the Elbe River revolt against Christianity and their subjugation to the German (former East Frankish) realm of the Holy Roman Empire. They invade northern Germany, sacking the cities of Havelberg, Brandenburg and Hamburg.

title: 983

date: September

text: September – King Otto III, now 14 years old, receives the regalia to rule the Kingdom of Germany at an assembly of the Imperial Diet in Solingen. Otto appoints Heribert of Cologne as chancellor of Italy.

title: 994

section: Religion & Belief

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Henry II, a cousin of Otto III, is elected and crowned as King of Germany by Archbishop Willigis at Mainz. Henry does not recognise the coronation of Arduin. Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives the Duchy of Carinthia (modern Austria) - Henry is the first King to be elected away from the Cathedral of Aachen since the tradition was begun by Otto I in 936.

title: 1002

date: February 9

text: February 9 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Duke Bolesław I (the Brave) of Poland. The following months, Boleslaus' brothers Jaromír and Oldřich flee to Germany and place themselves under the protection of King Henry II, while Boleslaus orders the massacre of his Bohemian leading nobles at Vyšehrad.

title: 1003

date: November 1

text: November 1 – King Henry II of Germany founds the Diocese of Bamberg during a synod held in Frankfurt.

title: 1007

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: April 12

text: April 12 – Oldřich, Duke of Bohemia, deposes his brother Jaromír, who flees to Poland. Oldřich recognises the suzerainty of King Henry II of Germany over Bohemia. He secures his rule by suppressing the Vršovci insurgents.

title: 1012

date: February 14

text: February 14 – King Henry II arrives at Rome and is crowned Holy Roman Emperor together with his wife Cunigunde by Pope Benedict VIII in St. Peter's Basilica. Henry establishes the Diocese of Bobbio (Northern Italy) and returns to Germany.

title: 1014

date: April 18

text: April 18 – Bolesław I the Brave is crowned in Gniezno as the first King of Poland. He takes advantage of the interregnum in Germany (see 1024) and receives permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX; however, he dies 60 days later.

title: 1025

section: Events

date: April 14

text: April 14 – The 10-year-old Henry III (the Black), son of Emperor Conrad II (the Elder), is elected and crowned king of Germany in Aachen Cathedral by Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne.

title: 1028

text: Summer – Poland is broken up into regions (during the so-called Pagan Reaction). Queen Richeza, Casimir I and his sisters Ryksa and Gertruda are driven into exile in Germany.

title: 1034

date: February 12

text: February 12 – Conrad II of Italy, king of Germany (d. 1101)

title: 1074

text: Conrad III, king of Italy and Germany (d. 1152)

title: 1093

date: July 27

text: July 27 – Conrad II, king of Germany and Italy (b. 1074)

title: 1101

date: December 31

text: December 31 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, is deposed by his son Henry V (who is king of Germany). Henry is forced to resign his crown and is imprisoned in the castle of Böckelheim.

title: 1105

date: April 13

text: April 13 – Henry V is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II. Henry returns to Germany where he strengthens his power by granting privileges to the German nobles of the region of the Upper Rhine.

title: 1111

date: December 18

text: December 18 – Conrad III (with support of the imperial cities, Swabia and Austria) is elected and crowned as anti-king of Germany at Nuremberg.

title: 1127

date: June 29

text: June 29 – Conrad III, anti-king of Germany, is crowned "King of Italy" by Archbishop Anselmo della Pusterla at Monza in Lombardy.

title: 1128

text: Henry VI, king of Germany (approximate date)

title: 1137

date: March 7

text: March 7 – Conrad III is elected as King of Germany, in the presence of the papal legate Theodwin at Koblenz. He is crowned at Aachen six days later (on March 13), and acknowledged in Bamberg by several German princes of southern Germany. Henry X (the Proud), son-in-law and heir of the late King Lothair III, refuses his allegiance to Conrad. He is deprived of all his Saxon territories, which are given to Leopold IV (the Generous).

title: 1138

date: December 21

text: December 21 – Siege of Weinsberg: Conrad III captures the castle at Weinsberg during the civil war between the Staufers and the Welfs in Germany.

title: 1140

text: Adolf II, count of Schauenburg and Holstein, founds Lübeck – which later becomes one of the leading Hanseatic cities. He divides the conquered Slavic lands, as part of the eastward expansion in Germany.

title: 1143

text: Władysław II ("the Exiled"), High Duke of Poland, suffers a defeat against the coalition forces under his brother Bolesław IV ("the Curly"). Władysław and his family escape across the border to Bohemia and later seek refuge in Germany. Bolesław captures Silesia and the Senioral territories, and becomes the new ruler of Greater Poland.

title: 1146

text: Henry Berengar, co-ruler of Germany

title: 1150

date: February 15

text: February 15 – King Conrad III dies after a 14-year reign at Bamberg. He is succeeded by his 29-year-old nephew Frederick I (Barbarossa), duke of Swabia, who is crowned as King of the Germans at Aachen several days later, on March 9. Frederick becomes sole ruler of Germany and receives the royal insignia, despite the fact that Conrad has a 6-year-old son, Frederick IV, who becomes duke of Swabia.

title: 1152

text: Autumn – King Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, leads an expedition into Italy for his imperial coronation. He wants to impose his will upon the towns and cities of Lombardy, a region long accustomed to interference from Germany. Frederick encounters stiff resistance to his authority, the Lombard nobles are unwilling to acknowledge his rule and the rights to raise taxes.

title: 1154

text: Irene Angelina, queen of Germany and Sicily (d. 1208)

title: 1181

text: September – Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, returns to Germany after being banished for three years by Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1185

text: Henry VI is forced to raise the siege of Naples, due to an epidemic, and returns to Germany. Upon Henry's retreat, the Lombard cities that have surrendered to the Germans resubmit to Tancred of Lecce, king or usurper of Sicily. The populace of Salerno turn against Empress Constance during her visit to the city, and Margaritus of Brindisi delivers her to Tancred at Messina. Later, Constance is imprisoned at Castel dell'Ovo at Naples.

title: 1191

text: Autumn – Prince Alexios Angelos, son of the deposed, blinded and imprisoned late Emperor Isaac II Angelos, escapes from Constantinople. He makes his way to Sicily and then Rome where he is turned away by Pope Innocent III. Next, Alexios travels to the court of his brother-in-law, Philip of Swabia, the King of Germany, who receives him well.

title: 1201

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans and is crowned again with great ceremony at Aachen by Archbishop Adolf of Cologne. After several threats, Adolf is removed from office by Pope Innocent III and excommunicated, on July 19. Philip is able to increasingly assert his kingship against Otto of Brunswick (who is also crowned king of Germany) in the northern parts of the Alps.

title: 1205

date: June 21

text: June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany, is assassinated in Bamberg by the German count Otto of Wittelsbach, because Philip has refused to give him his 10-year-old daughter Beatrice in marriage.

title: 1208

text: June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany (b. 1177)

title: 1208

text: Henry VII, king of Germany (Rex Romanorum) (d. 1242)

title: 1211

text: September – The 16-year-old Frederick II is elected in absentia as German king by rebellious nobleman (supported by Pope Innocent III) at the Diet of Nuremberg (Germany).

title: 1211

text: December 9 – The 18-year-old Frederick II is crowned King of the Germans at Mainz. Frederick's authority in Germany remains tenuous, and he is recognized only in southern Germany. In the region of northern Germany, the center of Guelph power, his rival Otto IV continues to hold the imperial power despite his excommunication.

title: 1212

text: May 1 – Rudolf I, king of Germany (d. 1291)

title: 1218

text: October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the Battle of Hattin) and they can have Jerusalem, all central Palestine and Galilee. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from England, France and Germany. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.

title: 1219

text: Sanchia of Provence, queen of Germany (d. 1261)

title: 1225

text: Elisabeth of Bavaria, queen consort of Germany (d. 1273)

title: 1227

text: April 25 – Conrad IV (or Conrad II), king of Germany (d. 1254)

title: 1228

text: October 29 – Gregory IX orders the Stedinger Crusade to be proclaimed in northern Germany.

title: 1232

text: February 12 – Henry VII, king of Germany (b. 1211)

title: 1242

text: May 21 – King Conrad IV, son of the late Emperor Frederick II, dies of malaria at Lavello (southern Italy). With Conrad's death a interregnum begins, during which no ruler manages to gain undisputed control of Germany. The 22-year-old Manfred, half-brother of Conrad, refuses to surrender Sicily to Pope Innocent IV and accepts the regency on behalf of Conrad's 2-year-old son Conradin ("the Younger").

title: 1254

text: May 21 – Conrad IV, king of Germany en Sicily (b. 1228)

title: 1254

text: Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, king of Germany (d. 1298)

title: 1255

text: Elisabeth of Carinthia (or Tyrol), queen consort of Germany (d. 1312)

title: 1262

text: October 29 – Margaret of Austria, queen consort of Germany and later of Bohemia (b. 1204)

title: 1266

text: October 9 – Elisabeth of Bavaria, queen of Germany (b. 1227)

title: 1273

text: August – Gregory X persuades King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") to give up his claim to the title of "King of the Romans". Gregory gains support in northern Italy through Rudolf I, king of Germany.

title: 1275

text: October 4 – Margaret of Brabant, queen consort of Germany (d. 1311)

title: 1276

text: February 16 – Gertrude of Hohenberg, queen of Germany (b. 1225)

title: 1281

text: The first record is made of an emission of life annuities, by the city of Lübeck. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in Germany, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western Europe (see 1228).

title: 1285

text: Frederick the Fair (or the Handsome), king of Germany (d. 1330)

title: 1289

text: Beatrice of Silesia, queen of Germany (House of Piast) (d. 1322)

title: 1290

text: July 2 – Battle of Göllheim: German forces of Duke Albert I defeat King Adolf of Nassau at Göllheim over the prince electors' decision, without electoral act – to dethrone Adolf and proclaim Albert the new ruler of Germany at Frankfurt, on July 27. During the battle, Adolf is killed and his army is destroyed with the loss of 3,000 horses.

title: 1298

text: July 2 – Adolf of Nassau, king of Germany (House of Nassau)

title: 1298

text: October 28 – Elisabeth of Carinthia, queen of Germany (b. 1262)

title: 1312

text: September 29 – Imagina of Limburg, queen consort of Germany (b. 1255)

title: 1313

text: Blanche of Valois, queen consort of Germany and Bohemia (d. 1348)

title: 1317

text: August 25 – Beatrice of Silesia, queen consort of Germany (b. 1290)

title: 1322

text: October 23 – Pope John XXII condemns Marsilius of Padua's 1324 treatise Defensor pacis (The Defender of Peace). The excommunicated Marsilius flees to Germany and seeks protection at the court of King Louis IV. John also excommunicates Louis and demands that he relinquishes his claim to the imperial crown.

title: 1327


slug: kingdom-of-great-britain

label: Kingdom of Great Britain

description: constitutional monarchy in Western Europe (1707–1800)

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: June 1

text: June 1 – The office of Secretary of State for the Southern Department begins operations in the Kingdom of Great Britain, with responsibility for the colonies of British America in what will later become Canada and the United States, as well as for Ireland and for the Channel Islands. Sir Edward Nicholas, a former British Secretary of State, takes office as the first Southern Department secretary.

title: 1660

section: Events › April–June

text: December 21 – The Sophia Naturalization Act is passed by the Parliament of England, which naturalizes Sophia of Hanover (next in succession to the British throne) and the Protestant "issue of her body" as British subjects.

title: 1705

date: March 14

text: March 14 – Queen Anne gives royal assent to the Parliament of England's Alien Act 1705, setting a deadline of December 25, 1705, for Scotland's parliament to authorize negotiations for a Treaty of Union with England to create the Kingdom of Great Britain and threatening that unless Scotland agrees to negotiate terms for union and accepts the Hanoverian succession by December 25, there would be a ban on the import of all Scottish staple products into England and Scots would also lose the privileges of Englishmen under English law – thus endangering rights to any property they held in England.

title: 1705

section: Events › January–March

date: November 4

text: November 4 – The Parliament of Scotland votes, 116 to 83, to approve the merger of Scotland with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

title: 1706

date: May 12

text: May 12 (May 1 Old Style) – The new sovereign state of Great Britain comes into being, as a result of the Acts of Union, which combine the Kingdoms of Scotland and England into a single united Kingdom of Great Britain, and merge the Parliaments of England and Scotland, to form the Parliament of Great Britain.

title: 1707

date: October 23

text: October 23 – The Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain first meets in London.

title: 1707

section: Events › October– December

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: June 8

text: June 8 – War of the Spanish Succession: Wager's Action, a naval confrontation, takes place between a British squadron under Charles Wager and the Spanish treasure fleet off Cartagena in the Caribbean Sea. Spanish galleon San José explodes and sinks with the loss of almost all her 600 crew and an estimated 8.8 million ounces troy weight in gold; her wreck is located in 2015.

title: 1708

section: Events › January–June

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Battle of St. John's: The French capture St. John's, the capital of the British colony of Newfoundland.

title: 1709

date: September 11

text: September 11 (August 31 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malplaquet – Troops of the Dutch Republic, Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.

title: 1709

section: Events › July–December

date: April 10

text: April 10 – The world's first copyright legislation, Britain's Statute of Anne, becomes effective.

title: 1710

date: November 13

text: November 13 – Jacobite rising in Scotland – Battle of Sheriffmuir: The forces of the Kingdom of Great Britain, led by John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, halt the Jacobite advance, although the action is inconclusive.

title: 1715

section: Crime & Justice

text: January 1 – Count Carl Gyllenborg, the Swedish ambassador to Great Britain, was arrested in London for a plot to assist the Pretender to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart.

title: 1717

date: January 4

text: January 4 (December 24, 1716 Old Style) – The kingdoms of Great Britain, France and the Dutch Republic sign the Triple Alliance, in an attempt to maintain the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Britain having signed a preliminary alliance with France on November 28 (November 17) 1716.

title: 1717

date: December 17

text: December 17 – The Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Great Britain and Dutch Republic join the Kingdom of France in formally declaring war on Spain, launching the War of the Quadruple Alliance.

title: 1718

section: Events › October –December

date: February 17

text: February 17 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed between Spain, Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance with effect from May 20.

title: 1720

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Battle of Nassau: Spanish forces assault the British settlement of Nassau, Bahamas at the end of the War of the Quadruple Alliance.

title: 1720

text: January 6 – The Committee of Inquiry on the collapse of the South Sea Company in Great Britain publishes its findings.

title: 1721

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Henry Pelham becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain.

title: 1743

section: Events › July–September

date: October 11

text: October 11 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Rocoux: The French army defeats the allied Austrian, British, Hanoveran and Dutch army in Rocourt.

title: 1746

date: October 12

text: October 12 – War of Jenkins' Ear – Battle of Havana: a British Caribbean squadron engages a Spanish squadron based near Havana.

title: 1748

text: Britain produces c. 2% of the entire world's output of industrial goods, before the Industrial Revolution begins.

title: 1750

section: Events › Date unknown

date: July 17

text: July 17 – In a convoy of ships from Great Britain, returning to India for the East India Company, the lead ship Doddington (on her third voyage) wrecks in Algoa Bay near modern-day Port Elizabeth in South Africa, losing 247 of its 270 passengers and crew, together with a chest of gold coins from Robert Clive worth £33,000. In 1998, 1,400 coins from the wreck site are offered for sale, and in 2002 a portion is given to the South African government. Around twenty survivors of the wreck are eventually able to make safety after an open boat voyage.

title: 1755

date: July 9

text: July 9 – French and Indian War – Braddock Expedition: British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.

title: 1755

date: January 16

text: January 16 – The Treaty of Westminster is signed between Great Britain and Prussia, guaranteeing the neutrality of the Electorate of Hanover, controlled by King George II of Great Britain.

title: 1756

date: May 17

text: May 17 – The Seven Years' War formally begins, when Great Britain declares war on France.

title: 1756

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Battle of Pondicherry: An inconclusive naval battle is fought off the coast of India, between the French Admiral d'Aché and the British under George Pocock. The French forces are badly damaged and sail home, never to return.

title: 1759

date: April 3

text: April 3 – Great Britain and Prussia agree to begin peace negotiations to end the Seven Years' War.

title: 1760

text: The Halifax Treaties are concluded between the various bands of the Miꞌkmaq, other First Nations people and the British in Halifax, Nova Scotia, notably in the Burying the Hatchet ceremony on June 25.

title: 1761

text: January 4 – Seven Years' War: Britain declares war against Spain and Naples, following their recent alliance with France.

title: 1762

section: Health & Medicine

date: April 5

text: April 5 – The Sugar Act is passed in Great Britain.

title: 1764

date: March 22

text: March 22 – Royal assent is given to the Duties in American Colonies Act 1765, historically referred to as the Stamp Act, imposing the first direct tax levied from Great Britain on the thirteen American colonies, effective November 1. The revenue measure (which requires the purchase of a stamp to be affixed for validation of all legal documents, but also to licensed newspapers and even playing cards and dice) is made to help defray the costs for British military operations in North America, including the French and Indian War.

title: 1765

date: February 27

text: February 27 – The first Secretary of State for the Colonies is appointed in Britain, the Earl of Hillsborough.

title: 1768

date: April 29

text: April 29 – Scottish inventor James Watt is granted a British patent for "A method of lessening the consumption of steam in steam engines" – the separate condenser, a key improvement (first devised by Watt in 1765) and the basis for the Watt steam engine which stimulates the Industrial Revolution.

title: 1769

text: The British forces offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms.

title: 1775

text: Industrial Revolution in Great Britain.

title: 1775

text: January 17 – Second voyage of James Cook: Captain James Cook takes possession of South Georgia for the Kingdom of Great Britain.

title: 1775

text: November 13 – American Revolution: Battle of Montreal – American forces under Brigadier General Richard Montgomery capture Montreal. British General Guy Carleton escapes to Quebec.

title: 1775

text: September 25 – American Revolution: Siege of Fort St. Jean – Battle of Longue-Pointe: Thirteen Colonies revolutionary forces under Maj. Ethan Allen attack Montreal in Quebec, commanded by British General Guy Carleton. Allen's forces are defeated, and Allen himself is captured and held on British ships until he is released.

title: 1775

text: April 12 – American Revolution: The Royal Colony of North Carolina produces the Halifax Resolves, making it the first British colony to officially authorize its Continental Congress delegates to vote for independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.

title: 1776

text: January 1 – American Revolutionary War: Burning of Norfolk – The town of Norfolk, Virginia is destroyed, by the combined actions of the British Royal Navy and occupying Patriot forces.

title: 1776

text: July 4 – American Revolution: United States Declaration of Independence – The Continental Congress approves the declaration by the United States of its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. The text was drafted during June by Benjamin Franklin.

title: 1776

text: August 16 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Bennington: British and Brunswicker forces are decisively defeated by American troops at Walloomsac, New York.

title: 1777

text: July 6 – American Revolutionary War – Siege of Fort Ticonderoga: After a bombardment by British artillery under General John Burgoyne, American forces retreat from Fort Ticonderoga, New York.

title: 1777

text: October 17 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Saratoga: British General John Burgoyne surrenders to the American troops.

title: 1777

text: October 4 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Germantown: Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under Sir William Howe.

title: 1777

text: September 11 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Brandywine: The British gain a major victory in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

title: 1777

text: July 10 – Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.

title: 1778

text: July 27 – American Revolutionary War: First Battle of Ushant – British and French fleets fight to a standoff.

title: 1778

text: The Kingdom of Great Britain reaches c.9 million population.

title: 1780

text: October 2 – American Revolutionary War: In Tappan, New York, British spy John André is hanged by American forces.

title: 1780

text: January 5 – American Revolutionary War: Richmond, Virginia is burned by British naval forces, led by Benedict Arnold.

title: 1781

text: November 30 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris, representatives from the United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain sign preliminary peace articles (later formalized in the Treaty of Paris).

title: 1782

text: April 17 – American Revolutionary War: Colbert's Raid: A Spanish garrison under Captain Jacobo du Breuil defeats British irregulars at Arkansas Post.

title: 1783

text: February 3 – American Revolutionary War: Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United States of America. At this time, the Spanish government does not grant diplomatic recognition.

title: 1783

text: January 20 – At the palace of Versailles, Great Britain signs preliminary peace treaties with the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain.

title: 1783

text: Britain receives its first bales of imported American cotton.

title: 1784

text: August 16 – Britain creates the colony of New Brunswick.

title: 1784

text: January 14 – The Congress of the United States ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain to end the American Revolution, with the signature of President of Congress Thomas Mifflin.

title: 1784

text: May 20 – A treaty is signed in Paris between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, formally ending the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War.

title: 1784

text: July 14 – Convention of London between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain: British settlements on the Mosquito Coast of Central America are to be evacuated; Spain expands the territory available to the British in Belize on the Yucatán Peninsula, for cutting mahogany.

title: 1786

text: February 1 – French Revolutionary Wars: The French First Republic declares war on Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and (on March 7) Spain. During the year, the War of the First Coalition is joined by Portugal, the Holy Roman Empire, Naples and Tuscany in opposition to France.

title: 1793

text: October 12 – Battle of Tory Island: A British Royal Navy squadron, under Sir John Borlase Warren, prevents French Republican ships, commanded by Jean-Baptiste-François Bompart, from landing reinforcements for the Society of United Irishmen on the County Donegal coast; Irish leader Wolfe Tone is captured and later dies of his wounds. This ends the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

title: 1798

text: August 1 – King George III gives royal assent to the second Act of Union to unite the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland (both ruled by him) into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, effective on January 1, 1801.

title: 1800


slug: kingdom-of-gwent

label: Kingdom of Gwent

description: kingdom in South Wales

section: Deaths

text: King Erb of Gwent (in Southern Wales) dies; his kingdom is divided into Gwent and Ergyng (approximate date).

title: 555

section: Events › By place › Britain

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Meurig of Glywysing and Gwent invades Ergyng (Archenfield), and reunites the two Welsh kingdoms (approximate date).

title: 635

text: King Æthelbald of Mercia joins forces with Wessex and attacks Gwent and Powys in Mid Wales (approximate date).

title: 743

text: Battle of Hereford: The Welsh kingdoms of Brycheiniog, Gwent and Powys defeat the Mercians under King Offa at Hereford. They free themselves from the influence of the Anglo-Saxons.

title: 760

text: The armies of Brycheiniog and Gwent clash in the battle of Ffinnant (Wales). King Ithel of Gwent is killed in the fighting (approximate date).

title: 848

text: Ithel, king of Gwent (approximate date)

title: 848

text: A Viking pirate army under Hastein (a son of Ragnar Lodbrok) ravages the Welsh kingdoms of Brycheiniog and Gwent (approximate date).

title: 896

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: King Morgan Hen of Glywysing and Gwent (Wales) submits to the overlordship of King Æthelstan, and attends his court with Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth and Idwal Foel of Gwynedd.

title: 931

section: Events › By place › England

text: Rhydderch ap Iestyn, king of Gwent and Deheubarth

title: 1033

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Viking Irish raiders ally with King Gruffydd ap Rhydderch of Gwent in raiding along the River Severn.

title: 1049

section: Events › By place › British Isles

text: Caradog ap Gruffydd, prince of Gwent, killed in battle

title: 1081


slug: kingdom-of-gwynedd

label: Kingdom of Gwynedd

description: kingdom in northwest Wales, 401–1283

text: Raiders from Ireland, such as the Uí Liatháin and Laigin, harry the coasts of Wales. They plunder towns and capture slaves but later colonise large areas of what is called Gwynedd, in particular Llŷn, the coasts of Arllechwedd, Arfon and the Isle of Mona (approximate date).

title: 410

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Maelgwn Hir ap Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd (traditional date)

title: 547

text: Elidyr of Strathclyde invades Gwynedd (Wales) and tries to expel his brother-in-law, King Rhun ap Maelgwn.

title: 560

section: Births

text: Cadfan ap Iago, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)

title: 580

text: Rhun ap Maelgwn, king of Gwynedd

title: 586

text: Cadwallon ap Cadfan, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)

title: 591

text: Æthelfrith of Northumbria invades Deira and kills its king, Æthelric. Prince Edwin, son of the late king Ælla of Deira (possibly a nephew of Æthelric), flees to the court of King Iago of Gwynedd (northwest Wales).

title: 604

text: Battle of Chester: King Æthelfrith of Northumbria invades Gwynedd (northwest Wales), in order to route out his old enemy, Edwin of Deira. A united Brythonic force (Gwynedd, Powys, Pengwern and Dumnonian warriors) is defeated near Chester.

title: 613

text: Cadfan ap Iago succeeds his father Iago ap Beli, as king of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date).

title: 616

text: Iago ap Beli, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)

title: 616

text: King Cadfan of Gwynedd dies and is buried at Llangadwaladr, where his memorial stone can still be seen. He is succeeded by his son Cadwallon (approximate date).

title: 625

text: Cadfan ap Iago, king of Gwynedd

title: 625

text: King Penda of Mercia besieges Exeter in southwest England. King Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd lands with a force nearby, and negotiates an alliance with Penda.

title: 630

text: Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 634

section: Climate & Environment

text: Gwynedd and much of Wales is in the grasp of famine. Would-be king Cadwaladr Fendigaid flees to Brittany. Civil war continues in his kingdom (approximate date).

title: 645

text: Cadafael Cadomedd, king of Gwynedd

title: 655

text: The Kingdom of Gwynedd is also devastated by the plague; King Cadafael Cadomedd dies and is succeeded by Cadwaladr, who reasserts himself in his kingdom by sending his son Ivor from Brittany to be regent.

title: 664

section: Events › By place › Great Britain & Ireland

text: Cadafael Cadomedd, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 664

text: Cadwaladr, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 682

text: Rhodri Molwynog ap Idwal, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)

title: 690

text: Idwal Iwrch, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 712

text: Rhodri Molwynog, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 754

text: Quarrels between the kings Cynan Dindaethwy and Hywel leave the way open for Caradog ap Meirion (the House of Rhos) to usurp the throne of Gwynedd (modern Wales).

title: 795

text: Battle of Rhuddlan: Welsh forces, including those of Powys and Dyfed, clash with Mercians. King Coenwulf tries to re-assert his domination of northeast Wales. King Caradog ap Meirion of Gwynedd is killed during the fighting (approximate date).

title: 797

text: Caradog ap Meirion, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)

title: 797

text: King Coenwulf of Mercia invades Gwynedd (modern Wales), and kills his rival Caradog ap Meirion during the fighting in Snowdonia. Kings Cynan and Hywel retake the throne. Coenwulf also defeats and captures King Eadberht Præn of Kent. He is blinded and his hands are cut off. He introduces his brother Cuthred as a sub-king of Kent (approximate date).

title: 798

text: Caradog ap Meirion, king of Gwynedd (or 797)

title: 798

text: Cynan Dindaethwy, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 816

text: Rhodri the Great, king of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date)

title: 820

text: Hywel ap Rhodri, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 825

text: King Hywel ap Rhodri of Gwynedd dies after an 11-year reign. The kingdom is seized by his grand-nephew, Merfyn Frych of Man.

title: 825

text: Merfyn Frych, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 844

text: King Merfyn Frych dies after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Rhodri Mawr ("the Great"), who thus becomes ruler of Gwynedd (Wales).

title: 844

text: King Rhodri Mawr ("the Great") of Gwynedd annexes Seisyllwg, uniting most of Wales under his rule (approximate date).

title: 871

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: The Vikings invade Wales once more, and King Rhodri ap Merfyn ("the Great") of Gwynedd, Powys and Seisyllwg is forced to flee to Ireland (approximate date).

title: 877

text: King Rhodri the Great of Gwynedd, Powys and Seisyllwg, returns to his kingdoms, but is killed fighting the Mercians of King Ceolwulf II. His kingdoms are divided amongst his three sons: Anarawd, Merfyn and Cadell.

title: 878

text: Battle of the Conwy: King Anarawd of Gwynedd (Wales) initiates a revenge attack on the Mercian armies, and defeats them on the River Conwy.

title: 881

section: Culture & Society

text: King Anarawd ap Rhodri of Gwynedd makes the first ceremonial visit to an English court (that of Alfred the Great).

title: 890

section: Events › By place › Europe › Britain

text: King Anarawd of Gwynedd's shaky alliance with the Vikings collapses. His kingdom is ravaged by the Norsemen. Anarawd is forced to ask for help from Alfred the Great and submits to his overlordship. Alfred imposes oppressive terms and forces Anarawd's confirmation in the Christian Church, with Alfred as 'godfather'.

title: 894

text: King Anarawd of Gwynedd is supplied with English troops, to assist in his reconquest of Seisyllwg (Wales). He is successful, and his brother Cadell is finally able to take his rightful place on the Seisyllwg throne.

title: 895

text: Anarawd ap Rhodri, king of Gwynedd

title: 916

text: Kings Idwal Foel of Gwynedd and Hywel ap Cadell, and Prince Clydog of Deheubarth (Wales) submit to the overlordship of Edward the Elder. The Vikings raid Anglesey.

title: 918

title: 931

text: King Tewdwr of Brycheiniog attends the court of King Æthelstan and signs the English Land Charters. Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Idwal Foel of Gwynedd and Morgan Mwynfawr ("the Old") of Morgannwg are compelled to accompany Æthelstan on his campaign against King Constantine II of Scotland.

title: 934

text: Idwal Foel, king of Gwynedd, openly rebels against the overlordship of Edmund I. He and Llywelyn ap Merfyn, king of Pows, are killed fighting the English forces.

title: 942

text: Idwal Foel, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 942

text: English troops are deployed on the Llŷn Peninsula on behalf of King Hywel of Gwynedd in order to prevent his uncle, King Iago, invading with Viking allies from Dublin.

title: 978

text: probable – Iago ab Idwal, king of Gwynedd

title: 979

text: Hywel ap Ieuaf, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 985

text: Cadwallon ab Ieuaf, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 986

text: Ieuaf (Idwal ab Idwal), king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 988

text: Maredudd ab Owain, king of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date)

title: AD 999

text: Cynan ap Hywel, prince of Gwynedd (approximate date)

title: 1005

text: Cynan ab Iago, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)

title: 1014

text: Aeddan ap Blegywryd, king of Gwynedd

title: 1018

text: Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, prince of Gwynedd

title: 1039

text: Trahaearn ap Caradog, Welsh king of Gwynedd (d. 1081)

title: 1044

text: Gruffudd ap Cynan, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)

title: 1055

text: August 5 – Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, king of Gwynedd

title: 1063

text: Battle of Mynydd Carn (near St Davids in Wales): Gruffudd ap Cynan in alliance with Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Deheubarth, defeats the forces of Trahaearn ap Caradog, Caradog ap Gruffydd and Meilir ap Rhiwallon (who are all killed), allowing Gruffudd to claim the Kingdom of Gwynedd.

title: 1081

text: Trahaearn ap Caradog, Welsh king of Gwynedd, killed in battle (b. 1044)

title: 1081

text: The cantrefs of Rhos and Rhufoniog are annexed by Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd in Wales.

title: 1118

text: Angharad ferch Owain, queen consort of Gwynedd (b. 1065)

title: 1162

text: Owain Gwynedd becomes partial ruler of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north Wales on the death of Gruffydd ap Rhys.

title: 1163

text: c. August – Battle of Crogen: Owain Gwynedd (Owain Fawr), ruler of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north Wales, having formed an alliance with his nephew Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of Deheubarth, to challenge English rule, defeats King Henry II of England and drives his army out of Wales.

title: 1165

text: The Welsh prince Madoc (son of King Owain ap Gruffudd of Gwynedd) sails to North America, in his ship the Gwennan Gorn, and founds a colony.

title: 1170

text: Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd

title: 1170

text: Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, king of Gwynedd

title: 1172

text: Approximate date – Llywelyn ab Iorwerth ("the Great"), Welsh king of Gwynedd (d. 1240)

title: 1173

text: Summer – John, King of England ("Lackland") campaigns in Wales against Llywelyn the Great, prince of Gwynedd. In July, after the Welsh uprising, John and Llywelyn reach an agreement and a peace treaty is signed.

title: 1211

text: Llywelyn the Great, Welsh prince of Gwynedd, begins raiding Pembrokeshire to retake land that he accuses William Marshal (the Younger) of stealing. This also includes Wiston Castle.

title: 1220

text: October 8 – At Montgomery in Wales, King Henry III of England reaches a peaceful settlement with Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, the powerful ruler of the semi-independent Principality of Gwynedd, following a mediation by Ranulf de Blondeville, the Earl of Chester.

title: 1223

text: April 11 – Llywelyn the Great, Welsh king of Gwynedd

title: 1240

text: November 10 – Treaty of Aberconwy: Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and King Edward I of England sign a peace treaty which leaves Llywelyn only with the western part of Gwynedd.

title: 1277


slug: kingdom-of-hawaii

label: Kingdom of Hawaii

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Unification of Hawai‘i: Battle of Nuʻuanu: Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans, solidifying his control of the major islands of the archipelago and officially founding the Kingdom of Hawaii.

title: 1795

section: Events › January–June

date: April

text: April – Kaumualii receives an assurance of the continued independence of the Kingdom of Hawaii.

title: 1810

section: Events › April–June

section: Religion & Belief

date: July 14

text: July 14 – The Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu is founded in the Kingdom of Hawaii.

title: 1827

section: Events › July–September

date: March 10

text: March 10 – John Owen Dominis, prince consort of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi as the husband of Queen Liliʻuokalani (d. 1891)

title: 1832

section: Births › March–April

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Paulet Affair: Lord George Paulet occupies the Kingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain.

title: 1843

section: Events › January–March

date: December 15

text: December 15 – Kamehameha III, King of Hawaii (b. c. 1814)

title: 1854

section: Deaths › July–December

date: July 6

text: July 6 – King Kalākaua of Hawai'i is forced by anti-monarchists to sign the 'Bayonet Constitution', stripping the Hawaiian monarchy of much of its authority, as well as disenfranchising most native Hawaiians, all Asians and the poor.

title: 1887

section: Events › July

date: January 6

text: January 6 – The Wilcox rebellion, an attempt led by Robert Wilcox to overthrow the Republic of Hawaii and restore the Kingdom of Hawaii, begins with royalist troops landing at Waikiki Beach in O'ahu and clashing with republican defenders. The rebellion ends after three days and the remaining 190 royalists are taken prisoners of war.

title: 1895

section: Events › January

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Liliʻuokalani, last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii (b. 1838)

title: 1917

section: Deaths › November–December


label: Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)

description: former Central European monarchy (1000–1301)

section: Deaths

text: Sarolt, Grand Princess of Hungary (b. 950)

title: 1008

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Richeza (or Adelaide), queen of Hungary (d. 1075)

title: 1013

section: Conflict & Security

date: July

text: July – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) leads an invasion into Hungary. He plunders the lands west of the River Rába but suffers from the consequences of the scorched earth tactics used by the Hungarians. Conrad, threatened by starvation, is forced to retreat to Germany. King Stephen I (St. Stephen) pursued his forces, which were defeated and captured by the Hungarians at Vienna.

title: 1030

text: Summer – After a failed invasion in the previous year, the Holy Roman Empire concludes a peace with the Kingdom of Hungary; Emperor Conrad II is forced to cede the lands between Leitha and Fischa to King Stephen I.

title: 1031

text: Autumn – Battle of Vértes: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor invades the Kingdom of Hungary, and is utterly defeated by Andrew I of Hungary.

title: 1051

section: Events › By place › Continental Europe

text: Judith of Swabia, queen consort of Hungary (d. 1105)

title: 1054

date: December 6

text: December 6 – Béla I ("the Champion") is crowned king of Hungary after his nephew, Solomon is deprived of the crown. He is supported by Duke Bolesław II the Generous – who helps him (with Polish troops) to obtain the Hungarian throne.

title: 1060

date: September 11

text: September 11 – Béla I (the Champion), king of Hungary

title: 1063

text: Gisela (or Gizella), queen consort of Hungary (b. 985)

title: 1065

text: The Kingdom of Hungary launches a campaign against the Byzantine Empire. They besiege and capture the border fortress of Belgrade, along with Sirmium and Taurunum.

title: 1071

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: July – Coloman ("the Learned") begins to establish himself as ruler of Hungary, following the death of his uncle, King Ladislaus I (until 1116).

title: 1095

text: Stephen IV, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1165)

title: 1133

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Emperor Lothair III receives homage from Eric II, and makes him an imperial prince at the Reichstag. His diplomatic missions to Hungary and Poland result in a tribute payment. Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth is given Pomerania and Rügen as German fiefs.

title: 1135

text: Approximate date – Maria Komnene, queen consort of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1190)

title: 1144

date: May

text: May – July – A German expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) under King Conrad III leaves Regensburg and passes into Hungary. The German nobility is headed by Conrad's nephew and heir, Frederick I, duke of Swabia. On July 20, Conrad crosses into the Byzantine Empire, and reaches Sofia – where Michael Palaiologos (a nephew of Emperor Manuel I) gives Conrad an official welcome and provides the Crusaders with food.

title: 1147

section: Events › By place › Second Crusade

text: Agnes of Austria, queen consort of Hungary (d. 1182)

title: 1154

text: A plot of land at Miholjanec is donated to the Knights Templar, who build a monastery in nearby Zdelia. This is the earliest historical mention of the Templars in Croatia and Hungary.

title: 1160

date: April 11

text: April 11 – Stephen IV, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1133)

title: 1165

date: August

text: August – Frederick I claims imperial authority over Bohemia, Greater Poland and Hungary. He installs his 3-year-old son Frederick V as duke of Swabia, after Frederick's cousin, Frederick IV, dies of disease at Rome.

title: 1167

text: April–May – Béla III returns to Hungary – where he is acclaimed king by the Hungarian nobility, after the death (possibly from poison) of his elder brother Stephen III, on March 4.

title: 1172

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Stephen III, king of Hungary (b. 1147)

title: 1172

text: Approximate date – King Béla III of Hungary invites Cistercian and Premonstratensian monks to Hungary. They introduce advanced agricultural methods in the realm.

title: 1173

section: Events › By topic › Agriculture

text: Emeric, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1204)

title: 1174

date: January 13

text: January 13 – Agnes of Austria, queen of Hungary (b. 1154)

title: 1182

text: May – June – Béla III, king of Hungary, ravages the region of Belgrade and Barancs (modern-day Braničevo). Meanwhile, Serbia allies itself with Hungary to gain independence.

title: 1182

text: Gertrude of Merania, queen of Hungary (d. 1213)

title: 1185

text: Béla IV, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1270)

title: 1206

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Teutonic Order builds Bran Castle in the Burzenland (modern Romania) as a fortified position at the entrance of a mountain pass through which traders can travel. The Teutonic Knights build another five castles, some of them made of stone. Their rapid expansion in Hungary makes the nobility and clergy, who are previously uninterested in those regions, jealous and suspicious.

title: 1212

date: June

text: June – Yolanda de Courtenay, queen consort of Hungary

title: 1233

text: Autumn – King Béla IV of Hungary allows some 40,000 Cumans, pagan nomads fleeing the Mongols, to settle in Hungary between the rivers Danube and Theiss, after their leader, Köten, has promised to convert to Christianity.

title: 1239

text: Stephen V, king of Hungary (House of Árpád) (d. 1272)

title: 1239

text: Battle of Grobnik Field: Croatian forces under Béla IV stop the Mongol invasion in Hungary and Croatia. Béla rebuilds the country and orders the building of fortifications through his kingdom.

title: 1242

section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire

text: Elizabeth the Cuman, queen consort of Hungary (d. 1290)

title: 1244

text: Beatrice d'Este, queen consort of Hungary (b. 1215)

title: 1245

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Battle of the Leitha River: Hungarian forces, under King Béla IV, defeat Duke Frederick II (the Quarrelsome) at the banks of the Leitha River. Frederick is killed (leaving no male heirs); the House of Babenberg is dissolved. Emperor Frederick II places the fiefs of Austria and Styria under his rule. This ends the Austrian claims to the western counties of Hungary.

title: 1246

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Otto III, Duke of Bavaria, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1312)

title: 1261

date: August 5

text: August 5 – Ladisslaus IV ("the Cuman"), king of Hungary (d. 1290)

title: 1262

date: July 2

text: July 2 – Peace of Pressburg: Kings Ottokar II and Stephen V sign a peace agreement at Pressburg, settling territorial claims, following the failed invasion of Hungary by Ottokar in April. In the agreement, Stephen promises not to support Ottokar's opponents in Carinthia, and Ottokar renounces the castles he and his partisans occupy in Hungary.

title: 1271

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Charles Martel, king of Hungary (d. 1295)

title: 1271

date: May 18

text: May 18 – Agnes of Austria, queen consort of Hungary (House of Árpád) (d. 1364)

title: 1281

text: Winter – The Mongol Golden Horde led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga attacks Hungary for the second time. They successfully subdue Slovakia and sack territory north of the Carpathian Mountains.

title: 1285

text: August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against the 26-year-old King Ladislaus IV, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects in Hungary, and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of Western Europe. Meanwhile, the Hungarian government loses more power because the clergy and most of the nobles rule the kingdom independently.

title: 1288

text: October 6 – Wenceslaus III, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1306)

title: 1289

text: July 10 – King Ladislaus IV of Hungary ("the Cuman") is assassinated at the castle of Körösszeg (modern Romania). He is succeeded by Andrew III ("the Venetian"), after an election by Hungarian nobles, who is crowned by Archbishop Lodomer as new ruler of Hungary and Croatia in Székesfehérvár on July 23.

title: 1290

text: August 12 – Charles Martel, titular king of Hungary (b. 1271)

title: 1295

text: January 14 – Andrew III ("Andrew the Venetian"), king of Hungary (b. 1265)

title: 1301

text: January 14 – With the death of King Andrew III ("the Venetian") after a short illness, possibly from poisoning, the Árpád Dynasty in Hungary ends. This results in a power struggle between Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Otto III of Bavaria, and Charles Robert of Naples. Eventually, Wenceslaus is elected and crowned as king of Hungary and Croatia. His rule is only nominal, because a dozen powerful Hungarian nobles hold sway over large territories in the kingdom.

title: 1301


label: Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)

description: former Central European monarchy (1301–1526)

section: Births

text: Elizabeth of Poland, queen consort of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1380)

title: 1305

section: Culture & Society

date: June 21

text: June 21 – At 14 years old, Wenceslaus III becomes ruler of Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland upon the death at age 33 of his father, King Wenceslaus II.

title: 1305

section: Events › April – June

date: August 4

text: August 4 – Wenceslaus III, king of Hungary, Croatia and Poland (b. 1289)

title: 1306

date: November 27

text: November 27 – On the same day, Hungarian nobles formally elect the 20-year-old Charles Robert of Salerno as King of Hungary and Croatia in the Hungarian city of Pest (now part of Budapest). He becomes Charles I, but his rule remains nominal in most parts of the realm after he is crowned.

title: 1308

section: Events › October – December

text: June 15 – Battle of Rozgony: Hungarian forces led by King Charles I defeat the family of Palatine Amadeus Aba near Rozgony. During the battle, Charles losses his royal standard, but is reinforced by German mercenaries from Košice (now part of the Republic of Slovakia). The rebel army is routed, and Charles extends his power base in Hungary. His position is secured and resistance (reduced by the magnates' opposition) against Charles' rule comes to an end.

title: 1312

date: August 19

text: August 19 – King Louis X of France, nicknamed "Louis the Quarrelsome", marries the 22-year-old Clementia of Hungary, daughter of Charles Martel of Anjou (titular king of Hungary) following the death in prison of his uncrowned first wife, Margaret of Burgundy. Louis and Clementia are on August 24 crowned at Reims. Louis is the 12th Capetian ruler of France following the death nine months earlier of his father, Philip IV. After his coronation, Louis passes the throne of the Kingdom of Navarre to his younger brother, who becomes Philip II of Navarre, nicknamed "Philip the Tall".

title: 1315

section: Events › July – September

date: December 15

text: December 15 – Maria of Bytom, queen consort of Hungary and Croatia

title: 1317

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Beatrice of Luxembourg, queen of Hungary

title: 1319

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Duke Władysław I Łokietek ("Ladislaus the Short") becomes king of a reunited Poland, after receiving the approval from Pope John XXII. He is crowned, along with his wife Jadwiga of Kalisz, at the royal cathedral on Wawel Hill at Kraków. Wladysław's kingdom is surrounded by three hostile neighbors: Brandenburg, the Teutonic Order and Bohemia. Looking for allies, he makes an alliance with Charles I, ruler of Hungary.

title: 1320

section: Events › January – March

text: August/September – Battle of Bliska: A coalition of Croatian noblemen (with the support of King Charles I of Hungary) defeats Mladen II Šubić of Bribir, ruler (ban) of Bosnia. After the battle, Mladen is arrested by the Croatian Parliament during an assembly held in Knin Fortress and is taken as a prisoner to the royal court in Hungary on October 8.

title: 1322

date: September 25

text: September 25 – Battle of Nicopolis: The Ottomans defeat a joint crusade by Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Wallachia, led by King Sigismund of Hungary. This is the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages.

title: 1396

section: Climate & Environment

text: A powerful earthquake destroys the Timișoara Fortress in the Kingdom of Hungary

title: 1443

section: Events › Date unknown


slug: kingdom-of-hungary

label: Kingdom of Hungary

description: Central European monarchy (1000–1946)

text: Stephen I, king of Hungary (approximate date)

title: 975

text: Géza (or Gejza), Grand Prince of Hungary

title: 997

text: The Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 as a Christian state. In the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region. On December 25, Stephen I was crowned as the first King of Hungary in Esztergom.

title: AD 1000

section: Events › Christendom

text: Andrew I ("the Catholic"), king of Hungary (d. 1060)

title: 1015

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Stephen I, king of Hungary

title: 1038

text: August 15 – On the death of his uncle, Stephen I, Peter Orseolo becomes the second ruler of Hungary.

title: 1038

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Géza I (Magnus), king of Hungary (approximate date)

title: 1040

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Battle of Ménfő: German troops under King Henry III ("the Black") defeat the Hungarian army, led by King Samuel Aba, who flees the field but is captured and killed. Peter Orseolo ("the Venetian") becomes (for the second time) king of Hungary, and a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1044

text: July 6 – Samuel Aba, palatine and king of Hungary

title: 1044

text: Vata pagan uprising in the Kingdom of Hungary: Peter, King of Hungary ("the Venetian"), is overthrown after a 2-year reign and perhaps executed. Bishops Gerard of Csanád and Bystrík (or Bestricus) are stoned to death in Budapest.

title: 1046

text: Solomon (or Salomon), king of Hungary (d. 1087)

title: 1053

date: December

text: December – Conrad I, duke of Bavaria, is summoned to a Christmas court at Merseburg, and deposed by Emperor Henry III. He flees to King Andrew I in Hungary, and joins a coalition with the rebellious Welf III, duke of Carinthia. Henry's 4-year-old son Henry becomes the new duke of Bavaria.

title: 1053

text: Synadene, queen consort of Hungary (approximate date)

title: 1058

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Empress Agnes de Poitou and King Andrew I ("the White") of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border zone in Burgenland (modern Austria).

title: 1058

text: Peter Orseolo ("the Venetian"), king of Hungary (possible date)

title: 1059

date: March 14

text: March 14 – Battle of Mogyoród: King Solomon is defeated by his cousins, Duke Géza I and Ladislaus I. He is dethroned and Géza becomes the new ruler of Hungary.

title: 1074

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Géza I ("Magnus"), king of Hungary

title: 1077

date: May 3

text: May 3 – Adelaide of Rheinfelden, queen consort of Hungary

title: 1090

section: Religion & Belief

date: May 21

text: May 21 – Synod of Szabolcs: King Ladislaus I of Hungary assembles a council of the prelates of his kingdom at the fortress of Szabolcs.

title: 1092

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: July 29

text: July 29 – Ladislaus I, king of Hungary

title: 1095

text: Stephen II, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1131), and his twin Ladislaus

title: 1101

text: Spring – Duke Bolesław III along with his ally King Coloman of Hungary, invades Bohemia in order to aid Duke Svatopluk in gaining the Bohemian throne. The Polish expedition is a complete success: on May 14 Svatopluk is installed as Duke of Bohemia in Prague. King Henry V demands tribute from Svatopluk as his overlord and vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1107

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Autumn – The Principality of Nitra ceases to exist, after King Coloman of Hungary, deposes its last ruler, Álmos, duke of Croatia.

title: 1108

text: Béla II, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1141)

title: 1109

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Coloman, King of Hungary ("the Learned") dies after a 21-year reign in which he has consolidated the feudal system in Hungary and expanded the frontier (partly by overthrowing Petar Snačić, king of Croatia).

title: 1116

text: February 3 – Coloman ("the Learned"), king of Hungary

title: 1116

text: Summer – Emperor John II Komnenos re-confirms the treaty of 1082. This ends the hostilities with Hungary and Venice. John secures Braničevo, and recovers the region of Sirmium on the Danube, but is forced by Venice to renew the exclusive commercial privileges.

title: 1126

text: Byzantine–Hungarian War: Emperor John II Komnenos defeats the Hungarians and their Serbian allies at the fortress of Haram (or Chramon), which is modern-day Nova Palanka.

title: 1128

text: Ladislaus II, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1163)

title: 1131

text: Stephen III, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1172)

title: 1147

text: Béla III, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1196)

title: 1148

text: Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary, Queen of England by marriage to Henry the Young King and queen of Hungary and Croatia by marriage to Béla III of Hungary (d. 1197)

title: 1157

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Ladislaus II, duke of Bosnia, is declared king of Hungary and Croatia. He is crowned by Archbishop Mikó and grants one-third of the kingdom to his brother, Stephen IV.

title: 1162

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Géza II, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1130)

title: 1162

text: King Béla III of Hungary and Croatia goes to war with Venice in an effort to recover Dalmatia. The city of Zadar (located on the Adriatic Sea) accepts Béla's suzerainty.

title: 1181

section: Events › Europe

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Béla III of Hungary dies after a 23-year reign in which he has supported the former Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelos against the invading Bulgarians. Having made the Hungarian court one of the most brilliant in Europe and made his hereditary monarchy. Béla is succeeded by his 22-year-old son Emeric as ruler of Hungary, Croatia and Dalmatia (until 1204).

title: 1196

text: April 23 – Béla III, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1148)

title: 1196

text: September 8 – Enrico Dandolo takes the cross and agrees to lead a Venetian force, which, in an outburst of Crusading enthusiasm, reaches some 21,000 men – the largest contingent of the Fourth Crusade. He proclaims the debts will be wiped if the Crusaders take the 'rebel' Dalmatian city of Zara (modern-day Zadar) which has pledged its loyalty to Emeric, king of Hungary and Croatia. The Zara proposal causes disquiet in the Crusader ranks and also upsets Pope Innocent III who threatens to excommunicate those who attack Zara.

title: 1202

section: Events › By place › Fourth Crusade

date: May 29

text: May 29 – Andrew II, brother of the late King Emeric, is crowned ruler of Hungary and Croatia at Székesfehérvár, after his 5-year-old nephew, Ladislaus III, suddenly dies in Vienna. Andrew introduces a new policy for royal grants, which he calls "new institutions". He distributes large portions of his domain–such as royal castles and all estates attached to them–to supporters and Hungarian nobles.

title: 1205

text: May 7 – Ladislaus III, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1200)

title: 1205

text: Beatrice d'Este, queen consort of Hungary (d. 1245)

title: 1215

text: December 15 – The Golden Bull of 1222 is issued in Hungary, limiting the power of the monarchy over the nobility.

title: 1222

text: The Teutonic Knights are expelled from Transylvania by King Andrew II, because they wanted to separate from Hungary.

title: 1225

text: August 5 – The Diet of Hungary adopts the so-called Cuman laws to regulate the social status and lifestyle of the nomadic and pagan Cumans living in the Kingdom of Hungary.

title: 1279

text: Congress of Visegrád: The monarchs of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland form an anti-Habsburg alliance.

title: 1335

text: July 16 – Louis I becomes king of Hungary.

title: 1342

text: earliest possible date – Bogdan I becomes Prince of Moldavia (modern-day Moldova) after freeing it from Hungarian control. He will be ancestor of the House of Bogdan, who will rule Moldavia for more than three centuries.

title: 1359

text: Venice repels a Hungarian invasion.

title: 1369

text: May 1 – The third war between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire as the 40,000 Hungarian troops, led by King Lajos of Hungary depart from Várad (now Oradea in Romania) and march into the Principality of Wallachia, whose ruler, Vladislav, has recently changed his alliance from Hungary to the Ottoman sultanate.

title: 1375

text: February 24 – Elizabeth of Bosnia, the mother of the overthrown Queen Mary of Hungary and Croatia, arranges the assassination of Charles III of Naples, the ruler of Hungary, Naples, Achaea and Croatia, with the result that Mary is reinstated as Queen of Hungary and Croatia; Charles' son, Ladislaus, becomes King of Naples; and a period of interregnum begins in Achaea, lasting until 1396. The rule of Achaea is sought by numerous pretenders, none of whom can be considered to have reigned.

title: 1386

text: May 17 – Mary of Hungary dies, ending of the reign of Hungary by the Capet-Anjou family. Her co-reigning estranged husband, King Sigismund, becomes sole ruler of Hungary.

title: 1395

text: Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland in order to protect itself from an invasion by Hungary.

title: 1402

text: The Republic of Venice purchases the port of Zadar from Hungary.

title: 1409

text: April 28 – The Hussites defeat Hungarian and Serbian troops in the Battle of Nagyszombat in an invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary near Nagyszombat (now Trnava in Slovakia).

title: 1430

text: April – Ottoman Sultan Murad II begins the siege of Belgrade, at this time part of the Kingdom of Hungary following the conquest of Serbia. The fortress is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of artillery prevents the Turks from capturing the city, and the siege ends after six months.

title: 1440

text: August 15 – The Peace of Szeged is signed between the Turkish Ottoman Empire and Hungary.

title: 1444

text: Isaac Zarfati sends a circular letter to Rhineland, Swabia, Moravia and Hungary, praising the happy conditions of the Jews under the crescent, in contrast to the "great torture chamber" under the cross, and urging them to come to the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1454

text: January 24 – Matthias Corvinus becomes king of Hungary, at age 14.

title: 1458

text: February 21 – The Treaty of Ófalu is signed between the Kingdom of Poland and the Kingdom of Hungary.

title: 1474

text: March 28 – The initial draft of the Treaty of Brno, between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Bohemia, is agreed upon by envoys from both kingdoms, subject to modifications.

title: 1478

text: October 13 – In the Battle of the Breadfield, the army of the Kingdom of Hungary, led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthory, defeats the army of the Ottoman Empire and Transylvania and Hungary, leaving at least 10,000 Ottoman Turks dead.

title: 1479

text: January 29 – The siege of Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire, is started by the Black Army of the Kingdom of Hungary in the ninth year of the ongoing Austrian-Hungarian War. Vienna is defended by a force of only 3,000 soldiers and cavalry, against 28,000 soldiers and cavalry of the Black Army, and the city falls to Hungary within four months.

title: 1485

text: June 1 – King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary secures the surrender of Vienna, the Holy Roman Empire's capital, after a siege of four months. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, had departed the city before the siege began.

title: 1485

text: January 13 – In Austria, the siege of Wiener Neustadt by the Kingdom of Hungary begins and will last for more than a year and a half before the city is surrendered to Hungary and is renamed Biencújhely. As part of the terms of peace, Austria cedes much of the territory of Lower Austria to the Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus.

title: 1486

text: May 13 – The Venetian Republic signs a treaty with the Kingdom of Hungary and Pope Alexander VI for troops to protect Venetian Dalmatia during the Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503).

title: 1501

text: Austrian forces capture Esztergom, Hungary, and raid as far as Buda.

title: 1530

text: June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent leads another invasion of Hungary.

title: 1532

text: July 19 – The Treaty of Weissenburg goes into effect as John Sigismund Zápolya, King of Hungary since 1540, abdicates in favor of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. In addition, the independent Kingdom of Transylvania, ruled by Isabella Jagiellon, is ceded to the Kingdom of Hungary as part of peace with Ferdinand.

title: 1551

text: May 22 – Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned King of Hungary.

title: 1712

text: June 25 – Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen Regnant of Hungary in Bratislava.

title: 1741

text: September 13 – Kalvária Banská Štiavnica in the Kingdom of Hungary is completed.

title: 1751

text: October 31–December 14 – The Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan in Transylvania causes Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor to suspend the Hungarian Constitution.

title: 1784

text: January 8 – Mihály Bertalanits, Slovene (Prekmurje Slovene) poet in the Kingdom of Hungary (b. 1788)

title: 1853

text: June 4 – Treaty of Trianon: Peace is restored between the Allied Powers and Hungary, which loses 72% of its territory.

title: 1920

text: October 10 – Teaching at the University of Szeged begins, in the Kingdom of Hungary.

title: 1921


slug: kingdom-of-iberia-antiquity

label: Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)

year_label: 326 BCE

text: Pharnavaz I of Iberia, later King of Iberia

title: 326 BC

year_label: 162 BCE

section: Deaths

text: The king of Caucasian Iberia, Saurmag I, dies. Having no son, he is succeeded by his son-in-law, Mirian.

title: 162 BC

section: Events › By place › Georgia

text: Saurmag I, king of Caucasian Iberia

title: 162 BC

year_label: 90 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Arshak I becomes king of Caucasian Iberia after overthrowing Farnadjom.

title: 90 BC

section: Events › By place › Asia Minor

text: Pharnajom, king of Iberia (modern Georgia)

title: 90 BC

year_label: 81 BCE

text: Artaxias I (or Arshak), king of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 81 BC

year_label: 65 BCE

text: Pompey the Great subjugates the kingdom of Iberia and makes Colchis a Roman province.

title: 65 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 36 BCE

text: Publius Canidius Crassus invades Armenia and Iberia (Georgia); he forces Parnavaz II into an alliance against Zober, king of Albania.

title: 36 BC

year_label: 30 BCE

text: Pharnavaz II, king of Iberia (Artaxiad dynasty) (Georgia) (killed by Mirian II)

title: 30 BC

year_label: 20 BCE

text: Mirian II (or Mirvan), king of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 20 BC

year_label: 58 CE

text: Pharasmanes I, Roman client king of Iberia

title: 50s

section: Deaths › 58 AD

year_label: 75 CE

text: Vespasian fortifies Armazi (Georgia) for the Iberian king Mithridates I. The Alans raid the Roman frontier in Armenia.

title: AD 75

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Pharasmanes III (or P'arsman), Georgian king of Iberia

title: AD 185

text: Christianity is introduced to the Kingdom of Iberia (modern-day Georgia) by Saint Nino (approximate date).

title: 326

text: Christianity is declared an official religion in Caucasian Iberia, marking the rise of Christianity in Georgia.

title: 337

text: Vakhtang I, king of Iberia (modern Georgia) (approximate date)

title: 440

text: Vakhtang I, Georgian king (approximate date)

title: AD 502

text: Spring – Lazic War: The Byzantine army under Bessas combines forces with King Gubazes II, and defeats the Persians in Lazica (modern Georgia) in a surprise attack. The survivors retreat into Caucasian Iberia.

title: 549

section: Events › By place › Persia

text: Bacurius III, king of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 580