slug: ecumenical-patriarch-of-constantinople

label: Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

description: highest position in the Eastern Orthodox Church

year_label: 38 CE

section: Religion & Belief

text: Stachys the Apostle becomes the second patriarch of Constantinople (traditional date).

title: 30s

section: Events › 38 AD › Anatolia

text: Andrew the Apostle becomes the first patriarch of Constantinople, and resigns that position shortly thereafter (traditional date).

title: 30s

year_label: 54 CE

text: Patriarch Onesimus succeeds Stachys the Apostle as Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 50s

section: Events › 54 AD › Anatolia

text: Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Plutarch to Patriarch Sedecion.

title: AD 105

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Sedecion to Patriarch Diogenes.

title: AD 114

text: Change of Patriarch of Constantinople, from Patriarch Diogenes to Eleutherius.

title: AD 129

text: Change of Bishop of Byzantium from Bishop Eleutherius to Bishop Felix.

title: AD 136

text: Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Felix of Byzantium to Polycarpus II of Byzantium.

title: AD 141

text: Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Polycarpus II to Athendodorus (until 148).

title: AD 144

text: Euzois succeeds Athendodorus, as Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: AD 148

text: Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Euzois to Patriarch Laurence.

title: AD 154

text: Alypius succeeds Laurence as Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: AD 166

text: Olympianus succeeds Pertinax as bishop of Byzantium (until 198).

title: AD 187

text: Marcus I succeeds Olympianus as Patriarch of Constantinople (until 211).

title: AD 198

text: Marcus I is succeeded by Philadelphus, as Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 211

text: Patriarch Castinus succeeds Ciriacus I as patriarch Constantinople.

title: 230

text: Patriarch Eugenius I succeeds Patriarch Castinus as Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 237

text: Patriarch Titus succeeds Eugenius I as Patriarch of Constantinople (until 272).

title: 242

text: Dometius succeeds Titus as Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 272

text: Rufinus succeeds Dometius as Bishop of Byzantium.

title: 284

text: Probus succeeds Rufinus, as Bishop of Byzantium.

title: 293

section: Births

text: Gregory Nazianzus, Greek Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 390)

title: 329

text: Paul I becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 337

text: Paul I is restored as Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 341

text: Paul I, Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed and replaced by Macedonius I.

title: 342

text: Macedonius I, Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed again by Paul I.

title: 346

text: Macedonius is restored as Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 351

text: Demophilus of Constantinople becomes Patriarch of Constantinople, although his position is disputed by Evagrius of Constantinople.

title: 370

text: Gregory Nazianzus becomes Patriarch of Constantinople, and is wounded when he is attacked by a mob of heretics.

title: 379

text: Nectarius succeeds Gregory Nazianzus as Archbishop of Constantinople.

title: 381

section: Deaths

text: Demophilus, Patriarch of Constantinople

title: 386

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Gregory Nazianzus, theologian and Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 329)

title: 390

text: Eudoxia exiles John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, for criticizing her sumptuous lifestyle. He is banished to the Caucasus in Armenia. Pope Innocent I at Rome orders a synod to reinstate the bishop, but his envoys are imprisoned. Atticus becomes the new bishop of Constantinople.

title: AD 404

text: Sisinnius becomes Archbishop of Constantinople.

title: 426

section: Events › By place › Religion

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople. He preaches a new doctrine, that will be called Nestorianism. It makes a distinction between the divine and human natures of Jesus, but comes under immediate attack from Pope Celestine I, and Cyril of Alexandria.

title: 428

date: June

text: June – First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected; the Nicene Creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is deposed from his see.

title: 431

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Maximianus is enthroned as Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 431

date: April 12

text: April 12 – Maximianus dies on Great and Holy Thursday. He is succeeded by Proclus, who becomes archbishop of Constantinople.

title: 434

text: April 12 – Maximianus, archbishop of Constantinople

title: 434

date: August 3

text: August 3 – Theodosius II exiles Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, to a monastery in the Libyan desert at the behest of his sister Pulcheria.

title: 435

date: August 11

text: August 11 – Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 449

text: August 3 – The Second Council of Ephesus opens, chaired by Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria. Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople, and Domnus II, patriarch of Antioch, are deposed on August 8.

title: 449

date: February 7

text: February 7 – Leo I, a Thraco-Roman (or Dacian) high-ranking officer, becomes the new emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, reigning for nearly 20 years. He is first to accept the Byzantine crown from the hands of the patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 457

text: July 3 – Gennadius I becomes patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 458

text: July 3 – Anatolius, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 458

text: Gennadius I, patriarch of Constantinople, banishes Timothy II, patriarch of Alexandria.

title: 460

text: Acacius becomes patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Gennadius I.

title: 471

text: August 25 – Gennadius I, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 471

text: Fravitta becomes patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 488

text: Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 489

text: Euphemius becomes patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 490

text: Emperor Anastasius I has Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople, deposed and excommunicated. He appoints Macedonius II as his successor. Euphemius is sent into exile.

title: 496

text: November 19 – Pope Anastasius II dies after a 2-year reign in which he has tried to conciliate followers of Acacius, late patriarch of Constantinople, who was excommunicated by Felix III.

title: 498

text: Macedonius II is deposed as patriarch of Constantinople, and replaced by Timothy I.

title: 511

text: Eutychius, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date)

title: 512

text: Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 515

text: Macedonius II, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date)

title: 517

text: February 25 – Epiphanius is elected patriarch of Constantinople by Byzantine Emperor Justin I.

title: 520

text: January 19 – John of Cappadocia, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 520

text: Anthimus I becomes patriarch of Constantinople (535–536).

title: 535

text: June 5 – Epiphanius, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 535

text: Before March 13 – Anthimus I is deposed as patriarch of Constantinople in favour of Menas.

title: 536

text: Eutychius becomes patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 552

text: Menas, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 552

text: January 22 – Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople is deposed as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople by Justinian I after he refuses the Byzantine Emperor's order to adopt the tenets of the Aphthartodocetae, a sect of Monophysites. From April 12 he is replaced by John Scholasticus.

title: 565

text: John III, patriarch of Constantinople, organizes a compromise between the Chalcedonians and Monophysites.

title: 567

text: Eutychius is restored as patriarch of Constantinople, after an exile of 12 years at Amasia (modern Turkey).

title: 577

text: August 31 – John Scholasticus, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 577

text: April 11 – John Nesteutes becomes the 33rd bishop or patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 582

text: April 5 – Eutychius, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 582

text: September 2 – John IV ("the Faster"), patriarch of Constantinople, dies after a 13-year reign in which he has mediated disputes between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Monophysites.

title: 595

text: September 2 – John IV, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 595

text: Cyriacus II, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 606

text: October 11 – Thomas I is appointed as the 60th patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 607

text: Heraclius prepares to leave Constantinople and moves the Byzantine capital to Carthage, but is convinced to stay by Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople. He begins to rebuild the Byzantine army with the aid of funds from church treasures.

title: 619

text: Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius sails from Constantinople with an expeditionary force (probably 50,000 men), and starts a counter-offensive against the Persian Empire (his young son, Constantine III, is left behind as regent under the charge of Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople, and patrician Bonus). He lands a few days later at the junction of Cilicia and Syria, near Alexandretta and ancient Issus.

title: 622

text: December 20 – Pyrrhus I becomes patriarch of Constantinople, after the death of Sergius I. He has been an advocate of Monothelitism and a close friend of Heraclius.

title: 638

text: June 1 – Pyrrhus, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 654

text: Callinicus I becomes the 71st patriarch of Constantinople, after Paul III.

title: 693

text: August 20 - Paul III, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 693

text: Kallinikos I, patriarch of Constantinople (or 706)

title: 705

text: Kallinikos I, patriarch of Constantinople (or 705)

title: 706

text: Tarasios, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date)

title: 730

text: Nikephoros I, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date)

title: 758

text: Summer – Patriarch Constantine II is deposed and jailed, after the discovery of Constantine Podopagouros' plot against Constantine V. Nicetas I is appointed patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 766

text: Constantine II, patriarch of Constantinople

title: AD 767

text: Paul IV, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 784

text: August 30 – Paul IV abdicates as patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 784

text: Ignatius I, patriarch of Constantinople (or 798)

title: 797

text: Ignatius I, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date)

title: 798

text: April 12 – Nikephoros I is elected patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Tarasios.

title: 806

text: February 25 – Tarasios, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 806

text: Photius I, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date)

title: 810

text: July 11 – Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius). His sons are castrated to prevent them succeeding the Byzantine throne, and relegated into monasteries. One of them, Niketas (renamed Ignatius), eventually becomes a patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 813

text: Antony I, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 837

text: Nicholas I Mystikos, Byzantine patriarch (d. 925)

title: 852

text: October 23 – Ignatios I, patriarch of Constantinople, is imprisoned by orders of Emperor Michael III, and replaced by the layman Photius I.

title: 858

text: September – Photius I ("the Great"), patriarch of Constantinople, is removed from office and banished. Ignatius is reinstated as patriarch by Basil I.

title: 867

text: October 23 – Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople

title: 877

text: October 23 – Photius I is reinstated as patriarch of Constantinople, after the death of Ignatius.

title: 877

text: Fourth Council of Constantinople: Emperor Basil I calls for a synod, and reinstates Photius I as patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 879

text: May 18 – Stephen I, patriarch of Constantinople (b. 867)

title: 893

text: March 1 – Nicholas Mystikos, a layman close to Photios, becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 901

text: February 1 – Nicholas I Mystikos is deposed as Patriarch of Constanstinople, (having fallen out with the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI), and is replaced by Euthymius I Syncellus.

title: 907

text: Euthymius I is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople, and Nicholas Mystikos is restored.

title: 912

text: May 15 – Nicholas I Mystikos, twice the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and having reigned a second time since 912, dies at the age of 73.

title: 925

text: May 15 – Nicholas I Mystikos, Byzantine patriarch (b. 852)

title: 925

text: July 18 – Tryphon succeeds Stephen II as patriarch of Constantinople (until 931).

title: 928

text: July – Sergius II becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 1001

text: Leo Styppes becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 1134

text: June 23 – Athanasius I returns to leadership of the Eastern Orthodox church in Byzantium, receiving recognition as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople almost 10 years of having been driven from that office.

title: 1303

text: Gennadius Scholarius, Byzantine Greek philosopher and theologian, and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1473)

title: 1400

text: June 14 – The Emperor Manuel II restores Matthew I as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. Matthew had been deposed the previous autumn during the Emperor's absence from Byzantium.

title: 1403

text: April 3 – Symeon I succeeds Maximus III as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 1482

text: September 24 – Jeremias I is restored to the position of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, by order of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.

title: 1525

text: November 23 – Jeremias II Tranos is removed from office as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, and replaced by his rival Metrophanes III of Constantinople, whom he deposed on May 4, 1572.

title: 1579

text: February 22 – After being falsely accused of various charges, Jeremias II Tranos, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed by his fellow bishops and exiled to the island of Rhodes. Jeremias is replaced by Pachomius II Patestos.

title: 1584

text: February 16 – Pachomius II is deposed by fellow bishops from his position as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, and replaced by the Metropolitan of Philippoupolis, Theoleptus II.

title: 1585

text: November 8 – Dionysius IV, bishop of Larissa, is elected as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians, after Parthenius IV is sent into exile.

title: 1671

text: March 23 – Jeremias III becomes the new Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church.

title: 1716

text: January 17 – Jeremias III reclaims his role as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, chief leader within the Eastern Orthodox Church, 16 days after the Metropolitan Cyril IV of Pruoza had engineered an election to become the Patriarch.

title: 1718

text: November 20 – Callinicus, Metropolitan of Heraclea dies suddenly only one day after being elected the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, the highest office in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Callinicus is said to have paid a record fee to the Ottoman Sultan to guarantee his appointment.

title: 1726

text: March 4 – Cyril VI of Constantinople is elected Ecumenical Patriarch.

title: 1813

text: November 1 – Athenagoras I is elected the 268th Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

title: 1948


slug: edessa-mesopotamia

label: Edessa, Mesopotamia

year_label: 303 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Seleucus refounds the town of Orrhoa in northern Mesopotamia as a military colony and mixes Greek settlers with its eastern population. He names Edessa in memory of the ancient capital of Macedon.

title: 303 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: Abgar IX the Great becomes King of Edessa.

title: AD 179

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: The Roman province of Syria is divided and the role of Antioch is diminished. The Romans annex the Syrian cities of Edessa and Nisibis. Severus re-establishes his headquarters and the colonies there.

title: AD 195

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: A Christian council is held in Edessa.

title: AD 197

section: Climate & Environment

date: November

text: November – A flood in Edessa destroys a Christian church, killing over 2,000 people.

title: 201

text: The Daysan River floods Edessa.

title: 204

text: Relics of St. Thomas are brought to Edessa from India.

title: 232

section: Health & Medicine

text: Emperor Valerian leads an army (70,000 men) to relieve Edessa, besieged by the forces of Persian King Shapur I. An outbreak of a plague kills many legionaries, weakening the Roman position in Syria.

title: 259

text: The Daysan River floods Edessa.

title: 305

text: Rabbula becomes bishop of Edessa.

title: AD 411

date: March 18

text: March 18 – The Daysan River floods Edessa, Mesopotamia.

title: 415

text: Ibas is elected bishop of Edessa. He becomes associated with the growth of Nestorianism and openly preaching heretical doctrines in public.

title: 435

text: The Daisan river, tributary of the Euphrates, floods Edessa, and within a couple of hours fills the entire city except for the highest parts. Eventually the pent-up waters break through the city walls. The Shroud of Turin is allegedly discovered during the rebuilding of the city (see Image of Edessa).

title: 525

date: October 30

text: October 30 – Paul of Edessa, Syriac Orthodox bishop of Edessa

title: 526

text: Jacob Baradaeus becomes bishop of Edessa (approximate date).

title: 541

text: The Byzantine general George Maniakes captures Edessa from the Arab Muslims and stabilizes the eastern frontier.

title: 1031

section: Events › By place › Middle East


slug: edessa

label: Edessa

description: ancient city in upper Mesopotamia, modern day Urfa, Southeast Turkey

year_label: 53 BCE

text: Abgar II, Arab king of Edessa (modern Turkey)

title: 53 BC

text: In summer, rebellious movement emerges in Mesopotamia against Roman occupation. General Lusius Quietus is sent by Trajan to suppress the uprisings, recovering Nisibis, besieging and sacking Edessa, and waging war against local Jews

title: AD 116

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Edessa in Mesopotamia becomes a Roman province.

title: 212

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Ibas, bishop of Edessa (modern Turkey)

title: 457

text: War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I sends a Byzantine army (52,000 men) to Armenia, but is defeated. The Romans attempt an unsuccessful siege of the Persian-held city Amida, on the Tigris. King Kavadh I invades Osroene, and lays siege to the city of Edessa (Northern Mesopotamia).

title: 503

section: Events › Byzantine Empire

text: November – Emperor Anastasius I accepts a peace agreement with the Sasanian Empire (Persia), based on the status quo. He upgrades the fortifications at Batnae, Edessa and Amida (Northern Mesopotamia).

title: 506

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Summer – Khosrow I, Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire, invades Syria again, and turns south towards Edessa to besiege the fortress city.

title: 543

section: Events › By place › Persia

text: Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II launches an offensive against Constantinople, to avenge Maurice's death, his "friend and father", and tries to reconquer Byzantine territory. Narses, governor of Upper Mesopotamia, rebels against Phocas at the city of Edessa and requests aid from the Persians. Khosrau sends an expeditionary force to Armenia and crosses the Euphrates.

title: 602

text: Arab-Byzantine War: The invading Rashidun army under Khalid ibn al-Walid moves into Anatolia, conquering (without strong Byzantine resistance) the cities of Kahramanmaraş, Caesarea Cappadociae, Sebastia, and Malatya (west of the Taurus Mountains). Arab forces march into Armenia, where they capture the cities Edessa and Amida up to the Ararat plain.

title: 638

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Byzantine forces are defeated by Sayf al-Dawla. He captures the city of Aleppo, and extends his control over the Al-Jazira–Upper Mesopotamia region. Al-Dawla's rule is recognized by the Ikhshidids. With the recovery of Edessa, the Greeks also obtain the fabled Image of Edessa.

title: 944

text: Byzantine–Arab War: The Byzantines reconquer the fortress city of Edessa (modern Turkey), returning it to Christian hands, after 400 years of Islamic rule (approximate date).

title: 1042

date: March 10

text: March 10 – Baldwin of Boulogne enters Edessa, and is welcomed as liberator by the Armenian clergy. The local population massacres the Seljuk garrison and officials – or forces them to flee. Baldwin is acknowledged as their ruler (or doux). He assumes the title of count and establishes the first crusader state. Baldwin marries Arda of Armenia, daughter of Lord Thoros of Marash, and consolidates his conquered territory.

title: 1098

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

text: Autumn – Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the Sultanate of Rum, leads a Seljuk expedition to take over Melitene (modern Turkey). He attempts to capture Edessa, but the Crusader fortress is too strongly defended by its garrison. Kilij Arslan then moves on to Harran, which surrenders to him.

title: 1105

section: Events › By place › Seljuk Empire

text: Spring – Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic ruler (atabeg) of Mosul, leads an expedition to capture the territories of the Crusaders (belonging to the County of Edessa) east of the river Euphrates. He besieges the fortress city of Edessa, but is forced to retreat when King Baldwin I of Jerusalem (with the support of Armenian forces sent by Kogh Vasil) intervenes with a Crusader relief force.

title: 1110

section: Events › By place › Levant

date: November 29

text: November 29 – A large earthquake damages the areas of the Crusaders in the Middle East. From Antioch and Mamistra to Marash and Edessa are hit by the shocks.

title: 1114

section: Events › By topic › Earthquake

text: Autumn – Siege of Edessa: The Crusaders under Joscelin II recapture Edessa (Northern Syria) from Nur ad-Din, Seljuk ruler of Damascus. After not receiving support from the other Crusader states, Nur ad-Din counter-raids the territory of Antioch but withdraws his forces to retake Edessa in November.

title: 1146

date: April 18

text: April 18 – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, encamps before Damascus and overthrows Mujir al-Din by force with support of the Jewish citizens, who open the eastern gate to the bulk of his army. Mujir flees to the citadel, but capitulates after only a few hours. He is offered his life and the Emirate of Homs. A few weeks later Mujir is suspected of plotting with old friends in Damascus and is exiled to Baghdad. Damascus is annexed to Zangid territory and all of Syria is unified under the authority of Nur al-Din, from Edessa in the north to the Hauran to the south.

title: 1154

date: September

text: September – Saladin invades the Jazira Region, ending the truce between him and the Zangids. After a feint attack on Aleppo, he crosses the Euphrates. The towns of the Jazira fall before him; the cities of Edessa, Saruj and Nisibin are captured in October. Saladin presses on to Mosul, and begins the siege of the city on November 10.

title: 1182


slug: edinburgh

label: Edinburgh

description: capital city of Scotland, UK

section: Culture & Society

text: Edinburgh (Scotland) is founded by Edwin of Northumbria (approximate date).

title: 626

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: King Oswald and his Northumbrian army besiege and conquer Edinburgh (Scotland). His half-brother, Oswiu of Bernicia, marries Princess Rhiainfelt, heiress of North Rheged ("Old North"). Northumbria embraces North Rheged in a peaceful takeover, and Oswiu becomes a sub-king (approximate date).

title: 638

section: Religion & Belief

text: Holyrood Abbey is founded in Edinburgh by King David I of Scotland.

title: 1128

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Spring – First Barons' War: The English army, led by John, King of England ("Lackland"), sacks the town of Berwick-on-Tweed and raids southern Scotland. John pushes up towards Edinburgh over a ten-day period. On his return, he puts down a revolt in East Anglia. On March 24, he arrives at Hertford to deal with the challenge of a coming French invasion.

title: 1216

section: Events › By continent › Europe

text: Summer – First War of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") marches from Newcastle upon Tyne with his household to Alnwick and then by way of Chillingham to Roxburgh in Scotland, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at Kirkliston, to the west of Edinburgh, where he remains from July 15 to July 20. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to Leith.

title: 1298

section: Events › By place › British Isles

date: June 19

text: June 19 – English forces march to the environs of Edinburgh; here Edward II waits for the wagon train of over 200 baggage and supply wagons – which straggle behind the long columns, to catch up. At the nearby port of Leith, English supply ships land stores for the army – who will be well rested before the 35 mi march that will bring them to Stirling Castle, before the deadline of June 24.

title: 1314

section: Events › April – June

date: August 31

text: August 31 – King Richard II of England begins an invasion of Scotland. The English burn Holyrood and Edinburgh, but return home without a decisive battle.

title: 1385

section: Events › July–September

section: Crime & Justice

date: March 13

text: March 13 – Officials in the Kingdom of Scotland discover that 700 pounds sterling of bullion has been taken from the customs collectors of Edinburgh by John Stewart, the Earl of Carrick, who diverted the funds while acting as Guardian of Scotland.

title: 1385

section: Events › January–March

date: March 22

text: March 22 – From the port of Sluis (now in the Netherlands), the Kingdom of France dispatches a fleet of ships, carrying an army of 1,315 soldiers, 300 crossbowmen and 200 assistants, to aid the Kingdom of Scotland in defense of an invasion by the Kingdom of England. The fleet arrives at the Scottish port of Leith, near Scotland's capital, Edinburgh, on March 25.

title: 1385

date: December 1

text: December 1 – A treaty is signed between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of France at Edinburgh and witnessed by Walter Forrester.

title: 1390

section: Events › October–December

date: August 14

text: August 14 – King Henry IV leads the English Army into Scotland, after receiving no answer from Scotland's King Robert III to his August 6 demand. The troops reach Haddington, East Lothian the next day and at Leith, on the outskirts of Edinburgh, by August 18. As historian James Hamilton Wylie will note almost 500 years later, "the walls of Edinburgh did not fall before this ram's-horn blast, and August 23rd came and went without the required homage or recognition."

title: 1400

date: March 25

text: March 25 – In a ceremony in Holyrood Abbey, six-year old Prince James is crowned as James II of Scotland by Pope Eugene IV. For the security of the crown, the capital of Scotland is moved from Dunfermline to Edinburgh.

title: 1437

date: July 3

text: July 3 – King James II of Scotland marries Mary of Guelders at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh.

title: 1449

text: Edinburgh officially becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Scotland.

title: 1452

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Economy & Finance

date: October 17

text: October 17 – King James III of Scotland gives royal assent to numerous laws passed by the Scottish Parliament in its six day session at Edinburgh, including the Ferries Act requiring the ramps of ferry boats be improved to support the weight of horses being shipped ("That briggis of buirdis be maide at ferryis for the eis of schipping of hors") and three acts relating to coins and currency.

title: 1467

date: August 1

text: August 1 – In the Anglo-Scottish Wars, Richard, Duke of Gloucester invades Scotland, and captures Edinburgh.

title: 1482

date: February 3

text: February 3 – The Scottish Parliament opens in Edinburgh to address matters of lands confiscated in the year before.

title: 1490

date: August 8

text: August 8 – King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England, at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Scotland.

title: 1503

date: May 9

text: May 9 – King James V of Scotland, 16, held captive for more than two years under the guardianship of the Earl of Angus, is able to escape from Edinburgh to Stirling after several failed rescue attempts.

title: 1528

section: Events › April–June

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Princess Madeleine of Valois, the 16-year-old daughter of François I, King of France, is married to King James V of Scotland in a ceremony at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. Already in ill health at the time of the marriage, Madaleine lives only six more months before dying at the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh on July 7.

title: 1537

date: May 3

text: May 3 – Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, with an English army, captures Leith and Edinburgh from the Kingdom of Scotland.

title: 1544

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Battle of Pinkie Cleugh: An English army under the Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector of England, defeats a Scottish army under James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, the Regent. The English seize Edinburgh.

title: 1547

date: July 25

text: July 25 – The Articles of Leith are signed in Edinburgh between the Protestant Lords of the Congregation and the Roman Catholic representatives of the Scottish regent, Mary of Guise, the widow of King James V, who is ruling on behalf of her daughter, the 17-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots. The Lords, who have occupied Edinburgh since June, withdraw their troops in return for the Scottish crown's agreement to not interfere with the practice of Protestantism in Scotland.

title: 1559

text: August 31 – Chaseabout Raid: Moray and at least 1,000 of his rebels arrive in Edinburgh for a confrontation with the Scottish crown. After cannon fire from Edinburgh Castle, the rebels retreat toward England to seek help. The rebellion is ended by the end of September.

title: 1565

date: April 24

text: April 24 – Bothwell takes Mary prisoner at his castle at Dunbar after preventing her from traveling from her palace to Edinburgh, then rapes her.

title: 1567

date: February 10

text: February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is murdered at the Provost's House in Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh.

title: 1567

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen consort of Scotland, at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh.

title: 1590

date: December 27

text: December 27 – Francis Stewart, Earl of Bothwell leads the attack on the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh. Having been alerted by a premature attack on the palace's prison, King James VI of Scotland and Queen Anne are able to take refuge within the castle, and the raid fails. Seven of Bothwell's men are subsequently captured and hanged.

title: 1591

date: December 6

text: December 6 – Queen Elizabeth of England appoints George Nicholson as the English Resident in Scotland, the London's chief diplomatic official to Edinburgh, with a letter of accreditation for Nicholson to present to King James VI of Scotland.

title: 1597

section: Science & Discovery

text: English mathematician Henry Briggs goes to Edinburgh, to show John Napier his efficient method of finding logarithms, by the continued extraction of square roots.

title: 1616

date: June 18

text: June 18 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, according to Anglican rite in his first visit to Scotland since early childhood, although he has been Scottish monarch since 1625.

title: 1633

date: July 23

text: July 23 – Introduction of a new Scottish Prayer Book is met with widespread demonstrations, notably that of Jenny Geddes at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, who is said to have thrown a stool at the Dean's head.

title: 1637

date: February 28

text: February 28 – The Scottish National Covenant is signed in Edinburgh, Scotland, in opposition to changes to the Church of Scotland proposed by King Charles I.

title: 1638

date: December

text: December – Bubonic plague breaks out in Edinburgh (Scotland).

title: 1644

text: April 10 – Because of the plague, the Edinburgh town council orders that the college graduation ceremony should be moved forward, so that students can leave the city (on November 19, teaching resumes in Linlithgow).

title: 1645

text: March 31 – Fearing the spread of the Black Death (plague), Edinburgh Town Council prohibits all gatherings except weddings and funerals.

title: 1645

text: February 5 – In Edinburgh, the Scottish Parliament declares Prince Charles, son of the recently executed King Charles I, as King Charles II of Scotland. Prince Charles, at the time, is at sea in charge of royalist forces fighting to drive Oliver Cromwell from the British Isles. Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.

title: 1649

text: July 22 – Having completed his invasion of Ireland, England's General Oliver Cromwell begins the war against the Kingdom of Scotland, crossing from Northumberland at Berwick-upon-Tweed into Berwickshire, and leads troops toward Edinburgh.

title: 1650

text: February 4 – At Edinburgh, the parliamentary commissioners of the Commonwealth of England proclaim the Tender of Union to be in force in Scotland, annexing the Scottish nation with the concession that Scotland would have 30 representatives in the parliament of the English Commonwealth.

title: 1652

text: May 5 – Cromwell's Act of Grace, officially the Act of Pardon and Grace to the People of Scotland, is proclaimed at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh.

title: 1654

text: November 23 – George Watson (accountant), a Scottish accountant and the founder of George Watson's College in Edinburgh (d. 1723)

title: 1654

text: May 27 – The Marquess of Argyll, one of the first of the Scottish-born people sentenced to death as a regicide for his role in the conviction and execution of King Charles I of England and Scotland in 1649, is beheaded at the Tolbooth Prison in Edinburgh using the "Scottish Maiden," almost immediately after his conviction of collaboration with the government of Oliver Cromwell. His head is then placed on a spike outside the prison.

title: 1661

text: October 19 – The Parliament of Scotland holds its first new session in six years (although two Conventions of Estates had been held briefly in 1665 and 1667). The session is opened in Edinburgh by Charles II of England in his capacity as King of Scotland.

title: 1669

text: February 17 – James Renwick, the last of the Covenanters in Scotland to be martyred for opposing the authority of King Charles II, is publicly hanged at Grassmarket square in Edinburgh.

title: 1688

text: January 8 – Thomas Aikenhead is hanged outside Edinburgh, becoming the last person in Great Britain to be executed for blasphemy.

title: 1697

text: February 3 – The 'Lesser Great Fire' destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland.

title: 1700

text: April 21 – The Company of Quenching of Fire (i.e., a fire brigade) is founded in Edinburgh, Scotland.

title: 1703

text: September 6 – The first major Jacobite rising in Scotland against the rule of King George I of Great Britain breaks out. The Earl of Mar raises the standard of James Edward Stuart, and marches on Edinburgh. James, the son of the deposed King James VII, arrives from France.

title: 1715

text: May 31 – The Royal Bank of Scotland is founded by Royal Charter in Edinburgh.

title: 1727

text: May 31 – The Royal Bank of Scotland invents the overdraft, allowing Edinburgh merchant William Hogg cash credit (in the amount of £1,000) for his creditors to be paid by the bank until Hogg receives expected revenue to repay the amount owed, plus interest.

title: 1728

text: April 14 – The Porteous Riots erupt in Edinburgh (Scotland), after the execution of smuggler Andrew Wilson, when town guard Captain John Porteous orders his men to fire at the crowd. Porteous is arrested later.

title: 1736

text: September 11 – Jacobite rising of 1745: Jacobites enter Edinburgh; six days later, Charles Edward Stuart proclaims his father as James VIII of Scotland.

title: 1745

text: Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh.

title: 1748

text: December 14 – Rev. John Home's tragedy Douglas is performed for the first time in Edinburgh, with overwhelming success, in spite of the opposition of the local church presbytery, who summon Alexander Carlyle to answer for having attended its representation. However, it fails in its early promise to set up a new Scottish dramatic tradition.

title: 1756

text: Abbé Charles-Michel de l'Épée opens a school for deaf education in Paris which becomes the Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris, the world's first free school for the deaf; Thomas Braidwood establishes Braidwood's Academy for the Deaf and Dumb in Edinburgh, the first school for the deaf in Britain.

title: 1760

text: February 5 – An observer in Wilmington, North Carolina reports to the Edinburgh newspaper Caledonian Mercury that three ships have been seized by British men-of-war, on the charge of carrying official documents without stamps. The strict enforcement causes seven other ships to leave Wilmington for other ports.

title: 1766

text: December 10 – The first of the weekly numbers of the Encyclopædia Britannica, edited by William Smellie, are published in Edinburgh; one hundred are planned.

title: 1768

text: June 21 – Encyclopædia Britannica Second Edition begins publication in Edinburgh.

title: 1777

text: December 20 – Robert Burns's Address to a Haggis is first published, in Edinburgh.

title: 1786

text: August 27 – The trial of Deacon William Brodie for burglary begins in Edinburgh, Scotland; he is sentenced to death by hanging.

title: 1788

text: March 2 – The inaugural meeting of the Wernerian Natural History Society, a Scottish learned society, is held in Edinburgh (preliminary meeting January 12).

title: 1808

text: July 7 – Walter Scott's Waverley, his first prose fiction and one of the first significant historical novels in English, is published anonymously by Archibald Constable in Edinburgh, selling out in two days.

title: 1814

text: A typhus epidemic occurs in Edinburgh and Glasgow.

title: 1817

text: July 31 – The last public whipping is carried out in Edinburgh.

title: 1822

text: October 10 – The Edinburgh Town Council founds the Edinburgh Municipal Fire Brigade, the first fire brigade in Britain, under the leadership of James Braidwood.

title: 1824

text: January 17 – The Ballantyne printing business in Edinburgh (Scotland) crashes, ruining novelist Sir Walter Scott as a principal investor. He undertakes to repay his creditors from his writings. His publisher, Archibald Constable, also fails.

title: 1826

text: November 4–8 – James Young Simpson discovers the anesthetic properties of chloroform and first uses it, successfully, on a patient, in an obstetric case in Edinburgh.

title: 1847

text: August 6 – Hibernian F.C. is founded by Irishmen in Edinburgh, Scotland.

title: 1875

text: July 1 – First International Forestry Exhibition opens in Edinburgh, Scotland.

title: 1884

text: August 17 – One of English literature's important meetings takes place, when Wilfred Owen introduces himself to Siegfried Sassoon at the Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh.

title: 1917

text: In an election speech at Edinburgh, Winston Churchill proposes "a parley at the summit" with Soviet leaders, the first use of the term "summit" for such a meeting.

title: 1950

text: May 20 – After a funeral in Cluny Parish Church, Edinburgh attended by 900 people and after which 3,000 people line the streets, UK Labour Party leader John Smith is buried in a private family funeral on the island of Iona, at the sacred burial ground of Reilig Odhráin, which contains the graves of several Scottish kings as well as monarchs of Ireland, Norway and France.

title: 1994


slug: edirne

label: Edirne

description: central district and city in Edirne Province, Turkey

section: Conflict & Security

date: July 3

text: July 3 – Battle of Adrianople: Emperor Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near Adrianople, forcing him to retreat to Byzantium. Constantine then invades Thrace with a Visigothic force and raids the countryside.

title: 324

section: Events › Roman Empire

text: Lupicinus attacks the Visigoths 9 miles outside Marcianople with hastily gathered local troops. His force (5,000 men) is annihilated and the Goths equip themselves with Roman armour and weapons. Fritigern marches south towards Adrianople (Turkey).

title: 376

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Gothic War: Valens sends Sebastian with a body of picked troops (2,000 men) to Thrace and renews the guerrilla war against the Goths. He chases down small groups of Gothic raiders around Adrianople.

title: 378

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Muslim general Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik leads his army of 80,000 men from Pergamum to Abydos, where he crosses the Hellespont. To prevent interference by the Bulgars, or by any Byzantine forces in Thrace, he sends part of his army to a covering position near Adrianople; with his main body, Maslama builds siege lines to blockade Constantinople, which is protected by the massive Theodosian Walls.

title: 717

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Stauracius is installed as emperor at Adrianople (the first time a Byzantine emperor is crowned outside Constantinople). Because of a sword wound near his neck (during the Battle of Pliska), Stauracius is paralyzed. The imperial court is split between the noble factions of his wife Theophano and his sister Prokopia.

title: 811

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Battle of Versinikia: The Bulgars, led by Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, defeat Emperor Michael I near Edirne (modern Turkey). The Byzantine army (26,000 men) is destroyed by a counter-attack of Bulgarian heavy cavalry, while trapped in the valley. Krum captures the Byzantine camp and a rich prize, including gold and weaponry.

title: 813

text: Summer – Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Simeon I, with the Bulgarian army, invades the themes of Thrace and Macedonia. Simultaneously, the Bulgarian troops penetrate into the regions of Dyrrhachium and Thessalonica to the west. Thrace's largest and most important city, Adrianople (modern Turkey), is besieged and captured. However, the Byzantines promptly regain the city in exchange for a huge ransom.

title: 914

date: September 25

text: September 25–28 – Rebel general Leo Tornikios (a nephew of Emperor Constantine IX) proclaims himself emperor at Adrianople, and besieges Constantinople. Byzantine troops personally led by Constantine repel him, and re-occupy the walls. Tornikios is forced to withdraw, while his followers start to abandon him. Finally, he is captured at a church in Boulgarophygon (modern Turkey), and is publicly blinded.

title: 1047

text: Spring – Emperor Isaac II (Angelos) sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under Alexios Branas to suppress the Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion – but Alexios revolts against Isaac and is proclaimed emperor in Andrianople. He musters troops and advances on Constantinople in an attempt to seize it. However, Alexios is unable to bypass the city defenses and is defeated by the imperial forces led by Conrad of Montferrat, the emperor's brother-in-law. On the battlefield, Alexios is beheaded by Conrad's supporting footsoldiers and the rebel army flees the field.

title: 1187

text: Spring – A German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) led by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) marches towards Constantinople, on the way to the Holy Land. Emperor Isaac II (Angelos), suspicious that Frederick is planning to conquer Constantinople, attempts to stop him by attacking the Crusaders. The German forces are too strong and they capture Adrianople. A peace treaty is signed by both Isaac and Frederick, that ensures the Germans are given supplies, and free passage through to Palestina.

title: 1190

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: August

text: August–October – Alexios IV leads a Crusader expedition (some 6,000 men) to extend his central-government control, against the fugitive Alexios III in Thrace. Meanwhile, a Crusader fleet operates in the Sea of Marmara in support of the Thracian campaign. The Crusaders seize several towns, including Adrianople, while Alexios escapes and withdraws to Macedonia.

title: 1203

section: Events › By place › Fourth Crusade

date: March

text: March – Byzantine officials in Adrianople revolt and expel Latin administrators, requesting Bulgarian support from Kaloyan, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, against Baldwin I who assembles an army (some 40,000 men) and marches to aid the Byzantines. Meanwhile, Baldwin sets out from Constantinople in force, he arrives at Adrianople and promptly begins to siege the city by the end of March.

title: 1205

text: Battle of Adrianople: Byzantine forces under Emperor Theodore II Laskaris defeat the invading Bulgarians near Edirne (Adrianople). The young and inexperienced Tsar Michael II Asen is caught by surprise and the Bulgarians suffer heavy losses. Michael is wounded during his hasty retreat through the forest.

title: 1254

date: April 19

text: April 19 – At Easter, the Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 breaks out in the Byzantine Empire as Co-Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos flees Constantinople to Adrianople, where he sets up his court and initiates an uprising against his grandfather, the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. The 24-year-old Andronikos is joined by Theodore Synadenos and John Kantakouzenos in the rebellion. Syrgiannes Palaiologos leads an expeditionary army towards the capital, forcing the emperor to negotiate.

title: 1321

text: The Ottomans capture Philippopolis (or in 1364, 1371) and Adrianopole (the modern-day city of Edirne, or in 1369) from the Byzantine Empire, reducing its territory to the city of Constantinople, part of the Peloponessus, and some islands.

title: 1362

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.

title: 1410

date: February 17

text: February 17 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, is strangled to death after being forced by his brother Musa Çelebi, to flee the Ottoman capital, Edirne. Rule of the Ottoman domains in Europe (Rumelia) passes to Musa.

title: 1411

date: December 15

text: December 15 – The Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmed II marries Sittişah Hatun, daughter of Suleiman of Dulkadir, in an elaborate ceremony at Edirne, followed by three months of celebrations.

title: 1449

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: October 17

text: October 17 – At Edirne, the Ottoman sultan Selim II confirms the renewal of peace treaties with Venice, under terms that are accepted by the Venetian government on December 3.

title: 1513

section: Climate & Environment

date: July 30

text: July 30 - An earthquake occurred in Edirne and affected the region all the way to Bulgaria.

title: 1752

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Bulgarian pilots Radul Minkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the second bombing with an airplane in history, at the railway station of Karaagac near Edirne, against Turkey.

title: 1912

section: Events › October


slug: edmond-halley

label: Edmond Halley

description: English astronomer, mathematician, geophysicist, meteorologist and physicist (1656–1742)

date: August 23

text: August 23 – A comet that will later become known as Comet Halley, is observed from several locations on Earth after reaching magnitude 2 and becoming visible to the naked eye. Arthur Storer sees it from the North American colony of Maryland, while German astronomer Johannes Hevelius measures it from Danzig (now Gdansk in Poland). Edmond Halley successfully predicts that it will return in 1758.

title: 1682

section: Events › July–September

text: August – Edmond Halley goes to Cambridge to discuss the problem of planetary motion with Isaac Newton.

title: 1684

date: December 10

text: December 10 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmond Halley.

title: 1684

date: January

text: January – Edmond Halley, Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke have a conversation in which Hooke later claimed not only to have derived the inverse-square law, but also all the laws of planetary motion attributed to Sir Isaac Newton. Hooke's claim is that in a letter to Newton on 6 January 1680, he first stated the inverse-square law.

title: 1684

text: English astronomer Edmond Halley studies records of births and deaths in Breslau (Poland), producing a life table consolidating year of birth and age at death. He uses this to work out the price of life annuities.

title: 1693

section: Culture & Society

date: September 6

text: September 6 – Edmond Halley returns to England after a voyage of almost one year on HMS Paramour, from which he has observed the Antarctic Convergence, and publishes his findings on terrestrial magnetism in General Chart of the Variation of the Compass.

title: 1700

text: Edmond Halley publicly predicts the periodicity of Halley's Comet and computes its expected path of return in 1758.

title: 1705

date: May 3

text: May 3 – A total solar eclipse is seen across southern England, Sweden and Finland (the last total eclipse visible in London for almost 900 years). English astronomer Edmond Halley (who is using the old style Julian calendar date of April 22) records the first observation noted of the phenomenon of "Baily's beads", in which higher elevations on the moon can be observed obscuring portions of the light moments before and after totality.

title: 1715

date: February 10

text: February 10 – Edmond Halley is appointed as Astronomer Royal for England.

title: 1720

section: Deaths

date: January 14

text: January 14 – Edmond Halley dies; James Bradley succeeds him as Astronomer Royal of Great Britain.

title: 1742


slug: edward-i-of-england

label: Edward I of England

section: Births

date: June 17

text: June 17 or June 18 – Edward I ("Longshanks"), king of England (d. 1307)

title: 1239

section: Religion & Belief

text: Beaulieu Abbey in England, founded earlier by King John, is dedicated in the presence of King Henry III, Queen Eleanor and 7-year-old Prince Edward.

title: 1246

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: King Henry III of England grants his eldest son the Lord Edward areas of land including crown lands in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands and Gascony. He is also given the cities of Bristol, Stamford and Grantham. The reason for these concessions is to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming a king. Edward is granted the Three Castles in Wales, Skenfrith Castle, White Castle and Grosmont Castle.

title: 1254

section: Events › By place › England

text: Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd invades the northern coastal areas of Wales that agreed to English rule in 1254. The Lord Edward, who has been given the areas to govern himself by his father, King Henry III of England, asks him for support but Henry refuses.

title: 1256

section: Events › By place › British Isles

text: King Henry III of England relents to the demands of his son The Lord Edward for assistance to fight the Welsh, originally made in 1256). He joins him on a campaign to retake the territories lost to the Welsh forces led by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.

title: 1257

section: Crime & Justice

text: The Lord Edward, son and heir of Henry III of England, seizes £10,000 which had been deposited to the trust of the Knights Templar in London by foreign merchants and English magnates.

title: 1263

section: Events › By topic › Markets

date: May 14

text: May 14 – Battle of Lewes: English rebels led by Simon de Montfort defeat Henry III and Prince Edward ("the Lord Edward"), at Lewes. Henry leaves the safety of Lewes Castle and St. Pancras Priory, to engage the rebels. Edward routes part of the rebel army (some 5,000 men) with a cavalry charge, but during the battle de Montfort's forces capture both Henry and Edward, making Simon the "uncrowned king of England" for 15 months.

title: 1264

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.

title: 1265

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Prince Edward (the Lord Edward) of England obtains the right to levy a twentieth of the value of the Church's wealth to finance the Ninth Crusade. That sum turns out to be insufficient, and Edward has to borrow to reach his target.

title: 1269

section: Events › By place › Britain

date: May 9

text: May 9 – English prince the Lord Edward and King Charles I of Anjou arrive in Acre, with a fleet of 30 galleys, starting Lord Edward's crusade (the Ninth) against Baibars. During this crusade they are unable to capture any territory and peace is quickly negotiated with the Mamluk Sultanate. Baibars consolidates his occupation in Syria.

title: 1271

section: Events › By place › Levant

date: April

text: April – Joan of Acre, daughter of Edward I of England (d. 1307)

title: 1272

date: August 2

text: August 2 – Edward I of England finally returns from the Holy Land to be crowned king of England on August 19 at Westminster Abbey two years after his father King Henry III's death.

title: 1274

date: October 14

text: October 14 – Henry, English prince and son of Edward I (b. 1268)

title: 1274

text: King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") orders the people of Bayonne in Gascony (as part of the only English possessions in France) to provide Castile with warships "to resist the Saracens by sea", but excuses himself from personal participation against the Marinid invasion in Spain because of his wars in Wales and his plan to lead a Crusade to the Holy Land.

title: 1276

date: November 10

text: November 10 – Treaty of Aberconwy: Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and King Edward I of England sign a peace treaty which leaves Llywelyn only with the western part of Gwynedd.

title: 1277

date: November 17

text: November 17 – King Edward I ("Longshanks") raises the penalty for coin clipping from banishment to execution. All Jews are subjected to arrest and search of their homes on suspicion of coin clipping. Some 680 Jews are imprisoned in the Tower of London, with more than 300 subsequently executed. At this time, the Jewish population is believed to have been some 3,000.

title: 1278

date: November 15

text: November 15 – The first of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed during the reign of King Edward I ("Longshanks"), which prevents land from passing into the possession of the Church.

title: 1279

text: March – Welsh forces under Prince Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, attack and take control of Hawarden Castle. The garrison is massacred and Constable Roger de Clifford is taken prisoner. Llywelyn, who has sworn fealty to King Edward I of England ("Longshanks"), joins Dafydd in his revolt against the English. Their actions lead to the final English conquest of Wales, by Edward.

title: 1282

date: January 18

text: January 18 – King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") captures Dolwyddelan Castle in North Wales from the Welsh.

title: 1283

text: The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King Edward I (Longshanks), defines the jurisdictions of church and state, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.

title: 1285

date: June

text: June – King Edward I (Longshanks) and Queen Eleanor of Castile travel to France. There they pay homage to Philip IV (the Fair) and attend to other matters. Edward travels around in the duchy of Gascony and orders the rebuilding of fortifications in the region (between 1286 and 1289).

title: 1286

section: Events › By place › England & Scotland

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Welsh forces led by Rhys ap Maredudd revolt in Wales against King Edward I (Longshanks). Although Maredudd has assisted the English in the past, he accuses Edward of treating him unfairly over taxes. The rebels burn several towns, including Swansea and Carmarthen. They capture most of Ystrad Tywi, heartland of Deheubarth (the revolt will not be suppressed until 1288).

title: 1287

text: Summer – King Edward I (Longshanks) proposes a marriage between his infant son, Edward of Caernarfon, and the 6-year-old Margaret (Maid of Norway).

title: 1289

section: Health & Medicine

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Edict of Expulsion: King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") orders all Jews (at this time probably numbering around 2,000) to leave the country by November 1 (All Saints' Day). The edict was decreed on Tisha B'Av on the Hebrew calendar, a day that commemorates many calamities. They are eventually allowed back in 1656.

title: 1290

text: November 17 – John Balliol is selected by King Edward I of England as ruler of Scotland at Berwick from among 13 competitors for the Crown of Scotland. Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, provoking the Wars of Scottish Independence, commencing in 1296. John is crowned at Scone on November 30 (Saint Andrew's Day). Scotland's castles are returned to the powerful magnates.

title: 1292

text: The Isle of Wight is sold to King Edward I of England by Isabella de Forz, Countess of Devon, on her deathbed, for 6,000 marks.

title: 1293

section: Events › By area › Europe

text: John Balliol, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King Edward I of England's demands for support in a planned invasion of France, the result being the negotiation of the Auld Alliance with France and Norway in the following year. These actions play a part in precipitating the Scottish Wars of Independence, which begin in 1296.

title: 1294

section: Events › Europe

text: Edward I of England and Philip the Fair of France declare war on each other. To finance this war, both kings lay taxes on the clergy. Pope Boniface VIII insists that kings gain papal consent for taxation of the clergy, and forbids churchmen to pay taxes.

title: 1294

text: Strata Florida Abbey is rebuilt; it had been destroyed some years earlier, during King Edward I of England's conquest of Wales.

title: 1294

date: November 13

text: November 13 – King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") summons the Model Parliament to Westminster, the composition of which serves as a model for later parliaments. The parliament agrees that a tax can be raised to allow him to launch campaigns against France and the rebellious Scots for the forthcoming year.

title: 1295

date: March 30

text: March 30 – Capture of Berwick: King Edward I of England storms and captures Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking what is at this time a Scottish border town, with much bloodshed. He slaughters most of the residents, including those who flee to the churches.

title: 1296

section: Events › January–December

date: April 14

text: April 14 – King Edward I of England makes an appeal outside Westminster Hall for support for the war against France. He apologizes for the high tax demands he has previously levied. Edward asks the Barons (some 1,500 knights) to swear allegiance to his 12-year-old son, Prince Edward of Caernarfon. Aware of the dangers of the opposition to his power, Edward appears before a large crowd and receives total loyalty.

title: 1297

text: Summer – First War of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") marches from Newcastle upon Tyne with his household to Alnwick and then by way of Chillingham to Roxburgh in Scotland, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at Kirkliston, to the west of Edinburgh, where he remains from July 15 to July 20. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to Leith.

title: 1298

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar, daughter of Edward I (b. 1269)

title: 1298

text: King Edward I of England is recorded as borrowing from Italian merchants. He obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks, from agents of the Frescobaldi Firm in London.

title: 1299

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Edward I of England ("Longshanks") marries the 19-year-old Margaret of France, the half-sister of King Philip IV ("the Fair").

title: 1299

date: February 7

text: February 7 – The 16-year-old Prince Edward of Caernarfon, son and heir of King Edward I ("Edward Longshanks"), becomes the first English Prince of Wales and is also granted the royal lands in Wales.

title: 1301

section: Events › January– March

date: July 5

text: July 5 – First War of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England launches his sixth campaign into Scotland, crossing into Berwickshire from Northumberland.

title: 1301

text: January 26 – At the suggestion of France, and pursuant to the treaty signed between England and France at Asnières, King Edward I of England ("Edward Longshanks") and the Scottish nobles led by Robert the Bruce agree to a nine-month peace treaty at Linlithgow, to last until St. Andrew's Day, November 30, 1302.

title: 1302

text: May 20 – Treaty of Paris: King Philip the Fair of France signs a peace treaty with Edward Longshanks, King of England. According to the terms of the treaty, Gascony is restored to England – as well as the cities of Bordeaux and Bayonne. In return, Edward swears allegiance to Philip as his vassal and agrees that Philipp's daughter, Isabella of France, be married to his son Edward of Caernarfon, until she is old enough.

title: 1303

text: December 29 – William de Hamilton is nominated Lord Chancellor of England, the highest office at the time for a member of Parliament, by King Edward I. He takes office on January 16.

title: 1304

text: February 20 – Battle of Happrew: Scottish rebels led by William Wallace and Simon Fraser fight guerilla warfare against King Edward I of England. They defend themselves against a vanguard of English knights at Peebles, in the Scottish Borders. During the skirmish, the Scots are defeated and routed. Wallace and Fraser narrowly escape being captured.

title: 1304

text: July 24 – Siege of Stirling Castle: King Edward I of England captures the Scottish rebel stronghold at Stirling. The castle is for four months bombarded by twelve siege engines. During the siege, Edward orders his engineer, Master James of St. George, to build a massive engine called the Warwolf. Eventually, William Oliphant and his garrison surrender.

title: 1304

text: November 12 – King Edward I summons the English Parliament for the first time in more than two years.

title: 1304

text: September 15 – King Edward I of England issues ordinances for the government of the Kingdom of Scotland. King Edward issues the first commission of Trailbaston – which empowers him to appoint judicial commissions to punish crimes (such as homicide, theft, arson, and rape) and certain trespasses. Edward adds also conspiracy to the list of presentments.

title: 1305

text: March 25 – Robert the Bruce is crowned king of Scotland by Bishop William de Lamberton at Scone, near Perth. Despite lacking the traditional coronation stone, diadem and scepter, all of which have transferred to London. During the ceremony, the Scottish nobles of Atholl, Lennox, Mar and Menteith are present – while the 18-year-old Elizabeth de Burgh is crowned queen of Scots. The coronation takes place in defiance of the English claims of suzerainty after King Edward I of England, strips John de Baliol of his crown as King of Scots.

title: 1306

text: July 7 – King Edward I of England, known as Edward Longshanks, dies at Burgh by Sands after a 34-year reign. He is succeeded by his son 23-year-old Edward II, who becomes new ruler of England. After his death Edward's body is embalmed and transported to Waltham Abbey in Essex. Here it lay unburied for several weeks so that people can come and see the body lying in state. After this, Edward is taken to Westminster Abbey for a proper burial on October 28.

title: 1307


slug: edward-ii

label: Edward II

description: King of England from 1307 to 1327

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Edward II, king of England (d. 1327)

title: 1284

section: Culture & Society

text: Summer – King Edward I (Longshanks) proposes a marriage between his infant son, Edward of Caernarfon, and the 6-year-old Margaret (Maid of Norway).

title: 1289

title: 1297

title: 1301

section: Conflict & Security

date: September 2

text: September 2 – In their invasion of Scotland, English troops under the command of Prince Edward of Caernarfon and Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, capture Turnberry Castle in Carrick, the headquarters of the Bruces.

title: 1301

section: Events › July– September

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: May 20

title: 1303

section: Events › April–June

section: Deaths

date: July 7

title: 1307

section: Events › July – September

date: October 18

text: October 18 – King Edward II summons a council to meet at York, but several nobles (the earls of Lancaster, Lincoln, Warwick, Oxford and Arundel) refuse to attend due to Piers Gaveston's attendance. Since he returned from exile, Gaveston tries to alienate the nobles from the king.

title: 1309

section: Events › October – December

date: February 9

text: February 9 – At Dublin, acting in his capacity as Lord of Ireland, King Edward II of England (as Éadbhard II Shasana, Tiarna Éireann) opens the first session of the Parliament of Ireland during his administration. The Irish Parliament will hold 14 sessions before being dismissed in 1326.

title: 1310

section: Events › January – March

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Writing from Kildrum, King Robert the Bruce of Scotland attempts to establish peace talks with King Edward II of England (who is encamped in Scotland at Biggar) but Edward refuses to negotiate.

title: 1310

date: September 20

text: September 20 – King Edward II of England reaches Roxburgh after starting his invasion of the Kingdom of Scotland "in the third week of September". The campaign is fruitless, even though English forces under Piers Gaveston manage to reach as far north as Perth.

title: 1310

date: August 16

text: August 16 – The Parliament of England presents the Ordinances of 1311 to King Edward II (document dated 5 October; published on 11 October); these substitute the 21 Lord Ordainers for the King as the effective government of the country.

title: 1311

date: October 11

text: October 11 – The Ordinances of 1311 are published in England by King Edward II, restricting the power of the monarchs of England.

title: 1311

date: January 13

text: January 13 – English royal favourite Piers Gaveston, having returned secretly from two months exile on the continent, is reunited, probably at Knaresborough Castle, with King Edward II, who on January 18 restores all Gaveston's confiscated lands to him. They plan to travel to Scotland to seek help from King Robert the Bruce.

title: 1312

date: June 17

text: June 17 – First War of Scottish Independence: English forces led by King Edward II leave Berwick-upon-Tweed to march to break the Scottish siege of Stirling Castle. They cross the River Tweed at Wark and Coldstream and march west across the flat Merse of Berwickshire towards Lauderdale. In Earlston, Edward uses an old Roman road through the Lammermuir Hills, practical for the wheeled transport of a long supply train as well as the cavalry and infantry.

title: 1314

section: Events › April – June

date: January 2

text: January 2 – King Edward II of England buries his friend Piers Gaveston (executed 1312) having secured a papal absolution in one of the last acts of Pope Clement V. The burial takes place somewhere near the King's Langley Priory in Hertfordshire, but the location of the tomb is subsequently forgotten. Gaveston had been excommunicated before his death.

title: 1315

date: July 31

text: July 31 – King Louis X of France mobilizes an army along the Flemish border. He prohibits the export of grain and other goods to Flanders – which proves challenging to enforce. Louis pressures officers of the Church at the borderlands, as well as King Edward II, to support his effort to prevent Spanish merchant vessels from trading with the embargoed Flemish cities.

title: 1315

date: January 28

text: January 28 – Llywelyn Bren leads a revolt against English rule in Wales. After disregarding an order to appear before King Edward II, Llywelyn Bren raises a rebel army and lays siege to Caerphilly Castle. The revolt spreads throughout the south Wear Cove (the Wales valley), and other castles are attacked. Edward sends an expeditionary force led by Humphrey de Bohun to suppress the rebellion. In March, after a battle at Morgraig Castle Llywelyn Bren is forced to break off the Caerphilly siege after six weeks and surrenders on March 18.

title: 1316

date: May 13

text: May 13 – King Edward II restores the dower lands that had been surrendered by Margaret de Clare, widow of Piers Gaveston.

title: 1317

date: April 2

text: April 2 – After a two-day battle, Scottish forces under James the Black retake Berwick-upon-Tweed. The fall of Berwick is a severe blow for King Edward II, and its loss is compounded by the fall of the Northumbrian castles of Wark-on-Tweed (Carham Castle), Harbottle and Mitford.

title: 1318

date: August 14

text: August 14 – King Edward II of England agrees to the demands from his barons to send Hugh Despenser the Elder and his son Hugh Despenser the Younger into exile. The Despensers helped Edward in the administration of his financial and land management affairs. This gives them both the opportunity to frustrate the ambitions of the barons and also the chance to enrich themselves.

title: 1321

date: March 10

text: March 10 – "Despenser War": Battle of Burton Bridge – King Edward II of England orders an attack on the fortified positions of the Contrariant army under his cousin Thomas of Lancaster at Walton-on-Trent in the Midlands. Thomas is heavily outnumbered and decides to withdraw, but is pursued by Edward's troops. He escapes with the remnants of his army to Tutbury Castle and evades Edward's patrols to cross the flooded River Dove. Finally, Thomas makes his way northwards.

title: 1322

date: May 30

text: May 30 – King Edward II of England makes a 13-year truce with Scotland at York. Despite the truce, Edward refuses to accept Robert the Bruce as ruler of an independent Scottish kingdom.

title: 1323

date: September 24

text: September 24 – Invasion of England: Isabella of France and her supporters (including Roger Mortimer) land at the River Orwell in Suffolk. Their aim is to remove King Edward II from his throne and place Prince Edward there as the new ruler. Meanwhile, residing at the Tower of London, Edward tries to raise support in the capital, but instead, there is anarchy in London and mobs killing Edward's officials (including his treasurer, Walter de Stapledon).

title: 1326

date: April 5

text: April 5 – Edward II is moved to Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. He is kept under the custody of Roger Mortimer's son-in-law, Thomas Berkeley and John Maltravers, who are given £5 a day to look after him. Despite records showing luxury goods being bought for him, Edward is possibly mistreated by his captors.

title: 1327

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Imprisoned in Warwickshire, King Edward II of England is forced to abdicate by his estranged wife, Queen Isabella, and her lover, Roger Mortimer.

title: 1327

date: April 22

text: April 22 – Eleanor of Woodstock, countess regent of Guelders, eldest daughter of King Edward II of England (b. 1318)

title: 1355


slug: edward-iii-of-england

label: Edward III of England

date: January 24

text: January 24 – Philippa of Hainault marries King Edward III of England a year after his coronation. The marriage produces ten children, the eldest of whom is Edward the Black Prince.

title: 1328

section: Events

date: June 6

text: June 6 – Edward III of England pays homage to Philip VI of France for Aquitaine.

title: 1329

section: Births

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Isabella de Coucy, English princess, daughter of King Edward III of England (d. 1379 or 1382)

title: 1332

date: June 8

text: June 8 – King Edward III of England seizes the Isle of Man from Scottish control.

title: 1333

date: January 26

text: January 26 – King Edward III of England declares himself King of France at Ghent, Flanders.

title: 1340

date: June 24

text: June 24 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Sluys – The English fleet, under the command of Edward III of England, battles the French fleet, under that of Admiral Hugues Quiéret and treasurer Nicolas Béhuchet, assisted by Genoese mercenary galleys under Egidio Bocanegra, on the Low Countries coast. The French fleet is virtually destroyed, and both of its commanders are killed.

title: 1340

section: Crime & Justice

text: King Edward III of England introduces three new gold coins, the florin, leopard, and helm. Unfortunately, the amount of gold in the coins does not match their value of 6 shillings, 3 shillings, and 1 shilling and sixpence, so they have to be withdrawn and mostly melted down, by August of this year.

title: 1344

section: Events › Date unknown

date: October 10

text: October 10 – Mary Plantagenet, duchess consort of Brittany, daughter of King Edward III of England (d. 1362)

title: 1344

date: April

text: April – Edward III of England offers "defiance" of Philip VI of France.

title: 1345

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Edward III of England creates the first English order of chivalry, the Most Noble Order of the Garter.

title: 1348

date: January 14

text: January 14 – Edward III of England institutes the Treason Act 1351, defining treason in English law. It remains unrepealed into the 21st century.

title: 1351

date: October 24

text: October 24 – The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War. Under its terms, Edward III of England gives up his claim to the French throne, and releases King John II of France in return for French land, including Calais and Gascony.

title: 1360

date: June 3

text: June 3 – At the opening of the English Parliament at Westminster, King Edward III of England proclaims himself to the rightful heir to the throne of France after the Hundred Years' War is resumed by France's King Charles V.

title: 1369

section: Religion & Belief

text: April 23 – On Saint George's Day, in recognition of services, King Edward III of England grants the English writer Geoffrey Chaucer a gallon of wine a day, for the rest of his life.

title: 1374

date: December 28

text: December 28 – King Edward III summons the English Parliament to assemble at Westminster on April 28, 1376.

title: 1375

section: Events › October–December

text: April 23 – King Edward III of England formally confers knighthood upon two of his grandsons, both aged 10, Prince Richard of Woodstock (son of King Edward's deceased son Edward the Black Prince), and upon Henry Bolingbroke (son of John of Gaunt), as well as his 13-year-old illegitimate son John de Southeray, and 11-year-old John de Mowbray. Two months later, Prince Richard will become King Richard II upon Edward's death, and in 1399, Bolingbroke will overthrow Richard and becomes King Henry IV.

title: 1377

date: June 21

text: June 21 – King Edward III of England (b. 1312)

title: 1377

text: January 14 – King Richard II opens the Irish Parliament for the first time since the death of his father, King Edward III, a year earlier.

title: 1378

section: Events › January–March

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England (b. 1355)

title: 1397


slug: edward-iii

label: Edward III

description: King of England from 1327 to 1377

date: November 13

text: November 13 – Edward III, king of England and Ireland (d. 1377)

title: 1312

text: June 24 – Philippa of Hainault, queen consort of Edward III (d. 1369)

title: 1314

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Edward II is persuaded not to go to France by Hugh Despenser the Elder, his chief adviser. He decides to send his 12-year-old son, Prince Edward of Windsor, to go to Paris and to pay homage instead. Before the young Edward departs, he is bestowed with the title of Count of Ponthieu. Charles IV gives his consent for him to receive the English Aquitaine.

title: 1325

section: Culture & Society

date: September 24

text: September 24 – Edward, Prince of Wales pays homage to King Charles IV of France on behalf of his father, King Edward II of England.

title: 1325

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Queen Isabella of France draws up a marriage contract between the 13-year-old Prince Edward of England (the future Edward III) and Philippa of Hainault, guaranteeing that the wedding will take place within two years (which it does).

title: 1326

date: February 1

text: February 1 – The coronation of King Edward III as ruler of England takes place at Westminster Abbey with the approval of the English Parliament. Walter Reynolds, Archbishop of Canterbury, places the crown upon the new King.

title: 1327

date: January 25

text: January 25 – The 14-year-old Crown Prince, Edward, is proclaimed King of England in London, with his mother Isabella serving as his regent.

title: 1327

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Edward the Black Prince, son of Edward III of England (d. 1376)

title: 1330

section: Conflict & Security

date: October 19

text: October 19 – King Edward III of England starts his personal reign, arresting his regent Roger Mortimer, and having him executed.

title: 1330

section: Events › January–December

date: August

text: August – Second War of Scottish Independence: English forces relieve Stirling Castle, ending Edward III of England's last campaign in Scotland.

title: 1337

date: October

text: October – Hundred Years' War: Edward III of England formally rejects Philip VI's claim to the French throne, initiating hostilities between France and England.

title: 1337

text: Hundred Years' War: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor appoints Edward III of England as a vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire. Louis supports Edward's claim to the French throne, under the terms of the Treaty of Koblenz.

title: 1338

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, son of King Edward III of England (d. 1402)

title: 1341

date: July

text: July – Edward III orders the closing of English ports to stop information from reaching France.

title: 1346

date: July 11

text: July 11–12 – Edward III and the English army cross the English Channel and begin an invasion of France.

title: 1346

text: June 24 – The leaders of Ghent, Bruges and Ypres agree to support Edward III.

title: 1346

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Battle of Winchelsea (Les Espagnols sur Mer) off the south coast of England: An English fleet personally commanded by King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet.

title: 1350

date: January 7

text: January 7 – Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England (d. 1397)

title: 1355

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: ca. February – Burnt Candlemas: Edward III of England burns down every town and village in Lothian, Scotland.

title: 1356

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Edward Balliol surrenders his title as King of Scotland, to Edward III of England.

title: 1356

date: November

text: November – Lionel of Antwerp, son of King Edward III of England, is created Duke of Clarence.

title: 1362

date: October 13

text: October 13 – The Chancellor of England for the first time opens Parliament with a speech in English. Under Edward III, the Pleading in English Act makes English rather than Law French the official language in English law courts.

title: 1362

date: February 24

text: February 24 – King Edward III of England summons the English Parliament to meet at Westminster on May 1.

title: 1368

date: October 7

text: October 7 – Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III of England (b. 1338)

title: 1368

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Philippa of Hainault, wife of King Edward III, dies after 39 years as Queen consort of England.

title: 1369

section: Events › July–September

text: August 15 – Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III of England (b. 1311) (dropsy)

title: 1369

date: September 21

text: September 21 – John of Gaunt, son of King Edward III of England, marries Constance of Castile, daughter of King Pedro of Castile, giving John a claim to the throne of Castile.

title: 1371

date: January 29

text: January 29 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and the third son of England's King Edward III, begins a claim to the throne of Spain's Crown of Castile after his September 21 marriage to Princess Constance of Castile. King Pedro of Castile, who was killed by his brother, who took control as King Enrique II, in 1369.

title: 1372

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Edward the Black Prince, eldest son and heir apparent to England's King Edward III, presides over a council of bishops and nobles at Westminster on Whitsunday to review a demand by Pope Gregory XI for a subsidy from England to help the Papal States in the war against the Republic of Florence. In his letter, the Pope asserts his right as Lord Spiritual and refers to himself as "Lord of all". The English nobles conclude, and the bishops agree, that the Kingdom of England will not be subject to the Pope's authority.

title: 1374

date: June 7

text: June 7 – The day before his death, Prince Edward of Wales, heir to the English throne and known as "The Black Prince" summons his father, King Edward III, and brother, John of Gaunt, and makes them swear to uphold the claim to the throne of his son Richard. Edward is the first "English" Prince of Wales (as opposed to Welsh) not to become King of England.

title: 1376

text: June 8 – Edward the Black Prince, son of King Edward III of England (b. 1330)

title: 1376

date: July 16

text: July 16 – Richard II, the 10-year-old grandson of Edward III, is crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey. A minority government is established, and a series of continual councils rule on his behalf until 1381.

title: 1377

text: June 21 – After a reign of more than 50 years, King Edward III of England dies at Sheen Palace in Richmond at the age of 64. His 10-year-old grandson, Prince Richard of Woodstock, succeeds to the throne as King Richard II. Richard is the son of King Edward's oldest son, Edward the Black Prince, who had died a year earlier.

title: 1377

text: April 30 - Anne of Gloucester, English countess, granddaughter of King Edward III of England (d. 1438)

title: 1383

text: August 1 – Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, English nobleman, last surviving son of King Edward III (b. 1341)

title: 1402


slug: edward-iv

label: Edward IV

description: King of England from 1461 to 1470 and 1471 to 1483

date: May 3

text: May 3 – Cecily Neville, English duchess, mother of Edward IV and Richard III of England (d. 1495)

title: 1415

date: April 28

text: April 28 – Edward IV, King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 to 9 April 1483 (d. 1483)

title: 1442

date: October 21

text: October 21 – George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, brother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III of England (d. 1478)

title: 1449

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: December 20

text: December 20 – England's "Parliament of Devils" is dissolved after accomplishhing its purpose of passing bills of attainder for high treason, indictments of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York and other Yorkist supporters in the War of the Roses. Other prominent Yorkists charged are Edward, Earl of March (the future King Edward IV), Edmund, Earl of Rutland, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and his son, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick.

title: 1459

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Wars of the Roses: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March (eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York) land in England at Sandwich, Kent with an army, and march on London.

title: 1460

section: Events › April–June

date: February 2

text: February 2 – After the "sun dog" (parhelion) weather phenomenon in England gives the illusion of three suns rising at dawn, Edward, Earl of March, leads the Yorkists to victory over the Lancastrians in battle at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross. Edward convinces his frightened troops that the three sunrises represents the Holy Trinity and divine support for the Yorkist cause. The Lancastrians, led by Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, are defeated, and Owen Tudor is taken prisoner and executed.

title: 1461

date: June 28

text: June 28 – Edward, Richard of York's son, is crowned as Edward IV, King of England. He reigns until 1483.

title: 1461

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Edward, Duke of York, son of the late Richard of York and heir to the English throne, seizes London, and proclaims himself King Edward IV.

title: 1461

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Wars of the Roses: King Henry VI of England is deposed by Edward, Duke of York.

title: 1461

date: May 23

text: May 23 – King Edward IV summons the English Parliament for the first time, directing the members of the House of Lords and House of Commons to assemble at Westminster on November 4.

title: 1461

date: October 19

text: October 19 – With the Yorkist victory in the War of the Roses, the proposal by the new English King, Edward IV for an alliance with Scottish nobles against the former King Henry VI is approved by Scottish Highland lords at Ardtornish Castle. The agreement will become the basis for the Treaty of Westminster four months later on February 13, 1462.

title: 1461

date: November 2

text: November 2 – King Edward IV issues a charter guaranteeing the right of clergy to be tried in the ecclesiastical courts rather than by the royal judicial system set for most of the English inhabitants, despite the general limitation of ecclesiastical courts to church matters.

title: 1462

date: March 28

text: March 28 – King Edward IV gives royal assent to acts passed by the English Parliament, including the Pattens Act 1464, regulating the manufacture of pattens, shoes with wooden soles and heels, and leather covering, declaring that "Patten-makers may make pattens of such asp as is not fit for shafts." The law is among several given royal assent to regulate clothing, including the Cloths Act, the Exportation of Wool Act and Contracting for Wool Act and the Shoemakers Act. The parliament, in session since April 29, 1463, closes.

title: 1465

date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Lancastrians surrender Harlech Castle to King Edward IV after a seven-year siege.

title: 1468

date: February 16

text: February 16 – A "marriage treaty" is signed between representatives of the Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Burgundy, providing for the marriage of King Edward IV's sister, Margaret of York, to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.

title: 1468

date: July 24

text: July 24 – The royalist Yorkists are defeated by rebels at the Battle of Edgcote in Northamptonshire, and King Edward IV is taken prisoner. Rebel leader Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, temporarily holds power to rule England but in September, Edward IV is freed and returns to the throne.

title: 1469

text: October 13 – King Edward IV returns to London after having been imprisoned since July since being captured at the Battle of Edgcote.

title: 1469

text: Sir George Ripley dedicates his book, The Compound of Alchemy, to the King Edward IV of England.

title: 1470

date: January 21

text: January 21 – Jacquetta of Luxembourg, mother of England's Queen Consort Elizabeth Woodville and mother-in-law of King Edward IV, is cleared of allegations of witchcraft that had been made against her in 1469 by a follower of the rebel Earl of Warwick.

title: 1470

date: September 13

text: September 13 – A rebellion orchestrated by King Edward IV of England's former ally, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, forces the King to flee England to seek support from his brother-in-law, Charles the Bold of Burgundy.

title: 1470

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy agrees to help Edward IV regain the English throne from King Henry VI.

title: 1471

text: June 26 – Edward of York, the 7-month-old son of King Edward IV of England, is created Prince of Wales, two months after his father has regained the throne.

title: 1471

date: March 15

text: March 15 – With the help of a group of mercenaries lent to him by Charles the Bold of Burgundy, the Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne, landing near Hull, after having departed from Holland on March 11.

title: 1471

date: August 19

text: August 19 – King Edward IV summons the members of the English Parliament to assemble at Westminster on October 6.

title: 1472

section: Economy & Finance

date: October 6

text: October 6 – King Edward IV of England gives royal assent to the Statute of Westminster 1472 which requires, effective immediately, a tax of four bow staves per every tun (252 wine gallons) of cargo brought in by a ship to an English port. The Statute is passed to remedy a shortage of yew wood, from which longbows are made, following the issuing of an edict in 1470 requiring compulsory training for soldiers to use the longbow.

title: 1472

date: July 25

text: July 25 – By signing the Treaty of London, Charles the Bold of Burgundy agrees to support Edward IV of England's planned invasion of France.

title: 1474

date: May 28

text: May 28 – The English royal title of Duke of York is created by King Edward IV for his second-born son, Prince Richard. Thereafter, the title of Duke of York is reserved for the second son of the English monarch, while the title of Prince of Wales is reserved for the first-born son.

title: 1474

date: October 26

text: October 26 – In a peace treaty between King Edward IV of England and King James III of Scotland, an agreement is reached for the betrothal and eventual marriage of King Edward's daughter Cecily to King James' eldest son and future King of Scotland, James, Duke of Rothsay.

title: 1474

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Burgundian Wars: Edward IV of England lands in Calais, in support of the Duchy of Burgundy against France.

title: 1475

date: March 14

text: March 14 – King Edward IV, gives royal assent to several acts passed by the English Parliament, including the Safe Conducts Act and the Wool Act.

title: 1475

section: Deaths

date: July 21

text: July 21 – The 1475 Treaty of Picquigny between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France, is extended by agreement between England's King Edward IV and France's King Louis XI, with a provision that the cessation of hostilities will continue for one year after the death of one of the two monarchs.Louis.

title: 1477

date: May 12

text: May 12 – Pope Sixtus IV grants a special dispensation for Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, the three-year-old son of King Edward IV, is betrothed to 4-year-old Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk, in a waiver of canon law that sets a minimum age for marriage as 14 for boys and 12 for girls. The children's wedding will take place on January 15, 1478.

title: 1477

date: February 18

text: February 18 – George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother King Edward IV of England, is privately executed in the Tower of London.

title: 1478

text: February 18 – George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, brother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III of England (executed) (b. 1449)

title: 1478

text: January 15 – The wedding of Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, the 4-year-old son of King Edward IV of England to Anne de Mowbray, the 5-year-old daughter of the Count of Norfolk, takes place in England.

title: 1478

text: June 11 – The Treaty of Fotheringhay is signed between King Edward IV of England, and Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, the younger brother of King James III of Scotland, with Alexander being promised the Scottish throne in return for swearing loyalty to England and participating in an English invasion of Scotland.

title: 1482

text: April 9 – At the age of 12, Edward V becomes King of England upon the sudden death of his father, King Edward IV. The young king will reign for only 78 days before being deposed, imprisoned and murdered by his uncle, Richard III.

title: 1483

text: December 25 – At Rennes Cathedral in France, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, leader of the House of Lancaster after Richard III of England of the House of York had seized the throne, pledges to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter the late King Edward IV, in order to strengthen his support for the overthrow of King Richard.

title: 1483

text: January 20 – The English Parliament, summoned by King Edward IV on November 15, assembles at Westminster.

title: 1483

text: May 31 – Cecily Neville, English duchess, mother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III of England (b. 1415)

title: 1495

text: September 20 – Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, stepson of Edward IV of England (b. 1457)

title: 1501