slug: prime-minister-of-india

label: Prime Minister of India

description: Head of the Government of India

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Atal Bihari Vajpayee, 10th Prime Minister of India (d. 2018)

title: 1924

section: Births › December

date: June 25

text: June 25 – V. P. Singh, Prime Minister of India (d. 2008)

title: 1931

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Jawaharlal Nehru takes office as the first prime minister of India, taking his oath from Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, Governor-General of India (but no longer viceroy).

title: 1947

section: Events › August

date: January 11

text: January 11 – Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indian activist, 2nd Prime Minister of India (b. 1904)

title: 1966

section: Deaths › January

section: Crime & Justice

text: December 19 – Former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi is arrested and jailed for a week for breach of privilege and contempt of parliament.

title: 1978

section: Events › December

date: January 14

text: January 14 – Indian National Congress party leader Indira Gandhi returns to power as the Prime Minister of India.

title: 1980

date: October 31

text: October 31 – Assassination of Indira Gandhi: Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi is assassinated by her two Sikh security guards in New Delhi. Anti-Sikh riots break out, leaving 10,000 to 20,000 Sikhs dead in Delhi and surrounding areas with the majority populations of Hindus. Rajiv Gandhi becomes Prime Minister of India.

title: 1984

date: June 15

text: June 15 – The Indian general elections end; the Indian National Congress wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. Six days later, Congress leader P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister of India.

title: 1991

date: May 17

text: May 17–28 – Atal Bihari Vajpayee, leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is elected as Prime Minister of India, replacing P. V. Narasimha Rao of the Indian National Congress. However, the party does not receive an overall majority and Vajpayee resigns thirteen days later rather than face a no confidence vote and is replaced by the United Front leader, Deve Gowda.

title: 1996

section: Events › May

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Narendra Modi succeeds Manmohan Singh as the 14th Prime Minister of India.

title: 2014

date: July 20

text: July 20 – Prime Minister, Narendra Modi wins a no confidence motion in the Lok Sabha moved by the opposition.

title: 2018

section: Events › July

text: January 22 – Ram Mandir Pran Pratishtha: The Ram Mandir is inaugurated by Prime Minister, Narendra Modi in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh.

title: 2024


slug: prime-minister-of-italy

label: Prime Minister of Italy

description: head of government of the Italian Republic

section: Births

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Luigi Luzzatti, Italian financier, economist, philosopher, and jurist, 20th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1927)

title: 1841

section: Births › January–June

date: March 11

text: March 11 – Sidney Sonnino, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1922)

title: 1847

section: Births › March

date: December 16

text: December 16 – Adone Zoli, Italian politician, 35th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1960)

title: 1887

section: Births › November–December

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Antonio Segni, Italian politician, 34th Prime Minister of Italy (1955–1957, 1959–1960), 4th President of the Italian Republic (d. 1972)

title: 1891

section: Births › January–March

section: Deaths

date: August 12

text: August 12 – Francesco Crispi, 11th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1819)

title: 1901

section: Deaths › July–August

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Fernando Tambroni, Italian politician, 36th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1963)

title: 1901

section: Births › November

date: August 7

text: August 7 – Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì, 12th Prime Minister of Italy (born 1839)

title: 1908

section: Deaths › July–September

date: November 3

text: November 3 – Giovanni Leone, 68th Prime Minister of Italy, 6th President of Italy (died 2001)

title: 1908

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Mariano Rumor, Italian politician, prime minister (1968-1970, 1973-1974) (d. 1990)

title: 1915

section: Births › June

date: July 17

text: July 17 – Giovanni Giolitti, Italian politician, 13th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1842)

title: 1928

section: Deaths › July

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Silvio Berlusconi, 50th Prime Minister of Italy, media entrepreneur (d. 2023)

title: 1936

section: Births › September

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Romano Prodi, Italian politician, economist and 52nd Prime Minister of Italy

title: 1939

section: Births › July–August

section: Religion & Belief

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Benito Mussolini, Fascist Prime Minister of Italy since 1922, is arrested after the Grand Council of Fascism withdraws its support. "Il Duce" is replaced by General Pietro Badoglio.

title: 1943

date: August 19

text: August 19 – Alcide De Gasperi, Italian statesman and Christian Democracy politician, 30th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1881)

title: 1954

section: Deaths › August

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Enrico Letta, 55th Prime Minister of Italy

title: 1966

section: Births › August

date: December 1

text: December 1 – Antonio Segni, 34th Prime Minister of Italy and 4th President of the Italian Republic (b. 1891)

title: 1972

section: Deaths › December

text: January 11 – Matteo Renzi, 56th Prime Minister of Italy

title: 1975

section: Births › January

date: August 4

text: August 4 – Bettino Craxi is sworn in as Italy's first prime minister from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI).

title: 1983

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Giuseppe Conte becomes the new Prime Minister of Italy, leading a cabinet described as the "first modern populist government in Western Europe".

title: 2018

section: Events › June

date: August 21

text: August 21 – Giuseppe Conte offers his resignation as Prime Minister of Italy in order to avoid a no-confidence motion.

title: 2019


slug: prime-minister-of-japan

label: Prime Minister of Japan

description: head of government of Japan

section: Births

date: February 9

text: February 9 – Hara Takashi, Japanese politician, 10th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1921)

title: 1856

date: October 27

text: October 27 – Saitō Makoto, Japanese admiral, 19th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936)

title: 1858

section: Births › September–October

date: March 21

text: March 21 – Wakatsuki Reijirō, 25th and 28th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1949)

title: 1866

date: October 25

text: October 25 – Hiranuma Kiichirō, 35th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1952)

title: 1867

date: February 23

text: February 23 – Senjūrō Hayashi, Japanese general and politician, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1943)

title: 1876

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1945)

title: 1891

section: Births › October–December

date: August 23

text: August 23 – Kuroda Kiyotaka, Japanese politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1840)

title: 1900

section: Conflict & Security

date: October 26

text: October 26 – Itō Hirobumi, four time Prime Minister of Japan (the 1st, 5th, 7th and 10th) and Resident-General of Korea, is assassinated by An Jung-geun, an activist of the Korean independence movement, at the Harbin railway station in Manchuria.

title: 1909

section: Events › September–October

text: October 26 – Itō Hirobumi, 1st Prime Minister of Japan (assassinated) (b. 1841)

title: 1909

section: Deaths › October

date: May 4

text: May 4 – Kakuei Tanaka, 40th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1993)

title: 1918

section: Births › May

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Hara Takashi, Japanese politician, 10th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1856) (assassinated)

title: 1921

section: Deaths › November–December

date: February 1

text: February 1 – Yamagata Aritomo, Japanese field marshal, 3rd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1838)

title: 1922

section: Deaths › February

date: January 10

text: January 10 – Ōkuma Shigenobu, 2-time Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1838)

title: 1922

section: Deaths › January

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Hamaguchi Osachi, Japanese politician, 27th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1870)

title: 1931

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Wakatsuki Reijirō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan.

title: 1931

section: Events › December

date: May 15

text: May 15 – Tsuyoshi Inukai, 18th prime minister of Japan (assassinated) (b. 1855)

title: 1932

section: Deaths › May – June

date: December 8

text: December 8 – Yamamoto Gonnohyoe, Imperial Japanese army officer, 8th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1852)

title: 1933

date: March 9

text: March 9 – Pro-democratic militarist Keisuke Okada steps down as Prime Minister of Japan and is replaced by radical militarist Kōki Hirota.

title: 1936

section: Events › March–April

date: January 14

text: January 14 – Morihiro Hosokawa, Japanese politician, 50th Prime Minister of Japan

title: 1938

section: Births › January–February

date: October 18

text: October 18 – General Hideki Tōjō becomes the 40th Prime Minister of Japan.

title: 1941

section: Events › October

section: Climate & Environment

date: July

text: Hideki Tōjō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan due to numerous setbacks in the war effort and is succeeded on July 22 by Kuniaki Koiso.

title: 1944

section: Events › July

date: December 16

text: December 16 – Fumimaro Konoe, Japanese general, politician, and 23rd Prime Minister of Japan (suicide) (b. 1891)

title: 1945

date: September 21

text: September 21 – Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2022)

title: 1954

date: March 7

text: March 7 – Ichirō Hatoyama, Japanese politician, 36th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1883)

title: 1959

section: Deaths › March

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Hayato Ikeda, Japanese politician, 38th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1899)

title: 1965

date: October 20

text: October 20 – Shigeru Yoshida, Japanese diplomat and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1878)

title: 1967

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Eisaku Satō, Japanese politician, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1901)

title: 1975

section: Deaths › June

section: Economy & Finance

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Noboru Takeshita resigns as Prime Minister of Japan in the wake of a stock-trading scandal.

title: 1989

section: Events › April

date: April 26

text: April 26 – Junichiro Koizumi becomes the 86th Prime Minister of Japan.

title: 2001

date: August 28

text: August 28 – Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, the longest-serving prime minister in the history of Japan, announces his resignation from office, citing ill health.

title: 2020

section: Events › August

date: September 16

text: September 16 – Yoshihide Suga becomes the new Prime Minister of Japan, replacing Shinzo Abe.

title: 2020

section: Events › September

date: October 4

text: October 4 – Fumio Kishida becomes the 100th Prime Minister of Japan, succeeding Yoshihide Suga.

title: 2021

date: July 8

text: July 8 – Former Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe is assassinated while giving a public speech in the city of Nara, Japan.

title: 2022

text: October 21 – Sanae Takaichi becomes the first female Prime Minister of Japan.

title: 2025


slug: prime-minister-of-malaysia

label: Prime Minister of Malaysia

description: head of government of Malaysia

section: Births

date: March 11

text: March 11 – Abdul Razak Hussein, second Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1976)

title: 1922

section: Births › March

date: November 26

text: November 26 – Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 5th Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 2025)

title: 1939

section: Births › November

date: August 7

text: August 7 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia, recommends the expulsion of Singapore from the Federation of Malaysia following a deterioration of PAP–UMNO relations, negotiating its separation with Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore.

title: 1965

section: Events › July–August

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Tunku Abdul Rahman resigns as prime minister of Malaysia, and is succeeded by his deputy Tun Abdul Razak.

title: 1970

date: July 10

text: July 10 – Mahathir Mohamad becomes the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia.

title: 1981

date: May 9

text: May 9 – The opposition-led Pakatan Harapan coalition, led by former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, secures a parliamentary majority in the Malaysian Parliament as the result of the 2018 Malaysian general election, ending the 61-year rule of the Barisan Nasional coalition since independence in 1957.

title: 2018

section: Events › May

date: February 24

text: February 24 – The Pakatan Harapan coalition government of Malaysia collapses and is replaced by the Perikatan Nasional coalition. Muhyiddin Yassin becomes the eighth Prime Minister of Malaysia on March 1.

title: 2020

section: Events › February

section: Crime & Justice

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Former Prime Minister of Malaysia Najib Razak is listed on the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) online database of corruption offenders convicted locally. His name at the top of the first page of the MACC Corruption Offenders Database.

title: 2020

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob and Anwar Ibrahim, the leader of the main Malaysian opposition coalition Pakatan Harapan, sign a confidence and supply agreement ending the 18-month political crisis that has led to the fall of two successive governments in Malaysia.

title: 2021

date: November 19

text: November 19 – The 2022 Malaysian general election results in a hung parliament, which is the first in the country's history. Long-time opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim is appointed by Yang di-Pertuan Agong Abdullah as prime minister five days later to break the political deadlock and form a unity government.

title: 2022

section: Events › November


slug: prime-minister-of-new-zealand

label: Prime Minister of New Zealand

description: head of the New Zealand government

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Edward Stafford, Scottish-New Zealand educator and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1901)

title: 1819

section: Births › January–June

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Richard Seddon, 15th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1906)

title: 1845

text: April 26 – Sir Joseph Ward, 17th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1930)

title: 1856

section: Births › April–June

date: March 12

text: March 12 – George Forbes, New Zealand Prime Minister, first leader of the New Zealand National Party (d. 1947)

title: 1869

section: Births › January–March

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Michael Joseph Savage, 23rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1940)

title: 1872

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Gordon Coates, 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1943)

title: 1878

section: Births › February

text: August 28 – Peter Fraser, 24th prime minister of New Zealand (d. 1950)

title: 1884

section: Births › August

section: Deaths

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Sir Edward Stafford, Scottish-New Zealand educator, politician and 3rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1819)

title: 1901

section: Deaths › January–February

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Sir Keith Holyoake, 26th Prime Minister of New Zealand (died 1983)

title: 1904

date: August 6

text: August 6 – George Waterhouse, 7th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1824)

title: 1906

section: Deaths › July–December

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Richard Seddon, 15th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1845)

title: 1906

section: Deaths › January–June

date: September 25

text: September 25 – Robert Muldoon, 31st Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1992)

title: 1921

section: Births › September

text: July 8 – Sir Joseph Ward, 17th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1856)

title: 1930

section: Deaths › July– August

date: March 27

text: March 27 – Michael Joseph Savage, 23rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1872)

title: 1940

date: May 17

text: May 17 – George Forbes, 22nd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1869)

title: 1947

section: Deaths › May

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Peter Fraser, New Zealand political figure, 24th Prime Minister of New Zealand, leader of World War II (b. 1884)

title: 1950

section: Deaths › December

date: February 26

text: February 26 – Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand

title: 1950

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Christopher Luxon, 42nd Prime Minister of New Zealand

title: 1970

section: Births › July

section: Health & Medicine

date: August 8

text: August 8 – Prime Minister of New Zealand David Lange resigns for health reasons and is replaced by Geoffrey Palmer.

title: 1989

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 27

text: November 27 – The centre-left Labour Party takes control of the New Zealand Government, with leader Helen Clark becoming the second female Prime Minister in New Zealand's history.

title: 1999

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Chris Hipkins succeeds Jacinda Ardern as Prime Minister of New Zealand, six days after she announced her resignation.

title: 2023

section: Events › January


slug: prime-minister-of-pakistan

label: Prime Minister of Pakistan

description: head of government of Pakistan

section: Births

text: July 19 – Khawaja Nazimuddin, 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1964)

title: 1894

section: Births › July–August

date: August 14

text: August 14 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah becomes the first governor-general of Pakistan. Liaquat Ali Khan takes office as the first prime minister of Pakistan.

title: 1947

section: Events › August

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Liaquat Ali Khan, 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan (assassinated) (b. 1895)

title: 1951

section: Deaths › October

date: October 5

text: October 5 – Imran Khan, former Prime Minister of Pakistan and cricketer

title: 1952

section: Births › October

date: January 23

text: January 23 – Mohammad Ali Bogra, Pakistani statesman, politician and diplomat, 3rd Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1909)

title: 1963

section: Deaths › January

date: October 22

text: October 22 – Khawaja Nazimuddin, Pakistani political figure, 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan (born 1894)

title: 1964

section: Crime & Justice

date: March 18

text: March 18 – Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan, is sentenced to death by hanging, for ordering the assassination of a political opponent.

title: 1978

section: Events › March

date: April 4

text: April 4 – Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto is executed by hanging for the murder of a political opponent.

title: 1979

section: Events › April

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of an Islam-dominated state.

title: 1988

section: Events › December

date: November 6

text: November 6 – Nawaz Sharif is sworn in as the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

title: 1990

section: Events › November

date: April 11

text: April 11 – The National Assembly of Pakistan elects leader of the opposition Shehbaz Sharif as prime minister of Pakistan, after Imran Khan is removed from office following a motion of no confidence two days prior.

title: 2022


slug: prime-minister-of-romania

label: Prime Minister of Romania

description: head of the Government of Romania

date: March 9

text: March 9 – Alexandru Averescu, Romanian general and politician, 24th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1938)

title: 1859

section: Births › January–March

date: December 7

text: December 7 – Petru Groza, Romanian politician, 46th prime minister of Romania (d. 1958)

title: 1884

section: Births › December

section: Deaths

date: June 18

text: June 18 – Titu Maiorescu, Romanian politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1840)

title: 1917

section: Deaths › May–June

date: June 19

text: June 19 – Petre P. Carp, twice Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1837)

title: 1919

section: Deaths › June

date: October 2

text: October 2 – Alexandru Averescu, Romanian general, politician, and 24th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1859)

title: 1938

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Patriarch Miron of Romania, Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian cleric, politician, priest and 38th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1868)

title: 1939

section: Deaths › March

text: November 27 – Nicolae Iorga, Romanian historian and politician, 34th Prime Minister of Romania (assassinated) (b. 1871)

title: 1940

section: Deaths › November

date: March 28

text: March 28 – Gheorghe Tătărescu, Romanian politician, 36th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1886)

title: 1957

date: January 7

text: January 7 – Petru Groza, Romanian politician, 46th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1884)

title: 1958

date: March 19

text: March 19 – Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Romanian communist leader, 47th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1901)

title: 1965


slug: prime-minister-of-spain

label: Prime Minister of Spain

description: head of government of Spain

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 30

text: November 30 – King Philip V of Spain issues a decree reorganizing the Spanish government to create four ministries, with the Secretary of State being the chief minister, predecessor to the office of Prime Minister of Spain. José de Grimaldo becomes the first person to have the chief ministry.

title: 1714

section: Events › October–December

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Johan Willem Ripperda of the Netherlands, the former Dutch Ambassador to Spain, arrives in Madrid and claims that King Philip V has appointed him as the new Prime Minister. The bluff is successful and he is granted authority by the King's advisers, but after four months, he is forced to resign.

title: 1725

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Alejandro Mon y Menéndez takes office as Prime Minister of Spain.

title: 1864

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Francisco de Lersundi y Hormaechea, Spanish noble and politician, Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1817)

title: 1874

section: Deaths › July–December

section: Births

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Juan Negrín, Spanish physician, politician and 67th Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1956)

title: 1892

section: Births › February

date: August 8

text: August 8 – Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, incumbent Prime Minister of Spain and historian (assassinated) (b. 1828)

title: 1897

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Arsenio Martínez-Campos, Spanish general, revolutionary, and Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1831)

title: 1900

section: Deaths › July–September

date: March 16

text: March 16 – Miguel Primo de Rivera, Spanish military officer, Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1870)

title: 1930

section: Deaths › March – April

date: November 3

text: November 3 – Manuel Azaña, 55th Prime Minister of Spain, 2nd President of Spain (b. 1880)

title: 1940

date: March 3

text: March 3 – José María Aznar, leader of the Popular Party, is elected as Prime Minister of Spain, replacing Felipe González.

title: 1996

section: Conflict & Security

date: April 18

text: April 18 – Newly elected prime minister of Spain, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, announces the withdrawal of all 1,300 Spanish troops from Iraq.

title: 2004

date: June 2

text: June 2 – Pedro Sánchez is appointed new Prime Minister of Spain, a day after a vote of no confidence against his predecessor, Mariano Rajoy.

title: 2018

section: Events › June


slug: prime-minister-of-sweden

label: Prime Minister of Sweden

description: head of government of Sweden

date: March 20

text: March 20 – Through constitutional reform taking legal effect, Louis De Geer becomes the first Prime Minister of Sweden.

title: 1876

section: Events › March

date: April 19

text: April 19 – The Prime Minister of Sweden, Louis De Geer, resigns over the defeat of a defense reform bill in the country's Riksdag; he is succeeded by Count Arvid Posse (1880–1883).

title: 1880

section: Events › April

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Count Arvid Posse leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden. He is succeeded by Carl Johan Thyselius, the first non-aristocrat (Swedish; "ofrälse") to serve as Swedish head of government, and Prime Minister.

title: 1883

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Gustaf Åkerhielm, previously Swedish Foreign Minister, replaces Gillis Bildt as Prime Minister of Sweden.

title: 1889

section: Events › October

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Admiral Fredrik von Otter becomes Prime Minister of Sweden.

title: 1900

section: Events › September

date: July 5

text: July 5 – Erik Gustaf Boström returns as Prime Minister of Sweden.

title: 1902

section: Events › July

date: May 29

text: May 29 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden over the issue of expanded voting rights. He is replaced by right-wing naval officer and public official Arvid Lindman.

title: 1906

section: Events › May–June

section: Climate & Environment

date: February 17

text: February 17 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard Crisis. He is replaced by Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld.

title: 1914

section: Events › February

date: March 10

text: March 10 – The world's first peaceful establishment of a social democratic government takes place in Sweden as Hjalmar Branting takes over as prime minister when Nils Edén leaves office.

title: 1920

text: April 19 – Hjalmar Branting leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after the Swedish Riksdag has rejected a government proposal regarding unemployment benefits. Right-wing academic and jurist Ernst Trygger succeeds him.

title: 1923

section: Events › March–April

section: Economy & Finance

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Hjalmar Branting resigns as Prime Minister of Sweden because of ill health, and is replaced by the minister of trade, Rickard Sandler.

title: 1925

section: Events › January

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Liberal politician Carl Gustaf Ekman succeeds Rickard Sandler as Prime Minister of Sweden.

title: 1926

date: October 2

text: October 2 – Arvid Lindman returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, with his right-wing rival Ernst Trygger as Foreign Minister of Sweden.

title: 1928

text: June 7 – Carl Gustaf Ekman becomes Prime Minister of Sweden, for the second and final time.

title: 1930

date: August 6

text: August 6 – Carl Gustaf Ekman resigns as Prime Minister of Sweden and is replaced by his Minister of Finance Felix Hamrin.

title: 1932

section: Events › August

date: June 19

text: June 19 – Per Albin Hansson resigns as Prime Minister of Sweden, over the issue of defence policy. He is replaced by the leader of the Farmer's League (Bondeförbundet) Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp, who also becomes Minister of Agriculture.

title: 1936

date: October 1

text: October 1 – In Sweden, Olof Palme is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Worker's Party, replacing Tage Erlander as Prime Minister on October 14.

title: 1969

date: December 23

text: December 23 – Swedish Prime minister Olof Palme compares the American bombings of North Vietnam to Nazi massacres. The U.S. breaks diplomatic contact with Sweden.

title: 1972

section: Events › December

text: October 12 – Thorbjörn Fälldin returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, replacing Ola Ullsten who is named Foreign Minister of Sweden.

title: 1979

section: Crime & Justice

date: February 28

text: February 28 – Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme is shot to death on his way home from the cinema in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: 1986

date: September 15

text: September 15 – In the Swedish general election, the Social Democrats suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation of Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson.

title: 1991

date: March 22

text: March 22 – Sweden's Finance Minister Göran Persson becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden.

title: 1996

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Fredrik Reinfeldt replaces Göran Persson as Prime Minister of Sweden.

title: 2006

date: October 3

text: October 3 – Stefan Löfven replaces Fredrik Reinfeldt as Prime Minister of Sweden.

title: 2014

date: November 24

text: November 24 – Magdalena Andersson resigns as Prime Minister-elect of Sweden hours after the Riksdag voted her in as Sweden's first female prime minister. She was due to take office on 26 November. Instead, she takes office on 30 November.

title: 2021

section: Events › November


slug: prime-minister-of-the-netherlands

label: Prime Minister of the Netherlands

description: chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands

section: Births

date: December 14

text: December 14 – Dirk Jan de Geer, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1960)

title: 1870

section: Births › October–December

date: July 5

text: July 5 – Willem Drees, Dutch politician and historian, 30th Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1988)

title: 1886

section: Births › July–August

date: April 3

text: April 3 – Piet de Jong, Dutch politician, naval officer, Minister of Defence and Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 2016)

title: 1915

section: Births › April

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Joop den Uyl, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1973 to 1977 (d. 1987)

title: 1919

section: Births › August

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Wim Kok, Dutch politician, 48th Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1994 until 2002 (d. 2018)

title: 1938

section: Births › September–October

date: May 7

text: May 7 – Ruud Lubbers, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–94) (d. 2018)

title: 1939

section: Births › May–June

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Mark Rutte, Dutch politician, 50th Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2010-present) and NATO Secretary General

title: 1967

section: Births › February

date: May 2

text: May 2 – The coalition government of Prime Minister of the Netherlands Ruud Lubbers collapses in a dispute about a pollution cleanup plan.

title: 1989

section: Events › May

date: July 8

text: July 8 – In the Netherlands, the governing coalition collapses and Prime Minister Mark Rutte announces his upcoming resignation.

title: 2023


slug: prime-minister-of-the-united-kingdom

label: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

description: head of government of the United Kingdom

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Robert Walpole, first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1745)

title: 1676

date: September 28

text: September 28 – Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1811)

title: 1735

date: April 14

text: April 14 – William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1809)

title: 1738

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Henry Pelham becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain.

title: 1743

section: Events › July–September

section: Deaths

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Henry Pelham, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1694)

title: 1754

section: Deaths › January–June

date: October 25

text: October 25 – William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1834)

title: 1759

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1812)

title: 1762

text: The Royal Colony of North Carolina establishes a new county from the eastern portion of Granville County and names it Bute County for John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, who had recently resigned his post as Prime Minister of Great Britain. In 1779 the State of North Carolina abolishes the county, when it forms Warren County from the northern portion and Franklin County from the southern portion.

title: 1764

section: Events › Date unknown

date: March 13

text: March 13 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, 26th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1845)

title: 1764

date: April 11

text: April 11 – George Canning, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1827)

title: 1770

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1828)

title: 1770

date: March 15

text: March 15 – William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1848)

title: 1779

text: November 1 – F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1859)

title: 1782

section: Births › November

date: January 28

text: January 28 – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1860)

title: 1784

date: October 20

text: October 20 – Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1865)

title: 1784

date: August 18

text: August 18 – John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1878)

title: 1792

section: Births › July–December

date: March 29

text: March 29 – Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1869)

title: 1799

section: Births › January–June

date: February 4

text: February 4 – William Pitt the Younger resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1801

section: Events › January–March

date: March 14

text: March 14 – Henry Addington becomes First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, effectively Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1801

date: April 26

text: April 26 – Henry Addington resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1804

section: Events › April–June

date: January 23

text: January 23 – Following the death of William Pitt the Younger, his cousin Lord Grenville succeeds him as wartime Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1806

date: October 30

text: October 30 – William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1738)

title: 1809

section: Deaths › July–December

text: March 14 – Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1735)

title: 1811

date: May 11

text: May 11 – Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (assassinated) (b. 1762)

title: 1812

date: April 10

text: April 10 – George Canning succeeds Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1827

date: August 31

text: August 31 – F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom following the death of George Canning.

title: 1827

date: August 8

text: August 8 – George Canning, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1770)

title: 1827

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, succeeds Lord Goderich as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1828

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1903)

title: 1830

date: November 22

text: November 22 – The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1830

section: Events › October–December

date: December 10

text: December 10 – Sir Robert Peel succeeds The Duke of Wellington as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1834

date: January 12

text: January 12 – William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1759)

title: 1834

date: July 16

text: July 16 – William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, succeeds Earl Grey as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1834

text: November 14 – William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne becomes the last Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to be dismissed by the British monarch. King William IV temporarily appoints Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, to form a caretaker government.

title: 1834

text: April 18 – Lord Melbourne succeeds Sir Robert Peel as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1835

text: September 7 – Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1908)

title: 1836

text: February 15 – Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1757)

title: 1844

text: July 17 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1764)

title: 1845

text: May 15 – Under the leadership of Prime Minister Robert Peel, the House of Commons of the United Kingdom votes to repeal the Corn Laws by passing an Importation Bill, replacing the old colonial mercantile trade system with free trade in response to the Great Famine (Ireland). On June 25 the Duke of Wellington persuades the House of Lords to pass the Act, which will take full effect from February 1849. Peel, however, is forced to resign.

title: 1846

text: May 7 – Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1929)

title: 1847

text: July 25 – Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)

title: 1848

text: November 24 – William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1779)

title: 1848

text: September 12 – H. H. Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1928)

title: 1852

text: January 29 – Lord Aberdeen resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, over the management of the Crimean War.

title: 1855

text: September 16 – Bonar Law, Canadian-born Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1923)

title: 1858

text: January 28 – F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1782)

title: 1859

text: December 14 – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1784)

title: 1860

text: January 17 – David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1945)

title: 1863

text: October 18 – Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1784)

title: 1865

text: October 23 – Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1799)

title: 1869

text: May 28 – John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1792)

title: 1878

text: April 18 – 1880 United Kingdom general election: William Ewart Gladstone defeats Benjamin Disraeli, to become Prime Minister for the second time.

title: 1880

text: June 23 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1885

text: July 4–26 – British general election: The Conservative and Liberal Unionist coalition government loses its majority in the House of Commons, eventually leading to Prime Minister Lord Salisbury's resignation on August 12.

title: 1892

text: February 10 – Harold Macmillan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1986)

title: 1894

text: July 11 – Lord Salisbury retires as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1902

text: March 20 – The title Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is officially recognised by King Edward VII by a royal warrant.

title: 1905

text: April 22 – Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1836)

title: 1908

text: April 8 – H. H. Asquith of the Liberal Party takes office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, succeeding Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman.

title: 1908

text: October 30 – Bonar Law, British politician, 39th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1858)

title: 1923

text: January 22 – Ramsay MacDonald becomes the first Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1924

text: February 15 – H. H. Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1852)

title: 1928

text: May 21 – Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1847)

title: 1929

text: March 19 – Arthur Balfour, British politician and statesman, 48th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1848)

title: 1930

text: November 14 – 1935 United Kingdom general election: Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin returns to office at the head of a National Government led by the Conservative Party, with a large but reduced majority.

title: 1935

text: May 28 – Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, following the retirement of Stanley Baldwin.

title: 1937

text: April 4 – Neville Chamberlain, UK Prime Minister, in what proves to be a tragic misjudgment, declares in a major public speech that Hitler has "missed the bus".

title: 1940

text: With the resignation of Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1940

text: November 22–26 – WWII: Cairo Conference ("Sextant") – President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Chairman of the National Government of China Chiang Kai-shek meet at Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the Pacific War.

title: 1943

text: February 4–11 – WWII: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin hold the Yalta Conference.

title: 1945

text: July 26 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, after his Conservative Party is soundly defeated by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election. Clement Attlee becomes the new prime minister. It is the first time that Labour has governed Britain with a majority in the House of Commons.

title: 1945

text: March 26 – David Lloyd George, British politician and statesman, 51st Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1863)

title: 1945

text: February 20 – Gordon Brown, Scottish-born Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

title: 1951

text: October 26 – Winston Churchill is re-elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (a month before his 77th birthday) in a general election which sees the defeat of Clement Attlee's Labour government, after 6 years in power.

title: 1951

text: April 5 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, due to ill-health, at the age of 80.

title: 1955

text: April 6 – Anthony Eden becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1955

text: October 1 – Theresa May, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

title: 1956

text: January 10 – Harold Macmillan becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1957

text: February 3 – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan makes the Wind of Change speech to the South African Parliament in Cape Town (although he had first made the speech, to little publicity, in Accra, Gold Coast – modern-day Ghana – on January 10).

title: 1960

text: January 10 – British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan makes the "Wind of Change" speech for the first time, to little publicity, in Accra, Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana).

title: 1960

text: September 2 – Keir Starmer, British politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

title: 1962

text: October 19 – Alec Douglas-Home succeeds Harold Macmillan as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1963

text: June 19 – Boris Johnson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 2019–2022

title: 1964

text: October 9 – David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 2010–2016

title: 1966

text: April 5 – James Callaghan becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

title: 1976

text: November 15 – British art historian and former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures Anthony Blunt's role as the "fourth man" of the 'Cambridge Five' double agents for the Soviet NKVD during World War II is revealed by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom; she gives further details on November 21.

title: 1979

text: October 12 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) attempts to assassinate Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the British Cabinet in the Brighton hotel bombing with an explosive device planted nearly a month earlier in their conference hotel. The terror attack kills five people and injures 31.

title: 1984

text: October 29 – British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher officially opens the M25 Motorway, which encircles Greater London, in a ceremony on the carriageway near Potters Bar. It became Europe's second longest orbital road upon completion, and provides the first and only full bypass of London.

title: 1986

text: March 31 – Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, conducts a 45-minute interview on Soviet television.

title: 1987

text: July 4 – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Major is re-elected as leader of the Conservative Party, ending an internal challenge to his position.

title: 1995

text: May 1 – Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, as the Labour Party wins the 1997 United Kingdom general election and returns to government for the first time in 18 years.

title: 1997

text: June 27 – Gordon Brown succeeds Tony Blair and becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after a leadership election.

title: 2007

text: June 8 – A snap general election is held in the United Kingdom, three years before the next was due, resulting in a hung parliament, with the Conservative Party, led by Prime Minister Theresa May, losing their majority in Parliament. The Labour Party, led by Jeremy Corbyn, makes gains for the first time since 1997. Days later, the Conservative Party, now lacking a majority, enters a confidence-and-supply deal with the Northern Ireland loyalist party DUP.

title: 2017

text: July 24 – Boris Johnson becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after defeating Jeremy Hunt in a leadership contest, succeeding Theresa May.

title: 2019

text: June 3–5 – U.S. President Donald Trump makes a state visit to the U.K., meeting with Queen Elizabeth II and outgoing Prime Minister Theresa May. It is the first official state visit to the U.K. by a sitting U.S. president since 2011. Trump also attends D-Day commemorative ceremonies.

title: 2019

text: June 7 – British Prime Minister Theresa May resigns as leader of the Conservative Party.

title: 2019

text: May 24 – British Prime Minister Theresa May announces her resignation as Conservative leader, effective June 7, 2019.

title: 2019

text: June 3 – Prime Minister Boris Johnson says the UK will change immigration laws to offer a pathway to UK citizenship for all Hong Kong citizens who are eligible for BN(O) status if the government of China imposes new security laws on the territory.

title: 2020

text: October 25 – Rishi Sunak becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, following the resignation of Liz Truss the previous week resulting in a 50-day tenure, making him the first person of colour to become the prime minister.

title: 2022

text: September 6 – Liz Truss is appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after winning the July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election.

title: 2022


slug: prince-bishopric-of-liege

label: Prince-Bishopric of Liège

description: ecclesiastic state of the Holy Roman Empire

section: Births

text: Hubertus, bishop of Liège (approximate date)

title: 656

date: May 30

text: May 30 – Hubertus, bishop of Liège

title: AD 727

section: Religion & Belief

text: Notker (or Notger), Frankish Benedictine monk and bishop, founds the Prince-Bishopric of Liège (modern Belgium) which will remain an independent state inside the Holy Roman Empire for more than 800 years.

title: 980

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Theodwin, prince-bishop of Liège

title: 1075

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Albero I, prince-bishop of Liège (b. 1070)

title: 1128

date: September 4

text: September 4 – Henry II, prince-bishop of Liège

title: 1164

section: Conflict & Security

date: September 23

text: September 23 – The Battle of Othée is fought between the citizens of Liège and a professional army under command of John the Fearless. The militia of Liège suffers a heavy defeat.

title: 1408

section: Events › July–December

date: December 22

text: December 22 – The Treaty of Saint-Trond is signed to end the war between the Burgundian Netherlands (ruled by Philip the Good) and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, ending the First Liège War, which had started four months earlier. Liège is allowed to keep its sovereignty at the cost of paying for the Burgundian war expenses and designating Charles the Bold, son of the Duke Philip, as heir to the rule of the area.

title: 1465

date: October 29

text: October 29 – At the Battle of Brustem, Charles the Bold defeats the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.

title: 1467

date: August 30

text: August 30 – The reign of Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège over the Principality of Liège, a semi-independent eccleasitic state within the Holy Roman Empire in parts of what are now Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands, comes to an end when he is assassinated on orders of William de La Marck

title: 1482

date: December 30

text: December 30 – Érard de La Marck is elected prince-bishop of Liège.

title: 1505

date: August 18

text: August 18 – The Liège Revolution breaks out in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.

title: 1789

text: January 12 – Holy Roman troops reenter Liège, heralding the end of the Liège Revolution, and the restoration of its Prince-Bishops.

title: 1791


slug: prince-bishopric-of-utrecht

label: Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht

date: November 12

text: November 12 – Hartbert van Bierum, bishop of Utrecht

title: 1150

date: January 31

text: January 31 – Herman van Horne, bishop of Utrecht

title: 1156

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Godfrey van Rhenen, bishop of Utrecht

title: 1178

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Baldwin II van Holland, bishop of Utrecht

title: 1196

date: September 1

text: September 1 – Otto I, bishop of Utrecht (b. 1194)

title: 1215

date: July 28

text: July 28 – Battle of Ane: Forces of the Bishopric of Utrecht are defeated by the rebellious Drenths led by Rudolph van Coevorden near Ane (modern Netherlands). The Drenths lure the Bishop's forces, supported by heavily armoured knights, in an ambush into a swampy area and kill Bishop Otto II of Lippe. After the battle, Otto's successor, Wilbrand van Oldenburg, rouses the Frisian people into supporting the war against the Drenths.

title: 1227

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Wilbrand of Oldenburg, prince-bishop of Utrecht

title: 1233

text: The construction of the Cathedral of Saint Martin is initiated by Henry I van Vianden, bishop of Utrecht.

title: 1254

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Treaty of Paris: Count Louis I relinquishes Flemish claims over the County of Zeeland. He acknowledges William II the Good as count of Avesnes, Holland, and Zeeland as a state within the Holy Roman Empire. William occupies most of the Bishopric of Utrecht and tries to conquer Friesland (or Frisia) but is repelled by Governor Hessel Martena.

title: 1323

section: Events › January – March

date: November 15

text: November 15 – The lands of the Bishopric of Utrecht, now in the Netherlands, are ceded to control of the Habsburgs in return for assistance in suppressing a rebellion by the citizens of Utrecht.

title: 1527


slug: prince-henry-the-navigator

label: Prince Henry the Navigator

description: Portuguese prince and governor (1394–1460)

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese patron of exploration (d. 1460)

title: 1394

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Portuguese explorers João Gonçalves Zarco, Tristão Vaz Teixeira and Bartolomeu Perestrello, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator, discover Madeira Island, a year after Zarco and Tristão had discovered Porto Santo Island.

title: 1419

section: Events › July–September

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Prince Henry the Navigator is appointed Grand Master of the Military Order of Christ.

title: 1420

text: Portuguese sailors sent by Prince Henry the Navigator cross Cape Non, going as far as Cape Bojador.

title: 1421

date: August 22

text: August 22– Portugal's disastrous Tangier expedition to attack Morocco begins as Prince Henry the Navigator and more than 6,000 troops (3,000 knights, 2,000 infantry, 1,000 archers) sail from the port of Belém toward Africa and the Portuguese colony of Ceuta. They arrive at Ceuta five days later.

title: 1437

date: October 15

text: October 15 – Prince Henry the Navigator (Henrique, o Navegador), brother of King Duarte of Portugal, agrees on behalf Portugal to cede its North African colony of Ceuta back to Morocco in return for being allowed to withdraw all of his troops, including those taken prisoner.

title: 1437

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Led by Prince Henry the Navigator, a poorly-prepared Portuguese attempt to conquer the city of Tangier in the Marinid Sultanate in Morocco begins. Although the Portuguese have more than 6,000 troops, they reach the walled city and find that their scaling ladders are too short to reach the top, and their artillery is too weak to damage the walls.

title: 1437

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: October 22

text: October 22 – Pedro de Portugal, Duke of Coimbra and regent for the 11-year old King Afonso V, grants letters patent to his younger brother Dom Henrique of Navegador ("Prince Henry the Navigator"), giving Henrique an exclusive monopoly over all navigation south of Cape Bojador, whether for the purpose of war or trade, as well as a commission on any African goods or slaves brought back to mainland Portugal.

title: 1443

date: March 10

text: March 10 – Colonization of Terceira Island by Portugal begins as Dom Henrique, om Navigador

title: 1450

section: Deaths

date: November 13

text: November 13 – Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese patron of exploration (b. 1394)

title: 1460


slug: prince-of-wales

label: Prince of Wales

description: royal title held by the heir to the British (previously the English) throne, and prior to that by Welsh princes

date: October

text: October – Battle of Crug Mawr (Great Barrow): King Owain Gwynedd (styled "Prince of Wales") defeats the Norman and Flemish forces under Robert Fitz Martin, securing the control of Ceredigion (West Wales).

title: 1136

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd proclaims himself Prince of Wales, first used in an agreement between Llywelyn and his supporters and the Scottish nobility. He becomes the final ruler of an independent Wales before the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England.

title: 1258

section: Events › By place › British Isles

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Treaty of Montgomery: King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales.

title: 1267

date: October 3

text: October 3 – The last ruler of an independent Wales, Dafydd ap Gruffydd (David), Prince of Wales, is executed in Shrewsbury, the first prominent person in history to be hanged, drawn and quartered, as capital punishment for the newly created crime of high treason (against Edward I of England).

title: 1283

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Battle of Maes Moydog: English forces led by William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick defeat the Welsh rebels (some 700 men), near the modern-day town of Llanfair Caereinion in Wales. In a night attack on the Welsh infantry, William uses cavalry to drive them into compact formations, which are then shot up by his archers. Madog ap Llywelyn, proclaimed "Prince of Wales", and the remnants of his army are routed and retreat across the Banwy River, in which many drown.

title: 1295

section: Culture & Society

date: February 7

text: February 7 – The 16-year-old Prince Edward of Caernarfon, son and heir of King Edward I ("Edward Longshanks"), becomes the first English Prince of Wales and is also granted the royal lands in Wales.

title: 1301

section: Events › January– March

text: probable – Owain Glyndŵr, last Welsh Prince of Wales (d. 1416)

title: 1359

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Richard of Bordeaux, son of the Black Prince, is created Prince of Wales in succession to his father.

title: 1376

date: September 16

text: September 16 – Owain Glyndŵr is proclaimed Prince of Wales by his followers, and begins attacking English strongholds in northeast Wales.

title: 1400

date: June 21

text: June 21 – The formal coronation of Owain Glyndŵr as Prince of Wales takes place at Harlech.

title: 1404

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Henry, Prince of Wales (later Henry V of England) retakes Aberystwyth from Owain Glyndŵr.

title: 1408

date: March 21

text: March 21 – Henry, Prince of Wales becomes King Henry V of England the day after the death of his father Henry IV.

title: 1413

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Edward of York, the 7-month-old son of King Edward IV of England, is created Prince of Wales, two months after his father has regained the throne.

title: 1471

date: May 28

text: May 28 – The English royal title of Duke of York is created by King Edward IV for his second-born son, Prince Richard. Thereafter, the title of Duke of York is reserved for the second son of the English monarch, while the title of Prince of Wales is reserved for the first-born son.

title: 1474

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Edward of Middleham, the 7-year-old son of King Richard III of England, is given the title of Prince of Wales and designated the heir apparent to the throne. However, Edward will die less than a year later on April 9.

title: 1483

date: November 29

text: November 29 – Arthur Tudor, heir apparent to the throne of England as the son of King Henry VII, is named Prince of Wales.

title: 1489

section: Events › September–December

date: February 18

text: February 18 – The investiture of Prince Henry of England as Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester takes place.

title: 1504

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Prince Charles (15-year-old surviving son of James I of England and Anne of Denmark) is invested as Prince of Wales at Whitehall in London, the last such formal investiture until 1911.

title: 1616

section: Events › November-December

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom dies at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. She is 81 years old and, having ruled for nearly 64 years, will be the second longest-reigning monarch in British history. Her eldest son, Prince Albert Edward, "Bertie", the longest-serving Prince of Wales to this time, succeeds his mother at the age of 59, reigning as King Edward VII, of the United Kingdom and in innovation the British Dominions and also becoming Emperor of India.

title: 1901

section: Events › January

text: July 26 – Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom announces that she is giving her son Prince Charles the customary title for the heir apparent of Prince of Wales. The announcement is made at the end of the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, held in Cardiff.

title: 1958

section: Events › July


slug: prince-philip-duke-of-edinburgh

label: Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

description: consort of Elizabeth II from 1952 to 2021 (1921-2021)

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark, wife of Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus of Hesse, and sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (b. 1911)

title: 1937

section: Deaths › November

date: July 9

text: July 9 – King George VI of the United Kingdom announces the engagement of his daughter Princess Elizabeth to Lt. Philip Mountbatten.

title: 1947

section: Religion & Belief

text: November 20 – Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh: Princess Elizabeth (later Elizabeth II), the daughter of George VI of the United Kingdom, marries The Duke of Edinburgh at Westminster Abbey in London.

title: 1947

section: Events › November

section: Births

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Anne, Princess Royal, British royal, daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh

title: 1950

section: Births › August

date: February 19

text: February 19 – Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor, British former prince and second son of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh

title: 1960

section: Births › February

date: March 10

text: March 10 – Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh, British prince and third son (youngest child) of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

title: 1964

section: Births › March

date: October 5

text: October 5 – Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh begin an 8-day visit to Canada.

title: 1964

section: Events › October

date: June 11

text: June 11 - Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh gathers 126 of the UK's leading engineers at Buckingham Palace to form the Fellowship of Engineering, later to be known as the Royal Academy of Engineering.

title: 1976

section: Events › June

section: Health & Medicine

date: August 27

text: August 27 – The Troubles: Lord Mountbatten of Burma and two others are killed in a bombing on his boat in the Republic of Ireland by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). Mountbatten was a British fleet admiral, statesman and an uncle of The Duke of Edinburgh. On the same day, the Warrenpoint ambush occurs, killing 18 British soldiers. Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne would die in a hospital the following day from injuries sustained in the bombing.

title: 1979

section: Events › August

date: September 19

text: September 19 – The state funeral of Elizabeth II is held in Westminster Abbey, London. Her coffin is then taken by procession to Windsor Castle for burial with her husband, parents and sister in the King George VI Memorial Chapel. The funeral is speculated to be the most watched television event in world history.

title: 2022

section: Events › September


slug: principality-of-achaea

label: Principality of Achaea

description: Crusader principality in southern Greece

section: Conflict & Security

text: Summer – Battle of Koundouros: Byzantine forces (some 5,000 men) under Michael Doukas, governor of the Theme of the Peloponnese (and later Despot of Epirus), tries to stop the Latin army (some 700 knights and foot soldiers) at the Olive Grove of Koundouros. The Byzantines are defeated by William of Champlitte, who later founds the Principality of Achaea (a vassal state of the Latin Empire).

title: 1205

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

date: May

text: May – The First Parliament of Ravennika, convened by Emperor Henry of Flanders, is held in the town of Ravennika in Greece, in an attempt to resolve the rebellion of the Lombard nobles of the Kingdom of Thessalonica. Henry pardons Lord Amédée Pofey (or Buffois), and reinvests with his fief, while the other nobles persist in their rebellion and keep to their castles. After receiving imperial recognition, Geoffrey I of Villehardouin becomes Henry's vassal, thereby subordinating Achaea directly to Constantinople.

title: 1209

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: William of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea (d. 1278)

title: 1211

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: Spring – A fleet consisting of ships from the republics of Venice, Genoa and Pisa arrive at Constantinople. It is headed by Geoffrey II of Villehardouin, ruler of Achaea, who brings 100 of his own knights, 300 cross-bowman, and 500 archers. Geoffrey, formally a vassal of Emperor John I of Constantinople, breaks the blockade of the city, sinks 15 Byzantine ships and enters the Golden Horn. A treaty is signed for two years after the intervention of Angelo Sanudo, duke of Archipelago.

title: 1236

date: December

text: December – William of Villehardouin, Latin ruler of the Principality of Achaea, captures Monemvasia – last remaining Byzantine outpost on the Peloponnese.

title: 1248

section: Deaths

text: Carintana dalle Carceri, ruler of the Principality of Achaea

title: 1255

date: September

text: September – Epirote–Nicaean conflict, Battle of Pelagonia: The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.

title: 1259

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Treaty of Viterbo: Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople gifts the Principality of Achaea to King Charles I of Sicily, in the hope that Charles can help him restore the Latin Empire.

title: 1267

date: February 21

text: February 21 – Charles signs a treaty and is proclaimed King of Albania. He promises to protect the nobles and to honor the privileges they have from the Byzantine Empire. The treaty declares the union between the Kingdom of Albania (Latin: Regnum Albanie) and the Kingdom of Sicily, under Charles' rule. He appoints Gazo Chinard as his vicar-general, and sends his Sicilian fleet to Achaea, to defend the principality against Byzantine attacks.

title: 1272

text: Philip I of Piedmont, Latin prince of Achaea (d. 1334)

title: 1278

date: May 1

text: May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea (b. 1211)

title: 1278

text: May 1 – William of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea, dies. By the terms of the Treaty of Viterbo, his lands passed under the direct control of Charles I, king of Sicily. Charles appoints a bailiff to rule the Latin principality. In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, Nicholas III, on May 24. He promises not to attack or invade the Byzantine Empire because Nicholas has hopes to unify the Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church.

title: 1278

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Anna Komnene Doukaina, princess of Achaea

title: 1286

date: January 23

text: January 23 – Florent of Hainaut, Latin prince of Achaea (b. 1255)

title: 1297

date: May 5

text: May 5 – Charles the Lame, King of Naples, accuses Philip I of Piedmont and Isabella of Villehardouin of disloyalty, and deprives them of the right to rule the Principality of Achaea (located in southern Greece on the Peloponnese peninsula). King Charles awards Achaea to his son, Philip I, Prince of Taranto.

title: 1306

section: Events › April – June

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Ferdinand of Majorca completes the conquest of the Principality of Achaea, one of the crusader states that had been founded in Greece during the Fourth Crusade, by capturing the capital, Andravida.

title: 1315

section: Events › July – September

date: August 2

text: August 2 – Matilda of Hainaut becomes the sole leader of the Principality of Achaea, after her husband, Prince Louis of Burgundy, dies of poisoning one month after having secured his position during the Battle of Mandolada.

title: 1316

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Battle of Picotin: Catalan forces led by Prince Ferdinand of Majorca, claimant to the Principality of Achaea, defeat the army of Princess Matilda of Hainaut, on the Peloponnese. During the battle, the Catalans kill 500 Burgundians and 700 native troops. The remnants of the Princess's army withdraw in haste, pursued by the Catalan cavalry; before they turn back to loot the abandoned Achaean camp.

title: 1316

section: Events › January – March

date: July 5

text: July 5 – Battle of Manolada: Latin forces under Louis of Burgundy, supported by Byzantine troops sent by governor Michael Kantakouzenos, defeat the Catalan army under Ferdinand of Majorca. During the battle, Ferdinand is killed and John II of Nivelet, who claims the Principality of Achaea is executed on the field as a traitor. His lands are given to Louis' Burgundian followers. Louis of Burgundy and his wife, Matilda of Hainaut, become the joint rulers of Achaea.

title: 1316

section: Culture & Society

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Robert, King of Naples delivers an ultimatum to Matilda of Hainaut, ruler of the Greek Principality of Achaea, to accept marriage to John of Gravina or to lose her right to rule.

title: 1318

date: September 9

text: September 9 – Battle of Saint George: Byzantine forces under Andronikos Asen defeat the army of the Principality of Achaea, securing the possession of Arcadia. During the battle, Latin commander Bartholomew II Ghisi is taken prisoner, along with several high-ranking nobles of the principality, and is sent to Constantinople.

title: 1320

text: Approximate date – Battle of Gardiki: The Principality of Achaea defeats the Despotate of the Morea.

title: 1375

section: Events › Date unknown

date: June 2

text: June 2 – Due to the support by Queen Joanna I of Naples for the antipope Clement VII, Pope Urban VI declares her cousin, Carlo di Durazzo to be the new ruler of the Kingdom of Naples. Afterward, with the help of the Hungarians, Charles advances on Naples and captures Joanna. James of Baux, the ruler of Taranto and the Latin Empire, claims the Principality of Achaea after Joanna's imprisonment.

title: 1381

section: Events › April–June

date: July 7

text: July 7 – James of Baux, ruler of Taranto and Achaea, and last titular Latin Emperor, dies childless. As a result, Charles III of Naples becomes ruler of Achaea (modern-day southern Greece); Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, the widower of Joanna I of Naples, becomes ruler of Taranto (eastern Italy); and Louis I, Duke of Anjou inherits the claim to the Latin Empire (western Turkey), but never uses the title of Emperor.

title: 1383

section: Events › July–September

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Elizabeth of Bosnia, the mother of the overthrown Queen Mary of Hungary and Croatia, arranges the assassination of Charles III of Naples, the ruler of Hungary, Naples, Achaea and Croatia, with the result that Mary is reinstated as Queen of Hungary and Croatia; Charles' son, Ladislaus, becomes King of Naples; and a period of interregnum begins in Achaea, lasting until 1396. The rule of Achaea is sought by numerous pretenders, none of whom can be considered to have reigned.

title: 1386

section: Events › January–March

text: After a 14-year interregnum, Pedro de San Superano is declared ruler of the Principality of Achaea (modern-day Peloponnese, southern Greece).

title: 1396

text: The Principality of Achaea (now southern Greece) resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1399

text: Maria II Zaccaria succeeds her husband, Pedro de San Superano, as regent of the Principality of Achaea (modern-day southern Greece).

title: 1402

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: April 12

text: April 12 – Centurione II Zaccaria buys the Principality of Achaea, located on the Peloponnese peninsula in modern-day Greece, from King Ladislaus of Naples.

title: 1404

text: With the surrender of Chalandritsa and the citadel of Patras to the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea, the Principality of Achaea comes to an end.

title: 1430


slug: principality-of-antioch

label: Principality of Antioch

description: Crusader state formed by Bohemond of Taranto

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Siege of Antioch: The Crusaders under Bohemond I capture Antioch after a 8-month siege. He established secret contact with Firouz, an Armenian guard who controlled the "Tower of the Two Sisters". He opened the gates and Bohemond entered the city. Thousands of Christians are massacred along with Muslims. Bohemond is named Prince of Antioch (under protest) and creates the Principality of Antioch.

title: 1098

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

section: Births

text: Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch (d. 1149)

title: 1099

date: August

text: August – Battle of Melitene: Bohemond I of Antioch is captured by the Danishmends, leaving Tancred as regent of the Principality of Antioch for two years.

title: 1100

section: Events › By place › Levant

section: Crime & Justice

text: Raymond IV is imprisoned by Tancred, nephew of Bohemond I, and regent of the Principality of Antioch (he is later released after promising to denounce any claims).

title: 1102

text: Spring – Bohemond I, Norman prince of Antioch, is released from Seljuk imprisonment at Niksar, after a ransom is paid of 100,000 gold pieces. During his absence, Tancred (Bohemond's nephew) attacks the Byzantines, and re-captures the cities of Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra in Cilicia. Tancred is deprived of his lordship by Bohemond's return, and is rewarded with a small fief within the Principality of Antioch.

title: 1103

text: Autumn – Bohemond I departs to Italy for reinforcements. He takes with him gold and silver, and precious stuff to raise an army against Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. Tancred becomes co-ruler over Antioch – and appoints his brother-in-law, Richard of Salerno, as his deputy.

title: 1104

date: April 20

text: April 20 – Battle of Artah: The Crusaders under Tancred, Norman prince and regent of Antioch, defeat a Seljuk army (some 7,000 men) at Artah (modern-day Reyhanlı). Tancred threatens Aleppo, capital of Sultan Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, and expands his conquest by conquering more territory east of the Orontes River with minor opposition.

title: 1105

section: Religion & Belief

text: Spring – Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, marries Constance of France (daughter of King Philip I) in the cathedral of Chartres. Philip agrees to marry his second daughter, the 9-year-old Cecile of France, to Tancred (nephew of Bohemond). Meanwhile, Bohemond mobilises an expeditionary force (some 30,000 men) to begin a campaign against Emperor Alexios I.

title: 1106

date: October 9

text: October 9 – Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, lands with his army (some 34,000 men) in Epirus near Avlona. He plunders the countryside and marches to Dyrrhachium (modern Albania).

title: 1107

text: Bohemond II, Italo-Norman prince of Antioch (d. 1130) (approximate date)

title: 1108

date: December

text: December – Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of Galilee, brings the Crusader castle Krak des Chevaliers in Syria under his control. He remains regent of the Principality of Antioch in the name of his cousin Bohemond II.

title: 1110

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Battle of Sarmin: The Crusaders, under Prince Roger of Salerno, surprise and rout the Seljuk Turkish army (some 8,000 men), led by Emir Bursuq ibn Bursuq, at Sarmin (modern Syria). Bursuq barely avoids capture, and escapes with a few hundred horsemen. Roger reoccupies the fortress of Kafartab, and consolidates his territory around Antioch.

title: 1115

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Roger of Salerno, Prince of Antioch, captures Azaz from the Seljuk Turks.

title: 1118

section: Events › By place › Western Asia

text: September 14 – Constance, princess of Antioch (b. 1078)

title: 1125

text: Autumn – Bohemond II takes over his inheritance of the Principality of Antioch. He sails from Otranto with a Norman fleet of 24 ships, carrying a number of troops and horses. Bohemond lands at the port of St. Symeon early in October and is welcomed at Antioch.

title: 1126

text: Constance of Hauteville, princess of Antioch (d. 1163)

title: 1128

date: August 21

text: August 21 – King Baldwin II falls seriously ill, after his return from Antioch. He is moved to the patriarch's residence near the Holy Sepulchre, where he bequeaths the kingdom to his daughter Melisende, her husband Fulk and their infant son, Baldwin. He takes monastic vows, and dies soon after. Baldwin is buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, at Jerusalem.

title: 1131

text: Spring – Raymond of Poitiers, son of the late Duke William IX of Aquitaine, arrives at Antioch. Patriarch Ralph of Domfront (against the wishes of Princess Alice) arranges a marriage in secret with her 8-year-old daughter Constance. She is kidnapped and taken to the cathedral in Antioch, where Ralph hastily marries her to Raymond. Alice leaves the city, now under the control of Raymond and Ralph, and retires to Latakia, Syria.

title: 1136

text: Spring – Emperor John II (Komnenos) leads a Byzantine expeditionary force into Cilicia (the Byzantine fleet guards his flank). He defeats the Armenians under Prince Leo I ("Lord of the Mountains"), and captures the cities of Mersin, Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra. Leo retreats to the great fortifications of Anazarbus – where its garrison resists for 37 days. The Byzantine siege engines batter down its walls, and the city is forced to surrender. Leo escapes into the Taurus Mountains, while the Byzantine forces march southward into the plain of Antioch.

title: 1137

text: April 20 – Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos, having led an expeditionary force into Syria, arrives before the walls of Aleppo. The city proves too strong to attack, but the fortresses of Biza'a, Athareb, Ma'arrat Nu'man and Kafartab are taken by assault. While the Byzantines besiege the city of Shaizar, the Crusader allies Prince Raymond of Poitiers of Antioch and Count Joscelin II of Edessa remain in their camp playing dice.

title: 1138

section: Events › By place › Middle East

text: Autumn – Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk governor (atabeg) of Mosul, continues his campaign against the Kurds in southeastern Anatolia (since 1141). Byzantine forces under John II fail to take Antioch.

title: 1142

date: November 13

text: November 13 – King Fulk of Jerusalem dies after a hunting accident in Acre. He is succeeded by his 13-year-old son Baldwin III – who is crowned as co-ruler alongside his mother, Queen Melisende on Christmas Day. Due to the political situation the Crusader States of Tripoli, Antioch and Edessa assert their independence. Raymond of Antioch demands the return of Cilicia to his principality and invades the province.

title: 1143

text: Autumn – Siege of Edessa: The Crusaders under Joscelin II recapture Edessa (Northern Syria) from Nur ad-Din, Seljuk ruler of Damascus. After not receiving support from the other Crusader states, Nur ad-Din counter-raids the territory of Antioch but withdraws his forces to retake Edessa in November.

title: 1146

text: Bohemond III ("the Child"), prince of Antioch (d. 1201)

title: 1148

date: March

text: March – The French crusaders are left in Adalia; lack of available shipping obliges Louis VII to divide his forces – the knights and best troops accompany him to St. Symeon. Large numbers of pilgrims and non-combatants try to continue along the coastal road. Continually harassed by the Turks many French and Germans are killed. Less than half of them arrive in the late spring at Antioch.

title: 1148

section: Events › By place › Second Crusade

date: June 29

text: June 29 – Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch

title: 1149

text: Spring – Joscelin II, count of Edessa, on his way to Antioch is separated from his escort and falls into the hands of some Turcoman free-booters. Nur al-Din, ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, heard of Joscelin's capture and sends a squadron of cavalry to take him from his captors. Joscelin is led before a hostile crowd and publicly blinded. Nur al-Din puts him in prison in the Citadel of Aleppo.

title: 1150

text: Summer – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, re-captures most of Crusader territory in the Orontes Valley – reducing the Principality of Antioch to little more than a narrow coastal strip along the Mediterranean. The County of Tripoli remains unchanged and Jerusalem remains a potential threat with ambitions to expand eastward, while also striving to dominate the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt.

title: 1152

text: Autumn – Raynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch, makes a plundering raid in the valley of the Euphrates at Marash to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants. On his way back to Antioch, he and his retinue are attacked by Zangid warriors. Raynald is unhorsed, captured and sent to Aleppo where he is put in jail.

title: 1160

date: August 12

text: August 12 – Battle of Harim: Zangid forces under Nur al-Din defeat and capture Bohemond III of Antioch, Raymond of Tripoli, and Hugh of Lusignan.

title: 1164

text: Philippa of Antioch, princess of Antioch (b. 1148)

title: 1178

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Raynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch (b. 1125)

title: 1187

date: May

text: May – Saladin has reconquered the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem except for Tyre. The castles of Montréal and Kerak are captured by Muslim forces. In the north, Saladin has regained the Principality of Antioch except for Antioch and the castle of Al-Qusayr in Syria.

title: 1189

text: Helvis of Cyprus, princess of Antioch (approximate date)

title: 1190

text: Bohemond V, prince of Antioch (House of Poitiers) (d. 1252)

title: 1199

date: April

text: April – Bohemond III ("the Stammerer"), prince of Antioch (b. 1148)

title: 1201

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Leo I, King of Armenia ("the Magnificent"), with support of the Knights Hospitaller, reconquers the Principality of Antioch. Armenian troops enter Antioch while Prince Bohemond IV of Antioch ("the One-Eyed") is absent. The Knights Templar, supporting Bohemond, abandon the citadel, and Raymond-Roupen is installed as Prince of Antioch by the Latin Patriarch, Peter II.

title: 1216

section: Events › By continent › Levant

date: May 2

text: May 2 – King Leo II (or Levon) of Armenian Cilicia dies, leaving only two daughters. The elder, Stephanie, is the wife of John I; the younger, Isabella, daughter of Princess Sibylla of Cyprus and Jerusalem, is three years old. Leo has promised the succession to his nephew, Raymond-Roupen of Antioch, but on his death-bed he names Isabella as his heir.

title: 1219

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Summer – Raymond-Roupen, prince of Antioch, invades Armenian Cilicia, together with his mother, Alice, and establishes himself at Tarsus. There he waits for help from the Knights Hospitaller. Constantine of Baberon, a powerful Armenian nobleman and regent for Queen Isabella, marches with his forces to the Tarsus stronghold.

title: 1220

text: Bohemond IV ("the One-Eyed"), prince of Antioch (b. 1175)

title: 1233

text: Bohemond VI (the Fair), prince of Antioch (d. 1275)

title: 1237

text: April 4 – Egyptian forces led by Sultan Baibars (or Abu al-Futuh) attack Acre; there is severe fighting outside the walls, in which the seneschal, Geoffrey of Sergines, is badly wounded. Baibars is not yet ready to besiege the city and begins a major campaign to eliminate the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem, the county of Tripoli and the principality of Antioch.

title: 1263

text: May 18 – Battle of Antioch: The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars; his destruction of the city of Antioch is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.

title: 1268

text: March – Mamluk forces under Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) capture Latakia, last remnant of the Principality of Antioch. The city port falls easily into his hands, but the defenders retire to the citadel at the mouth of the harbour. Finally, Qalawun forces the Crusader garrison to surrender on April 20.

title: 1287


slug: principality-of-capua

label: Principality of Capua

description: medieval State

text: Landulf I, gastald (or count) of Capua (approximate date)

title: 795

text: Landulf II, bishop and count of Capua (approximate date)

title: 825

section: Conflict & Security

text: Prince Sicard of Benevento is assassinated by a conspiracy among the nobility. He is succeeded by Radelchis I, chief army officer and treasurer of Sicard, who proclaims himself ruler of Benevento. He imprisons Siconulf, heir and brother of Sicard, in Taranto. But Amalfitan merchants, led by Landulf I, the gastald of Capua, and with the support of Guaifer, rescue him from prison. Siconulf is proclaimed prince of Salerno, and a civil war erupts, which splits the Lombard principality in Southern Italy.

title: 839

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Deaths

text: Landulf I, gastald (or count) of Capua (Italy)

title: 843

text: Landulf II, bishop and count of Capua

title: 879

text: Spring – Atenulf I, Lombard prince of Capua, conquers the Duchy of Benevento. He deposes Duke Radelchis II and unites the two southern Lombard duchies in Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy). The Byzantines offer a strategic alliance to Atenulf who directs a campaign against the Saracens. They establish themselves on the banks of the Garigliano River. From here, Arab warbands launch frequent raids in Campania.

title: 900

text: Atenulf II, prince of Benevento and Capua (Italy)

title: 940

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Landulf I, prince of Benevento and Capua (Italy)

title: 943

text: Spring – Emperor Otto I (the Great) travels to Capua to meet there with ambassadors of Nikephoros II, who again reiterate their friendship, but refuse to consent to his dowry demands (see 967). Otto invades the Byzantine Theme of Langobardia with a Lombard expeditionary force. With the assistance of Benevento-Capua and naval support from Pisa, Otto attempts to take Bari by assault, but Byzantine resistance is stiff, and Otto withdraws back to Ravenna.

title: 968

text: Pandulf Ironhead, duke of Benevento and Capua, leads the siege of Bovino. He is captured by the Byzantines and taken in chains to Bari, and jailed in Constantinople. Neapolitan forces under Marinus II, duke of Naples, invade Benevento-Capua, capture the city of Avellino and then lay siege to Capua.

title: 969

text: Landulf III, prince of Benevento and Capua (or 968)

title: 969

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Pandulf I (Ironhead), a Lombard prince, annexes the Principality of Salerno into his domains. For the first time, the Lombard duchies of Benevento, Capua, Salerno and Spoleto-Camerino are united under one ruler.

title: 978

text: Pandulf Ironhead, prince of Benevento and Capua

title: 981

text: Landenulf II, Lombard prince of Capua

title: 993

text: August – Pandulf II ("the Old"), prince of Benevento and Capua

title: 1014

text: Duke Sergius IV of Naples donates the County of Aversa to a band of Norman mercenaries led by Rainulf Drengot, who support him in the war with Capua.

title: 1027

section: Events › By Place › Europe

text: Richard I (Drengot), prince of Capua

title: 1078

text: Jordan I (or Giordano), Italo-Norman prince of Capua

title: 1091

text: Richard II, prince of Capua (or 1106)

title: 1105

text: Summer – King Roger II of Sicily claims the Hauteville possessions in Italy as well the overlordship of Capua. However, a coalition of Norman noblemen in Apulia and Calabria resist (supported by Pope Honorius II) against Sicilian rule. The same year, Roger regains control over Malta after a rebellion. Roger II also establishes a pact with the maritime Republic of Savona to guarantee the security of the Mediterranean Sea, probably following an Almoravid raid against the Sicilian realm.

title: 1127

date: December 19

text: December 19 – Jordan II (or Giordano), prince of Capua

title: 1127

date: September

text: September – Roger II of Sicily gains recognition as duke at Melfi from the Norman nobles of Naples, Bari, Capua, Salerno and other cities that have resisted him.

title: 1129


slug: principality-of-catalonia

label: Principality of Catalonia

description: state in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula (1173-1714)

text: Galindo Aznárez I, Frankish count, usurps the Catalan counties (pagi) of Pallars and Ribagorza, in the Spanish March (modern Spain), a buffer zone between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River.

title: 833

text: Ermengol V, count of Urgell (Catalonia) (d. 1102)

title: 1078

text: Ramon Berenguer III ("the Great"), count of Barcelona, inherits Cerdanya (located between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River) which becomes part of the Principality of Catalonia.

title: 1117

text: September – An Aragonese contingent under King James I ("the Conqueror") sails from Barcelona to the Holy Land but is caught in a storm and badly damaged. One squadron reaches Acre, but later returns to Catalonia.

title: 1269

text: The first regulated Catalan Courts are reunited by King Peter III, for the whole Principality of Catalonia. It became one of the first medieval parliaments that bans the royal power to create legislation unilaterally.

title: 1283

section: Climate & Environment

date: February 23

text: February 23 – In Spain, the first tremors are felt in the Principality of Catalonia of what will become a devastating 6.7 magnitude earthquake that will happen less than a year later, on February 2, 1428.

title: 1427

section: Events › January–June

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Catalan Civil War: In the Principality of Catalonia in Spain, the Siege of Hostalric, controlled by forces loyal to John II of Aragon, is started by Catalan General Pere de Bell-lloc and the Hostalric castle surrenders six days later.

title: 1462

section: Events › April–June

date: October 28

text: October 28 – The Catalan Civil War comes to an end as Barcelona surrenders to King Juan II of Aragon with the signing of the Capitulation of Pedralbes by the rebel leader Hugh Roger III of Pallars Sobirà, guaranteeing the rights of the Principality of Catalonia in return for allegiance to the Kingdom of Aragon.

title: 1472

section: Events › October–December

text: The Constitució de l'Observança is approved by the Catalan Courts, establishing the submission of royal power to the laws of the Principality of Catalonia.

title: 1481

section: Events › Date unknown

date: April 21

text: April 21 – The adoption of the Sentència Arbitral de Guadalupe ends the War of the Remences, in the Principality of Catalonia.

title: 1486

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as the King of Spain, issues an edict ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims in the Crown of Aragon, similar to that issued for the Crown of Castile by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia.

title: 1525

date: January 26

text: January 26 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity or leave is reached in the Crown of Aragon and the Principality of Catalonia as decreed by the edict of November 25 by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as King of Spain. The deadline for the Kingdom of Valencia had passed on December 31, 1525.

title: 1526

section: Events › January–March

date: January 18

text: January 18 – The Junta de Braços (council of Estates) of the Principality of Catalonia, led by Pau Claris, accepts the proposal to establish the Catalan Republic under French protection.

title: 1641

date: November 7

text: November 7 – The Treaty of the Pyrenees is signed by representatives of Kings Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain. Spain agrees to French acquisition of the counties of Roussillon and Upper Cerdanya (Principality of Catalonia) and most of Artois, formally ending the 24-year-long Franco-Spanish War.

title: 1659

date: June 20

text: June 20 – The Pact of Genoa is signed by representatives of England and the Spanish Principality of Catalonia as a military alliance providing for English troops to be stationed in Catalonia as part of the War of Spanish Succession.

title: 1705

date: March 31

text: March 31 – The last Courts (parliament) of the Principality of Catalonia are finished; their dissolution is presided over by King Philip V of Spain.

title: 1706

date: July 9

text: July 9 – The Junta de Braços (parliament) of the Principality of Catalonia votes in favour of staying in the War of the Spanish Succession against Philip V of Spain. Army of Catalonia raised.

title: 1713

section: Events › July–September

date: January 16

text: January 16 – The application of the Nueva Planta decrees to Catalonia make it subject to the laws of the Crown of Castile, and abolishes the Principality of Catalonia as a political entity, concluding the unification of Spain under Philip V.

title: 1716


slug: principality-of-hungary

label: Principality of Hungary

description: predecessor of the Kingdom of Hungary

text: Summer – King Louis IV (the Child) invites Kurszán, a Hungarian leader (gyula) of the Magyar tribal confederation, and his entourage to negotiate at the Fischa River, but they are killed in an ambush.

title: 904

text: Spring – King Berengar I of Italy arranges a truce with the Hungarians, on payment of a tribute. Grand Prince Árpád withdraws from Italy, and begins raiding in Bavaria.

title: 905

date: August 3

text: August 3 – Battle of Eisenach: An invading Hungarian force defeats the East Frankish army under Duke Burchard, killing him, together with Duke Egino and Rudolf I, bishop of Würzburg. The Hungarians devastate Thuringia and Saxony as far north as Bremen, returning home with many spoils.

title: 908

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.

title: 910

text: The Hungarians cross Bavaria, and invade Swabia and Franconia. They plunder the territories from Minfeld to Aargau. After that, they cross the Rhine, and attack Burgundy for the first time.

title: AD 911

text: Battle of the Inn: The Hungarians invade Bavaria, Swabia and Northern Burgundy. At their return they face the combined armies of Arnulf (duke of Bavaria), Erchanger and Burchard II (dukes of Swabia), who defeat them at Aschbach near the Inn River (modern Germany).

title: 913

text: The Hungarians, after attacking Swabia, sack and burn Basel (modern Switzerland). They invade Lorraine in Lotharingia, destroying Verdun and Moyenmoutier, and many monasteries in Alsace. Duke Arnulf I (the Bad) with Hungarian military aid, reconquers his land from King Conrad I of the East Frankish Kingdom. After this event, Bavaria and Swabia agree to pay tribute to the Hungarians.

title: 917

text: A Hungarian mercenary force led by Dursac and Bogát defeats an army of insurgents, who plans to overthrow their ally, Emperor Berengar I, at Brescia.

title: 921

date: April 7

text: April 7 – After having made a new alliance with the Hungarians, the Holy Roman Emperor Berengar I, King of Italy, is assassinated in Verona by one of his guards. Rudolph II, King of Burgundy and a claimant to the throne, takes full control of the Kingdom of Italy, while the office of the Holy Roman Emperor will not be re-created until 38 years later.

title: 924

section: Events › April—June

section: Crime & Justice

text: Alberic I, duke of Spoleto, attempts to seize Rome on his own account. Pope John X organizes an uprising and expels him. Alberic flees to Orte, where he sends out messengers calling on the Magyars for assistance. But a mob in Orte, informed by papal agents, rises up and murders Alberic (approximate date).

title: 925

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Hungarians besiege Augsburg in Bavaria, then conquer the monastery of St. Gallen (modern Switzerland). After an unsuccessful battle with the locals, they burn the suburbs of Konstanz, then they cross westwards and defeat a Frankish army led by Duke Liutfred of Alsace.

title: 926

text: Summer – The Hungarians fight in Rome, helping Margrave Peter against Pope John X. They then go to southern Italy, and conquer the cities of Taranto and Oria.

title: 927

section: Births

text: Taksony, Grand Prince of Hungary (approximate date)

title: 931

date: March 15

text: March 15 – Battle of Merseburg: King Henry I ("the Fowler") defeats the Magyars near Merseburg after his refusal to pay the annual tribute. During Henry's lifetime they never raid the East Frankish Kingdom again.

title: 933

text: Spring and Summer – The Hungarians make an alliance with the Pechenegs, and fight their way through Thrace to Constantinople.

title: 934

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: A Hungarian army invades Franconia and occupies Fulda. They are attacked by East Frankish forces and forced to go westwards. Otto I moves against the rebellious Elbe Slavs.

title: 936

text: A Hungarian army invades Burgundy, and burns the city of Tournus. Then they go southwards to Italy, pillaging the environs of Naples, Benevento and Monte Cassino. When the Hungarians return home, they are attacked in the Apennine Mountains by Lombard forces, losing their plunder (approximate date).

title: 937

text: Summer – The Hungarian army invades Northern Italy with the permission of King Hugh of Arles. They cross the Apennines, and sack the Lombard lands in Tuscany, Lazio and Campania. Finally, the Hungarians are defeated at Wolfenbüttel by a Saxon army.

title: 938

text: Spring – Allied with the Rus', a Hungarian army raids Moesia and Thrace. Emperor Romanos I buys peace, and accepts to pay a yearly tribute (protection money) to the Hungarians. His frontiers now 'protected' on the Balkan Peninsula, Romanos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (80,000 men) led by general John Kourkouas (his commander-in-chief) to invade northern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq).

title: 943

text: Summer – A Hungarian army led by Grand Prince Taksony campaigns in Italy, heading southwards on the eastern shore of the peninsula. It besieges Larino and reaches Otranto, plundering Apulia for three months. Berengar of Ivrea negotiates a truce and offers them a massive tribute (for which he imposes a special tax).

title: 947

text: Two Hungarian armies invade Bavaria and Carinthia. One of them is defeated at Flozzun in the Nordgau by Henry I, duke of Bavaria.

title: 948

text: Summer – The Hungarians defeat a Bavarian army at Laa (modern Austria).

title: 949

text: Henry I, duke of Bavaria, attacks Western Hungary, taking captives and plunder. He enlarges his duchy in the wars with the Hungarians.

title: 950

text: Sarolt, Grand Princess of Hungary (d. 1008)

title: 950

text: Summer – Liudolf, duke of Swabia, and his brother-in-law Conrad the Red rebel against King Otto I. Otto and his army fail to capture the cities of Mainz and Augsburg. He declares Liudolf and Conrad as outlaws in absentia. His brother Bruno I, archbishop of Cologne, restores royal authority in Lorraine, but some of the rebellious dukes receive support from the Hungarians. They seize the opportunity to invade Bavaria.

title: 953

text: Spring – A Hungarian army led by Bulcsú crosses the Rhine. He camps at Worms in the capital of his ally Conrad the Red, duke of Lorraine. Bulcsú heads west, attacking the domains of King Otto I, by crossing the rivers Moselle and Maas.

title: 954

date: August 10

text: August 10 – Battle of Lechfeld: King Otto I ("the Great") defeats the Hungarians (also known as Magyars) near Augsburg (Germany). Otto's army (7,000 men), mainly composed of heavy cavalry, overwhelms the Hungarians along the Lech River. The German losses are heavy, among them Conrad ("the Red") and many other nobles. The commanders of the Hungarian army, Bulcsú, Lehel and Súr, are captured and executed. This victory puts an end to the Hungarian campaigns into western Europe.

title: 955

date: April

text: April - May – The Byzantines refuse to pay the yearly tribute. A Hungarian army, led by Apor, invades Macedonia and Thrace. He plunders its territories until reaching Constantinople. On his way back, Apor is defeated during a night attack by Byzantine forces.

title: 959

text: The Hungarians invade the Bulgarian Empire and force Peter I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarians, to conclude a peace treaty with them. He lets them cross to attack the Byzantine Empire.

title: 966

section: Events › Europe

text: Summer – Grand Prince Sviatoslav I invades Bulgaria at the head of a Kievan army, which includes Pecheneg and Hungarian auxiliary forces. He defeats the Bulgarians in a major battle and retakes Pereyaslavets. Boris II capitulates and impales 300 Bulgarian boyars for disloyalty. Sviatoslav assigns garrisons to the conquered fortresses in Northern Bulgaria.

title: 969

title: 970