slug: house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom

label: House of Commons of the United Kingdom

description: lower house in the Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The English East India Company expands its influence, and a Committee of the House of Commons is formed to deal with the concerns of the Company.

title: 1689

section: Events › Date unknown

date: April 16

text: April 16 – The Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 is passed by Britain's House of Lords, permitting Jewish immigrants to England to become naturalized citizens "without receiving the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper". The bill, introduced by George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, passes the House of Commons on May 22.

title: 1753

section: Events › April–June

date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 passes the House of Commons and later receives royal assent from King George II.

title: 1753

date: February 23

text: February 23 – The Slave Trade Act is passed in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by an overwhelming majority.

title: 1807

section: Events › January–March

date: September 22

text: September 22 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Great Reform Bill to expand the franchise, but this is later defeated in the House of Lords.

title: 1831

section: Events › July–September

section: Climate & Environment

date: May 15

text: May 15 – Under the leadership of Prime Minister Robert Peel, the House of Commons of the United Kingdom votes to repeal the Corn Laws by passing an Importation Bill, replacing the old colonial mercantile trade system with free trade in response to the Great Famine (Ireland). On June 25 the Duke of Wellington persuades the House of Lords to pass the Act, which will take full effect from February 1849. Peel, however, is forced to resign.

title: 1846

date: August 9

text: August 9 – The Oaths Act permits the oath of allegiance taken to the Sovereign by Members of Parliament (MPs) to be affirmed, rather than sworn to God, thus confirming the ability of atheists to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

title: 1888

section: Events › August

date: July 4

text: July 4–26 – British general election: The Conservative and Liberal Unionist coalition government loses its majority in the House of Commons, eventually leading to Prime Minister Lord Salisbury's resignation on August 12.

title: 1892

section: Conflict & Security

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Irish nationalist demonstrators are ejected by police from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom in London.

title: 1901

date: December 19

text: December 19 – The second 1910 United Kingdom general election (the last to be fought with an all-male electorate) concludes with confirmation of a majority for the Liberal Party in alliance with the Irish Parliamentary Party, resolving the battle of wills between the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and the House of Lords by giving a majority for restriction of the powers of the Lords and support for the Irish Home Rule movement.

title: 1910

section: Events › December

date: May 25

text: May 25 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Government of Ireland Act 1914, the "Irish Home Rule Bill".

title: 1914

date: December 28

text: December 28 – Sinn Féin enjoys a landslide victory of the Irish seats at the 1918 United Kingdom general election, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. In accordance with their manifesto, Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the Palace of Westminster but will form the First Dáil in Dublin. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison (London), becomes the first woman elected to (but does not take her seat in) the British House of Commons.

title: 1918

date: December 1

text: December 1 – American-born Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, becomes the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, having become the second to be elected on November 28.

title: 1919

date: June

text: Winston Churchill tells the House of Commons of the United Kingdom: "The Battle of France is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin... if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, This was their finest hour."

title: 1940

section: Events › June

date: May

text: Winston Churchill, in his first address as Prime Minister, tells the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, "I have nothing to offer you but blood, toil, tears and sweat."

title: 1940

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, after his Conservative Party is soundly defeated by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election. Clement Attlee becomes the new prime minister. It is the first time that Labour has governed Britain with a majority in the House of Commons.

title: 1945

section: Crime & Justice

date: November 15

text: November 15 – British art historian and former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures Anthony Blunt's role as the "fourth man" of the 'Cambridge Five' double agents for the Soviet NKVD during World War II is revealed by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom; she gives further details on November 21.

title: 1979

section: Events › November

date: June 11

text: June 11 – In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons votes for a total ban on handguns.

title: 1997

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Boris Johnson and his Conservative Party win a landslide victory in the 2019 United Kingdom general election achieving a majority in the House of Commons of 80 seats.

title: 2019


slug: house-of-habsburg

label: House of Habsburg

description: European imperial dynasty

section: Births

text: Guntram the Rich, founder of the House of Habsburg (d. 973)

title: 920

section: Deaths

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Werner I, German nobleman (House of Habsburg)

title: 1096

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Emperor Frederick II dies, beginning the 23-year-long "Great Interregnum". Frederick is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty; after the interregnum, the empire passes to the Habsburgs.

title: 1250

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Religion & Belief

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Rudolf I is elected King of Germany over the rival candidate Ottokar II, king of Bohemia, ending the Great Interregnum. He is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne and is crowned in Aachen Cathedral, on October 24. Ottokar refuses to acknowledge Rudolf as the new ruler and is placed under the imperial ban, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276.

title: 1273

text: June – King Rudolf I of Germany declares war on his rival Ottokar II of Bohemia. After 6 months of campaigning, Ottokar surrenders all his lands (including Austria and Styria) except Bohemia and Moravia. Rudolf makes Vienna his capital, marking the beginning of the House of Habsburg, which will last until 1918.

title: 1276

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by Kings Rudolf I of Germany in alliance with Ladislaus IV of Hungary ("the Cuman"), defeat and kill Ottokar II, ruler of Bohemia. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of Central Europe. Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.

title: 1278

text: Rudolf I, king of Bohemia (House of Habsburg) (d. 1307)

title: 1282

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Federal Charter of 1291: The "three forest cantons" (Waldstätte) of Switzerland (Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden) form a defensive alliance to protect themselves from the House of Habsburg; this is a starting point for growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy. This year is also the traditional date of the Rütli Oath (Rütlischwur), the swearing of an oath by the three cantonal representatives at Rütli meadow.

title: 1291

section: Culture & Society

date: October 19

text: October 19 – 19 October 1314 imperial election for the Holy Roman Emperor at Sachsenhausen (Frankfurt am Main). The 25-year-old Frederick the Fair of the House of Habsburg is elected by four of the electors and is crowned at Bonn Minster on November 25; however, in a dispute over validity of the election, Louis IV the Bavarian of the House of Wittelsbach is elected the following day by the remaining three electors and is crowned at Aachen, leading to civil war in the Empire.

title: 1314

section: Events › October – December

text: Anne of Austria, German princess (House of Habsburg) (d. 1343)

title: 1318

text: Ernest, Duke of Austria (head of the Leopoldian line of the House of Habsburg) is the last duke to be enthroned in the Duchy of Carinthia, according to the ancient Carantanian ritual of installing dukes at the Prince's Stone; he adopts the title of Archduke.

title: 1414

date: July 29

text: July 29 – The secret Oñate treaty is signed in Vienna between representatives of King Philip III of Spain reached an agreement with the junior Habsburg branch of Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, the heads of two different branches of the House of Habsburg. Spain's Ambassador to Austria, Íñigo Vélez de Guevara, 7th Count of Oñate signs on behalf of King Philip.

title: 1617

text: December 1 – The end of the Iberian Union of Spain and Portugal begins, as a revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie causes John IV of Portugal to be acclaimed as king, thus ending 60 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain, and the rule of the House of Habsburg (also called the Philippine Dynasty). The Spanish Habsburgs do not recognize Portugal's new dynasty, the House of Braganza, until the end of the Portuguese Restoration War in 1668.

title: 1640

section: Events › October–December

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Prince Leopold of the House of Habsburg, son of the late Ferdinand III, is elected as the new Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1658

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Charles II, the last Spanish king of the House of Habsburg, dies at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid aged 38, leaving no children; his last will makes Philip of Anjou his heir.

title: 1700

date: June 13

text: June 13 – On Francis II Rákóczi's recommendation, and with Count Miklos Bercsényi's support, a meeting of the Hungarian independence activists, held at the village of Ónod declares the deposing of the House of Habsburg (and Joseph I, King of Hungary) from the Hungarian throne.

title: 1707

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Francis I, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, is elected Holy Roman Emperor by the nine prince-electors of the Empire (from Bavaria, Bohemia, Brandenburg, Cologne, Hanover, Mainz, the Palatinate, Saxony and Trier) with the support of his wife, Maria Theresa. He is the successor of Charles VII Albert of Bavaria, an enemy of the House of Habsburg, who died on January 20 of this year.

title: 1745

date: May 27

text: May 27 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Winterthur – Habsburg forces secure control of north-east Switzerland from the French Army of the Danube.

title: 1799

date: August 16

text: August 16 – The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, ending an ascendancy of 109 years.

title: 1859


slug: house-of-hohenzollern

label: House of Hohenzollern

description: German royal and imperial dynasty

text: John I, German nobleman (House of Hohenzollern) (d. 1300)

title: 1279

date: May 24

text: May 24 – Frederick V, German nobleman (House of Hohenzollern)

title: 1289

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Frederick VII, German nobleman (House of Hohenzollern)

title: 1309

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict: In Germany, the Treaty of Ueckermünde is signed by the Dukes of Pomerania-Stettin (Otto II and Casimir V) with the Dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Albert V), Mecklenburg-Werle (Lord Christopher) and Mecklenburg-Stargard (John III) to ally against the Electorate of Brandenburg, ruled by the House of Hohenzollern elector Friedrich I

title: 1418

date: October 21

text: October 21 – The Plassenburg castle in Bavaria, residence of the ruling House of Hohenzollern in the Principality of Ansbach, is destroyed during the Second Margrave War.

title: 1554

date: January 8

text: January 8 – In Berlin, Joachim Frederich of the House of Hohenzollern becomes the new Elector of Brandenburg upon the death of his father, Johann Georg von Brandenburg.

title: 1598

section: Events › January–March

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, head of the House of Hohenzollern, enters into an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1686

text: May 24 – Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia marries Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover in Berlin, ending the decades-long rift between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover and marking the last great gathering of European sovereigns.

title: 1913

section: Events › May


slug: house-of-lancaster

label: House of Lancaster

description: noble family

text: Bolingbroke Castle passes to the House of Lancaster.

title: 1311

section: By place › England

date: November 20

text: November 20 – In England, the "Parliament of Devils" (so called because it consists of Lancastrian supporters and Yorkist nobles are not invited) opens its session at Coventry in St Mary's Priory and Cathedral.

title: 1459

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Wars of the Roses: At the Battle of Blore Heath in the Kingdom of England, Yorkists under Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, defeat a Lancastrian force.

title: 1459

section: Events › July–September

date: July 4

text: July 4 – The cannons of the Tower of London, still in Lancastrian hands, are fired on the city of London, which is mostly in Yorkist. The Tower is surrendered on July 19.

title: 1460

date: October 8

text: October 8 – The Truce of Hesdin ends French support for the House of Lancaster in England.

title: 1463

date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Lancastrians surrender Harlech Castle to King Edward IV after a seven-year siege.

title: 1468

date: March 12

text: March 12 – Wars of the Roses in England – At the Battle of Losecoat Field, the House of York (supporters of King Edward IV) defeats the House of Lancaster (supporters of the former King Henry VI, led by Sir Robert Welles). Welles is captured and confesses that he had been hired by the Earl of Warwick and by King Edward's brother, George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence to overthrow the King. Warwick and Clarence flee England and Welles is beheaded.

title: 1470

date: April 14

text: April 14 – At the Battle of Barnet, Edward defeats the Lancastrian army under Warwick, who is killed.

title: 1471

section: Events › April–June

date: May 12

text: May 12 – The siege of London is attempted by hundreds of supporters of England's House of Lancaster, who are attempting to free the former King Henry VI from imprisonment in the Tower of London. Led by Thomas Neville, the Lancastrians set cannons up on the south bank of the Thames and attempt to bombard London, but are unable to break the defense put up by Londoners led by Edward Woodville, Lord Scales, and the attack fails after three days.

title: 1471

date: May 28

text: May 28 – The Earl of Oxford, commander of what remains of the Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses against the Yorkists and King Edward IV of England, makes an unsuccessful attempt to land an army at Essex at the village of St Osyth.

title: 1473

date: December 25

text: December 25 – At Rennes Cathedral in France, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, leader of the House of Lancaster after Richard III of England of the House of York had seized the throne, pledges to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter the late King Edward IV, in order to strengthen his support for the overthrow of King Richard.

title: 1483

date: January 18

text: January 18 – King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York are married, uniting the House of Lancaster and the House of York, and ceremonially ending the Wars of the Roses.

title: 1486


slug: house-of-lords

label: House of Lords

description: upper house in the Parliament of the United Kingdom

date: May 5

text: May 5 – The English House of Lords creates a committee, balanced between religious reformers and religious conservatives, to examine and determine doctrine, eventually forming the "Six Articles".

title: 1539

date: April 3

text: April 3 – The House of Lords passes the Self-denying Ordinance, requiring members of the Parliament of England to resign commissions in the armed services.

title: 1645

date: March 19

text: March 19 – The House of Commons of England passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, which it describes in the act as "useless and dangerous to the people of England".

title: 1649

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Four members of the English House of Lords embarrass King Charles II at the opening of the latest session of the "Cavalier Parliament" by proclaiming that the session is not legitimate because it had not met in more than a year. The Duke of Buckingham, backed by Lord Shaftesbury, Lord Salisbury and Baron Wharton, makes an unsuccessful motion to end the session. When the four Lords refuse to apologize, they are arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London.

title: 1677

date: December 1

text: December 1 – The Test Act provides that members of both the House of Lords and House of Commons of England must swear an anti-Catholic oath, before taking office.

title: 1678

date: December 17

text: December 17 (December 7 O.S.) – The trial for treason of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford before his fellow members of the House of Lords having concluded after seven days, the Lords vote on whether to convict him of the articles of impeachment. The Lords vote, 55 to 31 to convict him and to impose the death sentence and Lord Stafford is beheaded on 29 December (8 January 1681 N.S.)

title: 1680

text: February 15 – As part of the process of the unification of Scotland and England as Great Britain, Scotland selects 16 members to sit in the House of Lords at the Palace of Westminster.

title: 1707

date: April 16

text: April 16 – The Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 is passed by Britain's House of Lords, permitting Jewish immigrants to England to become naturalized citizens "without receiving the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper". The bill, introduced by George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, passes the House of Commons on May 22.

title: 1753

text: The Duke of Richmond calls, in the House of Lords of Great Britain, for manhood suffrage and annual parliaments, which are rejected.

title: 1780

section: Events › Date unknown

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Former Governor-General of India Warren Hastings is acquitted by the British House of Lords of misconduct.

title: 1795

section: Events › January–June

date: February 27

text: February 27 – English poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the British House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against industrialism, in his home county of Nottinghamshire.

title: 1812

date: April 30

text: April 30 – George Canning, President of the Board of Control in the House of Commons, moves to repeal a law that prohibited Roman Catholic peers from sitting or voting in the House of Lords. The motion passes, 235–223, on its second reading, but the House of Lords declines to pass it.

title: 1822

date: September 22

text: September 22 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Great Reform Bill to expand the franchise, but this is later defeated in the House of Lords.

title: 1831

section: Climate & Environment

date: May 15

text: May 15 – Under the leadership of Prime Minister Robert Peel, the House of Commons of the United Kingdom votes to repeal the Corn Laws by passing an Importation Bill, replacing the old colonial mercantile trade system with free trade in response to the Great Famine (Ireland). On June 25 the Duke of Wellington persuades the House of Lords to pass the Act, which will take full effect from February 1849. Peel, however, is forced to resign.

title: 1846

section: Conflict & Security

date: December 19

text: December 19 – The second 1910 United Kingdom general election (the last to be fought with an all-male electorate) concludes with confirmation of a majority for the Liberal Party in alliance with the Irish Parliamentary Party, resolving the battle of wills between the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and the House of Lords by giving a majority for restriction of the powers of the Lords and support for the Irish Home Rule movement.

title: 1910

section: Events › December

date: January 15

text: January 15 – Amidst the constitutional crisis caused by the House of Lords rejecting the People's Budget, the January 1910 United Kingdom general election is held resulting in a hung parliament with neither Liberals nor Conservatives gaining a majority.

title: 1910

section: Events › January

section: Health & Medicine

date: July 14

text: July 14 – The Government of Ireland Bill completes its passage through the House of Lords in the U.K. It allows Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin. Because of the outbreak of war in Europe and later developments in Ireland, the Act is never implemented in its original form.

title: 1914

section: Events › July

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Judgement in Donoghue v Stevenson handed down in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, creating the modern concept of a duty of care in British law.

title: 1932

date: July 10

text: July 10 – The British House of Lords defeats the abolition of the death penalty.

title: 1956

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Lord Gardiner issues the Practice Statement in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, stating that the House, when acting in a judicial capacity, is not bound to follow its own previous precedent.

title: 1966


slug: house-of-savoy

label: House of Savoy

description: royal dynasty of Southern Europe

section: Births

text: Humbert I, founder of the House of Savoy (approximate date)

title: 980

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: King Rudolph III of Burgundy invests Humbert I (the White-Handed) with the domains of the Duchy of Aosta. He becomes the first count of the House of Savoy.

title: 1003

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Odo II, count of Champagne, invades Burgundy and seizes most of the kingdom for himself. With the assistance of Humbert I of Savoy, Queen-dowager Ermengarde (Rudolph III's widow) flees to the safety of Zürich.

title: 1032

text: Peter I, Italian nobleman (House of Savoy) (d. 1078) (approximate date)

title: 1048

text: Amadeus IV, count of Savoy (House of Savoy) (d. 1253)

title: 1197

text: Thomas II, Flemish nobleman (House of Savoy) (d. 1259)

title: 1199

section: Deaths

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Boniface, Savoyan nobleman (House of Savoy) (b. 1245)

title: 1263

text: Turin is conquered by Thomas III of Savoy, becoming the capital of the House of Savoy.

title: 1280

section: Events

date: May 16

text: May 16 – Thomas III, Savoyan nobleman (House of Savoy)

title: 1282

date: August 16

text: August 16 – Philip I, French nobleman (House of Savoy) (b. 1207)

title: 1285

text: James of Piedmont, Italian nobleman (House of Savoy) (d. 1367)

title: 1315

section: Religion & Belief

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy.

title: 1878


slug: house-of-welf

label: House of Welf

description: Royal House

text: Summer – King Louis the German, summoned by the disaffected Frankish nobles, invades the West Frankish Kingdom and secures Aquitaine for his nephew Pepin II ("the Younger"). King Charles the Bald flees to Burgundy; he is saved by the help of the bishops, and by the fidelity of the family of the Welfs, who are related to Judith (second wife of former emperor Louis the Pious).

title: 858

text: Welf VI, margrave of Tuscany (House of Welf) (d. 1191)

title: 1115

text: Lothair II (supported by Pope Honorius II) asks Frederick II to restore to the crown the estates that he has inherited from Henry V. Frederick refuses, and by year's end a succession dispute breaks out between the House of Welf and the House of Hohenstaufen. The latter is led by Frederick and his brother Conrad III, duke of Franconia.

title: 1125

text: Summer – A civil war breaks out in the Holy Roman Empire, a struggle begins between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, while the family name Welf of Henry X will be corrupted into Guelph.

title: 1138

date: December 21

text: December 21 – Siege of Weinsberg: Conrad III captures the castle at Weinsberg during the civil war between the Staufers and the Welfs in Germany.

title: 1140

date: February 8

text: February 8 – Battle of Flochberg: German forces under Henry VI defeat the army of the House of Welf at Bopfingen. At the same time, King Conrad III besieges Welf forces at Braunschweig in Saxony, but he lifts the siege when confronted by Henry the Lion.

title: 1150

date: March 8

text: March 8 – Philip of Swabia, son of the late Emperor Frederick I, is elected "King of Germany" by his supporters at Mühlhausen in Thuringia. Archbishop Adolf of Cologne elects Otto of Brunswick, son of Henry the Lion, as Philip's rival. Otto IV is crowned as King of the Romans in Aachen by supporters of the House of Welf. Philip's coronation does not take place until September 8, at Mainz.

title: 1198

text: Agnes of the Palatinate, duchess of Bavaria (House of Guelf) (d. 1267)

title: 1201

text: Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, German nobleman and prince (House of Welf) (d. 1361)

title: 1297


slug: houston

label: Houston

description: seat of Harris County, and largest city in State of Texas, United States

date: August 30

text: August 30 – The settlement of Houston, Texas is founded.

title: 1836

date: June 5

text: June 5 – The city of Houston is incorporated by the Republic of Texas.

title: 1837

section: Culture & Society

text: Booker T. Washington High School (Houston) is founded as "Colored High", the first African-American high school in Houston, Texas.

title: 1893

date: June 29

text: June 29 – At the 1928 Democratic National Convention in Houston, Governor of New York Al Smith becomes the first Catholic nominated by a major political party for President of the United States.

title: 1928

section: Events › June

date: September 23

text: September 23 – The 1941 Texas hurricane makes landfall near Bay City, Texas, causing extensive damage and flooding in Galveston and Houston.

title: 1941

section: Events › September

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: June 18

text: June 18 – Southwest Airlines, a low-cost carrier, begins its first flights between Dallas, Houston and San Antonio.

title: 1971

text: June 5 – Tropical Storm Allison hits the U.S. state of Texas, severely flooding Houston and killing 23 people.

title: 2001

date: November 5

text: November 5 – A crowd crush at the Astroworld Festival hosted by Travis Scott in Houston, Texas, kills 10 people and causes 300+ injuries.

title: 2021

section: Events › November


slug: huai-river

label: Huai River

description: major river in Northern China

year_label: 486 BCE

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The first part of the Grand Canal of China is built during the reign of King Fuchai of Wu. It links the Yangtze River with the Huai River, and is a measure to ship ample amount of supplies north for intended wars with the northern states of Song and Lu.

title: 486 BC

section: Events › By place › China

year_label: 224 BCE

text: Xiang Yan retreats his forces south of the Huai River and makes Lord Changping the new king of Chu.

title: 224 BC

text: Battle of Yongqiu: A Tang garrison (2,000 men), under Zhang Xun, successfully defend their fortress against the rebel army at Yongqiu. Zhang achieves a victory after a 4-month siege, and prevents the rebels from capturing the fertile Tang territory south of the Huai River.

title: 756

section: Events › By place › Chinese Empire

section: Climate & Environment

text: A great Chinese famine in the Huai-Yangtze area, late in the year, drives many people to cannibalism (approximate date).

title: 761

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Jin–Song War – Song forces under Yue Fei begin a counteroffensive against the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty in northern China. He defeats Jin forces, by entangling his paddle-wheel ships at the Huai River.

title: 1135

date: November

text: November – The Jin dynasty and Southern Song dynasty sign the Treaty of Shaoxing, and peace in the Jin–Song Wars lasts for the next twenty years. The Huai River is established as the boundary between them.

title: 1141

text: The Yellow River experiences a major course change, taking over the Huai River drainage system for the next 700 years.

title: 1194

date: May 7

text: May 7 – Jingnan campaign: The Yan Army continues its march, capturing Sixian and reaching the north bank of the Huai River.

title: 1402

section: Events › April–June

date: June

text: June–November – 1931 China flood: the Yangtze and Huai Rivers flood in a populous region, leaving an estimated 422,000 dead (150,000 drowned) with many more dying of consequential starvation and disease in the aftermath.

title: 1931


slug: hubei

label: Hubei

description: province of China

year_label: 433 BCE

text: A set of sixty-five bells, from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (Zhou dynasty) in Suixian, Hubei, is made. It is now preserved at the Hubei Provincial Museum in Wuhan.

title: 433 BC

section: Events › By topic › Art

year_label: 278 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: The heartland of the State of Chu in the modern Hubei province is overrun by the powerful state of Qin from the west under Bai Qi's leadership. Sailing down the Han river from Bashu, Bai Qi captures Ying - the capital of Chu - as well as Yiling, and his army reaches as far as Jingling. Bai Qi is honoured as Lord Wu'an (武安君; literally: Lord of Martial Peace). The Chu government moves to the east, occupying various temporary capitals until settling in Shouchun in 241 BC.

title: 278 BC

text: Guan Yu floods the fortress at Fan (present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei) in the Battle of Fancheng, while Lü Meng captures his base in Jing Province. Guan Yu retreats to Maicheng, falls into an ambush, and gets captured by Sun Quan's forces.

title: 219

text: The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.

title: 1268

text: Peasants in the modern-day provinces of Hunan and Hubei in the east of China plant 84 million fruit trees.

title: 1396

section: Events › Date unknown

text: The Lin Kuan rebellion by the Kam people and Miao people of China in the Huguang province

title: 1397

section: Events › July–December

date: February 19

text: February 19 – Battle of Inlon River: The Qing dynasty defeats the Nien rebels in Hubei, China.

title: 1867

section: Events › February

section: Health & Medicine

date: December 1

text: December 1 – COVID-19 pandemic: First known human case of Coronavirus disease 2019, in Wuhan, Hubei, China.

title: 2019

section: Events › December


slug: hubert-de-burgh-earl-of-kent

label: Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent

description: Chief Justiciar of England, Regent of England, Earl of Kent (c.1170–1243)

date: December 6

text: December 6 – King John abandons the lands that have been held by the Dukes of Normandy for over a hundred years and returns to England. Only two castles hold out against the French forces – they are Chinon Castle, controlled by Hubert de Burgh and Loches Castle.

title: 1203

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: August 24

text: August 24 – Battle of Sandwich: An English fleet under Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent defeats the French armada (10 large ships and 70 supply ships) in the English Channel, near Sandwich. The French fleet is commanded by Eustace the Monk, a mercenary and pirate, who fights for both the French and English when it suits his needs. The French fleet is bringing more men and supplies to assist Prince Louis, in his quest to take the English throne. The English capture Eustace's flagship, and Eustace himself is (while offering 10,000 marks for ransom) beheaded.

title: 1217

section: Events › Other events by place › Europe

text: Spring – Falkes de Bréauté, English high sheriff and a rival of Henry III, refuses to relinquish his castles and starts a rebellion. Cardinal Stephen Langton and forces under Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent deal with Falkes and the castles are handed over. Falkes is found guilty of 16 counts of wrongful disseisin; he and his brother William are excommunicated by Langton.

title: 1224

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Spring – The 19-year-old Henry III assumes control of the government. He appoints Hubert de Burgh as Governor of Rochester Castle and rewards him with the title Earl of Kent.

title: 1227

section: Events › By place › England

date: October 13

text: October 13 – King Henry III calls for an army to be assembled at Portsmouth to be transported to Normandy to regain lost territories from the French. A large army of knights turns up ready to go but not enough ships have been provided. Henry blames Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent for the fiasco and in his rage will have killed him if Ranulf of Chester has not intervened. This marks the beginning of the rift between Henry and Hubert de Burgh. Meanwhile, the expedition is postponed until mid-1230.

title: 1229

text: Spring – Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent becomes a powerful lord in the Welsh Marches, controlling the castles at Cardigan and Carmarthen. He begins to threaten the local Welsh leaders, Llywelyn the Great launches a campaign against Norman lordship in Wales.

title: 1231

section: Events › By place › Britain

date: July 29

text: July 29 – King Henry III dismisses his justiciar (chief justice minister) and regent Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, and replaces him with the Frenchmen Peter des Roches and Peter de Rivaux, thereby irritating his barons.

title: 1232

text: November – Henry III's army camped at Grosmont Castle is attacked in the night, by a force of Welsh and English rebels. Several of Henry's supporters are captured, and the castle is returned to Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, one of the rebels.

title: 1233

section: Deaths

date: May 4

text: May 4 – Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, English Chief Justiciar (b. 1170)

title: 1243


slug: hudson-bay

label: Hudson Bay

description: large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada that drains much of north-central North America

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: August 2

text: August 2 – Henry Hudson sails into what is now known as Hudson Bay, thinking he has made it through the Northwest Passage and reached the Pacific Ocean.

title: 1610

section: Events › July–September

date: June 22

text: June 22 – English explorer and sea captain Henry Hudson, his teenage son John, and seven crewmen are set adrift in or near Hudson Bay, after a mutiny on his ship Discovery. They are never seen again.

title: 1611

date: May 2

text: May 2 – The Hudson's Bay Company is granted a royal charter in England with the jurisdiction to control administration and commerce in "Rupert's Land", governed for the crown by Rupert, Duke of Cumberland, the cousin of King Charles II. The land is a 1.5 million square mile area of what is now Canada around Hudson Bay. The area controlled covers all of the modern province of Manitoba, most of Saskatchewan, and significant portions of Alberta and Nunavut, as well as parts of what are now Ontario and Quebec, and parts of the U.S. states of Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana.

title: 1670

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: September 17

text: September 17 – On Canada's Hudson Bay, the English Navy recaptures the York Factory from France, three years after the French had captured it, and renamed the site "Fort Bourbon".

title: 1696

date: June 26

text: June 26 – The Battle of Fort Albany, an attack by 100 French colonial volunteers and Cree natives on the British Hudson's Bay Company outpost at Fort Albany on Hudson Bay. John Fullartine, commander of the post, leads a successful defense of the fort and 18 of the attackers are killed and then retreat. The site becomes part of a Cree First Nation reserve in the Canadian province of Ontario.

title: 1709

date: April 11

text: April 11 – The Second Treaty of Utrecht between Great Britain and France ends the War of the Spanish Succession. France cedes Newfoundland, Acadia, Hudson Bay and St Kitts to Great Britain.

title: 1713

date: June 24

text: June 24–October 14 – The English ships Dobbs galley and California, under Captains William Moore and Francis Smith, explore Hudson Bay, discovering there is no Northwest Passage by this route.

title: 1747

section: Culture & Society

date: July 8

text: July 8 – The Niagara Conference begins at the invitation of Sir William Johnson, the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern district, who hosts "one of the largest conventions of red men ever held on the continent" to negotiate the end of the hostilities from the French and Indian War. Reportedly, 2,000 representatives of the North American tribes meet at upstate New York coming from distances ranging "From Dakota to Hudson's Bay, and from Maine to Kentucky."

title: 1764


slug: hudson-river

label: Hudson River

description: river in New York State, United States

date: September 11

text: September 11 – Henry Hudson in the Halve Maen sails into Upper New York Bay, and begins a journey up the Hudson River.

title: 1609

date: August 17

text: August 17 – The North River Steamboat, Robert Fulton's first American steamboat, leaves New York City for Albany on the Hudson River, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world.

title: 1807

date: July 4

text: July 4 – At Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins in the U.S. to link the Hudson River to Lake Erie, with the long-range goal of making the first navigable waterway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes, and reducing the amount of time and costs for transporting goods westward past the Appalachian mountains.

title: 1817

date: November 12

text: November 12 – The Holland Tunnel opens to traffic, as the first vehicular tunnel under the Hudson River, linking New Jersey with New York City.

title: 1927

section: Events › November

date: October 24

text: October 24 – The George Washington Bridge across the Hudson River in the United States is dedicated; it opens to traffic the following day. At 3500 ft m, it nearly doubles the previous record for the longest main span in the world.

title: 1931

section: Events › October

date: December 14

text: December 14 – The Tappan Zee Bridge over the Hudson River, in New York State, opens to traffic.

title: 1955

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: October 22

text: October 22 – In New York City, WNBC Radio's traffic helicopter crashes into the Hudson River, killing traffic reporter Jane Dornacker. The last words heard on-the-air are Dornacker's screams of terror, "Hit the water! Hit the water! Hit the water!"

title: 1986

date: August 8

text: August 8 – A small plane and a tour helicopter collide over the Hudson River in the United States. (CNN)

title: 2009

section: Events › August

date: January 15

text: January 15 – US Airways Flight 1549 ditches in the Hudson River in an accident that becomes known as the "Miracle on the Hudson", as all 155 people on board are rescued.

title: 2009

section: Events › January


slug: hudson-s-bay-company

label: Hudson's Bay Company

description: Canadian retail business group, former fur trading business

date: October 9

text: October 9 – The English ship Nonsuch returns to London with the first products acquired from trade around Canada's Hudson Bay, a cargo of fine furs. The bounty from the Nonsuch expedition attracts investors for the soon-to-be-chartered Hudson's Bay Company.

title: 1669

section: Events › October–December

title: 1670

section: Events › April–June

section: Conflict & Security

date: June 20

text: June 20 – French Canadian soldiers on the Hudson Bay expedition capture the first of the British Hudson's Bay Company outposts, with the surrender the unarmed inhabitants of the fortress at Moose Factory, Ontario.

title: 1686

date: March 3

text: March 3 – A group of 107 French Canadian soldiers, under the command of Pierre de Troyes, begins the Hudson Bay expedition, departing from Montreal on an 800 mi journey to take control of the properties of British North American settlers of the Hudson's Bay Company. The group marches for 82 days and arrives at the first Hudson's Bay fort, at Moose Factory on June 19.

title: 1686

section: Events › January–March

date: September 5

text: September 5 (August 25 O.S.) – During the Nine Years' War, the Battle of Hudson's Bay is fought between English and French ships in Hudson Bay near what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba; The French warship Pélican captures York Factory, a trading post of the English Hudson's Bay Company.

title: 1697

title: 1709

text: The Hudson's Bay Company trading post Fort Edmonton is constructed; the city of Edmonton, Alberta, eventually grows from it.

title: 1795

section: Events › Undated

date: June 19

text: June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Company, near Winnipeg, Canada.

title: 1816

text: The Fort Vancouver trading post is established on the lower Columbia River by the Hudson's Bay Company.

title: 1825

section: Events › Date unknown

date: November 19

text: November 19 – The Hudson's Bay Company surrenders its claim to Rupert's Land in Canada, under its letters patent, back to the British Crown.

title: 1869

date: July 15

text: July 15 – The British government admits the former Hudson's Bay Company territory of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to the Dominion of Canada.

title: 1870

section: Events › July


slug: hugh-capet

label: Hugh Capet

description: King of the Franks

section: Births

text: Hugh the Great, Father of Hugh Capet and progenitor of the Capetian Kings (approximate date) (d. 956)

title: 898

text: Hugh Capet, first of the Capetian Kings of France (d. 996)

title: 941

section: Deaths

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Hugh the Great, count of Paris, dies at Dourdan. He is succeeded by his eldest son Hugh Capet, who is recognized as Duke of the Franks by his cousin Lothair III, king of the West Frankish Kingdom.

title: 956

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Gisela of France, Countess of Ponthieu, French princess and daughter of Hugh Capet (d. 1002)

title: 968

date: August

text: August – Otto II appoints his cousin Charles, illegitimate son of the late King Louis IV (d'Outremer), as duke of Lorraine. King Lothair III – who claims the duchy as his own territory – declares war to the Holy Roman Empire. He leads an expedition into Lorraine accompanied by Hugh Capet. Lothair crosses the Meuse River and takes Aachen, sacking the imperial palace.

title: 977

date: July 3

text: July 3 – After the last Carolingian king of West Francia, Louis V, had died in May, Hugh Capet is crowned king at Noyon.

title: 987

date: April 1

text: April 1 – 16-year old Robert II of France ("Robert the Pious") is married to the much older Rozala (the widow of Arnulf II). The marriage is arranged by Robert's father, King Hugh Capet, to secure the loyalty of the County of Flanders.

title: 988

section: Religion & Belief

text: Summer – Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, captures the city of Reims by treachery of its new archbishop, Arnulf (the illegitimate son of the late King Lothair III). King Hugh I (Capet) demands that Pope John XV discipline Arnulf. But John XV, not wishing to defy Empress Theophanu, refuses.

title: 989

date: March 29

text: March 29: Bishop Adalberon imprisons the treasonous Duke Charles of Lorraine and his nephew Arnulf, the Archbishop of Reims. Adalberon delivers the two men to King Hugh Capet, who imprisons them and their family in Orléans. The cities of Reims and Laon are returned to Capet.

title: 991

section: Events

text: October 24 – Hugh I Capet, king of France (b. 941)

title: 996

text: October 24 – King Hugh I Capet dies in Paris after a 9-year reign and is interred in the Basilica of St. Denis. He is succeeded by his 24-year-old son Robert II (the Pious) as king of France. Robert tries (during his reign) to increase his power, by pressing his claim of feudal lands that become vacant. This results in many territorial disputes.

title: 996

text: In the Kingdom of France, Robert II, the son of Hugh Capet, was the first King of the Capetian royal dynasty.

title: AD 1000

section: Events › Christendom

text: Aurelia of Regensburg, daughter of Hugh Capet and saint

title: 1027


slug: hugh-of-italy

label: Hugh of Italy

description: King of Italy from 926 to 947

text: Hugh of Arles, king of Italy and Lower Burgundy (or 881)

title: 880

text: Hugh of Arles, king of Italy and Lower Burgundy (or 880)

title: 881

text: Louis III returns to Provence. Unable to govern properly, he relinquishes the government of Lower Burgundy to his cousin Hugh, Count of Arles.

title: 905

text: King Rudolph II of Burgundy (who also rules Italy) and his father-in-law, Burchard II of Swabia, lead a Burgundian expeditionary force over the Great St. Bernard Pass to confront Hugh of Provence. They head to the city of Ivrea where Rudolph's forces begin a civil war against Lombard partisans.

title: 925

text: Spring – The Italian nobles turn against King Rudolph II of Burgundy and request that Hugh of Provence, the effective ruler of Lower Burgundy, be elected as king of Italy. Rudolph's father-in-law Duke Burchard II of Swabia is ambushed and killed near Novara, by the henchmen of Archbishop Lambert of Milan. Rudolph, disillusioned by the news, returns to Burgundy to protect himself. Hugh has himself crowned King of Italy. and appoints Giselbert I as count palatine of Bergamo (Northern Italy).

title: 926

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Louis III (the Blind), former king of Provence (Lower Burgundy), dies at Arles after a 27-year reign (of which 23 are sightless). He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Hugh I who is King of Italy. With the approval of his kinsman Rudolph I, Hugh strips Louis's son and heir, Charles Constantine, of his inheritance and proclaims himself as ruler of Provence.

title: 928

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Spring – Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, cedes Lower Burgundy to Rudolph II, in return for Rudolf's renunciation of all claims to the Italian crown. He receives the imperial crown, and induces the Italian nobility to recognize his son Lothair II as the co-ruler of Lombardia (Regnum Italiae).

title: 931

text: Summer – Alberic II leads an uprising at Rome against his stepfather Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, after he is insulted at the wedding of his mother, Marozia. Alberic seizes the Lateran Palace, and Hugh escapes with an escort out of the city. Marozia is captured and put in prison. Alberic takes control of the city and appoints himself as the ruler (princeps) of Rome.

title: 932

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Spring – Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, launches an expedition to Rome to remove the Roman ruler (princeps) Alberic II and avenge his humiliation (see 932). It fails, however, as Roman civic militias repel the Lombard army. Hugh ravages the Italian countryside, before he withdraws to Pavia.

title: 933

text: Spring – Arnulf I ("the Bad") of Bavaria invades Italy, crossing through the Upper Adige (modern Tyrol). He proceeds towards Verona to join his supporters. King Hugh of Provence takes a Burgundian army against him, and defeats Arnulf at Gossolengo, forcing him to return to Bavaria.

title: 935

section: Health & Medicine

text: Summer – Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, dispatches his son and co-ruler Lothair II with a third expedition to Rome to dislodge Alberic II. Assault after assault is repulsed by the Roman civic militia. At length, weakened by an epidemic, the Lombard nobles press on Hugh to accept a peace treaty mediated by Odo of Cluny.

title: 936

text: Summer – The Hungarian army invades Northern Italy with the permission of King Hugh of Arles. They cross the Apennines, and sack the Lombard lands in Tuscany, Lazio and Campania. Finally, the Hungarians are defeated at Wolfenbüttel by a Saxon army.

title: 938

text: Fall – Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, leads a fourth expedition to Rome to dislodge Alberic II. He proceeds to Lazio, preparing a campaign to capture the papal capital. Again the attacks fail and Hugh retreats to Milan.

title: 941

text: Battle of Fraxinet: King Hugh of Provence launches an attack on Fraxinet, the Moorish fortress on the Côté d'Azur that had taken control of the Piedmontese valleys. With the assistance of a Byzantine fleet sent by Emperor Romanos I, Hugh lays siege to the Moorish fortress with the help of Hungarian auxiliary troops (Kabars).

title: 942

text: King Hugh of Provence dispatches an embassy to King Otto I of the East Frankish Kingdom, offering a large sum of cash if he promises not to provide assistance to Berengar of Ivrea. Otto refuses this offer.

title: 944

text: King Hugh of Provence lays siege to Vignola to put an end to Berengar's advance. But to no avail, as Berengar of Ivrea is hailed throughout northern Italy as a liberator, and Hugh flees to Provence.

title: 945


slug: hugh-the-great

label: Hugh the Great

description: Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris (c. 898–956)

text: Hugh the Great, Father of Hugh Capet and progenitor of the Capetian Kings (approximate date) (d. 956)

title: 898

text: June 19 – At Laon, Louis IV, the 14-year old son of the late King Charles the Simple, is crowned King of West Francia after being recalled from Wessex by Hugh the Great, count of Paris. Hugh, whose father, King Robert I, was killed in battle near Soissons in 923, is given the title Duke of the Franks and becomes the second most powerful man in the West Frankish Kingdom. The crowning of Louis IV follows the death of King Rudolph I at Auxerre earlier in the year.

title: 936

text: Hugh the Great, count of Paris, rebels against King Louis IV ("d'Outremer") and gains support from William I, duke of Normandy. Hugh, along with Herbert II, count of Vermandois, Arnulf I, count of Flanders and William pay homage to King Otto I (ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom), and support him in his struggle against Louis.

title: 939

text: Summer – King Louis IV ("d'Outremer") is captured by the Normans and handed over to Hugh the Great. In return for the release of Louis, Laon surrenders to him in compensation.

title: 945

text: Summer – King Otto I invades the West Frankish Kingdom with an expeditionary force, but his armies are not strong enough to take the key cities of Laon, Reims and Paris. After three months, Otto ends his campaign without defeating his rival Hugh the Great. He manages to depose Hugh of Vermandois from his position as archbishop of Reims, restoring Artald of Reims to his former office.

title: 946

date: September 10

text: September 10 – King Louis IV (d'Outremer) dies after a hunting accident (near his palace in Corbeny). He is succeeded by his 13-year-old son Lothair III under the guardianship of Hugh the Great, count of Paris.

title: 954

text: June 16 – Hugh the Great, count of Paris, dies at Dourdan. He is succeeded by his eldest son Hugh Capet, who is recognized as Duke of the Franks by his cousin Lothair III, king of the West Frankish Kingdom.

title: 956

text: June 16 – Hugh the Great, Frankish nobleman (b. 898)

title: 956

section: Culture & Society

text: Richard I (the Fearless), duke of Normandy, marries Emma of Paris. She is the daughter of Hugh the Great, former Duke of the Franks. The union gives him a permanent status to the House of Capet.

title: 960


slug: huguenot

label: Huguenot

text: Huguenots increasingly immigrate to the English county of Kent, especially Canterbury, from France.

title: 1547

date: April 2

text: April 2 – Civil war breaks out in the Kingdom of France as Louis I, Prince of Condé, leader of the Protestant Huguenots, declares war against the French Catholic rulers, in retaliation for the March 1 massacre of Vassy. Condé and Gaspard de Coligny seize control of Orléans, and other uprisings follow throughout France.

title: 1562

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Huguenots are recognized under the Edict of Saint-Germain.

title: 1562

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Jean Ribault, French navigator, lands in Florida, and later establishes a Huguenot colony at Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina.

title: 1562

date: September 20

text: September 20 – The Treaty of Hampton Court, between Queen Elizabeth I of England and Huguenot leader Louis I, Prince of Condé, is signed.

title: 1562

section: Events › July–September

date: March 19

text: March 19 – The Edict of Amboise is signed at the Château d'Amboise by Catherine de' Medici, acting as regent for her son Charles IX of France, having been negotiated between the Huguenot Louis I, Prince of Condé, and Anne, duc de Montmorency, Constable of France. It accords some toleration to the Huguenots, especially to aristocrats. It officially ends the first phase of the French Wars of Religion, and the combined Huguenot and royal armies then march north to besiege the English in Le Havre.

title: 1563

date: February 28

text: February 28 – French Huguenots begin the Siege of Chartres, but fail to take the walled city after 15 days.

title: 1568

date: November 9

text: November 9 – Siege of Sancerre: Catholic forces of the king lay siege to Sancerre, a Huguenot stronghold in central France. The fortified city holds out for nearly eight months, without bombard artillery. This is one of the last times that slings are used in European warfare.

title: 1572

section: Events › October–December

date: July 11

text: July 11 – The Edict of Boulogne is signed by Charles IX of France, granting limited rights to Huguenots, and ending the Fourth War of Religion in France.

title: 1573

date: February

text: February – The fifth War of Religion against the Huguenots begins in France.

title: 1574

date: June 1

text: June 1 – With the death of the Duc d'Anjou, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France.

title: 1584

date: October 20

text: October 20 – Battle of Coutras: Huguenot forces under Henry of Navarre defeat Royalist forces under Anne de Joyeuse, favorite of King Henry III of France; Joyeuse is killed.

title: 1587

date: April 13

text: April 13 – Edict of Nantes (promulgated April 30): Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics; this is considered the end of the French Wars of Religion.

title: 1598

text: French Huguenot Pierre de Gua is granted royal permission to settle in North America, founding the colony of Acadia.

title: 1603

text: Refugee French Huguenot merchants begin to settle in Dublin and Waterford.

title: 1605

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Huguenot rebellions: The Huguenot city of Nègrepelisse is taken, after a short siege by royal forces. The entire population of the city is subsequently massacred, and the city is burned to the ground.

title: 1622

date: May

text: May – Huguenot rebellions: The Huguenot city of Royan is taken by royal forces, after a short siege.

title: 1622

date: October 18

text: October 18 – Huguenot rebellions: The first Huguenot rebellion ends, with the signing of the Treaty of Montpellier.

title: 1622

date: October 27

text: October 27 – Huguenot rebellions: The inconclusive Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré is fought between the Huguenot fleet of La Rochelle, commanded by Jean Guiton, and a royal fleet under the command of Charles of Guise.

title: 1622

text: February – Huguenot forces under the Duke of Soubise capture the Island of Ré.

title: 1625

date: February 5

text: February 5 – The Huguenot rebels and the French government sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the second Huguenot rebellion.

title: 1626

date: July 22

text: July 22 – The English, under the Duke of Buckingham, invade the Île de Ré off the coast of France in support of the Huguenots in La Rochelle; the invasion fails.

title: 1627

date: October 28

text: October 28 – The siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.

title: 1628

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: October 22

text: October 22 – Louis XIV of France issues the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal, thereby depriving Huguenots of civil rights. Their Temple de Charenton-le-Pont is immediately demolished and many flee to England, Prussia and elsewhere.

title: 1685

date: December 31

text: December 31 – In response to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, a group of Huguenots set sail from France, and settle in the recently established Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope, where, using their native skills, they establish the first South African vineyards.

title: 1687

date: April 25

text: April 25 (April 14 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Almansa: The Bourbon army of Spain and France (with Irish mercenaries) under the French-born Englishman James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, soundly defeats the allied forces of Portugal, England, and the Dutch Republic led by the French-born Huguenot (in English service) Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway. Following this, Philip V of Spain promulgates the first Nueva Planta decrees, bringing the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon under the laws of the Crown of Castile.

title: 1707


slug: huguenots

label: Huguenots

description: ethnoreligious group of French Calvinists

section: Conflict & Security

text: October 18 – Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction (Affair of the Placards).

title: 1534

date: January 31

text: January 31 – The Ordinance of Orléans suspends the persecution of the Protestant Huguenots in Kingdom of France.

title: 1561

section: Events › January–March

date: September 19

text: September 19 – The Siege of Mons, which started on June 23, ends with the recapture of Valenciennes by the Spanish Army from the Dutch Huguenots in what is now Belgium. Louis of Nassau, the Dutch rebel commander, surrenders to the Duke of Alba.

title: 1572

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Fourth War of Religion: France's Marshal Henri de Montmorency, begins the Siege of Sommières in southern France. The Huguenots, French Protestants, hold out for almost two months against Montmorency's Catholic troops.

title: 1573

date: September 17

text: September 17 – The Treaty of Bergerac is signed between Henry III of France and the Huguenots.

title: 1577

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Led by the Duke of Soubise, the Huguenots launch a second rebellion against King Louis XIII, with a surprise naval assault on a French fleet being prepared in Blavet.

title: 1625

date: April 30

text: April 30 – The first French Huguenots in the New World arrive at Charleston, South Carolina, as 45 of the religious exiles arrive at Oyster Point on the ship Richmond, after being sent there by King Charles II of England.

title: 1680

section: Events › April–June

text: January 17 – King Louis XIV of France reports the success of the Edict of Fontainebleau, issued on October 22 against the Protestant Huguenots, and reports that after less than three months, the vast majority of the Huguenot population had left the country.

title: 1686

date: October 30

text: October 30 – More than 47 Huguenots in the village of Branoux-les-Taillades are massacred by Roman Catholic vigilantes in reprisal for the October 11 attack on nearby Sainte-Cécile, slightly more than two miles away.

title: 1703

text: June 1 – Plantation Act 1740 or Naturalization Act 1740 of the Parliament of Great Britain comes into effect providing for Protestant alien immigrants (including Huguenots, and also Jews) residing in the American colonies for 7 years to receive British nationality.

title: 1740


slug: human-cannibalism

label: Human cannibalism

description: practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings

year_label: 14 CE

section: Climate & Environment

text: Famine hits China; some citizens turn to cannibalism.

title: 10s

section: Events › 14 AD › China

text: The churches in southern Gaul are destroyed after a crowd accuses the local Christians of practicing cannibalism.

title: AD 177

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Battle of Suiyang: A Tang garrison (7,000 men) under Zhang Xun defend their fortress against the rebel army at Suiyang. Zhang makes multiple attempts to get food from nearby fortresses, but this is refused. After a desperate 10-month siege, Suiyang is overrun by rebel forces who take the city. Because of famine an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 citizens are cannibalized, only 400 people are left.

title: AD 757

section: Events › By place › China

text: A great Chinese famine in the Huai-Yangtze area, late in the year, drives many people to cannibalism (approximate date).

title: 761

section: Events › By place › Asia

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Emperor Yi Zong (Li Cuī) dies after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his 11-year-old son Xi Zong, as ruler of the Tang Dynasty. During his reign, a widespread failure of the agricultural harvest leads to famine (which causes people to resort to cannibalism) and agrarian rebellions.

title: 873

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Siege of Ma'arra: The Crusaders capture the city of Ma'arra after a month's siege and massacre part of the population. Short of supplies, the army is accused of widespread cannibalism.

title: 1098

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Conrad of Montferrat sails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) from Tyre. As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour of Acre, an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, the Ayyubid fleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven to cannibalism.

title: 1190

section: Events › By place › Third Crusade

text: In Henan province, China, during the mid Ming dynasty, a vast drought deprives the region of harvests for the next two years, killing off half the people in some communities, due to starvation and cannibalism.

title: 1528

section: Events › Date unknown

text: A severe drought in Henan province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of locusts in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to cannibalism to avoid dying by starvation.

title: 1531

text: In Henan province, China, during the Ming dynasty, a severe frost in the spring destroys the winter wheat crop. Torrential rains in mid summer cause massive flooding of farmland and villages (by some accounts submerged in a metre of water). In the fall, a large tornado demolishes houses and flattens much of the buckwheat in the fields. Famine victims either flee, starve, or resort to cannibalism. This follows a series of natural disasters in Henan in the years 1528, 1531, 1539, and 1545.

title: 1551

date: November 20

text: November 20 – After the sinking of the American whaleship Essex of Nantucket, by a sperm whale in the southern Pacific Ocean, the survivors are left afloat in three small whaleboats. They eventually resort, by common consent, to cannibalism to allow some to survive.

title: 1820

date: July

text: July – The Reverend Thomas Baker, a Wesleyan Methodist missionary (born in Playden, East Sussex, England) is cooked and eaten by Navatusila tribespeople at Nabutautau, Fiji, together with eight of his local followers, the only missionary in that country to suffer cannibalism.

title: 1867

section: Events › July

section: Crime & Justice

date: December 9

text: December 9 – Tom Dudley and Edwin Stephens are convicted of murder in the survival cannibalism case of R v. Dudley and Stephens in the English courts.

title: 1884

section: Events › December

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571: A Fairchild FH-227D passenger aircraft transporting a rugby union team crashes at about 14000 ft m in the Andes mountain range, near the Argentina/Chile border. Sixteen of the survivors are found alive December 20 but they have had to resort to cannibalism to survive.

title: 1972

section: Events › October


slug: human-migration

label: Human migration

description: movement of people for resettlement

year_label: 696 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: 696 BC—Possible migration of the Armenians (approximate date).

title: 690s BC

section: Events and trends

text: Wulfila escapes religious persecution by the Gothic chieftain Athanaric, obtains permission from Constantius II to migrate with his flock of converts to Moesia, and settles near Nicopolis ad Istrum (Bulgaria).

title: 348

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: War of Radagaisus: King Radagaisus leads an invasion with a force of 20,000 men and crosses the Alps. He spends the winter in the Po Valley and is observed by Stilicho, who lacks sufficient strength to prepare an offensive against the invading German tribes. The exact numbers of the migration are unknown, probably nearly 100,000, including Alans, Burgundians, Goths, Vandals, and other smaller tribes.

title: 405

text: Period of civil war and famine in Britain, caused by rival kingdoms and Pictish invasions; the situation aggravates tensions between Pelagian and Roman factions. Pro-Roman citizens migrate towards Gaul.

title: 443

section: Health & Medicine

text: The Avars and the Slavs occupy the Hungarian Plain on the Balkans. The threat of Avar domination prompts the Lombards to migrate to Italy.

title: 558

text: The Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkan Peninsula. The Avars, under King (khagan) Bayan I, invade the Lower Danube (modern Bulgaria).

title: 580

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Justinian II carries out a Balkan campaign and marches through Thrace, where he restores Byzantine rule. He establishes a theme administration, and migrates many Bulgars and Slavs to the Opsician Theme (Asia Minor).

title: 688

text: Battle of Southern Buh: Bulgarian forces under Simeon I ('the Great') defeat the Magyars, near the banks of the Southern Buh river (modern Ukraine). The Magyars withdraw from Bulgaria, and are forced to migrate to new pastures. Led by Árpád, they settle in the Carpathian Basin (modern Hungary).

title: 896


slug: hunan

label: Hunan

description: landlocked province in China

year_label: 160 BCE

section: Culture & Society

text: A Painted banner, from the tomb of the wife of the Marquis of Dai, of the Han dynasty, in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan, is made (approximate date). It is nowadays preserved at the Historical museum in Beijing.

title: 160 BC

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: June 8

text: June 8 – The Chu Kingdom is founded by the warlord Ma Yin (Prince of Chu) in Changsha. Present-day Hunan and Guangxi provinces (Southern China) are under his control.

title: 907

section: Conflict & Security

text: Emperor Taizu conquers Hunan Province and brings the power of the military under Song control. Ending the era of the warlords (approximate date).

title: 975

section: Deaths

date: November 14

text: November 14 – Emperor Taizu (Zhao Kuangyin) dies at Kaifeng after a 16-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Tai Zong as ruler of the Song Dynasty. During his rule the Yuelu Academy (located in Hunan Province) is founded, which becomes one of the renowned academies (Shūyuàn).

title: 976

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Peasants in the modern-day provinces of Hunan and Hubei in the east of China plant 84 million fruit trees.

title: 1396

text: The Lin Kuan rebellion by the Kam people and Miao people of China in the Huguang province

title: 1397

section: Events › July–December

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Revolt of the Three Feudatories in southern China: rebel general Wu Sangui, lord of the Yunnan fief, takes the imperial crown, names himself monarch of "The Great Zhou", based in the Hunan province, with Hengyang as his capital. He contracts dysentery over the summer and dies on October 2, ending the rebellion against the Kangxi Emperor.

title: 1678

section: Events › January–March

date: June 12

text: June 12 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces enter Hunan.

title: 1852

section: Events › April–June

date: January 8

text: January 8 – Taiping Rebellion: Zeng Guofan is ordered to assist the governor of Hunan in organizing a militia force to search for local bandits.

title: 1853

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: April 29

text: April 29 – Two trains crash at Hunan, China; 126 are killed.

title: 1997

section: Events › April


slug: hundred-years-war

label: Hundred Years' War

description: series of conflicts and wars between England and France between 1337 and 1453

date: October

text: October – Hundred Years' War: Edward III of England formally rejects Philip VI's claim to the French throne, initiating hostilities between France and England.

title: 1337

section: Events › January–December

text: Hundred Years' War: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor appoints Edward III of England as a vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire. Louis supports Edward's claim to the French throne, under the terms of the Treaty of Koblenz.

title: 1338

section: Events › Date unknown

date: October 5

text: October 5 – Hundred Years' War, English Channel naval campaign: Southampton is destroyed.

title: 1338

section: Events

date: September

text: September – Hundred Years' War: The English win the city of Calais.

title: 1347

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Saintes. – The French are defeated by the English.

title: 1351

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Taillebourg. – The French are defeated by the English.

title: 1351

text: October 5–December 2 – Hundred Years' War: Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355 – A large mounted Anglo-Gascon force under the command of Edward the Black Prince marches from Bordeaux in English-held Gascony 300 miles (480 km) south to Narbonne and back, devastating a wide swathe of French territory.

title: 1355

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Poitiers: The English, commanded by Edward the Black Prince, defeat the French. The greatly outnumbered English forces not only rout the French, but capture the French king John II of France and his youngest son, the future Philip the Bold of Burgundy.

title: 1356

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Hundred Years' War: The Jacquerie – A peasant rebellion begins in France, which consumes the Beauvais, and allies with Étienne Marcel's seizure of Paris.

title: 1358

date: October 24

text: October 24 – The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War. Under its terms, Edward III of England gives up his claim to the French throne, and releases King John II of France in return for French land, including Calais and Gascony.

title: 1360

date: June 3

text: June 3 – At the opening of the English Parliament at Westminster, King Edward III of England proclaims himself to the rightful heir to the throne of France after the Hundred Years' War is resumed by France's King Charles V.

title: 1369

text: September – Hundred Years' War: The French burn Portsmouth, England; the English raid Picardy and Normandy.

title: 1369

section: Events › July–September

text: September 19 – The Siege of Limoges takes place in the course of the Hundred Years' War as the English Army, led by Edward the Black Prince, retakes the of Limoges from the French by storm with wide destruction, effectively ending the Limoges enamel industry.

title: 1370

date: April 28

text: April 28 – Hundred Years' War: The French re-capture most of Brittany from the English, but are unable to take Brest, and John IV, Duke of Brittany, is forced into exile.

title: 1373

date: August 4

text: August 4 – Hundred Years' War: John of Gaunt launches a new invasion of France, setting out with 15,000 men from Calais and marching through Picardy, Champagne and Burgundy, "burning and destroying as he advanced

title: 1373

date: June 27

text: June 27 – Hundred Years' War: The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.

title: 1375

date: March 12

text: March 12 – The Treaty of Bruges, signed on June 27, 1375 between England and France to end hostilities in the Hundred Years' War for a year, is extended by agreement to June 24, 1377.

title: 1376

text: In the Hundred Years' War, the French lose control of most of Brittany to the English.

title: 1379

date: March 31

text: March 31 – The Treaty of Briones is signed between King Carlos of Navarre and King Enrique of Castile, ending a war that started the previous year. The Kingdom of Navarre ends its alliance with the Kingdom of England, whose troops it had allowed passage during the Hundred Years War.

title: 1379

date: August 10

text: August 10 – The Treaty of Elvas is signed between King Fernando of Portugal and King Juan of Castile to end the Third Fernandine War. Under the agreement, Portugal ends its alliance with England and joins Castile and France in the Hundred Years' War, and recognizes the jurisdiction of the antipope Clement VII over the Portuguese church. Castile returns all Portuguese prisoners of war and ships, and gives Almeida and Miranda back to Portugal. Finally, King Fernando's daughter Beatriz marries King Juan's son Ferdinand.

title: 1382

date: July 18

text: July 18 – The Hundred Years' War is temporarily halted as the Truce of Leulinghem goes into effect after having been signed in June by the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of France. The peace will last for 13 years.

title: 1389

date: July 7

text: July 7 – Sir John Swinton, an envoy of King Robert III of Scotland, crosses the border into England along with 20 knights, after being given a writ of safe conduct by King Henry IV to allow their travel to negotiate during the standoff between the two British kingdoms between phases of the Hundred Years' War.

title: 1400

date: January 19

text: January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, which brings Normandy under the control of England.

title: 1419

date: March 21

text: March 21 – Hundred Years' War – The Siege of Meaux ends in France after more than five months as the starving citizens of the walled city of Meaux open the city gates and surrender to the English forces led by King Henry V. The city had been under siege since October 6. The city's defending troops flee across a bridge to their last line of defense, the fortress known as Le Marché.

title: 1422

date: April 13

text: April 13 – Hundred Years' War: The Treaty of Amiens is signed as a mutual defense treaty between the Duchy of Burgundy, the Duchy of Brittany and the Kingdom of England.

title: 1423

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Hundred Years War: The island of Tombelaine, off of the coast of France, is taken by English forces in order to be used as a base to attack Mont Saint-Michel.

title: 1423

date: July 31

text: July 31 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated at Cravant, on the banks of the River Yonne near Auxerre, by the English and their Burgundian allies.

title: 1423

date: September 26

text: September 26 – Hundred Years' War: The Battle of La Brossinière is fought in France near Bourgon in what is now the Mayenne département. The English force of 2,800 men, under the command of Sir John De la Pole, is crushed by the armies of France, Anjou and Maine, and the English suffer more than 1,400 deaths.

title: 1423

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Hundred Years' War: After being besieged since February 27 in Saint-James (near Avranches in Normandy), a 600-strong force of English knights led by Sir Thomas Rempston routs a 16,000-strong French and Brittanian force under Arthur de Richemont, Constable of France, in the Battle of Saint-James. This forces the Duke of Brittany (Richemont's brother) to offer a truce and on September 8 to acknowledge Henry VI of England's suzerainty over France.

title: 1426

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Hundred Years War: Paris is recaptured from the English by French forces.

title: 1436

section: Events › April–July

date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Treaty of Tours, signed between England and France, secures a truce in the Hundred Years' War for five years.

title: 1444


slug: hungarians

label: Hungarians

description: ethnic group native to Central Europe

text: The Hungarians (also known as Magyars) who until this time have lived east of the Carpathians, raid the Lower Danube at the request of the Bulgarian Empire against the Byzantine insurgents.

title: 839

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: First raid of the Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin at the request of Rastislav of Moravia against the East Frankish Kingdom.

title: 862

section: Events › By place › Central Europe

text: The Magyars, an Ugric tribe from the steppe of Central Asia, move west under the leadership of Árpád. They are pushed by their rivals, the Pechenegs, into the Balkan Peninsula, and become entangled in a war between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire. The Magyars head north and settle in Great Moravia.

title: 889

text: An East Frankish expeditionary force under Zwentibold, the eldest son of King Arnulf of Carinthia, crosses the Alps into Friuli. He makes junction at Verona, with the army of the deposed king Berengar I, and proceeds to lay siege to Pavia. After a three-month campaign, Zwentibold receives orders to head back to Bavaria, in case of a Magyar intervention.

title: 893

text: The Magyars are expelled from western Siberia, and settle in the Carpathian Basin, under the leadership of Árpád (the traditional date of 896 held during the 20th century has proved to be erroneous). Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) seeks aid from the Magyars, and after crossing the Danube on Byzantine ships, they ravage Bulgarian territory.

title: 895

text: Battle of Southern Buh: Bulgarian forces under Simeon I ('the Great') defeat the Magyars, near the banks of the Southern Buh river (modern Ukraine). The Magyars withdraw from Bulgaria, and are forced to migrate to new pastures. Led by Árpád, they settle in the Carpathian Basin (modern Hungary).

title: 896

text: After the rejection of their alliance proposal by the Bavarians, the Hungarians attack this country, occupying Pannonia and parts of Ostmark, which become part of the Hungarian state.

title: 900

text: Kurszán, ruler (gyula) of the Magyars

title: 904

section: Crime & Justice

text: Summer – Duke Mojmir II halts the advance of the plundering Hungarians under Grand Prince Árpád in Great Moravia (approximate date).

title: 906

date: July 4

text: July 4–6 – Battle of Pressburg: At "Brezalauspurc" (probably modern-day Bratislava in Slovakia), the advancing East Frankish army (60,000 men) is annihilated by the Hungarians led by Grand Prince Árpád. Duke Luitpold and Archbishop Dietmar I are killed, together with 19 dukes, 2 bishops and 3 abbots. The East Frankish Kingdom loses control of the March of Pannonia.

title: 907

date: June 12

text: June 12 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis IV (the Child), using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.

title: 910

date: July

text: July – The Magyars (Hungarians), led by Zoltán, only son of the late Grand Prince Árpád, attack Swabia, Franconia and Saxony. Small units penetrate as far as Bremen, burning the city.

title: 915

text: August 10 – Battle of Lechfeld: King Otto I ("the Great") defeats the Hungarians (also known as Magyars) near Augsburg (Germany). Otto's army (7,000 men), mainly composed of heavy cavalry, overwhelms the Hungarians along the Lech River. The German losses are heavy, among them Conrad ("the Red") and many other nobles. The commanders of the Hungarian army, Bulcsú, Lehel and Súr, are captured and executed. This victory puts an end to the Hungarian campaigns into western Europe.

title: 955

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Winter – Constantine IX allows the Pecheneg tribes to cross the Danube and settle permanently in Byzantine territory. He buys their alliance with presents, using them to attack his enemies (Bulgars and Magyars) in the rear, and so to prevent any southward advance of the Kievan Rus'.

title: 1047

text: Fall – The Magyars cross the Danube River, together with several Pecheneg tribes, but are halted by Byzantine forces (approximate date).

title: 1059

date: November 9

text: November 9–12 – Battle of Posada: The Wallachians, under Basarab I, defeat the Hungarians, though heavily outnumbered, thus making a firm statement towards the independence of Wallachia.

title: 1330

section: Religion & Belief

date: June 2

text: June 2 – Due to the support by Queen Joanna I of Naples for the antipope Clement VII, Pope Urban VI declares her cousin, Carlo di Durazzo to be the new ruler of the Kingdom of Naples. Afterward, with the help of the Hungarians, Charles advances on Naples and captures Joanna. James of Baux, the ruler of Taranto and the Latin Empire, claims the Principality of Achaea after Joanna's imprisonment.

title: 1381

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Battle of Rovine: With the help of the Hungarians, Wallachia resists an invasion by the Ottomans and their Serb and Bulgarian vassals. But Mircea I of Wallachia has to temporarily flee to Transylvania, and Vlad I Uzurpatorul is placed on the throne by the Ottomans.

title: 1395

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Battle of Trnava: The Hussites defeat the Hungarian-Moravian-Serbian army.

title: 1430

text: November 9 – The Hungarians defeat the Hussite army at the Battle of Ilava.

title: 1431

section: Events › October–December

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Stephen Báthory, the Hungarian Prince of Transylvania, is crowned king of Poland.

title: 1576

date: April 21

text: April 21 – Battle of Biskupice: The Hungarians (Kurucs) win a costly victory over the Danes.

title: 1704

date: November 15

text: November 15 – Battle of Zsibó: The Austrian-Danish forces defeat the Kurucs (Hungarians).

title: 1705

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Temesvár: The main Russo-Austrian forces, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau, win a decisive victory against the Hungarians, led by Józef Bem.

title: 1849

text: The village of Skorenovac is founded in Serbia, mostly by Székely Hungarians.

title: 1886


slug: hungary

label: Hungary

description: country in Central Europe

year_label: 45 CE

text: Claudius founds Savaria, today the Hungarian city of Szombathely.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 45

section: Conflict & Security

text: The Lombards invade Pannonia (modern Hungary). They are quickly dispatched by the Roman Army.

title: AD 166

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Deaths

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Emperor Valentinian I concludes an enduring peace with the Alamanni in Germany, then marches into Illyricum to repel an invasion of the Quadi and the Sarmatians on the Danube frontier. While negotiating with the Quadi, Valentinian, age 54, becomes so enraged that he dies in a fit of apoplexy at Brigetio (Hungary). Extreme cruelty has marked his 11-year reign, but he has also founded schools and provided physicians to serve the poor of Constantinople.

title: 375

text: Attila, king of the Huns, consolidates his power in the Hungarian capital, probably on the site of Buda (modern Budapest). He jointly rules the kingdom with his brother Bleda.

title: 434

text: Attila the Hun establishes his residence along the Tisza River (modern Hungary), and plans the coming campaign in the Balkans.

title: 444

text: c. March – Attila the Hun is found dead in bed, after a wedding feast with the Goth princess Ildico. He dies of a nosebleed at his Hungarian stronghold, drowning in his own blood, aged about 47. The Huns celebrate a strava (lamentation) over his burial place with great feasting. Attila's son Ellac is appointed successor, but his brothers Dengizich and Ernakh divide the Hunnic Empire by establishing their own kingdoms north of the Black Sea (Ukraine), supported by vassal states.

title: 453

text: The confederation of Slavic tribes falls apart after the death of King Samo. A Slav principality is formed from the kingdom's remnants in Carinthia (modern Austria), and the Avars capture most of its territory in Hungary (approximate date).

title: 658

text: The Avars, a pagan Asian nomadic horde that has settled down in what is today Hungary, invade Friuli and Bavaria. King Charlemagne assembles a Frankish army, and marches down the Danube River to ravage Avar territory. A Frankish-Lombard expeditionary force, under his son Pepin, (king of the Lombards) invades the Drava Valley and devastates Pannonia.

title: 791

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Prince Pribina becomes a vassal of the Frankish Empire. King Louis the German grants him land near Lake Balaton (modern Hungary). He establishes Blatnohrad, capital of Balaton Principality.

title: 846

text: Svatopluk I, ruler (knyaz) of Great Moravia, conquers Lower Pannonia (today's Southwestern Hungary and Northern Croatia), during the succession strife in the East Frankish Kingdom (approximate date).

title: 883

text: Summer – Poppo II, duke of Thuringia (Central Germany), is deposed by King Arnulf of Carinthia. East Frankish forces and their Magyar (Hungarian) allies invade Great Moravia.

title: 892

text: Battle of Southern Buh: Bulgarian forces under Simeon I ('the Great') defeat the Magyars, near the banks of the Southern Buh river (modern Ukraine). The Magyars withdraw from Bulgaria, and are forced to migrate to new pastures. Led by Árpád, they settle in the Carpathian Basin (modern Hungary).

title: 896

section: Births

text: Gisela (or Gizella), queen of Hungary (d. 1065)

title: 985

text: The first reference is made to Khotyn, Ukrainian town, and to Nyalka, Hungarian village, as to Chimudi.

title: 1001

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Nicola Boccasini, who will become Pope Benedict XI in 1303, begins his duties as the Roman Catholic apostolic legate to Hungary, having been appointed as the personal representative of Pope Boniface VIII.

title: 1301

section: Events › April– June

section: Culture & Society

text: The first university in Pécs, Hungary, is founded by King Louis I.

title: 1367

date: January

text: January – Elizabeth of Bosnia, regent of Hungary

title: 1387

date: January 16

text: January 16 – Elizabeta Kotromanic, the regent of Hungary for her daughter, Queen Mary, is murdered in prison by Croatian rebels.

title: 1387

date: September 8

text: September 8 – The death of King Stjepan Dabiša leads to the election of his wife Jelena Gruba as Queen of Bosnia. However, most of the Bosnian land is soon appropriated by King Sigismund of Hungary.

title: 1395

text: Iancu de Hunedoara – governor of Hungary (d. 1456)

title: 1406

text: Mihail I defends Wallachia against the Ottomans, with Hungarian help.

title: 1419

date: December 1

text: December 1 – King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary signs a treaty with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor at Korneuburg, ending the Hungarian blockade of Vienna in return for Frederick's support for making Matthias King of Bohemia and an indemnity of 100,000 florins.

title: 1477

date: April 2

text: April 2 – The Peace of Olomouc is signed between King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia, bringing the Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478) to an end.

title: 1479

date: October 13

text: October 13 – In the Battle of the Breadfield, the army of the Kingdom of Hungary, led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthory, defeats the army of the Ottoman Empire and Transylvania and Hungary, leaving at least 10,000 Ottoman Turks dead.

title: 1479

date: November 2

text: November 2 – After years of conquests within Central Europe, King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and his army are routed at the battle of Uherský Brod and forced to retreat back to Hungary

title: 1489

section: Events › September–December

date: June 4

text: June 4 – The coronation of Prince Lajos as the designated successor to his father, King Vladislaus II of Hungary, takes place in Székesfehérvár.

title: 1508

date: July 25

text: July 25 – The Battle of Sződfalva is fought near Szeged in what is now Hungary, with an army of Hungarians and Romanian Transylvanians defeating a Serbian army led by Jovan Nenad, the self-proclaimed Emperor of the Serbs. The next day, Nenad is assassinated for his failure in battle.

title: 1527

date: November 23

text: November 23 – The Érdy Codex, the largest collection of Hungarian legends and Hungarian language literature, is completed on Saint Clement's Day by an unidentified Carthusian monk at the seminary of Nagyszombat in Hungary

title: 1527

date: September 27

text: September 27 – Battle of Tarcal: Ferdinand, future Holy Roman Emperor, defeats John Zápolya and takes over most of Hungary. John appeals to the Ottomans for help.

title: 1527

date: February 29

text: February 29 – John Zápolya, ruler of the remaining eastern portion of Hungary after its the acquisition of the western section by the Habsburg Austrians, joins in an alliance with the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Turks, receiving protection and autonomy in return for allowing Turkish occupation of his Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.

title: 1528

date: August 5

text: August 5 – The siege of Güns in the Austrian Empire begins as the Ottoman army, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, attempts to take the city of Güns (now Kőszeg in Hungary) with 100,000 troops in order to mount a larger invasion of the Austrian city of Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire. The defenders, less than 800 Croatian soldiers commanded by Nikola Jurišić, puts up a successful resistance despite being outnumbered by more than 100 to 1.

title: 1532

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1533

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Treaty of Nagyvárad: Peace is declared between Ferdinand I, future Holy Roman Emperor and the Ottoman Empire. John Zápolya is recognized as King of Hungary (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne.

title: 1538

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, follows up on his 1541 annexation of Hungary by invading a second time to capture areas that had been taken by Archduke Ferdinand, including Esztergom.

title: 1543

text: July 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Sultan, begins the siege of the city of Esztergom in Hungary.

title: 1543

date: June 5

text: June 5 – The siege of the Croatian fortress at Novi Zrin (located near the village of Donja Dubrava in Croatia near its border with Hungary). After a 32-day defense, the Croatian defenders surrender to troops of the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1664

date: October 23

text: October 23 – Szeged, now the second largest city in Hungary, is liberated from Turkish Ottoman rule.

title: 1686

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Ilona Zrínyi, who has defended the Palanok Castle in Hungary from Austrian Imperial forces since 1685, is forced to surrender to General Antonio Caraffa.

title: 1688

text: April 6 – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor issues a document inviting Serbians to resettle in Hungary, at this time a part of the Empire.

title: 1690

text: November 15 – Rákóczi's War of Independence: Battle of Zvolen (in modern-day Slovakia) – The Kurucs defeat the Austrians and their allies (Denmark, Hungary and the Serbs).

title: 1703

text: October 12 – During the war between the Habsburg Empire ruling Austria and the Ottoman Empire ruling Turkey, the six week siege of the fortified city of Temeşvar ends with it being surrendered by the Turks to the Austrians. Under a flag of truce, the Turks are permitted to depart but have to leave behind their artillery as they give up their claim to Hungary. Austro-Hungarian rule lasts until World War One, and in 1919, the city of Timișoara becomes part of the Kingdom of Romania.

title: 1716

text: July 23 – At the conclusion of the Szeged witch trials in the city of the same name in Hungary, six men and six women are burned at the stake on the island of Boszorkány Sziget (Hungarian for "Witch Island").

title: 1728

text: June 28 – A magnitude 6.2 earthquake shakes Hungary and Slovakia, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Damage is limited, but 83 are killed.

title: 1763

text: March 13 – A combination of rain and melting snow causes the Danube River to overflow its banks, washing away villages in western Hungary and inundating the twin cities that become Budapest. More than 150 people are drowned and Europe's nations come to Hungary's aid to prevent the spread of famine and disease.

title: 1838

text: December 13 – Hungarian becomes the official language of Hungary.

title: 1844

text: November 16 – The Hungarian Democratic Republic is declared, marking Hungary's independence from Austria.

title: 1918

text: October 31 – Revolution overthrows the pro-Habsburg government in Hungary, effectively dissolving the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

title: 1918

text: June 5 – WWII: The United States declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania.

title: 1942

text: The Holy Crown of Hungary is found in Mattsee, Austria, by the United States Army 86th Infantry Division. The U.S. government keeps the crown in Fort Knox for safekeeping from the Soviets until it is returned to Hungary on January 6, 1978.

title: 1945

text: August 31 – In Hungary, communists fail to gain a majority in the 1947 Hungarian parliamentary election (despite widespread fraud) and turn to direct action as part of the country's transition to Communism (1944–1949).

title: 1947

text: October 28 – A cholera outbreak in eastern Slovakia causes Hungary to close its border with Czechoslovakia.

title: 1970

text: October 23 – The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by President Mátyás Szűrös (replacing the Hungarian People's Republic), exactly 33 years after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

title: 1989

text: February 15 – The Visegrád Group, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is established by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.

title: 1991

text: April 14 – Hungary passes a law banning the public display of Fascist and Communist symbols.

title: 1993

text: July 8 – NATO invites the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland to join the alliance in 1999.

title: 1997

text: March 30 – Hungary begins European Union accession talks.

title: 1998

text: March 12 – Former Warsaw Pact members Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic join NATO.

title: 1999

text: April 12 – Hungary approves joining the European Union in a referendum.

title: 2003

text: April 16 – The Treaty of Accession is signed in Athens between the European Union and ten countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia), concerning these countries' accession into the EU, leading to the 2004 enlargement of the European Union.

title: 2003

text: March 24 – 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: NATO announces that four new battlegroups totaling 40,000 troops will be deployed in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, along with enhanced readiness for potential chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats.

title: 2022

text: December 19 – The Hungarian government of Viktor Orbán has granted political asylum to Polish MP of Law and Justice Marcin Romanowski, who is wanted on the European Arrest Warrant for being accused of defrauding 100 million zł from the Fundusz Sprawiedliwości (Justice Fund) when he was deputy minister of justice during the PiS government.

title: 2024

text: April 3 – Hungary withdraws from the International Criminal Court after Israeli Prime Minister and accused war criminal Benjamin Netanyahu lands in Budapest for a state visit, in defiance of the International Criminal Court's arrest warrant against him.

title: 2025