slug: muhammad

label: Muhammad

description: Arabian political leader and the founder of Islam (c. 570–632)

section: Births

text: Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, great-grandfather of Mohammed (approximate date)

title: 464

text: Abdul Mutallib, grandfather of Islamic prophet Mohammed (d. 578)

title: 497

text: Hashim, great-grandfather of Muhammad (approximate date)

title: 510

text: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of the prophet Muhammad, father of Ali Ibn Abi Talib (d. 619)

title: 535

text: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, leader of the Banu Hashim and uncle of Muhammad (d. 619)

title: 539

text: Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib, father of Muhammad (d. 570)

title: 545

text: Abū Lahab, uncle and staunch critic of Muhammad (d. 624)

title: 549

text: Khadija, wife of Islamic prophet Muhammad (approximate date)

title: 555

text: Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad (approximate date)

title: 566

text: Muhammad, last prophet of Islam (d. 632) (approximate date)

title: 570

text: Ammar ibn Yasir, companion of Muhammad.

title: 570

text: Muhammad, Islamic prophet, is born in Mecca (today's Saudi Arabia). His father Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib dies a few months before his birth, so he and his mother Aminah bint Wahb are protected by Muhammad's paternal grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, who is recognized as the leading figure in his tribe, the Quraysh.

title: 570

section: Events › By place › Arabia

text: Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, father of Muhammad (b. 545)

title: 570

text: Muhammad, prophet of Islam (d. 632) – see also 570

title: 571

text: Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, friend of Muhammad (approximate date)

title: 576

text: Muhammad, age 6, returns to his immediate family, but within a year his mother Aminah bint Wahb dies.

title: 577

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Aminah bint Wahb, mother of Muhammad

title: 577

text: Abdul Muttalib, grandfather of Islamic prophet Muhammad

title: 578

text: Abdel Rahman ibn Awf, companion of Muhammad

title: 580

text: Muhammad, age 12, accompanies his uncle Abu Talib during trading journeys to Syria.

title: 583

text: Abu Ubaidah, companion of Muhammad (d. 639)

title: 583

text: Umar, companion of Muhammad (d. 644) and second Caliph of Rashidun Caliphate

title: 583

text: Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan, wife of Muhammad (d. 666)

title: 589

text: Asmā' bint Abi Bakr, companion of Muhammad

title: 592

text: Zaynab bint Jahsh, wife of Muhammad (d. 641)

title: 593

text: Maymuna bint al-Harith, wife of Muhammad

title: 594

text: Muhammad, Islamic prophet, meets and marries Khadija. She is a 40-year-old widow and 15 years older than he. Supported by Khadija's wealth, they form a successful merchant partnership.

title: 595

text: Asmā' bint Abu Bakr, female disciple (Sahaba) of Muhammad (d. 695)

title: 595

text: Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas, companion of Muhammad (d. 674)

title: 595

text: Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad (or 615)

title: 605

text: Hafsa bint Umar, daughter of Umar and wife of Muhammad

title: 606

text: Hafsa bint Umar, wife of Muhammad (approximate date)

title: 609

section: Religion & Belief

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Muhammad claims to have received what was to become the first wahy of Islam.

title: 609

text: Muhammad, Islamic prophet, begins at 40 years old to preach a religion which will be called Islam. According to Islamic teachings, the angel Gabriel appears to him in a cave on Mount Hira near Mecca (Saudi Arabia) and calls him: "The Prophet of Allah". Muhammad gathers followers, reciting to them the first verses of Qur'an(Iqra), thus beginning the revelation of the Qur'an.

title: 610

text: Safiyya bint Huyayy, wife of Muhammad (approximate date)

title: 610

text: Islam: Muhammad begins preaching in public. He spreads the message of Islam and encourages a personal devotion to God. Quraysh leaders of Mecca oppose any change in the traditional tribal and religious customs.

title: 613

text: Aisha, wife of Muhammad (d. 678)

title: 613

text: Several of Muhammad's followers begin to emigrate to the Aksumite Empire. They found a small colony there, under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor Așhama ibn Abjar.

title: 615

text: Fatima, daughter of Muhammad (or 605)

title: 615

text: The Quraish clans begins to boycott Muhammad and Banu Hashem, in order to put pressure on his Muslim followers and his Islamic preachings.

title: 616

text: Meccans begin a boycott of the Banu Hashim clan, to which Islamic prophet Muhammad belongs. A civil war begins in Medina.

title: 617

text: Abd Allah ibn Abbas, cousin of Muhammad (d. 687)

title: 619

text: Muhammad's wife, Khadija, dies after 24 years of marriage in the Year of Sorrow.

title: 619

text: Islamic tradition says Muhammad visited heaven aboard the winged mount Buraq, in the Isra wal-Miraj, (the Night Journey), from Mecca to Jerusalem, then to heaven from Jerusalem's Temple Mount, then back to Mecca.

title: 621

date: September 9

text: September 9 or June 17 – The Islamic prophet Muhammad secretly leaves his home in Mecca to make the Hijrah (emigrate) to Yathrib (later renamed by him Medina), along with his companion Abu Bakr. They take refuge in the Cave of Thawr south of Mecca for three days, departing on September 13 or June 21.

title: 622

text: The Jewish community in Medina (Saudi Arabia) rejects the idea of Muhammad being a leader of Judaism. He and his followers stop bowing toward Jerusalem and start bowing toward Makkah.

title: 623

text: Hasan ibn Ali, second Shia Imam and grandson of Muhammad (d. 670)

title: 624

text: Abū Lahab, uncle of Muhammad (approximate date)

title: 624

text: February 11 – While praying in the Masjid al-Qiblatayn in Medina, the Islamic prophet Muhammad receives revelations from God on the qibla, the direction of prayer, that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer, beginning an Islamic tradition.

title: 624

text: Hasan ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad (d. 670)

title: 625

text: March 19 – Battle of Uhud: Muhammad retreats against the inhabitants of Mecca (Saudi Arabia), which they consider a victory.

title: 625

text: Muhammad issues a final proclamation against alcohol. Alcohol is subsequently prohibited in Islam, and his followers pour their wine into the streets.

title: 626

text: Zaynab bint Ali, granddaughter of Muhammad and member of Ahl al-Bayt

title: 626

text: Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and the third Shi'a Imam (d. 680)

title: 626

text: Zaynab bint Khuzayma, wife of Muhammad (b. 595)

title: 627

text: March 31 – Battle of the Trench: Muhammad successfully withstands a siege for 27 days at Medina, by Meccan forces (10,000 men) under Abu Sufyan, whose allies, the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza, ultimately surrender to Muhammad.

title: 627

text: Muhammad, Islamic prophet, leads about 1,400 men on a pilgrimage to Mecca where their passage is blocked. The Quraysh tribe and the Muslim community in Medina sign a 10 year truce (Treaty of Hudaybiyyah).

title: 628

text: Summer – Muhammad, Islamic unifies all nomadic tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, converts them to Islam and prepares an expedition against the Jews.

title: 629

text: Jafar ibn Abi Talib, companion of Muhammad and older brother of Ali ibn Abi Talib

title: 629

text: December 11 – Conquest of Mecca: A Muslim army (10,000 men) marches on Mecca, which surrenders. Muhammad takes the city from the Quraysh

title: 630

text: February 5 – Siege of Ta'if: Muhammad begins to besiege Ta'if and brings battering rams and catapults to suppress the fortress city, but is unable to penetrate it.

title: 630

text: Rayhana, slave and wife of Muhammad

title: 631

text: August 28 – Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad

title: 632

text: January 27 – Ibrahim, son of Muhammad

title: 632

text: June 8 – Muhammad, Islamic Prophet (b. 570)

title: 632

text: June 8 – Muhammad dies at Medina at the age of 63, after an illness and fever.

title: 632

text: March 18 (approximate) – Muhammad makes his final sermon to the Muslims. It is believed by Shia to be the appointment of Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor. The Imamah (Shia doctrine) of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, for the religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah, begins.

title: 632

text: March 6 (Friday, 9 Zulhijja, 10 AH) – The Farewell Sermon (Khuṭbatu l-Wadāʿ) is delivered by Muhammad, Islamic prophet, in the Uranah valley of Mount Arafat, to the Muslims who have accompanied him for the Hajj (pilgrimage).

title: 632

text: Sa'd ibn Ubadah, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)

title: 636

text: August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.

title: 636

text: Maria al-Qibtiyya, concubine of Muhammad

title: 637

text: Abu Musa al-Asha'ari, companion (sahabah) of Muhammad, establishes Hafar al-Batin, located in the northeastern region of the Arabian Peninsula. He orders the digging for new wells, along this desert route that Muslims travel from Iraq to Mecca for the Hajj (pilgrimage).

title: 638

text: Bilal ibn Rabah, companion of Muhammad

title: 640

text: Zaynab bint Jahsh, wife of Muhammad

title: 641

text: Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, companion (sahabah) of Muhammad, frees 30,000 slaves at his death (approximate date).

title: 652

title: 652

title: 653

text: June 17 – Uthman ibn Affan is murdered at Medina after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi-Talib, who becomes the fourth caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. He makes Kufah (Iraq) his capital, but the succession is disputed.

title: 656

text: Ammar ibn Yasir, companion of Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib (b. 570)

title: 657

text: Ali ibn Husayn Zayn, great-grandson of Muhammad and Shia Imam

title: 659

text: Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, companion of the Muhammad

title: 661

text: Hafsa bint Umar, wife of Muhammad

title: 665

text: Hasan ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and second Shi'a Imam (b. 625)

title: 670

text: Summer – Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, companion and standard-bearer of Muhammad, is killed during the first attempt of the siege of the city (approximate date).

title: 674

text: Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, friend (sahabah) of Muhammad (approximate date)

title: 674

text: Yazid I, son of Muawiyah I, becomes the sixth caliph (second Umayyad caliph) but Kufans in Mesopotamia rebel and invite Hussein ibn Ali (grandson of Muhammad) to take the throne.

title: 680

text: October 10 – Husayn ibn Ali, third Shia Imam and grandson of Muhammad (b. 626)K

title: 680

text: Bilal ibn al-Harith, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)

title: 682

text: Abd Allah ibn Abbas, cousin of Muhammad

title: 687

title: 692

text: Ali ibn Husayn, fourth Shia Imam and great-grandson of Muhammad

title: 713

text: Muhammad al-Baqir, fifth Shia imam and descendant of Muhammad

title: 733

text: Ibn Hisham, Muslim historian, collects oral traditions that form the basis for the biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

title: 833

text: June 18 – Perfecto, a Christian priest in Muslim Córdoba, is executed (beheaded) after he refuses to retract critical comments he made about Muhammad.

title: 850

text: The future founder of the Fatimid Caliphate, Abdallah al-Mahdi and his family migrate to North Africa. They claim to be descendants of Fatimah, the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

title: 900

text: July 6 – On 3 Muharram 1077 AH on the Muslim calendar, Sa'd ibn Zayd, a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali and of Muhammad (founder of Islam) becomes the new Sharif of Mecca, in modern-day Saudi Arabia. His ascension to the post follows the death of his father, Zayd ibn Muhsin, who had been the Sharif since 1631.

title: 1666

text: April 21 – About 12,000 Wahhabi Sunnis under the command of Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad, the second ruler of the First Saudi State attack and sack Karbala, kill between 2,000 and 5,000 inhabitants and plunder the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib.

title: 1802

text: March 3 – The Ottoman Caliphate, a remnant of the Ottoman Empire abolished on November 1, 1922, and one of the historical claims of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad, comes to an end with the deposition of Abdülmecid II, Caliph of the Ottoman dynasty. This marks the end of an era, giving way to the drastic political transformations of Turkey under President Atatürk's reforms.

title: 1924

text: April 25 – The bodies of Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman and Jabir ibn Abd Allah, two of the companions of Islamic prophet Muhammad, are moved from their graves in Salmaan Paak following a dream of King Faisal I of Iraq that they are affected by water.

title: 1932

text: May 6 – Farouk of Egypt has himself announced as a descendant of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.

title: 1952


slug: mumbai

label: Mumbai

description: capital city in Maharashtra, India

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: June 23

text: June 23 – The "Marriage Treaty" is signed between representatives of King Charles II of England and King João IV of Portugal, providing a military alliance between the two kingdoms and a marriage between Charles of the House of Stuart and João's daughter Catherine of the House of Braganza on May 21, 1662. The treaty also sets the transfer of Portuguese territory in India (at Bombay) and in North Africa (Tangier) to England as well as military aid from England to Portugal.

title: 1661

section: Events › April–June

section: Culture & Society

date: May 21

text: May 21 – (May 31 N.S.); Princess Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King João IV of Portugal, marries Charles II of England. As part of the dowry, Portugal cedes Bombay in India, and Tangier in Morocco, to England.

title: 1662

section: Conflict & Security

date: September 21

text: September 21 – The British East India Company takes over Bombay under a Royal Charter of March 27.

title: 1668

section: Events › July–September

date: October 18

text: October 18 – A sea battle is fought between England's Royal Navy and the navy of India's Maratha Empire (under the command of Mai Nayak Bhandari), with English bombardment driving the Maratha occupation of the island fortress at Khanderi (off of the western Indian coast south of Mumbai).

title: 1679

section: Events › October–December

date: March 17

text: March 17 – In a battle at Kalyan (near Bombay) between the Maratha Empire and the Mughal Empire in India, Maratha General Hambirrao Mohite defeats the local Mughal official, Ranamast Khan.

title: 1683

section: Events › January–March

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Siddi general Yadi Sakat razes the Mazagon Fort in Mumbai.

title: 1690

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: A shipbuilding industry begins in Mumbai.

title: 1735

section: Events › Date unknown

date: January 24

text: January 24 – The University of Calcutta is established in Calcutta, as the first multidisciplinary modern university in South Asia. The University of Bombay is also established in Bombay, British India, this year.

title: 1857

date: May 9

text: May 9 – The first commercial horse-drawn carriage debuts in the city of Bombay, plying two routes.

title: 1874

section: Events › May

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: December 16

text: December 16 – The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Bombay (now Mumbai), India opens.

title: 1903

section: Events › December

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: July 17

text: July 17 – Indian passenger ship is capsized by a cyclone at Mumbai, India, with 625 people killed.

title: 1947

section: Events › July

date: January 6

text: January 6 – January 6–20 – The Bombay riots take place in Mumbai.

title: 1993

section: Events › January

date: March 12

text: March 12 – 1993 Bombay bombings: Several bombs explode in Bombay, India, killing 257 and injuring hundreds more.

title: 1993

section: Events › March

date: November

text: November – The Indian government officially renames the city of Bombay, restoring the name Mumbai.

title: 1995

section: Events › November

date: August 25

text: August 25 – Car bombs explode at Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar in Mumbai, claiming 54 lives and injuring 244 others. Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba is blamed for the attack. The attack causes an escalation in the Kashmir conflict.

title: 2003

section: Events › August

date: July 11

text: July 11 – A series of seven bomb blasts hits the city of Mumbai, India, killing more than 200 people.

title: 2006

section: Crime & Justice

date: November 26

text: November 26–29 – 2008 Mumbai attacks: Ten terrorists of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based terror group, carry out four days of coordinated bombing and shooting attacks across Mumbai, killing 166 people. One terrorist, Ajmal Kasab, was captured alive and executed in 2012.

title: 2008


slug: munich

label: Munich

description: capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany

year_label: 480 BCE

text: A sculpture of the Dying Warrior is made in the left corner of the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina (approximate date). Today, it is preserved at the Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek in Munich, Germany.

title: 480 BC

section: Events › By topic › Arts

section: Religion & Belief

text: Schäftlarn Abbey (Bavaria) is founded by Waltrich, a Benedictine monk of noble family, south of modern-day Munich, Germany.

title: 762

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: February 13

text: February 13 – In Bavaria, a large fire breaks out in Munich and is not brought under control for two days. One-third of the buildings in the city are destroyed.

title: 1327

section: Events › January – March

text: Undated – The Augustiner-Bräu is first recorded as the brewery of an Augustinian monastery at Munich.

title: 1328

section: Events

text: Neuhausergasse 4, the brewer of Spaten, is listed on the register of Munich breweries.

title: 1397

section: Culture & Society

text: The Hofbräuhaus is founded, by William V, Duke of Bavaria, in Munich.

title: 1589

date: July 10

text: July 10 – The German Catholic League is formed in Munich by Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria to counteract the Protestant Union. Maximilian assembles representatives from Augsburg, Konstanz, Passau, Regensburg, and Würzburg in an alliance "for the defense of the Catholic religion and peace" within the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1609

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Thirty Years' War: Munich, capital of Bavaria, is captured by the Swedish army.

title: 1632

section: Events › April–June

date: February 24

text: February 24 – By this date, the Paulaner Brewery is established in Munich, by Minim friars.

title: 1634

date: December 25

text: December 25 – In Munich, capital of Bavaria, 1,100 militiamen from the Oberland are killed during the Sendlinger Mordweihnacht after a failed attempt to break through several gates and capture a depot to seize better weaponry; many men are slaughtered by German federal infantry and Hungarian Hussars, despite their capitulation to Austrian officers.

title: 1705

date: January 7

text: January 7 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Austrian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Károly József Batthyány, makes a surprise attack at Amberg and the winter quarters of the Bavarian Army, and scatters the Bavarian defending troops, then captures the Bavarian capital of Munich.

title: 1745

date: October 12

text: October 12 – First Oktoberfest: Bavarian royalty invites the citizens of Munich to join the celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, to Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

title: 1810

text: The Glyptothek museum of classical sculpture, commissioned by King Ludwig I of Bavaria, is opened as Munich's first public museum.

title: 1830

text: In Munich, the art museum Alte Pinakothek opened.

title: 1836

text: In Munich, the Feldherrnhalle is completed.

title: 1844

date: October 25

text: October 25 – In Munich, the art museum Neue Pinakothek opens.

title: 1853

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Richard Wagner's opera Die Walküre is first performed at Munich's National Theatre.

title: 1870

section: Events › June

section: Economy & Finance

date: November 22

text: November 22 – "Spitzeder Swindle": Adele Spitzeder's pioneering Ponzi scheme in Munich collapses.

title: 1872

date: October 1

text: October 1 – German company Munich Re is founded in Munich.

title: 1880

section: Events › October

date: March 3

text: March 3 – In Munich, Germany, bicyclists have to pass a test and display license plates.

title: 1895

date: February 27

text: February 27 – FC Bayern, Germany's most successful football club, is founded in Munich.

title: 1900

section: Events › February

date: December 18

text: December 18 – The first exhibition by Der Blaue Reiter group of painters opens in Munich.

title: 1911

date: May 24

text: May 24–25 – Adolf Hitler moves from Vienna to Munich.

title: 1913

date: September 7

text: September 7–8 – The Fourth Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association (the last occasion on which Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud will meet) takes place in Munich.

title: 1913

section: Events › September

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: February 24 – Adolf Hitler presents his National Socialist Program in Munich to the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), which renames itself as the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei).

title: 1920

date: November 4

text: November 4 – After a speech by Adolf Hitler in the Hofbräuhaus in Munich (Germany), members of the Sturmabteilung ("brownshirts") physically assault his opposition.

title: 1921

date: March 31

text: March 31 – Six die in the Hinterkaifeck murders north of Munich.

title: 1922

text: May 9 – The premiere of Bertolt Brecht's play In the Jungle (Im Dickicht), at the Residenztheater in Munich, is interrupted by Nazi demonstrators.

title: 1923

section: Events › May–June

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Beer Hall Putsch: In Munich, Adolf Hitler leads the Nazis in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government; police and troops crush the attempt the next day in one of several significant events on 9 November in German history. 20 people die as a result of associated violence.

title: 1923

section: Events › November–December

date: September 28

text: September 28 – As his self-imposed October 1 deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland approaches, Adolf Hitler invites Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Édouard Daladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to one last conference in Munich. The Czechs themselves are not invited.

title: 1938

text: November 8 – WWII: In Munich, an attempt to kill Adolf Hitler is made by Georg Elser while Hitler is celebrating the 16th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch.

title: 1939

date: July 16

text: July 16 – A train collision near Munich, Germany kills 102 war prisoners.

title: 1945

date: January 23

text: January 23 – In Munich, the trial begins of Wilhelm Harster, accused of the murder of 82,856 Jews (including Anne Frank) when he led German security police during the German occupation of the Netherlands. He is eventually sentenced to 15 years in prison.

title: 1967

date: November 19

text: November 19 – The six European Economic Community nation prime ministers meet in Munich to begin the new programme of European Political Cooperation (EPC), a unified foreign policy for a future European Union.

title: 1970

section: Science & Discovery

date: July 25

text: July 25–30 – Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli records two Debussy works in Munich for Deutsche Grammophon, his fifth recording.

title: 1971

text: August 26–September 10 – The 1972 Summer Olympics are held in Munich, West Germany.

title: 1972

text: September 5–6 – Munich massacre: Eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich are murdered after eight members of the Arab terrorist group Black September invade the Olympic Village; five guerillas and one policeman are also killed in a failed hostage rescue.

title: 1972

text: September 26 – Oktoberfest bombing: 13 people are killed and 211 injured in a right-wing terror attack in Munich (West Germany).

title: 1980

text: May 19 – Chelsea wins the 2011-12 UEFA Champions League held in Munich, Germany by beating the home side Bayern Munich in the final.

title: 2012


slug: munster

label: Munster

description: province in Ireland

section: Deaths

text: Fíngen mac Áedo Duib, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 618

text: Faílbe Flann mac Áedo Duib, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 639

text: Cathal mac Finguine, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 742

text: Ludger, Frisian missionary, becomes the first bishop of Münster, and builds a monastery there.

title: 804

text: Fedelmid mac Crimthainn assumes the kingship as ruler of Munster (modern Ireland).

title: 820

section: Events › By place › Ireland

text: Artrí mac Cathail, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 821

text: King Fedelmid mac Crimthainn of Munster calls for a great royal meeting at Kildare (Cluain-Conaire-Tommain) between himself and King Niall Caille of Uí Néill.

title: 838

section: Events › By place › British Isles

text: Fedelmid mac Crimthainn, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 847

text: Ólchobar mac Cináeda, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 851

text: Áilgenán mac Donngaile, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 853

text: Máel Gualae, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 859

text: Cenn Fáelad hua Mugthigirn, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 872

section: Conflict & Security

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Battle of Belach Mugna: In an alliance with the kings Cerball mac Muirecáin of Leinster, Cathal mac Conchobair of Connacht, and Cellach mac Cerbaill of Osraige, High King Flann Sinna defeats the forces of King Cormac mac Cuilennáin of Munster near Castledermot (County Kildare).

title: 908

text: September 13 – Cormac mac Cuilennáin, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 908

text: Cellachán Caisil, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 954

text: Máel Muad mac Brain, king of Munster (Ireland)

title: 978

date: December 30

text: December 30 – Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under Brian Boru (High King of Ireland) inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies of Leinster and Dublin near Lyons Hill (County Kildare).

title: AD 999

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Brian Boru, king of Leinster and Munster, becomes High King of Ireland. After the submission of Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, Brian Boru makes an expedition to the North.

title: 1002

section: Crime & Justice

date: April 5

text: April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Anabaptist Jan Matthys is killed by the Landsknechte, who laid siege to Münster on the day he predicted as the Second Coming of Christ. His follower John of Leiden takes control of the city.

title: 1534

date: February 23

text: February 23 – A group of Anabaptists, led by Jan Matthys, seize Münster, Westphalia and declare it The New Jerusalem, begin to exile dissenters, and forcibly baptize all others.

title: 1534

section: Events › January–March

date: June 24

text: June 24 – Münster Rebellion: The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded.

title: 1535

date: January 22

text: January 22 – John of Leiden, Bernhard Knipperdolling and Bernhard Krechting are executed in Münster for their roles in the Münster Rebellion.

title: 1536

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, renews the Nine Years' War (Ireland) against England with an invasion of Munster.

title: 1600

date: September 26

text: September 26 – General Raimondo Montecuccoli, commander of the army of the Holy Roman Empire, joins forces with the Brandenburg troops commanded by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and the two groups assemble at Halberstadt, to attack the French and the bishops of Münster and Cologne.

title: 1672

section: Events › July–September

date: September 15

text: September 15 – The Bremen-Verden Campaign of the Northern Wars begins, with the invasion of Amt Wildeshausen by the Münster army, and their advance on Verden via the city of Bremen.

title: 1675

date: April 16

text: April 16 – The University of Münster in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany is founded.

title: 1780

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: April 7

text: April 7 – 2018 Münster attack: In a suicide attack, a man drives a van into people seated outside restaurants in a pedestrianised square in the old part of the German city of Münster, resulting in 5 other deaths.

title: 2018

section: Events › April


slug: murad-ii

label: Murad II

description: sixth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1421–1444, 1446–1451)

section: Births

date: June

text: June – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1451)

title: 1404

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his son, Murad II.

title: 1421

section: Events › April–June

date: June 10

text: June 10–September – The Ottoman sultan Murad II besieges Constantinople; the siege is broken off as a result of the rebellion of Küçük Mustafa.

title: 1422

section: Culture & Society

date: August 28

text: August 28 – Mehmed Nizamüddin is appointed the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by the Sultan Murad II.

title: 1429

date: March 29

text: March 29 – The Ottoman Empire, led by the Sultan Murad II, captures Thessalonica in Greece after an eight-year siege.

title: 1430

date: August 18

text: August 18 – Smederevo Fortress, the seat of government of the Despotate of Serbia, surrenders to the Ottoman Empire after a siege of three months under the command of the Sultan Murad II. The siege had started after the Despot, Durad Branković, had departed to the Republic of Venice, leaving the nation under the control of his son, Grgur Branković. Grgur is appointed as the Ottoman Governor of the Serbian province.

title: 1439

date: April

text: April – Ottoman Sultan Murad II begins the siege of Belgrade, at this time part of the Kingdom of Hungary following the conquest of Serbia. The fortress is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of artillery prevents the Turks from capturing the city, and the siege ends after six months.

title: 1440

date: June 27

text: June 27 – The siege of Novo Brdo in Serbia ends after eight months as Ottoman Empire troops, led by the Sultan Murad II and General Hadım Şehabeddin guarantee the safe evacuation of the surviving Ragusan defenders, accept the Serbian surrender.

title: 1441

date: December 12

text: December 12 – At the Battle of Zlatitsa in what is now Bulgaria, Ottoman troops under the Sultan Murad II and General Kasim Pasha defeat an attack by John Hunyadi and the forces of Hungary, Croatia, Poland and Serbia.

title: 1443

section: Events › October–December

date: August

text: August – After making peace with the Karamanids, Ottoman Sultan Murad II abdicates in favor of his son Mehmed II.

title: 1444

date: November 10

text: November 10 – Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary are defeated by the Turks, under Sultan Murad II. Władysław is killed, ending the Jagiellonian Union of Hungary and Poland.

title: 1444

date: December 10

text: December 10 – After hesitating for several weeks, Sultan Murad II, of the Ottoman Empire, destroys the Hexamilion wall, in an assault that includes cannons. Murad and the Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, ravage the Peloponnese Peninsula at will, with the Sultan devastating the northern shore, while Glarentza and Turakhan raid in the interior. The Despotate of the Morea is turned into an Ottoman vassal state.

title: 1446

date: October

text: October – Murad II, who recently became the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after his son Mehmed II was forced by the Janissaries to abdicate, invades Attica, forcing Constantine XI to return Thebes to the duchy of Athens, and remove the tribute imposed in 1444. Murad II imposes his own tribute.

title: 1446

date: May 14

text: May 14 – The Siege of Svetigrad is started by the Ottoman Sultan Murad II against an Albanian fortress at Svetigrad, now Kodžadžik in North Macedonia. After two and a half months, the siege is successful in capturing the fortress.

title: 1448

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1404)

title: 1451

text: February 3 – Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded (on February 18) by his son, Mehmed II.

title: 1451


slug: murad-iii

label: Murad III

description: 12th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1574–1595)

date: December 27

text: December 27 – Murad III, eldest son of Selim II, is formally enthroned as the Ottoman Sultan after eliminating his other brothers as rival claimants to the throne.

title: 1574

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Semiz Ahmed Pasha is appointed as the new Ottoman Grand Vizier by Sultan Murad III.

title: 1579

date: December 1

text: December 1 – Hadim Mesih Pasha is appointed the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Murad III.

title: 1585

section: Religion & Belief

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Jeremias II Tranos is appointed as the Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, by Ottoman Sultan Murad III.

title: 1589

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 29

text: November 29 – A truce is signed between representatives of the Holy Roman Empire (ruled by Emperor Rudolf II) and the Ottoman Empire (ruled by Sultan Murad III).

title: 1590

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Serdar Ferhad Pasha is appointed the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Murad III, replacing Koca Sinan Pasha following a revolt of the Janissaries.

title: 1591

date: January 16

text: January 16 – Mehmed III succeeds Murad III, as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and begins a reign of almost nine years. Upon ascending the throne, Mehmed orders that all 19 of the other sons of Murad III are to be strangled to death.

title: 1595

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Prince Şehzade Mahmud of the Ottoman Empire, the 16-year-old son of Sultan Murad III, is executed on orders of his father, on advice of the Grand Vizier, after being accused unjustly of an assassination plot.

title: 1603


slug: music-theory

label: Music theory

description: study of the theoretical aspects of music and its notation

text: Hucbald, Frankish music theorist (or 850)

title: 840

text: Hucbald, Frankish music theorist (or 840)

title: 850

section: Deaths

date: June 20

text: June 20 – Hucbald, Frankish monk and music theorist

title: 930

text: Guido Monaco, Italian monk and music theorist (or 992)

title: 991

text: Guido Monaco, Italian monk and music theorist (or 991)

title: 992

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Hermann of Reichenau, German music theorist (d. 1054)

title: 1013

date: September 24

text: September 24 – Hermann of Reichenau, German music theorist (b. 1013)

title: 1054

section: Science & Discovery

text: German musical theorist Franco of Cologne publishes Ars Cantus Mensurabilis, in which he advances a new theory of musical notation, in which the length of a musical note is denoted by the shape of that note, a system still used today.

title: 1260

section: Events › By topic › Arts and culture


slug: muslim

label: Muslim

section: Conflict & Security

text: The Quraish clans begins to boycott Muhammad and Banu Hashem, in order to put pressure on his Muslim followers and his Islamic preachings.

title: 616

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Muhammad, Islamic prophet, leads about 1,400 men on a pilgrimage to Mecca where their passage is blocked. The Quraysh tribe and the Muslim community in Medina sign a 10 year truce (Treaty of Hudaybiyyah).

title: 628

section: Events › By place › Arabia

date: March 6

text: March 6 (Friday, 9 Zulhijja, 10 AH) – The Farewell Sermon (Khuṭbatu l-Wadāʿ) is delivered by Muhammad, Islamic prophet, in the Uranah valley of Mount Arafat, to the Muslims who have accompanied him for the Hajj (pilgrimage).

title: 632

date: April

text: April – Battle of Chains (Kuwait) and Battle of River (Iraq): A Muslim army (18,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid invades Mesopotamia, and wins decisive victories.

title: 633

text: The Muslims replace Zoroastrianism with Islam in Mesopotamia (later Iraq); they do not force their conquered subjects to embrace the Islamic faith, but they do require acceptance of the Quran as the doctrine of divine teaching, and will oblige their subjects to learn Arabic (approximate date).

title: 637

text: Emperor Heraclius creates a buffer zone (or no man's land) in the heartland of Asia Minor. In the mountainous terrain of Anatolia, the Byzantine forces develop a system of defensive guerrilla warfare. The strategy is known as ‘shadowing warfare’, as it avoids battle with major Muslim invaders, and instead attacks raiding parties on their return when they are laden with booty, captured livestock or prisoners.

title: 638

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Arab–Byzantine War: The Rashidun army (4,000 men), under the command of 'Amr ibn al-'As, invades Byzantine Egypt. They capture the strategic town of Pelusium (Nile Delta) after a two-month siege. Arab reinforcements led by Zubayr ibn al-Awwam are sent from Medina to assist Amr's army. The losses incurred by the Muslims are ameliorated by Sinai Bedouins, tribes of Rashida and Lakhm; they join the invaders in conquering Egypt.

title: 639

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Emperor Heraclius, age 65, dies of dropsy at Constantinople after a 31-year reign. He reorganized the imperial administration, but lost Armenia, parts of Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Byzantine Mesopotamia to the Muslim Arabs. Heraclius is succeeded by his sons Constantine III and Heraklonas.

title: 641

text: Battle of Dongola: 'Amr ibn al-'As sends an Arab expedition of 20,000 horsemen, under his cousin Uqba ibn Nafi, to Makuria (Southern Egypt). The Nubians strike hard against the Muslims near Dongola with hit-and-run attacks. The Arab incursions into Nubia are temporarily halted.

title: 642

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: Emperor Constans II recognises Theodore Rshtuni as ruler of Armenia, after his successful campaign against the Muslims. He names him commander (nakharar) of the Armenian army.

title: 643

text: Alexandria revolts against Arab rule, at the appearance of a Byzantine fleet of 300 ships, and Byzantine forces recapture the city. Abdullah ibn Sa'ad, Arab governor of Egypt, mounts an assault and retakes it. He begins building a Muslim fleet.

title: 645

text: The Rashidun army under Abdullah ibn Aamir invades Afghanistan, and captures the main forts in Khorasan (modern Iran). The Muslim Arabs occupy the cities of Balkh and Herat, which surrender peacefully.

title: 651

section: Events › By place › Arabian Caliphate

text: Uthman ibn Affan establishes a treaty (the Baqt) between the Christian Nubians and the Muslims in Egypt, that lasts for six centuries, including the tribute of 400 slaves annually.

title: 652

section: Events › By place › Arab Empire

section: Climate & Environment

text: First Islamic Civil War: An armed revolt erupts in Egypt; several Muslim sympathisers travel to Medina to rally support, beginning the fitna (literally meaning the 'trail of faith'). The Muslim expansion comes to a halt as the martial energies of the Islamic forces are directed inwards.

title: 656

text: Summer – Siege of Constantinople: Caliph Muawiyah I sends his son Yazid with Muslim reinforcements to Constantinople. At the same time, the Byzantines have to face a Slavic attack on Thessaloniki and Lombard attacks in Italy.

title: 676

text: Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, former governor of Mesopotamia, tries to regain control of his province, as the various Muslim tribes in the region Kufa (Iraq) are engaged in an Islamic civil war.

title: 686

text: The Mardaites raid Muslim-held territories, from their chief stronghold Hagioupolis, in northern Syria (approximate date).

title: 694

text: Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim: Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan sends Syrian troops to reinforce the Muslim army of Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. He faces a 200,000-man army under Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath near Kufa (modern Iraq). Al-Ash'ath is defeated, and his rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate fails.

title: 701

text: Arab–Byzantine War: The Umayyad army under Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik captures Mopsuestia in Cilicia from the Byzantines, and refortifies it, making it the first major Muslim stronghold in the area that will later become the Thughur.

title: 703

text: Roderick becomes king of the Visigoths, but the Visigothic nobles in Septimania rebel, and proclaim the previous ruler's son Akhila king. The Visigothic Kingdom is divided into two sub-kingdoms, suffering the first Muslim raid expedition against the southern Iberian Peninsula.

title: 710

text: Muhammad ibn Qasim captures the fortress city of Multan after a long siege, and raids with his forces the Punjab region, with only light Muslim casualties.

title: AD 711

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: In Septimania, local Visigothic nobles of the anti-Roderick party are offered peace terms similar to those of Prince Theodemir (see 713), and accept Muslim overlordship. Other Visigoths revolt and proclaim Ardo as king. Visigothic refugees gather in the Picos de Europa in the mountains of Asturias.

title: 714

text: Umayyad conquest of Gaul (first major Muslim attack upon Visigothic Septimania, in southern France): Governor Al-Samh takes or re-takes Narbonne (Arbouna for the Arabs), before raiding the Toulouse area. Many town defenders and inhabitants are killed in the aftermath by the Umayyad forces.

title: 719

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Battle of Toulouse: After besieging Toulouse for three months, Muslim forces under governor (wali) Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani are defeated by Eudes, duke of Aquitaine, preventing the extension of Umayyad control over Gaul.

title: 721

text: Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, forms local alliances with the Burgundians, and imposes Frankish domination on Provence. He defeats Muslim forces at Sernhac and Beaucaire in Septimania (Southern France).

title: 736

date: December 9

text: December 9 – Nasr ibn Sayyar, Arab governor of Khorasan, dies after a 10-year administration in which he has fought vigorously against dissident tribes, Turgesh neighbors, and the Abbasids. Nasr had imposed poll taxes (jizya) on non-Muslims, and introduced a system of land taxation for Muslim Arabs.

title: 748

text: Muslim introduction of papermaking: The first paper mill in the Islamic world begins production at Samarkand. Captured craftsmen, taken at the Battle of Talas River, have by some accounts revealed the technique of papermaking (although paper may have arrived from China much earlier via the Silk Road). Arab scholars will use paper to produce translations of Ancient Greek and Roman writings.

title: 751

section: Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate

date: March 20

text: March 20 – King Alfonso II of Asturias (Northern Spain) dies after a 50-year reign, in which he undertook numerous campaigns against the Muslim armies of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba, and allied himself with the late Charlemagne. The childless Alfonso chooses Ramiro I, son of former king Bermudo I, as his successor.

title: 842

text: The Niujie Mosque is constructed in Beijing during the Liao Dynasty. The first mosque is built under supervision of the Muslim architect Nazaruddin.

title: 996

date: February 18

text: February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia, begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1332).

title: 1329

section: Events › January–December

text: Shams-ud-Din Shah Mir, having defeated Kota Rani, Hindu queen regnant of Kashmir, in battle at Jayapur (modern Sumbal), asks her to marry him, but she commits suicide rather than do so; thus he takes over sole rule of Kashmir, beginning the Muslim Shah Mir Dynasty.

title: 1339

section: Events › Date unknown

text: War continues between the Hindu Vijayanagar Empire and the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate in modern-day southern India.

title: 1366

date: May 19

text: May 19 – Master Malati, a Coptic Christian leader, is beheaded by a Muslim mob in Cairo, Egypt.

title: 1803

date: October 10

text: October 10 – A military expedition departs from France toward the French Equatorial Africa colony of Chad. Commanded by Lieutenant de vaisseau Henri Bretonnet and Lt. Solomon Braun, the force is sent to liberate areas dominated by the Muslim warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, with the help of troops sent by the envoys of the Muslim rulers Mohammed al-Senoussi and Gaourang II, sultan of Bagirmi

title: 1898

section: Events › October

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Indian Prime Minister Singh resigns over losing a confidence vote in the Parliament of India, having lost the support of Hindus who want a Muslim mosque in Ayodhya torn down to build a Hindu temple.

title: 1990

section: Events › November

date: February

text: February – Guen massacre: in the context of the civil war in Central African Republic, Anti-balaka militia murdered 72 Muslim civilians.

title: 2014

section: Events › February


slug: myanmar

label: Myanmar

description: country in Southeast Asia

section: Births

text: Pyinbya, king of Burma (d. 876)

title: 817

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Beginning of the Lemro period: The Sambawa and Pyinsa Kingdoms are founded in present-day Myanmar.

title: 818

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: King Pyinbya of Burma founds the city of Bagan, located in the Mandalay Region, and fortifies it with walls.

title: 849

text: Tannet of Pagan, king of Burma (d. 904)

title: 859

text: Sale Ngahkwe, king of Burma (approximate date)

title: 875

section: Deaths

text: Pyinbya, king of Burma (b. 817)

title: 876

text: Tannet of Pagan, king of Burma (b. 859)

title: 904

text: Sale Ngahkwe, king of Pagan (Burma)

title: 934

date: May 11

text: May 11 – Anawrahta, founder of the Pagan Empire (Burma) (d. 1077)

title: 1014

date: July 21

text: July 21 – Kyansittha, king of the Pagan Empire (Burma)

title: 1030

section: Culture & Society

date: August 11

text: August 11 – King Anawrahta seizes the throne of the Pagan Empire at Bagan in Burma (modern Myanmar).

title: 1044

text: King Anawrahta captures Thaton, the capital of the Thaton Kingdom, strengthening Theravada Buddhism in Burma.

title: 1057

date: April 21

text: April 21 – King Kyansittha begins his reign as ruler of the Pagan Kingdom in Burma (modern Myanmar).

title: 1084

section: Health & Medicine

text: The administration of the Taungoo region (modern Myanmar) is first recorded. King Narapatisithu appoints his son-in-law, Ananda Thuriya, as governor of Kanba Myint.

title: 1191

text: Battle of Ngasaunggyan: A Burmese army (some 80,000 men) led by King Narathihapate (or Sithu IV) invades Mongol territory in Yunnan. The invasion is repelled by the Mongol forces, who counterattack, reaching as far south as the fortress city of Kaungsin ("Gold Teeth"), which guards the Bhamo Pass in northern Myanmar. Later, the Burmese Pagan Empire begins to disintegrate after several Mongol invasions under Kublai Khan.

title: 1277

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Thawun Gyi settles at Taungoo (modern-day Myanmar), and becomes the first ruler of the Toungoo dynasty (until 1317).

title: 1279

date: January 30

text: January 30 – Wareru creates the Hanthawaddy kingdom (modern Myanmar) following the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom. He is crowned king on April 5 and declares himself independent of Pagan.

title: 1287

date: January 13

text: January 13 – (11th waxing of Tabodwe 668 ME, Burmese calendar) After a reign of almost 20 years, King Wareru, who founded the Martaban Kingdom in what is now southern Myanmar, is stabbed to death by two of his grandsons, Shin Gyi and Shin Nge, who were avenging the execution by Wareru

title: 1307

section: Events › January – March

date: October 20

text: October 20 – In what is now central Myanmar, the coronation of Thihathu as the monarch of the Myinsaing Kingdom takes place.

title: 1309

section: Events › October – December

date: February 7

text: February 7 – (12th waxing of Tabaung, 674 ME) In what is now the Mandalay Region of central Myanmar in Asia, Burmese King Thihathu proclaims the Pinya Kingdom, to separate the area from the Myinsaing Kingdom. Thihathu appoints his son, Kyawswa I of Pinya, to replace him as the Viceroy of Pinle in Myinsaing.

title: 1313

date: March 29

text: March 29 – (14th waning of Tagu 728 ME) In what is now Myanmar, Pyanchi becomes the King of Toungoo upon the death of his father, King Theingaba.

title: 1367

section: Events › January–March

date: March 16

text: March 16 – 12th waning of Tabaung, 729 ME. In what is now Myanmar, the coronation of Swa Saw Ke as King of Ava is held. Swa Saw Ke had taken power on six months earlier on September 5, but waited for the court astrologers to determine the ideal date for the coronation ceremony.

title: 1368

text: February 7 – In what is Myanmar, King Swa Saw Ke of Ava declares that occupiers from the neighboring Shan State of Möng Mao have been driven out of the kingdom, and a monument is inscribed at the capital, Inwa.

title: 1375

date: January

text: January – In what is now Myanmar Ma Sein of Toungoo, the Viceroy of Taungoo who had been appointed by the King of Binnya U of Hanthawaddy to replace the assassinated Viceroy Pyanchi, is murdered near Pyay while trying to forment a rebellion against the Kingdom of Ava.

title: 1376

text: Tai Bian succeeds Zhao Bing Fa as King of Mong Mao (modern-day northern Myanmar).

title: 1378

date: May 5

text: May 5 – (3rd waxing of Nayon 745 ME) In what is now Myanmar, Prince Binnya Nwe begins a rebellion against his aunt, the regent Maha Dewi of Hanthawaddy, as he and 30 of his men seize the governor's residence at Dagon, near Yangon.

title: 1383

section: Events › April–June

text: January – The Dao Ganmeng rebellion in the Chinese vassal state of Möng Mao,started in December by Dao Genmeng, is brought to an end in what is now Myanmar two months after Dao Ganmeng's takeover. With the intervention of the Chinese Empire, led by the Ming dynasty Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, the deposed ruler Si Lunfa is restored to leadership.

title: 1398

date: November 25

text: November 25 – (9th waxing of Nadaw, 730 ME) Minkhaung I becomes the new King of Ava, the largest kingdom in what is now northern Myanmar, after a battle for power that follows the assassination of the erratic King Tarabya.

title: 1400

section: Events › October–December

date: December 26

text: December 26 – (3rd waxing of Tabodwe 764 ME) Ava–Hanthawaddy War: In what is now Myanmar, the forces of the Ava Kingdom, led by King Minkhaung I defeat King Razadarit of the Kingdom of Hanthawaddy in the Battle of Nawin, forcing Razadarit to abandon the siege of Prome.

title: 1402

date: January 5

text: January 5 – In what is now Myanmar, peace negotiations begin between King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy at his capital Pegu, with the emissaries of Minkhaung I, ruler of the Kingdom of Ava, 10 days after the Ava forces defeated Razadarit's army at the Battle of Nawin.

title: 1403

date: December 27

text: December 27 – The Imperial Chinese Army invades the Lan Na kingdom, covering an area now divided between Myanmar, Thailand and China's Yunnan province.

title: 1405

date: March

text: March – (late in the month of Tagu, which ended March 28, 769 ME) Ava–Hanthawaddy War: In Burma (now Myanmar), King Razdarit leads the invasion of the Kingdom of North Arakan and overthrows its ruler, Anawrahta of Launggyet, then has him executed.

title: 1408

date: November 8

text: November 8 (5th waxing of Nadaw 774 ME) – Ava–Hanthawaddy War: In modern-day Myanmar, King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy leads the invasion of the city of Prome with 4,000 troops.

title: 1412

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Forty Years' War: (Full moon of Tabaung 776 ME) In what is now Myanmar, Razadarit, ruler of the Hanthawaddy kingdom, authorizes a plan to fight the forces of Minkhaung I ruler of the Ava Kingdom. King Razadarit leads the invasion on March 2 (8th waning of Tabaung 776 ME).

title: 1415

date: August

text: August – (Tawthalin 787 ME); King Thihathu of Ava, the Burmese monarch in what is now Myanmar, is ambushed at Amarapura after being guided into a trap by one of his wives, Queen Shin Bo-Me. His 8-year-old nephew, Min Hla, becomes the new King while Shin Bo-Me seeks a way to take the throne for herself.

title: 1425

section: Events › July –September

text: Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (ancient Myanmar).

title: 1427

date: May 9

text: May 9 – (6th waning of Kason 795 ME) At what is now Mrauk U on the western coast of northern Myanmar, Min Khayi becomes the new King of Arakan upon the death of his older brother, Min Saw Mon.

title: 1433

text: January 2 – (5th waxing of Tabodwe 807 ME) At the city of Taungoo in what is now Myanmar, 14-year-old Minkhaung I becomes the new Viceroy of Toungoo, a semi-independent vassal state of the Kingdom of Ava, ruled by King Narapati I of Ava. Minkhaung's ascension comes hours after the sudden death of his father, the Viceroy Tarabya.

title: 1446

text: May 30 – (New moon (15th waning) of Nayon 813 ME) At Pegu

title: 1451

text: July 24 – (5th waxing of Wagaung, 830 ME) At Pyay (now in Myanmar) Thihathura of Ava becomes the new Burmese King of Ava upon the death of his father, Narapati I of Ava.

title: 1468

text: May 23 – (1st waxing of Waso 838 ME) In what is now Myanmar, the Thet minority rebels against King Ba Saw Phyu of Arakan but the rebellion is quickly put down.

title: 1476

text: February 5 – The Great Bell of Dhammazedi, at 293.4 metric tons (323 U.S. tons) the largest bell ever created, is cast from bronze at Dagon in the Hanthawaddy kingdom (now Yangon in Myanmar) by order of King Dhammazedi. The casting comes despite advice from the royal astrologer that the date is inappropriate, and the bell is noted for its unpleasant tone. The bell will be stolen from the Shwedagon Pagoda in 1608 by Arakan mercenaries commanded by the Portuguese warlord Filipe de Brito e Nicote, but skin, into the Bago and Yangon Rivers while it is being transported on de Brito's ship.

title: 1484

text: April 2 – (10th waxing of Vaishakha 857 ME The two-day coronation of King Binnya Ran II as ruler of the Hanthawaddy kingdom, in what is now southern Myanmar, begins at the Shwemawdaw Pagoda at the capital, Pegu (now Bago in Myanmar). Binnya Ran had succeeded to the throne in 1492 upon the death of his father, King Dhammazedi.

title: 1495

text: September 16 – (5th waxing of Thadingyut 893 ME) In Burma (now Myanmar), the formal coronation of General Min Pa as King Min Bin of Arakan takes place in the Arakan capital, Mrauk U.

title: 1531

text: October 28 – (4th waxing of Tazaungmon 908 ME) A second campaign begins in the Toungoo–Mrauk-U War in what is now the Asian nation of Myanmar, as King Tabinshwehti of Burma starts an invasion of the Kingdom of Mrauk U (led by Min Bin) in the Arakan Mountains. King Tabinshwehti dispatches 19,000 troops, 400 horses, and 60 elephants, with 4,000 invading by land and the other 15,000 being transported on a fleet of 800 war boats, 500 armored war boats, and 100 cargo boats through the Bay of Bengal to the coast of Mrauk U.

title: 1546

text: January 28 – Bayinnaung, King of Burma and head of the Toungoo dynasty, conquers two the Shan States, Möng Mit and Hsipaw in what is now northern Myanmar. The event is later commemorated with an inscription on the Shwezigon Pagoda Bell.

title: 1557

text: July 24 (Full moon of Wagaung 926 ME) – In Burma (now Myanmar), Min Sekkya becomes the new King of Arakan when his half-brother, King Min Saw Hla, dies at age 31 after a long illness.

title: 1564

text: September 8 – (11th waning of Tawthalin 939 ME) Min Phalaung, King of Arakan in what is now northern Myanmar and southern Bangladesh on the Bay of Bengal, enters his new palace in dedication ceremonies at the capital at Mrauk U.

title: 1577

text: April 24 – (1st waning of Kason 946 ME) In what is now Myanmar, Prince Naresuan of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (now Thailand) suppresses the rebellion of Thado Minsaw of the Ava Kingdom.

title: 1584

text: October 13 – (5th waxing of Tazaungmon 952 ME) – In what is now Myanmar, King Nanda Bayin of Burma sends a 10,000-man army, led by the Viceroy Thado Dhamma Yaza III of Prome, and General Natshinnaung to suppress a rebellion in the Shan state of Mogaung.

title: 1590

text: April 8 (March 29 O.S.) – Combined Taungoo–Lan Na armies break the rebel Thado Dhamma Yaza's siege of Taungoo, in modern-day Myanmar.

title: 1595

text: November 10 (11th waxing of Tazaungmon 960 ME) – In what is now the Rakhine State of Myanmar, King Min Razagyi of Arakan and the rebel leader Minye Thihathu begin their assault on Pegu, the remaining portion of the Toungoo Empire in southern Burma.

title: 1598

text: April 9 – On the first day of the new year 966 M.E. on the Burmese calendar, King Nyaungyan Min of Burma makes a triumphant return to his capital at Inwa after his victory in the war against the principality of Mongnai (Monē), one of the Shan States between Burma and Siam

title: 1604

text: September 4 – The Kingdom of Toungoo (now Myanmar) is retaken by King Anaukpetlun of Burma, as rebel leader Natshinnaung surrenders the city of Taungoo.

title: 1610

text: July 4 – (8th waxing of Waso 974 ME) In what is now Myanmar, Min Khamaung becomes the new King of Arakan upon the death of his father, King Min Razagyi.

title: 1612

text: April 30 – The Kingdom of Lan Na (in modern-day northern Thailand) is invaded by 17,000 troops commanded by King Anaukpetlun of Burma (modern Myanmar). Lan Na's King Thado Kyaw is unsuccessful in getting assistance from the Kingdom of Siam, and turns to the Kingdom of Lan Xang (modern Laos), which provides assistance.

title: 1614

text: January 22 – Former Chinese Emperor Yongli, who had surrendered to General Wu Sangui in December, is put on a boat along with his sons and grandsons at Sagaing in Burma (at the time, Burma), leaving under the promise that they will be given safe passage elsewhere in Burma. Instead, the former Emperor is taken back to China and executed on June 1.

title: 1662

text: February 10 – The army of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) captures Chiang Mai from the Kingdom of Burma (now Myanmar), using it as a base for launching a larger attack on the Burmese coast in November.

title: 1663

text: November 27 – Annular solar eclipse is visible through Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, eastern China, Myanmar and northern Philippines.

title: 1704

text: April 2 – A powerful earthquake along the border between modern-day Bangladesh and Myanmar causes a tsunami in the Bay of Bengal that kills at least 200 people.

title: 1762

text: February 13 – WWII: Operation Longcloth: Chindit forces (some 3,000 men) of the 77th Indian Infantry Brigade under Brigadier General Orde Wingate cross the Chindwin River and proceed into Burma.

title: 1943

text: The Burma Railway is completed between Bangkok, Thailand and Rangoon, Burma (modern-day Myanmar) (415 km mi) by the Empire of Japan, to support its forces in the Burma campaign, using the forced labour of Asian civilians and Allied Prisoners of war.

title: 1943

text: May 27 – In the Burmese general election, Burma's first multiparty election in 30 years, the National League for Democracy led by Aung San Suu Kyi wins in a landslide, but the State Law and Order Restoration Council nullifies the election results.

title: 1990

text: September 6 – In Myanmar, the State Law and Order Restoration Council orders the arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi and five other political dissidents.

title: 1990

text: December 26 – The 9.1–9.3 Indian Ocean earthquake shakes northern Sumatra with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). One of the largest observed tsunamis follows, affecting coastal areas of Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Somalia, the Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, killing 227,000 people.

title: 2004

text: May 3 – Cyclone Nargis passes through Myanmar, killing more than 138,000 people.

title: 2008

text: August 25–ongoing – A military operation targeting Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar "seems a textbook example of ethnic cleansing", according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

title: 2017

text: April 17 – The U.N. Human Rights Office accuses Myanmar of carrying out daily airstrikes in the Rakhine and Chin states and that at least 32 civilians have been killed since March 23. The separatist Arakan Army unilaterally declared a month-long ceasefire to fight the pandemic, but the military rejected the ceasefire claiming a previous ceasefire had been reneged by the insurgents.

title: 2020

text: February 1 – A coup d'état in Myanmar removes Aung San Suu Kyi from power and restores military rule leading to widespread demonstrations across the country.

title: 2021

text: January 1 – The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, the largest free trade area in the world, comes into effect for Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.

title: 2022

text: May 9 – Cyclone Mocha forms in the Indian Ocean, killing over 400 people and injuring over 700 as it strikes Myanmar and Bangladesh.

title: 2023

text: March 28 – A 7.7-magnitude earthquake occurs in Myanmar, resulting in 5,413 killed and 11,402 injured.

title: 2025


slug: mysticism

label: Mysticism

description: religious experience where the soul reaches its highest degree of union with the sacred during earthly existence

text: Mansur al-Hallaj, Persian mystic writer (d. 922)

title: 858

text: Ali ebn-e Sahl Esfahani, Persian mystic

title: 894

section: Crime & Justice

date: March 26

text: March 26 – Mansur al-Hallaj, a Persian mystic writer, is sentenced to death for heresy after a long trial at Baghdad. Having supported reform in the Abbasid Caliphate, he has been seen as a rabble-rouser, and is flogged, mutilated and executed (by beheading).

title: 922

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: March 26 – Mansur al-Hallaj, Persian mystic writer

title: 922

text: Nathar Shah, Tamil mystic and preacher (d. 1039)

title: 969

date: April 20

text: April 20 – Peter Bartholomew, French soldier and mystic

title: 1099

text: Ascelina, French Cistercian nun and mystic (d. 1195)

title: 1121

text: Gerardo dei Tintori, Italian mystic and founder (d. 1207)

title: 1134

text: Hermann Joseph, German priest and mystic (d. 1241)

title: 1150

date: January 24

text: January 24 – Ibn Asakir, Syrian historian and mystic (b. 1105)

title: 1175

text: Juliana of Liège, Belgian nun and mystic (d. 1258)

title: 1193

date: September 30

text: September 30 – Rumi, Persian scholar and mystic (d. 1273)

title: 1207

text: Nizami Ganjavi, Persian mystic poet and writer (b. 1141)

title: 1209

date: December 11

text: December 11 – Ida of Nivelles, Flemish nun and mystic

title: 1231

text: Yunus Emre, Seljuk poet, mystic and writer (d. 1328)

title: 1238

text: Usman Serajuddin, Bengali Sufi scholar and mystic (d. 1357)

title: 1258

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Shah Jalal, Indian Sufi leader and mystic (d. 1346)

title: 1271

date: December 17

text: December 17 – Rumi, Persian scholar and mystic (b. 1207)

title: 1273

section: Religion & Belief

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Thomas Aquinas, Italian priest and theologian, writes Summa Theologica, a master work of Catholic theology, leaving it unfinished, after having a mystical experience during Mass.

title: 1273

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Angela of Foligno, Italian nun, mystic and writer (b. 1248)

title: 1309

text: Lalleshwari (Lal Ded), Indian mystic and poet (d. 1392)

title: 1320


slug: nabis-of-sparta

label: Nabis of Sparta

description: Last king of Sparta from 207 to 192 BC

year_label: 207 BCE

text: Nabis, a Syrian sold into slavery, rises to power in Sparta and becomes regent of the young Spartan king, Pelops, following the death of Machanidas. Nabis soon overthrows Pelops, claiming to be a descendant of the Eurypontid Spartan king Demaratus. Nabis then starts a social revolution which will lead to the freeing of all the helots, the destruction of the ruling oligarchy, the redistribution of land and the cancelling of debts.

title: 207 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 205 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: After the peace, the Spartan king, Nabis, goes to war with the Achaean League. The Achaean general Philopoemen expels Nabis of Sparta from Messene.

title: 205 BC

year_label: 201 BCE

text: The Spartan king, Nabis, once more invades and captures Messene. However, the Spartans are forced to retreat when the Achaean League army of Philopoemen intervenes. Nabis' forces are decisively defeated at Tegea by Philopoemen and Nabis is forced to check his expansionist ambitions for the time being.

title: 201 BC

year_label: 197 BCE

text: The Spartan ruler, Nabis, acquires the important city of Argos from Philip V of Macedon, as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians. Nabis then defects to the Romans in the expectation of being able to hold on to his conquest.

title: 197 BC

year_label: 196 BCE

text: Flamininus accuses the Spartan ruler, Nabis, of tyranny, takes Gythium in Laconia and forces Nabis to surrender Argos.

title: 196 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 194 BCE

text: With the Roman legions under Flaminius returning to Italy, the Greek states are once again on their own. The Romans leave the dominant powers in the region; the kingdom of Macedonia, the Aetolians, the strengthened Achaean League and the weakened Sparta. The Aetolians, who have opposed the Roman intervention in Greek affairs, incite the Spartan leader, Nabis, to retake his former territories and regain his influence in Greek affairs.

title: 194 BC

text: After checking the ambitions of Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, the Roman forces under proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus finally withdraw from Greece.

title: 194 BC

year_label: 193 BCE

text: In the meantime, the Spartan ruler, Nabis, moves to recover lost territory, including Gythium.

title: 193 BC

year_label: 192 BCE

text: When Philopoemen reenters Laconia for a second attempt, his forces are ambushed by the Spartan tyrant, Nabis, but nevertheless Philopoemen manages to gain a victory over the Spartan forces.

title: 192 BC

text: Nabis, tyrant and last independent ruler (from 207 BC) of Sparta

title: 192 BC

year_label: 188 BCE

text: The leader of the Achaean League, Philopoemen, enters northern Laconia with his army and a group of Spartan exiles. His army demolishes the wall that the former tyrant of Sparta, Nabis, has built around Sparta. Philopoemen then restores Spartan citizenship to the exiles and abolishes Spartan law, introducing Achaean law in its place. Sparta's role as a major power in Greece ends, while the Achaean League becomes the dominant power throughout the Peloponnese.

title: 188 BC


slug: nablus

label: Nablus

description: city in the West Bank, State of Palestine

year_label: 70 CE

text: Neapolis (present-day Nablus) is founded in Iudaea Province.

title: AD 70

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 72 CE

section: Economy & Finance

text: Flavia Neapolis (Nablus) is founded.

title: AD 72

text: Anushtakin al-Dizbari of Palestine leads an expedition in the mountains around Nablus to apprehend the Bedouin leader Hassan ibn Mufarrij. However, the latter, with 3,000 of his horsemen, repulses Anushtakin, who retreats to Ramla, the capital of Palestine. Hassan and his troops then arrive at Ramla and burn the capital.

title: 1024

section: Events › July–September

date: June 28

text: June 28 – Battle of Al-Sannabra: The Crusaders led by Baldwin I are defeated (due to a feigned flight) by a Seljuk army under Mawdud ibn Altuntash, the Turkic governor (atabeg) of Mosul, at the Jordan River south of the Sea of Galilee. Mawdud sends raiding columns to ravage the countryside and sacks the town of Nablus.

title: 1113

section: Events › By place › Levant

date: January 16

text: January 16 – Council of Nablus: King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Patriarch Warmund convenes an assembly at Nablus, establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. The prelates and noblemen who attend the meeting confirm the clergy's right to collect the tithe and to bear arms "in the cause of defense".

title: 1120

text: Baldwin III begins a civil war against Melisende and launches an invasion in the south. He captures the castle of Mirabel, which is defended by Manasses. Baldwin spares his life and is exiled, Nablus thereupon surrenders soon after. Melisende seeks refuge in the Tower of David with her younger son, the 16-year-old Amalric. Baldwin enters Jerusalem, he allows his mother to retain Nablus and the neighbourhood as her dower.

title: 1152

date: November

text: November – Frederick II puts pressure on the negotiations by a military display. He assembles his Crusader army and marches down the coast to Jaffa – which he proceeds to refortify. At the same moment, Ayyubid forces under An-Nasir Dawud, who are not participating in the revolt at Damascus, move to Nablus, to intercept Al-Kamil's supply lines. Al-Kamil breaks off the negotiations, saying that the Crusaders have pillaged several Muslim villages, and only resumes them again when Frederick pays out compensation to the victims.

title: 1228

section: Events › By place › Sixth Crusade

date: June

text: June – Khwarazmian forces (some 10,000 men) invade Syrian territory, ravaging the land and burning the villages. As Damascus is too strong for a siege, they attack Galilee, past the town of Tiberias – which they capture. The Khwarazmians attack further southward through Nablus towards Jerusalem.

title: 1244

date: April

text: April – An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, cedes Palestine, together with Jerusalem, Nablus and the coastline of Al-Sham to Aybak, Mamluk sultan of Egypt.

title: 1253

section: Climate & Environment

date: July 11

text: July 11 – The 1927 Jericho earthquake strikes Palestine, killing around 300 people; it is the largest ever recorded in this part of the Middle East. The effects are especially severe in Nablus, but damage and fatalities are also reported in many areas of Palestine and Transjordan, such as Amman, Salt, Jordan, and Lydda.

title: 1927

section: Events › July


slug: nader-shah

label: Nader Shah

description: Shah of Iran (r. 1736–47) and founder of the Afsharid dynasty

text: Late 1726 – Nader Shah recaptures Mashhad.

title: 1726

section: Events › Date unknown

date: September 29

text: September 29 – The Battle of Damghan begins as the Persian Safavid Army, commanded by General Nader Khan Afshar confronts a larger force of rebel Afghan troops commanded by the Emir Ashraf Hotak.

title: 1729

date: August 12

text: August 12 – General Nader Khan of Persia captures Tabriz from the Ottoman Empire, bringing an end to the Western Persia Campaign, the first major action in the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735). Tabriz becomes a permanent part of Iran. Nader leaves the city four days later to begin the Herat Campaign of 1731.

title: 1730

date: March 9

text: March 9 – General Nader Khan of Persia opens the first campaign of the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735), guiding the Persian Army from Shiraz and starting the Western Persia Campaign against the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1730

section: Events › January–March

date: April 16

text: April 16 – After his disastrous attempt to fight the Ottoman Empire, Shah Tahmasp II is removed from the throne of Iran by one of his generals, Nader Khan, who later proclaims himself the King of Persia in Tahmasp's place as Nader Shah.

title: 1732

date: February 27

text: February 27 – Herat Campaign: General Nader Shah of Persia (now Iran) suppresses the rebellion by Zulfiqar Khan in the city of Herat in what is now Afghanistan.

title: 1732

section: Culture & Society

date: March 8

text: March 8 – Nader Shah, founder of the Afsharid dynasty, is crowned Shah of Iran on a date selected by court astrologers.

title: 1736

date: April 22

text: April 22 – In Afghanistan, Persian shah Nader Shah begins the 11-month Siege of Kandahar against the Pashtun Emir of Afghanistan, Hussain Hotak. The surviving Afghanis surrender on March 24, 1738.

title: 1737

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Battle of Karnal: The army of Iranian ruler Nader Shah defeats the forces of the Mughal emperor of India, Muhammad Shah.

title: 1739

date: March 20

text: March 20 – Nader Shah occupies Delhi, India and sacks the city, stealing the jewels of the Peacock Throne, including the Koh-i-Noor.

title: 1739

date: May 15

text: May 15 – Nader Shah, Emperor of Persia, narrowly escapes an assassination attempt.

title: 1741

date: October 23

text: October 23 – After almost six weeks, Nader Shah of Persia lifts the siege of Mosul.

title: 1743

date: July 29

text: July 29 – Nader Shah lays siege to the Ottoman citadel of Kars.

title: 1744


slug: nagasaki

label: Nagasaki

description: core city in Kyushu, Japan

text: The Portuguese assist Lord Ōmura Sumitada, the first Christian Japanese daimyo, in repulsing an assault on Nagasaki by the Ryūzōji clan.

title: 1578

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: January 14

text: January 14 – In Japan, Chancellor of the Realm Toyotomi Hideyoshi ends Portugal's control of the port of Nagasaki after six years. Omura Sumitada had leased the fishing village to Portuguese Jesuits on August 15, 1580.

title: 1587

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: December 8

text: December 8 – In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Chancellor of the Realm, orders the arrest of the 26 Roman Catholic Christians who had the misfortune of being shipwrecked in Kyoto on October 19; each of the ones arrested has a part of the left ear cut off, then sent on a forced march to Nagasaki on January 4, then has them killed on February 5.

title: 1596

section: Events › October–December

date: February 5

text: February 5 – In Japan, 26 European Catholic Christians are executed in Nagasaki by crucifixion. They had the misfortune of being shipwrecked on the Japanese coast on October 19, 1596.

title: 1597

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Japan's Chancellor of the Realm, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, sends 26 European Christians, arrested on December 8, 1596, on a forced march from Kyoto to Nagasaki.

title: 1597

text: Anti-Christian persecutions break out in Nanjing, China, and Nagasaki, Japan. The Jesuit-lead Christian community in Japan at this time is over 3,000,000 strong.

title: 1616

date: August 8

text: August 8 – The Tokugawa shogunate (Bakufu) in Japan forbids foreigners other than Chinese from traveling freely, or trading outside of the ports of Nagasaki and Hirado.

title: 1616

section: Events › July–August

date: September 10

text: September 10 – 55 Christians are executed in Nagasaki during the Great Genna Martyrdom.

title: 1622

date: September 3

text: September 3 – The last executions of Christians in Japan take place as four Spanish missionaries (including Augustinin friar Bartholomew Gutierrez) and two Japanese converts are burned alive in Nagasaki. They are beatified in 1867 as the last of the 205 Martyrs of Japan.

title: 1632

section: Health & Medicine

text: In Edo period Japan, the Sakoku Edict of 1635 enforces isolationism. Japanese are forbidden to travel abroad and unauthorised Europeans forbidden to enter under penalty of death. Christianity (Catholicism) is absolutely prohibited. Foreign merchants – Chinese and those of the Dutch East India Company – are restricted to enclaves in Nagasaki and access by the Portuguese is completely forbidden: an imperial memorandum decrees, "Hereafter entry by the Portuguese galeota is forbidden. If they insist on coming, the ships must be destroyed and anyone aboard those ships must be beheaded."

title: 1635

text: Dejima, an island trading post off Nagasaki, becomes the only official port of trade allowed for Europeans, with the multi-national United East Indies Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) as the only European party officially allowed. Trading parties from China, India and other places are still officially allowed, though the VOC will become the usual broker for them.

title: 1639

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Forty-one Spanish delegates to Japan at Nagasaki are beheaded.

title: 1640

text: The Dutch found a trading colony on Dejima, near Nagasaki, Japan.

title: 1641

date: September

text: September – British merchant Thomas Blake Glover begins business in Nagasaki, Japan.

title: 1859

date: August

text: Atomic bombing of Nagasaki: United States B-29 Bockscar drops a plutonium-239 atomic bomb, codenamed "Fat Man", on the Japanese city of Nagasaki at 11:02 a.m. local time, resulting in between 39,000 and 80,000 deaths.

title: 1945

section: Events › August

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: August 29

text: August 29 – The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb, RDS-1 ("Joe 1"). Its design imitates the American plutonium bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, in 1945.

title: 1949

date: July 23

text: July 23 – Torrential rain and mudslides in Nagasaki, Japan, destroy bridges and kill 299.

title: 1982


slug: nanjing

label: Nanjing

description: capital city of Jiangsu Province, China, former capital of the Republic of China and China's Ming dynasty

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Chinese warlord Sun Quan formally declares himself emperor of the Eastern Wu state. The city of Jianye (modern Nanjing) is founded as the capital of Eastern Wu. The independent kingdoms in Cambodia and Laos become Eastern Wu vassals.

title: 229

section: Events › By place › China

section: Conflict & Security

text: Sixteen Kingdoms: Jingwen (later Yuan of Jin) flees with remnants of the Jin court and noble families to the south. He succeeds Emperor Min of Jin as first ruler of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and decides to make Jiankang (modern Nanjing) his new capital.

title: 317

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: The Northern Wei Dynasty begins in China. The Tuoba clan of the Xianbei tribe (proto-Mongol people) is politically separated from the Chinese dynasties established in Jiankang (modern Nanjing). The Northern Wei rulers are ardent supporters of Buddhism. Prince Dao Wu Di, age 15, becomes the first emperor (see Northern dynasties).

title: 386

date: July 10

text: July 10 – The Jin Dynasty ends in China. Liu Yu (Emperor Wu of Liu Song) becomes the first ruler of the Liu Song Dynasty. The capital of the dynasty is Nanjing.

title: AD 420

text: The Liang Dynasty is founded by Xiao Yan, who marches on Jiankang (later Nanjing). Emperor He Di, age 14, is put to death. The Southern Qi Dynasty ends and Wu Di becomes ruler of the Liang Dynasty.

title: AD 502

text: The Jiming Temple in Nanjing is built; the Buddhist pagoda is located near Xuanwu Lake.

title: 557

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Religion & Belief

text: Zhiyi, Chinese monk, returns to the city of Jinling, where he completes his commentarial works on the Lotus Sutra.

title: 585

text: The Chinese Empire is reunited under the leadership of Emperor Wéndi (Sui dynasty), who defeats the Chen forces at Jiankang (modern Nanjing), ending the Chen dynasty (the last of the Southern dynasties) that has ruled since 557.

title: 589

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Emperor Li Jing sends a Southern Tang expeditionary force (10,000 men) under Bian Hao to conquer Chu. Li Jing removes the ruling family to his own capital in Nanjing, ending the Chu Kingdom.

title: 951

section: Deaths

date: May

text: May – Red Turban Rebellions: Guo Zixing dies, leaving his forces to the command of his son-in-law, Zhu Yuanzhang. Guo's successors are later killed in battle while trying to capture Nanjing.

title: 1355

section: Events

text: Zhu Yuanzhang, one of the leaders in the Red Turban Rebellion, captures the city of Nanjing from the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China; from then on it becomes his base of power, and the capital of a new dynasty he would establish in 1368, the Ming dynasty.

title: 1356

text: Estimation: Nanjing in Yuan China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Yuan China.

title: 1358

text: Red Turban Rebellions: Chen Youliang murders Xu Shouhui and proclaims himself the emperor of Han in Wuchang before unsuccessfully attempting to capture Nanjing from Zhu Yuanzhang.

title: 1360

text: Zhu Yuanzhang, leader of the Red Turban Rebellion that will overthrow the Yuan dynasty and establish the Ming dynasty two years later, begins building the walls for a new capital city at Nanjing.

title: 1366

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Red Turban Rebellions: Zhu Yuanzhang takes Suzhou from Zhang Shicheng, who unsuccessfully attempts suicide before being captured and taken to Nanjing, where he dies.

title: 1367

date: January 12

text: January 12 – Zhu Yuanzhang declares himself as Emperor of China and forces Emperor Huizong of the Yuan dynasty to flee the capital, Yingtian (now Nanjing).

title: 1368

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Jingnan campaign: The Army of Yan arrives at the walls of Nanjing, capital of Imperial China and surrounds the city. The defenders on the north side open the Jinchuan Gate and let the invaders in. China's Emperor Zhu Yun Wen then orders for the palace to be set on fire with himself and his followers burned to death inside before the Yan King Zhu Di arrives. Zhu Di orders the execution of 29 palace officials.

title: 1402

section: Events › April–June

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Zhu Di, King of the Yan State at Beijing, becomes the new Ming Dynasty Emperor of China at Nanjing, uniting north and south China.

title: 1402

text: In China, the Emperor Cheng Zu moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, commissions the Yongle Encyclopedia, one of the world's earliest and largest known general encyclopedias, and orders his coastal provinces to build a vast fleet of ships, with construction centered at Longjiang near Nanjing; the inland provinces are to provide wood and float it down the Yangtze River.

title: 1403

date: January 23

text: January 23 – The Yongle Era in China begins with the first day of the Chinese New Year, six months after King Zhu Di of the Yan State arrived at Nanjing, deposed the southern Chinese Emperor Zhu Yun Wen, and proclaimed himself as the Emperor Cheng Zu.

title: 1403

date: September 4

text: September 4 – The first 200 Chinese treasure ships are ordered by the new Ming dynasty Emperor Cheng Zu from the Capital Guards at Nanjing.

title: 1403

section: Crime & Justice

date: October 5

text: October 5 – A group of high officials of the former Vietnamese government are put on trial before China's Emperor Cheng Zu at Nanjing, and charged with treason for killing the previous Vietnamese ruler. Most of the prisoners are executed.

title: 1407

section: Events › July–December

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Abdul Majid Hassan, the Sultan of Brunei, sets off on a voyage to China at the invitation of the Emperor Cheng Zu and arrives in the capital, Nanjing, by September, becoming the first foreign monarch to make a peaceful visit to the Chinese Empire. While visiting, the Sultan becomes ill and dies on October 19.

title: 1408

date: October 19

text: October 19 – Awang Pateh Berbai, in Nanjing in China as part of the family accompanying his nephew, the Sultan Abdul Majid Hassan, becomes the new Sultan of Brunei when Abdul dies from an illness.

title: 1408

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Ming dynasty Chinese Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after his third voyage, and presents the ruler Vira Alakesvara, captured during the Ming–Kotte War, to China's Emperor Cheng Zu.

title: 1411

text: The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism, declines the offer of the Emperor Cheng Zu of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title "State Teacher". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king, upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).

title: 1414

date: November 14

text: November 14 – China's Emperor Cheng Zu and his fleet return to Nanjing from his fourth expedition for treasure after having been away since 1413.

title: 1416

date: November 19

text: November 19 – At Nanjing, China's Emperor Cheng Zu bestows gifts at a grand ceremony to princes, civil officials, military officers, and the ambassadors of 18 countries.

title: 1416

text: The final 41 treasure ships are built in the Nanjing shipyards for use in the expeditions of Zheng He.

title: 1419

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Beijing ("Northern Capital") is officially designated the capital of Ming dynasty China by the Yongle Emperor, replacing Nanjing, during the same year that the Forbidden City, the seat of government, is completed and construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in the new capital city.

title: 1420

text: Beijing, capital of China, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Nanjing (estimated date).

title: 1425

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Admiral Zheng He and the crew of the seventh Ming Chinese overseas expedition return to China, arriving at Beijing two and one half years after their departure on January 19, 1411 from Nanjing. With the completion of the maritime expedition, the fleet is dispersed, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean, and making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.

title: 1433

text: July 10 – The Prince of Ning rebellion begins, after Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing.

title: 1519

title: 1616

date: April 19

text: April 19 – The Qianlong Emperor of China visits the southern capital of Nanjing for the first time, bringing with him 3,000 staff and 6,690 horses and stays for four days.

title: 1751

date: February 10

text: February 10 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces assemble at Hanyang, Hankou and Wuchang for the march on Nanjing.

title: 1853

text: June 13 – Taiping Rebellion: Shi Dakai arrives at Nanjing.

title: 1856

date: October 3

text: October 3 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Japanese troops advance toward Nanjing, capital of the Republic of China.

title: 1937

text: March 30 – WWII: Former Kuomintang member and Chinese foreign minister, Wang Jingwei, announces the creation of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing.

title: 1940

text: May 18 – The first Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China officially convenes in Nanjing.

title: 1948

text: April 23 – Chinese Communist troops take Nanjing.

title: 1949

text: December 16 – Train 87 from Nanjing to Xining collides with train 368 from Xi'an to Xuzhou near Yangzhuang railway station in China, killing 106, injuring 218.

title: 1978

text: April 21 – Students from Beijing, Shanghai, Xi'an and Nanjing begin protesting in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

title: 1989


slug: nantes

label: Nantes

description: city in Loire-Atlantique, Pays de la Loire, France

text: King Guntram sends envoys to Brittany, to stop the raiding on Frankish territory. He compels obedience from Waroch II and demands 1,000 solidus for looting Nantes.

title: 587

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Summer – Viking raiders attack Nantes, located on the River Loire; they kill the town's bishop along with many of the clergy, and murder men, women and children. They plunder the western parts of Aquitaine and reach an island north of the mouth of the River Garonne, near what later will be La Rochelle. There the Vikings bring materials from the mainland and build houses to spend the winter.

title: 843

text: Summer – Breton forces under Nominoe occupy the Frankish cities of Nantes and Rennes. He makes raids in Anjou and threatens Bayeux. King Charles the Bald recognizes him as duke of Brittany.

title: 846

text: Viking marauders in Gaul sail eastward from Nantes without opposition, and reach Tours. The monasteries at Saint-Florent-le-Vieil and Marmoutier are ravaged.

title: 853

date: January 14

text: January 14 – Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester and son of the late King Edward III of England, ends his siege of the French city of Nantes after two months, having started on 8 November 1380.

title: 1381

section: Events › January–March

date: November 1

text: November 1 – At Nantes, Jean V of the House of Montfort begins his reign of 43 years as the Duke of Brittany (Bretagne), an independent duchy that is now part of France, upon the death of his father, Jean IV.

title: 1399

date: April 14

text: April 14 – The foundation stone of Nantes Cathedral in Nantes, Brittany, is laid.

title: 1434

section: Culture & Society

date: February 3

text: February 3 – The coronation of François II as Duke of the semi-independent Duchy of Brittany takes place in Nantes.

title: 1459

date: June 19

text: June 19 – French–Breton War: The siege of the city of Nantes in the Duchy of Brittany is started by King Charles VIII of France, but fails after less than two months and is lifted on August 6.

title: 1487

date: April 4

text: April 4 King Charles VIII makes a triumphant entry to the city of Nantes, facing no resistance and marking the conquest of the Duchy of Brittany by France.

title: 1491

date: January 2

text: January 2 – After his failed attempt to marry Anne, Duchess of Brittany, Breton General Alain I of Albret signs the Treaty of Moulins and pledges support to King Charles VIII of France in return for the rights to the Breton city of Nantes. The French–Breton War resumes.

title: 1491

date: March 19

text: March 19 – Having defected to France, Alain I of Albret captures the Château des ducs de Bretagne, the royal palace of Brittany's capital, Nantes, after the Breton regent, the Marshal Jean IV de Rieux, leads the evacuation of Breton officials.

title: 1491

date: September 5

text: September 5 – Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finances for France, is arrested in Nantes and charged with embezzlement of the state treasury. Spared the death penalty by a jury, Fouquet spends the rest of his life in prison until his death in 1680.

title: 1661

section: Events › July–September


slug: nanyue

label: Nanyue

description: ancient kingdom in East Asia

year_label: 209 BCE

text: Having helped to conquer Baiyue in northern Vietnam and southern China for the Qin dynasty, the general Zhao Tuo uses the rebellions against the Qin to establish his own independent kingdom in Nanyue, and conquers the neighboring provinces of Guilin and Xiang. He declares himself King Wu of Nanyue.

title: 209 BC

text: When king An Dương Vương dies, so does his dynasty and the Triệu dynasty and the kingdom of Nam Việt are established.

title: 207 BC

section: Events › By place › Vietnam

text: Gaozu sends Zhao Tuo, the king of Nanyue in present-day Vietnam and southern China, a seal recognizing his rulership in return for his nominal submission to the Han. Zhao Tuo accepts his vassal status.

title: 196 BC

year_label: 184 BCE

text: Around this time, Empress Lü outlaws the trade of iron and horses with the vassal state of Nanyue in present-day Vietnam and southern China, being concerned by its military strength. In response, Nanyue's king Zhao Tuo ends his vassal status, declares himself emperor and attacks the neighbouring vassal kingdom of Changsha, seizing a few border towns.

title: 184 BC

year_label: 181 BCE

text: Empress Lü of the Han dynasty sends an army under Zhou Zao to attack the formerly vassal state of Nanyue in present-day Vietnam and southern China, but the heat and dampness causes many of Zhou's men to fall ill, and he fails to make it across the mountains into enemy territory.

title: 181 BC

year_label: 180 BCE

text: Emperor Wen honours the relatives and ancestors of Zhao Tuo, the Chinese-born ruler of Nanyue (in present-day Vietnam and southern China). As a result, Nanyue returns to the Han dynasty as a vassal, although Zhao Tuo continues to call himself an emperor within his own kingdom.

title: 180 BC

year_label: 137 BCE

text: Zhao Tuo, Emperor Wu of Nanyue (b. 240 BC)

title: 137 BC

year_label: 135 BCE

text: Minyue attacks Nanyue, which are both vassal states of the Han dynasty. The Han send two armies against Minyue under Wang Hui and Han Anguo, and Minyue's king Zou Ying is killed by his brother Zou Yushan, who then surrenders to the Han.

title: 135 BC

year_label: 113 BCE

text: The state of Nanyue, a vassal of the Han dynasty, agrees to submit to Han laws and receives envoys to oversee the succession of the young king Zhao Xing.

title: 113 BC

year_label: 111 BCE

text: Zhao Jiande, last king of Nanyue (or Nam Viet)

title: 111 BC