slug: kingdom-of-naples

label: Kingdom of Naples

description: Italian state (1282–1816)

text: Robert of Anjou, king of Naples (House of Capet) (d. 1343)

title: 1276

text: Sancia of Majorca, queen consort and regent of Naples (d. 1345)

title: 1281

text: September 4 – Peter III of Aragon is proclaimed "King of Sicily". Charles is forced to flee across the Strait of Messina, and be content with the Kingdom of Naples (ruling a part of the Italian Peninsula with the Pope).

title: 1282

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Battle of Montecatini: The Pisan army (some 20,000 men) led by Uguccione della Faggiuola defeats the allied forces of Florence and Naples. During the battle, Philip I manages to escape, but his son Charles of Taranto

title: 1315

section: Events › July – September

text: Louis I, king of Naples (Capetian House of Anjou) (d. 1362)

title: 1320

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Pope John XXII issues a general decree condemning the Fraticelli (Spriritual Franciscans) in the Kingdom of Naples, urging Robert, King of Naples ("the Wise") to suppress the adherents rebelling against Roman Catholic doctrine.

title: 1322

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Bertrand du Pouget, French papal legate, commanding a military campaign against the Ghibellines besieges Milan – but abandons the siege when Louis IV of Bavaria, King of the Romans, sends a relief army to Italy to aid the city and to protect his domains against the Kingdom of Naples, which is together with France the strongest ally of the Papal States.

title: 1323

section: Events › April – June

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Peace is declared between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples with the signing of the Treaty of Villeneuve between Joanna of Anjou (ruler of Naples) and King Frederick IV of Aragon (ruler of Sicily).

title: 1372

section: Events › July–September

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Frederick the Simple, King of Sicily, agrees to marry Antonia of Baux, as part of negotiations for a peace treaty between Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples and Neapolitan and Papal recognition of his right to the throne. The marriage will take place the next year on November 26, 1373.

title: 1372

section: Events › January–March

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Queen Joanna of Naples signs a marriage contract for the fourth time, agreeing to be married to Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen. Queen Joanna's first three husbands (Andrew of Calabria, King Louis I of Naples and the Margrave James IV of Majorca) had all died, in 1345, 1362 and 1375, respectively.

title: 1375

date: June 2

text: June 2 – Due to the support by Queen Joanna I of Naples for the antipope Clement VII, Pope Urban VI declares her cousin, Carlo di Durazzo to be the new ruler of the Kingdom of Naples. Afterward, with the help of the Hungarians, Charles advances on Naples and captures Joanna. James of Baux, the ruler of Taranto and the Latin Empire, claims the Principality of Achaea after Joanna's imprisonment.

title: 1381

section: Crime & Justice

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Joanna of Anjou, who had been Queen of Naples until being deposed on August 25, 1381, is murdered by strangulation after being transferred in May to the prison at the Castle of Muro Lucano.

title: 1382

date: February 11

text: February 11 – King Carlo III of Naples confiscates the property of Pietro d'Enghien and Luigi d'Enghien (both of whom are in Venice) and declares them both to be rebels against the Neapolitan crown.

title: 1383

date: December 31

text: December 31 – King Carlo III, ruler of the Kingdom of Naples, is crowned as King Károly II of Hungary by the Archbishop Demeter of Esztergom at Székesfehérvár after a group of Hungarian nobles helps him overthrow Queen Maria.

title: 1385

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Elizabeth of Bosnia, the mother of the overthrown Queen Mary of Hungary and Croatia, arranges the assassination of Charles III of Naples, the ruler of Hungary, Naples, Achaea and Croatia, with the result that Mary is reinstated as Queen of Hungary and Croatia; Charles' son, Ladislaus, becomes King of Naples; and a period of interregnum begins in Achaea, lasting until 1396. The rule of Achaea is sought by numerous pretenders, none of whom can be considered to have reigned.

title: 1386

date: November 1

text: November 1 – The Antipope John XXIII, reigning from Avignon, crowns Louis II of Anjou as King of Naples, although the underage King Ladislaus has been recognized as the rightful monarch by the late Pope Urban VI of Rome. Louis II will move to Naples on August 6, 1390, while Ladislaus flees, but since his troops cannot occupy the entire Neapolitan kingdom, Louis is only recognized in the French-occupied areas of Naples.

title: 1389

section: Events › October –December

date: July 10

text: July 10 – Ladislaus regains the throne of the Kingdom of Naples, after King Louis II of Anjou and his army have left the city to suppress a rebllion in Apulia.

title: 1399

date: May 3

text: May 3 – Pope Boniface IX of Rome excommunicates Onorato Caetani, Great Constable of the Kingdom of Naples, who had previously been excommunicated in 1367 by Pope Urban V of Rome, and then was forgiven in 1378 by Pope Clement VII of Avignon. Boniface's action follows Caetani's continued support of the Avignon papacy, after which a crusade against Caetani's properties at Fondi.

title: 1399

date: April 12

text: April 12 – Centurione II Zaccaria buys the Principality of Achaea, located on the Peloponnese peninsula in modern-day Greece, from King Ladislaus of Naples.

title: 1404

date: July 9

text: July 9 – The Republic of Venice, led by the Doge Michele Steno, gains control of both sides of the Adriatic Sea by purchasing the Dalmatian coast (bordered in modern times by Slovenia and Croatia) from King Ladislaus the Magnanimous, ruler of the Kingdom of Naples for 100,000 ducats, or 350 kilograms of gold.

title: 1409

date: August 6

text: August 6 – Joanna II becomes the reigning Queen of Naples upon the death of her brother, King Ladislaus.

title: 1414

text: June 2 – Battle of L'Aquila: Jacopo Caldora and Micheletto Attendolo, for the Kingdom of Naples, defeat Braccio da Montone, for Alfonso V of Aragon.

title: 1424

date: February 2

text: February 2 – The Kingdom of Naples passes to René of Anjou.

title: 1435

date: May 19

text: May 19 – René of Anjou, son of the late King Louis II of Valois-Anjou arrives in the Kingdom of Naples to take the vacant throne, reaching the Italian city ahead of King Alfonso V of Aragon, who also wants the throne. Alfonso makes plans to lay siege to the city of Naples.

title: 1438

date: February 26

text: February 26 – The Spanish monarch, King Alfonso V of Aragon, makes a triumphant entrance into the city of Naples in order to assume the throne of the Kingdom of Naples.

title: 1443

date: August 13

text: August 13 – The Milanese War of Succession begins in Italy when Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan since 1412, dies from natural causes. In that Visconti had no male heir, he had bequeathed the Duchy to King Afonso V, ruler of the Kingdom of Naples (in Italy) and the Crown of Aragon (in Spain), as well as his son-in-law Francesco I Sforza and Sigismund, Archduke of Austria.

title: 1447

date: March 26

text: March 26 – The Treaty of Gaeta is signed at the Italian city of Gaeta between the Kingdom of Albania

title: 1451

date: April 9

text: April 9 – Treaty of Lodi: Francesco Sforza forms a triple alliance between the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence and Kingdom of Naples.

title: 1454

date: August 30

text: August 30 – The Italic League is concluded in Venice as an alliance between the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples.

title: 1454

date: March 2

text: March 2 – After an agreement reached in Venice on August 30, the Italic League (Lega Italica) comes into being as a 25-year truce and mutual defense agreement between the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples.

title: 1455

date: August 24

text: August 24 – The Angevins, led by Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo, lift their siege of Barletta in the Kingdom of Naples when Ivan Strez Balšić arrives with cavalry and infantry to rescue King Ferrante. Orsini's erroneous belief that Skanderbeg has accompanied the Neapolitan Army is enough to cause him to order a withdrawal.

title: 1461

section: Climate & Environment

date: November 27

text: November 27 – An earthquake estimated later at 6.4 magnitude occurs at L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of the Kingdom of Naples and kills more than 80 people.

title: 1461

date: September 14

text: September 14 – King Ferrante of Napoli marries Princess Juana, daughter of the Spanish King John II of Aragon and Navarre after being brought to Naples by King Ferrante's son Prince Alfonso, Duke of Calabria.

title: 1477

date: March 17

text: March 17 – Lorenzo the Magnificent, Lord of the Republic of Florence, and King Ferrante of Naples agree to an alliance between the two Italian nations, and to end the ongoing war that had started in 1479. Lorenzo had traveled to Naples in December to reach a treaty to end the war.

title: 1480

text: September 11 – The Conspiracy of the Barons, a revolt by the Neapolitan nobility, begins in the Kingdom of Naples with the rebels taking an oath at the Chiesa di Sant'Antonio Abate in Campania against the rule of King Ferrante, the Spanish prince made King of Naples after the kingdom's conquest by the Crown of Aragon.

title: 1486

text: August 11 – The Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples sign a peace treaty to end the war that had started a year and half earlier.

title: 1487

text: February 22 – Italian War of 1494–98: King Charles VIII of France enters the city of Naples, to claim the throne of the Kingdom of Naples. A few months later, he decides to return to France, and leaves Naples with most of his army, leaving a force under his cousin Gilbert, Count of Montpensier as viceroy. Syphilis is first definitely recorded in Europe during this invasion. (perhaps from French forces who may have contacted Croats fleeing an Ottoman army in the east).

title: 1495

text: November 11 – Treaty of Granada: Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them.

title: 1500

text: July 25 – The Kingdom of Naples, led by King Federico I, surrenders to Cesare Borgia's French and Aragonese troops.

title: 1501

text: June 24 – Cesare Borgia's French troops storm and overtake the fortress at Capua in the Kingdom of Naples, overcoming the defense of Fabrizio Colonna in the occupation of the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon in southern Italy.

title: 1501

text: January 14 – Treaty of Madrid: Peace is declared between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis agrees to cede Burgundy and abandons all claims to Flanders, Artois, Naples, and Milan.

title: 1526

text: February 8 – The Holy League, an alliance of Christian nations (the Papal States and the Republic of Venice, the Knights Hospitaller of Malta, Spain and the Spanish-ruled Viceroyalty of Naples and Sicily), is agreed upon under the direction of Pope Paul III and Venetian Senator Alvise Badoer.

title: 1538

text: June 24 – The plundering of the Italian island of Ischia, part of the Kingdom of Naples is carried out by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded by Hayreddin Barbarossa, who captures 4,000 of the residents and then sells them as slaves in Algeria.

title: 1544

text: May 25 – The Holy League is established as an alliance of the Papal States, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Savoy, the Duchy of Urbino, the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily under the rule of the Spanish Empire and the Knights of Malta for mutual defense against attacks by the Ottoman Empire on ships in the Mediterranean Sea.

title: 1571

text: June 5 – A 7.0 magnitude earthquake strikes southern Italy at 6:30 in the evening and kills at least 10,000 people in the Kingdom of Naples in what is now the province of Benevento.

title: 1688

text: March 7 – The Treaty of Rastatt is signed between Austria and France, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession between them. Austria receives the Spanish territories in Italy (the Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Milan and Kingdom of Sardinia), as well as the Southern Netherlands; and from France, Freiburg and Landau. The Austrian Habsburg Empire reaches its largest territorial extent yet, with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor succeeding Philip V of Spain, as ruler in the ceded territories.

title: 1714

text: November 29 – The magnitude 6.6 Irpinia earthquake causes deaths in the former Kingdom of Naples.

title: 1732

text: August 12 – Battle of Velletri in the Kingdom of Naples: Spanish-Neapolitan forces defeat those of the Archduchy of Austria.

title: 1744

text: January 4 – Seven Years' War: Britain declares war against Spain and Naples, following their recent alliance with France.

title: 1762

text: April 2 – Suppression of the Jesuits begins, in the Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Naples.

title: 1767

text: November 3 – King Ferdinand IV of the Spanish dominated Kingdom of Naples follows Spain's lead and orders the expulsion of the Jesuits from Naples and has them marched northward to the Neapolitan border with the Papal States.

title: 1767

text: February 1 – French Revolutionary Wars: The French First Republic declares war on Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and (on March 7) Spain. During the year, the War of the First Coalition is joined by Portugal, the Holy Roman Empire, Naples and Tuscany in opposition to France.

title: 1793

text: March 15 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples, declares war on Austria in an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War.

title: 1815

text: May 3 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to Corsica, and is later executed.

title: 1815

text: December 12 – The thrones of Sicily and Naples are merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, under King Ferdinand I.

title: 1816


slug: kingdom-of-navarre

label: Kingdom of Navarre

description: Basque medieval kingdom that occupied lands on either side of the western Pyrenees, alongside the Atlantic Ocean (1162–1512)

section: Deaths

text: Fortún Garcés ("the Monk"), king of Pamplona

title: 922

section: Religion & Belief

date: January 5

text: January 5 – The monastery of San Martín de Albelda is founded in the Kingdom of Navarre in what is now the city of Albelda de Iregua in Spain, by orders of King Sancho Garcés I and Toda Aznárez, monarchs of Navarre, to celebrate the previous year's recapture of the cities of Nájera and Viguera.

title: 924

section: Events › January—March

section: Births

text: Sancho II, king of Navarre (approximate date)

title: 938

text: Sancho III (the Great), king of Pamplona (approximate date)

title: 994

section: Conflict & Security

text: Battle of Albesa: Muslim forces of the Caliphate of Cordoba defeat the northern Christian armies of León, Pamplona and Castile.

title: 1003

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Sancho III becomes king of Pamplona, Aragon and Castille (until 1035).

title: 1004

text: García Sánchez III, king of Pamplona (approximate date)

title: 1012

text: King Sancho III (the Great) of Pamplona captures León, after defeating a string of rivals. His rule now extends from the borders of Galicia in the west to the County of Barcelona in the east.

title: 1034

date: October 18

text: October 18 – Sancho III ("the Great"), king of Pamplona

title: 1035

text: Sancho IV, king of Pamplona (approximate date)

title: 1039

text: Sancho V, king of Aragon and Pamplona (d. 1094)

title: 1042

date: September 15

text: September 15 – García Sánchez III, king of Pamplona (b. c.1012)

title: 1054

date: May 25

text: May 25 – King Sancho IV of Navarre and Ahmad al-Muqtadir, Muslim ruler of the Taifa of Zaragoza, conclude an alliance by treaty.

title: 1073

date: June 4

text: June 4 – Sancho IV, king of Pamplona (or Navarre)

title: 1076

text: King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") reaches an agreement with his cousin Sancho Ramírez, who is elected as king of Navarre. Alfonso annexes the territories of Álava, part of Gipuzkoa and La Bureba, he is crowned and adopts the title of Imperator totius Hispaniae ("Emperor of all Spain").

title: 1077

date: June 6

text: June 6 – Agnes of Aquitaine, queen consort of Aragon and Navarre

title: 1097

text: Peter I, king of Aragon and Navarre

title: 1104

date: September 28

text: September 28 – Alfonso I becomes king of Aragon and Navarre (after the death of his half-brother Peter I).

title: 1104

text: García IV ("the Restorer"), king of Navarre (d. 1150)

title: 1112

date: June 17

text: June 17 – Reconquista: Battle of Cutanda: The combined forces of Aragon and Navarre under King Alfonso the Battler crush the Almoravid army near Calamocha. Alfonso recaptures the fortified towns of Calatayud and Daroca.

title: 1120

text: May 3 – Felicia of Roucy, queen of Aragon and Navarre

title: 1123

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre leads a Castellan raid in Andalusia (Southern Spain).

title: 1125

text: Summer – King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre launches a campaign raid into Granada in Andalusia (modern Spain) against the Almoravids. In the aftermath, the Almoravid deport Jews and Christians from Andalusia to Morocco.

title: 1126

date: April 21

text: April 21 – Sancho VI (the Wise), king of Navarre (d. 1194)

title: 1132

text: Urraca of Castile, queen of Navarre (d. 1179)

title: 1133

text: Battle of Fraga: Castillan forces are defeated by Muslim troops. King Alfonso I (the Battler) is killed and succeeded by his brother Ramiro II as ruler of Aragon. In Navarre the nobility elects Garcia VI as Alfonso's successor.

title: 1134

section: Events › By place › Mediterranean

date: November 21

text: November 21 – García IV ("the Restorer"), king of Navarre

title: 1150

date: June 27

text: June 27 – Sancho VI ("the Wise"), king of Navarre (b. 1132)

title: 1194

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Sancho VII ("the Strong"), king of Navarre

title: 1234

text: Henry I (the Fat), king of Navarre (House of Blois) (d. 1274)

title: 1244

text: Approximate date – Blanche of Artois, queen and regent of Navarre (d. 1302)

title: 1248

text: April 12 – Margaret of Bourbon, queen consort of Navarre (b. 1217)

title: 1256

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Isabella of France, queen consort of Navarre (b. 1241)

title: 1271

date: January 14

text: January 14 – Joan I of Navarre, queen of Navarre (d. 1305)

title: 1273

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Henry I (or Henry III), king of Navarre (House of Blois)

title: 1274

date: May 2

text: May 2 – Blanche of Artois, queen consort and regent of Navarre (b. 1248)

title: 1302

text: Marie of Luxemburg, queen of France and Navarre (d. 1324)

title: 1304

section: Culture & Society

date: August 19

text: August 19 – King Louis X of France, nicknamed "Louis the Quarrelsome", marries the 22-year-old Clementia of Hungary, daughter of Charles Martel of Anjou (titular king of Hungary) following the death in prison of his uncrowned first wife, Margaret of Burgundy. Louis and Clementia are on August 24 crowned at Reims. Louis is the 12th Capetian ruler of France following the death nine months earlier of his father, Philip IV. After his coronation, Louis passes the throne of the Kingdom of Navarre to his younger brother, who becomes Philip II of Navarre, nicknamed "Philip the Tall".

title: 1315

section: Health & Medicine

text: The Black Death in England spreads to the north and a ship from England carries it to Askøy and Bjørgvin (modern-day Bergen) in Norway. The disease also breaks out in Mecca and is prevalent in the Île-de-France and the Kingdom of Navarre.

title: 1349

section: Events › Ongoing

text: January 1 – Charles III ascends to the throne of Navarre, after the death of his father, Charles II.

title: 1387

text: September 8 – In Spain, King Carlos III of Navarre dies after a reign of 38 years. His daughter, Princess Bianca, becomes the Queen of Navarre and her husband, King John II of Aragon becomes her co-ruler.

title: 1425

text: September 14 – King Ferrante of Napoli marries Princess Juana, daughter of the Spanish King John II of Aragon and Navarre after being brought to Naples by King Ferrante's son Prince Alfonso, Duke of Calabria.

title: 1477

text: March 21 – The Treaty of Valencia is signed in Spain between the Kingdom of Navarre and the "Catholic Monarchy" of Aragon and Castile.

title: 1488

text: July 12 – The Treaty of Blois is signed in France between representatives of the Spanish Kingdom of Navarre and of the Kingdom of France guaranteeing French intervention to keep Navarre neutral and to prevent an attack by the "Holy League" alliance of Pope Julius II and Spain's King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Castile.

title: 1512

text: May 20 – At the Battle of Pampeluna in Spain, and alliance of forces from French and the Kingdom of Navarre forces defeat those of Spain.

title: 1521

text: December 31 – King Henry IV of France (who was originally King Henry III of the Kingdom of Navarre) declares Navarre to be permanently separate of France.

title: 1596


slug: kingdom-of-northumbria

label: Kingdom of Northumbria

text: Oswine, son of the late king Osric of Deira, manages to establish himself as king of Deira (Northern England) despite armed objections from King Oswiu of Bernicia. His succession, probably the choice of the people of Deira, splits the Kingdom of Northumbria.

title: 644

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: King Nechtan mac Der-Ilei invites the Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts.

title: 715

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Oswulf, king of Northumbria

title: 759

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Ælfwald I, king of Northumbria

title: 788

text: King Æthelred I returns to Northumbria, and is restored to the throne after living in exile for 11 years. His rival Osred II is deposed, forcibly tonsured, and exiled to the Isle of Man. Æthelred then faces a rebellion by another rival, named Eardwulf. The latter is captured, and hanged outside the gates to Ripon Abbey. The body is taken into the abbey, where Eardwulf recovers and escapes to exile.

title: 790

text: Princes Ælf and Ælfwine of Northumbria, the sons of former king Ælfwald I, are persuaded to leave their sanctuary in York Minster, and are immediately forcibly drowned in Wonwaldremere, at the instigation of King Æthelred I.

title: 791

date: September

text: September – King Æthelred I of Northumbria marries Princess Ælfflæd, daughter of King Offa of Mercia, at Catterick. Unrest in Northumbria tempts the exiled king Osred II back to his kingdom from the Isle of Man. His supporters desert him, and Osred II is killed by Æthelred's men at Aynburg. He is buried at Tynemouth Priory.

title: 792

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Viking raiders attack the Northumbrian coast, arriving in longships from either Denmark or Norway, and sacking the monastery of Lindisfarne. Many of the monks are killed or enslaved. It is the first Viking attack on a monastery in the British Isles, although it is not the first known Viking attack in the British Isles. The first attack came in 789, when Vikings raided the settlement of Portland in Dorset.

title: 793

text: Vikings sack the Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey in Northumbria (the second monastery target in England of the Vikings, after the raids on Lindisfarne in 793).

title: 794

date: April 18

text: April 18 – Æthelred I, king of Northumbria

title: 796

text: Ealhmund, prince of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: 800

text: Ælfwald II, king of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: AD 808

text: Eardwulf, king of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: 810

text: Winter – Battle of the River Dore: Egbert of Wessex leads his army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where he clashes with King Eanred of Northumbria.

title: 829

title: 830

text: The Flag of Scotland: According to legend, King Óengus II of Fortriu leads an army of Picts and Scots, against the invading Angles from Northumbria, near Athelstaneford.

title: 832

section: Events › By place › Britain and Ireland

text: Rædwulf, king of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: 844

text: King Kenneth I (also called Kenneth MacAlpin) of Alba (modern Scotland) invades Northern Northumbria during the period of 850–858, burning Dunbar and Melrose.

title: 850

text: Eanred, king of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: 850

text: Æthelred II, king of Northumbria

title: 862

text: King Osberht of Northumbria engages in a dispute for royal power, with a rival claimant named Ælla. After Osberht is replaced, Ælla wields power in Northumbria, but the civil war continues.

title: 863

text: Viking king Ragnar Lodbrok is captured by the Northumbrians in battle, and killed by being thrown into a pit filled with venomous snakes, on the orders of King Ælla of Northumbria.

title: 865

text: The Great Heathen Army of the Vikings rides north to Northumbria. The Northumbrians are preoccupied with a civil war, and the Danes enter York unopposed.

title: 866

text: Vikings or "Danes" (the two terms were often used interchangeably at the time), comprising the Great Heathen Army, advance northward from bases in the Kingdom of East Anglia, into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria.

title: 867

date: March 21

text: March 21 – Ælla, king of Northumbria

title: 867

text: Autumn – The Great Heathen Army returns to Northumbria, to put down a rebellion at York. King Ecgberht I and his archbishop, Wulfhere, are expelled by the Northumbrians and flee to Mercia.

title: 872

text: Ecgberht I, king of Northumbria

title: 873

text: Autumn – The Great Heathen Army splits into two bands; Halfdan returns with his forces to Northumbria, along with his brother Ubba, where he establishes a new base on the River Tyne.

title: 874

text: The Vikings in Northumbria and East Anglia swear allegiance and hand over hostages to King Alfred the Great, but promptly break their truce by attacking the southwest of England. A Viking force returns from Exeter and sails along the coast, in an attempt to plunder Chichester. They are defeated by the Saxon garrison, losing many ships and men.

title: 894

date: August 24

text: August 24 – Guthred, king of Northumbria

title: 895

text: Winter – Æthelwold's Revolt: Following the death of Alfred the Great, Æthelwold (youngest son of the late king Æthelred I) disputes the succession of Edward the Elder. He seizes the royal estates at Wimborne, the ancient symbolic burial place of West Saxon kings, and Christchurch. Edward set up his army camp at Badbury Rings. Æthelwold first declares that he will 'live or die' at Wimborne, but then flees to Northumbria.

title: 899

text: Edward the Elder despatches an Anglo-Saxon army to attack the Northumbrian Vikings, and ravages Scandinavian York.

title: 909

date: August 5

text: August 5 – Eowils and Halfdan, kings of Northumbria

title: 910

text: Eadwulf II, ruler (high-reeve) of Northumbria

title: 913

text: Battle of Corbridge: High-Reeve Ealdred I persuades King Constantine II of Scotland to help him reclaim his position in Bernicia. They mount an invasion of his now Norse controlled lands. The Vikings under Ragnall ua Ímair (or Rægnald) defeat the Scots and their allies at Corbridge (Northern Northumbria), but take heavy casualties themselves.

title: 918

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Ragnall ua Ímair, a Viking chief from Ireland, takes control of the Norse Kingdom of York (also referred to as Jórvik) and the English-ruled Earldom of Northumbria. He establishes himself as king at York.

title: 919

section: Events › By Place › Britain

text: High-Reeve Ealdred I, ruler of the former kingdom of Bernicia (Northumbria), and his brother Uhtred, submit to the overlordship of King Edward the Elder (approximate date).

title: 920

text: Ragnall ua Ímair, Viking king of Northumbria

title: 921

text: King Æthelstan of Wessex and Mercia annexes Northumbria, and forces Wales and Strathclyde to accept his sovereignty along with the Picts and the Scots (approximate date).

title: 926

date: October 27

text: October 27 – King Æthelstan dies at Gloucester after a 15-year reign. He is buried at Malmesbury Abbey and succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I ("the Magnificent"). After Æthelstan's death Olaf Guthfrithson (or his cousin, Anlaf Cuaran) a Viking leader who rules Dublin, is proclaimed king of York (south of Northumbria).

title: 939

section: Events › By place › England

text: Olaf Guthfrithson, a Norse-Irish chieftain, is killed while raiding an ancient Anglian church at Tyninghame (Northern Northumbria). He is succeeded by his cousin Olaf Sigtryggsson as ruler of Jórvik (modern Yorkshire).

title: 941

text: King Edmund I regains (with the help of Danish settlers) the territory he ceded to Olaf Guthfrithson. He conquers Northumbria and cedes Cumberland to Malcolm I, king of the 'Picts and Scots'.

title: 944

text: King Eadred ravages Northumbria and burns down St. Wilfrid's church at Ripon. On his way home, he sustains heavy losses at Castleford. Eadred manages to check his rivals, and the Northumbrians are forced to pay him compensation.

title: 948

text: King Eric I (Bloodaxe) is killed at Stainmore allowing King Eadred to recover York, reuniting Northumbria with that of All England. High-Reeve Osulf I of Bamburgh is appointed ealdorman ("earl") of Northumbria.

title: 954

section: Events › By place › British Isles

text: Mercia and Northumbria rebel against King Eadwig and switch their allegiance to his brother Edgar. The English nobles (in support of the church) agree to divide the kingdom along the Thames River, with Eadwig keeping Wessex and Kent in the south and Edgar ruling in the north. Edgar's advisers recall Dunstan from Flanders (see 956).

title: 957

text: October 1 – King Eadwig dies after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his 16-year-old brother Edgar I (the Peaceful), who effectively completes the unification of England, when Northumbria submits to his rule.

title: 959

text: Uhtred (the Bold), a son of Ealdorman Waltheof I of Northumbria, establishes an episcopal see at Durham and moves the monastic community of Chester-le-Street there.

title: 995

text: King Sweyn I (Forkbeard) lands with a Danish Viking fleet in East Anglia, ravaging the countryside. Northumbria surrenders to him (approximate date).

title: 1003

text: Ælfhelm of York, ealdorman (dux) of Northumbria

title: 1006

text: Summer – Danish Viking raiders led by Sweyn Forkbeard (accompanied by his son Cnut) sail from Denmark to attack England. Again London defends itself and the Vikings move elsewhere, plundering Wessex, Mercia and Northumbria. King Æthelred the Unready sends his sons Edward and Alfred to Normandy. Æthelred retreats to the Isle of Wight and follows them later into exile.

title: 1013

text: Summer – King Cnut the Great of Denmark launches an invasion of Mercia and Northumbria in England.

title: 1015

text: Cnut divides England into four earldoms: Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria.

title: 1017

text: Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: 1026

text: November 12 – King Cnut the Great dies at Shaftesbury, leaving the rule of England in dispute between his sons Harthacnut and Harold Harefoot. The earls of Northumbria and Mercia support Harold's claim, while Godwin (Earl of Wessex) supports Harthacnut. Harold is elected as regent (or joint ruler) of England. Cnut is buried in the Old Minster, in Winchester.

title: 1035

text: July 27 – Siward, earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland, to support King Malcolm III against Macbeth, who has usurped the Scottish throne from Malcolm's father, Duncan I. Macbeth is defeated at Dunsinane.

title: 1054

text: Edward the Confessor gives Tostig Godwinson (upon the death of Earl Siward) the important position as earl of Northumbria and the difficult mission of bringing the northern state under control.

title: 1055

text: Siward (or Sigurd), earl of Northumbria

title: 1055

text: May 31 – Waltheof, earl of Northumbria (executed)

title: 1076

text: May 14 – Walcher, bishop of Durham, is killed by rebel Northumbrians. King William the Conqueror sends a punitive expedition led by his half-brother Odo of Bayeux to pacify Northumbria.

title: 1080

text: Northumbria is divided by King William II into the counties of Northumberland, County Palatine of Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire.

title: 1089


label: Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)

description: former Kingdom from 872 to 1397

date: July 18

text: 18 July (traditional date) – Battle of Hafrsfjord: Norse chieftain Harald Fairhair wins a great naval victory at Hafrsfjord, outside Stavanger. He becomes (at age 18) the first king of Norway. Harald's conquests and taxation system lead many Viking chiefs and their followers to emigrate to the British Isles, and (later) to Iceland.

title: 872

text: Haakon I, king of Norway (approximate date)

title: 920

section: Deaths

text: King Harald Fairhair of Norway dies after a 59-year reign as the Scandinavian nation's first ruler. He divides the kingdom among his many sons (about 25 years ago) to bring peace. Unable to travel through the country - and perform his royal duties, Harald hands over power to his favorite son Eric Bloodaxe, who allegedly kills at least two of his brothers to gain the Norwegian throne that he will hold (approximate date).

title: 931

text: Haakon I ("the Good"), a son of the late King Harald Fairhair, once again reunites the kingdom after he has deposed his half-brother Eric Bloodaxe. Haakon is installed as king of Norway.

title: 934

text: Haakon the Good, king of Norway

title: 961

text: April 17 – Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark and Norway (d. 1014)

title: 963

text: Olaf Tryggvason flees Norway with his mother, only to be attacked by Estonian Vikings (approximate date).

title: 967

text: Winter – Vladimir I (the Great), grand prince of Kiev, returns from Norway with a Varangian mercenary army and re-captures Novgorod. On his way to Kiev, he marches against the forces of his brother Yaropolk I.

title: 978

text: Olaf Haraldsson, future king of Norway, makes raids in the Baltic Sea. He lands on the Estonian island of Saaremaa, wins a battle there, and forces the inhabitants to pay tribute.

title: 1008

text: Harald Hardrada, leader of the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire, returns to Norway, possibly because of his involvement in Maniakes' revolt.

title: 1042

date: October 25

text: October 25 – Harald Hardrada becomes sole king of Norway on the death of his nephew and co-regent Magnus I ("the Good"). The crown of Denmark passes to Sweyn II.

title: 1047

text: October 25 – Magnus the Good, king of Norway

title: 1047

text: The city of Oslo is founded by King Harald Hardrada of Norway (approximate date).

title: 1048

text: Magnus II (Haraldsson), king of Norway (approximate date)

title: 1048

text: Hedeby in Jutland is sacked by King Harald Hardrada of Norway, during the course of a conflict with Sweyn II of Denmark.

title: 1050

text: Olaf III ("the Peaceful"), king of Norway (approximate date)

title: 1050

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Emma of Normandy, queen consort of England (twice), Denmark and Norway (b. 984)

title: 1052

text: Kings Harald Hardrada of Norway and Sweyn II of Denmark agree to a peace agreement. Harald turns his attentions to England where he believes he has a right to the throne.

title: 1064

date: September 18

text: September 18 – Harald Hardrada of Norway lands on the beaches of Scarborough, North Yorkshire and begins his invasion of England.

title: 1066

section: Events › Europe › England and Scotland

text: Olaf III returns to Norway with the remaining troops from the Battle of Stamford Bridge. He is proclaimed king and co-ruler with his older brother Magnus II (Haraldsson).

title: 1067

text: Haakon Magnusson (Toresfostre), king of Norway (d. 1095)

title: 1068

date: April 28

text: April 28 – Magnus II (Haraldsson), king of Norway

title: 1069

text: Magnus Barefoot, king of Norway (d. 1103)

title: 1073

text: Sigurd the Crusader, king of Norway (d. 1130)

title: 1089

date: September 22

text: September 22 – King Olaf III of Norway ("the Peaceful") dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Magnus Barefoot who is proclaimed ruler of Norway at the Borgarting (or the Thing), an assembly of lawspeakers, in the region of Viken.

title: 1093

text: September 22 – Olaf III "the Peaceful", king of Norway

title: 1093

text: King Edgar of Scotland signs a treaty with Magnus III in which he agrees that the northern territories including the Hebrides belong to Norway. At Dunfermline Abbey, Edgar seeks support from Anselm of Canterbury.

title: 1098

text: Olav Magnusson, king of Norway (d. 1115)

title: 1099

text: August 24 – King Magnus III is killed in battle with the Ulaid in Ulster. Sigurd Jorsalfare, Øystein Magnusson and Olaf Magnusson succeed him as joint kings of Norway.

title: 1103

text: August 24 – Magnus III, king of Norway (b. 1073)

title: 1103

text: Magnus IV ("the Blind"), king of Norway (approximate date)

title: 1115

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Olav Magnusson, king of Norway (b. 1099)

title: 1115

text: Christina of Denmark, queen of Norway (approximate date)

title: 1118

date: August 29

text: August 29 – King Eystein I (Magnusson) dies during a feast at Hustad after a 20-year reign, leaving his brother Sigurd the Crusader to rule over Norway.

title: 1123

section: Events › By date › July–September

text: August 29 – Eystein I (Magnusson), king of Norway

title: 1123

text: Eystein II (Haraldsson), king of Norway (approximate date)

title: 1125

text: Sigurd II (or Sigurd Munn), king of Norway (d. 1155)

title: 1133

text: Magnus Haraldsson, king of Norway (approximate date)

title: 1135

text: Inge I ("the Hunchback"), king of Norway (d. 1161)

title: 1135

date: December 14

text: December 14 – Harald IV (Servant of Christ), king of Norway

title: 1136

title: 1145

text: Haakon II Sigurdsson, king of Norway (d. 1162)

title: 1147

text: The 15-year-old King Inge I ("the Hunchback") of Norway calls for a meeting at Bergen of all religious leaders in anticipation that the English cardinal Nicholas Breakspear will find an archbishopric at Trondheim.

title: 1150

text: The Archbishopric of Nidaros in the city of Nidaros (modern-day Trondheim) in Norway is established.

title: 1152

text: June 10 – Sigurd II, king of Norway (b. 1133)

title: 1155

text: Magnus V Erlingsson, king of Norway (d. 1184)

title: 1156

text: February 3 – Inge I ("the Hunchback"), king of Norway (b. 1135)

title: 1161

text: July 7 – Haakon II (Sigurdsson), king of Norway (b. 1147)

title: 1162

text: King Olaf II of Norway is canonized as Saint Olaf by Alexander III, making him a universally recognised saint of the Catholic Church.

title: 1164

text: June 15 – Battle of Fimreite: King Sverre of Norway defeats and kills his rival, Magnus V (Erlingsson) near Fimreite. Sverre takes the throne and becomes sole ruler of Norway (until 1202).

title: 1184

text: June 15 – Magnus V (Erlingsson), king of Norway (b. 1156)

title: 1184

text: Inge II (Bårdsson), king of Norway (d. 1217)

title: 1185

text: Guttorm of Norway (Sigurdsson), king of Norway (d. 1204)

title: 1199

text: March 9 – Sverre Sigurdsson (or Sverrir), king of Norway

title: 1202

text: Margaret Skulesdatter, queen consort of Norway (d. 1270)

title: 1208

text: April 23 – Inge Bårdsson, king of Norway (b. 1185)

title: 1217

text: June – The 13-year-old Haakon IV becomes king of Norway, following the death of Inge II (Bårdsson) – this largely ends the civil war era in Norway. During his minority, Earl Skule Bårdsson becomes Haakon's regent.

title: 1217

text: November 10 – Haakon the Young, king of Norway (d. 1257)

title: 1232

text: May 1 – Magnus VI ("the Law-mender"), king of Norway (d. 1280)

title: 1238

text: Ingeborg Eriksdotter, queen consort of Norway (d. 1287)

title: 1244

text: Summer – Second Swedish Crusade: A Swedish expedition led by Birger Jarl subjugates the province of Tavastia – securing Swedish power in Finland. As a part of the Treaty of Lödöse Birger marries off his 11-year-old daughter Rikissa to Haakon the Young, ruler and eldest son of King Haakon IV of Norway.

title: 1249

text: May 5 – Haakon the Young, junior king of Norway (b. 1232)

title: 1257

text: February 28 – Margaret of Scotland, queen consort of Norway (d. 1283)

title: 1261

text: The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into the Old Covenant (Gissurarsáttmáli), establishing a union with Norway, and acknowledges King Haakon IV of Norway ("the Old") as its ruler.

title: 1262

text: December – Magnus VI ("the Law-mender") succeeds his father Haakon IV as King of Norway. The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to pledge fealty to Magnus, bringing a more complete end to the Icelandic Commonwealth and the Age of the Sturlungs.

title: 1263

text: December 16 – Haakon IV of Norway ("the Old"), king of Norway (b. 1204)

title: 1263

text: Isabel Bruce, queen consort of Norway (d. 1358)

title: 1272

text: April 9 – Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway, the Maid of Scotland, queen consort of Norway (b. 1261)

title: 1283

text: King Rudolf I imposes a trade embargo on Norway, due to the latter pillaging a German ship. The embargo cuts off vital supplies of grain, flour, vegetables and beer, causing a general famine in Norway.

title: 1284

text: July 15 – Eric II (Magnusson), king of Norway (b. 1268)

title: 1299

text: August 31 – King Haakon V of Norway moves his capital from Bergen to Oslo – where he builds Akershus Fortress, from which Norway is ruled for the next 500 years.

title: 1314

text: May 8 – Haakon V Magnusson, king of Norway (b. 1270)

title: 1319

text: Blanka of Namur, queen of Norway and Sweden (d.1363)

title: 1320

text: June 21 – Queen Ingeborg of Norway marries the Danish nobleman Canute Porse the Elder, but is deposed from political power in Norway.

title: 1327


slug: kingdom-of-pamplona

label: Kingdom of Pamplona

description: former country in Europe

section: Births

text: Íñigo Arista, king of Pamplona (approximate date)

title: 790

text: García Íñiguez I, king of Pamplona (approximate date)

title: 805

text: Iñigo Arista revolts against the Frankish Empire, and establishes the Kingdom of Pamplona, with the support of the Caliphate of Córdoba.

title: 824

text: Íñigo Arista, king of Pamplona (or 852)

title: 851

text: King Íñigo Arista of Pamplona dies after a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his son García Íñiguez, as king of Pamplona (later Navarra).

title: 851

text: Íñigo Arista, king of Pamplona (or 851)

title: 852

text: Viking raiders invade the Kingdom of Pamplona (Western Pyrenees), and capture King García Íñiguez I, somewhere in the Andalusian heartland. They extort a ransom, rising to around 70,000 gold dinars.

title: 859

text: Muhammad I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, invades Pamplona (Pyrenees), and captures Crown Prince Fortún Garcés in Milagro, along with his daughter Onneca Fortúnez, and takes them as hostages to Córdoba.

title: 860

section: Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula

text: Sancho Garcés I, king of Pamplona (approximate date)

title: 860

text: Toda, queen of Pamplona (d. 958)

title: 876

title: 882

text: Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz: Umayyad forces under Abi-Abda besiege the repoblación of San Esteban de Gormaz (Northern Spain). King Ordoño II of León (supported by his brother Fruela II of Asturias) allies himself with Sancho I, king of Pamplona, and defeats the Moors. Abi-Abda is captured and executed by decapitation.

title: 917

section: Events › By place › Islamic Empire

text: García I, king of Pamplona (d. 970)

title: 919

date: October 15

text: October 15 – Toda, queen of Pamplona (b. 876)

title: 958

date: February 22

text: February 22 – García I, king of Pamplona

title: 970

text: King Sancho Ramírez of Pamplona and Aragon, conquers Graus (located in the Pyrenees).

title: 1083


label: Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)

text: April 18 – Bolesław I the Brave is crowned in Gniezno as the first King of Poland. He takes advantage of the interregnum in Germany (see 1024) and receives permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX; however, he dies 60 days later.

title: 1025

section: Events

date: June 17

text: June 17 – Mieszko II Lambert becomes the second King of Poland after the sudden death of his father, King Bolesław I the Brave

title: 1025

section: Conflict & Security

text: Duke Bretislav I of Bohemia invades Poland. He captures and destroys the cities of Gniezno and Poznań.

title: 1038

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Duke Casimir I the Restorer returns to Poland, and makes great efforts to rebuild the war-ruined country. He establishes his residence at Kraków (which becomes Poland's capital until 1596).

title: 1039

text: Bolesław II the Generous, king of Poland (approximate date)

title: 1042

text: Wyszesława of Kiev, duchess of Poland

title: 1047

section: Religion & Belief

text: Bolesław II the Generous, eldest son of Casimir I the Restorer, succeeds his father after his death in Poznań and becomes duke of Poland.

title: 1058

text: March 21 – Richeza of Lotharingia, queen of Poland

title: 1063

date: December 26

text: December 26 – Bolesław II the Bold (or "the Generous") is crowned as King of Poland by Archbishop Bogumił in Gniezno Cathedral. Bolesław supports Gregory VII in his conflict against Henry IV.

title: 1076

date: April 11

text: April 11 – Stanislaus of Szczepanów, bishop of Kraków, is executed on orders by King Bolesław II the Generous. The way in which his sentence is carried out causes a revolt among the Polish nobles. Bolesław is forced to flee, to take refuge at the court of King Ladislaus I of Hungary. He is succeeded by his brother Władysław I, as ruler of Poland.

title: 1079

date: April 2

text: April 2/3 – Bolesław II the Bold (or "the Generous"), king of Poland (or 1082)

title: 1081

text: April 2/3 (or 1081) – Bolesław II the Bold, king of Poland

title: 1082

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Bolesław III Wrymouth, duke of Poland (d. 1138)

title: 1086

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Maria Dobroniega, duchess of Poland

title: 1087

text: Bolesław III, duke of Poland, begins a civil war against his half-brother Zbigniew, for control over Lesser Poland and Silesia.

title: 1106

text: Agnes of Babenberg, High Duchess of Poland (d. 1163)

title: 1111

date: October 20

text: October 20 – Bolesław III Wrymouth dies after a 31-year reign. He divides Poland among his sons: Władysław II the Exile receives Silesia and the Senioral territories – which include the Kraków and Łęczyca regions, as well as parts of Kujawy and Greater Poland (Wielkopolska). Bolesław IV the Curly receives Masovia and Mieszko III the Old receives the newly established Duchy of Greater Poland. The 7-year-old Henry becomes duke of Sandomierz. Bolesław's last son, Casimir II the Just], receives nothing, as he is born 8 days after his father's death.

title: 1138

text: Duke Władysław II the Exile attempts to subject his younger (half)-brothers to re-unite Poland. He is supported by the alliances with the Kievan Rus' and the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1142

date: July 27

text: July 27 – Salomea of Berg, High Duchess of Poland (b. 1099)

title: 1144

text: Władysław II ("the Exiled"), High Duke of Poland, suffers a defeat against the coalition forces under his brother Bolesław IV ("the Curly"). Władysław and his family escape across the border to Bohemia and later seek refuge in Germany. Bolesław captures Silesia and the Senioral territories, and becomes the new ruler of Greater Poland.

title: 1146

text: Henry the Bearded, High Duke of Poland (d. 1238)

title: 1165

date: January 5

text: January 5 – Bolesław IV the Curly, duke of Poland

title: 1173

text: January 5 – Bolesław IV the Curly, High Duke of Poland, dies after a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his half-brother Mieszko III the Old, and as duke of Sandomierz in Lesser Poland by Casimir II the Just.

title: 1173

text: Henry II the Pious, High Duke of Poland (d. 1241)

title: 1196

date: May 16

text: May 16 – Mieszko IV Tanglefoot, duke of Poland (b. 1130)

title: 1211

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (Žalgiris), also known as Battle of Tannenberg: Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken.

title: 1410

section: Events › July–September


label: Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)

description: Jagiellon kingdom of Poland, 1386-1569

date: March 13

text: March 13 – The Samogitians, supported by Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, rebel against the Teutonic knights and burn two castles. Vytautas is granted increased autonomy by King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania union.

title: 1401

section: Events › January–March

text: Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland in order to protect itself from an invasion by Hungary.

title: 1402

section: Events › Date unknown

date: October 2

text: October 2 – The Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło.

title: 1413

section: Events › October–December

date: December 15

text: December 15 – The Truce of Leczyca is signed between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order and temporarily ends the Polish–Teutonic War. The Teutons agree to stop their support of the former Lithuanian Grand Duke Švitrigaila

title: 1433

text: The Statutes of Nieszawa are enacted in Poland.

title: 1454

date: September 18

text: September 18 – Thirteen Years' War – Battle of Chojnice: The Polish army is defeated by a smaller but more professional Teutonic army.

title: 1454

date: September 17

text: September 17 – Thirteen Years' War – Battle of Świecino (Battle of Żarnowiec): The Kingdom of Poland defeats the Teutonic Order.

title: 1462

date: July 14

text: July 14 – The Muscovites defeat the Lithuanians and the Poles in the Battle of Vedrosha.

title: 1500

section: Culture & Society

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Grand Duke Aleksandras Jogailaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania becomes the King of Poland as Aleksander I Jagiellończyk.

title: 1501

date: August 22

text: August 22 – Battle of Obertyn: The Moldavians are defeated by Polish forces under Jan Tarnowski, allowing the Poles to recapture Pokucie.

title: 1531

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: October 17

text: October 17 – Postal history of Poland: King Sigismund II Augustus appoints an Italian merchant living in Kraków to organise a consolidated postal service in Poland, the origin of Poczta Polska.

title: 1558


slug: kingdom-of-poland

label: Kingdom of Poland

description: historical state and former kingdom of Central Europe (1000-1795)

text: probable – Aldona of Lithuania (or "Anna"), queen consort of Poland (d. 1339)

title: 1309

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Casimir III the Great, king of Poland (d. 1368)

title: 1310

date: September 27

text: September 27 – Battle of Płowce: The German Teutonic Knights and the Poles battle to a draw.

title: 1331

section: Events › September–December

date: September 9

text: September 9 – Władysław the White (Władysław Biały), formerly the Duke of Gniewkowo begins a rebellion against the Kingdom of Poland in an attempt to become the kingdom's monarch rather than the King of Hungary. He begins an attempt to reestablish his duchy, capturing Gniewkowo, Włocławek, Inowrocław and Złotoria, but ultimately fails after he flees to Zlotoria in 1376 and is besieged there, surrendering in 1377.

title: 1373

date: February 13

text: February 13 – Pope Gregory XI issues the bull Debitum pastoralis offici, establishing a second ecclesiastical province in the Kingdom of Poland, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Halych.

title: 1375

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: August 29

text: August 29 – The Duchy of Pomerania-Stargard is submitted by Bogislaw VIII, the Duke of Pomerania, to become a fiefdom within the Kingdom of Poland, led by King Wladyslaw II. In return, Bogislaw receives Lauenburg and Bütow Land as well as Człuchów, Biały Bór, Debrzno, Świdwin and Czarne.

title: 1410

date: July

text: July – The Hunger War takes place between the allied Kingdom of Poland, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, against the Teutonic Knights, who are severely weakened after the Battle of Grunwald four years prior. The war earned its name from destructive scorched earth tactics followed by both sides.

title: 1414

date: December 31

text: December 31 – The Peace of Brześć Kujawski is signed by representatives of the State of the Teutonic Order to make peace with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to end the Polish–Teutonic War, with the Teutonic Order agreeing to end its support of the former Grand Duke Svitrigaila and to not interfere further with Polish and Lithuanian affairs.

title: 1435

section: Economy & Finance

date: January 21

text: January 21 – Jan IV, Duke of Oświęcim, sells the duchy to the Kingdom of Poland.

title: 1457

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Pope Pius II re-imposes a 1454 ban against trade with the Prussian Confederation, and extends it to include a ban against trading with the Kingdom of Poland, after the Prussian states and Poland refuse to join in the proposed crusade against the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1460

section: Events › April–June

date: February 21

text: February 21 – The Treaty of Ófalu is signed between the Kingdom of Poland and the Kingdom of Hungary.

title: 1474

date: July 29

text: July 29 – Jan V Zatorski, ruler of the Duchy of Zator, sells the Duchy to King Jan I Olbracht of Poland for 80,000 florins, on condition that he retains his title and the right to continue to live in his castle for the rest of his life.

title: 1494

date: April 5

text: April 5 – 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election: Polish and Lithuanian nobles gather at Warsaw to elect a successor to King Sigismund II Augustus, who had died the previous July 7. The vote comes down to four candidates, from France, the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden and Russia.

title: 1573


slug: kingdom-of-pontus

label: Kingdom of Pontus

description: Hellenistic-era kingdom centred in northern Anatolia (281 BC-62 AD)

year_label: 266 BCE

text: Ariobarzanes becomes the second king of Pontus, succeeding his father Mithridates I Ctistes.

title: 266 BC

section: Events › By place › Asia Minor

year_label: 220 BCE

text: Meanwhile, the birth of a son to Antiochus III and Laodice (daughter of Mithridates II, king of Pontus) leads Hermeias to consider getting rid of the king so that he can rule under the name of the infant son. Antiochus discovers the scheme and arranges the assassination of Hermeias.

title: 220 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

year_label: 181 BCE

text: Pharnaces I of Pontus decides to attack both Eumenes II of Pergamum and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and therefore invades Galatia with a large force. Eumenes leads an army to oppose him, however, hostilities are soon suspended following the arrival of Roman deputies, who have been appointed by the Roman Senate to inquire into the matters in dispute. Negotiations take place at Pergamum but are inconclusive, with Pharnaces' demands being rejected by the Romans as unreasonable. As a consequence, the war between Pontus and Pergamum and Cappadocia is renewed.

title: 181 BC

year_label: 150 BCE

text: Mithridates V Euergetes succeeds his uncle Mithridates IV Philopator Philadelphus as king of Pontus. He continues the strategy of maintaining an alliance with the Romans which was started by his predecessor.

title: 150 BC

section: Deaths

text: Mithridates IV Philopator Philadelphus, king of Pontus

title: 150 BC

year_label: 135 BCE

section: Births

text: Mithridates VI, king of Pontus (d. 63 BC)

title: 135 BC

year_label: 106 BCE

text: Nicomedes III of Bithynia and Mithridates VI of Pontus share their dominion over Paphlagonia.

title: 106 BC

section: Events › By place › Anatolia

year_label: 89 BCE

text: Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Bithynia and Cappadocia, thus beginning the First Mithridatic War.

title: 89 BC

year_label: 88 BCE

date: May

text: May – King Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Greece. Defeating the Roman forces four times in succession, he conquers Bithynia, Phrygia, Mysia, Lycia, Pamphylia, Ionia and Cappadocia. The Roman province of Asia is dismantled. On the king's orders, the local authorities in every city of the province round up and put to death all resident Italians in a single day (App.Mith.§§85–91). Plutarch (Sulla 24.4) says that 150,000 are killed, other sources calculate a figure of 80,000 people.

title: 88 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 86 BCE

text: The Roman forces of Lucius Cornelius Sulla defeat the Pontic forces of Archelaus in the Battle of Chaeronea.

title: 86 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Siege of Athens (87–86 BC) ends when Sulla captures Athens from the Pontic army, removing the tyrant Aristion.

title: 86 BC

year_label: 83 BCE

text: Lucius Licinius Murena, the Roman governor of Asia, clashes with the Pontic forces of Mithridates VI, starting the Second Mithridatic War.

title: 83 BC

year_label: 82 BCE

text: Lucius Licinius Murena launches a raid against Pontus in the Battle of Halys, starting the Second Mithridatic War.

title: 82 BC

year_label: 75 BCE

text: Nicomedes IV of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to Rome on his death (75/4 BC). Angered by the arrangement, Mithridates VI of Pontus declares war on Rome and invades Bithynia, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, thus starting the Third Mithridatic War.

title: 75 BC

year_label: 72 BCE

text: Battle of Cabira: Lucius Lucullus defeats King Mithridates VI and overruns Pontus. Mithridates flees to Armenia, ruled by his son-in-law Tigranes, who refuses to turn his father-in-law in to Lucius Lucullus.

title: 72 BC

year_label: 67 BCE

text: Mithridates VI invades Pontus and defeats a Roman army at the Battle of Zela.

title: 67 BC

section: Events › By place › Pontus

year_label: 63 BCE

text: Pharnaces II becomes King of Pontus.

title: 63 BC

text: Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (b. 135 BC)

title: 63 BC

year_label: 74 CE

text: Polemon II, prince of the Bosporan Kingdom, Pontus, Cilicia and Cappadocia

title: AD 74


slug: kingdom-of-portugal

label: Kingdom of Portugal

description: kingdom in Southwestern Europe (1139–1910)

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Afonso I, king of Portugal (d. 1185)

title: 1109

section: Conflict & Security

text: Almoravid forces under Syr ibn Abi Bakr capture Santarém and Sintra in Portugal. The efforts of the Berbers to reconquer lost ground also lead to the sack of Coimbra. The same year the city revolts against their lord.

title: 1111

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Afonso I (the Conqueror), King of Portugal (d. 1185)

title: 1111

text: Matilda of Savoy, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1157)

title: 1125

text: King Afonso I ("the Great") of Portugal takes Abrantes from the Almoravids. Ramon Berenguer IV conquers the lower Ebro plain (between 1148–1149).

title: 1148

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Sancho I, king of Portugal (d. 1211)

title: 1154

text: Dulce of Aragon, queen of Portugal (d. 1198)

title: 1160

text: An Almoravid offensive against the Kingdom of Portugal reaches the city of Almada, located on the Tagus river.

title: 1161

text: Under the admirals of the clan Banu Mardanish, an Almohad fleet suffers a large defeat at the hand of the Portuguese, as they are trying to re-conquer Lisbon.

title: 1175

section: Religion & Belief

text: Summer – Afonso I (the Conqueror) is recognized as King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III – bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Leonese monarchy.

title: 1179

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Afonso II ("the Fat"), king of Portugal (d. 1223)

title: 1185

date: December 6

text: December 6 – King Afonso I of Portugal ("the Great") dies after a 36-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Sancho I ("the Populator") as ruler of Portugal.

title: 1185

text: Reconquista: King Sancho I of Portugal ("the Populator") turns his attention towards the Moorish small kingdoms (called taifas) and begins a campaign in the south of his kingdom. With the help of crusader forces he conquers the town of Silves. He orders the fortification of the city, builds a castle and styles himself "King of Silves".

title: 1189

section: Events › By place › Continental Europe

text: Siege of Silves – Almohad forces under Caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur reconquer Silves in Portugal. In the same campaign, the Almohads take also Alcácer do Sal, while Palmela and Almada are sacked.

title: 1191

text: Matilda II of Boulogne, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1259)

title: 1202

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Sancho II ("the Pious"), king of Portugal (d. 1248)

title: 1209

date: May 5

text: May 5 – Afonso III (the Boulonnais), king of Portugal (d. 1279)

title: 1210

date: March 26

text: March 26 – Sancho I ("the Populator"), king of Portugal (b. 1154)

title: 1211

text: March 26 – King Sancho I of Portugal ("the Populator") dies after a 25-year reign at Coimbra. He is succeeded by his son Afonso II ("the Fat") as ruler of Portugal. During his reign, he designs the first set of Portuguese written laws.

title: 1211

text: Mécia Lopes de Haro, queen of Portugal (d. 1270)

title: 1215

date: November 3

text: November 3 – Urraca of Castile, queen of Portugal (b. 1186)

title: 1220

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Afonso II (the Fat), king of Portugal (b. 1185)

title: 1223

text: Beatrice of Castile, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1303)

title: 1242

text: Reconquista: King Afonso III of Portugal ("the Boulonnais") recaptures Faro and Silves in the Algarve from the Almohads, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal. The Almohads also lose possession of Alicante in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).

title: 1249

text: King Afonso III of Portugal ("the Boulonnais") holds the first session of the Cortes (Portugal's general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class and representatives from all municipalities), in Leiria.

title: 1254

text: King Afonso III of Portugal ("the Boulonnais") moves his residence and royal court from Lisbon to Coimbra, which becomes the capital of Portugal.

title: 1255

date: October 9

text: October 9 – Denis I ("the Poet King"), king of Portugal (d. 1325)

title: 1261

date: February 16

text: February 16 – Kings Afonso III of Portugal and Alfonso X of Castile sign the Badajoz Convention, determining the border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of León and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty over Algarve.

title: 1267

text: Elizabeth of Aragon, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1336)

title: 1271

text: Reconquista – King Afonso III eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro, completing the reconquest of the west of the Iberian Peninsula.

title: 1272

text: March 1 – The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon by Denis I ("the Poet King"). He decrees that Portuguese is the official language of Portugal, replacing classical Latin in that capacity.

title: 1290

section: Events › By topic › Education

date: February 8

text: February 8 – Afonso IV ("the Brave"), king of Portugal (d. 1357)

title: 1291

text: England and Portugal enter into the first iteration of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, the oldest alliance in the world still in force.

title: 1294

section: Events › Europe

text: Treaty of Alcañices: Kings Denis of Portugal ("the Poet King") and 11-year-old Ferdinand IV of Castile ("the Summoned") (under the guidance of his mother, Queen-Regent Maria de Molina) sign a treaty between Portugal and Castile, which establishes an alliance of friendship and mutual defense, leading to a peace of 40 years between the two kingdoms.

title: 1297

date: October 27

text: October 27 – Beatrice of Castile, queen consort of Portugal (b. 1242)

title: 1303

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Peter I the Cruel, king of Portugal (d. 1367)

title: 1320

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Peter I becomes King of Portugal, after the death of his father, Alfonso IV.

title: 1357

section: Events › January–December

date: January 18

text: January 18 – Fernando the Handsome becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, King Pedro the Avenger.

title: 1367

section: Events › January–March

date: May 29

text: May 29 – The army of the Crown of Castile army begins the siege of Lisbon, capital of the Kingdom of Portugal.

title: 1384

text: October 15 – Battle of Valverde: The armies of Portugal defeat Castile.

title: 1385

text: Carmo Convent is built in Lisbon, Portugal.

title: 1389

text: João Gonçalves Zarco leads one of the first Portuguese expeditions to the Madeira Islands.

title: 1418

text: August 22 – Use of the Spanish era dating system (which begins counting from 38 BC rather than from 1 AD, and thus refers to the year 1422 as "1460") ends as the Kingdom of Portugal, last on the Iberian peninsula to continue the style of dating, goes to Anno Domini dates.

title: 1422

text: October 30 – The Treaty of Medina del Campo is signed, consolidating peace between Portugal and Castille.

title: 1431

text: The first enslaved black Africans are brought to Europe at Lagos in the Kingdom of Portugal.

title: 1441

text: The Portuguese set up their first trading post (Feitoria) in Africa, on the island of Arguin.

title: 1445

text: Portuguese navigator Diogo de Teive discovers the islands of Corvo and Flores, in the Azores.

title: 1452

text: An extensive slave trade begins in modern Cameroon as the Portuguese sail up the Wouri River and Fernão do Po claims the central-African islands Bioko and Annobón for Portugal.

title: 1472

text: May 13 – Christopher Columbus, an experienced mariner and successful trader in the thriving Genoese expatriate community in Portugal, marries Felipa Perestrelo Moniz (Italian on her father's side), and receives as dowry her late father's maps and papers, charting the seas and winds around the Madeira Islands, and other Portuguese possessions in the Ocean Sea.

title: 1479

text: January 19 – A Portuguese fleet, commanded by Diogo de Azambuja, arrives at the mouth of the River Benya on the Gold Coast, where the fort of São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle) is erected.

title: 1482

text: April 22 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral and his crew on 13 vessels arrive in Brazil, anchoring at Monte Pascoal and naming the country Vera Cruz. Cabral claims the land for the Kingdom of Portugal.

title: 1500

text: March 25 – Portuguese navigator João da Nova discovers Ascension Island. It is definitely sighted and named on May 20, 1503 (Feast of the Ascension) by Afonso de Albuquerque.

title: 1501

text: January 1 – Portuguese explorers, led by Gonçalo Coelho, sail into Guanabara Bay, Brazil, mistaking it for the mouth of a river, which they name Rio de Janeiro.

title: 1502

text: May 3 – Portuguese navigator João da Nova discovers the uninhabited island of Saint Helena.

title: 1502

text: May 20 (Feast of the Ascension) – Ascension Island is first definitively sighted, by Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque.

title: 1503

text: October 1 – Fort Emmanuel is christened at Cochin after Afonso de Albuquerque obtained permission to be able to build it. It is the first European fort in India, in addition to being the first Portuguese fort.

title: 1503

text: August 15 – The Portuguese State of India is founded in what is now the state of Kerala, after the Kingdom of Portugal takes over territory of the Bijapur sultanate at Calicut.

title: 1505

text: The Portuguese mariner Tristão da Cunha sights the islands of Tristan da Cunha, naming them after himself.

title: 1506

text: The Portuguese occupy Mozambique, and the islands of Socotra and Lamu.

title: 1507

text: October 10 – The Kingdom of Portugal conquers the island of Ormuz in the Persian Gulf.

title: 1507

text: January 21 – The Portuguese first arrive at the Seven Islands of Bombay and land at Mahim after capturing a barge of the Gujarat Sultanate in the Mahim Creek.

title: 1509

text: September 11 – Portuguese fidalgo Diogo Lopes de Sequeira becomes the first European to reach Malacca, having crossed the Gulf of Bengal.

title: 1509

text: February 27– Portuguese conquest of Goa: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal begins a nine month battle to conquer Goa off the coast of India.

title: 1510

text: August 15 – Portuguese merchant Fernão Pires de Andrade meets Ming Dynasty Chinese officials through an interpreter, at the Pearl River estuary and lands, at what is now in the jurisdiction of Hong Kong. Although the first European trade expeditions to China took place in 1513 and 1516 by Jorge Álvares and Rafael Perestrello, respectively, Andrade's mission is the first official diplomatic mission of a European power to China, commissioned by a ruler of Europe (Manuel I of Portugal).

title: 1517

text: November 28 – After navigating through the strait at the southern end of South America, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reach the Pacific Ocean. Magellan thankful to find a peaceful sea after the dangerous trip through the strait, names the body of water "El Mar Pacifico" because of its pacifying waters. becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific (the strait is later named the Strait of Magellan).

title: 1520

text: May 31 – Following the Battle of Sincouwaan at sea between the ships of the Chinese Empire and the Kingdom of Portugal, the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from Guangzhou to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied Malacca Sultanate, demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.

title: 1523

text: May 23 – The Inquisition is implemented in Portugal.

title: 1536

text: June 12 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed between representatives of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Portugal as a 10-year truce and alliance.

title: 1641

text: May 26 – Battle of Montijo: The Kingdom of Portugal is victorious over Habsburg Spain, in the first major action between the two nations during the Portuguese Restoration War.

title: 1644

text: October 31 – A treaty is signed between the Arabs and the Portuguese. The terms include a provision that the Portuguese should build fortresses at Kuriyat, Dibba Al-Hisn (Sharjah) and Muttrah (Oman).

title: 1648

text: June 17 – Battle of Montes Claros between Spanish and a combined Anglo-Portuguese force ends with a decisive Portuguese victory.

title: 1665

text: April 25 (April 14 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Almansa: The Bourbon army of Spain and France (with Irish mercenaries) under the French-born Englishman James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, soundly defeats the allied forces of Portugal, England, and the Dutch Republic led by the French-born Huguenot (in English service) Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway. Following this, Philip V of Spain promulgates the first Nueva Planta decrees, bringing the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon under the laws of the Crown of Castile.

title: 1707

text: March 31 – An 8.5 magnitude earthquake strikes Lisbon in the Kingdom of Portugal, with effects felt as far north as Scotland, but few deaths are reported because of censorship by the Portuguese government.

title: 1761

text: February 21 – The United States opens diplomatic relations with Portugal.

title: 1791

text: February 1 – French Revolutionary Wars: The French First Republic declares war on Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and (on March 7) Spain. During the year, the War of the First Coalition is joined by Portugal, the Holy Roman Empire, Naples and Tuscany in opposition to France.

title: 1793

text: July 10 - Peninsular War: Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo: French forces (28,000 men) under Marshal André Masséna take the fortified city of Ciudad Rodrigo on route into Portugal.

title: 1810

text: April 22 – Spain, France, Portugal and the United Kingdom sign the Quadruple Alliance.

title: 1834


slug: kingdom-of-powys

label: Kingdom of Powys

description: medieval kingdom in mid-Wales

section: Culture & Society

text: Taliesin, British poet, becomes court bard to King Brochwel of Powys (approximate date).

title: 555

section: Events › By topic › Arts and sciences

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Selyf ap Cynan succeeds his father Cynan Garwyn as king of Powys (Wales).

title: 610

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Bangor Massacre: The Anglo-Saxons, under King Æthelfrith of Northumbria, after defeating the Kingdom of Powys, finally reach the Irish Sea and massacre 1,200 Christian monks at their monastery, in Bangor (Wales).

title: 615

text: King Æthelbald of Mercia joins forces with Wessex and attacks Gwent and Powys in Mid Wales (approximate date).

title: 743

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Wat's Dyke, a 40 mile (64 km) earthwork in present-day Wales, is constructed. The border between Mercia and Powys is set here. The date that Wat's Dyke was constructed is very uncertain, with some estimates linking the construction of the dyke to the 5th century and others to the early 9th century (approximate date).

title: 744

text: Elisedd ap Gwylog, king of Powys (Wales)

title: 755

text: Battle of Hereford: The Welsh kingdoms of Brycheiniog, Gwent and Powys defeat the Mercians under King Offa at Hereford. They free themselves from the influence of the Anglo-Saxons.

title: 760

text: Brochfael ap Elisedd, king of Powys (Wales)

title: 773

text: Cyngen ap Cadell, king of Powys (Wales)

title: 790

text: Cadell ap Brochfael, king of Powys (modern Wales), dies after a 35-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Cyngen ap Cadell.

title: AD 808

text: Cadell ap Brochfael, king of Powys (Wales)

title: AD 808

text: The Pillar of Eliseg is erected by King Cyngen ap Cadell of Powys (Wales), as a memorial to his great-grandfather Elisedd ap Gwylog (or Eliseg) (approximate date).

title: 850

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: King Cyngen of Powys makes the first pilgrimage to Rome of a Welsh ruler.

title: 854

text: Cyngen ap Cadell, king of Powys (Wales)

title: 855

text: The Vikings invade Wales once more, and King Rhodri ap Merfyn ("the Great") of Gwynedd, Powys and Seisyllwg is forced to flee to Ireland (approximate date).

title: 877

text: King Rhodri the Great of Gwynedd, Powys and Seisyllwg, returns to his kingdoms, but is killed fighting the Mercians of King Ceolwulf II. His kingdoms are divided amongst his three sons: Anarawd, Merfyn and Cadell.

title: 878

text: Anarawd, and his brothers Cadell and Merfyn, begin extensive military campaigns to quell resistance in Powys and Seisyllwg (approximate date).

title: 881

text: Merfyn ap Rhodri, king of Powys (approximate date)

title: 900

text: Idwal Foel, king of Gwynedd, openly rebels against the overlordship of Edmund I. He and Llywelyn ap Merfyn, king of Pows, are killed fighting the English forces.

title: 942

section: Events › By place › England

text: Rhiryd ap Bleddyn, king of Powys (d. 1088)

title: 1049

text: Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Welsh prince of Powys (d. 1111)

title: 1051

text: Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, Welsh prince of Powys (d. 1111)

title: 1053

text: In the vicinity of Welshpool, Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys, is killed through arson by his uncle Madog ap Rhiryd, allowing Cadwgan ap Bleddyn (Iorwerth's brother) to return to rule all of Powys, but soon afterwards Madog kills Cadwgan also, allowing Owain ap Cadwgan (son of Cadwgan) to become ruler of much of the kingdom.

title: 1111

section: Events › By place › British Isles

text: Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Welsh Prince of Powys, murdered (b. 1051)

title: 1111

date: February 9

text: February 9 – Maredudd ap Bleddyn, king of Powys (b. 1047)

title: 1132


slug: kingdom-of-prussia

label: Kingdom of Prussia

description: former European state (1701–1918), part of the German Empire after 1871

text: January 18 – The electorate of Brandenburg–Prussia becomes the Kingdom of Prussia, as Elector Frederick III is proclaimed King Frederick I. Prussia remains part of the Holy Roman Empire. It consists of Brandenburg, Pomerania and East Prussia. Berlin is the capital.

title: 1701

section: Events › January–June

date: September 11

text: September 11 (August 31 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malplaquet – Troops of the Dutch Republic, Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.

title: 1709

section: Events › July–December

date: January 1

text: January 1 – In Prussia, Cölln is merged with Alt-Berlin by Frederick I to form Berlin.

title: 1710

section: Health & Medicine

text: Europe's first systematic population census is taken in the Kingdom of Prussia's Margraviate of Brandenburg.

title: 1719

section: Events › Undated

date: January 21

text: January 21 – Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War): Sweden and Prussia sign a treaty by which part of Swedish Pomerania, including the town of Stettin, is ceded to Prussia.

title: 1720

date: May 1

text: May 1 – The canton system is first introduced in Prussia.

title: 1733

section: Events › April–June

date: April 10

text: April 10 – War of the Austrian Succession: An Austrian army is defeated by Prussian troops of Frederick the Great in the Battle of Mollwitz.

title: 1741

date: February 15

text: February 15— First Silesian War, part of War of the Austrian Succession: Troops of the Kingdom of Prussia, Saxony and France, under the command of Prince Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau, capture the Moravian town of Iglau (now Jihlava). At this point, the Saxons and French declare that their obligations to Prussia have ceased.

title: 1742

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Peace of Breslau: Austria cedes Silesia to Prussia.

title: 1742

section: Events › April –June

text: May 5 (April 24 O.S.) – The Treaty of Saint Petersburg ends the war between Russia and Prussia, and returns all of Russia's territorial conquests to the Prussians.

title: 1762

text: February 15 – The Treaty of Hubertusburg puts an end to the Seven Years' War between Prussia and Austria, and their allies France and Russia.

title: 1763

date: March 31

text: March 31 – A mutual defense treaty between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia is signed in Saint Petersburg between representatives of Russia's Empress Catherine the Great and Prussia's King Frederick the Great. By agreement, each nation agrees (for an eight-year period) to commit 10,000 soldiers and 2,000 horses to the defense of the other in case of an attack, and secretly agree to maintain security within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

title: 1764

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Prussia declares war against France.

title: 1792

date: January 23

text: January 23 – Second Partition of Poland: The Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia partition the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

title: 1793

date: July 13

text: July 13–September 6 – Kościuszko Uprising: Siege of Warsaw – The Polish people resist a siege by armies of the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia.

title: 1794

section: Events › July–September

date: March 12

text: March 12 – General Antoni Madaliński, a commander of the National Cavalry in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, disobeys an order from the ruling Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia imposing demobilization, advancing his troops from Ostrołęka to Kraków.

title: 1794

date: March 24

text: March 24 – Tadeusz Kościuszko makes his proclamation starting the Kościuszko Uprising against the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussian Partition.

title: 1794

date: January 26

text: January 26 – The Treaty of the Third Partition of Poland is signed in St. Petersburg by the Russian Empire, Austria and the Kingdom of Prussia.

title: 1797

date: October 8

text: October 8 – Napoleon responds to the September 25 ultimatum from Prussia, and begins the War of the Fourth Coalition; Prussia is joined by Saxony and other minor German states.

title: 1806

section: Events › October–December

date: September 25

text: September 25 – Prussia issues an ultimatum to Paris, threatening war if France does not halt marching its troops through Prussian territory to reach Austria; the message does not reach Napoleon Bonaparte until October 7, and he responds by attacking Prussia.

title: 1806

date: February 7

text: February 7 – Napoleon leads the forces of the French Empire in an invasion of the Russian Empire, and begins fighting at the Battle of Eylau against Russian and Prussian forces.

title: 1807

text: February 9 – Prussia abolishes the canton system.

title: 1813

date: January 11

text: January 11 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Hoogstraten: Prussian forces under Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow defeat the French.

title: 1814

section: Events › January

date: February 10

text: February 10 – The first worldwide carnival parade takes place in Cologne, Prussia.

title: 1823

date: July 15

text: July 15 – The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London with the Sublime Porte, ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1840

section: Deaths

date: June 7

text: June 7 – On the death of Frederick William III of Prussia, he is succeeded on the throne of the Kingdom of Prussia (which he has ruled for more than 40 years) by his eldest son Frederick William IV.

title: 1840

date: December 20

text: December 20 – The first multilateral treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade, signed in London by the representatives of Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and Russia.

title: 1841

date: August

text: August – Pre-human remains are found in the Neanderthal Valley in Prussia.

title: 1856

text: April 8 – The kingdoms of Italy and Prussia form an alliance against the Austrian Empire.

title: 1866

section: Events › April

date: September 20

text: September 20 – The Kingdom of Prussia formally annexes the Kingdom of Hanover and King George V of Hanover goes into exile.

title: 1866

section: Events › September


slug: kingdom-of-sardinia

label: Kingdom of Sardinia

description: state in Southern Europe from 1324 to 1861

date: March 14

text: March 14 – Enzo of Sardinia, king of Sardinia (b. 1218)

title: 1272

date: January

text: January/March – Philip of Sicily, king of Sardinia (House of Anjou)

title: 1277

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Boniface VIII attempts to end the rivalry between Genoa and Pisa over the Tyrrhenian islands of Sardinia and Corsica, naming King James II of Aragon ("the Just") as regent of the islands.

title: 1297

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Conflict & Security

text: February 7 – Siege of Villa di Chiesa: Aragonese forces led by Prince Alfonso ("the Kind") capture the city of Villa di Chiesa due to attrition. The Pisan garrison surrenders after an 8-month siege. It represents the first act of the Aragonese conquest of Sardinia, for the creation of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

title: 1324

section: Events › January – March

date: March 29

text: March 29 – The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the Giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia.

title: 1410

section: Events › January–March

date: March 7

text: March 7 – The Treaty of Rastatt is signed between Austria and France, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession between them. Austria receives the Spanish territories in Italy (the Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Milan and Kingdom of Sardinia), as well as the Southern Netherlands; and from France, Freiburg and Landau. The Austrian Habsburg Empire reaches its largest territorial extent yet, with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor succeeding Philip V of Spain, as ruler in the ceded territories.

title: 1714

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Battle of Casteldelfino: France defeats the Kingdom of Sardinia.

title: 1744

text: July 13 – The Carabinieri, the national military police of Italy, are founded by Victor Emmanuel I as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

title: 1813

text: July 13 – The Carabinieri (the national military police of Italy) is established by Victor Emmanuel, as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

title: 1814

date: March 23

text: March 23 – First Italian War of Independence: Battle of Novara – The Kingdom of Sardinia suffers a huge defeat after a two day battle, and King Charles Albert of Sardinia abdicates.

title: 1849

date: June 24

text: June 24 – Austro-Sardinian War – Battle of Solferino: The Kingdom of Sardinia and the armies of Napoleon III of France defeat Franz Joseph I of Austria in northern Italy; the battle inspires Henri Dunant to found the Red Cross.

title: 1859

date: May 30

text: May 30 – Austro-Sardinian War: Battle of Palestro – The Sardinians defeat the Austrian army.

title: 1859