slug: detroit

label: Detroit

description: city in and county seat of Wayne County, and largest city in State of Michigan, United States

date: July 24

text: July 24 – A French emporium named Fort Ponchartrain is founded along the west side of the Detroit River in North America, and later becomes the site of the city of Detroit.

title: 1701

section: Events › July–September

date: November 29

text: November 29 – French Army Colonel François-Marie Picoté de Belestre formally surrenders Detroit to British Army Major Robert Rogers, and the British Union Jack is raised over Fort Detroit.

title: 1760

section: Events › October–December

date: April 27

text: April 27 – Outraged by the British success in taking control of land in North America formerly occupied by the French, Pontiac, chief of the Odawa people, convenes a conference near Detroit and convinces the leaders of 17 other nations of the need to attack British outposts.

title: 1763

date: July 23

text: July 23 – Headed by Odawa Chief Pontiac and George Croghan, a party of Great Lakes tribesmen and British soldiers travel along the Wabash River and obtain the release of all white prisoners of war remaining in the Miami people and Odawa villages between Ouiatenon (near modern-day Granville, Indiana) and Detroit.

title: 1765

section: Events › July–December

date: July 11

text: July 11 – The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain, under the terms of the Jay Treaty.

title: 1796

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: June 11

text: June 11 - Detroit burns to the ground; most of the city is destroyed.

title: 1805

section: Culture & Society

date: August 26

text: August 26 – The University of Michigan is founded in the U.S., initially near the intersection of Bates Street and Congress Street in Detroit. It will move its campus to Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1837.

title: 1817

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: August 5

text: August 5 – Automotive mechanic Henry Ford incorporates the Detroit Automobile Company. While the company failed, it establishes Detroit, Michigan, as the site for U.S. car manufacturing and provided a model for the Ford Motor Company.

title: 1899

section: Events › August

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Official launch of Henry Ford's Ford Model T automobile, the first having left the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan, on September 27. The initial price is set at US$850.

title: 1908

section: Events › October

date: December 10

text: December 10 – The 1 millionth Ford car rolls off the assembly line at the River Rouge Plant in Detroit, Michigan.

title: 1915

section: Events › December

date: January 21

text: January 21 – Kiwanis is founded in Detroit, Michigan, as The Supreme Lodge Benevolent Order Brothers.

title: 1915

section: Events › January

date: August 20

text: August 20 – The first commercial radio station in the United States, 8MK (WWJ), begins operations in Detroit. It is owned by the Detroit News, the first U.S. radio station owned by a newspaper.

title: 1920

section: Economy & Finance

text: The Supremes girl group is founded as The Primettes in Detroit.

title: 1959

date: January 12

text: January 12 – The Motown record label is founded as Tamla by Berry Gordy in Detroit.

title: 1959

date: January 30

text: January 30 – Two of the high-wire "Flying Wallendas" are killed when their famous seven-person pyramid collapses during a performance in Detroit.

title: 1962

date: November 10

text: November 10 – Malcolm X makes a historic speech in Detroit, Michigan ("Message to the Grass Roots").

title: 1963

section: Events › November

text: July 23–31 – 12th Street Riot: In Detroit, one of the worst riots in United States history begins on 12th Street in the predominantly African American inner city: 43 are killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned.

title: 1967

section: Events › July

date: July 16

text: July 16 – Former California Governor and actor Ronald Reagan is nominated for U.S. president, at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit. Influenced by the Religious Right, the convention also drops its long-standing support for the Equal Rights Amendment, dismaying moderate Republicans.

title: 1980

date: August 16

text: August 16 – Northwest Airlines Flight 255 (a McDonnell Douglas MD-82) crashes on takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport in Romulus, Michigan, just west of Detroit, killing all but one (4-year-old Cecelia Cichan) of the 156 people on board.

title: 1987

section: Health & Medicine

text: July 23 – The United States Census Bureau reports the biggest population gains in metropolitan U.S. areas of over 1 million people since 1980: Phoenix (population increase of 26%); Dallas-Fort Worth (+25%); Atlanta (+20%); San Antonio (+19%) Tampa-Saint Petersburg (+19%); San Diego (+18%); Sacramento (+17%); and Houston (+17%). The largest population losses were in Rust Belt cities: Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Cleveland.

title: 1987

date: January 11

text: January 11 – The Lexus and Infiniti luxury car brands are launched at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit with the unveiling of the 1990 Lexus LS and Infiniti Q45 sedans.

title: 1989

date: December 25

text: December 25 – A Nigerian terrorist plotted an attempted terrorist bombing of Northwest Airlines Flight 253 en route from Amsterdam to Detroit.

title: 2009


slug: devon

label: Devon

description: ceremonial county of England

section: Conflict & Security

text: Battle of Bampton: King Cynegils of Wessex defeats the invading Britons in Dumnonia (modern Devon). They use the Roman road eastward from Exeter to Dorchester, and are intercepted by the West Saxons marching south.

title: 614

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Battle of Posbury: King Cenwalh of Wessex invades Dumnonia (south-west England). He is victorious over the native Briton tribes near Crediton in Devon, and drives them to the coast.

title: 661

text: Kings Ine of Wessex and Nothhelm of Sussex fight against King Geraint of Dumnonia, who dies in battle. Ine's advance brings him control of what is now Devon; he establishes a fortress at Taunton.

title: 710

text: Battle of Pinhoe: Vikings defeat the Anglo-Saxons in Devon.

title: 1001

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Deaths

date: November 13

text: November 13 – Pallig, Danish chieftain (jarl) of Devonshire

title: 1002

section: Religion & Belief

text: King Edward the Confessor unites the English dioceses of Devon and Cornwall. He moves the see from Crediton to Exeter and gives the order to build a cathedral. Leofric becomes the first bishop of Exeter.

title: 1050

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: John of England captures a party of 18 French knights and many men-at-arms, in the ongoing conflict against France. His brother, King Richard I (the Lionheart) introduces a new Great Seal – in an attempt to keep the war against France funded. The government proclaims that charters previously struck with the old seal are no longer valid and must be renewed with a fresh payment. The office of Lord Warden of the Stannaries is also introduced, to tax the produce of tin mines in Cornwall and Devon.

title: 1198

section: Events › By place › England

date: July 26

text: July 26 – A French landing party raids and burns Teignmouth in Devon, England. However, with the loss of James II's position in Ireland, any plans for a real invasion are soon shelved, and Teignmouth is the last French attack on England.

title: 1690

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: April 3

text: April 3 – "Princess Caraboo" appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire in England, and convinces the local residents that she had come to their town from a far-off island kingdom of "Javasu" in the Indian Ocean. A Portuguese sailor named Manuel Enes soon arrives and says that he speaks her mysterious language, and translates her story of an escape from pirates. After publicity, Princess Caraboo is discovered to be a servant girl from the village of Witheridge in Devon.

title: 1817

section: Events › April–June

date: May 4

text: May 4 – The Cornwall Railway opens across the Royal Albert Bridge, linking the counties of Devon and Cornwall in England.

title: 1859

date: December 31

text: December 31 – Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera The Pirates of Penzance opens at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City (following a token performance the day before for U.K. copyright reasons in Paignton, Devon).

title: 1879

date: April 28

text: April 28 – WWII: Allied convoy T4, forming part of amphibious Exercise Tiger (a full-scale rehearsal for the Normandy landings) in Start Bay, off the Devon coast of England, is attacked by E-boats, resulting in the deaths of 749 American servicemen from LSTs.

title: 1944

section: Events › April

section: Climate & Environment

text: August 16 – Lynmouth, North Devon, England is devastated by floods; 34 die.

title: 1952

section: Events › July–August


slug: dhaka

label: Dhaka

description: capital and largest city of Bangladesh

date: December 1

text: December 1 – (5th waxing of Pyatho 894 ME) The Burmese Army under Min Bin marches into Dhaka, capital of Bengal without any resistance.

title: 1532

section: Events › October–December

date: September 7

text: September 7 – Portuguese missionary Sebastien Manrique reaches Dhaka and stays for 27 days, leaving on October 4.

title: 1640

section: Events › July–September

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: July 29

text: July 29 – Muhammad Azam Shah is appointed as the Mughal Governor of Bengal by his father, the Emperor Aurangzeb, but serves for a little more than a year before being recalled from Dhaka.

title: 1678

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb returns control of Bengal to the local Nawab of Murshidabad after removing his son, Prince Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Azam, from the position of Mughal Governor of Dhaka.

title: 1679

text: The sixth bishop of Calcutta, Daniel Wilson, and Dr. James Taylor, Civil Surgeon at Dhaka, establish the first modern educational institution on the Indian subcontinent, Dhaka College.

title: 1841

section: Culture & Society

date: December 30

text: December 30 – The All-India Muslim League is founded as a political party in Dhaka in the British Raj; it becomes a driving force for the creation of an independent Pakistan.

title: 1906

section: Events › November–December

date: February 21

text: February 21 – In Dhaka, East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) police open fire on a procession of students, killing 4 people and starting a country-wide protest, which leads to the recognition of Bengali as one of the national languages of Pakistan. The day is later declared "International Mother Language Day" by UNESCO.

title: 1952

section: Events › January–February

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Soldiers of Bangladeshi border security force Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) mutiny and take the commanding army officers and their families hostages at the force's headquarters in Pilkhana, Dhaka. 57 army officers are killed along with 17 civilians by the mutineers.

title: 2009

section: Events › February

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: July 21

text: July 21 – 2025 Dhaka Chengdu J-7 crash: An F-7 BGI training aircraft of the Bangladesh Air Force crashes into Milestone College in Uttara, Dhaka, killing 31 people including the pilot.

title: 2025


slug: di-wu-hu

label: Di (Wu Hu)

section: Births

text: Fu Sheng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (d. 357)

title: 335

text: Fu Deng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (d. 394)

title: 343

section: Deaths

text: Fu Sheng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (b. 335)

title: 357

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Fú Jiān, emperor of the Chinese Di state Former Qin (b. 337)

title: 385

text: Fu Chong, emperor of the Chinese Di state Former Qin

title: 394

text: Lü Guang, emperor of the Di state Later Liang (b. 337)

title: 400

text: Lü Zuan, emperor of the Di state Later Liang

title: 401

text: Lü Long, last emperor of the Chinese Di state Later Liang

title: 416


slug: diocese-of-canterbury

label: Diocese of Canterbury

description: Church of England's diocese covering eastern Kent

text: Wighard, archbishop of Canterbury, dies of the bubonic plague while returning from his consecration in Rome.

title: 667

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Tatwine, archbishop of Canterbury (approximate date)

title: 670

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Council of Hertford is held and convened by Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury. The council makes canons for the English Church.

title: 673

text: Wilfrid, bishop of York, is at the height of his power and owns vast estates throughout Northumbria. After his refusal to agree to a division of his see, Ecgfrith and Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, have him banished from Northumbria.

title: 678

text: Berhtwald, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 731

date: August 12

text: August 12 – Jænberht, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 792

date: May 12

text: May 12 – Æthelhard, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 805

date: March 24

text: March 24 – Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 832

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Ceolnoth, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 870

date: June 30

text: June 30 – Æthelred, archbishop of Canterbury

title: AD 888

text: Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 988)

title: 909

text: Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury (or 923)

title: 914

date: August 2

text: August 2 – Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury (or 914)

title: 923

date: January 8

text: January 8 – Athelm, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 926

text: Oda ("the Good") is appointed archbishop of Canterbury in England after the death of Wulfhelm.

title: 941

date: February 12

text: February 12 – Wulfhelm, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 941

text: Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1012)

title: 953

date: June 2

text: June 2 – Oda (the Good), archbishop of Canterbury

title: 958

text: Dunstan, bishop of Worcester and London, is appointed by Edgar I as archbishop of Canterbury and becomes his chief adviser.

title: 959

text: Ælfsige (or Aelfsige), archbishop of Canterbury

title: 959

text: Dunstan receives the pallium as archbishop of Canterbury from Pope John XII. He reforms monasteries and enforces the rule of Saint Benedict: poverty, chastity and obedience for monks.

title: 960

text: The monastery at the site of Peterborough Cathedral is rebuilt by Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 972

date: May 19

text: May 19 – Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury (b. 909)

title: 988

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Sigeric, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 994

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Ælfric of Abingdon, archbishop of Canterbury, leaves ships to the people of Wiltshire and Kent in his will, leaving the best, equipped for 60 men, to King Æthelred the Unready.

title: 1005

section: Events › By place › British Isles

section: Crime & Justice

date: April 19

text: April 19 – Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury in England, is murdered by his Danish captors at Greenwich (after refusing to pay a ransom of 3,000 pounds for his release).

title: 1012

title: 1012

text: Æthelred II appoints Lyfing as archbishop of Canterbury in England. He restores Canterbury Cathedral, adding porticus towers and a massive westwork.

title: 1013

date: June 12

text: June 12 – Lyfing, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1020

text: Æthelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury, travels to Rome to obtain the pallium. He is received by Benedict VIII.

title: 1022

date: October 29

text: October 29 – Eadsige, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1050

text: Anselm, later to become archbishop of Canterbury, becomes prior at the Abbey of Bec (approximate date).

title: 1063

text: William de Corbeil, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1136)

title: 1070

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Stigand, Anglo-Saxon archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1072

text: William II calls the representatives of the fyrd to a meeting in London. He promises (with the support of Lanfranc, bishop of Canterbury) the people better laws, and the removal of taxes if they support him against the rebels.

title: 1088

date: May 24

text: May 24 – Lanfranc, Italian-born archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1089

text: Theobald of Bec, Norman churchman, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1090

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Anselm, Italian Benedictine abbot and theologian, becomes archbishop of Canterbury in England, succeeding Lanfranc. The post of archbishop has been left vacant since 1089 by King William II of England – so he can collect the church's income for himself.

title: 1093

section: Events › By place › Britain

date: October

text: October – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, goes into exile. Conflicts between him and William II result in Anselm leaving England and heading for Rome. William confiscates Anselm's land.

title: 1097

text: September 23 – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury returns to England from exile, at the invitation of Henry I.

title: 1100

text: Council of London: A church council convened by Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, bans sodomy and the sale of Christian slaves to non-Christian countries, and reforms the clergy.

title: 1102

text: April 27 – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, again goes into exile after a dispute with King Henry I over the appointment of bishops and abbots to important Church positions.

title: 1103

text: Henry I meets Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, under threat of excommunication at L'Aigle in Normandy to settle their disputes that has led to Anselm's exile from England (see 1103).

title: 1105

text: August 11 – The Investiture Controversy is resolved, by the reconciliation of Henry I and Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury and the mass consecration of bishops by Anselm at the royal Palace of Westminster: William Giffard to Winchester, Roger to Salisbury, Reynelm to Hereford, William Warelwast to Exeter and Urban to Llandaff. Roger of Salisbury is also appointed Justiciar in this year.

title: 1107

text: April 21 – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1033)

title: 1109

text: November 21 – William de Corbeil, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1136

text: April 6 – King Stephen has his nobles swear fealty to his son Eustace, as the rightful heir of the English throne. Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, and other bishops refuse to crown Eustace favouring Henry of Anjou to claim the throne instead. Stephen confiscates their property and Theobald is forced into exile in Flanders.

title: 1152

text: Spring – King Henry II has the Palace of Westminster (which is badly damaged by Stephen's supporters during The Anarchy) repaired. Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, is given the task of repairing the buildings.

title: 1155

text: April 18 – Theobald of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1090)

title: 1161

text: April 18 – Theobald of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury in England dies after an illness. King Henry II is informed and expresses the wish to have his friend Thomas Becket elected as the successor.

title: 1161

text: June 3 – King Henry II has his chancellor Thomas Becket elected to succeed the late Theobald of Bec as archbishop of Canterbury. He accepts the pallium sent by Pope Alexander III.

title: 1162

text: April 7 – Pope Alexander III consecrates Richard of Dover as archbishop of Canterbury at Anagni. Richard returns to England bearing his pallium which he has received directly from the pope.

title: 1174

text: July 7 – Henry II does penance at Canterbury for the murder of Thomas Becket (see 1170), even though indirect. He is whipped by the monks as punishment.

title: 1174

text: March – Richard returns to England, and remains for only a few weeks before returning to the Continent. He leaves the administration of England in the hands of Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury, who accompanied Richard on the Third Crusade and led his army back to England. He levied the taxes to pay the king's ransom and put down a plot against Richard by his younger brother John.

title: 1194

text: Spring – William Fitz Osbert, a rebel leader, leads an uprising of the poor against the rich in London. He gathers over 52,000 supporters, stocks of weapons are cached throughout the city by breaking into the houses of the rich. Finally, the riots are suppressed and William is hanged, drawn and quartered by orders of Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury.

title: 1196

text: July 13 – Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1205

text: December – The monks of Canterbury want their own sub-prior Reginald for the post of archbishop, while King John chooses John de Gray. Pope Innocent III appoints Stephen Langton. Finally, the monks accept the Pope's decision and vote for Langton.

title: 1206

text: June 17 – Stephen Langton is consecrated as archbishop of Canterbury in England by Innocent III at Viterbo.

title: 1207

text: March 24 – Innocent III places England under a Papal Interdict, as punishment for John, King of England ("Lackland")'s refusal to accept Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. During the interdict, religious services as marriages, burials, or baptisms cannot be performed. John confiscates church property of clergy who are unwilling to conduct services. Many bishops in the country flee abroad to the Continent.

title: 1208

text: Robert Kilwardby, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1279)

title: 1215

text: June 15 – A large number of barons, led by Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, meet King John of England on an island in the Thames at Runnymede. They force John to sign Magna Carta, a document that grants liberties to the "free men" – the Barons, the church and the towns. He is subjected to the rule of law, by confirming the status of trial by jury, on June 19.

title: 1215

text: August 3 – Richard le Grant, archbishop of Canterbury

title: 1231

text: Summer – The Lord Edward travels from Portsmouth with his mother, Queen Eleanor of Provence, and Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, to marry the 13-year-old Eleanor of Castile, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile. Henry III has demanded the marriage in exchange for ending the war with Alfonso. In August, the party arrives in Burgos, capital of Castile, where the marriage is due to take place.

title: 1254

text: John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury, orders all the synagogues of London to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews.

title: 1282


slug: diocese-of-egypt

label: Diocese of Egypt

description: late Roman administrative unit encompassing Egypt and eastern Libya, ca. 381-536 AD

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). Empress dowager Verina sends a letter to the governors of the Diocese of the East and the Diocese of Egypt for support. He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital.

title: 484

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: Anti-Isaurian riots break out in the Hippodrome at Constantinople. Longinus and several other Isaurians, including general Longinus of Cardala, are exiled to Thebaid (Egypt).

title: 491

text: Justin II sends his cousin Justin to exile in Alexandria, where he is installed as Augustal prefect of Egypt. There he is murdered in his sleep, and his head is cut off and brought to Constantinople (most likely by assignment of Empress Sophia).

title: 566

text: Byzantine–Sassanian War: A Persian expeditionary force under Shahrbaraz invades Egypt, and occupies the province. After defeating the Byzantine garrisons in the Nile Valley, the Persians march across the Libyan Desert as far as Cyrene.

title: 618

text: Byzantine–Sassanid War: King Khosrau II captures Ancyra, an important Byzantine military base in central Anatolia. After the conquest of Egypt and Palestine, he restores the Persian Empire as it existed in 490 BC under Darius I.

title: 620

text: Emperor Heraclius appoints Cyrus, patriarch of Alexandria, with power to act as viceroy (dioikesis) of Egypt. He begins a 10-year persecution against the non-Chalcedonian Coptic Christians.

title: 631

date: August 23

text: August 23 – Abu Bakr dies at Medina and is succeeded by Umar I, who becomes the second caliph (khalifah) of the Rashidun Caliphate. During his rule, Umar conquers Syria, Persia, and Egypt in a "Holy War".

title: 634

section: Events › By place › Arabia

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.

title: 636

text: Arab–Byzantine War: The Rashidun army (4,000 men), under the command of 'Amr ibn al-'As, invades Byzantine Egypt. They capture the strategic town of Pelusium (Nile Delta) after a two-month siege. Arab reinforcements led by Zubayr ibn al-Awwam are sent from Medina to assist Amr's army. The losses incurred by the Muslims are ameliorated by Sinai Bedouins, tribes of Rashida and Lakhm; they join the invaders in conquering Egypt.

title: 639

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army (15,000 men) under Amr ibn al-As defeats the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt). Amr divides his troops into three parts, surrounding the Byzantines.

title: 640

section: Events › By place › Africa

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Emperor Heraclius, age 65, dies of dropsy at Constantinople after a 31-year reign. He reorganized the imperial administration, but lost Armenia, parts of Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Byzantine Mesopotamia to the Muslim Arabs. Heraclius is succeeded by his sons Constantine III and Heraklonas.

title: 641

section: Climate & Environment

text: First Islamic Civil War: An armed revolt erupts in Egypt; several Muslim sympathisers travel to Medina to rally support, beginning the fitna (literally meaning the 'trail of faith'). The Muslim expansion comes to a halt as the martial energies of the Islamic forces are directed inwards.

title: 656


slug: diocese-of-exeter

label: Diocese of Exeter

description: Church of England diocese covering the county of Devon

text: Ælfwold I (or Ælfweald), bishop of Crediton

title: 972

text: Osbern FitzOsbern, bishop of Exeter (approximate date)

title: 1032

text: Osbern FitzOsbern, bishop of Exeter (b. 1032)

title: 1103

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Robert Warelwast is nominated as bishop of Exeter at a royal council in Northampton, England.

title: 1138

text: Summer (3/5 June) – Robert of Chichester becomes bishop of Exeter (until 1160).

title: 1155

text: after April 18 – Bartholomew is consecrated as bishop of Exeter in England (until 1184).

title: 1161

date: April 13

text: April 13 – Simon of Apulia is elected bishop of Exeter in England (approximate date).

title: 1214

text: Walter Branscombe, bishop of Exeter (d. 1280)

title: 1220

date: February 1

text: February 1 – Walter de Stapledon, English bishop of Exeter (d. 1326)

title: 1261


slug: diocese-of-hereford

label: Diocese of Hereford

description: Diocese of the Church of England

text: Wulfheard, bishop of Hereford (approximate date)

title: 823

text: Mucel, bishop of Hereford (approximate date)

title: 863

text: Deorlaf, bishop of Hereford (approximate date)

title: 886

text: Cynemund, bishop of Hereford (approximate date)

title: 894

date: February 10

text: February 10 – Æthelstan, English bishop of Hereford

title: 1056

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Robert the Lotharingian, bishop of Hereford

title: 1095

text: Robert of Melun, bishop of Hereford (d. 1167)

title: 1100

date: August 11

text: August 11 – The Investiture Controversy is resolved, by the reconciliation of Henry I and Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury and the mass consecration of bishops by Anselm at the royal Palace of Westminster: William Giffard to Winchester, Roger to Salisbury, Reynelm to Hereford, William Warelwast to Exeter and Urban to Llandaff. Roger of Salisbury is also appointed Justiciar in this year.

title: 1107

section: Events › By place › England

text: Reynelm (or Reinelm), English bishop of Hereford

title: 1115

date: April 16

text: April 16 – Robert de Bethune, bishop of Hereford

title: 1148

date: February 27

text: February 27 – Robert of Melun, bishop of Hereford (b. 1100)

title: 1167

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Giles de Braose, bishop of Hereford

title: 1215

date: August 7

text: August 7 – Hugh Foliot, bishop of Hereford (b. 1155)

title: 1234

date: January 27

text: January 27 – Ralph of Maidstone, bishop of Hereford

title: 1245


slug: diocese-of-lichfield

label: Diocese of Lichfield

description: Diocese of the Church of England

text: Jaruman, bishop of Mercia, is dispatched with Christian missionaries to reconvert Saxon tribes, which have returned to paganism.

title: 665

text: Headda, bishop of Lichfield (approximate date)

title: 721

text: Berhthun, bishop of Lichfield (approximate date)

title: 778

text: Æthelwold, bishop of Lichfield

title: 830

text: Wulfsige (or Wulsy), English bishop of Lichfield

title: 1053

date: September 1

text: September 1 – Robert de Limesey, bishop of Coventry

title: 1117

text: April 16 – Roger de Clinton, bishop of Coventry

title: 1148

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Richard Peche, bishop of Coventry

title: 1182

date: September 2

text: September 2 – Walter Langton, bishop of Coventry (d. 1321)

title: 1243


slug: diocese-of-salisbury

label: Diocese of Salisbury

description: Church of England diocese in the south of England

date: March 22

text: March 22 – Battle of Meretum: The West Saxons, led by Æthelred I and Alfred, are defeated by the Danes. Among the many dead is Heahmund, bishop of Salisbury.

title: 871

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Asser, bishop of Sherborne, writes his Life of King Alfred in Wessex. He studies for 6 months each year in Alfred's household.

title: 893

text: Asser, bishop of Sherborne, dies. His See is divided, there are new Bishoprics created at Wells, Crediton, Ramsbury and Sonning.

title: 909

text: Asser, bishop of Sherborne (approximate date)

title: 909

text: Ælfwold II, bishop of Sherborne (approximate date)

title: 1058

date: February 20

text: February 20 – Herman, bishop of Salisbury

title: 1078

text: Osmund, bishop of Salisbury, builds Devizes Castle in Wiltshire.

title: 1080

date: December 3

text: December 3 – Osmund, Norman lord chancellor of England and bishop of Salisbury, canonized (b. 1065)

title: 1099

text: Roger le Poer, bishop of Salisbury, is granted land in south Wales by Henry I. He starts the construction of Kidwelly Castle on the banks of the river Gwendraeth.

title: 1106

title: 1107

text: Josceline de Bohon, bishop of Salisbury (d. 1184)

title: 1111

text: Robert de Bingham, bishop of Salisbury (d. 1246)

title: 1180

date: November 3

text: November 3 – Robert de Bingham, bishop of Salisbury

title: 1246


slug: diocese-of-winchester

label: Diocese of Winchester

description: Diocese of the Church of England

text: Cenwahl invites bishop Birinus to establish under his direction the Old Minster in Winchester. Together they have a small stone church built.

title: 648

text: The diocese of Dorchester-on-Thames in England is replaced by the Diocese of Winchester (approximate date).

title: 670

text: Swithin, bishop of Winchester (approximate date)

title: 800

text: Herefrith, bishop of Winchester

title: 836

date: July 2

text: July 2 – Swithun, bishop of Winchester

title: 862

text: Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester (or 909)

title: 904

text: Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester (or 904)

title: 909

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Beornstan, bishop of Winchester

title: 934

date: March 12

text: March 12 – Ælfheah the Bald, bishop of Winchester

title: 951

text: The grave of Swithun, Anglo-Saxon bishop of Winchester, is moved into an indoor shrine (he was previously buried outside) in the Old Minster. The ceremony is said to have been marred by 40 days of torrential rain.

title: 971

text: Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, rebuilds the western end of the Old Minster, with twin towers and no apses (approximate date).

title: 977

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester

title: 984

text: Cenwulf, bishop of Winchester (approximate date)

title: 1006

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Ælfwine, bishop of Winchester

title: 1047

text: Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester (approximate date)

title: 1096

date: January 3

text: January 3 – Walkelin, Norman bishop of Winchester

title: 1098

text: August 11 – The Investiture Controversy is resolved, by the reconciliation of Henry I and Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury and the mass consecration of bishops by Anselm at the royal Palace of Westminster: William Giffard to Winchester, Roger to Salisbury, Reynelm to Hereford, William Warelwast to Exeter and Urban to Llandaff. Roger of Salisbury is also appointed Justiciar in this year.

title: 1107

date: January 23

text: January 23 – William Giffard, bishop of Winchester

title: 1129

text: January 23 – Henry of Blois becomes bishop of Winchester after the death of William Giffard (who was also Lord Chancellor to King Henry I) in England.

title: 1129

date: August 8

text: August 8 – Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester (b. 1096)

title: 1171

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Richard of Ilchester, bishop of Winchester

title: 1188

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester

title: 1238

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Edward II is crowned at Westminster Abbey under the guidance of Henry Woodlock, bishop of Winchester. During the ceremony, Piers Gaveston is given the honour of carrying the crown. At the banquet that followed, Edward spends more time with Gaveston than with his wife Isabella of France. Isabella's family, who have travelled with her from France, leave to report back to Philip IV of Edward's favouritism for Gaveston over Isabella. As part of the coronation, Edward swears an oath to uphold "the rightful laws and customs which the community of the realm shall have chosen".

title: 1308

section: Events › January – March


slug: diocese-of-york

label: Diocese of York

description: administrative division of the Church of England

date: April 19

text: April 19 – Eanflæd, daughter of Edwin of Northumbria, is born at a royal residence by the River Derwent. She is baptised by Paulinus, bishop of York.

title: 626

date: May 7

text: May 7 – John of Beverley, bishop of York

title: 721

text: Ecgbert is appointed bishop of York, by his cousin Ceolwulf of Northumbria. He founds a library, and makes the city a renowned centre of learning (approximate date).

title: 732

text: The see of York receives the pallium from pope Gregory III, and is elevated to an archbishopric. Ecgbert becomes the first archbishop.

title: 735

date: April 18

text: April 18 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered, probably at Corbridge, by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. Another rival, Torhtmund, slays Ealdred in revenge. Northumbria is plunged into chaos. The patrician Osbald is placed on the throne, but is deserted by his supporters after only 27 days. He flees from Lindisfarne to Pictland. Another faction brings back Æthelred I's old back-from-the-dead rival, Eardwulf, as the new king. He dismisses his wife and publicly takes a concubine. Eardwulf is alienated from Archbishop Eanbald of York.

title: 796

date: August 10

text: August 10 – Eanbald, archbishop of York

title: 796

text: Wulfhere, archbishop of York (approximate date)

title: 900

date: December 26

text: December 26 – Wulfstan, archbishop of York

title: 956

date: May 6

text: May 6 – Ealdwulf, archbishop of York

title: 1002

text: Wulfstan, archbishop of York in England, preaches his Latin homily Sermo Lupi ad Anglos ("Wulf's Address to the English"), describing the Danes as "God's judgement on England".

title: 1014

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Wulfstan (or Lupus), archbishop of York

title: 1023

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Ælfric Puttoc, archbishop of York

title: 1051

text: Ealdred, archbishop of York, becomes the first English bishop to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

title: 1058

text: December 22 – Cynesige, archbishop of York

title: 1060

date: September 11

text: September 11 – Ealdred, archbishop of York

title: 1069

text: Thurstan, archbishop of York (approximate date)

title: 1070

date: November 18

text: November 18 – Thomas of Bayeux, archbishop of York

title: 1100

date: May 21

text: May 21 – Gerard, Norman archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor of England

title: 1108

text: Bridlington Priory is founded in England, in the Diocese of York (approximate date).

title: 1113

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Thomas II, archbishop of York

title: 1114

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Thurstan, archbishop of York

title: 1140

date: September

text: September – Geoffrey, illegitimate son of the late King Henry II and half-brother to Richard I and John, lands secretly at Dover. He has been consecrated as the new archbishop of York while in Tours, and on his return is arrested by William de Longchamp. Citing the Winchester treaty, John seeks a meeting with William. Geoffrey is freed, William flees and heads to Dover Castle.

title: 1191

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Geoffrey, Anglo-Norman archbishop of York and Chancellor of England (b. 1152)

title: 1212


slug: diocese

label: Diocese

description: Christian district or see under the supervision of a bishop

text: Emperor Heraclius appoints Cyrus, patriarch of Alexandria, with power to act as viceroy (dioikesis) of Egypt. He begins a 10-year persecution against the non-Chalcedonian Coptic Christians.

title: 631

text: Boniface visits Rome, and is made papal legate of the Frankish Kingdom. He establishes many bishoprics in Bavaria.

title: 738

text: Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary who has been Christianizing Bavaria, founds the bishoprics of Salzburg, Regensburg, Freising, and Passau.

title: 739

date: October 12

text: October 12 – The Synod of Clofesho (possibly Brixworth) is held, at which the Archbishopric of Lichfield is demoted to an ordinary bishopric, with papal permission obtained by King Coenwulf of Mercia.

title: 803

text: Vikings raid Bangor (modern Wales) for the second time, and plunder the bishopric (approximate date).

title: 824

text: The first known Christian bishopric in Slovakia is established in the city of Nitra, with Wiching as bishop.

title: 880

text: Asser, bishop of Sherborne, dies. His See is divided, there are new Bishoprics created at Wells, Crediton, Ramsbury and Sonning.

title: 909

date: April 21

text: April 21 – The Diocese of Pisa is elevated to the dignity of a metropolitan archdiocese by Pope Urban II.

title: 1092

text: The Synod of Rathbreasail marks the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan structure.

title: 1111


slug: diocletian

label: Diocletian

description: Augustus of the Eastern Roman Empire (244-311)

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Diocletian, Roman emperor (d. 311)

title: 244

text: Prisca, Roman empress and wife of Diocletian (d. 315)

title: 247

text: The officer Diocles, the future Emperor Diocletian, distinguishes himself in the war against the Persians.

title: 283

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome

title: 284

date: November 20

text: November 20 – The commander of Numerian's domestici (household troops), Diocles, is chosen to be the new emperor. In a military assembly outside Nicomedia (modern İzmit, Turkey), Diocles claims that the praetorian prefect (and rival for the throne) Arrius Aper murdered Numerian, and he personally stabs and kills the prefect on the spot. The new emperor changes his name to the Latinised 'Diocletian'. Building on existing trends, Diocletian presents his rule as that of a god-like dominus or autocrat.

title: 284

text: Summer – Battle of the Margus: Emperor Diocletian defeats the forces of Carinus in the valley of the Margus (Serbia). Numerous soldiers desert Carinus during the battle. Carinus then flees to the Pannonian fort of Cornacum, but he is soon slain by his officers.

title: 285

text: Emperor Diocletian campaigns successfully against Sarmatian raids. The future emperor Constantius defeats the 'Bosporian Sarmatians'.

title: 286

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Emperor Diocletian launches a campaign into Germanic territory from the province of Raetia (Switzerland).

title: 288

text: In this or the following year, Emperor Diocletian campaigns with success against the Sarmatians. The future emperor Galerius may have distinguished himself during this campaign.

title: 289

text: Emperor Diocletian campaigns with success against Arabic enemies.

title: 290

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Winter: The emperors Diocletian and Maximian convene in Milan.

title: 291

section: Science & Discovery

text: The jurist Gregorius, at the court of Emperor Diocletian, produces the Gregorian Code, the first codification of Roman law (approximate date).

title: 292

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius I and Galerius as Caesars. This is considered the beginning of the Tetrarchy, known as the Quattuor Principes Mundi ("Four Rulers of the World"). (Some sources and scholars date Galerius' elevation to May 21.)

title: 293

text: Emperor Diocletian defeats the Carpi.

title: 295

section: Economy & Finance

text: Emperor Diocletian introduces a new tax system and other economic reforms.

title: 297

text: Spring: Emperor Diocletian retakes Alexandria and crushes the usurpation of Aurelius Achilleus.

title: 298

text: Peace of Nisibis: Emperor Diocletian signs a treaty with the Persian king Narseh that will last for 40 years. The Persians accept Roman dominion over Armenia, the Caucasus, and Upper Mesopotamia. The pro-Roman ruler Tiridates III receives all of Armenia as far as the border with Atropatene. Mirian III of the Kingdom of Iberia is made a Roman client, and at some point in time, as a result of the treaty, Caucasian Albania will follow suit. Rome also gains five satrapies beyond the Tigris, which are perhaps given to Tiridates to administer.

title: 299

text: Emperor Diocletian begins construction of a palace that will become the city of Split (approximate date). Diocletian, who plans on abdicating, intends to use this palace as his place of retirement.

title: 300

text: September: Emperor Diocletian issues a reform that revalues the Roman currency.

title: 301

text: Emperor Diocletian persecutes the Manichaeans, accusing them of being a Persian fifth column.

title: 302

text: Caesar Galerius, perhaps accompanied by Emperor Diocletian, wins his fourth and final victory over the Carpi. Many of the surviving Carpi and Bastarnae are resettled in the Roman Empire, where they are split up. The Bastarnae are not attested after this time, and the Carpi are attested only once more in the 310s.

title: 304

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Emperor Diocletian abdicates and retires to his palace at Salona (modern Split) on the Adriatic coast, after a reign of nearly 21 years, in which the last vestiges of republican government have disappeared.

title: 305

text: Building on the efforts of Diocletian, Galerius introduces the poll tax to central and southern Italy and truncates the size of the Praetorian Guard, with plans to disband the Guard altogether.

title: 306

section: Culture & Society

text: Near the end of the year, Galerius gives his wife (Diocletian's daughter) Galeria Valeria the title of Augusta.

title: 307

date: November 11

text: November 11 – The Conference of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, Galerius recalls Diocletian briefly from retirement, and they convene with Maximian. Diocletian persuades Maximian to return to retirement, and he and Galerius declare Maxentius a public enemy. Licinius is proclaimed Augustus of the west, while rival contender Constantine I is again declared Caesar.

title: 308

date: December 3

text: December 3 – Diocletian, Roman emperor (b. 244)

title: AD 311

text: At the end of 312 or in early 313, the retired Emperor Diocletian dies in his palace in Split, most likely from natural causes.

title: 313

text: Prisca, Roman empress and wife of Diocletian (b. 247)

title: 315


slug: dionysius-i-of-syracuse

label: Dionysius I of Syracuse

description: Greek tyrant of Syracuse (c. 432 – 367 BC)

year_label: 432 BCE

section: Births

text: Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 367 BC) (approximate birth date)

title: 432 BC

year_label: 400 BCE

text: Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse, confiscates gold and silver coins and re-mints them, keeping the weight the same but changing the denomination from one to two drachmae — the first known official devaluation at the expense of the general population. A virulent inflation ensues (approximate date).

title: 400 BC

section: Events › By topic

year_label: 398 BCE

text: Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, breaks his peace treaty with Carthage and strikes at Carthaginian cities in the western corner of Sicily which have been weakened by the plague. There is a massacre of Carthaginians in many of these cities. Motya, with its fine harbour, is attacked and captured.

title: 398 BC

section: Events › By place › Sicily

year_label: 397 BCE

text: Siege of Syracuse: A Carthaginian expeditionary army (some 50,000 men) under Himilco crosses to Sicily. They conquer the north coast and put Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, on the defensive and besiege Syracuse. However, the Carthaginian army suffers from the plague. The Syracuse counterattacked and completely defeat Himilco's army. Himilco has to escape back to Carthage.

title: 397 BC

section: Events › By place › Carthage

text: Dionysius II, son of Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 343 BC)

title: 397 BC

year_label: 396 BCE

text: The Carthaginians are forced to abandon their siege of Syracuse (begun in 398 BC) due to a plague, but destroy Messina. Dionysius' first war with Carthage ends with a notable victory for Dionysius, who confines his enemy's power to an area of northwest Sicily. On his return home, the Carthaginian general, Himilco, commits suicide.

title: 396 BC

year_label: 392 BCE

text: Dionysius I of Syracuse, having increased his power over the native Sicilians (Sicels), is now attacked by a second Carthaginian expedition. He is forced to ally himself with the Sicels. The Carthaginian army, under Mago II, is defeated, makes peace, and returns to Carthage. The treaty with Carthage is advantageous to Dionysius.

title: 392 BC

year_label: 391 BCE

text: Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, begins an attempt to extend his rule to the Greek cities of southern Italy. He unsuccessfully besieges Rhegium.

title: 391 BC

year_label: 389 BCE

text: Battle of the Elleporus and the capture of Kroton by Dionysius I of Syracuse

title: 389 BC

section: Events › By place › Magna Grecia

year_label: 388 BCE

text: Concerned about the revival of Athenian imperialist ambitions, the Persian King Artaxerxes II and King Agesilaus II of Sparta enter into an alliance. Sparta also seeks and gains the support of Dionysius I of Syracuse.

title: 388 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

text: Plato, having left Athens on Socrates' death to visit Megara and possibly Egypt, travels to Syracuse at the invitation of Dionysius I's brother-in-law Dion.

title: 388 BC

section: Events › By topic › Art

year_label: 387 BCE

text: With the aid of the Lucanians, Dionysius I of Syracuse devastates the territories of Thurii, Crotone, and Locri in mainland Italy. When Rhegium falls, Dionysius becomes the chief power in Greek Southern Italy. He then turns his attention to the Adriatic and founds the colonies of Ancona (Ankon) and Adria (Adrìa).

title: 387 BC

section: Events › By place › Sicily and Adriatic

year_label: 386 BCE

text: Dionysius I of Syracuse extends the influence and trade of Syracuse to the Adriatic, establishing colonies at Adria, Ancona and Issa.

title: 386 BC

year_label: 385 BCE

text: Dionysius I of Syracuse attempts to restore Alcetas I of Epirus to the throne.

title: 385 BC

year_label: 384 BCE

text: Lysias, the Athenian orator, on the occasion of the Olympiad, rebukes the Greeks for allowing themselves to be dominated by the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius I and by the barbarian Persians.

title: 384 BC

year_label: 378 BCE

text: Dionysius I's third war with Carthage proves disastrous. He suffers a crushing defeat at Cronium and is forced to pay an indemnity of 1,000 talents and cede the territory west of the Halycus River to the Carthaginians.

title: 378 BC

year_label: 367 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Dionysius I of Syracuse dies and is succeeded as tyrant of the city by his son Dionysius II. As the younger Dionysius is weak and inexperienced, Dion, brother-in-law of the elder Dionysius, assumes control and persuades Plato, whose friendship he has acquired, to train the new tyrant in the practical application of his philosophical principles.

title: 367 BC

text: Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse (b. 430 BC)

title: 367 BC

year_label: 366 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: The experiment by Dion (brother-in-law of Dionysius I) and Plato to educate the new ruler of Syracuse, Dionysius II, in the practical application of Plato's philosophical principles fails and Dion and Plato are banished from Syracuse.

title: 366 BC

year_label: 357 BCE

text: The brother-in-law of Dionysius I, Dion, exiled from Syracuse in 366 BC by Dionysius II, assembles a force of 1,500 mercenaries at Zacynthus and sails to Sicily. Dion wrests power from the weak Dionysius II, who is exiled and flees to Locri.

title: 357 BC


slug: dionysius-ii-of-syracuse

label: Dionysius II of Syracuse

description: Sicilian tyrant

title: 397 BC

title: 367 BC

title: 366 BC

year_label: 361 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Plato returns once more to Syracuse to teach the young Syracusan tyrant Dionysius II. He fails to reconcile the tyrant to Dion, who Dionysius II banished in 366 BC. Because of this, Plato is forced to flee Syracuse to save his life.

title: 361 BC

title: 357 BC

year_label: 354 BCE

text: Reflecting the growing level of discontent with his tyrannical conduct, Dion is assassinated by Callippus, an Athenian who has accompanied him on his expedition to take over as tyrant of Syracuse. Dionysius II remains in exile in Italy.

title: 354 BC

year_label: 346 BCE

text: Dionysius II is restored to power in Syracuse.

title: 346 BC

year_label: 344 BCE

text: The aristocracy of Syracuse appeal to their mother city of Corinth against their tyrant Dionysius II. The Corinthian general Timoleon is chosen to lead a liberation force to Sicily. Landing at Tauromenium (Taormina) on March 21st, Timoleon faces two armies, one under Dionysius and the other under Hicetas (tyrant of nearby Leontini), who has also called in Carthaginian forces. By shrewd tactics Timoleon defeats his enemies and occupies Syracuse.

title: 344 BC

year_label: 343 BCE

text: Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse (b. c. 397 BC)

title: 343 BC

text: After his surrender to the Corinthian general Timoleon, who takes over as ruler of Syracuse, the former tyrant, Dionysius II, is allowed to retire to Corinth to live in exile, although he dies within the year. The Syracusan constitution is changed by Timoleon with the new constitution designed to have safeguards against tyranny. Timoleon invites new settlers from Greece to come to Sicily.

title: 343 BC

section: Events › By place › Italy


slug: diplomacy

label: Diplomacy

description: art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or states

text: The first diplomatic ties are established between the Korean kingdom of Baekje and the Chinese court of the Jin Dynasty.

title: 372

section: Events › By place › China

text: Budhagupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire, establishes diplomatic relations with the Kannauj Kingdom and drives the Huns out of the fertile plains of northern India.

title: 480

section: Events › By place › Asia

date: April 16

text: April 16 – The diplomatic representative (apocrisiarius) to Constantinople is elected as Pope Pelagius I, succeeding Vigilius as the 60th pope of Rome.

title: 556

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Istämi, ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate, establishes diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire.

title: 558

text: Emperor Wéndi sends diplomatic letters to the royal court of Goguryeo (Korea). He demands the cancellation of the military alliance with the Eastern Turk Khanate, and the raiding of Sui border regions.

title: 596

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: King Pulakeshin II of Chalukya receives Persian envoys, who are sent by King Khosrau II at Badami (southern India).

title: 625

text: Kōtoku creates a new city at Naniwa, and moves the capital from Yamato Province. The capital has a sea port, establishing foreign trade and diplomatic relations.

title: 645

section: Events › By place › Japan

text: King Offa of Mercia receives diplomatic gifts from Charlemagne. He re-founds St. Albans Abbey, supposedly in thanks for overrunning East Anglia (approximate date).

title: 795

section: Events › By place › Britain

date: November 16

text: November 16 – The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations.

title: 1933

section: Events › November

date: January 27

text: January 27 – Canadian Caper: Six United States diplomats, posing as Canadians, manage to escape from Tehran, Iran, as they board a flight to Zürich, Switzerland, on Swissair.

title: 1980

section: Events › January


slug: diplomatic-mission

label: Diplomatic mission

description: group of people from one state present in another state to represent the sending state

year_label: 226 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Romans send an embassy to Hasdrubal and conclude the Ebro Treaty which prohibits him from waging war north of the river Ebro, but allowing him a free hand to the south even at the expense of the interests of the town of Massilia.

title: 226 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

text: Anthemius, praetorian prefect of the East, is sent on an embassy to the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, to congratulate King Yazdegerd I on his accession the year before.

title: 400

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Winter – Olympiodorus, historical writer, is sent on an embassy by Honorius, and sails in stormy weather around Greece up the Black Sea, to meet the Huns who are located on the middle Danube (modern Bulgaria).

title: 412

text: Theodosius II sends an embassy to Attila; Priscus of Panium, envoy for the Eastern Roman Empire. Priscus records one of the few eyewitness accounts of the Hun kingdom.

title: 447

section: Events › By place › Byzantium

text: Emperor Theodosius II sends an embassy to Attila the Hun; Anatolius, an Eastern Roman general (magister militum) responsible for the security of the Eastern frontier, achieves a peace treaty with the Huns, in exchange for an annual tribute of 2100 lb kg of gold per year.

title: 448

text: Emperor Valentinian III sends an emissary to Attila the Hun. The purpose of the meeting is a long-running dispute over spoils of war during the Danube offensive (441–442). Attila claims his lost property, but Valentinian and Flavius Aetius (magister militum) refuse this request.

title: 449

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Maximus appoints Avitus, most trusted general, to the rank of magister militum and sends him on an embassy to Toulouse, to gain the support of the Visigoths. He elevates his son Palladius to Caesar and has him marry Eudocia, eldest daughter of Valentinian III.

title: 455

date: March

text: March – Emperor Marcian sends an embassy to Carthage, to end the Vandal raids in the Mediterranean from their strongholds in North Africa, and quells disturbances on the Armenian frontier.

title: 456

text: Vandal War (461-468): King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage.

title: 461

text: Euric sends an embassy to the Eastern Roman Empire for recognition of the Visigoth sovereignty. He forms an alliance with the Suebi and the Vandals.

title: 466

text: Dengizich, son of Attila the Hun, sends an embassy to Constantinople to demand money. Leo I offers the Huns settlement in Thrace in exchange for recognition of his authority. Dengizich refuses and crosses the Danube.

title: 468

text: Winter – Zeno sends an embassy, to conclude a peace with King Genseric. He succeeds in an agreement with the Vandals, to secure the commercial routes in the Mediterranean.

title: 474

text: Anastasius I sends an embassy under the former consul Patricius to start negotiations. Vitalian declares his aims: restoration of Chalcedonian Orthodoxy and the settling of the Thracian foederati.

title: 513

text: Justinian I sends an embassy to Carthage to negotiate with Gelimer. Gelimer replies: “Nothing is more desirable than that a monarch should mind his own business.”

title: 530

section: Events › By place › Africa

date: May 8

text: May 8 – Pope John II dies in Rome after a two-year reign, and is succeeded by Agapetus I as the 57th pope. Agapetus is sent by King Theodahad on an embassy to Constantinople.

title: 535

text: King Khosrow I breaks the "Eternal Peace" treaty with the Byzantine Empire after eight years. Responding to an embassy from the Ostrogoths urging action against Emperor Justinian I's expanding power, he leads the Persian army up the River Euphrates. Extracting tributes from towns along the way, Khosrau I besieges and captures Antioch. He plunders the city extensively, transporting valuable artworks, including marble statues and mosaics, back to Persia.

title: 540

section: Events › By place › Persia

text: Pelagius II sends Gregory as his apocrisiarius (ambassador to the imperial court in Constantinople). He is part of a Roman delegation to ask for military aid against the Lombards.

title: 579

text: The Roman Senate sends an embassy to Constantinople, with a gift (3,000 pounds of gold) to Emperor Tiberius II Constantine, along with a plea for help against the Lombards.

title: 580

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: King Yeongyang sends an embassy to Daxing; Wéndi accepts a peace agreement with Goguryeo. He claims a hollow victory, as the Sui dynasty lost nearly 90% of his army and navy during the disastrous campaign.

title: 598

text: Emperor Tai Zong sends envoys to the Xueyantuo, vassals of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, bearing gold and silk in order to obtain the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners, who were captured during the transition from the Sui to the Tang dynasty from the northern frontier. The embassy succeeds in freeing 80,000 men and women, who are safely returned to China.

title: 631

section: Culture & Society

text: A Chinese embassy is sent to the North Indian Empire. They are invited by Emperor Harsha, who holds a Buddhist convocation at the capital Kannauj, which is attended by 20 kings and thousands of pilgrims.

title: 643

text: An embassy led by Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas arrives in the capital Chang'an via an oversea route. They are greeted by Emperor Gao Zong, who orders the establishment of the first Chinese mosque.

title: 651

section: Events › By place › Arabian Caliphate

text: Emperor Kōtoku sends an embassy to the court of the Tang dynasty in China. Japanese ambassadors, priests and students sail for the capital Chang'an, but some of the ships are lost en route.

title: 653

text: A Japanese embassy is sent to the Chinese Empire, and received in an audience by Emperor Gao Zong. The Tang dynasty is determined in the next year to take administrative measures in regard to Japan. The envoys are detained.

title: 659


slug: dobruja

label: Dobruja

description: historical region shared by Romania and Bulgaria

year_label: 339 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Philip II of Macedon decides to attack the Scythians, using as an excuse their reluctance to allow Philip to dedicate a statue of Heracles at the Danube estuary. The two armies clash on the plains of modern-day Dobruja. The ninety-year-old King of the Scythians, Ateas, is killed during the battle and his army is routed.

title: 339 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 46 CE

text: Dobruja is annexed into Roman Moesia.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 46

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Battle of Abritus: The Goths defeat Emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus, on swampy ground in the Dobruja (Moesia).

title: 251

text: Balkan Campaign: The Slavs invade the Byzantine provinces of Moesia and Macedonia again; during their pillaging the towns of Aquis, Scupi and Zaldapa in Dobruja are destroyed.

title: 594

text: Byzantine–Bulgarian War: The Bulgars under Asparukh subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria, north of the Balkan Mountains. Emperor Constantine IV leads a combined land and sea operation against the invaders and besieges their fortified camp in Dobruja.

title: 680

text: Battle of Silistra: A Kievan army (60,000 men) led by Sviatoslav I crosses the Lower Danube and defeats the Bulgarians at Silistra. He occupies most of the Dobruja by seizing 80 fortresses in northeastern Bulgaria. They are looted and destroyed but not permanently occupied. During the winter, Sviatoslav transfers the capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets.

title: 968

text: Mircea I of Wallachia takes control of the region of Dobruja, thus preventing its occupation by the Ottomans.

title: 1388

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Mircea cel Bătrân loses Dobruja to the Ottomans and pays them tribute, thus preventing Wallachia from becoming an Ottoman province.

title: 1417


slug: doge-of-genoa

label: Doge of Genoa

description: ruler of the Republic of Genoa

date: September 24

text: September 24 (or 28) – Simone Boccanegra is elected, as the first Doge of Genoa.

title: 1339

section: Events › January–December

section: Religion & Belief

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Giovanni II Valente becomes Doge of Genoa.

title: 1350

date: June 17

text: June 17 – In the wake of the recent defeat of the Genoese Navy at the battle of Capo d'Anzio, Domenico di Campofregoso, Doge of the Republic of Genoa, is removed from office by the Genoese Senate and replaced by Nicolò Guarco.

title: 1378

section: Events › April–June

date: August 16

text: August 16 – The Republic of Genoa, led by the Doge Nicolò Guarco and its allies from Hungary and Padua, captures Venice's port of Chioggia and seize the Venetian Army garrison there and soon threaten to take Venice and the Venetian Republic. An attempt by the Venetian Senate to apply for peace is rejected as Genoa demands a full surrender, and the Venetians resolve to fight, releasing Admiral Pisani from prison.

title: 1379

section: Events › July–September

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Nicolò Guarco is deposed as Doge of the Republic of Genoa and is replaced by Federico di Pagana, who in is forced to resign at the end of the day in favor of Leonardo Montaldo.

title: 1383

section: Deaths

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Antoniotto I Adorno is elected as Doge of the Republic of Genoa following the death of the Doge Leonardo Montaldo from bubonic plague the day before. Adorno serves as the Republic's chief executive until 1390.

title: 1384

date: April 6

text: April 6 – Antoniotto Adorno returns to office as Doge of the Republic of Genoa after persuading Doge Giacomo Fregoso (who had replaced him eight months earlier) to resign.

title: 1391

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Antoniotto di Montaldo is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa upon the resignation of Antoniotto Adorno.

title: 1392

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Antoniotto I Adorno, Doge of the Republic of Genoa, voluntarily steps down and turns control of the republic over to France's King Charles VI. King Charles then appoints Adorno as the governor of French-ruled Genoa.

title: 1396

section: Events › October–December

date: March 27

text: March 27 – The Republic of Genoa regains its independence after having been a territory of the Kingdom of France since 1396, and Giorgio Adorno is elected as the Doge for life. He will die after slightly less than two years in office.

title: 1413

section: Events › January–March

date: March 29

text: March 29 – Barnaba Guano is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa.

title: 1415

date: August 21

text: August 21 – The navy of the Republic of Venice, commanded by Admiral Pietro Loredan, gains a major victory over the Republic of Genoa in a battle off of the coast of Rapallo, but fails to overthrow the Doge Battista Spinola

title: 1431

date: March 28

text: March 28 – In Italy, the Republic of Genoa is revived after having been under the control of the Duchy of Milan for almost 15 years, and the 56-year-old mercenary leader Isnardo Guarco is elected as the Doge of Genoa, with a lifetime appointment, but is deposed only one week later.

title: 1436

date: March 24

text: March 24– In Italy, Tomaso di Campofregoso, the Doge of the Republic of Genoa is forced to step down in favor of his brother, Battista di Campofregoso, however, changes his mind later in the day and Tomaso is re-installed as the doge.

title: 1437

date: December 18

text: December 18 – In Italy Tomaso di Campofregoso, Doge of the Republic of Genoa, is removed from office by a group of armed men, led by Raffaele Adorno and Giovanni Antonio Fieschi, who invade the Ducal Palace and force him to leave.

title: 1442

section: Science & Discovery

date: January 28

text: January 28 – Raffaele Adorno was elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa.

title: 1443

date: December 16

text: December 16 – Lodovico di Campofregoso becomes the Doge of the Republic of Genoa, succeeding his older brother, Giano I, who had taken office "for life

title: 1447

section: Events › October – December

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Barnaba Adorno becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa when his cousin Raffaele Adorno steps down after slightly less than four years in office. Baranaba holds the office for only a few weeks before being forced by the Adorno family's rivals, the Campofregoso family to flee the Doge's Palace on January 29.

title: 1447

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Pietro di Campofregoso is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa following the abdication of his cousin, Lodovico di Campofregoso.

title: 1450

date: July 18

text: July 18 – In the Republic of Genoa in Italy, Spinetta Fregoso is elected by the republic's council as the new chief executive, the Doge. He remains in office for only six days before being forced to surrender to Lodovico di Campofregoso.

title: 1461

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Installed by the Revolutionary Council, Paolo da Novi becomes the first Doge of the Republic of Genoa in almost 19 years, after the office had been made vacant in 1488 by the conqueror Francesco Sforza. He reigns for only 18 days before fleeing from office by French occupation forces on April 28, and the dogeship will remain vacant again for five years.

title: 1507

date: June 29

text: June 29 – Giano II di Campofregoso was elected as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy after the withdrawal of French occupation troops, filling a vacancy that had existed since 1507.

title: 1512

date: June 20

text: June 20 – Ottaviano Fregoso becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, replacing Giano II di Campofregoso.

title: 1513

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Giano II di Campofregoso resigns as Doge of the Republic of Genoa as plots by two opposing families restore the influence of France. Campogregoso leaves the city on a ship to serve the Republic of Venice in its war against the Duchy of Milan.

title: 1513

text: January 4 – Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo is elected to a two year term as Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy, succeeding Giovanni Battista Doria.

title: 1539

text: January 4 – Leonardo Cattaneo della Volta is elected to a two-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, succeeding Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo

title: 1541

text: January 4 – Andrea Centurione Pietrasanta begins a two-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, replacing Leonardo Cattaneo della Volta.

title: 1543

text: January 4 – Giovanni Battista De Fornari begins a 2-year term as the Doge of Genoa, succeeding Andrea Centurione Pietrasanta.

title: 1545

text: January 4 – Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli begins a two-year term as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy, succeeding Benedetto Gentile Pevere.

title: 1549

text: January 4 – Luca Spinola is elected to a two-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, succeeding Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli.

title: 1551

text: January 4 – Pietro Giovanni Chiavica Cibo becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa for a term of 2 years as the term of the Doge Agostino Pinelli Ardimenti comes to an end.

title: 1557

text: January 4 – Paolo Battista Giudice Calvi is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, but serves for only eight months before dying in September.

title: 1561

section: Crime & Justice

date: October 7

text: October 7 – Giovanni Battista Lercari is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa.

title: 1563

text: October 11 – Ottavio Gentile Oderico is elected to a two-year term as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa.

title: 1565

text: October 19 – In Italy, Giovanni Battista Gentile Pignolo is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa for a two-year term, replacing Prospero Centurione Fattinanti.

title: 1577

text: October 20 – Nicolò Doria is elected to a two-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa. Sergio Buonadonna and Mario Marcenaro, Rosso Doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797 (De Ferrari Press, 2000).

title: 1579

text: November 4 – Gerolamo Chiavari is elected to a 2-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa to succeed Gerolamo De Franchi Toso.

title: 1583

text: November 14 – Davide Vacca is elected to a two-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy in a vote by the Grand Council of the Republic.

title: 1587

text: November 27 – In Italy, Giovanni Giustiniani Campi is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa after a 12-day search for a successor to Battista Negrone.

title: 1591

text: November 27 – Antonio Grimaldi Cebà begins a two-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, succeeding Giovanni Giustiniani Campi.

title: 1593

text: December 7 – Lazzaro Grimaldi Cebà is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, as the previous chief executive, Matteo Senarega completes his two-year term. Senarega is given the post of procuratore perpetuo.

title: 1597

text: August 18 – Francesco Maria Imperiale Lercari becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa.

title: 1683

text: September 9 – Francesco Invrea, King of Corsica, begins a two-year term as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy, succeeding Giovanni Battista Cattaneo Della Volta.

title: 1693

text: September 14 – Vincenzo Durazzo is elected to a 2-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa (including the island of Corsica), succeeding the outgoing Doge, Domenico Maria De Mari.

title: 1707


slug: doge-of-venice

label: Doge of Venice

description: chief magistrate of Venetian Republic

text: Paolo Lucio Anafesto is elected the first Doge of Venice, which begins its rise as a major power in the Mediterranean Sea. Built up from fishing villages settled by fugitives from the Huns (see 452), the city of Venice occupies some 60 marshy islands (Venetian Lagoon).

title: 697

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Teodato Ipato is deposed and blinded, after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by Galla Gaulo, who usurps the ducal throne of Venice.

title: 755

section: Births

text: Pietro II Orseolo, Doge of Venice (d. 1009)

title: 961

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Pietro II Orseolo becomes the 26th Doge of Venice. Venice establishes a protectorate on the coast of the Dalmatian Islands.

title: 991

section: Events › Unknown dates

text: New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice, in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular Lorenzo Tiepolo from becoming elected.

title: 1268

section: Events › By topic › War and politics

date: April 4

text: April 4 – A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. It is ratified by the Doge of Venice Reniero Zeno on June 30.

title: 1268

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Pietro Gradenigo, Doge of the Republic of Venice since 1289, dies after a reign of 22 years. Marino Zorzi is elected by the Venetian nobles to replace Gradenigo as the republic's chief executive officer.

title: 1311

section: Events › July – September

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Giovanni Soranzo is elected as the new Doge to lead the Republic of Venice, 10 days after the death of the Doge Marino Zorzi and will serve for the next 18 years.

title: 1312

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Marin Falier, Doge of Venice (b. 1285)

title: 1355

date: April 18

text: April 18 – In Venice, the Council of Ten beheads Doge Marin Falier, for conspiring to kill them.

title: 1355

section: Events

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Michele Morosini becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Venice and replaces the late Doge Andrea Contarini, but he serves for only four months before dying in office at the age of 74.

title: 1368

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Marquard of Randeck, Prince-Bishop of Augsburg, who had joined an alliance in a war against the Republic of Venice, is defeated in the Battle of Fossa Nuova, near Treviso, after the Doge of Venice, Andrea Contarini, hired Turkish mercenaries. Randeck is forced to negotiate surrender terms and sign a peace treaty.

title: 1373

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Andrea Contarini, the Doge of the Republic of Venice, directs Admiral Pisani to blockade the port of Genoa, effectively trapping the Genoese fleet and preventing the occupation of Venice.

title: 1379

text: June 10 – Michele Morosini is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Venice, five days after the death of Andrea Contarini, but serves for only four months before dying in office.

title: 1382

text: Andrea Vendramin, Doge of Venice (d. 1478)

title: 1393

date: May 6

text: May 6 – The council of the Republic of Venice passes a law prohibiting the Republic's executive, the Doge, from using the state owned official ship, the bucentaur, from being used for private purposes.

title: 1401

date: July 9

text: July 9 – The Republic of Venice, led by the Doge Michele Steno, gains control of both sides of the Adriatic Sea by purchasing the Dalmatian coast (bordered in modern times by Slovenia and Croatia) from King Ladislaus the Magnanimous, ruler of the Kingdom of Naples for 100,000 ducats, or 350 kilograms of gold.

title: 1409

date: December 26

text: December 26 – The rule of Michele Steno as the Doge of the Republic of Venice ends after 26 years upon his death. Tommaso Mocenigo is elected to replace him as Doge.

title: 1413

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Francesco Foscari is elected the new Doge of the Republic of Venice after the death of Tommaso Mocenigo. He will serve as the Venetian Republic's executive for 34 years before being forced to abdicate a few days before his death in 1457.

title: 1423

date: August

text: August (day unknown) – Marco Barbarigo, the 73rd Doge of Venice, was said to have died in a dispute caused by his brother and successor, Agostino Barbarigo.

title: 1486

date: August 14

text: August 14 – Marco Barbarigo, Doge of the Republic of Venice, dies after only nine months in office, and his brother Agostino Barbarigo is elected to replace him.

title: 1486

date: October 2

text: October 2 – Leonardo Loredan is elected 75th doge of the Venetian Republic, taking office on October 13, and serves for almost 20 years.

title: 1501

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Andrea Gritti is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Venice, 13 days after the death of Antonio Grimani.

title: 1523

date: May 7

text: May 7 – Antonio Grimani, Italian admiral and Doge of Venice (b. 1434)

title: 1523

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Sebastiano Venier becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Venice, succeeding Alvise Mocenigo, who died on June 4.

title: 1577

date: March 11

text: March 11 – Nicolò da Ponte is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Venice after 44 ballots, following the March 3 death of Sebastiano Venier.

title: 1578

text: April 17 – Venetian Interdict: Pope Paul V places the Republic of Venice under an interdict, as well as excommunicating Leonardo Donato, the Doge of Venice, and members of the Venetian Senate.

title: 1606

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Marcantonio Memmo is elected as the Doge of the Republic of Venice on the first ballot of the Venetian council, winning 38 of the 41 votes. Memmo succeeds the late Doge Leonardo Donato, who died on July 16.

title: 1612

date: December 23

text: December 23 – Giovanni I Cornaro, Doge of the Republic of Venice since 1625, dies and is succeeded by Nicolò Contarini.

title: 1629

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Francesco Molin is elected as the 99th Doge of Venice after 23 ballots, and governs the Venetian Republic for nine years until his death in 1655.

title: 1646

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Bertuccio Valier is elected as the new Doge of the Venetian Republic in Venice.

title: 1656

date: May 17

text: May 17 – In elections by the nobility of Venice for the Leader of the Venetian Republic, Francesco Cornaro defeats Bertuccio Valier. Cornaro dies less than three weeks later, on June 5.

title: 1656

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Nicolò Sagredo is elected as the new Doge of Venice and leader of the Venetian Republic, replacing Domenico II Contarini, who had died 10 days earlier.

title: 1675

date: February 9

text: February 9 – Francesco Loredan, Doge of Venice (d. 1762)

title: 1685

date: April 3

text: April 3 – Francesco Morosini becomes Doge of Venice.

title: 1688

text: February 26 – Silvestro Valier is elected as the new Doge of Venice to replace the late Francesco Morosini

title: 1694

text: March 18 – The electors of the Republic of Venice (which includes not only a large part of northern Italy around the city of Venice, but portions of Eastern Europe along the Adriatic Sea) elect Francesco Loredan as their new executive, the Doge. Loredan's election comes 11 days after the death of the previous Doge, Pietro Grimani, but is not announced until after Easter Sunday.

title: 1752

text: May 31 – Marco Foscarini becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Venice after the death of Francesco Loredan, who had administered the Republic for 10 years.

title: 1762


slug: doge-title

label: Doge (title)

description: chief of state in Italian city-states

text: Paolo Lucio Anafesto, doge of Venice

title: 717

text: Paolo Lucio Anafesto dies after a 20-year reign, and is succeeded by Marcello Tegalliano as the second doge of the Republic of Venice.

title: 717

section: Events › By place › Western Europe

text: Marcello Tegalliano, doge of Venice

title: 726

section: Religion & Belief

text: Teodato Ipato succeeds his father Orso Ipato, as the fourth doge of Venice. He moves the capital from Heraclea to Malamocco.

title: 742

text: Domenico Monegario is deposed, after Pope Paul I demanded donations from Venice. Monegario is blinded and exiled, and succeeded by Maurizio Galbaio as the 7th doge of Venice. During his reign, Venetian wealth is increased via trade.

title: 764

section: Conflict & Security

text: A Byzantine fleet lands in the Venetian Lagoon, and attacks a Frankish flotilla at Comacchio, but is defeated. Doge Obelerio degli Antenori marries a Frankish bride, Carola; she becomes the first dogaressa of Venice.

title: 809

text: Giustiniano Participazio deposes his younger brother Giovanni I, and is appointed doge of Venice. Giovanni, who is part of a pro-Frankish faction, is exiled to Zara (modern Croatia).

title: 827

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Pietro Tradonico dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by Orso I Participazio, who becomes doge of Venice.

title: 864

date: March

text: March – Treaty of Venice: Frederick I Barbarossa acknowledges Alexander III as Pope, after a diplomatic mediation by Venetian doge Sebastiano Ziani.

title: 1177

section: Events › January–December


slug: dominican-order

label: Dominican Order

description: Roman Catholic religious order

date: August 8

text: August 8 – Dominic, founder of the Dominican Order (d. 1221)

title: 1170

text: Cecilia Cesarini, Italian Dominican nun and saint (d. 1290)

title: 1203

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Honorius III officially approves the Order of Preachers (the Dominican Order), by the Papal bull Religiosam vitam.

title: 1216

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Deaths

date: August 6

text: August 6 – Dominic, founder of the Dominican Order, canonized (b. 1170)

title: 1221

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Pope Honorius III issues the bull Vineae Domini custodes in which he approves the mission of two friars to Morocco. The bull is reissued in October when Honorius III exhorts the Dominican and Franciscan order to participate in that mission.

title: 1225

section: Events › April – June

text: Council of Toulouse: The Catholic Church permanently establishes the Inquisition, in the charge of the Dominican Order in Rome.

title: 1229

text: James Salomoni, Italian Dominican priest and prior (d. 1314)

title: 1231

date: March 20

text: March 20 – Gregory IX renews the excommunication of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, while he is at his court in Padua. Frederick responds by expelling the Franciscans and Dominicans from Lombardy.

title: 1239

text: Sligo Abbey, a Dominican monastery, is founded by Maurice FitzGerald, Norman chief governor of Ireland.

title: 1253

date: February 16

text: February 16 – Nicola Paglia, Italian Dominican priest (b. 1197)

title: 1256

text: May 7 – Alberto da Bergamo, Italian Dominican friar (b. 1214)

title: 1279

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: April 8

text: April 8 – In the Delhi Sultanate of India, European Dominican missionaries who have accompanied Jordan Catala are killed while stranded on Salsette Island. Jordan escapes and continues his ministry.

title: 1321

date: September 27

text: September 27 – The co-rulers of most of Spain, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile initiate the Spanish Inquisition to look for heretics and unconverted Jews, appointing the Dominican Order clerics Miguel de Morillo and Juan de San Martín to serve as the first two inquisitors.

title: 1480

section: Events › July–September

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Beatrice of Silva, Spanish Dominican and Roman Catholic nun and a saint

title: 1492

text: May 20 – Columba of Rieti, Italian Dominican tertiary Religious Sister and blessed (b. 1467)

title: 1501

section: Deaths › January–June

date: June 18

text: June 18 – Osanna of Mantua, Italian Dominican tertiary and blessed (b. 1449)

title: 1505

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Luis Cáncer, Spanish Dominican priest, missionary, martyr and servant of God (b. 1500)

title: 1549

date: July 28

text: July 28 – Godfried van Mierlo, Dutch Dominican friar and bishop (b. 1518)

title: 1587

date: November 11

text: November 11 - Saint Marina of Omura, Japanese Dominican tertiary and one of the 16 Martyrs of Japan

title: 1634

date: September 16

text: September 16 – John Macias, Spanish Dominican friar and saint (b. 1585)

title: 1645


slug: dominican-republic

label: Dominican Republic

description: island sovereign state in the Caribbean Sea

date: January 15

text: January 15 – Christopher Columbus and his crew begin their voyage back to Europe on their two remaining ships, the caravel La Niña (guided by Columbus) and the Pinta (piloted by Martín Alonso Pinzón), departing from the island of Hispanola and what becomes known as the Bay of Rincón in the Dominican Republic. The decision to return to Spain comes two days after the crew's battle with the indigenous residents, the Ciguayos.

title: 1493

section: Events › January–March

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Friar Bernardo Buil, a Catalan monk in Spain, is appointed by Pope Alexander VI as the first Christian "Vicar Apostolic of the New World". Friar Buil will depart from Cadiz on September 25 on the second voyage of Christopher Columbus, and will begin his mission at La Isabela, a Spanish settlement on the island of Hispanola in what becomes the Dominican Republic.

title: 1493

section: Events › April–June

date: August 5

text: August 5 – Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus, formally founds the city of Santo Domingo (first settled in March) on Hispaniola (in the modern-day Dominican Republic), making it the oldest permanent European settlement in the New World.

title: 1496

text: The first African slaves brought to the New World arrive at the island of Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic).

title: 1502

section: Events › Date unknown

date: January 14

text: January 14 – A fleet of ships carrying 827 Spanish Navy sailors and marines arrives at Manzanillo Bay on the island of Hispaniola in what is now the Dominican Republic and joins 700 Spanish cavalry, then proceeds westward to invade the French side of the island in what is now Haiti.

title: 1691

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Matías Ramón Mella, Dominican revolutionary and Founding Father of the Dominican Republic (d. 1864)

title: 1816

section: Births › January–June

date: March 9

text: March 9 – Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, Dominican independence activist and founding father of the Dominican Republic (d. 1861)

title: 1817

date: February 9

text: February 9 – The invading Haitian forces, led by Jean-Pierre Boyer, arrive in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Dominican Republic.

title: 1822

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 27

text: February 27 – The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti.

title: 1844

date: November 6

text: November 6 – The Dominican Republic drafts its first Constitution.

title: 1844

section: Events › October–December

date: August 16

text: August 16 – After Spain's annexation of the Dominican Republic, rebels raise the Dominican flag in Santiago to begin the Dominican Restoration War.

title: 1863

section: Events › August

text: August 16 – The Dominican Republic regains independence from Spain.

title: 1865

date: January 2

text: January 2 – Ignacio María González becomes head of state of the Dominican Republic for the first time.

title: 1874

section: Events › January

date: January 21

text: January 21 – The Dominican Republic signs an agreement with the United States to allow the U.S. to administer the collection of customs taxes for Santo Domingo for 50 years, with the U.S. to assume responsibility for payment of the Republic's debts to foreign nations from Dominican income. The agreement is done as an exercise of the "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine.

title: 1905

date: May 16

text: May 16 – Rafael Trujillo is elected president of the Dominican Republic.

title: 1930

section: Events › May

section: Climate & Environment

date: September 3

text: September 3 – The huge 1930 San Zenón hurricane in the Caribbean demolishes most of the city of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic.

title: 1930

section: Events › September

date: October 2

text: October 2–8 – Parsley Massacre: Under the orders of President Rafael Trujillo, Dominican troops kill thousands of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic.

title: 1937

section: Events › October

date: June 14

text: June 14 – A 3-front invasion of the Dominican Republic by exile forces backed by Fidel Castro and Venezuela attempts to overthrow Rafael Trujillo.

title: 1959

section: Events › June

section: Health & Medicine

date: April 1

text: April 1 – The 1960 United States census begins. There are 179,323,175 U.S. residents on this day. All people from Latin America are listed as white, including blacks from the Dominican Republic, European whites from Argentina and Mexicans who resemble Native Americans.

title: 1960

section: Events › April

section: Crime & Justice

date: May 30

text: May 30 – Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, ruler of the Dominican Republic since 1930, is killed in an ambush.

title: 1961

text: February 27 – Juan Bosch takes office as the 41st president of the Dominican Republic.

title: 1963

section: Events › February

date: September 25

text: September 25 – In the Dominican Republic, Juan Bosch is deposed by a coup d'état led by the military with civilian support.

title: 1963

date: April 24

text: April 24 – In the Dominican Republic, officers and civilians loyal to deposed President Juan Bosch mutiny against the right-wing junta running the country, setting up a provisional government. Forces loyal to the deposed military-imposed government stage a countercoup the next day, and civil war breaks out, although the new government retains its hold on power.

title: 1965

section: Events › March–April

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Joaquín Balaguer becomes president of the Dominican Republic.

title: 1966

section: Events › July

date: June 2

text: June 2 – Joaquín Balaguer is elected president of the Dominican Republic.

title: 1966

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Hurricane Inez strikes Hispaniola, leaving thousands dead and tens of thousands homeless in the Dominican Republic and Haiti.

title: 1966

date: October 12

text: October 12 – In the Dominican Republic, Pope John Paul II celebrates the 500th anniversary of the meeting of two cultures.

title: 1992

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Birgenair Flight 301, on a charter flight from the Caribbean to Germany, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of the Dominican Republic, killing all 189 passengers and crew.

title: 1996

date: September 14

text: September 14–September 25 – The Atlantic hurricane Fiona hits Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, the Lucayan Archipelago, Bermuda, and Eastern Canada.

title: 2022


slug: domitian

label: Domitian

description: 11th Roman Emperor (81–96)

year_label: 64 CE

section: Births

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Julia Flavia, daughter of Titus and lover of his brother Domitian (d. AD 96)

title: AD 64

year_label: 70 CE

section: Culture & Society

text: Later Roman emperor Domitian marries Domitia Longina.

title: AD 70

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 71 CE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Titus is awarded with a triumph, accompanied by Vespasian and his brother Titus Flavius Domitian. In the parade are Jewish prisoners and treasures of the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. The leader of the Zealots, Simon Bar Giora, is lashed and strangled in the Forum.

title: AD 71

year_label: 73 CE

text: Titus Flavius Domitianus becomes Roman Consul.

title: AD 73

year_label: 81 CE

text: September 14 – Domitian succeeds his brother Titus as emperor. Domitian is not a soldier like his two predecessors, and his administration is directed towards the reinforcement of a monarchy. By taking the title of Dominus ("lord"), he scandalizes the senatorial aristocracy. Romanisation progresses in the provinces, and life in the cities is greatly improved. Many provincials – Spanish, Gallic, and African – become Senators.

title: AD 81

year_label: 82 CE

text: Emperor Domitian becomes Roman Consul.

title: AD 82

year_label: 83 CE

text: Emperor Domitian fights the Chatti, a Germanic tribe. His victory allows the construction of fortifications (Limes) along the Rhine-frontier.

title: AD 83

year_label: 84 CE

text: Emperor Domitian recalls Agricola back to Rome, where he is rewarded with a triumph and the governorship of the Roman province of Africa, but he declines it.

title: AD 84

year_label: 85 CE

text: Emperor Domitian repulses a Dacian invasion of Moesia.

title: AD 85

year_label: 86 CE

text: Emperor Domitian introduces the Capitoline Games.

title: AD 86

year_label: 88 CE

section: Religion & Belief

text: Two Egyptian obelisks are erected in Benevento in front of the Temple of Isis, in honour of Emperor Domitian.

title: AD 88

year_label: 89 CE

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Lucius Antonius Saturninus incites a revolt against Emperor Domitian (it is suppressed by January 24).

title: AD 89

section: Events › By place › Europe

year_label: 91 CE

section: Deaths

text: Julia Flavia, daughter of Titus, lover of his brother Domitian (b. AD 64)

title: AD 91

year_label: 92 CE

text: Emperor Domitian becomes a Roman Consul.

title: AD 92

year_label: 93 CE

text: Emperor Domitian persecutes the Christians.

title: AD 93

year_label: 94 CE

text: Emperor Domitian rebuilds and rededicates the Curia Julia (meeting place of the Roman Senate), which had burned down in AD 64.

title: AD 94

year_label: 95 CE

text: Emperor Domitian and Titus Flavius Clemens become Roman Consuls.

title: AD 95

year_label: 96 CE

date: September 18

text: September 18 – Emperor Domitian is stabbed to death by a freedman at the age 44 after a 15-year reign, in a palace conspiracy involving officers of the Praetorian Guard. The Flavian Dynasty ends.

title: AD 96

text: September 18 – Domitian, Roman emperor (b. AD 51)

title: AD 96

text: Hadrian restores the monarchist policy of Claudius and Domitian. The equestrian order is given full legal status, and attains the second order of the state.

title: AD 131

text: Narses dies at Domitian's palace in Rome.

title: 571