slug: martin-luther

label: Martin Luther

description: German priest and theologian (1483–1546)

date: January 29

text: January 29 – Katharina von Bora, German nun, wife of Martin Luther (d. 1552)

title: 1499

section: Culture & Society

text: Martin Luther enters the University of Erfurt.

title: 1501

date: July 2

text: July 2 – Martin Luther, aged 22, vows to become a monk in a moment of terror, as a result of a close lightning strike during a thunderstorm, near the village of Stotternheim.

title: 1505

section: Events › July–September

date: April 3

text: April 3 – At Erfurt, German monk Martin Luther is ordained by the suffragan bishop Johann Bonemilch as a priest of the Catholic Church.

title: 1507

section: Events › April–June

date: November 1

text: November 1 – At the age of 16, Prince Wolfgang of the House of Ascania becomes the new ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Köthen, succeeding his father Waldemar VI. In 1521, he will meet Martin Luther and, in 1525, will introduce the Reformation to his principality, making Anhalt-Köthen only the second nation (after the Electorate of Saxony) to officially adopt Protestantism.

title: 1508

text: October 19 – Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology (Doctor in Biblia).

title: 1512

date: October 21

text: October 21 – Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.

title: 1512

date: October 31

text: October 31 – Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses (posting them on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church), and begins the Protestant Reformation. This story is possibly apocryphal.

title: 1517

date: April 26

text: April 26 – Martin Luther makes the first public defense of his views at a gathering of the Roman Catholic order of Augustinians, at what becomes known as the Heidelberg Disputation at a lecture hall at Heidelberg in the Electoral Palatinate in Germany. While there, he is challenged to a theological debate by Johann Eck, the German leader of the anti-Reformation movement.

title: 1518

date: March 5

text: March 5 – The Dutch priest Erasmus of Rotterdam sends the new Ninety-five Theses of Martin Luther to England, delivering the Protestant manifesto to Sir Thomas More.

title: 1518

section: Events › January–March

date: May 30

text: May 30 – At the request of Pope Leo X of the Roman Catholic Church, Martin Luther, father of the Protestant Reformation, writes a lengthy summary of his theology.

title: 1518

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Martin Luther joins the debate regarding papal authority, against Johann Eck at Leipzig.

title: 1519

text: June 27 – The Leipzig Debate begins at the Pleissenburg lecture hall in the German city of Leipzig in Saxony, as Martin Luther defends his ideas on the Protestant Reformation against challenges by Johann Eck, the German leader of the anti-Reformation movement. While there, he is challenged to a theological debate by Johann Eck, the German leader of the anti-Reformation movement. The debate lasts until July 15 and gains new followers to Luther's theology.

title: 1519

date: August

text: August – Martin Luther publishes To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation.

title: 1520

date: December 10

text: December 10 – Martin Luther burns a copy of The Book of Canon Law (see Canon Law), and his copy of the Papal bull Exsurge Domine.

title: 1520

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Pope Leo X issues the bull Exsurge Domine (Arise O Lord), threatening Martin Luther with excommunication, if he does not recant his position on indulgences and other Catholic doctrines.

title: 1520

date: April 16

text: April 16–18 – Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the Diet of Worms, where he refuses to recant his writings and allegedly proclaims, "Here I stand", regarding his belief in the Bible alone, as the standard of Christian doctrine.

title: 1521

section: Crime & Justice

text: April 26 – Martin Luther leaves Worms and disappears for around a year – he is rumored to be murdered, but is actually in hiding at the Wartburg castle.

title: 1521

section: Health & Medicine

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Martin Luther preaches an inflammatory sermon to students at Erfurt, while on his way to Worms.

title: 1521

date: January 3

text: January 3 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther, in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.

title: 1521

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Martin Luther is summoned to appear before the Diet of Worms.

title: 1521

date: May 25

text: May 25 – The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw and banning his literature.

title: 1521

text: March 6 – Protestant reformer Martin Luther returns to Wittenberg in Germany after getting cleared to return home by his protector, Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony.

title: 1522

date: September 21

text: September 21 – Luther Bible: Martin Luther's translation of the Bible's New Testament into Early New High German from Greek, Das newe Testament Deutzsch, is published in Germany, selling thousands in the first few weeks.

title: 1522

text: c. July – Martin Luther's translation of the Pentateuch into German (Das allte Testament Deutsch) is published by Melchior Lotter Jr. in Wittenberg.

title: 1523

date: April 24

text: April 24 – The Diet of Hungary, parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under King Lajos II, passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of Martin Luther within the Kingdom.

title: 1523

date: April 4

text: April 4 – Under a plan organized by Sister Katharina von Bora and Protestant reformer Martin Luther, fish merchant Leonhard Köppe helps carry out the rescue of Von Bora and other Cistercian Catholic nuns from the Nimbschen Abbey in Germany near Grimma and Leipzig. On the day before Easter, Köppe arrives at the convent under the pretext of bringing delivering herring and other foods to the Abbey, then uses empty barrels to smuggle the nuns to Wittenberg. Von Bora will later become Luther's wife.

title: 1523

date: August 22

text: August 22 – Protestant theologians Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt dispute at Jena.

title: 1524

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Martin Luther marries ex-nun Katharina von Bora. The painter Lucas Cranach the Elder is one of the witnesses.

title: 1525

date: April 8

text: April 8 – The Flensburg Disputation is held, a debate attended by Stadtholder Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (later King Christian III of Denmark), between Lutherans (led by Hermann Fast) and the more radical Anabaptists (led by Melchior Hoffman). Johannes Bugenhagen, a close associate of Martin Luther, presides. The Disputation marks the rejection of radical ideas by the Danish Reformation.

title: 1529

date: October 4

text: October 4 – As the Michaelmas fair opens in Wittenberg, Martin Luther's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German is offered for sale for the first time. The work, printed on 1,824 pages in two volumes by Hans Lufft adds the Old Testament including the deuterocanonical books to Luther's 1522 translation of the New Testament, and includes woodcut illustrations.

title: 1534

text: May 25 – The inaugural declaration of the Protestant Reformation takes place in Leipzig (now part of Germany) with Martin Luther present, as Duke Henry IV pledges to adopt Lutheranism as the official religion of make the Duchy of Saxony.

title: 1539

text: Martin Luther expels theologian Caspar Schwenckfeld from Silesia.

title: 1540

section: Science & Discovery

text: Martin Luther publishes On the Jews and Their Lies.

title: 1543

text: February 15 – Martin Luther delivers his final sermon, three days before his death about "obdurate Jews, whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory,"

title: 1546


slug: martinique

label: Martinique

description: island in the Lesser Antilles, overseas region and department of France

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: June 15 – Columbus and his crew land on the island of Martinique and land at Le Carbet.

title: 1502

text: Guadeloupe and Martinique are colonized by France.

title: 1635

section: Events › Date unknown

date: March 17

text: March 17 – French colonists from Martinique, led by former Martinique Governor Jacques Dyel du Parquet, land at St. Georges Harbour on the island of Grenada for the founding of Fort Annunciation. The fort is soon abandoned and the colonists cross the harbour for the founding of Fort Royal which eventually becomes the city of St. George's, Grenada

title: 1649

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 30

text: November 30 – Jacques Dyel du Parquet completes his installment payments, totaling 41,500 French livres, to become the exclusive owner of the Caribbean islands of Martinique, Grenada, Saint Lucia and the Grenadines.

title: 1653

section: Events › October–December

section: Conflict & Security

text: The Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique is carried out by French occupying forces.

title: 1660

section: Economy & Finance

date: April 14

text: April 14 – All grants to the Compagnie des Isles de l'Amerique for development of French-claimed islands in the Caribbean Sea are revoked by King Louis XIV, including the rights to the islands of Martinique and Saint Lucia that had been sold to Marie Bonnard du Parquet prior to her death in 1659.

title: 1664

date: January 29

text: January 29 – French missionary Jean-Baptiste Labat arrives in the New World, landing at the Caribbean island of Martinique.

title: 1694

date: January 16

text: January 16 – British forces under Robert Monckton land on the French island of Martinique in the Caribbean.

title: 1762

section: Climate & Environment

date: August 13

text: August 13 – A hurricane sweeps across the French island colony of Martinique, killing more than 400 people and destroying the plantation owned by Joseph-Gaspard de La Pagerie, the father of the future French Empress Joséphine.

title: 1766

date: October 10

text: October 10–16 – The Great Hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and Sint Eustatius; 22,000 are killed.

title: 1780

date: May 31

text: May 31–June 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Diamond Rock – A Franco-Spanish fleet captures the strategic island of Diamond Rock off Martinique in the West Indies, from the British.

title: 1805

date: May 8

text: May 8 – Mount Pelée in Martinique erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre and killing over 30,000.

title: 1902

section: Events › May


slug: marwar

label: Marwar

description: region in Rajasthan(Jodhpur, Bikaner, Barmer, Pali, Nagour districts etc.), India

text: Rao Kanhadev becomes Rathore ruler of Marwar (part of modern-day India).

title: 1357

section: Deaths

text: Rao Tida, Rathore ruler of Marwar

title: 1357

text: Rao Biram Dev succeeds Rao Kanhadev as ruler of Marwar (the modern-day Jodhpur district of India).

title: 1374

text: Rao Chanda succeeds Rao Biram Dev as Rathore ruler of Marwar (in modern-day western India).

title: 1383

date: November 8

text: November 8 – At Jodhpur, Rao Ganga became the new ruler of the Kingdom of Marwar in what is now the Indian state of Rajasthan, after the Rathore nobility determine that he is better suited to rule than his older brother Rao Viramde or his cousin Biram Singh.

title: 1515

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Maldeo Rathore, Rao of Marwar (b. 1511)

title: 1562

section: Births

text: April 24 – Sur Singh, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1619)

title: 1571

date: January 11

text: January 11 – Chandrasen Rathore, ruler of the Kingdom of Marwar (now part of the state of Rajasthan in India) dies at the age of 39, leaving a power vacuum that allows the Mughal Empire to take control of the kingdom.

title: 1581

date: September 7

text: September 7 – Gaj Singh Rathore becomes the new Raja of Marwar (within the Mughal Empire) at Jodhpur in what is now the Indian state of Rajasthan, succeeding his father, Sur Singh.

title: 1619


slug: mary-ii

label: Mary II

description: Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1694 (1662-1694)

section: Culture & Society

date: November 4

text: November 4 – The future Mary II of England marries William of Orange in London.

title: 1677

date: June 30

text: June 30 – A high-powered conspiracy of notables (the Immortal Seven) invite Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange and Princess Mary to "defend the liberties of England", and depose King James VII and II.

title: 1688

date: April 11

text: April 11 (O.S.) – William III and Mary II are crowned in London as King and Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Ireland does not recognise them yet, while the Estates of Scotland declare King James VII deposed.

title: 1689

date: February 23

text: February 23 (February 13, 1688 O.S.) – William III and Mary II are proclaimed co-rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland.

title: 1689

date: July 27

text: July 27 – First Jacobite rising: Battle of Killiecrankie near Pitlochry in Perthshire – Scottish Covenanter supporters of William III and Mary II (under Hugh Mackay) are defeated by Jacobite supporters of James II, but the latter's leader, John Graham, Viscount Dundee, is killed. Hand grenades are used in action.

title: 1689

date: January 30

text: January 30 – English Army General John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, a close adviser to King William III of England, is fired from all of his jobs by the English Secretary of State, the Earl of Nottingham, on orders of Queen Mary II.

title: 1692

date: October 25

text: October 25 – Queen Mary II of England founds the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich.

title: 1694

date: January 7

text: January 7 (December 28, 1694 O.S.) – The United Kingdom's last joint monarchy, the reign of husband-and-wife King William III and Queen Mary II comes to an end with the death of Queen Mary, at the age of 32. Princess Mary had been installed as the monarch along with her husband and cousin, Willem Hendrik von Oranje, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, in 1689 after King James II was deposed by Willem during the "Glorious Revolution".

title: 1695

date: March 5

text: March 5 – The funeral of Queen Mary II of England takes place, accompanied by music written for the occasion by Henry Purcell.

title: 1695

date: June 24

text: June 24 – The Act of Settlement 1701 is passed by the Parliament of England, to exclude the Catholic Stuarts from the British monarchy. Under its terms, King William III, childless, will be succeeded by Queen Mary II's sister Princess Anne and her descendants. If Anne should have no descendants, she will be succeeded by Sophia of Hanover and her descendants (hence the Hanoverian Succession in 1714).

title: 1701

date: March 11

text: March 11 (February 29 Old Style) – Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden resigns, to let her husband Frederick I take over as king of Sweden. She had desired a joint rule, in a similar manner to William III and Mary II in Britain, but as the Riksdag of the Estates (Sweden's parliament) refuses this, she abdicates in her husband's favour instead.

title: 1720


slug: mary-queen-of-scots

label: Mary, Queen of Scots

description: Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567 (1542–1587)

date: December 14

text: December 14 – Mary, Queen of Scots, aged six days, becomes queen regnant on the death of her father, James V of Scotland.

title: 1542

date: July 8

text: July 8 – the Earl of Arran, Regent of Scotland for Mary, Queen of Scots recaptures Dumbarton Castle from England after a 20-day siege.

title: 1546

section: Events › July–September

date: July 17

text: July 17 – After the Earl of Arran, Regent of Scotland for Mary, Queen of Scots, is unable to get England to voluntarily return control of Langholm to Scotland, he "reduces it by force.".

title: 1547

date: January 27

text: January 27 – King Henri II of France makes the Châtillon agreement, a contract for betrothal for an arranged marriage between his four year old son, Prince Francois, to the five year old Mary, Queen of Scots, to take place in 1558.

title: 1548

date: July 7

text: July 7 – A marriage treaty is signed between Scotland and France, whereby five-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, is betrothed to the future King Francis II of France.

title: 1548

date: April 24

text: April 24 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries Francis, Dauphin of France, at Notre-Dame de Paris.

title: 1558

date: July 25

text: July 25 – The Articles of Leith are signed in Edinburgh between the Protestant Lords of the Congregation and the Roman Catholic representatives of the Scottish regent, Mary of Guise, the widow of King James V, who is ruling on behalf of her daughter, the 17-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots. The Lords, who have occupied Edinburgh since June, withdraw their troops in return for the Scottish crown's agreement to not interfere with the practice of Protestantism in Scotland.

title: 1559

date: August 19

text: August 19 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is denied passage through England after returning from France. She arrives at Leith, Scotland later the same day.

title: 1561

date: June 14

text: June 14 – At dinner at Dunfermline Castle, Mary, Queen of Scots, displays a gold ring set with a heart shaped diamond from her collection and declares that she will send it to Queen Elizabeth of England as a gift and a possible summit conference in the future.

title: 1562

date: July 29

text: July 29 – The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots, marries her half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, in a Catholic ceremony.

title: 1565

date: March 9

text: March 9 – David Rizzio, Italian secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1533)

title: 1566

date: February 10

text: February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is murdered at the Provost's House in Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh.

title: 1567

text: February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1545)

title: 1567

date: May 13

text: May 13 – Marian civil war in Scotland: Battle of Langside – The forces of Mary, Queen of Scots, are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland and her half-brother.

title: 1568

date: May 16

text: May 16 – Mary, Queen of Scots, flees across the Solway Firth from Scotland to England but on May 19 is placed in custody in Carlisle Castle on the orders of Queen Elizabeth I, her cousin.

title: 1568

date: May 2

text: May 2 – The deposed Mary, Queen of Scots, escapes from Lochleven Castle.

title: 1568

date: November 9

text: November 9 – The Rising of the North begins in England as the Earl of Westmorland and the Earl of Northumberland, both Catholic nobles, set off from Brancepeth Castle in County Durham with 700 men, in hopes of overthrowing Queen Elizabeth I and placing the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, on the English throne.

title: 1569

date: September 5

text: September 5 – John Erskine, Earl of Mar is selected by the Scottish royal family to be the new Regent of Scotland to rule on behalf of the 5-year-old King James VI. The Earl of Mar replaces Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, the King's grandfather, who was assassinated the day before by supporters of his daughter-in-law the imprisoned Mary, Queen of Scots.

title: 1571

date: April 14

text: April 14 – James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1535)

title: 1578

date: November 24

text: November 24 – Albert Fontenay sends an enciphered letter to Mary, Queen of Scots that will become the chief evidence against her in her trial for treason during the Babington Plot. After becoming a witness for the English government in return for immunity from prosecution, Jérôme Pasquier will decipher the letter in 1586, leading to Mary's conviction for an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and to overthrow the English government.

title: 1584

date: February 8

text: February 8 – Mary, Queen of Scots, the monarch of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, is beheaded in front of 300 witnesses at Fotheringhay Castle, seven days after the signing of a death warrant by her cousin, Queen Elizabeth of England. Mary has been convicted of treason for her role in the Babington Plot, a conspiracy to overthrow the English government and to assassinate Elizabeth.

title: 1587


slug: maryland

label: Maryland

description: state of the United States of America

date: May 28

text: May 28 – William Claiborne sails from England to establish a trading post on Kent Island, the first English settlement in Maryland.

title: 1631

section: Events › April–June

date: June 20

text: June 20 – Charles I of England issues a charter for the colony of Maryland (named in honor of Henrietta Maria), under the control of Lord Baltimore.

title: 1632

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Leonard Calvert arrives in Maryland, with Jesuit missionaries Andrew White, John Altham Gravenor, and Thomas Gervase, establishing St. Mary's as the fourth permanent settlement in British North America. In this year they also establish an institution of higher learning here, which later becomes Georgetown University, the United States's oldest university.

title: 1634

date: January 24

text: January 24 – The first Jewish doctor in the Thirteen Colonies of America, Jacob Lumbrozo, arrives in Maryland.

title: 1656

date: July 31

text: July 31 – At a summit in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the British colonies of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania conclude a treaty with the Six Nations, conceding that the member tribes are entitled to the territory west of the Appalachian mountains and north of the Ohio River.

title: 1743

date: May 19

text: May 19 – General Braddock hosts Iroquois leaders Scaroyady, Kaghswaghtaniunt and Silver Heels at Fort Cumberland, the British Army base in the colony of Maryland. The three chiefs pledge their alliance with the British in advance of Braddock's expedition into the Ohio Country.

title: 1755

date: February 2

text: February 2 – The Articles of Confederation are ratified by Maryland, the 13th and final state to do so.

title: 1781

date: January 2

text: January 2 – Virginia passes a law ceding its western land claims, paving the way for Maryland to ratify the Articles of Confederation.

title: 1781

date: April 28

text: April 28 – Maryland ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the seventh U.S. state.

title: 1788

date: February 12

text: February 12 – Freed American slaves from Maryland form a settlement in Cape Palmas, it is named the Republic of Maryland.

title: 1834

date: March 7

text: March 7 – Baltimore City College, the third public high school in the United States, is established in Baltimore, Maryland.

title: 1839

text: Loyola College is chartered in Baltimore, Maryland.

title: 1852

date: October 24

text: October 24 – 28 enslaved people escape their enslavers in Maryland.

title: 1857

text: September 5 – In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia, into Maryland.

title: 1862

section: Events › September

text: September 5 – Camp David Accords: Hosted by U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israel's Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egypt's President Anwar Sadat met at Camp David in Maryland to discuss a peace agreement between the two nations.

title: 1978

date: January 10

text: January 10 – The first successful heart transplant from a pig to a human patient occurs in Baltimore, Maryland, United States.

title: 2022

section: Events › January


slug: masinissa

label: Masinissa

description: first king of Numidia from 202 BC to 148 BC

year_label: 238 BCE

text: Masinissa, king of Numidia (approximate date)

title: 238 BC

year_label: 206 BCE

text: After being an ally of Carthage and fighting with them, Numidian chieftain, Masinissa switches sides when the Carthaginians are driven from Spain and offers to assist Rome. Syphax expels his rival Masinissa and claims himself to be King of Numidia. The Romans support Masinissa's claim to the Numidian throne against Syphax, the pro-Carthaginian ruler of the Masaesyli tribe.

title: 206 BC

section: Events › By place › Carthage

year_label: 204 BCE

text: Having lost his alliance with the Numidian chief Masinissa, the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal Gisco, finds a new ally in the Numidian king Syphax, who marries Sophonisba, Hasdrubal's daughter, who, until his defection to Rome, has been betrothed to Masinissa.

title: 204 BC

year_label: 203 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: The Roman general, Gaius Laelius, and Rome's Numidian ally, Masinissa, follow Syphax towards Cirta, the Numidian capital. In the pursuit, Syphax is captured after his badly wounded horse throws him off. He is delivered to Scipio and is made a prisoner of the Romans, dying in the Italian town of Alba Fucens later in the year.

title: 203 BC

year_label: 202 BCE

date: October 19

text: October 19 – The Battle of Zama (130 kilometers south-west of Carthage) ends the Second Punic War and largely destroys the power of Carthage. Roman and Numidian forces under the leadership of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his Numidian ally, Masinissa, defeat a combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and force Carthage to capitulate. Hannibal loses 20,000 men in the defeat, but he is able to escape Masinissa's pursuit.

title: 202 BC

year_label: 171 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: Lucius Postumius Albinus is sent by Rome as an ambassador to King Masinissa of Numidia, and to the Carthaginians in order to raise troops for the war against Perseus of Macedonia.

title: 171 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 157 BCE

text: The Carthaginians, prevented by their treaty with Rome from engaging in armed resistance, but equally guaranteed against any loss of territory, appeal to Rome against the depredations of King Masinissa of Numidia. The Roman censor Marcus Porcius Cato heads a commission which arbitrates a truce between Carthage and her former ally, Masinissa.

title: 157 BC

year_label: 150 BCE

text: Scipio Aemilianus is sent by the Roman general, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, to Numidia to obtain some elephants from the Numidian king Masinissa, the friend of his grandfather Scipio Africanus. While there, he witnesses a great but indecisive battle between the Numidians and the Carthaginians. The latter then ask Scipio Aemilianus to arrange a settlement, but the negotiations break down.

title: 150 BC

year_label: 148 BCE

text: Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus divides Numidia among the three sons of the recently deceased Masinissa.

title: 148 BC

text: Masinissa, king of Numidia (b. c. 238 BC)

title: 148 BC


slug: massachusetts-bay-colony

label: Massachusetts Bay Colony

description: English possession in North America between 1628 and 1684

date: April 16

text: April 16 – In England, John Winthrop, later governor of the future Massachusetts Bay Colony, marries his first wife (of 4), Mary Forth, daughter of John Forth, of Great Stambridge, Essex.

title: 1605

date: December 6

text: December 6 – In England, John Winthrop, later governor of the future Massachusetts Bay Colony, marries his second wife (of four), Thomasine Clopton, daughter of William Clopton of Castleins, near Groton, Suffolk.

title: 1615

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: September 6

text: September 6 – Puritans settle Salem, which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.

title: 1628

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: August 26

text: August 26 – The Cambridge Agreement is signed in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America, providing for the colony to be under the control of stockholders who actually emigrate to New England.

title: 1629

date: August 29

text: August 29 – As a result of the Cambridge Agreement, the Massachusetts Bay Colony becomes a self-governing entity.

title: 1629

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640): Around 350 English Puritans on six ships, led by Francis Higginson in the Lyon's Whelp, sail from Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, heading to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America. They arrive on June 19.

title: 1629

section: Events › January–March

date: June 19

text: June 19 – Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640): The six ships of Puritans, led by Francis Higginson in the Lyon's Whelp, arrive in America at Salem, to settle in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

title: 1629

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a royal charter, and the colony is the first to be created in what will become the United States 150 years later, covering almost all of what will be the U.S. state of Massachusetts.

title: 1629

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Puritan migration to New England (1620-1640): Winthrop Fleet – The ship Arbella and three others set sail from the Solent in England, with 400 passengers under the leadership of John Winthrop, headed for the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America; seven more, with another 300 aboard, follow in the next few weeks.

title: 1630

date: July 30

text: July 30 – John Winthrop helps in founding a church in Massachusetts, which will later become known as First Church in Boston.

title: 1630

date: July 6

text: July 6 – The Success, last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, lands safely at Salem harbor, Massachusetts Bay Colony.

title: 1630

date: June 12

text: June 12 – Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded, with John Winthrop as governor.

title: 1630

date: September 17

text: September 17 (September 7 Old Style) – The settlement of Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded.

title: 1630

date: October 9

text: October 9 – Rhode Island founder Roger Williams is banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony as a religious dissident, after speaking out against punishments for religious offenses, and giving away Native American land.

title: 1635

date: August 25

text: August 25 (August 15 Old Style) – The covenant of the Town of Dedham, Massachusetts Bay Colony is first signed.

title: 1636

date: December 23

text: December 23 (December 13 Old Style) – The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This organization is recognized today as the founding of the United States National Guard.

title: 1636

date: May 14

text: May 14 – William Pynchon and his men establish the settlement of Agawam Plantation (now Springfield, Massachusetts) in territory controlled by the Agawam people, a subset of the Algonquian peoples, and negotiate for its purchase for Britain's Connecticut Colony. The Agawams deed the land to Connecticut on July 15, and the area is later deeded by Connecticut to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

title: 1636

date: September 18

text: September 18 (September 8 Old Style) – A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes New College (Harvard University), as the first college founded in the United States.

title: 1636

section: Health & Medicine

date: March 22

text: March 22 – Anne Hutchinson is banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for heresy and goes to Rhode Island.

title: 1638

text: The Massachusetts Bay Colony adopts a law making witchcraft a capital crime.

title: 1641

section: Events › Date unknown

text: May 19 – The New England Confederation is formed as a military alliance between Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Saybrook Colony (Connecticut), and New Haven Colony.

title: 1643

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Massachusetts Bay Colony enacts the death penalty as punishment for denying Biblical inspiration.

title: 1646

text: The town of Sharon, Massachusetts is founded.

title: 1650

text: Stephen Bachiler, a clergyman and early advocate for the separation of church and state returns to England after having spent more than 20 years overseas in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

title: 1653

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Mary Dyer is hanged for defying a law banning Quakers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

title: 1660

text: Publication at Cambridge in the Massachusetts Bay Colony of the "Eliot Indian Bible" (Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God), which becomes the first complete Bible published in the Americas, a translation by English-born Puritan missionary John Eliot of the Geneva Bible, from English into the Massachusett language (Natic or Wômpanâak) variety of the Algonquian languages.

title: 1663

date: June 26

text: June 26 – The Wampanoag warriors begin a three-day assault on English colonial towns in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in North America, with an assault on the villages of Rehoboth and Taunton. At the same time, Massachusetts troops march to Swansea, to join the Plymouth Colony troops. The warriors elude colonial troops and leave Mount Hope for Pocasset, Massachusetts. The Mohegan tribe travels to Boston, in order to assist the English colonists against the Wampanoags.

title: 1675

date: August 28

text: August 28 – The Irish Donation of 1676 is shipped from Dublin, to relieve Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

title: 1676

text: William Dummer, acting Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (d. 1761)

title: 1677

text: September 18 – The Province of New Hampshire is separated from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

title: 1679

date: May 16

text: May 16 – The Battle of Port Royal takes place in Nova Scotia after an invasion by a militia of 446 soldiers and 226 sailors from the Massachusetts Bay Colony on seven warships. With only 90 French colonial soldiers to defend Port-Royal, Acadian Governor Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Menneval surrenders before the end of the day.

title: 1690

date: February 13

text: February 13 – The Massachusetts Bay Colony issues the first paper money in North America, in lieu of coins, two months after a December 20 law authorizing the printing. The oldest known specimen, for 20 Massachusetts shillings bears the date "Feb. 3, 1690" based on the British old style calendar in use at the time.

title: 1691

date: October 17

text: October 17 (October 7 O.S.) – In New England, the two separate colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity by an act of the King and Queen of England.

title: 1691

date: March 1

text: March 1 – The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony, with the charging of 3 women with witchcraft. Tituba, a slave owned by Samuel Parris, is the first to be arrested, and she implicates Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne, who are arrested later in the day.

title: 1692

text: July 20 – King George, on advice of the Privy Council, issues the Royal Determination of the disputed boundary between the colonial provinces of New York and New Hampshire. The King-in-Council "doth hereby order and declare the western banks of the river Connecticut from where it enters the province of Massachusetts Bay, as far north as the 45th degree of north latitude to be the boundary line between the two provinces of New Hampshire and New York."

title: 1764


slug: massachusetts

label: Massachusetts

description: state of the United States of America

text: Captain John Smith publishes his book A description of New England in London. Smith relates one voyage to the coast of Massachusetts and Maine, in 1614, and an attempted voyage in 1615, when he was captured by French pirates and detained for several months before escaping.

title: 1616

text: Zildjian begins the commercial manufacture of cymbals in Turkey. The company will still be operating, from Massachusetts, in the 21st century.

title: 1623

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a royal charter, and the colony is the first to be created in what will become the United States 150 years later, covering almost all of what will be the U.S. state of Massachusetts.

title: 1629

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Boston Latin School, the oldest school in what will become the United States of America, is founded in Boston, Massachusetts.

title: 1635

text: The first American ancestor of John Adams, Henry Adams, emigrates to Massachusetts.

title: 1636

date: July 23

text: July 23 – After a court battle, King Charles I of England hands over title to the North American colony of Massachusetts to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, one of the founders of Plymouth Council for New England.

title: 1637

date: February 28

text: February 28 – Roger Scott is tried in Massachusetts for sleeping in church.

title: 1646

date: October 14

text: October 14 – Laws are passed in Massachusetts, forbidding poor people from adopting excessive styles of dress.

title: 1651

section: Events › October–December

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Awashonks, the female sachem who leads the Sakonnet Indians in what is now the U.S. state of Rhode Island, signs a peace agreement with the English leaders of the neighboring Plymouth Colony (now part of Massachusetts), along with chiefs Totatomet, Tattacommett and Somagaonet.

title: 1671

date: July 16

text: July 16–24 – An envoy from Massachusetts attempts to negotiate with the Nipmuck tribe.

title: 1675

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Colonial authorities of Rhode Island, Plymouth, and Massachusetts attempt a negotiation with Metacomet (King Philip), leader of the Wampanoags, and seek guarantees of fidelity from the Nipmuck and Narragansett tribes. The negotiations end after 11 days, closing on June 25.

title: 1675

date: November 16

text: November 16 – A prison is founded on Nantucket Island, in the English colony of Massachusetts.

title: 1676

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: November 27

text: November 27 – A fire in Boston, Massachusetts, burns all of the warehouses, 80 houses, and all of the ships in the dockyards.

title: 1679

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Edmund Andros arrives in Boston to become the British Governor of the newly created Dominion of New England, which includes most of the what are now the U.S. states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont and much of the eastern portion of New York. The unpopular Andros, who reigns as a dictator after being appointed by King James II, is driven out of office in 1689 after the overthrow of James, and the Dominion of New England is broken up into its constituent colonies.

title: 1686

section: Conflict & Security

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Massachusetts Puritans, led by Sir William Phips, besiege the city of Quebec; the siege ends in failure after six days.

title: 1690

date: September 25

text: September 25 – The only issue of Publick Occurrences is published in Boston, Massachusetts, before being suppressed by the colonial authorities.

title: 1690

section: Economy & Finance

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Chatham, Barnstable County, Massachusetts is incorporated as a town.

title: 1712

section: Events › April –June

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Father Rale's War (1722–1725) begins along the Maine and Massachusetts border.

title: 1722

section: Climate & Environment

date: November 18

text: November 18 – The 1755 Cape Ann earthquake occurs in the vicinity of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, causing extensive damage.

title: 1755

date: March 20

text: March 20 – The Great Fire of Boston, Massachusetts, destroys 349 buildings and marks the biggest conflagration in the American colonies up to this time.

title: 1760

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Massachusetts legislator Samuel Adams persuades his colleagues to approve his plan for creating a Committee of Correspondence to begin a dialogue with the other American colonies concerning mutual problems with England.

title: 1772

date: January 27

text: January 27 – An angry crowd in Boston, Massachusetts seizes, tars, and feathers British customs collector and Loyalist John Malcolm, for striking a boy and a shoemaker, George Hewes, with his cane.

title: 1774

date: April 19

text: April 19 – The Commonwealth of Massachusetts cedes all of its claims to territory west of New York State to the United States Confederation Congress. The area will become the southern portions of Michigan and Wisconsin.

title: 1785

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Shays' Rebellion begins in Massachusetts.

title: 1786

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts fails.

title: 1787

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Massachusetts ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the sixth U.S. state.

title: 1788

date: January 21

text: January 21 – The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth, is printed in Boston, Massachusetts. The anonymous author is William Hill Brown.

title: 1789

text: The State Street Corporation is founded, in Boston, Massachusetts.

title: 1792

date: December 30

text: December 30 – Wearing masks at balls is forbidden in Boston, Massachusetts.

title: 1809

date: March 26

text: March 26 – In the United States, the Boston Gazette prints a political cartoon coining the term Gerrymander, after former Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry's approval (on February 11) of legislation creating oddly shaped electoral districts, designed to help incumbents win re-election.

title: 1812

text: September 18 – Amherst College is founded in Massachusetts.

title: 1821

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: October 7

text: October 7 – The first train operates over the Granite Railway in Massachusetts.

title: 1826

date: January 12

text: January 12–27 – Webster–Hayne debate: In the United States Congress, Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates against Daniel Webster of Massachusetts about the question of states' rights vs. federal authority.

title: 1830

date: January 1

text: January 1 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper, in Boston, Massachusetts.

title: 1831

text: June 11 – The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, Massachusetts, fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees.

title: 1837

text: November 27 – The American Statistical Association is founded in Boston, Massachusetts.

title: 1839

text: March 18 – The Boston Public Library is founded by an act of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts.

title: 1848

text: November 1 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the first medical school for women, the Boston Female Medical School (which later merges with Boston University School of Medicine), opens.

title: 1848

text: January 23 – The flip of a coin, subsequently named the Portland Penny, determines whether a new city in the Oregon Territory will be named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning.

title: 1851

text: July 17 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the Harvard School of Dental Medicine is established as the first dental school in the United States.

title: 1867

text: July 20 – Children's Hospital Boston is founded by Dr. Francis Henry Brown and other Harvard Medical School graduates, as a 20-bed facility in the South End of Boston, Massachusetts.

title: 1869

text: November 9 – Great Boston Fire of 1872: In Boston, Massachusetts, a large fire begins to burn on Lincoln Street (the 2-day disaster destroys about 65 acre km2 of the city, 776 buildings, much of the financial district and causes US$60 million in damage).

title: 1872

text: May 16 – The Mill River dam collapses in Massachusetts, killing 139 people.

title: 1874

text: October 25 – The first performance of the Piano Concerto No. 1 by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is given in Boston, Massachusetts, with Hans von Bülow as soloist.

title: 1875

text: February 28 – The first vaudeville theater is opened, in Boston, Massachusetts.

title: 1883

text: March 20 – William Stanley Jr. demonstrates the first commercial alternating current generator and transformer system in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

title: 1886

text: November 26 – A two-day blizzard known as the Portland Gale piles snow in Boston, severely impacting the Massachusetts fishing industry and several coastal New England towns.

title: 1898

text: April 20 – Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts opens.

title: 1912

text: April 13 – The State of Massachusetts opens all public offices to women.

title: 1922

text: November 28 – Cocoanut Grove fire: A fire in the Cocoanut Grove nightclub in Boston, Massachusetts, kills 491.

title: 1942

text: October 20 – Brandeis University is formally founded in Massachusetts.

title: 1948

text: June 22 – Elizabeth Warren, American academic and politician, U.S. Senator (D-Mass.) since 2013

title: 1949

text: May 26 – A fire on board the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS Bennington, off Narragansett Bay, Massachusetts, kills 103 sailors.

title: 1954

text: July 19 – Chappaquiddick incident: US Senator Edward M. Kennedy drives off a bridge into a tidal pond after leaving a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts, killing Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy does not report the accident for nine or ten hours.

title: 1969

text: June – Massachusetts passes its Chapter 766 laws enacting special education.

title: 1971

text: March 18 – Twelve paintings and a Shang dynasty vase, collectively worth $100 to $300 million, are stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts by two thieves posing as police officers.

title: 1990

text: January 31 – Boston, Massachusetts, United States faces a hoax bomb scare, as a result of LED placards of Ignignokt and Err from Aqua Teen Hunger Force being mistaken as an improvised explosive device.

title: 2007


slug: mataram-sultanate

label: Mataram Sultanate

description: former sovereign state in Java

text: Sultan Agung of Mataram takes the throne of the kingdom of Mataram in Java.

title: 1613

date: December 3

text: December 3 – The attempt by the Mataram Sultanate to drive the Dutch East India Company from the western part of the island of Java fails after 103 days.

title: 1628

section: Science & Discovery

date: July 8

text: July 8 – The Javanese calendar is commenced on this day by the order of Sultan Agung of the Mataram Sultanate. It is the Javanese adaptation of the Hijri calendar, but it continues the year numbering of the Shaka era widely used in Java then, thus the calendar's epoch is 1 Sura 1555 AJ, corresponding with 1 Muharram 1043 AH.

title: 1633

section: Events › July–September

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Battle of Gegodog: Trunajaya defeats the Mataram Sultanate.

title: 1676

date: February 26

text: February 26 – On the Indonesian island of Java, Amangkurat II of the Mataram Sultanate agrees to bring his kingdom under the protection of the Dutch East India Company to drive out rebels.

title: 1677

date: August 21

text: August 21 – On the island of Java in modern-day Indonesia, the Kediri campaign begins as Mataram Sultanate and Dutch East India Company (VOC) forces under the command of VOC Captain François Tack begin marching from Jepara toward Kediri to suppress the Trunajaya rebellion that had driven out the Mataram Sultan. They are joined by two other columns of troops over the next fortnight.

title: 1678

date: January 2

text: January 2 – King Amangkurat II of Mataram (located on the island of Java, part of modern-day Indonesia), invites Trunajaya, who had led a failed rebellion against him until his surrender on December 26, for a ceremonial visit to the royal palace. After Trunajaya arrives, King Amangkurat stabs his guest to death.

title: 1680

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Cornelis Speelman of the Netherlands becomes the new Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and concludes an alliance with the Sultan Amangkurat II of the Mataram Sultanate on the island of Java, then uses the Dutch Army to suppress the rebellion started by the Sultan's half-brother, Prince Puger. Puger surrenders on November 28 to the ranking Dutch officer, Jacob Couper.

title: 1681

date: September 17

text: September 17 – First Javanese War of Succession: On the island of Java in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia), Pakubuwono I becomes the new Sultan of Martaram, capturing Kartosuro and deposing Sultan Amangkurat III.

title: 1705

date: February 13

text: February 13 – Treaty of Giyanti: The kingdom of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the sultanate of Yogyakarta and the sunanate of Surakarta.

title: 1755


slug: mathematics-in-medieval-islam

label: Mathematics in medieval Islam

section: Births

text: Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, Muslim mathematician (d. 934)

title: 850

text: Al-Battani, Muslim astronomer and mathematician (d. 929)

title: 858

section: Deaths

text: Al-Batani, Muslim astronomer and mathematician

title: 929

text: Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, Abbasid mathematician and physician

title: 934

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani, Persian mathematician and astronomer (d. 998)

title: 940

text: Al-Sijzi, Persian astronomer and mathematician (d. 1020)

title: 945

text: Abu Nasr Mansur, Persian mathematician (approximate date)

title: 960

text: Al-Jayyānī, Arab scholar and mathematician (d. 1079)

title: 989

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani, Persian mathematician (b. 940)

title: 998

text: Ibn Yunus, Fatimid astronomer and mathematician

title: 1009

text: Abu Nasr Mansur, Persian mathematician (b. 960)

title: 1036

date: May 18

text: May 18 – Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician and poet (d. 1131)

title: 1048

text: Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician and astronomer, calculates a 33 year calendar consisting of 25 ordinary years that include 365 days, and 8 leap years that include 366 days, the most accurate calculation of his time. Khayyam, in his Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems in Algebra, produces a complete classification of cubic equations and their geometric solutions (approximate date).

title: 1079

section: Events › By topic › Astronomy

text: Al-Jayyānī, Arab scholar and mathematician (b. 989)

title: 1079

date: December 4

text: December 4 – Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician (b. 1048)

title: 1126


slug: matthias-corvinus

label: Matthias Corvinus

description: King of Hungary and Bohemia, Duke of Austria (1443-1490)

date: February 23

text: February 23 – Matthias Corvinus, of Hungary (d. 1490)

title: 1443

date: November 23

text: November 23 – King Ladislaus V, King of Hungary, King of Croatia, and Duke of Austria since 1440, as well as King of Bohemia since 1453, dies suddenly at the age of 17 while in Prague. Although suspected by his allies to have been the victim of poisoning, examination of his remains indicates later that he died from bubonic plague. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor is declared Duke of Austria, while Matthias Corvinus attempts to become the new King of Hungary and Croatia, while George of Poděbrady vies to become the new King of Bohemia.

title: 1457

section: Culture & Society

date: January 24

text: January 24 – Matthias Corvinus becomes king of Hungary, at age 14.

title: 1458

date: April 3

text: April 3 – Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, come to an agreement to return the Crown of St. Stephen to Hungary in return for payment of 80,000 florins, and recognizing Matthias as King.

title: 1462

section: Events › April–June

date: March 25

text: March 25 – The coronation ceremony of Matthias Hunyadi as King Mátyás I of Hungary takes place in Székesfehérvár as Dénes Szécsi places the Crown of Saint Stephen on the King's head. Corvinus has reigned for more than six years at the time of his formal coronation.

title: 1464

text: King Matthias Corvinus founds the first university in Slovakia, the Universitas Istropolitana in Bratislava.

title: 1467

date: December 15

text: December 15 – At the Battle of Baia, troops under Stephen III of Moldavia decisively defeat the forces of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, at Baia (present-day Romania). This is the last Hungarian attempt to subdue the Principality of Moldavia.

title: 1467

date: March 31

text: March 31 – King Matyas of Hungary issues a declaration of war against King Jiri of Bohemia, starting a war that will last 10 years.

title: 1468

date: May 3

text: May 3 – At Olomouc, Hungarian King Matyáš Korvín is elected by the Czech Catholic estates to be the King of Bohemia and his rule is accepted by the occupied regions of Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia, though the other Bohemian estates remain loyal to the Bohemian King Jiří z Poděbrad.

title: 1469

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Two months after the death of King George of Poděbrady, the Diet of Bohemian nobles meets at Kutná Hora and elects Vladislaus Jagiello as the new King of Bohemia. The papal legate, Lorenzo Roverella, Bishop of Ferrara, declares the election void with the approval of Pope Paul II, and endorses Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, to be the new King of Bohemia, which the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire refuses to approve.

title: 1471

date: February 27

text: February 27 – At Racibórz (now in Poland, but at the time under the control of the Kingdom of Bohemia), the Bohemian King Matyáš Korvín arrests the Duke of Gliwice, Jan IV of Oświęcim and holds him prisoner until Jan relinquishes half of his lands to Bohemian control.

title: 1475

date: December 5

text: December 5 – King Vladislaus II of Hungary enters into an alliance with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, against Matthias Corvinus, King of Bohemia.

title: 1476

section: Events › October –December

date: February 15

text: February 15 – After turning down an offer of peace negotiations with the Ottoman Empire, Bohemia's King Matthias Corvinus leads troops across the Hungarian border and captures the fortress of Šabac.

title: 1476

date: September 6

text: September 6 – Matthias Corvinus, as King of Bohemia, orders the Transylvanian Saxons in his employment to assist Stephen V Báthory in the invasion of the principality of Wallachia.

title: 1476

date: December 1

text: December 1 – King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary signs a treaty with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor at Korneuburg, ending the Hungarian blockade of Vienna in return for Frederick's support for making Matthias King of Bohemia and an indemnity of 100,000 florins.

title: 1477

date: April 2

text: April 2 – The Peace of Olomouc is signed between King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia, bringing the Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478) to an end.

title: 1479

date: June 1

text: June 1 – King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary secures the surrender of Vienna, the Holy Roman Empire's capital, after a siege of four months. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, had departed the city before the siege began.

title: 1485

date: October 10

text: October 10 – The Siege of Retz in Austria comes to an end after four days when the inhabitants surrender to the Black Army of Hungary and King Matthias Corvinus.

title: 1486

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Wiener Neustadt, the last town in Lower Austria to resist Hungary's King Matthias Corvinus, surrenders to his army.

title: 1487

date: December 16

text: December 16 – The war between Hungary and Austria is ended with an armistice signed at Sankt Pölten between Duke Albert III of Saxony (on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire) and Hungary's King Matthias Corvinus.

title: 1487

date: November 2

text: November 2 – After years of conquests within Central Europe, King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and his army are routed at the battle of Uherský Brod and forced to retreat back to Hungary

title: 1489

section: Events › September–December

date: April 6

text: April 6 – Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary and Croatia, including part of Austria, dies unexpectedly at Vienna. Four people claim the throne before the Hungarian nobility assembles to elect the successor to King Matthias, and begin the War of the Hungarian Succession

title: 1490

text: April 6 – King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (b. 1443)

title: 1490


slug: mauretania

label: Mauretania

description: Ancient region in North Africa

year_label: 105 BCE

text: Lucius Cornelius Sulla secures the capture of Jugurtha. His success is made possible by the treachery of Bocchus I, king of Mauretania, and this ends the Jugurthine War (which began in 112 BC).

title: 105 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 32 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: Zacynthus is held by Gaius Sosius, and Methone (Messenia) by Bogud of the royal house of Mauretania, driven into exile by his brother Bocchus II.

title: 32 BC

year_label: 26 BCE

text: Cleopatra Selene marries Juba II of Numidia, and as a wedding present Augustus makes her the queen of Mauretania in her own right.

title: 26 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 2 CE

text: AD 2 – Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor. It is during this period that he meets Glaphyra, a Cappadocian princess and the former wife of Alexandros of Judea, a brother of Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea, and becomes enamoured with her.

title: 0s

section: Events › Africa

year_label: 23 CE

text: Juba II, king of Mauretania (b. c. 50 BC)

title: 20s

section: Deaths › 23 AD

year_label: 24 CE

text: The Roman war against Numidia and Mauretania ends with the annexation of the two African kingdoms.

title: 20s

section: Events › 24 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 38 CE

text: Drusilla, princess of Mauretania

title: 30s

section: Births › 38 AD

year_label: 40 CE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Noricum and Mauretania are incorporated into the Roman Empire.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 40

year_label: 44 CE

text: Mauretania becomes a Roman province.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 44

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Roman campaigns in Mauretania begin.

title: AD 144

text: Macrinus, of Mauretania, becomes the first equestrian Roman emperor.

title: 217

text: Having first crossed into Africa in 296, Emperor Maximian concludes his campaigns against the Quinquegentiani and other Berbers. His campaigns had ranged as far as Mauretania in the west and Tripolitania in the east. Julianus, a rebel leader in Africa, throws himself into a fire after the Romans breach the walls of his stronghold.

title: 299

text: Eunomius of Cyzicus is banished to Mauretania for harbouring the usurper Procopius.

title: 367

text: Count Theodosius the Elder is appointed commander of an expedition to suppress the rebellion of Firmus in Mauretania.

title: 373

text: Gildonic Revolt: Gildo, a Berber serving as a high-ranking official (comes) in Mauretania, rebels against the Western Roman Empire. The Gildonic Revolt is instigated by a powerful official in the Eastern Roman Empire named Eutropius, who wishes to undermine his enemies in the Western Roman Empire by cutting off the grain supply to Rome. After Gildo takes much of North Africa and cuts off the grain supply to Rome, Flavius Stilicho returns to Italy to raise troops against the rebels. After a short campaign in the desert, he defeats Gildo. Gildo flees and commits suicide by hanging himself.

title: 398

text: Genseric seizes lands from the Berbers and destroys church buildings all over Mauretania. He goes on a rampage forcing Bonifacius, Roman governor, to retreat to the fortified coastal town of Hippo Regius (modern Annaba).

title: 429

text: King Genseric concludes a peace treaty with the Romans, under which the Vandals retain Mauretania and a part of Numidia as foederati (allies under a special treaty) of Rome.

title: 435

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: End of the Vandal War (439-442): Emperor Valentinian III signs a peace treaty with King Genseric, and recognises the Vandal Kingdom. He grants him sovereignty over most of Africa. Genseric gives back Sicily and Mauretania (Algeria and Morocco). This marks the end of the Vandal migrations; they settle in North Africa, with Carthage as their capital.

title: AD 442

text: King Genseric, fearing a Roman invasion, tries to negotiate peace with Majorian, who refuses. The Vandals devastate Mauretania and Moorish warriors poison the wells.

title: 460

text: Spring – Battle of Scalas Veteres (6 km south of Carthage, in the Praetorian prefecture of Africa): Byzantine troops under Germanus crush a large-scale mutiny. Stotzas, leader of the rebellion, flees with a handful of followers to Mauretania.

title: 537

text: Solomon captures the Aurès Mountains from the Moors and extends Byzantine authority over Numidia and Mauretania Sitifensis. The city of Theveste (Algeria) is restored and fortified.

title: 540


slug: maurice-emperor

label: Maurice (emperor)

description: Byzantine Emperor (539-602)

section: Births

text: Maurice, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 602)

title: 539

section: Conflict & Security

text: Byzantine–Sassanid War: A Byzantine army under command of Maurice drives the Persians from Cappodocia (modern Turkey), and strengthens the Byzantine position in Caucasian Albania.

title: 575

section: Events › By place › Asia Minor

text: Winter – Maurice is appointed commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army in the East. He succeeds Justinian, despite complete lack of military experience.

title: 577

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Byzantine–Sassanid War: A Byzantine army under command of Maurice (magister militum per Orientem) invades Upper Mesopotamia, and raids on both sides of the Tigris. He deports 70,000 captives from Hyrcania to Cyprus, and installs military colonists to guard the strategic locations.

title: 578

section: Deaths

text: Byzantine-Sassanid War: King Khosrau I seeks peace, but dies before an agreement can be reached. The Mesopotamian front becomes stalemated, and Maurice (magister militum of the East) fortifies the borders in Armenia and Syria.

title: 579

text: Byzantine–Sasanian War: A Byzantine army commanded by Maurice, and supported by Ghassanid forces under King Al-Mundhir III, fails to capture the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, along the Euphrates.

title: 581

date: August 14

text: August 14 – Emperor Tiberius II Constantine, age 47, dies (possibly from deliberately poisoned food) at Constantinople, after a 4-year reign during which Thrace and Greece have been inundated by the Slavs. He is succeeded by his son-in-law Maurice, former notary who has commanded the Byzantine army in the war against the Persian Empire.

title: 582

text: Emperor Maurice decides to end the annual tribute to the Avars, a mounted people who have swept across Russia and threatened the Balkan Peninsula. They capture the cities of Singidunum (modern Belgrade) and Viminacium (Moesia).

title: 583

text: Spring – Emperor Maurice rejects a peace proposal of the Persians, in exchange for renewed payments in gold.

title: 586

text: Emperor Maurice builds more fortifications along the Danube frontier, separating the Byzantine Empire from the realm of the Avars and Slavs (approximate date).

title: 587

section: Events › By place › Eastern Roman Empire

text: Summer – Guaram I of Iberia, Georgian prince in exile, is sent by Emperor Maurice to the city of Mtskheta (Georgia). He restores the monarchy and is bestowed with the Byzantine court title of curopalates.

title: 588

text: Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Maurice defeats the Persian forces under Bahrām Chobin at Nisibis (modern Turkey), and drives them back into Armenia.

title: 590

text: Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Maurice, seeing an opportunity to end the prolonged war to the advantage of Constantinople, assists Khosrau II to regain the Persian throne. He sends a Byzantine army (35,000 men) under Narses into Mesopotamia, through Syria. At the same time, an expeditionary force in Armenia advances through Caucasian Iberia into Media (modern Azerbaijan).

title: 591

text: Emperor Maurice regains the Byzantine stronghold Singidunum (modern Belgrade) from the Avars. By counter-invading their homelands on the Balkans, Byzantine troops increase their pay by pillaging in hostile territory.

title: 592

text: Autumn – Emperor Maurice orders Priscus to spend the winter with his troops on the northern Danube bank, but he disobeys the emperor's order and retreats to the port city of Odessus (Varna) on the Black Sea Coast.

title: 593

text: Paul, father of Maurice (approximate date)

title: 593

text: Autumn – Emperor Maurice replaces general Priscus for disobeying orders. He installs his inexperienced brother Peter, as commander-in-chief in charge of the war against the Avars.

title: 594

text: Emperor Maurice uses the city of Marcianopolis (modern Bulgaria) as a military base of operations on the lower Danube River, against the Slavs on the Balkans.

title: 596

section: Religion & Belief

text: Emperor Maurice writes his last will, in which he describes his ideas for governing the Byzantine Empire (his eldest son, Theodosius, will rule the East from Constantinople, and his second son, Tiberius, the West from Rome).

title: 597

text: Emperor Maurice pays tribute to the Avars and concludes a treaty with their leader Bayan I, allowing Byzantine expeditions in Wallachia. He reorganises his army and strengthens the Long Walls (west of Constantinople).

title: 598

text: Emperor Maurice refuses to pay ransom for 12,000 Byzantine soldiers taken prisoner by the Avars. Their leader Bayan I orders the execution of the prisoners, and slaughters them all. His failure to buy back the captives destroys Maurice's popularity with the Byzantine troops in the Balkan Peninsula.

title: 599

text: Balkan Campaign: A Byzantine army under command of Peter, brother of Emperor Maurice, crosses the Danube and advances to the Tisza River, where it defeats the Avars.

title: 601

text: Emperor Maurice succeeds in winning over the Avars to Byzantine rule, but his campaigns against the Avars, Lombards, Persians and Slavs drain the imperial treasury, requiring an increase in taxes. He orders the troops to stay for winter beyond the Danube, but a mutiny breaks out under Phocas. He brings the Byzantine forces back over the Danube and marches on to Constantinople.

title: 602

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Maurice, Byzantine emperor (b. 539)

title: 602

text: Phocas has Constantina, empress consort of Maurice, and her three daughters arrested. He accuses her of conspiracy, and has them executed at Chalcedon (Bithynia).

title: 605


slug: mauritania

label: Mauritania

description: sovereign state in West Africa and North Africa

text: The Ghana Empire takes the Berber town of Aoudaghost (modern Mauritania) as the West African nation makes further gains.

title: 990

text: Battle of Tabfarilla in modern day Mauritania: The Almoravids are crushed by the Godala and their Emir.

title: 1056

section: Events › By place › Northern Africa

text: Approximate date – Koumbi Saleh, an important mercantile and political center of the Ghana Empire (modern Mauritania), is besieged by the Almoravids.

title: 1076

date: December 4

text: December 4 – The admission of Mauritania to the United Nations is vetoed by the Soviet Union.

title: 1960

section: Events › December

date: August 5

text: August 5 – The Polisario Front signs a peace treaty with Mauritania. Mauritania withdraws from the Western Sahara territory it had occupied, and cedes it to the SADR.

title: 1979

section: Events › August

date: January 26

text: January 26 – In Mauritania, security forces open fire on violent extremist opponents of President of Mauritania Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, allegedly killing at least four people.

title: 1992

section: Events › January

section: Crime & Justice

text: Mauritania is the last country to criminalise slavery (officially abolished in 1981), making the practice illegal everywhere in the world.

title: 2007

section: Events › Unknown date

date: August 6

text: August 6 – President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi of Mauritania is deposed in a military coup d'état.

title: 2008

text: August 5 – Mauritania holds a constitutional referendum for approval of proposed amendments to the constitution.

title: 2017


slug: mauritius

label: Mauritius

description: island sovereign state off of East Africa in the Indian Ocean

text: Pedro Mascarenhas discovers Diego Garcia, and reaches Mauritius in the Mascarene Islands.

title: 1512

section: Events › Date unknown

date: September 17

text: September 17 – Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia: Jacob Corneliszoon van Neck and three ships commanded by him are separated from the Dutch Republic fleet of Admiral Wybrand van Warwyck, and land on a Portuguese-charted island, Ilha do Cisne. Van Neck names the island Mauritius, after Maurice, Prince of Orange. Although Diogo Fernandes Pereira and sailors from Portugal had, in 1507, become the first Europeans to find Mauritius, van Neck's men apparently are the first to sight the dodo, a now extinct bird.

title: 1598

section: Events › July–September

date: April 14

text: April 14 – The Netherlands colonizes Mauritius, with colonists from the ship Dragon going ashore after sighting it the day before, an event chronicled by British traveler Peter Mundy.

title: 1638

section: Events › April–June

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: February 20

text: February 20 – The survivors of the wreck of the Dutch freighter Arnhem strike reefs but are able to make their way to an uninhabited island, probably the Ile D'Ambre or Ilot Fourneau both islands within the territory of Mauritius. During more than two months while shipwrecked, the survivors kill and eat the local wildlife, including the last surviving dodo. They are rescued by the English ship Truroe in May.

title: 1662

section: Events › January–March

date: May

text: May – The last credible report of a sighting of the dodo bird, now extinct, is made by Volkert Evertsz, a survivor of the shipwreck of the Dutch ship Arnhem, which struck reefs on February 12. The survivors had made their way in a small boat to Ile d'Ambre, an island in the Indian Ocean 200 km northeast of Mauritius. When rescued by the English ship Truroe in May, Evertsz reports that he and his group had survived by eating the local wildlife, including the dodo.

title: 1662

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 17

text: February 17 – Mauritius, a Dutch colony since 1638, is abandoned by the Dutch.

title: 1710

section: Health & Medicine

date: June 8

text: June 8 – The Botanic Gardens of Pamplemousses, one of the most popular tourist attractions on the island republic of Mauritius, are started by Pierre Barmond, who sets aside thousands of acres for the purpose of preservation of the islands flora. The gardens come to occupy 97 square miles or 251 square kilometers.

title: 1729

text: November 2 – The ship Atlas docks in Mauritius carrying the first group of laborers (from Calcutta) under the Indian indenture system to work on sugar plantations following the abolition of slavery in the British Empire.

title: 1834

section: Events › October–December

date: February 1

text: February 1 – Slavery is finally abolished in British-administered Mauritius, with compensation to slaveowners.

title: 1835

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Patria disaster: As British authorities attempt to deport Jewish refugees (originating from German-occupied Europe) from Mandatory Palestine to Mauritius, aboard the requisitioned emigrant liner at Haifa, the Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah sinks the ship with a bomb, killing around 250 refugees and crew.

title: 1940

section: Events › November

date: March 12

text: March 12 – Mauritius achieves independence from British rule.

title: 1968

section: Events › March–April

section: Culture & Society

text: Common African, Malagasy and Mauritian Organization (OCAMM) (Organisation Commune Africaine Malgache et Mauricienne) is established.

title: 1969

date: December 7

text: December 7 – Rotary International charters the Rotary Club of Grand Baie, Mauritius.

title: 1981

date: November 28

text: November 28 – South African Airways Flight 295 crashes into the Indian Ocean off Mauritius, due to a fire in the cargo hold; the 159 passengers and crew perish.

title: 1987

date: October 13

text: October 13 – The fifth summit of the Francophonie opens in Mauritius.

title: 1993

section: Events › October

section: Climate & Environment

date: August 15

text: August 15 – The Japanese bulk carrier Wakashio, which stranded on a reef in Mauritius last month, breaks in half. Approximately 1,000 tonnes of oil are spilled into the ocean, becoming the largest environmental disaster in the history of Mauritius.

title: 2020

date: February 5

text: February 5 – Cyclone Batsirai kills a total of 123 people across Madagascar, Mauritius, and Réunion two weeks after Tropical Storm Ana killed 115 people in the same region.

title: 2022

section: Events › February


slug: maurya-empire

label: Maurya Empire

description: ancient Indian empire (322–184 BCE)

year_label: 340 BCE

section: Births

text: Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire (approximate date)

title: 340 BC

year_label: 322 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Chandragupta Maurya captures Magadha: Chandragupta, with the help of Chanakya (Kautilya), who is also known as the Indian Machiavelli, destroys the Nanda rulers of Magadha and establishes the Maurya Empire. It is said that Chanakya met Chandragupta in the Vindhya forest, after being insulted by the Nanda king.

title: 322 BC

section: Events › By place › India

year_label: 304 BCE

text: Ashoka, Indian emperor and ruler of the Maurya Empire in present-day Eastern India 268–232 BC (d. 232 BC)

title: 304 BC

year_label: 297 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Chandragupta Maurya, Emperor of the Maurya Empire in India, r. 322–297 BC (approximate date)

title: 297 BC

year_label: 268 BCE

date: May 16

text: May 16 – Ashoka becomes emperor of the Maurya Empire.

title: 268 BC

year_label: 232 BCE

text: Ashoka, Indian emperor, who has ruled the Maurya Empire across the Indian subcontinent from 273 BC (b. 304 BC)

title: 232 BC

year_label: 224 BCE

text: Dasharatha, Mauryan emperor of Magadha (approximate date)

title: 224 BC

year_label: 215 BCE

text: Samprati, Mauryan emperor of Magadha

title: 215 BC


slug: maximian

label: Maximian

description: Roman emperor

text: Maximian (Herculius), Roman consul and emperor (d. 310)

title: 250

section: Religion & Belief

date: July 21

text: July 21 or July 25 – Diocletian appoints his fellow-officer Maximian to the office of caesar, or junior co-emperor.

title: 285

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Winter/Spring: The Caesar Maximian defeats the Bagaudae rebellion in Gaul. He then defeats a Germanic invasion into Gaul, defeating an army of Burgundians and Alemanni and another army of Chaibones and Heruli.

title: 286

text: On the same day that he is made consul, Maximian launches a campaign against an invasion of Gaul by the Alemanni. After defeating this invasion, he then invades Alemannia itself, entering across the Upper Rhine and returning to Roman territory via the Upper Danube.

title: 287

text: Around this time, an army loyal to Maximian, probably led by the future emperor Constantius, defeats the usurper Carausius or his Frankish allies in northern Gaul. In this or the following year, Carausius withdraws his military forces and administrative presence from Gaul, confining himself to Roman Britain.

title: 288

text: In this or the following year, Maximian attempts to reconquer Britain from the usurper Carausius but is defeated at sea.

title: 289

text: Following his victory over Emperor Maximian's fleet, the usurper Carausius invades the European mainland and re-establishes his military and administrative presence in northern Gaul.

title: 290

text: Winter: The emperors Diocletian and Maximian convene in Milan.

title: 291

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius I and Galerius as Caesars. This is considered the beginning of the Tetrarchy, known as the Quattuor Principes Mundi ("Four Rulers of the World"). (Some sources and scholars date Galerius' elevation to May 21.)

title: 293

text: Having first crossed into Africa in 296, Emperor Maximian concludes his campaigns against the Quinquegentiani and other Berbers. His campaigns had ranged as far as Mauretania in the west and Tripolitania in the east. Julianus, a rebel leader in Africa, throws himself into a fire after the Romans breach the walls of his stronghold.

title: 299

date: November 20

text: November 20 – The Augusti Diocletian and Maximian reunite in Rome to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Diocletian's accession, which is now treated as a joint anniversary for both emperors. A series of columns in the Roman Forum and a triumphal arch are dedicated to the emperors. The two emperors also agree on a plan of abdication.

title: 303

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Maximian retires from office, and leaves for Campania or Lucania (southern Italy), to live a life of ease in his luxury villas.

title: 305

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Maxentius, son of former Western Emperor Maximian, leads a revolt by the Praetorian Guard and members of the Senate in Rome, and is proclaimed Emperor. Southern Italy supports Maxentius, as do Africa, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. Maxentius recalls Maximian from retirement, who joins his son in Rome.

title: 306

text: Galerius sends Valerius Severus with the army of northern Italy, to suppress the rebellion in Rome. However, faced with their former emperor Maximian, the soldiers desert him, and Severus flees to Ravenna. Maximian besieges Severus in Ravenna, who then surrenders. Maxentius makes Severus a hostage, in an attempt to keep Galerius at bay.

title: 307

date: April

text: April: In Rome, Emperor Maximian attempts to depose his son Maxentius, but the soldiers in Rome side with Maxentius and force Maximian to flee to the court of Constantine I.

title: 308

text: Maximian, retired emperor, rebels against Constantine I in Arles while the latter is campaigning against the Franks.

title: 310

text: Maximinus Daza, caesar under Emperor Galerius, is acclaimed augustus by his troops. Galerius is forced to recognize him as co-ruler of the East. The Roman Empire is thus divided between seven simultaneous emperors: Galerius (East), Maximinus II (East), Licinius (Middle), Constantine I (West), Maximian (West), Maxentius (Italy), and Domitius Alexander (Africa).

title: 310

date: July

text: July – Maximian, Roman emperor (b. c. 250)

title: 310


slug: maximilian-i-holy-roman-emperor

label: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

description: Holy Roman Emperor (1459-1519)

date: February 13

text: February 13 – Mary of Burgundy, sovereign duchess regnant of Burgundy, married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1482)

title: 1457

date: March 22

text: March 22 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1519)

title: 1459

date: April 5

text: April 5 – Bianca Maria Sforza, Pavian-born Holy Roman Empress as consort to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1510)

title: 1472

date: August 18

text: August 18 – Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, marries Prince Maximilian, son of the Holy Roman Emperor, in Ghent, bringing her Flemish and Burgundian lands into the Holy Roman Empire, and detaching them from France.

title: 1477

section: Events › July–September

date: August 7

text: August 7 – The Battle of Guinegate is fought in the Duchy of Burgundy at what is now the French town of Enguinegatte, as at least 12,000 French infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 8,000 archers commanded by Philippe de Crèvecœur d'Esquerdes are confronted by Maximilian, Duke of Burgundy whose 16,000 men have superior weapons, including the pike. With 11,000 troops grouped in formations of 100 men apiece using the pike square formation" borrowed from Switzerland, the Burgundian troops defeat the French invasion.

title: 1479

date: December 23

text: December 23 – The Treaty of Arras divides the Burgundian Netherlands between King Louis XI of France and Archduke Maximilian I of Habsburg.

title: 1482

date: March 27

text: March 27 – Mary of Burgundy, Sovereign Duchess regnant of Burgundy, married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1457)

title: 1482

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Archduke Maximilian of Austria, father of the four-year old Philip the Handsome, Duke of the Burgundian Netherlands, declares the abolition of the Regency Council that had administered the land in Philip's name after the death of Mary of Burgundy on March 27, 1482; Maximilian becomes the sole regent.

title: 1483

text: Maximilian I, Duke of Burgundy, orders foreign merchants to leave Bruges. Most merchants move to Antwerp, greatly contributing to its growth as an international trading center.

title: 1484

section: Events › Date unknown

date: February 16

text: February 16 – Archduke Maximilian I of Habsburg is elected King of the Romans at Frankfurt.

title: 1486

section: Events › January–March

date: February 18

text: February 18 – At a meeting of six electors of the Holy Roman Empire at Frankfurt-am-Main, the Archduke Maximilian of Austria, is elected as the King of the Romans and ruler of the Germans, as the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1486

date: January 8

text: January 8 – The Royal Netherlands Navy is formed by the Ordinance of Admiralty, issued by Archduke Maximilian of Austria, co-ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands.

title: 1488

date: December 19

text: December 19 – Anne of Brittany is married by proxy to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1490

date: December 6

text: December 6 – King Charles VIII of France marries the Duchess Anne of Brittany, forcing her to break her marriage contract with Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, and incorporating the Duchy of Brittany into the kingdom of France.

title: 1491

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary sign the Peace of Pressburg, formally ending the Austrian–Hungarian War.

title: 1491

date: August 19

text: August 19 – Maximilian I succeeds his father, Frederick III, as Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1493

date: May 23

text: May 23 – The Treaty of Senlis is signed in France at the city of Senlis (in the modern Oise département) between King Charles VIII of France and Maximilian I, King of the Romans, ending the War of the Burgundian Succession between France and the Holy Roman Empire and dividing the Burgundian lands.

title: 1493

section: Events › April–June

date: March 16

text: March 16 – Maximilian, King of the Romans, marries Bianca Maria Sforza, sister of the Duke of Milan after the annulment of his marriage to Anne, Duchess of Brittany.

title: 1494

date: May

text: May – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, recognises the pretender Perkin Warbeck as rightful King of England.

title: 1494

date: March 26

text: March 26 – The inaugural session of the Diet of Worms (Wormser Reichstag), a gathering of the electors and princes of the Holy Roman Empire to discuss reforms of the government, is opened at Worms, Germany, by Maximilian I, the acting Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1495

date: March 31

text: March 31 – In response to the French invasion and rapid subjugation of the Italian nations, the League of Venice is formed by representatives of Pope Alexander, King Ferdinand of Spain, the acting Holy Emperor Maximilian, and Ludovico, Duke of Milan.

title: 1495

section: Crime & Justice

date: May 14

text: May 14 – At Augsburg, Maximilian, King of the Romans, grants an audience to Sir Christopher Urswick, the Kingdom of England's ambassador to the Empire, and informs his advisers that he believes the Ambassador is a spy gathering intelligence on the Empire's intentions toward England. Zacharia Contarini, the Empire's ambassador to France, then sends the report to the Doge of the Republic of Venice, Agostino Barbarigo.

title: 1496

date: June 30

text: June 30 – The Wiener Hofmusikkapelle, a forerunner of the Vienna Boys' Choir, is founded by order of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, instructing officials of the imperial court at Vienna to employ a vocal teacher (singing master), two bass singers and six boys.

title: 1498

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Battle of Dornach: The Swiss decisively defeat the army of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1499

text: October 13 – Maximilian of Austria and Louis XII of France sign the Treaty of Trente with Austria recognizing all French conquests in the northern territories of Italy.

title: 1501

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Maximilian I, Archduke of Austria, issues a decree making firearms safety tests mandatory.

title: 1501

date: July 28

text: July 28 – At Augsburg, Maximilian I, Germany's King of the Romans signs a treaty with representatives of King Henry VII of England, agreeing not to provide assistance to English rebels.

title: 1502

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor grants the Landshut inheritance to Albert IV during the War of the Succession of Landshut. Maximilian would pronounce an imperial ban on Ruprecht on May 4, whom Albert contested for the territory.

title: 1504

date: March 30

text: March 30 – King Vladislaus II of Hungary and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor sign a treaty to arrange the marriage of Vladislaus's daughter and Maximilian's son.

title: 1506

date: December 10

text: December 10 – The League of Cambrai is formed as an alliance against the Republic of Venice, between Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon.

title: 1508

date: February 20

text: February 20 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, attacks the Republic of Venice and sack Ampezzo the next day.

title: 1508

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Maximilian, King of the Romans, proclaims himself Holy Roman Emperor at the Italian city of Trento, after having been blocked by Venice from traveling to Rome to be crowned by Pope Julius II.

title: 1508

date: January 24

text: January 24 – Maximilian, King of the Romans, requests permission to march to Rome through Venetian territory, but is denied and begins his Italienzug.

title: 1508

text: March 18 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, names Margaretha land guardians of the Habsburg Netherlands.

title: 1509

text: May 17 – Venice made an effort to appease the emperor Maximilian I by offering various political and territorial concessions, but the effort failed.

title: 1509

text: April 6 – A truce was concluded in Rome, between the emperor Maximilian I and the Republic of Venice. It was ratified on 20 May by the emperor, thus ending imperial participation in the League of Cambrai.

title: 1512

text: March 13 – Louis XII of France makes peace with Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1514

text: July 22 – At the First Congress of Vienna, a double wedding takes place to cement agreements. Louis, only son of King Vladislaus II of Hungary, marries Mary of Austria, granddaughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor; and Mary's brother, Archduke Ferdinand, marries Vladislaus' daughter, Anna.

title: 1515