slug: genghis-khan

label: Genghis Khan

description: founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire (1162–1227)

section: Births

text: Belgutei, half-brother of Genghis Khan (d. 1271)

title: 1161

text: Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire (d. 1227)

title: 1162

text: Temüge (or Otgon), brother of Genghis Khan (d. 1246)

title: 1168

text: Yesugei (Baghatur), Mongol chieftain, arranges a marriage between his 9-year-old son Temujin (Genghis Khan) and the daughter of the chief of a nearby clan, Börte. He is poisoned by the Tatars while returning home.

title: 1171

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, Khan of the Chagatai Khanate (d. 1241 or 1242)

title: 1183

text: Tolui, Mongol general and son of Genghis Khan (d. 1232)

title: 1191

text: Temüjin, in alliance with the Jin dynasty of China, launches his first major campaign against the Tatars. This military action marks a new, formalized phase in Temüjin's rise to power and his ongoing unification of the various steppe tribes.

title: 1195

section: Events

text: Genghis Khan (or Temüjin), with help from the Keraites, defeats the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty. The Jin bestow Genghis' blood brother Toghrul with the honorable title of Ong Khan, and Genghis receives the lesser title of j'aut quri. During the winter, Toghrul returns and re-establishes himself as leader of the Keraites.

title: 1197

text: Temüjin (or Genghis Khan) manages to unite about half the feuding Mongol clans under his leadership. He delegates authority based on skill and loyalty, rather than tribal affiliation or family. The main rivals of the Mongol confederation are the Naimans to the west, the Merkits to the north, the Tanguts to the south and the Jin Dynasty (or Great Jin) to the east.

title: 1200

text: Early – Battle of Khalakhaljid Sands: Temüjin, khan of the Mongol tribe and the future Genghis Khan, is comprehensively defeated by the forces of Toghrul, khan of the Kereit.

title: 1203

section: Events › By place › East Asia

section: Religion & Belief

text: Temüjin assembles at a Kurultai, a council of chiefs of the Mongol tribes under his rule, and is elected as their leader. He is given the title of Genghis Khan of the Mongol people – founding the Mongol Empire. Genghis takes immediate steps to underpin his military command, starting with a fundamental reordering of tribal loyalties. United under one nomadic nation, under one banner and one authority.

title: 1206

text: Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, subjugates people of the Siberian forest (taiga); the Uriankhai, the Oirats, the Barga, the Khakas, the Buryats, and the Tuvans, extending the northern border of the Mongol Empire.

title: 1207

text: Spring – The Mongols led by Genghis Khan begin their first invasion against the Western Xia state (or Xi Xia). They push up along the Yellow River, capturing several garrisons and defeating an imperial army. The Mongols besiege the capital Zhongxing – which holds a well-fortified garrison of some 70,000 men (hastily reinforced with another 50,000). Genghis lacks the proper equipment and experience to take the city. In October, an attempt to flood the city by diverting the Yellow River is disastrous and floods the Mongol camp, forcing the Mongols to withdraw.

title: 1209

text: Jochi, Mongol leader and eldest son of Genghis Khan, begins a campaign against the Kyrgyz. Meanwhile, Emperor Xiang Zong of Western Xia agrees to submit to Mongol rule, he gives his daughter, Chaka, in marriage to Genghis and pays him a tribute of camels, falcons, and textiles.

title: 1210

text: Autumn – Genghis Khan invades Jin territory and besieges Datong. During the assault, he is wounded by an arrow in his knee and orders a withdrawal for rest and relaxation.

title: 1212

text: Jin China is overrun by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only Beijing remains free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege.

title: 1213

text: Spring – Emperor Xuan Zong of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin dynasty surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis khan – who have besieged the capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing) for a year. He is forced to pay tribute (including some 3,000 horses, 10,000 'bolts' of silk and his daughter), along with subjugation to the Mongol Khan. Xuan Zong abandons northern China and moves his court to Kaifeng.

title: 1214

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Mongol conquest of Jin China: After the long Battle of Zhongdu, the Mongol forces capture Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing). Meanwhile, Genghis Khan has decamped to the edge of the grasslands and is on his way back to the Kherlen River. Without his restraining influence, the Mongols run wild. They devastate and ransack the city, killing thousands. The royal palace goes up in flames, and a part of the capital burns for a month.

title: 1215

section: Events › By continent › Asia

text: The Mongol army under Muqali (or Mukhali) attacks Hebei Province, as well as Shandong Province and Shaanxi Province (controlled by the Jin Dynasty). He returns to Genghis Khan's camp in Mongolia, and receives the hereditary of prince with the title "Grand Preceptor of the Empire", a golden seal, and a white standard with nine tails and a black crescent in the middle. He is appointed as commander-in-chief of operations in North China.

title: 1217

section: Events › Other events by place › Asia

text: Spring – Genghis Khan dispatches a Mongolian army (some 20,000 cavalry) under Jebe, to deal with the Qara Khitai (or Western Liao) threat. Meanwhile, he sends Subutai with another army on a simultaneous campaign against the Merkits. Jebe defeats a force of 30,000 men led by Prince Kuchlug at the Khitan capital Balasagun. Kuchlug flees south to modern Afghanistan, but is captured by hunters – who hands him over to the Mongols. After Kuchlug is beheaded and paraded through the cities of his new domains, Genghis annexes the entire Khitai empire under Mongol rule.

title: 1218

section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire

text: After the invasion and destruction of the Khwarezmian Empire in 1221, Genghis Khan returns to Mongolia, and a rebellion sparks in Helmand, to which the response is a large army led by Ögedei Khan sent into the region to put an end to the rebellion of Muhammad the Marghani, resulting in the killing of every man in Ghazni and Helmand, and the enslavement and selling of most of the women of the region.

title: 1222

text: The Mongol leaders Subutai and Jebe receive news that Jochi, who camps north of the Caspian Sea, will not be able to provide the expected reinforcements due to Jochi's reported illness or suspected refusal to obey his father Genghis Khan's orders. Subutai sends an embassy to the Russian princes, to offer peace and perhaps attempt to break the Russian alliance with the Polovtsians. But the Mongol ambassadors are executed – a task eagerly carried out by Köten Khan's followers, by the end of April.

title: 1223

section: Events › Other events, by place › Mongol Empire

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Dispatched by Genghis Khan, the Mongol General Muqali makes a third and final attempt to capture Fengxiang, but fails again, ending the Mongol attempts.

title: 1223

text: Spring – The Mongol army led by Subutai and Jochi cross the steppes of modern Kazakhstan, and returns to the horde of Genghis Khan on the Irtysh River. At a great kurultai or gathering of chiefs, Subutai reports on the Western campaign. Jochi submits to Genghis and his supposed 'insubordination' (see 1220) is forgiven. As a result of the Mongol invasion in 1219–1223, Kazakhstan and Central Asia become part of the Mongol Empire.

title: 1224

text: Autumn – Subutai is assigned a new campaign by Genghis Khan against the Tanguts. He crosses the Gobi Desert with a Mongol army and advances south into the Western Xia (or Xi Xia). Meanwhile, Genghis, in his mid-sixties, becomes wounded during hunting. His injury – a dislocated shoulder, perhaps, or a bruised rib – forces him to take some rest.

title: 1225

date: August

text: August – At Xingqing in what is now China's Yinchuan province, Emperor Xianzong of the Western Xia Empire dies after a three-year reign, and is succeeded by his nephew, Li Xian. The Mongols under Genghis Khan force the surrender of Western Xia the following year, bringing an end to the Yinchuan province as a separate nation.

title: 1226

section: Events › July – September

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Ögedei Khan, the third son of Genghis Khan is proclaimed "Great Khan" of the Mongol Empire, at a Kurultai council.

title: 1229

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Chagatai Khan, son of Genghis Khan (b. 1183)

title: 1242

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The 17-year-old Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, to set off for Asia to meet the Mongolian emperor Kublai Khan (the grandson of Genghis Khan) at his court in Beijing, China. They sail across the Mediterranean Sea and travel overland, crossing Armenia, Persia and the Pamir Mountains.

title: 1271


slug: genoa

label: Genoa

description: Italian city

year_label: 205 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: A Carthaginian army under Mago Barca lands in Liguria, capturing Genoa and Savona.

title: 205 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 180 BCE

text: Rome completes its subjugation of all of Italy with the defeat of the Ligurians in a battle near modern Genoa. Rome deports 40,000 Ligurians to other areas of the Republic.

title: 180 BC

year_label: 148 BCE

text: Construction of the Via Postumia, linking Aquileia and Genua.

title: 148 BC

year_label: 43 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: Antony marches to Parma (which is sacked) and Placentia. He then crosses the Ligurian Alps to Vada Sabatia, 50 km 0 south-west of Genoa, and joins with Aemilius Lepidus, soon after Decimus Brutus is killed by brigands. The Senate declares Antony a hostis, an enemy of the state. Sextus Pompey becomes supreme commander of the Roman navy and Gaius Cassius proconsul of Syria.

title: 43 BC

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Lombards under King Rothari conquer Genoa (Liguria), and all remaining Byzantine territories in the lower Po Valley, including Oderzo (Opitergium).

title: 641

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Summer – Fatimid caliph al-Qa'im dispatches a naval expedition under Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi to raid the coast of Provence and Liguria, sacking Genoa on 16 August and attacking Pisa. Ya'qub also raids Corsica and Sardinia before returning to Mahdia with some 8,000 prisoners.

title: 935

text: Summer – Otto I makes Oberto I, a margrave of the Obertenghi family, count palatine (a position second only to his own). He is granted the March of Obertenga (Eastern Liguria) and establishes his capital in Genoa. Oberto also receives the possessions of the Abbey of Bobbio (famous for its scriptorium).

title: 962

text: A Pisan and Genovese fleet attack Bona (modern Annaba) on the Maghribi coast (modern Algeria). The city is occupied for one year.

title: 1034

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: Genoa, Venice and Pisa gain trading privileges from the Crusader states, in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities.

title: 1100

section: Events › By place › Levant

date: July 4

text: July 4 – King Richard I (the Lion Heart) and Philip II (Augustus), meet at Vézelay and agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across the Mediterranean, taking different routes. Richard travels with an expeditionary force (some 17,000 men) via Marseille and Philip travels with a smaller contingent (some 15,000 men) via Genoa. Richard has some 100 ships at his disposal, several of which are from Norman ports, others from Shoreham and Southampton.

title: 1190

text: Early Spring – Nicholas leads a group from the Rhineland and crosses the alps into Italy. In August, he arrives with some 7,000 children in Genoa. Nicholas travels to the Papal States where he meets Pope Innocent III.

title: 1212

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Pope Innocent IV is driven from Rome by imperial forces of Emperor Frederick II, and travels secretly in disguise to Sutri. Genoese galleys prepared by his relatives are waiting for him at the port of Civitavecchia to take him to Genoa.

title: 1244

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Deaths

date: June

text: June – Rabban Bar Sauma, Chinese Nestorian monk and diplomat, travels from Constantinople to Italy. There he arrives in Naples and witnesses a sea battle in the harbour between the Aragonese and the Angevin fleets. Bar Sauma goes to Rome, but arrives too late to meet Pope Honorius IV, who recently died. He instead is engaged in negotiations with the cardinals, who are in a conclave to elect a successor, and visits the St. Peter's Basilica. Bar Sauma goes to Genoa, where he receives a warm welcome.

title: 1287

text: Marco Polo returns to Venice after 24 years of travel in China. When the Polos arrive, Venice is engaged in a naval war with the rival city of Genoa. Marco joins the war and arms a galley equipped with a trebuchet.

title: 1295

text: Approximate date – Rustichello da Pisa completes taking down The Travels of Marco Polo from Marco while they are both imprisoned in Genoa.

title: 1299

section: Events › By topic › Literature

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: February 1

text: February 1 – Manuel Pessanha of Genoa is appointed as the first Chief Admiral of Portugal (Almirante-mor) by King Denis, and charged with organizing a permanent navy for the kingdom, with 20 warships and hiring Genoese captains to recruit sailors. The organization of the Portuguese Royal Navy is completed by December 12.

title: 1317

section: Events › January – March

date: July 23

text: July 23 – Battle of Chios: A Knights Hospitaller-Genoese fleet (some 30 ships) led by Albert of Schwarzburg defeats a Turkish fleet, off Chios.

title: 1319

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Pope Gregory XI and several cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church depart on a ship from the port of Marseille in France, and encounter severe storms before arriving in Genoa. He will finally arrive in Rome on January 17, 1377.

title: 1376

section: Events › October–December

date: August 8

text: August 8 – The Treaty of Turin is signed between the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa to end the three-year War of Chioggia against Genoa, on terms favorable to Venice. The settlement comes more than a year after Venice's triumph in the Battle of Chioggia on June 24, 1380.

title: 1381

section: Events › July–September

date: January 11

text: January 11 – After learning that several of his cardinals had been debating whether to depose him on grounds that he is insane, Pope Urban VI orders the arrest of all of the cardinals within his reach. Giovanni da Amelia, Gentile di Sangro, Adam Eston, Ludovico Donato, Bartolomeo da Cogorno, and Marino del Giudice are all arrested and imprisoned and tortured at the castle of Nocera. Except for Eston, the cardinals arrested are put to death in Genoa by the end of 1386.

title: 1385

section: Events › January–March

date: April 3

text: April 3 – Jean II Le Maingre of France, also known as Boucicaut, the French Governor of Genoa, leads a fleet of 18 ships, 600 horses and 700 infantry to stop an attack by Muslims on the island of Cyprus and the city of Famagusta. Boucicaut besieges the Muslim city of Candelore on June 24.

title: 1403

section: Events › April–June

date: June 15

text: June 15 – After receiving the news that France will no longer support his Avignon Obedience, the Antipope Benedict XIII issues the Bull Celestis altitudo, summoning the a council to meet on November 1 at the French city of Perpignan, and then flees from the French-controlled Italian region of Genoa to avoid arrest.

title: 1408

date: April 4

text: April 4 – After entering the city of Genoa with several thousand men, former Doge Tomaso di Campofregoso reclaims leadership of the Republic of Genoa.

title: 1436

section: Events › April–July

date: August 3

text: August 3 – The Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus sails with three ships (Niña, Pinta and Santa María) from Palos de la Frontera, in the service of the Crown of Castile, on his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, intending to reach Asia.

title: 1492

section: Events › July—September

date: September 8

text: September 8 – The three day Battle of Rapallo, fought as part of the Italian War of 1494–1495 between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Naples, is won by the French naval fleet, which then captures and loots Rapallo, near Genoa, after the Neapolitans flee.

title: 1494

date: April 29

text: April 29 – French troops retake the city of Genoa after a seven-day siege, defeating rebels who had taken control in July 1506.

title: 1507

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Italian Admiral Andrea Doria defeats his former allies, the French, and establishes the independence of Genoa.

title: 1528

date: October

text: October – The first Martello tower, the Tour de Mortella, designed by Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino (el Fratin), is completed as part of the Genovese defence system at Mortella (Myrtle) Point, in Upper Corsica.

title: 1565

text: Peter Paul Rubens begins work on classical tapestries, when a contract is signed in Antwerp with cloth dyers Jan Raes and Frans Sweerts in Brussels, and the Genoese merchant Franco Cattaneo.

title: 1616

section: Events › November-December

date: May 18

text: May 18 – The French Navy begins a 10-day bombardment of the Italian city of Genoa in the course of the War of the Reunions between France and the Republic of Genoa. During the fight, the French fleet, commanded by Abraham Duquesne, fires almost 13,000 cannonballs, pausing only during a cease-fire on May 21 and May 22, and uses the new technology of explosive bombs. When the bombardment ends on May 28, two-thirds of the city has been destroyed or damaged.

title: 1684

section: Culture & Society

text: Niccolò Paganini debuts as a violin virtuoso at age 11 in his birthplace of Genoa.

title: 1793

section: Events › Undated

date: October 5

text: October 5 – War of the First Coalition: Raid on Genoa – The British Royal Navy boards and captures French warships, sheltering in the neutral port of Genoa.

title: 1793

section: Events › July–December

date: March 26

text: March 26 – Napoleon Bonaparte arrives at Nice to take command of the Army of Italy (37,000 men and 60 guns), which is scattered in detachments as far as Genoa.

title: 1796

date: May 6

text: May 6 – Expedition of the Thousand: Giuseppe Garibaldi and his troops depart from Quarto.

title: 1860

section: Events › May

section: Economy & Finance

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Genoa Conference: The representatives of 34 countries convene to speak in Genoa, Italy about monetary economics, in the wake of World War I.

title: 1922

section: Events › April

date: April 27

text: April 27 – João Ribeiro de Barros becomes the first non-European to make a transatlantic flight, flying from Genoa, Italy, to Fernando de Noronha, Brazil.

title: 1927

text: July 20–22 – The 27th G8 summit takes place in Genoa, Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, are held against the meeting by members of the anti-globalization movement. One demonstrator, Carlo Giuliani, is killed by a policeman, and several others are injured.

title: 2001

text: August 14 – Part of the Morandi Bridge collapses after a violent storm in Genoa, Italy, causing 43 fatalities. Deputy Prime Minister Luigi Di Maio and transport minister Danilo Toninelli blame private company Autostrade per l'Italia.

title: 2018


slug: genseric

label: Genseric

section: Deaths

text: King Gunderic, age 49, dies after a reign of 21 years, and is succeeded by his half-brother Genseric. He is styled with the title Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum ("King of the Vandals and Alans"). Genseric increases his power and wealth in the residence of the province of Hispania Baetica (Southern Spain).

title: 428

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Conflict & Security

text: Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric ("Caesar King"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain and oil supply to Italy.

title: 429

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Religion & Belief

text: Spring – The Vandals under King Genseric extend their power in North Africa along the Mediterranean Sea, and lay siege to Hippo Regius (where Augustine has recently been bishop).

title: 430

text: Aspar is routed by the Vandals and Flavius Marcian, future Byzantine emperor, is captured during the fighting. He negotiates a peace with King Genseric and maintains imperial authority in Carthage.

title: 431

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: King Genseric concludes a peace treaty with the Romans, under which the Vandals retain Mauretania and a part of Numidia as foederati (allies under a special treaty) of Rome.

title: 435

text: Vandal War (439-442): King Genseric breaks his treaty with the Western Roman Empire and invades Africa Proconsularis.

title: 439

text: A Vandal fleet and their allies (Alans, Goths and Moors) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege Palermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of King Genseric.

title: 440

text: End of the Vandal War (439-442): Emperor Valentinian III signs a peace treaty with King Genseric, and recognises the Vandal Kingdom. He grants him sovereignty over most of Africa. Genseric gives back Sicily and Mauretania (Algeria and Morocco). This marks the end of the Vandal migrations; they settle in North Africa, with Carthage as their capital.

title: AD 442

text: Eudocia, eldest daughter of Emperor Valentinian III, is betrothed to Huneric, son of Vandal King Genseric (hostage in Italy).

title: 444

date: June 2

text: June 2 – Sack of Rome: King Genseric leads the Vandals into Rome, after he has promised Pope Leo I not to burn and plunder the city. Genseric sacks the city for a period of two weeks. Eudoxia and her daughters, Eudocia and Placidia, are taken hostage. The loot is sent to the harbour of Ostia and loaded into ships, from whence the Vandals depart and return to Carthage.

title: 455

text: King Genseric, fearing a Roman invasion, tries to negotiate peace with Majorian, who refuses. The Vandals devastate Mauretania and Moorish warriors poison the wells.

title: 460

text: Vandal War (461-468): King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage.

title: 461

text: Summer – Vandal War (461-468): King Genseric extends his pirate raids in the Mediterranean Sea; the Vandals sack and enslave the people living in Illyricum, the Peloponnese and other parts of Greece. Leo I joins forces with the Western Empire.

title: 467

text: Battle of Cape Bon: The Vandals defeat the Roman navy under Basiliscus, anchored at Promontorium Mercurii, 45 miles from Carthage (Tunisia). During peace negotiations Genseric uses fire ships, filling them with brushwood and pots of oil, destroying 700 imperial galleys. Basiliscus escapes with his surviving fleet to Sicily, harassed all the way by Moorish pirates.

title: 468

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Winter – Zeno sends an embassy, to conclude a peace with King Genseric. He succeeds in an agreement with the Vandals, to secure the commercial routes in the Mediterranean.

title: 474

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Genseric, king of the Vandals and Alans

title: 477

text: January 25 – Genseric, ruler of the Vandal Kingdom, dies a natural death at Carthage, and is succeeded by his eldest son Huneric. He maintains control over the islands in the western Mediterranean Sea with his Vandal fleet, and rescinds his father's policy of persecuting the Roman Catholics in Africa.

title: 477


slug: geoffrey-plantagenet-count-of-anjou

label: Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou

section: Births

date: August 24

text: August 24 – Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou ("the Fair") (d. 1151)

title: 1113

text: King Henry I of England arranges the marriage of his daughter Matilda (the widow of Emperor Henry V) to the 14-year-old Geoffrey of Anjou (son of Count Fulk V). This is done to ensure an alliance between England and Anjou, and to prevent Fulk allying with Louis VI. Henry has the English nobles swear allegiance to Matilda as the rightful heir to the throne. Upon his death, her cousin Stephen of Blois crosses the channel and usurps her throne, becoming the King of England. She wages a lengthy civil war known as the Anarchy, which lasts from 1135–1154.

title: 1127

section: Events › By place › England

date: June 17

text: June 17 – King Henry I of England marries his only legitimate daughter, dowager Empress Matilda, to the 14-year-old Geoffrey Plantagenet ("the Fair"), count of Anjou, at Le Mans.

title: 1128

text: June 2 – Fulk V, count of Anjou, marries Melisende (daughter of King Baldwin II) the heir to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Fulk gives up his title which passes to his 15-year-old son, Geoffrey V (the Fair).

title: 1129

date: December 26

text: December 26 – Stephen of Blois is crowned at Westminster Abbey in London by Archbishop William de Corbeil. Matilda (pregnant with child) and her husband Geoffrey V ("the Fair") leave for their own safety to Normandy, where she plans how to overthrow Stephen and claim the English throne for her own.

title: 1135

text: Spring – King Stephen sails to Normandy to confront Geoffrey V (the Fair) and the Angevins, who are attacking the southern areas of Normandy. Although Stephen has some success, he is not able to recapture Normandy from Matilda, daughter and heiress of the late King Henry I.

title: 1137

section: Events › By place › Britain

date: May

text: May – Earl Robert FitzRoy rebels against King Stephen, supporting Matilda (his step-sister) in her claim for the English throne. Matilda is given refuge by Earl William de Albini at Arundel Castle. Stephen builds siege works around the castle, but is unable to break the castle's defences. In France, Matilda's husband Duke Geoffrey V (the Fair) takes advantage of the situation by re-invading Normandy.

title: 1138

text: Summer – Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou ("the Fair", husband of Empress Matilda) completes his conquest of Normandy, which comes under Angevin control. In exchange for being recognised as Duke of Normandy by King Louis VII of France, Geoffrey surrenders half of the county of Vexin – a region vital to Norman security – to Louis.

title: 1144

date: September 7

text: September 7 – Geoffrey of Anjou dies, and is succeeded by his son Henry, aged 18.

title: 1151

section: Events

text: September 7 – Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (b. 1113)

title: 1151

date: March 21

text: March 21 – King Louis VII repudiates his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine and has it annulled on grounds of misconduct and consanguinity – returning her lands and titles. Within 6 weeks, Eleanor re-marries Henry of Anjou, who had claimed the counties of Anjou and Maine, and the province of Touraine upon the death of his father Geoffrey Plantagenet (the Fair), the previous year. With the addition of Eleanor's lands, he now controls territory stretching unbroken, from Cherbourg to Bayonne.

title: 1152


slug: george-frideric-handel

label: George Frideric Handel

description: German-British Baroque composer (1685–1759)

section: Culture & Society

date: February 25

text: February 25 – George Frideric Handel's opera Nero premieres in Hamburg.

title: 1705

section: Events › January–March

date: January 8

text: January 8 – George Frideric Handel's first opera, Almira, is premiered in Hamburg.

title: 1705

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Easter Sunday: The first performance of George Frideric Handel's oratorio La resurrezione takes place in Rome.

title: 1708

section: Events › January–June

text: December 26 – The first performance of the opera Agrippina by George Frideric Handel takes place at the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo in Venice.

title: 1709

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Rinaldo by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage, premieres at the Queen's Theatre, Haymarket.

title: 1711

date: November 22

text: November 22 – The first performance of George Frideric Handel's opera Il pastor fido takes place at the Queen's Theatre in the Haymarket, London.

title: 1712

section: Events › October–December

date: September

text: September – Composer George Frideric Handel re-locates to London with the permission of his patron, the future King George I of Great Britain.

title: 1712

section: Events › July–September

date: February 20

text: February 20 – The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London.

title: 1724

date: October 31

text: October 31 – George Frideric Handel's opera Tamerlano is performed for the first time, premiering in London. The opera will be revived as late as 2009.

title: 1724

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: February 20 – German composer George Frideric Handel becomes a British subject.

title: 1727

date: October 11

text: October 11 – George II of Great Britain is crowned. Handel's Coronation Anthems are composed for the event, including Zadok the Priest, which has been played at every subsequent Coronation of the British monarch.

title: 1727

date: December 2

text: December 2 – George Frideric Handel's famous opera Lotario is given its first performance, premiering at the King's Theatre in London.

title: 1729

date: January 27

text: January 27 – George Frideric Handel's classic opera, Orlando is performed for the first time, making its debut at the King's Theatre in London.

title: 1733

date: April 16

text: April 16 – Alcina, George Frideric Handel's Italian opera, premieres at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London.

title: 1735

section: Events › April–June

text: January 8 – George Frideric Handel's opera Ariodante is premièred at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London.

title: 1735

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, premieres in London.

title: 1738

date: January 3

text: January 3 – George Frideric Handel's opera Faramondo is given its first performance.

title: 1738

date: April 13

text: April 13 – George Frideric Handel's oratorio The Messiah is first performed, in Dublin, Ireland in aid of local charities.

title: 1742

section: Events › April –June

date: February 21

text: February 21 – George Frideric Handel's oratorio, Samson, premieres in London.

title: 1743

date: March 17

text: March 17 – At London's Covent Garden, composer George Frideric Handel conducts the first performance of his new oratorio, Solomon. More than 250 years later, an instrumental from Solomon, "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba"; will be featured in the 2012 London Summer Olympics opening ceremony.

title: 1749


slug: george-i-of-great-britain

label: George I of Great Britain

description: King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1727

date: October 30

text: October 30 – Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, sister of King George I of Great Britain (d. 1705)

title: 1668

section: Deaths

date: January 23

text: January 23 – George Louis becomes Elector of Hanover upon the death of his father, Ernest Augustus. Because the widow of Ernest Augustus, George's mother Sophia, was heiress presumptive as the cousin of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, and Anne's closest eligible heir, George will become King of Great Britain.

title: 1698

date: November 28

text: November 28 – The royal wedding of Prussia takes place in Berlin between the 18-year-old Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm and his bride Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, the 19-year-old daughter of the future King George I of Great Britain.

title: 1706

title: 1712

date: October 20

text: October 20 – The coronation of George I of Great Britain and Ireland takes place in Westminster Abbey, a little less than three months after George became the new British monarch.

title: 1714

date: September 18

text: September 18 – George I, the new King of Great Britain and Ireland, arrives in Britain for the first time in his life, after having departed Hannover and sailing from the Netherlands.

title: 1714

date: September 6

text: September 6 – The first major Jacobite rising in Scotland against the rule of King George I of Great Britain breaks out. The Earl of Mar raises the standard of James Edward Stuart, and marches on Edinburgh. James, the son of the deposed King James VII, arrives from France.

title: 1715

section: Conflict & Security

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Two regular companies of field artillery, each 100 men strong, are raised at Woolwich, by Royal Warrant of King George I of Great Britain.

title: 1716

date: December 9

text: December 9 (November 29, O.S.) - King George I of Great Britain banishes his son and daughter-in-law, George, Prince of Wales and Caroline of Ansbach, from the royal household after the Prince threatens the King's personal assistant, the Duke of Newcastle, the royal Lord Chamberlain. The altercation takes place at the baptismal ceremony for the Prince's newborn son, George William.

title: 1717

date: March 31

text: March 31 – Benjamin Hoadly, Bishop of Bangor, brings the Bangorian Controversy within the Church of England into the open by delivering a sermon to, and supposedly at the request of, King George I of Great Britain, on The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ with the text "My kingdom is not of this world" (John 18:36), concluding there is no Biblical justification for church government.

title: 1717

date: September 5

text: September 5 – King George I of Great Britain issues the "Proclamation for Suppressing of Pirates in the West Indies", an offer of amnesty to pirates, declaring that any pirates who surrender themselves to the government of Britain or one of its overseas territories, on or before September 5, 1718, "shall have Our Gracious Pardon of and for his or their Piracy or Piracies" committed before January 5, 1718. The amnesty is later extended to July 1, 1719.

title: 1717

section: Crime & Justice

date: August 24

text: August 24 – Francis Atterbury, Anglican Bishop of Rochester and Dean of Westminster, is arrested in his deanery and confined in the Tower of London for treason, accused of leading the Jacobite "Atterbury Plot" in support of the pretender James Francis Edward Stuart with the aim of overthrowing the House of Hanover and King George I of Great Britain and restoring the House of Stuart by installing Prince James as "King James III".

title: 1722

date: November 23

text: November 23 – Sophia Dorothea of Celle, queen consort of George I of Great Britain (b. 1666)

title: 1726


slug: george-ii-of-great-britain

label: George II of Great Britain

description: King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1727 to 1760

title: 1717

date: August 30

text: August 30 – Anne, eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain, is given the title Princess Royal.

title: 1727

date: October 11

text: October 11 – George II of Great Britain is crowned. Handel's Coronation Anthems are composed for the event, including Zadok the Priest, which has been played at every subsequent Coronation of the British monarch.

title: 1727

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Caroline, Queen Consort becomes the first person to rule Great Britain as regent under the Regency Acts, beginning service as the acting monarch when her husband King George II departs Britain for Germany, where he is the Elector of Hanover. Caroline rules until George's return in October.

title: 1729

date: May 22

text: May 22 – King George II of Great Britain departs for Europe as part of his duties as Elector of Hanover; his wife, Caroline, Queen Consort rules on his behalf as the Regent for the last time until his return on January 14, 1736.

title: 1736

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Caroline of Ansbach, queen of George II of Great Britain (b. 1683)

title: 1737

date: May 25

text: May 25 – The military phase of Cresap's War between the British North American Provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania is ended when King George II of Great Britain negotiates a cease-fire.

title: 1738

date: May 21

text: May 21 – War of the Austrian Succession: King George II of Great Britain orders the British Army to prepare for an invasion of Prussia to defend his Electorate of Hanover.

title: 1741

date: December 11

text: December 11 – Princess Louise of Great Britain, daughter of King George II, weds Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark and Norway.

title: 1743

date: June 27

text: June 27 (June 16 O.S.) – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria: British forces, in alliance with those of Hanover and Hesse, defeat a French army under the duc de Noailles; King George II of Great Britain (and Elector of Brunswick) leads his own troops, the last British king to do so.

title: 1743

date: March 19

text: March 19 – Simon Fraser, the 79-year old Scottish Lord Lovat, is convicted of high treason for being one of the leaders of the Jacobite rising of 1745 against King George II of Great Britain and attempting to place the pretender Charles Edward Stuart on the throne.

title: 1747

date: May 19

text: May 19 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company 200000 acre (312½ square miles or 810 km 2 ) of land north of the Ohio River, encompassing most of the modern U.S. state of Ohio and part of West Virginia. The grant is conditioned on the Company being able to attract 100 European families every year, for seven years, to move to the area occupied by Indian tribes, and to build a fort to protect them

title: 1749

text: May 22 – The Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 passes the House of Commons and later receives royal assent from King George II.

title: 1753

date: July 17

text: July 17 – Classes begin at Columbia University, founded on October 31 as King's College by royal charter of King George II of Great Britain. The college is originally located in Lower Manhattan in the Province of New York. Instruction is suspended in 1776, and the school reopens in 1784 as Columbia College. With the college's growth in the 19th century, it is renamed Columbia University in 1896.

title: 1754

date: September 16

text: September 16 – Sir Charles Hanbury-Williams, the new British Minister to Russia, secures an alliance signed by Empress Catherine the Great. The Russian Empire agrees to provide up to 55,000 troops to defend the Electorate of Hanover against invasion by Prussia. At the time, King George II of Great Britain is also the ruler of the German duchy; the Russian troops are provided in return for an annual payment of £600,000.

title: 1755

date: January 16

text: January 16 – The Treaty of Westminster is signed between Great Britain and Prussia, guaranteeing the neutrality of the Electorate of Hanover, controlled by King George II of Great Britain.

title: 1756

date: October 31

text: October 31 – Princess Amelia of Great Britain, Second daughter of George II of Great Britain (b. 1711)

title: 1786


slug: george-iii

label: George III

description: King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 to 1820 (1738–1820)

text: May 19 – Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen of George III (d. 1818)

title: 1744

date: March 31

text: March 31 – Frederick, Prince of Wales, heir-apparent to the British throne, dies of a pulmonary embolism at the age of 44 after a game of cricket. His 12-year-old son, Prince George, becomes the heir-apparent and will later become King George III. Frederick's widow Augusta of Saxe-Gotha becomes Dowager Princess of Wales.

title: 1751

text: The Kew Gardens are established in England by Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, the mother of George III.

title: 1759

section: Events › Date unknown

date: September 8

text: September 8 – George III marries Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

title: 1761

text: The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Kingston, named for King George III, as the county seat of Dobbs County, North Carolina. The name is later shortened to Kinston in 1784.

title: 1762

date: February 1

text: February 1 – The colonial authorities in the Province of North Carolina establish Mecklenburg County from the western portion of Anson County. The county is named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who married George III in 1761.

title: 1763

date: October 7

text: October 7 – The Royal Proclamation of 1763 is issued by George III of Great Britain, restricting the westward expansion of British North America, and stabilizing relations with the indigenous peoples of the Americas, by barring white settlement of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.

title: 1763

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Qianlong, the Emperor of China issues a decree that copper engravings be made to depict all of his victories in battle. In the interest of amity with the Chinese, King George III of Great Britain gives priority to the sale of British copper, and King Louis XV of France assents to the use of French artisans.

title: 1765

section: Events › July–December

date: June 4

text: June 4 – On the occasion of the 28th birthday of King George III, members of the Sons of Liberty in Manhattan erect a liberty pole as a protest for the first time. The historic symbol, a tall "wooden pole with a Phrygian cap" is placed "on the Fields somewhere between Broadway and Park Row". British soldiers cut down the pole in August.

title: 1766

date: May 10

text: May 10 – Massacre of St George's Fields: John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for The North Briton, severely criticising King George III. This action provokes protesters to riot; in the Southwark district of London, troops fire on the mob, killing seven.

title: 1768

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Dartmouth College is established in Hanover, New Hampshire, as John Wentworth, the Royal Governor, conveys a charter from King George III of Great Britain.

title: 1769

section: Science & Discovery

date: June 3

text: June 3 – A transit of Venus is followed five hours later by a total solar eclipse, the shortest such interval in historical times. The transit is viewed by King George III of Great Britain, at the Kew Observatory.

title: 1769

date: June 10

text: June 10 – The Regulating Act is given royal assent by King George III, creating the office of Governor General, with an advising council, to exercise political authority over the territory under British East India Company rule in India.

title: 1773

date: November 30

text: November 30 – Parliament adjourns in Great Britain, but declines to authorize any action against the rebellious American colonies, despite an address the day before by King George III and Prime Minister North.

title: 1774

date: October

text: October – The Sayre Plotters attempt to kidnap George III of the United Kingdom.

title: 1775

date: October 26

text: October 26 – American Revolution: George III announces to Parliament that the American colonies are in an uprising and must be dealt with accordingly.

title: 1775

date: July 9

text: July 9 – American Revolution – An angry mob in New York City topples and beheads the equestrian statue of George III of Great Britain in Bowling Green; much of its metal content will be used to make musket balls.

title: 1776

section: Events › July–August

date: May 4

text: May 4 – Rhode Island becomes the first American colony to renounce allegiance to King George III of Great Britain.

title: 1776

section: Events › May–June

date: March 13

text: March 13 – Sir William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus. Originally he calls it Georgium Sidus (George's Star), in honour of King George III.

title: 1781

date: December 23

text: December 23 – General George Washington resigns his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army to the Congress of the Confederation in the Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland, and retires to his home at Mount Vernon. Washington's resignation, described by historian Thomas Fleming as "the most important moment in American history," affirms the United States' commitment to the principle of civilian control of the military, and prompts King George III to call Washington "the greatest character of the age."

title: 1783

text: The North Carolina General Assembly changes the name of Kingston, North Carolina, originally named for King George III of Great Britain, to Kinston.

title: 1784

date: October 12

text: October 12 – King George III of the United Kingdom appoints Captain Arthur Phillip as the first Governor of New Holland, which comprises the area of modern Australia from the 135th meridian east to the east coast and all adjacent islands in the Pacific Ocean.

title: 1786

text: Caroline Herschel is granted an annual salary of £50, by King George III of Great Britain, for acting as assistant to her brother William in astronomy.

title: 1787

section: Health & Medicine

text: October – King George III of the United Kingdom becomes deranged; the Regency Crisis of 1788 starts.

title: 1788

text: October 7 – Commissioners appointed by the New York legislature announce the successful conclusion of negotiations between New York and Vermont, concerning disputed real-estate claims, and the consent of New York's legislature to the admission to the Union of the state of Vermont as the 14th State (which was formed within what New York claimed as its territory, under an Order in Council, that King George III issued on July 20, 1764).

title: 1790

date: January 21

text: January 21 – King George III of Great Britain delivers the speech opening Parliament and recommends a continuation of Britain's war with France.

title: 1794

date: February 21

text: February 21 – Edward Despard and six others are hanged and beheaded for plotting to assassinate King George III, and to destroy the Bank of England.

title: 1803

date: October 25

text: October 25 – The Golden Jubilee of George III is celebrated in commemoration of the forty-ninth anniversary of the accession of King George III and his entrance into the 50th year of his reign.

title: 1809

text: October – King George III of the United Kingdom is deemed permanently insane.

title: 1810

date: February 5

text: February 5 – British Regency: George, Prince of Wales becomes prince regent, because of the perceived insanity of his father, King George III of the United Kingdom.

title: 1811

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Princess Augusta of Great Britain, elder sibling of King George III (b. 1737)

title: 1813

section: Deaths › January–June

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, third oldest son of King George III and the future King William IV of the United Kingdom, marries Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen.

title: 1818

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen of George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1744)

title: 1818

section: Deaths › July–December

date: July 24

text: July 24 – A cabinet meeting is convened by British Prime Minister Lord Liverpool to discuss a report of an adulterous affair involving the wife of George, Prince of Wales, the regent for his ailing father King George III. Despite reports that Princess Caroline is involved with her servant, Bartolomeo Pergami, the cabinet concludes that the trial of Caroline for adultery would be an embarrassment to the nation.

title: 1819

text: January 29 – King George IV becomes the new British monarch upon the death his father George III after 59+ years on the throne. The elder George's death ends the 9-year period known as the British Regency.

title: 1820

text: September 22 – Queen Victoria surpasses her grandfather King George III as the longest-reigning monarch in British history up to this time.

title: 1896


slug: george-iv

label: George IV

description: King of the United Kingdom and Hanover from 1820 to 1830

date: August 11

text: August 11 – Captain Francis Light acquires the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah on behalf of the British East India Company, renaming it Prince of Wales Island in honour of the heir to the British throne, and establishing the settlement of George Town. This is the first colony of the British Empire in Southeast Asia.

title: 1786

section: Culture & Society

date: April 8

text: April 8 – George, Prince of Wales, marries Caroline of Brunswick.

title: 1795

section: Events › January–June

section: Religion & Belief

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Lord Nelson is given a state funeral and interment at St Paul's Cathedral in London, attended by the Prince of Wales.

title: 1806

section: Events › January–March

title: 1811

date: June 19

text: June 19 – The Carlton House Fête is held at the Prince Regent's London residence Carlton House to celebrate the establishment of the Regency era.

title: 1811

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: June 6

text: June 6 – Beginning of the Allied sovereigns' visit to England: Tsar Alexander I of Russia and King Frederick William III of Prussia sail from Boulogne-Sur-Mer to Dover on board the Royal Navy ship HMS Impregnable as guests of George, Prince of Wales, the regent during the incapacity of King George III.

title: 1814

date: May 2

text: May 2 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, daughter of the Prince Regent, at Carlton House in London.

title: 1816

date: November 6

text: November 6 – Princess Charlotte of Wales, the daughter and only child of the Prince Regent George and granddaughter of King George III, dies hours after giving birth to a stillborn son. Her death, tremendously mourned by the British, throws the succession to the British throne into doubt.

title: 1817

title: 1819

date: January 29

title: 1820

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of King George IV, returns to England after six years abroad in Italy, where she has been carrying on an affair. Since ascending the throne in January, the King had sought to receive his government's approval for a divorce.

title: 1820

date: July 19

text: July 19 – George IV is crowned King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His estranged wife, Caroline of Brunswick, is turned away from the ceremony.

title: 1821

date: July 13

text: July 13 – King Kamehameha II of Hawaii dies of measles, during a visit to the United Kingdom, before he can meet with King George IV. Because of the slow communications of the era, news of the King's death does not reach Hawaii until the following March; his funeral would then take place on May 11, 1825, and subsequently he is succeeded by his brother Kamehameha III.

title: 1824

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Lord William Bentinck arrives at Calcutta (modern-day Kolkata) to begin his administration as the new Governor-General of India, on behalf of King George IV of the United Kingdom.

title: 1828

date: August 14

text: August 14 – King's College London is founded by Royal Charter, under the patronage of King George IV and the Prime Minister, The Duke of Wellington.

title: 1829

date: June 26

text: June 26 – William IV succeeds his brother George IV, as King of the United Kingdom.

title: 1830


slug: george-of-podebrady

label: George of Poděbrady

description: king of Bohemia

section: Births

date: April 23

text: April 23 – George of Poděbrady, King of Bohemia (d. 1471)

title: 1420

date: November 18

text: November 18 – Kunigunde of Sternberg, first spouse of King George of Poděbrady (d. 1449)

title: 1425

date: September 3

text: September 3 – Prince George of Poděbrady, leader of the Hussites in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) captures Prague after leading 9,000 of his troops from Kutná Hora.

title: 1448

section: Events › July–September

date: April 27

text: April 27 – George of Poděbrady is elected as regent of Bohemia until King Ladislaus of Hungary reaches the age of majority.

title: 1452

section: Events › April–June

date: November 23

text: November 23 – King Ladislaus V, King of Hungary, King of Croatia, and Duke of Austria since 1440, as well as King of Bohemia since 1453, dies suddenly at the age of 17 while in Prague. Although suspected by his allies to have been the victim of poisoning, examination of his remains indicates later that he died from bubonic plague. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor is declared Duke of Austria, while Matthias Corvinus attempts to become the new King of Hungary and Croatia, while George of Poděbrady vies to become the new King of Bohemia.

title: 1457

section: Events › October–December

date: April 2

text: April 2 – George of Poděbrady (King Jiří z Poděbrad) receives the Crown of Saint Wenceslas at his coronation at the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague as King of Bohemia.

title: 1458

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 27

text: February 27 – George of Poděbrady is elected king of Bohemia.

title: 1458

date: December 23

text: December 23 – Pope Paul II excommunicates the King of Bohemia, George of Poděbrady, releasing all Bohemian citizens from their oaths of to the king.

title: 1466

date: March 31

text: March 31 – King Matyas of Hungary issues a declaration of war against King Jiri of Bohemia, starting a war that will last 10 years.

title: 1468

date: May 3

text: May 3 – At Olomouc, Hungarian King Matyáš Korvín is elected by the Czech Catholic estates to be the King of Bohemia and his rule is accepted by the occupied regions of Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia, though the other Bohemian estates remain loyal to the Bohemian King Jiří z Poděbrad.

title: 1469

date: March 22

text: March 22 – George of Poděbrady, first elected King of Bohemia (b. 1420)

title: 1471

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Two months after the death of King George of Poděbrady, the Diet of Bohemian nobles meets at Kutná Hora and elects Vladislaus Jagiello as the new King of Bohemia. The papal legate, Lorenzo Roverella, Bishop of Ferrara, declares the election void with the approval of Pope Paul II, and endorses Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, to be the new King of Bohemia, which the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire refuses to approve.

title: 1471

text: January 9 – Pope Sixtus IV lifts the order of interdict that had been placed by Pope Paul II on the late Bohemian King George of Poděbrady and his sons, granting absolution, after the sons convert to the Roman Catholic faith.

title: 1473


slug: george-v

label: George V

description: King of the United Kingdom from 1910 to 1936

date: May 24

text: May 24 – Prince George (later George V of the United Kingdom) becomes Duke of York.

title: 1892

section: Events › May

date: June 6

text: June 6 – Wedding of Prince George, Duke of York, and Princess Mary of Teck: the future King George V of the United Kingdom marries at St James's Palace in London.

title: 1893

section: Events › July

section: Deaths

date: May 6

text: May 6 – George V becomes King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland upon the death of his father, Edward VII.

title: 1910

date: December 12

text: December 12 – The Delhi Durbar is held to mark the coronation of George V and Queen Mary as Emperor and Empress of India, and the transfer of the capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi.

title: 1911

section: Events › December

date: June 22

text: June 22 – George V and Mary are crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, at Westminster Abbey in London.

title: 1911

section: Events › June

section: Conflict & Security

date: August 4

text: August 4 – World War I: German invasion of Belgium – At 08:02 (local time) Imperial German Army troops enter Belgium, bringing the July Crisis to a climax. At 23:00 (GMT) the British entry into World War I takes place when King George V in London declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality (protected by the Treaty of London (1839)) and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole British Empire against the German Empire. The United States declares neutrality.

title: 1914

section: Events › August

date: July 19

text: July 19 – George V summons a conference to discuss the Irish Home Rule problem. It meets from July 21–24, without reaching consensus.

title: 1914

date: July 17

text: July 17 – King George V of the United Kingdom issues a proclamation, stating that thenceforth the male line descendants of the British royal family will bear the surname Windsor, vice the Germanic bloodline of House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (an offshoot of the historic (800+ years) House of Wettin).

title: 1917

text: December 23 – The Government of Ireland Act 1920, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, receives Royal Assent from George V, providing for the partition of Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, with separate parliaments, granting a measure of home rule.

title: 1920

date: June 27

text: June 27 – The first signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Providence.

title: 1921

date: December 6

text: December 6 – The Irish Free State officially comes into existence. George V becomes the Free State's monarch. Tim Healy is appointed first Governor-General of the Irish Free State, and W. T. Cosgrave becomes President of the Executive Council.

title: 1922

text: July 17 – The final signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Liard.

title: 1922

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: December 25

text: December 25 – King George V delivers the first Royal Christmas Message on the new BBC Empire Service radio from Sandringham House; the text has been written by Rudyard Kipling.

title: 1932

date: January 20

text: January 20 – The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King Edward VIII, following the death of his father, George V, at Sandringham House.

title: 1936

section: Events › January–February

date: August 25

text: August 25 – Prince George, Duke of Kent, 4th eldest son of George V (b. 1902)

title: 1942

section: Deaths › August

date: March 24

text: March 24 – Mary of Teck, consort of George V of the United Kingdom (b. 1867)

title: 1953

section: Deaths › March


slug: george-washington

label: George Washington

description: Founding Father and first U.S. president (1732–1799)

date: May 2

text: May 2 – Joseph Ball, American settler, public servant, and maternal grandfather of George Washington (d. 1711)

title: 1649

section: Births › April–June

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Joseph Ball, American settler, public servant, and maternal grandfather of George Washington (b. 1649)

title: 1711

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Hugh Mercer, brigadier general in the American Continental Army, and a close friend to George Washington (d. 1777)

title: 1726

section: Health & Medicine

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Future United States President George Washington becomes seriously ill with smallpox while he and his older brother Lawrence are visiting the island of Barbados during an epidemic Washington, 19 years old, survives the virus but is bedridden for almost a month.

title: 1751

date: October 31

text: October 31 – Virginia Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie commissions 21-year-old militia Major George Washington to dissuade the French from occupying the Ohio Country.

title: 1753

date: August 19

text: August 19 – Lieutenant Colonel George Washington is forced to confront his first mutiny as 25 members of his Virginia militia refuse to obey orders from their officers. Washington, who is attending church services at the time, quickly suppresses the rebellion and the mutineers are imprisoned before more join.

title: 1754

date: July 3

text: July 3 – French and Indian War – Battle of Fort Necessity: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French Capt. Louis Coulon de Villiers, the only surrender in Washington's military career.

title: 1754

date: May 28

text: May 28 – French and Indian War: Battle of Jumonville Glen – The war begins when George Washington, 22, leads a company of militia from the Colony of Virginia, in an ambush on a force of 35 French Canadians.

title: 1754

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: July 9

text: July 9 – French and Indian War – Braddock Expedition: British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.

title: 1755

section: Culture & Society

date: January 6

text: January 6 – George Washington marries Martha Dandridge Custis.

title: 1759

section: Events › January–March

date: August 11

text: August 11 – Two years after his marriage to Martha Custis and his move to Mount Vernon, American military officer and politician George Washington advertises a reward in the Maryland Gazette for the capture of four fugitive slaves who ran away from him: Cupid, Peros, Jack and Neptune, claiming in the gazette that they had escaped "without the least suspicion, provocation, or difference with anybody".

title: 1761

section: Religion & Belief

date: February 27

text: February 27 – The construction of Christ Church (Alexandria, Virginia), known for being the house of worship for George Washington and the visiting site for subsequent U.S. presidents, is completed.

title: 1773

date: September 21

text: September 21 – George Mason and George Washington found the Fairfax County Militia Association, a military unit independent of British control.

title: 1774

text: The Second Continental Congress meets, elects John Hancock president, raises the Continental Army under George Washington as commander and authorizes the colonies to adopt their own constitutions.

title: 1775

section: Events › January–June

date: June 14

text: June 14 – American Revolution: The Continental Congress names George Washington as commander of the Continental Army.

title: 1775

date: August 27

text: August 27 – American Revolution: Battle of Long Island – George Washington's troops are defeated in Brooklyn by the British, under William Howe.

title: 1776

section: Events › July–August

date: December 19

text: December 19 – American Revolutionary War – George Washington's Continental Army goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.

title: 1777

section: Events › July–December

date: January 2

text: January 2 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of the Assunpink Creek: American general George Washington's army repulses a British attack by Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, in a second battle at Trenton, New Jersey.

title: 1777

date: October 4

text: October 4 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Germantown: Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under Sir William Howe.

title: 1777

text: General John Cadwalader shoots and seriously wounds Major General Thomas Conway in a duel after a dispute between the two officers over Conway's continued criticism of General George Washington's leadership of the Continental Army.

title: 1778

date: June 28

text: June 28 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Monmouth – George Washington's Continental Army battles British general Sir Henry Clinton's army to a draw, near Monmouth County, New Jersey.

title: 1778

date: March 10

text: March 10 – American Revolutionary War: George Washington approves the dishonorable discharge of Lieutenant Frederick Gotthold Enslin, for "attempting to commit sodomy, with John Monhort a soldier".

title: 1778

date: October 19

text: October 19 – American Revolution: Following the Siege of Yorktown, General Charles Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia, ending the armed struggle of the American Revolution.

title: 1781

date: August 7

text: August 7 – George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit (or the Order of the Purple Heart) to honor soldiers' merit in battle (reinstated later by Franklin D. Roosevelt, and renamed to the more poetic "Purple Heart", to honor soldiers wounded in action).

title: 1782

date: April

text: April – General George Washington sends a letter to the 13 governors of the Confederation of the United States, regarding the needs of the nation.

title: 1783

date: December 4

text: December 4 – At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, U.S. General George Washington formally bids his officers farewell.

title: 1783

date: March 15

text: March 15 – Newburgh Conspiracy: A potential uprising in the Continental Army stationed at Newburgh, New York, is defused, when George Washington asks the officers to support the supremacy of the United States Congress.

title: 1783

date: November 2

text: November 2 – In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, United States General George Washington gives his Farewell Address to the Army.

title: 1783

text: March 10 – American engineer James Rumsey sends a letter to George Washington informing of his plans to create a steamboat.

title: 1785

date: May 25

text: May 25 – In Philadelphia, delegates begin to convene the Constitutional Convention, intended to amend the Articles of Confederation (however, a new United States Constitution is eventually produced). George Washington presides over the Convention.

title: 1787

date: April 30

text: April 30 – George Washington is inaugurated at Federal Hall in New York City, beginning his term as the first president of the United States.

title: 1789

date: February 4

text: February 4 – George Washington is unanimously elected the first president of the United States, by the United States Electoral College.

title: 1789

date: January 8

text: January 8 – United States President George Washington gives the first State of the Union address, in New York City.

title: 1790

text: November 27 – U.S. President George Washington and his wife, Martha Washington, arrive in the new temporary U.S. capital, Philadelphia, and take up residence at the President's House located at 524 Market Street.

title: 1790

text: September 9 – The capital of the United States, Washington, D.C., is named after the incumbent 1st President George Washington.

title: 1791

text: April 5 – United States President George Washington vetoes a bill designed to apportion representatives among U.S. states. This is the first time the presidential veto is used in the United States.

title: 1792

text: December 3 – George Washington is re-elected president of the United States.

title: 1792

text: February 20 – The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by President George Washington.

title: 1792

text: November 6 – The second United States presidential election is held. Incumbent President George Washington receives all 132 electoral votes for president, and incumbent Vice President John Adams is re-elected with 77 of 132 votes, with George Clinton receiving 50.

title: 1792

text: April 22 – George Washington signs the Neutrality Proclamation.

title: 1793

text: February 25 – George Washington holds the first Cabinet meeting as President of the United States.

title: 1793

text: March 4 – George Washington is sworn in as the president of the United States in Philadelphia, for his second term.

title: 1793

text: October 4 – In the first and only instance of an incumbent United States president leading men into battle, George Washington arrives at Carlisle, Pennsylvania to guide the U.S. Army's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion. The rebels soon disperse and the insurrection collapses by the end of the month.

title: 1794

text: September 17 – U.S. President George Washington issues his Farewell Address, which warns against partisan politics and foreign entanglements. In addition, he sets a precedent by declining to run for a third term.

title: 1796

text: December 14 – George Washington, first President of the United States, dies at Mount Vernon, Virginia, aged 67.

title: 1799

text: July 4 – The dedication of George Washington's sculpted head is held at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.

title: 1930


slug: georgia-country

label: Georgia (country)

description: country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia

year_label: 234 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Pharnavaz I of Iberia, King of Georgia

title: 234 BC

year_label: 90 BCE

text: Pharnajom, king of Iberia (modern Georgia)

title: 90 BC

year_label: 81 BCE

text: Artaxias I (or Arshak), king of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 81 BC

year_label: 36 BCE

text: Publius Canidius Crassus invades Armenia and Iberia (Georgia); he forces Parnavaz II into an alliance against Zober, king of Albania.

title: 36 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 30 BCE

text: Pharnavaz II, king of Iberia (Artaxiad dynasty) (Georgia) (killed by Mirian II)

title: 30 BC

year_label: 20 BCE

text: Mirian II (or Mirvan), king of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 20 BC

year_label: 75 CE

text: Vespasian fortifies Armazi (Georgia) for the Iberian king Mithridates I. The Alans raid the Roman frontier in Armenia.

title: AD 75

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Georgia submits peacefully to Shapur I, and becomes a vassal of the Sassanid Empire.

title: 252

section: Events › By place › Persia

text: Christianity is introduced in Colchis, present-day Georgia.

title: 319

section: Events › By place › Georgia

text: Christianity is introduced to the Kingdom of Iberia (modern-day Georgia) by Saint Nino (approximate date).

title: 326

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: King Shapur II occupies the pro-Roman kingdom of Armenia. He besieges Artogerassa in modern Georgia, where Papas (Pap), son of King Arsaces II (Arshak II), defends the fortress and the royal treasure against Persian forces.

title: 369

section: Births

text: Peter the Iberian, Georgian theologian and Saint (approximate date)

title: 417

text: Peter the Iberian founds a Georgian monastery near Bethlehem.

title: 430

text: Vakhtang I, king of Iberia (modern Georgia) (approximate date)

title: 440

text: The city of Tbilisi (Georgia) on the Kura River is founded by King Vakhtang I of Iberia. Its location gives it control of the trade routes between western and eastern Transcaucasia.

title: 458

section: Events › By topic › Exploration and Colonization

text: Lazic War: King Khosrau I intervenes in Lazica (modern Georgia), and supports the weakened king Gubazes II against a full-scale uprising. He sends an expeditionary force under Mermeroes and captures the Byzantine stronghold of Petra, located on the coast of the Black Sea, which provides the Persians a strategic port.

title: 541

text: Spring – Lazic War: The Byzantine army under Bessas combines forces with King Gubazes II, and defeats the Persians in Lazica (modern Georgia) in a surprise attack. The survivors retreat into Caucasian Iberia.

title: 549

text: Emperor Justinian I appoints Bessas commander (magister militum) of Armenia, and entrusts him with the war in Lazica (Georgia).

title: 550

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: The churches of Lazica (Georgia) and Armenia split. While the Armenian Church remains independent, the Georgian church unites with the Byzantine Empire. This ecclesiastical union deepens political and cultural contact between the two states. As a sign of Lazica's status vis-à-vis Byzantium, Lazic princes are vested with honorific titles of the Byzantine court, including kouropalates, or "minister of the imperial palace" (approximate date).

title: 550

text: Summer – Lazic War: The Byzantine army under Bessas is repulsed, and forced to retreat out of Archaeopolis (Georgia).

title: 555

date: September

text: September/October - Gubazes II, king of Lazica (Georgia)

title: 555

text: Lazic War: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Justin retakes Archaeopolis (modern Georgia), and routs the Persian army.

title: 556

text: The Avars arrive in the northern region of the Caucasus, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. They send envoys to the Byzantines in Lazica (modern Georgia). Like the Huns, the Avars are the former elite of a central Asian federation, which has been forced to flee westwards.

title: 557

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Emperor Justinian I signs a peace treaty with the Sasanid Empire. The status quo ante is restored, with Lazica (modern Georgia) in Byzantine hands.

title: 562

text: Bacurius III, king of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 580

text: Summer – Guaram I of Iberia, Georgian prince in exile, is sent by Emperor Maurice to the city of Mtskheta (Georgia). He restores the monarchy and is bestowed with the Byzantine court title of curopalates.

title: 588

text: Stephen I succeeds his father Guaram I as king of Iberia (Georgia) (approximate date).

title: 590

text: Guaram I, king of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 590

text: Khosrau II is reinstalled as king of the Persian Empire. Peace with Constantinople is concluded after a war of almost 20 years. Maurice receives the Persian provinces of Armenia and Georgia. The recognition of the traditional frontiers, and the cessation of subsidies for the Caucasus forts, leaves the Byzantines in a dominant position in their relations with Persia.

title: 591

text: King Stephen I of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 627

text: Third Perso-Turkic War: The Western Göktürks under their leader Tong Yabghu Qaghan plunder Tbilisi (modern Georgia). The Persian defenders are executed or mutilated, Tong Yabghu appoints governors (tuduns) to manage various tribes under his overlordship.

title: 628

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Maximus the Confessor, Byzantine monk and theologian, dies in exile in Lazica (modern Georgia), on the southeastern shore of the Black Sea.

title: 662

text: Arab–Khazar War: The Khazars drive back the Muslim invasion, led by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, into Mesopotamia. Reinforced with Syrian troops, Maslama counterattacks and takes Georgia, establishing the northern frontier on the Caucasus.

title: AD 727

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Ishaq ibn Isma'il, emir of Tbilisi (Georgia)

title: 853

text: Bagrat I, prince of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 876

text: David I, prince of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 881

text: Sajid invasion of Georgia: A Muslim army under Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj campaigns in the Georgian principalities. He makes Tiflis his base for operations, and invades Kakheti. Yusuf proceeds to Kartli, where the fortifications of Uplistsikhe are demolished. He besieges and captures the fortress of Q'ueli, putting its defender Gobron to death.

title: 914

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Adarnase IV, prince of Iberia/Kartli (Georgia)

title: 923

text: Ashot the Swift, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 939

text: Gurgen II, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 941

date: February 23

text: February 23 – David I, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 943

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Ashot II, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 954

text: Sumbat I, king of Iberia (Georgia)

title: 958

text: Bagrat III, king of Abkhazia (Georgia) (d. 1014)

title: 960

text: Adarnase V, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 961

text: Bagrat II, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 966

title: 988

text: David II, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)

title: 993

text: Bagrat II, king of Iberia-Kartli (Georgia) (b. 937)

title: 994

text: Gurgen II (Magistros), king of Iberia-Kartli (Georgia)

title: 1008

text: May 7 – Bagrat III, king of Abkhazia (Georgia)

title: 1014

text: Spring – Battle of Svindax: The Byzantine army under Emperor Basil II defeats the Georgians at Svindax (modern Turkey). King George I is forced to negotiate a peace treaty, ending the Byzantine–Georgian wars.

title: 1022

text: August 16 – George I, king of Georgia (House of Bagrationi)

title: 1027

text: August 16 – Bagrat IV becomes king of Georgia on the death of his father, George I. Queen Dowager Mariam becomes regent for her 9-year-old son.

title: 1027

text: Battle of Bolnisi: Khwarazmian forces led by Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni defeat a coalition of Georgians, Kipchaks, Alans, Vainakhs and Laks (some 40,000 men) at Bolnisi (modern Georgia).

title: 1228

text: An earthquake destroys two thirds of the cave city of Vardzia, Georgia.

title: 1283

text: David VI Narin, King of Georgia (b. 1225)

title: 1293

text: November 21 – The Mongol conqueror Timur, called "Tamerlane" in the west, captures and sacks the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, taking King Bagrat V prisoner.

title: 1386

text: Battle of Sokhoista: The army of the Ottoman Empire defeats an alliance of Georgian dynasties.

title: 1545

text: Qizilbash forces under the command of Tahmasp I raid and destroy the cave monastery of Vardzia in Georgia.

title: 1551

text: Easter – Persian Safavid hordes, led by Shah Abbas the Great, kill all the monks at the David Gareja monastery complex in Georgia, and set fire to its collection of manuscripts and works of art.

title: 1615

text: July 1 – The Safavid Empire in Iran defeats an invasion from the Kingdom of Georgia in the Battle of Marabda with heavy losses on both sides, including the Georgian commander, Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani. when the Iranian Safavid army defeated a Georgian force.

title: 1625

text: March 25 – Battle of Martqopi: The Safavids are defeated in Georgia.

title: 1625

text: December 14 – Battle of Khresili: King Solomon I of Imereti defeats the Ottoman army and an allied faction of nobles, in what becomes western Georgia.

title: 1757

text: April 20 – Battle of Aspindza: Georgian king Erekle II defeats the Ottoman forces, despite being abandoned by an ally, Russian General Totleben.

title: 1770

text: July 24 – The Treaty of Georgievsk is signed between Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, making Georgia a protectorate of Russia.

title: 1783

text: October 24–November 5 – Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan at the end of the Russo-Persian War, by which Persia loses modern-day Georgia, Dagestan and most of Azerbaijan to Russia.

title: 1813

text: March 10 – Clashes between police and Georgian workers led by Joseph Stalin leave 15 dead, 54 wounded, and 500 in prison.

title: 1902

text: June 26 – Tiflis bank robbery: Bolsheviks attack a cash-filled bank coach in the centre of Tiflis, Georgia, killing 40 people.

title: 1907

text: April 22 – Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declare their independence from Russia as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.

title: 1918

text: December 30 – Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Republic (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) come together to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

title: 1922

text: August 28 – August Uprising: Georgia rises against rule by the Soviet Union in an abortive rebellion, in which several thousands die.

title: 1924

text: April 9 – Tbilisi massacre: Georgian demonstrators are massacred by Soviet Army soldiers in Tbilisi's central square during a peaceful rally; 20 citizens are killed, many injured. This causes further protests.

title: 1989

text: April 29 – A 7.0 earthquake in Racha, Georgia, kills 270 people and leaves 100,000 others homeless.

title: 1991

text: January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, starting the 1991–92 South Ossetia War.

title: 1991

text: August 29 – Eduard Shevardnadze, the Georgian head of state, survives an assassination attempt in Tbilisi.

title: 1995

text: March 11 – Georgia accuses three Russian helicopters of firing on the Kodori Gorge, then the only part of the break-away autonomous republic of Abkhazia still under Georgian control.

title: 2007

text: August 7 – Georgia intervenes against Russian-backed separatists in its South-Ossetia and Abkhazia regions, causing Russia to invade Georgia and spark the Russo-Georgian war, the first major European land war of the 21st century.

title: 2008

text: December 13 – The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2025 is held in Tbilisi, Georgia. French contestant Lou Deleuze wins with the song "Ce monde".

title: 2025


slug: georgia-u-s-state

label: Georgia (U.S. state)

description: state of the United States of America

section: Conflict & Security

date: October 18

text: October 18 – Queen Anne's War: Battle of Flint River – Spanish and Apalachee Indian forces fail in their attack against Creek Indians, supported by English traders, in the modern-day U.S. state of Georgia.

title: 1702

section: Events › October–December

date: January 13

text: January 13 – For the first time, the American colony in Georgia has an elected legislature after having been administered by a corporate Board of Trustees since its founding in 1732. The original Georgia Assembly meets in Savannah with 16 representatives as the colony prepares to become a British colonial province. After electing Francis Harris as the Speaker of the unicameral Assembly, the delegates successfully ask the Trustees not to surrender control of Georgia to the neighboring Province of South Carolina.

title: 1751

section: Events › January–March

date: April 9

text: April 9 – African slaves are imported directly into the American colony of Georgia for the first time, as the sloop Mary Brow arrives in Savannah with 78 captives imported from Saint-Louis, Senegal.

title: 1766

section: Events › April–June

date: January 2

text: January 2 – Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the fourth U.S. state under the new government.

title: 1788

date: April 7

text: April 7 – The Mississippi Territory is organized by the United States, from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina; later it is twice expanded, to include disputed territory claimed by both the U.S. and Spain (which acquired territory in trade with Great Britain).

title: 1798

date: February 12

text: February 12 – Second Treaty of Indian Springs: The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government and migrate west.

title: 1825

section: Health & Medicine

date: December 20

text: December 20 – The U.S. State of Georgia legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the Medical College of Georgia, and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the sixth public medical school to be established.

title: 1828

date: September 19

text: September 19–20 – Battle of Chickamauga – Confederate forces turn back a Union invasion of Georgia.

title: 1863

section: Events › September

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: October 26

text: October 26 – The paddlewheel steamer sinks off the Georgia coast, with a cargo of $400,000 in coins.

title: 1865

section: Events › October

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Reconstruction Era: Georgia becomes the last former Confederate state of America to be readmitted to the Union.

title: 1870

section: Events › July

date: January 15

text: January 15 – The Coca-Cola Company is originally incorporated as the Pemberton Medicine Company in Atlanta, Georgia.

title: 1889

section: Events › January

date: November 24

text: November 24 – William J. Simmons revives the American Civil War era Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia.

title: 1915

section: Events › November

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Rebecca Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, formally becoming the first woman United States Senator.

title: 1922

date: March 21

text: March 21–22 – 1932 Deep South tornado outbreak: A series of deadly tornadoes in the United States kills more than 220 people in Alabama, 34 in Georgia and 17 in Tennessee.

title: 1932

section: Events › March

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: July 25

text: July 25 – In the last mass lynching in the United States, a mob of white men shoot and kill two African-American couples, near Moore's Ford Bridge in Georgia.

title: 1946

section: Culture & Society

date: February 19

text: February 19 – Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States.

title: 1953

section: Events › February

date: April 5

text: April 5 – Former U.S. Senator John Tower and 22 others are killed in an airplane crash in Brunswick, Georgia.

title: 1991

section: Events › April

date: November 8

text: November 8 – "Republican Revolution": Georgia Representative Newt Gingrich leads the United States Republican Party in taking control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate in midterm congressional elections, the first time in 40 years the Republicans secure control of both houses of Congress. George W. Bush is elected Governor of Texas.

title: 1994

date: July 19

text: July 19 – The 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, begin.

title: 1996


slug: gepids

label: Gepids

description: Germanic tribe

text: The Tervingian Goths and Taifali fight the Vandals and Gepids.

title: 291

section: Events › By place › Northern Europe

text: Spring – Attila gathers his vassals—Bastarnae, Gepids, Heruls, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians and Thuringians (among others), and smashes through Germany, causing widespread panic and destruction. He arrives in Belgica with an army (50,000 men) and crosses the Rhine.

title: 451

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Battle of Nedao: Allied forces of subjected peoples (Gepids, Heruli, Ostrogoths, Rugii, Sciri and Suebi), under the leadership of King Ardaric, defeat the Huns under Ellac, eldest son of Attila the Hun, in Pannonia. Ellac is killed during the battle and succeeded by his brother Dengizich.

title: 454

section: Deaths

text: Ardaric, king of the Gepids (approximate date)

title: 460

date: August

text: August – Battle of Sirmium in Pannonia: The Ostrogoths under Theodoric the Great, moving to invade Northern Italy at the behest of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno, defeat the Gepids attempting to stop their advance.

title: 489

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: King Theodoric the Great defeats the Gepids, and drives them out of their homeland (Pannonia).

title: 504

text: unknown date – Mundus, Gepid Byzantine general (killed in action)

title: 536

text: Emperor Justinian I becomes alarmed by renewed barbarian incursions across the Danube frontier from the Slavs, the Bulgars, the Gepids, and the Avars.

title: 539

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Audoin receives subsidies from Justinian I, to encourage him to battle the Gepids in the Carpathian Mountains.

title: 546

text: Battle of Asfeld: The Lombards under King Audoin defeat the Gepids.

title: 552

text: Thurisind, king of the Gepids (approximate date)

title: 560

text: Justin II sends his son-in-law Baduarius (magister militum) with a Byzantine army, to support the Gepids in their war against the Lombards.

title: 565

text: A Byzantine army, under command of Baduarius, assists the Gepids in their war against the Lombards. The Byzantines win the first battle in the lower Danube (Moesia), but Gepid King Cunimund refuses to hand back the fortress city of Sirmium (modern Serbia), as he had promised.

title: 566

text: The Lombard–Gepid War (567) ends with a Lombard-Avar victory, and the annihilation of the Gepids.

title: 567

section: Crime & Justice

date: June 28

text: June 28 – Alboin, king of the Lombards, is murdered at Verona in his palace, at the instigation of his wife Rosamund (daughter of the Gepid king Cunimund), and her henchman, Helmechis (the king's squire); both flee to seek Byzantine protection in Ravenna. Alboin is succeeded as king by Cleph, who is not related by blood.

title: 572

text: Spring – Priscus, commander-in-chief in Thrace, defeats the Slavic tribes and Gepids on Byzantine territory south of the Danube. He crosses the river to fight in the uncharted swamps and forests of modern-day Wallachia.

title: 593


slug: german-empire

label: German Empire

description: German nation-state in Central Europe from 1871 to 1918

date: February 8

text: February 8 – 1871 French legislative election elects the first legislature of the French Third Republic; monarchists (Legitimists and Orleanists) favourable to peace with the German Empire gain a large majority. The National Assembly meets in Bordeaux.

title: 1871

section: Events › January–March

date: January 18

text: January 18 – Proclamation of the German Empire: The member states of the North German Confederation and the south German states unite into a single nation state, known as the German Empire. The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.

title: 1871

section: Health & Medicine

date: July 4

text: July 4 – The Society of Jesus is pronounced illegal in the German Empire.

title: 1872

text: The League of the Three Emperors is created. It links the conservative monarchs of Austria-Hungary, the German Empire and the Russian Empire in an alliance against radical movements.

title: 1873

section: Events › Date unknown

date: October 7

text: October 7 – The Dual Alliance is formed by Germany and Austria-Hungary.

title: 1879

section: Economy & Finance

date: October 1

text: October 1 – German company Munich Re is founded in Munich.

title: 1880

section: Conflict & Security

date: July 5

text: July 5 – Germany takes possession of Togoland.

title: 1884

date: March 16

text: March 16 – A law establishing the Kiel Canal is adopted in the German Empire.

title: 1886

date: April 16

text: April 16 – The German Empire annexes the island of Nauru.

title: 1888

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Germany takes formal possession of its new African territories.

title: 1891

text: November 21 - The Hamburg dockworkers' strike of 1896-97 is considered one of the largest labour disputes in the German Empire.

title: 1896

date: January 14

text: January 14 – The U.S. Senate accepts the British-German Treaty of 1899, in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the American Samoa portion of the Samoan Islands.

title: 1900

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: July 12

text: July 12 – The new German cruise liner SS Deutschland breaks the record for the Blue Riband on her maiden transatlantic voyage with an average speed of 22.4 kn km/h.

title: 1900

date: July 2

text: July 2 – The first zeppelin airship flight, by Zeppelin LZ 1, is carried out over Lake Constance, near Friedrichshafen, Germany.

title: 1900

date: February 23

text: February 23 – The United Kingdom and Germany agree on the frontier between German East Africa and Nyasaland.

title: 1901

date: March 1

text: March 1 – The United Kingdom, Germany and Japan protest the Sino-Russian agreement on Manchuria.

title: 1901

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Auguste Deter is first examined by German psychiatrist Dr. Alois Alzheimer, leading to a diagnosis of the condition that will carry Alzheimer's name.

title: 1901

date: December

text: December–February 1903 – Venezuelan crisis: Britain, Germany and Italy sustain a naval blockade on Venezuela, in order to enforce collection of outstanding financial claims. This prompts the development of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

title: 1902

section: Events › December

date: March 5

text: March 5 – The Ottoman Empire and the German Empire sign an agreement to build the Constantinople–Baghdad Railway.

title: 1903

section: Religion & Belief

date: January 16

text: January 16–April 7 – The Algeciras Conference convenes, to resolve the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany.

title: 1906

section: Events › January–February

date: October 13

text: October 13 – An agreement by Germany, Italy and Switzerland gives the Germans and Italians access to the Gotthard Rail Tunnel.

title: 1909

section: Events › September–October

date: June 22

text: June 22 – DELAG Zeppelin dirigible Deutschland makes the first commercial passenger flight, from Friedrichshafen to Düsseldorf in Germany; the flight takes 9 hours.

title: 1910

section: Events › June

date: August 1

text: August 1 – The German Empire declares war on the Russian Empire, following Russia's military mobilisation in support of Serbia; Germany also begins mobilisation.

title: 1914

section: Events › August

date: August 2

text: August 2 – A secret treaty between the Ottoman Empire and German Empires secures Ottoman neutrality.

title: 1914

date: August 4

text: August 4 – World War I: German invasion of Belgium – At 08:02 (local time) Imperial German Army troops enter Belgium, bringing the July Crisis to a climax. At 23:00 (GMT) the British entry into World War I takes place when King George V in London declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality (protected by the Treaty of London (1839)) and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole British Empire against the German Empire. The United States declares neutrality.

title: 1914

date: October 4

text: October 4 – The Manifesto of the Ninety-Three is signed by prominent academics supporting the early German war effort.

title: 1914

date: January 31

text: January 31 – WWI: Battle of Bolimów – Germany's first large-scale use of poison gas as a weapon occurs, when 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas are fired on the Imperial Russian Army, on the Rawka River west of Warsaw; however, freezing temperatures prevent it being effective.

title: 1915

date: May 9

text: May 9 – WWI – Second Battle of Artois: German and French forces fight to a standstill; German forces defeat the British at the Battle of Aubers Ridge.

title: 1915

section: Events › May

date: October 12

text: October 12 – WWI: British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad, for helping Allied soldiers escape from Belgium.

title: 1915

date: February 1

text: February 1 – WWI: Atlantic U-boat Campaign: Germany announces its U-boats will resume unrestricted submarine warfare, rescinding the Sussex Pledge'.

title: 1917

date: November

text: The ANZAC Mounted Division (Desert Mounted Corps) successfully fights the Battle of Ayun Kara, in the aftermath of the Battle of Mughar Ridge against strong German rearguards.

title: 1917

date: January 4

text: January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Soviet Russia, Sweden, Germany and France.

title: 1918

text: March 21–July 18 – WWI: The Spring Offensive by the German Army along the Western Front fails to make a breakthrough, despite large losses on each side, including nearly 20,000 British Army dead on the first day, Operation Michael, on the Somme.

title: 1918

text: November 3 – German Revolution: Kiel mutiny by sailors in the German fleet at Kiel while throughout northern Germany soldiers and workers begin to establish revolutionary councils on the Russian soviet model.

title: 1918


slug: germania

label: Germania

description: Roman term for a historical region in north-central Europe

year_label: 11 BCE

text: Battle of the Lupia River: Roman forces under Augustus's stepson Nero Claudius Drusus win a victory in Germania.

title: 11 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 1 CE

text: AD 1 – Tiberius, under order of Emperor Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (AD 1–5).

title: 0s

section: Events › Roman Empire

year_label: 7 CE

text: AD 7 – Publius Quinctilius Varus is appointed governor of Germania, charged with organizing Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which creates dissension among the Germanic tribes.

title: 0s

year_label: 28 CE

text: Roman legions in Germania are transported by fleet to the fortress of Flevum on the Rhine, to operate against the rebellious Frisians.

title: 20s

section: Events › 28 AD › Germania

year_label: 86 CE

text: Germania is divided into two provinces, Germania Inferior and Germania Superior (approximate date).

title: AD 86

text: Roman general (and future emperor) Trajan begins a campaign to crush an uprising in Germania.

title: AD 86

text: The Quadi are chased westwards, deeper into Germania. The Praetorian prefect, Tarutenius Paternus, achieves a decisive victory against the Germanic tribes.

title: AD 180

text: Emperor Caracalla leaves Rome and expels some Germanic marauders from Gaul, while his mother, Julia Domna, rules the Empire. He defends the northern Rhine frontier against the Alamanni and the Chatti. Caracalla wins over the Germanic tribes on the banks of the River Main, and gives himself the title "Germanicus". It is probably while campaigning in Germania that he takes a liking to the caracalla, a Celtic or Germanic tunic from which he acquires the name by which he is known.

title: 213

text: Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns on the rivers Danube and Rhine in Germania, defeating the Alemanni, and never visits Rome. He is accepted by the Roman Senate, but taxes the rich aristocracy heavily, and engenders such hostility among them, that they plot against him. He had a road rebuilt in what is now the Golan Heights, between 236 and 237.

title: 237

text: The Roman Empire is threatened on several fronts at the same time. Africa revolts and tribes in northwest Germania, under the name of the Franks, are raiding the Rhine frontier.

title: 240

text: The Thuringi, a Germanic tribe, appears in the Harz Mountains (Thuringia) of central Germania.

title: 280

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Crispus, eldest son of Constantine I, leads a victorious campaign against the Franks, assuring twenty years of peace along the Rhine frontier. He establishes his residence in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier), capital of Germania.

title: 320

text: Great Conspiracy: The Roman garrison on Hadrian's Wall revolts and allows Picts from Caledonia to devastate Britain. Simultaneously Attacotti, the Scotti from Hibernia (Ireland), and the Saxons from Germania invade the island's mid-western and south-eastern borders. They sack the cities and murder, rape or enslave Romano-British civilians.

title: 367

section: Deaths

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Emperor Valentinian I concludes an enduring peace with the Alamanni in Germany, then marches into Illyricum to repel an invasion of the Quadi and the Sarmatians on the Danube frontier. While negotiating with the Quadi, Valentinian, age 54, becomes so enraged that he dies in a fit of apoplexy at Brigetio (Hungary). Extreme cruelty has marked his 11-year reign, but he has also founded schools and provided physicians to serve the poor of Constantinople.

title: 375