slug: florida

label: Florida

description: state of the United States of America

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: April 2

text: April 2 – Juan Ponce de León and his expedition become the first Europeans known to visit Florida, landing somewhere on the east coast. One of the expedition, Juan Garrido, becomes the first African known to visit North America.

title: 1513

section: Events › April–June

date: March 27

text: March 27 – Juan Ponce de León becomes the first European definitely known to sight Florida, mistaking it for another island.

title: 1513

date: June 17

text: June 17 – The Narváez expedition to conquer Florida sets sail from Spain.

title: 1527

section: Conflict & Security

date: May 30

text: May 30 – Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay, Florida with 600 soldiers, with the goal of finding gold. He also introduces pigs into North America.

title: 1539

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Jean Ribault, French navigator, lands in Florida, and later establishes a Huguenot colony at Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina.

title: 1562

date: June 22

text: June 22 – French settlers abandon Charlesfort, the first French attempt at colonizing what is now the United States, and, with the help of a relief force commanded by René Goulaine, establish Fort Caroline in Florida, near what is now the city of Jacksonville.

title: 1564

date: August 28

text: August 28 (feast day of St. Augustine) – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés first sights land in Florida.

title: 1565

section: Events › July–September

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: July 24

text: July 24 – 1715 Treasure Fleet: A Spanish treasure fleet of 12 ships, under General Don Juan Ubilla, leaves Havana, Cuba for Spain. Seven days later, 11 of them sink in a storm off the coast of Florida (some centuries later, treasure salvage is found from these wrecks).

title: 1715

text: June 26 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Siege of Fort Mose – A Spanish column of 300 regular troops, free Black militia and Indian auxiliaries storms Britain's strategically crucial position of Fort Mose, Florida.

title: 1740

date: November 20

text: November 20 – The first Seminole War begins in Florida.

title: 1817

date: March 15

text: March 15 – First Seminole War: General Andrew Jackson and his American army invade Florida.

title: 1818

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Adams–Onís Treaty: Agreement is reached for Spain to cede Florida (already under USA's domination) to the United States in exchange for renunciation of American claims on Texas arising from the Louisiana Purchase, American payment of $5 million to settle citizens' claims regarding Florida, and definition of international borders. Following ratification, the treaty takes effect in 1821.

title: 1819

date: February 9

text: February 9 – The Florida Legislative Council grants a city charter for Jacksonville, Florida.

title: 1832

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Seminoles attack Fort Foster in Florida.

title: 1837

date: March 3

text: March 3 – Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state. On the same day, both houses of the U.S. Congress vote by a two-thirds majority, to override a presidential veto for the first time in history in order to pass legislation.

title: 1845

date: October 25

text: October 25 – Florida drafts its constitution in Tallahassee.

title: 1865

section: Events › October

date: October 4

text: October 4 – The American steam boat Walkatomica, which has made regular runs for travelers along the Gulf Coast of Florida since 1885, is destroyed by fire while in port in Tallahassee.

title: 1898

section: Climate & Environment

date: September 10

text: September 10–15 – The Florida Keys hurricane kills 600 in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and Texas.

title: 1919

section: Events › September

date: September 16

text: September 16 – The Okeechobee hurricane kills at least 2,500 people in Florida.

title: 1928

section: Births

date: April 3

text: April 3 – Lawton Chiles, American politician, U.S. Senator (Florida), 41st Governor of Florida (d. 1998)

title: 1930

section: Births › April

date: June 4

text: June 4 – The St. Louis, a ship carrying 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida; only a few passengers have been allowed to enter Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, many of its passengers later die in Nazi death camps during The Holocaust.

title: 1939

section: Events › June

date: August 6

text: August 6 – Six-year-old Elaine Esposito goes to have an appendix operation in Florida and lapses into a coma, dying 37 years later, still comatose.

title: 1941

section: Events › August

date: September 17

text: September 17–21 – The 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane in southeastern Florida, and also in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana causes widespread damage, and kills 50 people.

title: 1947

date: July 2

text: July 2 — The cremated remains of Mary Reeser are found at her home in Saint Petersburg, Florida. She is believed to have been a victim of spontaneous human combustion. The FBI believes that the near total consumption of her body by the fire was caused by the Wick effect.

title: 1951

section: Events › July

date: August 7

text: August 7 – Explorer program: The United States launches Explorer 6 from the Atlantic Missile Range in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

title: 1959

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Hurricane Donna kills 50 people in Florida and New England, United States.

title: 1960

date: December 2

text: December 2 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the use of $1.0 million for the relief and resettlement of Cuban refugees, who have been arriving in Florida at the rate of about 1,000 per week.

title: 1960

section: Events › December

date: September 27

text: September 27 – Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Member of the US House from Florida

title: 1966

section: Births › September

section: Crime & Justice

date: May 25

text: May 25 – John Spenkelink is executed in Florida, in the first use of the electric chair in America after the reintroduction of the death penalty in 1976.

title: 1979

section: Events › May

date: May 9

text: May 9 – In Florida, United States, the Liberian freighter Summit Venture hits the Sunshine Skyway Bridge over Tampa Bay. A 1,400 foot m section of the bridge collapses and 35 people (most of them on a bus) are killed.

title: 1980

section: Deaths

text: June 17 – With the death of the last known individual, the dusky seaside sparrow, a subspecies native to the US state of Florida, becomes extinct.

title: 1987

date: August 24

text: August 24–28 – Hurricane Andrew hits south Florida and Louisiana and dissipates over the Tennessee valley when it merges with a storm system; 23 are killed.

title: 1992

date: April

text: Backstreet Boys were formed in Orlando, Florida.

title: 1993

text: June 30 – Tropical Storm Alberto forms, hitting parts of Florida causing $1.03 billion in damage and 32 deaths.

title: 1994

text: August 25 – The Spitzer Space Telescope is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

title: 2003

text: March 7 – NASA's Kepler Mission, a space photometer that will search for extrasolar planets in the Milky Way galaxy, is launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, USA.

title: 2009

text: February 6 – SpaceX successfully conducts its maiden flight of its most powerful rocket to date, the Falcon Heavy, from LC39A at John F. Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

title: 2018

text: May 30 – The first crewed flight of the SpaceX Dragon 2 (initially scheduled for May 27 but delayed due to weather) is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the first crewed spacecraft to take off from U.S. soil since the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011.

title: 2020

text: September 15 – Ryan Wesley Routh is accused of attempting to assassinate Donald Trump in Florida. Routh is later captured and arrested, and a trial date has been set for 2025.

title: 2024

text: September 26 – Hurricane Helene, the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Maria in 2017, makes landfall in Florida as a category four hurricane. It has a death toll of 236 and leaves more than 685 missing.

title: 2024


slug: former-liang

label: Former Liang

description: Chinese dynastic state from 301 to 376

text: Zhang Mao, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (d. 324)

title: 277

text: Xie Ai, Chinese general of the Former Liang state (d. 354)

title: 301

text: Zhang Gui, Chinese governor and duke of Xiping (b. 255)

title: 314

section: Conflict & Security

text: Zhang Shi (張寔), Zhang Duke of Xiping and governor of Liang Province, (涼州)is assassinated by Yan She (閻涉) and Zhao Ang (趙卬) and replaced by Zhang Mao (張茂), commonly accepted first ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang.

title: 320

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Zhang Mao, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (b. 277)

title: 324

text: Zhang Chonghua, Chinese ruler of Han-Zhao (d. 353)

title: 327

text: Zhang Yaoling, ruler of Former Liang (d. 355)

title: 344

text: Zhang Tianxi, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (d. 406)

title: 346

text: Zhang Xuanjing, ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang (d. 363).

title: 350

text: Zhang Chonghua, ruler of Former Liang (b. 327)

title: 353

text: Xie Ai, Chinese general of Former Liang (b. 301)

title: 354

text: Zhang Yaoling, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (b. 344)

title: 355

text: Song Hun, regent of the Chinese state Former Liang

title: 361

section: Deaths › Date unknown

text: Zhang Xuanjing, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (b. 350)

title: 363

text: Zhang Tianxi, ruler of Former Liang, submits to Fu Jiān of Former Qin, thus ending the state of Former Liang. Zhang is made "Marquess of Guiyi".

title: 376

section: Events › By place › China

text: Zhang Tianxi, ruler of Former Liang (b. 346)

title: 406


slug: former-qin

label: Former Qin

description: 4th century state in northern China (350–394)

text: Fú Jiàn, Chinese emperor of the Former Qin (d. 355)

title: 317

text: Fu Sheng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (d. 357)

title: 335

text: Fú Jiān, emperor of the Chinese Di state Former Qin (d. 385)

title: 337

text: Fu Deng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (d. 394)

title: 343

text: Shi Hu, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao since 334, dies. The state plunges into turmoil with his sons Shi Shi, Shi Zun, Shi Jian and Shi Zhi plotting against each other and holding the emperorship in rapid succession, before ethnic Han Ran Min establishes the short-lived Ran Wei dynasty in 350, bringing the Later Zhao dynasty to an end in 351 before it is itself conquered and divided by the Former Yan and Former Qin dynasties in 351.

title: 349

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Fú Jiàn, an ethnic Di, declares himself "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang) during the collapse of Later Zhao, and establishes Former Qin.

title: 351

text: Fu Sheng, emperor of the Former Qin, reigns in northern China.

title: 354

text: Fu Jian, Chinese emperor of the Former Qin (b. 317)

title: 355

text: The reign of Fú Jiān, the emperor of Former Qin, commences in China.

title: 357

text: Fu Sheng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (b. 335)

title: 357

text: Former Qin conquers Former Yan in China.

title: 370

title: 376

text: Former Qin captures the city of Xiangyang from Eastern Jin. The Buddhist monk Dao'an is transferred from Xiangyang to Chang'an.

title: 379

text: Battle of Fei River (Feishui): Former Qin forces are defeated by the numerically inferior Eastern Jin army in Anhui, preserving the Jin state in the south and precipitating the destruction of Former Qin in the north.

title: AD 383

text: Following Former Qin's defeat at the Battle of Fei River, Murong Chui, Murong Hong, and Yao Chang declares themselves emperors of Later Yan, Western Yan, and Later Qin respectively, precipitating the disintegration of Former Qin.

title: 384

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Fú Jiān, emperor of the Chinese Di state Former Qin (b. 337)

title: 385

text: Fu Pi, emperor of the Former Qin

title: 386

text: Mao, Chinese empress and wife of Fu Deng (Former Qin)

title: 389

text: The last ruler of Former Qin, Fu Chong, is killed in battle against an army of Western Qin, bringing Former Qin to an end.

title: 394

text: Fu Chong, emperor of the Chinese Di state Former Qin

title: 394


slug: former-shu

label: Former Shu

description: one of the 10 Kingdoms of 10th-century China, centered on Sichuan

text: Wang Jian, Chinese emperor of Former Shu (d. 918)

title: 847

text: Wang Yuanying, crown prince of Former Shu (d. 913)

title: 892

text: Wang Zongyan, emperor of Former Shu (d. 926)

title: 899

date: November 3

text: November 3 – The Former Shu Kingdom is founded by the warlord Wang Jian (Prince of Shu) in Chengdu. His power is centered in Sichuan province, in Southwest China.

title: 907

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Emperor Wang Jian of Former Shu puts his adoptive son (and a potential successor) Wang Zongji (Prince of Shu) to death. He orders Wang Zongji's associates to be exiled.

title: 908

text: Wang Jian, emperor of Former Shu (b. 847)

title: 918

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Zhou, empress of Former Shu

title: 918

text: Winter – Former Shu, one of the Ten Kingdoms in China, is invaded by Later Tang forces of Emperor Zhuang Zong, who incorporates the kingdom into his domains.

title: 925

date: December 15

text: December 15 — At Chengdu, capital of the Former Shu dynasty state in China, the Later Tang dynasty generals Li Jiji and Guo Chongtao accept the surrender of the surviving Shu official, Li Yan, representative of the Shu Emperor Wang Zongyan.

title: 925

section: Events › By date › July – December

date: December 28

text: December 28 – Wang Zongbi, general of Former Shu

title: 925

text: Zhang Ge, politician and chancellor of Former Shu

title: 927

date: July 5

text: July 5 – Xu Ji, official and chancellor of Former Shu

title: 936


slug: former-yan

label: Former Yan

description: Chinese Sixteen Kingdoms dynastic state (337–370)

text: Murong Huang, ruler of the Former Yan (d. 348)

title: 297

text: Murong Jun, Chinese emperor of the Former Yan (d. 360)

title: 319

text: Murong Huang claims the title of Prince of Yan, effectively beginning the kingdom of Former Yan.

title: 337

text: Murong Huang, Chinese ruler of the Former Yan (b. 297)

title: 348

text: Shi Hu, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao since 334, dies. The state plunges into turmoil with his sons Shi Shi, Shi Zun, Shi Jian and Shi Zhi plotting against each other and holding the emperorship in rapid succession, before ethnic Han Ran Min establishes the short-lived Ran Wei dynasty in 350, bringing the Later Zhao dynasty to an end in 351 before it is itself conquered and divided by the Former Yan and Former Qin dynasties in 351.

title: 349

text: The Ran Wei-Later Zhao war breaks out in North China. Ethnic Han ruler Ran Min had used the infighting between the brothers who reigned in quick succession as emperors of the Jie state of the Later Zhao to assume power, establish the Ran Wei dynasty, have an alleged 200,000 non-Han subjects (mostly Jie and Xiongnu) massacred and end the Later Zhao dynasty. This situation will soon be exploited by the neighbouring state of Former Yan which expands from the northeast towards the Yellow River.

title: 350

text: Murong Wei, emperor of the Xianbei state Former Yan (d. 385);

title: 350

text: Ran Wei is destroyed after Ran Min is killed by Murong Jun, the Xianbei emperor of the Former Yan.

title: 352

text: Murong Jun, emperor of the Former Yan (b. 319)

title: AD 360

text: Murong Ke, Chinese general and statesman of Former Yan

title: 367

text: Yue Wan, Chinese general and politician of Former Yan

title: 368

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Eastern Jin general Huan Wen's third northern expedition is defeated by Former Yan general Murong Chui.

title: 369

text: Former Qin conquers Former Yan in China.

title: 370

text: Murong Wei, emperor of the Xianbei state Former Yan (b. 350)

title: 385


slug: formula-one

label: Formula One

description: motorsport championship held worldwide

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: September 1

text: September 1 – 1946 Turin Grand Prix, the first official Formula One Grand Prix, is held in Italy.

title: 1946

section: Events › September

section: Culture & Society

date: May 13

text: May 13 – The first race in the inaugural FIA Formula One World Championship in automobile racing is held, at Silverstone, England.

title: 1950

date: September 3

text: September 3 – Italian racing driver Giuseppe Farina becomes the first winner of the FIA Formula One World Championship, being the only driver to win the championship in his home country.

title: 1950

date: August 4

text: August 4 – Juan Manuel Fangio, driving for Maserati, wins the Formula One German Grand Prix, clinching (with 4 wins this season) his record 5th world drivers championship, including his 4th consecutive championship (also a record); these 2 records endure for nearly half a century.

title: 1957

section: Births

date: March 21

text: March 21 – Ayrton Senna, Brazilian triple Formula One world champion (d. 1994)

title: 1960

section: Births › March

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Scottish racing driver Jim Clark wins the Indianapolis 500, later this year winning the Formula One world driving championship.

title: 1965

section: Events › May–June

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Jim Clark, Scottish racing driver and double Formula One World Champion (b. 1936)

title: 1968

section: Deaths › April

date: January 3

text: January 3 – Michael Schumacher, German seven-time Formula One world champion

title: 1969

section: Births › January

date: October 4

text: October 4 – Jochen Rindt becomes Formula One World Driving Champion, the first to earn the honor posthumously.

title: 1970

section: Events › October

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Jackie Stewart becomes Formula One World Drivers' Champion in the Tyrrell 003-Cosworth.

title: 1971

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi wins the Italian Grand Prix at Monza and becomes the youngest Formula One World Champion at the age of 25.

title: 1972

date: July 3

text: July 3 – Sebastian Vettel, German racing driver, 4-time champions in Formula One

title: 1987

section: Births › July

date: August 25

text: August 25 – Michael Schumacher, regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in history, makes his Formula One debut at the Belgian Grand Prix.

title: 1991

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: May 1 – Three-time Formula One world champion Ayrton Senna is killed in an accident during the San Marino Grand Prix in Imola, Italy.

title: 1994

date: October 21

text: October 21 – Finnish racing driver Kimi Räikkönen won his first Formula One World Championship, driving for Scuderia Ferrari at the Brazilian Grand Prix.

title: 2007

date: November 2

text: November 2 – In a race won by Brazilian driver Felipe Massa, British driver Lewis Hamilton ends in 5th place in 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix and becomes the first black driver to win the Formula One World Championship, and the second youngest driver to achieve the feat at the age of 23.

title: 2008

section: Events › November

date: October 18

text: October 18 – British racing driver Jenson Button won his first Formula One World Championship, driving for Brawn GP at the Brazilian Grand Prix.

title: 2009

section: Science & Discovery

date: June 24

text: June 24 – FIA appointed Pirelli as official tyre partner and supplier for Formula One from season onwards.

title: 2010

text: October 4 – Racing legend Micheal Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula One during the Japanese Grand Prix.

title: 2012

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Max Verstappen won his first Formula One World Championship and the first for a Dutch driver, driving for Red Bull Racing at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.

title: 2021


slug: fortification

label: Fortification

description: military constructions and buildings designed for defense in warfare and military bases

text: The Hexamilion wall is constructed. Fortifications are built across the Isthmus of Corinth, guarding the only land route into the Peloponnese peninsula from Greece.

title: 408

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Theodoric the Great retreats to Ticinum (modern Pavia), where he constructs a fortified camp, which is blockaded.

title: 490

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Isaurian War: Anastasius I regains control of the Isauria region (Asia Minor) and has the rebel leaders executed. Anastasius I pacifies the mountain strongholds of the Isaurians, ending the revolt that they began upon his ascension to the throne 6 years ago.

title: 497

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Anastasius I decides to rebuild the village of Dara (Northern Mesopotamia). He constructs a new strategic fortress to guard the frontier.

title: 505

text: Battle of Marta: The Byzantine army under John Troglita is defeated by Moorish tribes in Tripolitania. He flees to Lunci (9 km south of Mahares), and is forced to withdraw north to the fortress of Laribus (near modern El Kef).

title: 547

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: The Lombards sack the town of Terracina (Central Italy). After they conquer more cities, Terracina remains an important military stronghold of the Byzantine Empire.

title: 595

text: Byzantine–Persian War: The Persian army under Shahrbaraz captures Antioch, and most of the remaining Byzantine fortresses in Syria and Mesopotamia. King Khosrau II is re-establishing a neo-Persian Empire, and intensifies his war effort. The Byzantine army, ruined by defeat and corruption, offers only half-hearted opposition.

title: 611

section: Events › By place › Persian Empire

date: September

text: September–October – Umayyad forces sack the Byzantine fortress of Charsianon in central Anatolia (modern Turkey), which remains a contested stronghold during the next century of Byzantine–Arab warfare.

title: 730

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Battle of Suiyang: A Tang garrison (7,000 men) under Zhang Xun defend their fortress against the rebel army at Suiyang. Zhang makes multiple attempts to get food from nearby fortresses, but this is refused. After a desperate 10-month siege, Suiyang is overrun by rebel forces who take the city. Because of famine an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 citizens are cannibalized, only 400 people are left.

title: AD 757

section: Events › By place › China

text: Summer – Battle of Ostia: A Saracen Arab fleet from Sardinia sets sail towards Rome. In response, Pope Leo IV forms a coalition of maritime Italian cities, including Naples, Amalfi and Gaeta, led by Admiral Caesar — which is assembled off the re-fortified port of Ostia — and repels the Saracen marauders. Their navy is scattered, resulting in many sunken vessels. Rome is saved from plunder and the expansion of the Aghlabids.

title: 849


slug: france-during-the-middle-ages

label: France during the Middle Ages

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Henry II and Thomas Becket meet near Fréteval, France, where they come to an agreement to end their differences. This results in Becket's partial restoration.

title: 1170

section: Events › By place › England

section: Births

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Philip III (the Bold), king of France (d. 1285)

title: 1245

text: Isabella of Aragon, queen consort of France (d. 1271) (approximate date)

title: 1247

date: June

text: June – Simon de Montfort summons Parliament in London to confirm new constitutional arrangements. Two knights are summoned for each county, and are allowed to comment on general matters of state – the first time this has occurred. In France, Queen Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III, makes plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis IX OF France.

title: 1264

section: Events › By place › British Isles

text: The County of Champagne is integrated into the kingdom of France; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the Fairs of Troyes quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.

title: 1285

section: Events › By topic › Markets

section: Deaths

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Margaret of Provence, queen consort of France (b. 1221)

title: 1295

date: October 23

text: October 23 – The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance ("Old Alliance"), between Scotland and France against England, is signed in Paris by Kings John Balliol and Philip IV.

title: 1295

text: July 22 – The Great Exile of 1306: King Philip IV of France turns his attentions to Italian bankers and orders the Jews to be exiled in France. The Jewish quarter in Paris is cleared and goods are confiscated – to regain money spent on expanding the domains of Flanders and Gascony. Meanwhile, rumors of a secret initiation ceremony of the Knights Templar create distrust, and Philip – while being deeply in debt to the Order for loans from his war against England, uses this distrust for political and religious motivations against the Templars.

title: 1306

section: Events › July – September

section: Religion & Belief

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Edward II is crowned at Westminster Abbey under the guidance of Henry Woodlock, bishop of Winchester. During the ceremony, Piers Gaveston is given the honour of carrying the crown. At the banquet that followed, Edward spends more time with Gaveston than with his wife Isabella of France. Isabella's family, who have travelled with her from France, leave to report back to Philip IV of Edward's favouritism for Gaveston over Isabella. As part of the coronation, Edward swears an oath to uphold "the rightful laws and customs which the community of the realm shall have chosen".

title: 1308

section: Events › January – March

date: November 15

text: November 15 – John the Posthumous, King of France (d. 1316)

title: 1316


slug: france-in-the-middle-ages

label: France in the Middle Ages

description: period of France

date: March 27

text: March 27 – Robert II (the Pious), king of France (d. 1031)

title: 972

text: King Robert II (the Pious) invades Burgundy, but fails. After this fiasco Robert repudiates his second wife, Bertha of Burgundy, and marries Constance of Arles who becomes queen consort of France.

title: 1003

date: September 17

text: September 17 – Hugh Magnus, king of France (b. 1007)

title: 1025

date: May 14

text: May 14 – King Robert II of France ("the Pious") sues for peace with his sons. Henry I is crowned co-king of France at Reims Cathedral, but has little power to rule (until 1031).

title: 1027

section: Events › By Place › Europe

date: July 20

text: July 20 – King Robert II (the Pious) dies at Melun, after a 35-year reign. He is succeeded by his 23-year-old son, Henry I, who becomes the sole ruler of France. Henry's mother, Queen dowager Constance of Arles, prefers her third son, Robert, as heir to the throne and, with the help of Count Odo II, begins a war against Henry.

title: 1031

text: July 20 – Robert II (the Pious), king of France (b. 972)

title: 1031

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Philip I ("the Amorous"), king of France (d. 1108)

title: 1052

date: August 4

text: August 4 – King Henry I of France (of the House of Capet) dies after a 29-year reign in Vitry-aux-Loges. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Philip I ("the Amorous") as king of France. Philip is too young to rule, and his mother, Queen Anne of Kiev becomes regent. France is administered by Count Baldwin V (one of Philip's uncles) who acts as co-regent.

title: 1060

text: August 4 – Henry I, king of France (b. 1008)

title: 1060

text: Bertrade de Montfort, queen of France (d. 1117)

title: 1070

text: Adélaide de Maurienne, queen consort of France (d. 1154)

title: 1092

date: May

text: May – The Rhineland massacres: Members of the People's Crusade led by Count Emicho destroy most of the Jewish communities along the Rhine in a series of large pogroms in France and Germany. Thousands of Jews are massacred, driven to suicide, or forced to convert to Christianity. Estimates of the number of Jewish men, women and children murdered are 2,000 to 12,000.

title: 1096

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Autumn – King Sigurd I sails for the Holy Land with 60 ships (with some 5,000 men) on the first stage of the Norwegian Crusade to Palestine. Now 17, he is the first European king to support the Crusaders in the Levant. Sigurd leaves his older brother Eystein I to rule the kingdom in his absence – and visits England, France, Galicia and Sicily en route.

title: 1107

date: July 29

text: July 29 – Philip I, king of France

title: 1108

text: Clairvaux Abbey is founded by Bernard, French abbot and a major leader in the reform of Benedictine monasticism, in France.

title: 1115

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Philip of France, king of France (d. 1131)

title: 1116

text: May 23 – Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, dies of cancer in Utrecht after leading an expedition against King Louis VI ("the Fat") of France and then against the citizens of Worms. Having no legitimate children, Henry leaves his possessions to his nephew, Frederick II ("the One-Eyed"), duke of Swabia. At the Hoftag diet in Regensburg, Lothair, duke of Saxony, is elected King of Germany and crowned at Aachen on September 13.

title: 1125

date: July 28

text: July 28 – William Clito dies as a result of a wound received at the siege of Aalst a fortnight earlier, leaving Thierry as sole claimant to the County of Flanders. He sets up his seat of government at Bruges and King Louis VI ("the Fat") of France agrees to his accession.

title: 1128

date: April 14

text: April 14 – Following the Capetian tradition, King Louis VI (the Fat) has his eldest son Philip crowned as co-ruler of France at Rheims Cathedral. Louis himself becomes the national protector of all France.

title: 1129

date: October 13

text: October 13 – The 15-year-old Philip, eldest son of King Louis VI (the Fat) of France, dies when his horse trips over a black pig that darts out of a dung heap unexpectedly at a market in Paris.

title: 1131

text: October 13 – Philip, co-king of France (b. 1116)

title: 1131

date: April 9

text: April 9 – William X (the Saint), duke of Aquitaine, dies while on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela (modern Spain). On his deathbed, he expresses his wish to see King Louis VI (the Fat) of France as protector of his 15-year-old daughter Eleanor, and to find her a suitable husband.

title: 1137

text: May – Earl Robert FitzRoy rebels against King Stephen, supporting Matilda (his step-sister) in her claim for the English throne. Matilda is given refuge by Earl William de Albini at Arundel Castle. Stephen builds siege works around the castle, but is unable to break the castle's defences. In France, Matilda's husband Duke Geoffrey V (the Fair) takes advantage of the situation by re-invading Normandy.

title: 1138

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Adela of Champagne, queen of France (d. 1206)

title: 1140

text: King Louis VII the Younger of France becomes involved in a civil war with Theobald II ("the Great"), count of Champagne, by permitting his cousin Ralph I of Vermandois (seneschal of France) to repudiate his wife, Theobald's sister Eleanor of Champagne, and to marry Petronilla of Aquitaine, who was the sister of King Louis VII’s wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.

title: 1142

text: June – A French expeditionary force (some 18,000 men) led by King Louis VII departs from Metz and travels through Bavaria. Louis is accompanied by the French nobility and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, heiress of France. At Regensburg, where the force arrives on June 29, the Crusaders journey peaceably for fifteen days through Hungary and reach the Byzantine frontier at the end of August.

title: 1147

section: Events › By place › Second Crusade

section: Culture & Society

text: Summer – King Henry II of England travels to France to meet King Louis VII and propose a marriage between his three-year-old son Henry and Louis' daughter Margaret (less than a year old). She is shipped to England, as the future wife and queen. The Vexin region is promised to Margaret as dowry and is put under the care of the Knights Templar, until her future husband is old enough to take control of it.

title: 1158

date: October 4

text: October 4 – Constance of Castile, queen of France (b. 1141)

title: 1160

section: Crime & Justice

text: November 2 – Thomas Becket, having contended with Henry II over the power of secular courts, is found guilty of contempt of court, and exiled to France.

title: 1164

date: April 5

text: April 5 – Isabella of Hainault, queen of France (d. 1190)

title: 1170

text: Summer – French forces under King Louis VII, supported by Henry the Young King and Philip of Alsace, encircle Rouen. The city holds out against the war engines long enough for Henry II to arrive in the middle of August to stage a rescue. The besiegers are fearful that Henry will invade France and the siege is lifted.

title: 1174

text: Ingeborg of Denmark, queen of France (d. 1237)

title: 1174

date: November 1

text: November 1 – The 14-year-old Philip II is crowned at Rheims by Archbishop William of the White Hands. He becomes joint ruler of France, together with his father King Louis VII.

title: 1179

date: July

text: July – Treaty of Boves: King Philip II of France signs a treaty to ensure his authority over his vassals, with Amiénois, Artois and other places in northern France passing to him. Philip is given the nickname "Augustus" by the monk Rigord for augmenting French lands.

title: 1185

text: Spring – King Henry II and Philip II (Augustus) meet at Le Mans, with Archbishop Josias (or Joscius) in attendance. Both kings agree to peace terms, and to contribute to a joint Crusade. It is decided to raise a new tax to pay for the expedition. This tax, known as the Saladin Tithe, is imposed on the people of England and France to raise funds for the Third Crusade.

title: 1188

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Blanche of Castile, queen and regent of France (d. 1252)

title: 1188

text: December – Richard I sets sail with a crusader army from Dover Castle to France. To ensure he has the allegiance of his brother John, Richard approves of his marriage to their cousin Isabella of Gloucester.

title: 1189

text: July 31 – Philip II, accompanied by Conrad of Montferrat, departs to Tyre and returns to France. He leaves behind a French army (some 10,000 men) under the command of Hugh III, duke of Burgundy. Richard I is left in sole command of the Crusader forces in the Levant. Back in France, Philip schemes with Richard's brother, Prince John, to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's mother, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, foils the plan. Meanwhile, Richard rebuilds and strengthens the walls of Acre.

title: 1191

text: May – Richard I calls for a council in Nottingham to raise funds for an expedition to France. On May 12, he leaves for Normandy with a large fleet (some 300 ships), to reclaim lands lost to King Philip II of France ("Augustus").

title: 1194

text: King Richard I of England (the Lionheart) has Château Gaillard (Normandy) built on the Seine River as he fights to restore Angevin power in northern France (approximate date).

title: 1197

text: John of England captures a party of 18 French knights and many men-at-arms, in the ongoing conflict against France. His brother, King Richard I (the Lionheart) introduces a new Great Seal – in an attempt to keep the war against France funded. The government proclaims that charters previously struck with the old seal are no longer valid and must be renewed with a fresh payment. The office of Lord Warden of the Stannaries is also introduced, to tax the produce of tin mines in Cornwall and Devon.

title: 1198

text: March 26 – Richard I besieges the unarmed castle of Châlus-Chabrol, and is shot in the left shoulder with a crossbow, by the French boy Pierre Basile. The war between the kingdoms of England and France has become so brutal, that Hugh of Lincoln is warned that "nothing now is safe, neither the city to dwell in nor the highway for travel".

title: 1199

text: Spring – Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat, sends envoys to Venice, Genoa and other city-states to negotiate a contract for transport to the Levant. Meanwhile, Boniface and various nobles are mustering an expeditionary army (mainly forces from France and the Holy Roman Empire) at Paris. On February 23, Baldwin IX, count of Flanders and his brother Henry of Flanders take the cross at Bruges (modern Belgium), and agree to take part in the Fourth Crusade called by Pope Innocent III (see 1199).

title: 1200

text: King John puts an embargo on wheat exported to Flanders, in an attempt to force an allegiance between the states. He also puts a levy of a fifteenth on the value of cargo exported to France and disallows the export of wool to France without a special license. The levies are enforced in each port by at least six men – including one churchman and one knight. John affirms that judgments made by the court of Westminster are as valid as those made "before the king himself or his chief justice".

title: 1201

text: April–May – The bulk of the Crusader army gathers at Venice, although with far smaller numbers than expected: about 12,000 men (4–5,000 knights and 8,000 soldiers) instead of 33,500 men. Several contingents decide to make their own way to the Holy Land by different routes. A Crusader fleet, sailing from Flanders, carrying supplies for the Counts Baldwin IX and his brother Henry of Flanders, winters in Marseille, but is slowed by adverse weather. Later it sails on to the Middle East, along with other contingents from southern France.

title: 1202

text: June 4 – Adela of Champagne, queen of France (b. 1140)

title: 1206

text: November 17 – Innocent III asks the nobles in Northern France to take military action (the so-called Albigensian Crusade) against the Cathars in Languedoc.

title: 1208

text: Spring – Albigensian Crusade: Crusader forces led by Simon de Montfort conquer Toulouse and besiege Lavaur in southern France. On May 3, the city is retaken; on orders of Montfort the senior knights are hanged and some 400 Cathars are burned alive.

title: 1211

text: April 25 – Louis IX ("the Saint"), king of France (d. 1270)

title: 1214

text: October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the Battle of Hattin) and they can have Jerusalem, all central Palestine and Galilee. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from England, France and Germany. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.

title: 1219

text: In France the medical school of the University of Montpellier is granted its first statutes by the German cardinal-bishop Conrad of Urach.

title: 1220

text: Margaret of Provence, queen consort of France (d. 1295)

title: 1221

text: July 29 – Ingeborg of Denmark, queen consort of France (b. 1174)

title: 1236

text: July 29 – Ingeborg of Denmark, queen of France (b. 1174)

title: 1237

text: King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") holds a parlement (or "court of law") at Paris, for the first time recorded in Ancien Régime France.

title: 1239

text: April 27 – Treaty of Bordeaux: King Louis IX (the Saint) and King Henry III agree to a truce that ends the Saintonge War. The truce does not stop the on-going clashes (and further tensions) between France and England.

title: 1243

text: October 5 – Innocent IV flees to France and travels to Lyon, where he arrives on November 29. Although the city is nominally subject to the Holy Roman Empire, Innocent falls under the protection of Louis IX.

title: 1244

text: June 5 – Siege of Damietta: Louis IX lands with a Crusader force and captures Damietta, after a fierce battle at the edge of the sea. The onslaught of the knights of France and those of Outremer under John of Ibelin, force the Ayyubids back with heavy losses. At nightfall, Fakhr ad-Din withdraws his army over a bridge of boats to Damietta. Finding the population there in panic and the garrison wavering, Fakhr ad-Din decides to evacuate the city. On June 6, Louis marches triumphantly over the bridge into Damietta and builds a camp to attack Cairo.

title: 1249

text: April 24 – Louis IX and his family sail from Acre to France. His boat is nearly wrecked off the coast of Cyprus and later nearly destroyed by fire. In July, the royal party arrives at Hyères in Provence.

title: 1254

text: May 13 – Marie of Brabant, queen consort of France (d. 1322)

title: 1254

text: The Gothic cathedral at Bourges in central France, is completed (it will become a UNESCO World Heritage Site).

title: 1255

text: January 28 – Isabella of Aragon, queen consort of France (b. 1248)

title: 1271

text: Spring – King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") demands a meeting with Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales, at Chester to pay homage, but Llywelyn refuses. In an attempt to stir up internal problems, Llywelyn seeks to marry 23-year-old Eleanor de Montfort, daughter of Simon de Montfort, but she is captured by English pirates (employed by Edward) on the journey from France to meet Llywelyn. She is held prisoner at Windsor Castle and used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.

title: 1275

text: King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") orders the people of Bayonne in Gascony (as part of the only English possessions in France) to provide Castile with warships "to resist the Saracens by sea", but excuses himself from personal participation against the Marinid invasion in Spain because of his wars in Wales and his plan to lead a Crusade to the Holy Land.

title: 1276

text: March 7 – Condemnation of 1277: Pope John XXI instructs Étienne Tempier, bishop of Paris, to investigate the complaints of theologians in France. By order 219 propositions of philosophical and theological doctrines such as Averroism are prohibited from discussion in the University of Paris, under a decree promulgated by Tempier.

title: 1277

text: King Philip III of France ("the Bold") outlaws Jews from residence in the small villages and rural localities of France, causing a mass migration.

title: 1283

text: January 6 – The 17-year-old Philip IV (the Fair) is crowned king of France at Reims. He settles the Aragonese conflict, and intensifies his predecessors' efforts to reform and rationalize the administration of the realm. Philip persists in reforms, which strengthen the monarchy's position in Europe. The gabelle – a tax on salt in the form of a state monopoly – will become immensely unpopular and grossly unequal, but persist until 1790.

title: 1286

text: September – Rabban Bar Sauma arrives in Paris, and is received in an audience by King Philip IV (the Fair). He spends one month at the royal court, during his stay, Philip himself escorts him around the Sainte-Chapelle (or Holy Chapel) to see the collection of Passion relics by late King Louis IX (the Saint). Philip gives Bar Sauma many presents and sends one of his noblemen, Gobert de Helleville, to return with him to Mongol lands. In response, he attempts to form a military alliance with France and England.

title: 1287

text: October 4 – Louis X (the Quarrelsome), king of France (d. 1316)

title: 1289

text: April 14 – King Edward I of England makes an appeal outside Westminster Hall for support for the war against France. He apologizes for the high tax demands he has previously levied. Edward asks the Barons (some 1,500 knights) to swear allegiance to his 12-year-old son, Prince Edward of Caernarfon. Aware of the dangers of the opposition to his power, Edward appears before a large crowd and receives total loyalty.

title: 1297

text: William Wallace accompanied by a Scottish retinue goes abroad to France on a diplomatic mission, evidently to canvas support for the kingship of John Balliol.

title: 1299

text: April 10 – The first meeting of the Estates General in France is convened King Philip IV ("Philip the Fair") at the Notre-Dame in Paris. During the assembly, all three classes – the French nobles, clergy, and commons – discuss the conflict between Philip and Pope Boniface VIII over the papal legate, Bernard Saisset – who is accused to raise a rebellion of Occitan independence, associated with Navarre, under the banner of the County of Foix.

title: 1302

text: Marie of Luxemburg, queen of France and Navarre (d. 1324)

title: 1304

text: October 13 – King Philip IV of France orders the arrest of all members of the Knights Templar in France. The Templars, together with their Grand Master Jacques de Molay, are imprisoned, interrogated, and tortured into confessing heresy. In Paris, the king's inquisitors torture some 140 Templars, most of whom eventually make confessions. Many are subjected to "fire torture": their legs are fastened in an iron frame and the soles of their feet are greased with fat or butter. Unable to withstand these tortures, many Templars eventually confess.

title: 1307

text: May 12 – In France, 54 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy at Paris, on orders of King Philip IV of France (Philip the Fair). Pope Clement V attempts to take control of the situation by issuing a papal bull, to assert the Church's authority over the matter and demands Philip turn over the Templars and their property to ecclesiastical officials, who will then try the Templars for charges themselves. (→ Trials of the Knights Templar)

title: 1310

text: May 20 – Bonne of Luxembourg, queen consort of France (d. 1349)

title: 1315

text: April 26 – John the Good, king of France (d. 1364)

title: 1319

text: January 3 – Philip V of France "the Tall", king of France (b. c.1291)

title: 1322

text: June 11 – Bertrand du Pouget, French papal legate, commanding a military campaign against the Ghibellines besieges Milan – but abandons the siege when Louis IV of Bavaria, King of the Romans, sends a relief army to Italy to aid the city and to protect his domains against the Kingdom of Naples, which is together with France the strongest ally of the Papal States.

title: 1323

text: March 26 – Marie of Luxembourg, queen of France (b. 1304)

title: 1324

text: March 26 – Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France, dies of injuries after falling from a carriage while she and King Charles IV are riding from Paris to Avignon. After her fall, she went into labor and gave birth prematurely to a child, who died shortly afterward.

title: 1324

text: May 8 – Joan I, queen of France (House of Auvergne) (d. 1360)

title: 1326

text: March 31 – King Charles IV of France makes a peace treaty with England. He returns Aquitaine and Gascony to English rule. Charles receives 50,000 livres. The territories of Limousin, Quercy and Périgord county come under control of France.

title: 1327

text: July 21 – The 1475 Treaty of Picquigny between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France, is extended by agreement between England's King Edward IV and France's King Louis XI, with a provision that the cessation of hostilities will continue for one year after the death of one of the two monarchs.Louis.

title: 1477


slug: france-national-football-team

label: France national football team

description: national association football team representing France

section: Health & Medicine

date: February 12

text: February 12 – The Switzerland national football team plays its first international game, losing to France, 1 to 0.

title: 1905

section: Events › February

date: July 13

text: July 13 – The inaugural FIFA World Cup begins: Lucien Laurent scores the first goal, for France against Mexico.

title: 1930

section: Events › July

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: June 27

text: June 27 – France beats Spain 2–0 to win Euro 84.

title: 1984

section: Events › June

date: June 10

text: June 10–July 12 – The 1998 FIFA World Cup in France: France beats Brazil 3–0 in the FIFA World Cup Final.

title: 1998

date: July 2

text: July 2 – France defeats Italy 2–1 after extra time in the final of the UEFA Euro 2000 Championship in Association football, becoming the first team to win the World Cup and European Championship consecutively.

title: 2000

text: June 10–July 2 – Belgium and the Netherlands jointly host the UEFA Euro 2000 football tournament, which is won by France.

title: 2000

date: July 15

text: July 15 – France national football team wins the 2018 FIFA World Cup final 4–2 against the Croatia national football team

title: 2018

date: June 14

text: June 14–July 15 – The 2018 FIFA World Cup is held in Russia and is won by France.

title: 2018

date: October 6

text: October 6–October 10 – The 2021 UEFA Nations League Finals is held in Italy, and is won by France. They were originally scheduled for 2–6 June 2021, but were moved following the rescheduling of UEFA Euro 2020 to June and July 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: 2021

section: Events › October

date: December 18

text: December 18 – Argentina wins the 2022 FIFA World Cup against defending champions France.

title: 2022

section: Events › December