slug: tbilisi

label: Tbilisi

description: capital and the largest city of Georgia (country)

text: The city of Tbilisi (Georgia) on the Kura River is founded by King Vakhtang I of Iberia. Its location gives it control of the trade routes between western and eastern Transcaucasia.

title: 458

section: Events › By topic › Exploration and Colonization

text: Third Perso-Turkic War: The Western Göktürks under their leader Tong Yabghu Qaghan plunder Tbilisi (modern Georgia). The Persian defenders are executed or mutilated, Tong Yabghu appoints governors (tuduns) to manage various tribes under his overlordship.

title: 628

text: Sajid invasion of Georgia: A Muslim army under Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj campaigns in the Georgian principalities. He makes Tiflis his base for operations, and invades Kakheti. Yusuf proceeds to Kartli, where the fortifications of Uplistsikhe are demolished. He besieges and captures the fortress of Q'ueli, putting its defender Gobron to death.

title: 914

text: The much larger Seljuk army is heavily defeated; Georgia is unified and independence is achieved from Muslim authority. King David IV lays siege and captures Tbilisi later in the year assigning it as his capital.

title: 1121

section: Events › By place › Eurasia

text: Siege of Tbilisi: The Georgians led by King David IV ('the Builder') re-conquer the city of Tbilisi from the Emirate of Tbilisi after a 1-year siege. David makes it his capital and unifies the Georgian State.

title: 1122

text: Summer – Battle of Garni: Khwarezmid forces led by Jalal al-Din Mangburni defeat the Georgian army (some 70,000 men) at Garni. The royal court of Queen Rusudan moves to Kutaisi, while the Georgian capital Tbilisi is besieged by the Khwarezmians.

title: 1225

section: Events › By place › Middle East

date: March 9

text: March 9 – Khwarazmian Empire forces commanded by the Muslim Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni capture Tbilisi, capital of the Kingdom of Georgia. After the capture, the massacre of thousands of its Christian inhabitants begins as residents are given the choice between converting to Islam or being put to death.

title: 1226

section: Events › January – March

text: Tbilisi becomes a capital of European Christian Cathedra, after the city of Smirna. George V (the Brilliant) returns Jerusalem and the Grave of Christ from the Muslims.

title: 1341

section: Events › Date unknown

date: November 21

text: November 21 – The Mongol conqueror Timur, called "Tamerlane" in the west, captures and sacks the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, taking King Bagrat V prisoner.

title: 1386

section: Events › October–December

date: April 27

text: April 27 – In Tbilisi, David X becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Kartli in what is now the Republic of Georgia, upon the death of his father Constantine II.

title: 1505

section: Events › April–June

date: June 16

text: June 16 – The Battle of Tashiskari is fought as General Giorgi Saakadze of the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli repels invading troops from the Ottoman Empire before they can capture Tbilisi.

title: 1609

text: Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns occur as progressive combats. Abbas I of Persia captures Tbilisi following a conflict with the Georgian soldiers and the general populace. After the capture of Tbilisi, Abbas I confronts an Ottoman army. The battle takes place near Lake Gökçe, and results in a Safavid victory.

title: 1616

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Tiflis bank robbery: Bolsheviks attack a cash-filled bank coach in the centre of Tiflis, Georgia, killing 40 people.

title: 1907

section: Events › June

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Red Army invasion of Georgia: The Red Army enters the Georgian capital Tbilisi and occupies the country, installing a new government and proclaiming the Georgian Soviet Republic.

title: 1921

date: April 9

text: April 9 – Tbilisi massacre: Georgian demonstrators are massacred by Soviet Army soldiers in Tbilisi's central square during a peaceful rally; 20 citizens are killed, many injured. This causes further protests.

title: 1989

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Eduard Shevardnadze, the Georgian head of state, survives an assassination attempt in Tbilisi.

title: 1995

section: Events › August

section: Culture & Society

date: December 13

text: December 13 – The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2025 is held in Tbilisi, Georgia. French contestant Lou Deleuze wins with the song "Ce monde".

title: 2025

section: Events › December


slug: tehran

label: Tehran

description: capital city of Iran

text: Winter – Tadj ol-Molouk, Empress consort of Iran, and her daughters appear publicly in Tehran without a veil, leading to its abolition in the country.

title: 1934

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 19

text: January 19 – Representatives of 23 western oil companies begin negotiations with OPEC in Tehran to stabilize oil prices; February 14 they sign a treaty with 6 Arab states of the Persian Gulf.

title: 1971

section: Events › January

section: Conflict & Security

date: February 1

text: February 1 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returns to Tehran, Iran after nearly 15 years of exile.

title: 1979

section: Events › February

date: November 12

text: November 12 – Iran hostage crisis: In response to the hostage situation in Tehran, U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders a halt to all oil imports into the United States from Iran.

title: 1979

section: Events › November

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Iran hostage crisis begins: 500 Iranian radicals, mostly students, invade the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and take 90 hostages (53 of whom are American). They demand that the United States send the former Shah of Iran back to stand trial.

title: 1979

section: Science & Discovery

date: January 27

text: January 27 – Canadian Caper: Six United States diplomats, posing as Canadians, manage to escape from Tehran, Iran, as they board a flight to Zürich, Switzerland, on Swissair.

title: 1980

date: May 24

text: May 24 – The International Court of Justice calls for the release of U.S. Embassy hostages in Tehran.

title: 1980

section: Events › May

date: June 5

text: June 5 – State funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini: Eight people are killed and hundreds injured in a human crush during the viewing of the body of Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini at the Musalla in Tehran, two days after his death at the age of 89 in Tehran.

title: 1989

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908, en route from Tehran, Iran, to Yerevan, Armenia crashes into the Jannatabad village in Qazvin Province; killing all 168 on board.

title: 2009

section: Events › July

date: September 7

text: September 7 – Canada officially cuts diplomatic ties with Iran by closing its embassy in Tehran, and orders the expulsion of Iranian diplomats from Ottawa, over support for Syria, nuclear plans and human rights abuses.

title: 2012

section: Events › September

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Two terrorist attacks are simultaneously carried out by five Islamic State (ISIL) terrorists against the Iranian Parliament building and the Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini, both in Tehran, leaving 17 civilians dead and 43 more wounded.

title: 2017

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Iran's top nuclear scientist, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, is assassinated near Tehran.

title: 2020

date: July 31

text: July 31 – Ismail Haniyeh, the political leader of Hamas, is assassinated at his residence in Tehran, Iran.

title: 2024


slug: temple-in-jerusalem

label: Temple in Jerusalem

description: Structures on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem serving as Israelite religious centers

year_label: 164 BCE

text: The Battle of Beth Zur was fought between Jewish rebel forces led by Judas Maccabeus and a Seleucid army led by the regent Lysias. Judas Maccabeus wins the battle and is able to recapture Jerusalem soon after. Judas purifies the defiled Temple in Jerusalem, destroys the idols erected there by Antiochus IV and restores the service in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple becomes an annual feast of dedication in the Jewish calendar, Hanukkah.

title: 164 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

year_label: 162 BCE

text: Lysias then lays siege to the city. Just when capitulation by the Maccabees seems imminent, Lysias has to withdraw when the commander-in-chief under the late Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Philip, rebels against him. As a result, Lysias decides to propose a peaceful settlement which is accepted by the Maccabees. The terms of peace involve the restoration of religious freedom, permission for the Jews to live in accordance with their own laws, and the official return of the Temple in Jerusalem to the Jews.

title: 162 BC

year_label: 53 BCE

text: Crassus sacks the Temple of Hierapolis and the Temple in Jerusalem on his way to engage the Parthians.

title: 53 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 19 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: King Herod the Great begins renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem.

title: 19 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 39 CE

section: Deaths

text: Caligula orders that a statue of himself be placed in the Temple in Jerusalem. The governor of Syria, Publius Petronius, who is responsible for having an erecting the statue, faces mass demonstrations by Jews of the region and manages to delay construction of the statue until the death of Caligula in AD 41.

title: 30s

section: Events › 39 AD › Palestine

year_label: 48 CE

text: Emperor Claudius invests Agrippa II with the office of superintendent of the Temple in Jerusalem.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 48

year_label: 70 CE

text: Pentecost (Shavuot, 6th of Sivan, about June 4) – Priests in the Temple in Jerusalem feel a quaking and hear "a sound as of a great multitude saying, Let us remove hence".

title: AD 70

text: 10th of Loios (9th or 10th of Av, about August 4) – Titus destroys the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. Roman troops are stationed in Jerusalem and abolish the Jewish high priesthood and Sanhedrin. This becomes known as the Fall of Jerusalem, a conclusive event in the First Jewish–Roman War (the Jewish Revolt), which began in 66 AD. Following this event, the Jewish religious leadership moves from Jerusalem to Jamnia (present-day Yavne), and this date is mourned annually as the Jewish fast of Tisha B'Av.

title: AD 70

text: An altar to Jupiter is erected, on the site of the Temple in Jerusalem.

title: AD 135

text: Summer – Belisarius arrives in Constantinople and is permitted by Emperor Justinian I to celebrate a triumph, the first non-imperial triumph for over 500 years. In the procession the spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem and the Vandal treasure are paraded.

title: 534

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


slug: temple-mount

label: Temple Mount

description: religious hilltop in the Old City of Jerusalem

text: Seleucid forces still control the Acra, a strong fortress within Jerusalem that faces the Temple Mount. Judas Maccabeus lays siege to the fortress and in response, the Seleucid general and regent to the young Seleucid king Antiochus V, Lysias, approaches Jerusalem and besieges Beth-zechariah, 25 kilometres from the city. Judas lifts his own siege on the Acra, and leads his army south to Beth-zechariah. In the ensuing Battle of Beth-zechariah, the Seleucids achieve their first major victory over the Maccabees, and Judas is forced to withdraw to Jerusalem.

title: 162 BC

year_label: 63 BCE

text: Massacre of over 12,000 Jews on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem by Roman troops, in support of John Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II.

title: 63 BC

text: 24th of Panemos (about July 20) – Romans set fire to a cloister after the capture of the Fortress of Antonia, north of the Temple Mount. The Romans are drawn into street fighting with the Zealots.

title: AD 70

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Islamic tradition says Muhammad visited heaven aboard the winged mount Buraq, in the Isra wal-Miraj, (the Night Journey), from Mecca to Jerusalem, then to heaven from Jerusalem's Temple Mount, then back to Mecca.

title: 621

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Construction of the Dome of the Rock, located on the Temple Mount, is started in Jerusalem (approximate date).

title: 687

text: Baldwin II grants the Knights Templar under Hugues de Payens and Godfrey de Saint-Omer a headquarters in a wing of the royal palace on the Temple Mount in the captured Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem.

title: 1120

section: Events › By place › Levant

date: October 8

text: October 8 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount.

title: 1990

section: Events › October

date: September 28

text: September 28 – Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem, sparking an uprising that becomes the Second Intifada.

title: 2000


slug: ten-kingdoms

label: Ten Kingdoms

description: 10 mostly independent kingdoms in China ruling from the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907 until the rise of the Song dynasty in 960

section: Births

text: Wang Shenzhi, founder of Min (Ten Kingdoms) (d. 925)

title: 862

text: Gao Baoxu, king of Nanping (Ten Kingdoms) (d. 962)

title: 924

section: Conflict & Security

text: Winter – Former Shu, one of the Ten Kingdoms in China, is invaded by Later Tang forces of Emperor Zhuang Zong, who incorporates the kingdom into his domains.

title: 925

section: Events › By place › Asia

date: January 14

text: January 14 – Wang Yanhan, king of Min (Ten Kingdoms)

title: 927

text: Wang Yanbing, prince of Min (Ten Kingdoms)

title: 931

text: Xu Zhixun, general of Wu (Ten Kingdoms)

title: 934

text: Wang Yanjun, emperor of Min (Ten Kingdoms)

title: 935

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Wang Yanjun, Emperor Huizong of Min (Ten Kingdoms), is killed in his own palace in an uprising together with his empress consort and several clansmen, and succeeded as second emperor by his son Wang Jipeng.

title: 935

text: Yang Meng, prince of Wu (Ten Kingdoms)

title: 937

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 10

text: November 10 – Li Bian usurps the throne and deposes Emperor Yang Pu. The Wu State is replaced and Li (called "Xu Zhigao") becomes the first emperor of Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms in southern China.

title: 937

text: Lady Peng, noblewoman of Chu (Ten Kingdoms)

title: 938

text: August 29 – Li Chunyan, empress of Min (Ten Kingdoms)

title: 939

text: Yang Lian, crown prince of Wu (Ten Kingdoms)

title: 940

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Liu, empress of Qi (Ten Kingdoms) (b. 877)

title: 943

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Wang Yanxi, emperor of Min (Ten Kingdoms)

title: 944

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Zhu Wenjin, emperor of Min (Ten Kingdoms)

title: 945

date: May 30

text: May 30 – Ma Xifan, king of Chu (Ten Kingdoms) (b. 899)

title: 947

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Ma Xiguang, ruler of Chu (Ten Kingdoms)

title: 951

date: October 22

text: October 22 – Qian Weijun, king of Wuyue (Ten Kingdoms) (d. 991)

title: 955

text: The Nanping State, one of the Ten Kingdoms in south-central China, is forced to surrender, when invaded by armies of the Song Dynasty.

title: 963

text: Qian Weijun, king of Wuyue (Ten Kingdoms) (b. 955)

title: 991


slug: tenbun

label: Tenbun

description: Japanese era from July 1532 to October 1555

date: March 29

text: March 29 – (Tenbun 4, 26th day of 2nd month) Go-Nara, who has ruled since 1526 is formally installed as the 105th Emperor of Japan

title: 1535

section: Events › January–March

date: February 8

text: February 8 – (13th day of 1st month of Tenbun 10) In Japan, the Siege of Yoshida-Kōriyama Castle, started by Amago Haruhisa of the 30,000 strong Amago clan the previous September in an attack against the Mōri clan led by Mōri Motonari and the Ōuchi clan, ends with a defeat of the attackers. The Amago clan sustains heavy losses, including the death of Amago Hisayuki.

title: 1541

date: July 23

text: July 23 – (10th day of 6th month of Tenbun 11) In Japan, a six-year rebellion within the Date clan when clan leader Date Tanemune, returning home from a day of falconry, is attacked by his oldest son, Date Harumune, and imprisoned at Kōri-Nishiyama Castle in Fukushima Prefecture. Tanemune is rescued by an aide, Koyanagigawa Munetomo, and escapes. The war lasts for six years before Harumune triumphs and becomes the new leader of the Date clan.

title: 1542

section: Events › July–September

date: August 25

text: August 25 – (24th day of 7th month of Tenbun 12) The first Europeans arrive in Japan and introduce firearms to the Asian monarchy, as the Chinese pirate Wang Zhi escorts Portuguese traders to in Tanegashima island in southern Kyushu. The first European visitors include António Mota, António Peixoto, Francisco Zeimoto, and Fernão Mendes Pinto.

title: 1543

date: October 31

text: October 31 – (26th day of 9th month of Tenbun 14) The Siege of Kawagoe Castle begins, as part of an unsuccessful attempt by the Uesugi clan to regain Kawagoe Castle from the Late Hōjō clan in Japan.

title: 1545

section: Events › October–December

text: February 14 – (Tenbun 18, 4th day of 1st month) At the Battle of Uedahara, firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japan, and Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo.

title: 1548

date: January 28

text: January 28 – (Tenbun 17, 30th day of 12th month) Nagao Kagetora (later Uesugi Kenshin) leads a triumphant entry into Kasugayama Castle in Japan, replacing his older brother Nagao Harukage as the lead samurai in the Nagao clan that rules the Echigo Province.

title: 1548

date: July 18

text: July 18 – (Tenbun 18, 24th day of the 7th month) In the Battle of Eguchi, fought in Japan's Settsu Province near Osaka, General Miyoshi Nagayoshi defies the Governor, Hosokawa Harumoto, to attack the Eguchi Castle of Nagayoshi's cousin, Miyoshi Masanaga. After a 12-day battle, Miyoshi Masanaga is killed along with several of Hosokawa's other generals. Governor Hosokawa, fearing a reprisal, flees and eventually loses his authority over Settsu Province.

title: 1549

date: July 27

text: July 27 – (Tenbun 18, 3rd day of the 7th month) European Jesuit Francis Xavier arrives in Japan at the port of Kagoshima, the first Christian missionary there, but is not allowed to go to shore until three weeks later.

title: 1549

date: September 30

text: September 30 – (1st day of 9th month of Tenbun 21) Tainei-ji incident: A coup in Yamaguchi, by the military establishment of the Ōuchi clan, forces their lord Ōuchi Yoshitaka to commit suicide, and the city is burned.

title: 1551

date: October 16

text: October 16 – (1st day of 10th month Tenbun 24) – At the Battle of Miyajima Island, Mori Motonari defeats Sue Harukata.

title: 1555


slug: tennessee

label: Tennessee

description: state of the United States of America

date: May 8

text: May 8 – The Watauga Association Compact is signed in what is now East Tennessee by a group of white settlers led by William Bean, creating the first non-colonial government body in British North America.

title: 1772

section: Events › April–June

date: February 25

text: February 25 – North Carolina cedes its western territories (modern day Tennessee) to the federal government.

title: 1790

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Tennessee is admitted as the 16th U.S. state.

title: 1796

text: July 27 – The Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which reforms the way that candidates for President and Vice President are chosen, is ratified by Tennessee, removing doubt surrounding adoption.

title: 1804

date: October 11

text: October 11 – Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's Stand.

title: 1809

date: February 11

text: February 11–16 – Battle of Fort Donelson – General Ulysses S. Grant attacks Fort Donelson, Tennessee, capturing it on the last day.

title: 1862

section: Events › February

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Battle of Missionary Ridge – At Missionary Ridge in Tennessee, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the siege of Chattanooga, by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg.

title: 1863

section: Events › November

date: November 22

text: November 22 – Sherman's March to the Sea – Confederate General John Bell Hood invades Tennessee, in an unsuccessful attempt to draw Union General Sherman from Georgia.

title: 1864

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Tennessee adopts a new constitution that abolishes slavery.

title: 1865

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.

title: 1866

section: Events › July

section: Climate & Environment

date: March 17

text: March 17 – The St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm besieges Tennessee with upwards of 26 inches of snow, establishing accumulation records that still stand.

title: 1892

section: Events › March

date: July 28

text: July 28 – The Silent Parade is organized by the NAACP in New York City, to protest the East St. Louis massacre of early July, as well as lynchings in Tennessee and Texas.

title: 1917

section: Health & Medicine

date: March 21

text: March 21–22 – 1932 Deep South tornado outbreak: A series of deadly tornadoes in the United States kills more than 220 people in Alabama, 34 in Georgia and 17 in Tennessee.

title: 1932

section: Crime & Justice

date: May 18

text: May 18 – Tennessee Governor Ellington repeals the "Monkey Law" (officially the Butler Act; see the Scopes Trial).

title: 1967

section: Events › May

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Steve McNair, former NFL quarterback for the Tennessee Titans, is shot and killed by his girlfriend in Nashville, Tennessee.

title: 2009


slug: tenochtitlan

label: Tenochtitlan

description: former city-state in the Valley of Mexico

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: March 13

text: March 13 – (approximate date) – Tenochtitlan, the predecessor of Mexico City, is founded by the Mexica, led by Tenoch, on an island in Lake Texcoco.

title: 1325

section: Events › January – March

text: Acamapichtli, 1st tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1375-1395 (d. 1395)

title: 1355

section: Deaths

text: Presumed death of Tenoch, ruler of the Mexica; he is succeeded by Acamapichtli who becomes first tlatoani (ruler) of the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan and founder of the Aztec imperial dynasty.

title: 1375

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Huitzilihuitl II, 2nd Tlatoani (king) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1396–1417, father of Moctezuma I (d. c. 1417)

title: 1380

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Templo Mayor, the main temple of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), is built.

title: 1390

text: Acamapichtli, 1st tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1375-1395 (b. c. 1355)

title: 1395

text: Chimalpopoca, son of Huitzilihuitl, succeeds his father as Tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City)

title: 1417

text: Itzcoatl becomes the 4th Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, after his nephew Chimalpopoca is killed by the Maxtla, at Azcapotzalco.

title: 1427

text: Chimalpopoca, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán (b. 1397)

title: 1427

text: The Aztec Empire is formed by the triple alliance of the Aztec city-states Tenochtitlán, Texcoco and Tlacopán and defeats Azcapotzalco to win control of the Valley of Mexico. Itzcóatl becomes 1st emperor.

title: 1428

text: Itzcóatl, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlan

title: 1440

text: Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Moctezuma I (Moctezuma Ilhuicamina).

title: 1440

text: Probable – Moctezuma II, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán (modern Mexico City), 1502–1520, son of Axayacatl (d. 1520)

title: 1466

text: Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl.

title: 1469

text: Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, invades the territory of the neighboring Aztec city of Tlatelolco. The ruler of Tlatelolco is killed and replaced by a military governor; Tlatelolco loses its independence.

title: 1473

text: Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by his brother Tízoc.

title: 1481

text: Tízoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies. Some sources suggest that he was poisoned, others that he was the victim of "sorcery" or illness. He is succeeded by his brother Āhuitzotl.

title: 1486

date: December 19

text: December 19 – (7 Panquetzaliztli of the year 8 acatl) During the reign of the Mexican Aztec Emperor Ahuitzotl, the Temple of Huitzilopochtli, sixth in a series is completed and dedicated in Tenochtitlan to the Aztec god of war.

title: 1487

section: Culture & Society

date: May 24

text: May 24 – The coronation of Moctezuma II as ruler of the Aztec Empire takes place at the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, part of modern-day Mexico City.

title: 1503

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire, and appears at the court of Aztec ruler Moctezuma II.

title: 1519

date: July 1

text: July 1 – La Noche Triste (Night of Sorrow): The forces of Cuitláhuac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, gain a major victory against the forces of conquistador Hernán Cortés. This results in the death of about 400 conquistadors, and some 2,000 of their Native American allies. However, Cortés and the most skilled of his men manage to escape and later regroup.

title: 1520

date: June 29

text: June 29 – Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, is assassinated by other Aztec leaders as he attempts to address his people. His brother Cuitláhuac rises to the throne.

title: 1520

date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Massacre in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan takes place in Mexico after the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II is allowed by the Deputy Governor of New Spain, Pedro de Alvarado, to host Aztec nobles at the Great Temple at Tenochtitlan to celebrate the Feat of Toxcatl in honor of the god Tezcatlipoca. Alvarado uses the opportunity to kill more than 600 Aztec warriors and commanders, but spares Moctezuma.

title: 1520

date: May 15

text: May 15 – At Coyoacán in Mexico (at the time, the colony of New Spain) Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés sends his third report to the Emperor Carlos V, describing the events of the last two years, including the conquest of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire.

title: 1522

date: December 6

text: December 6 – Setting off from the Mexican Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan with an army of 550 Spanish soldiers and 120 horses, Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras begins the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.

title: 1523


slug: teotihuacan

label: Teotihuacan

description: ancient Mesoamerican city

year_label: 500 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Olmec established Monte Albán, the sacred city, and continued building pyramids. Founded toward the end of the Middle Formative period at around 500 BCE, by the Terminal Formative (ca.100 BCE–CE 200) Monte Albán soon became the capital of a large-scale expansionist polity that dominated much of the Oaxacan highlands and interacts with other Mesoamerican regional states, such as Teotihuacan to the north (Paddock 1983; Marcus 1983).

title: 500 BC

section: Events › By place › Mesoamerica

text: Teotihuacan, a major city at the centre of modern-day Mexico, reaches a population of around 60,000–80,000.

title: AD 100

section: Events › By place › Americas

text: The Great Pyramid of the Sun is constructed in Teotihuacan. It is the tallest pre-Columbian building in the Americas.

title: AD 150

text: Teotihuacán is rebuilt as a four-quartered cosmogram by Zapotec architects brought from Monte Albán in Oaxaca.

title: 250

text: In Mexico, the civilization of Teotihuacan flourishes.

title: 303

section: Events › By place › America

date: May 4

text: May 4 – Spearthrower Owl ascends to the throne and becomes ruler of Teotihuacan (Mexico).

title: 374

section: Conflict & Security

text: Siyaj K'ak' begins to replace Mayan kings with relatives of Spearthrower Owl, emperor of Teotihuacan.

title: 378

text: Spearthrower Owl, ruler of Teotihuacan (Mexico)

title: 439

text: The Maya are peaking in economic prosperity. The civilization at Teotihuacan begins to decline and its people are migrating to the greatest Mayan city, Tikal, bringing with them ideas about weaponry and new ritual practices.

title: 501

section: Events › By place › Central America

text: 600-750 - Maguey Bloodletting Ritual, fragment of a fresco from Teotihuacan, Mexico, is made. Teotihuacan culture. It is now kept at the Cleveland Museum of Art.

title: 600

section: Events › By topic › Arts and sciences

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: The city of Teotihuacan (modern Mexico) is destroyed and left in ruins, its palaces burned to the ground.

title: 750

section: Events › America

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Toltecs establish themselves at Tula. The city becomes the capital and rises to prominence after the fall of Teotihuacan (approximate date).

title: 901


slug: tervel-of-bulgaria

label: Tervel of Bulgaria

description: Bulgarian ruler

section: Births

text: Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire (d. 721)

title: 675

text: Asparuh, founder of the First Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 20-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Tervel, who becomes ruler (khan) of the Bulgarians.

title: 701

section: Events › By place › Balkans

text: Autumn – Emperor Tiberios III tries to bribe Busir and dispatches two Khazar officials, Papatzys and Balgitzin, to kill Justinian. Warned by his wife, he flees to the Bulgar Khanate, securing the assistance of the Bulgarian ruler Tervel, in exchange for financial considerations.

title: 704

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Justinian II ascends to the throne again and rewards his ally Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, for his assistance with the title of kaisar (Caesar), which makes him second only to Justinian and the first foreign ruler in Byzantine history to receive such a title, and a territorial concession in northeastern Thrace, a region called Zagora in modern-day Bulgaria.

title: 705

text: Battle of Anchialus: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Emperor Justinian II is defeated near the seaside city of Anchialus, on the Black Sea Coast. The Byzantines are overwhelmed by a surprise attack of Bulgarian cavalry, led by Tervel. Justinian manages to reach the fortress, and escapes to Constantinople on a ship.

title: 708

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: The Bulgars under Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, raid Thrace and reach the city walls of Constantinople. Skirmishes continue until 716; Emperor Philippicus transfers a Byzantine army from the Opsikion Theme in Asia Minor, to police the Balkan Peninsula.

title: 712

text: Emperor Theodosios III concludes a peace treaty with Kormesiy, son of Tervel of Bulgaria, in an effort to secure support against the Arab invasion in Anatolia (modern Turkey). The treaty recognizes the Bulgarian borders, including the newly gained lands of Zagore (see 705). Theodosios agrees to pay annual tribute, and exchange refugees charged with conspiracy against the legal ruler. Goods can only be imported or exported with a state seal. Bulgarian merchants gain official access to the trade market in Constantinople.

title: 716

section: Events › Byzantine Empire

text: Ex-Emperor Anastasios II starts a revolt against Leo III with considerable support, including auxiliaries provided by Tervel, emperor (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire. His attack on Constantinople fails; Anastasios is captured and is put to death (by beheading), on the orders of Leo.

title: 719

text: Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by Kormesiy, possibly a son of Tervel, who is co-ruler and a descendant of the royal Dulo clan.

title: 721

title: 721


slug: teutonic-knights

label: Teutonic Knights

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Pope Honorius III sends a letter to the Roman Catholic Patriarch of Jerusalem, Francisco Clemente Pérez Capera, notifying him that the armies and navies of the Holy Roman Empire, the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Sicily will be departing soon to begin the Sixth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem from the Arab rulers.

title: 1224

section: Events › January – March

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Lithuanian city of Klaipėda (Memel) is founded by the Teutonic Knights.

title: 1252

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Battle of Woplauken: In Europe, the Teutonic Knights defeat the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

title: 1311

section: Events › April – June

date: February 10

text: February 10 – By papal verdict announced in the Polish town of Brześć, the Teutonic Knights are ordered to return the coastal region of Gdańsk Pomerania to Poland, having annexed and occupied it since 1308. The Teutonic Order appeals the judgment and continues fighting against Poland, with a new Polish–Teutonic War breaking out soon afterward.

title: 1321

date: September 27

text: September 27 – Battle of Płowce: The German Teutonic Knights and the Poles battle to a draw.

title: 1331

section: Events › September–December

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Rather than be taken captive by the Teutonic Knights, 4,000 defenders of Pilėnai, Lithuania commit mass suicide.

title: 1336

section: Events

text: Johannes Abezier (1375–1424), Roman Catholic religious and political leader of the Teutonic Knights, over Polish territory

title: 1375

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila signs the secret Treaty of Dovydiškės, with the Teutonic Knights. This sparks a civil war with his uncle Kęstutis.

title: 1380

section: Events › April–June

text: Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein succeeds Winrich von Kniprode, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.

title: 1382

section: Events › Date unknown

text: The Teutonic Knights recommence war against pagan Lithuania.

title: 1383

date: January 19

text: January 19 – The Treaty of Lyck confirms an alliance between Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights, in the Lithuanian Civil War against Vytautas's cousin, Jogaila.

title: 1390

section: Events › January–March

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Lithuanian Civil War: The Treaty of Königsberg is signed in Königsberg, between Samogitian nobles and representatives of the Teutonic Knights.

title: 1390

date: September 11

text: September 11 – Lithuanian Civil War: The coalition of Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights begins a 5-week siege of Vilnius. The Duke of Hereford (the future King Henry IV of England) is among the western European knights serving with the coalition.

title: 1390

section: Events › July–September

date: March 12

text: March 12 – Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.

title: 1391

text: March 17 – The Teutonic Knights resume their attack on Lithuania as a fleet of 84 ships, 4,000 men and 400 horses departs from Danzig toward Gotland, and arrive on March 21.

title: 1398

text: Peace is declared between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights, after they agree to exchange land and form an alliance against Muscovy.

title: 1404

text: May 22 – The Peace of Raciążek treaty is signed by the representatives of King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland, by the Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, and by the Teutonic Knights.

title: 1404

text: Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen of the Teutonic Knights guarantees peace with the Kalmar Union of Scandinavia by selling the Baltic Sea island of Gotland to Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

title: 1409

date: August 6

text: August 6 – The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War breaks out between the Teutonic Knights and the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

title: 1409

text: May 26 – The second Samogitian Uprising begins in modern-day Lithuania against the Teutonic Knights who had been granted the rights to the Duchy of Samogita by the Peace of Raciążek in 1402.

title: 1409

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (Žalgiris), also known as Battle of Tannenberg: Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken.

title: 1410

date: July

text: July – The Hunger War takes place between the allied Kingdom of Poland, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, against the Teutonic Knights, who are severely weakened after the Battle of Grunwald four years prior. The war earned its name from destructive scorched earth tactics followed by both sides.

title: 1414

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Sigismund, King of the Romans, departs from the meeting of the Council of Constance on a special trip to Perpignan, in order to secure the resignation of the antipope Benedict XIII in order to end the Western Schism, and then to try to end the wars between France and England, and Poland and the Teutonic Knights.

title: 1415

text: September 27 – The Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after the brief Gollub War. The Prussian–Lithuanian border established by the treaty remains unchanged, until World War I.

title: 1422

date: June 16

text: June 16 – The Teutonic Knights and Švitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel, creating an anti-Polish alliance.

title: 1431

date: February 21

text: February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is proposed as an opposition to the Teutonic Knights at a meeting in Elbing by nobles from the cities of Culm, Elbing, Thorn, Danzig, Braunsberg, Königsberg, and Kneiphof. The delegates agree to hold a larger meeting on March 14 at Marienwerder.

title: 1440

date: March 14

text: March 14 – The Prussian Confederation is formed by 53 nobles and clergy, representing 19 Prussian cities, who meet at Elbing to form an opposition to the Teutonic Knights.

title: 1440

date: February 4

text: February 4 – The cause of the Thirteen Years' War is set when the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master, and the citizens of Toruń rebel against the Teutonic Knights, beginning the conflict.

title: 1454

date: March 6

text: March 6 – Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland renounces allegiance to the Teutonic Knights and the Prussian Confederation pledges its allegiance to him.

title: 1454

date: September 18

text: September 18 – Thirteen Years' War – Battle of Chojnice: The Polish army is defeated by a smaller but more professional Teutonic army.

title: 1454

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Peace talks begin in the city of Nieszawka in Poland to end the Thirteen Years' War between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights.

title: 1466

date: December 11

text: December 11 – At Toruń, the members of the Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland vote to approve a war against the Teutonic Knights and to assess new taxes to recruit mercenary troops.

title: 1519

section: Events › October–December


slug: teutonic-order

label: Teutonic Order

description: medieval military order founded c. 1190

section: Health & Medicine

text: The Teutonic Order is founded at Acre by German knights of Lübeck and Bremen. The Order is formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals (approximate date).

title: 1190

section: Events › By place › Third Crusade

section: Religion & Belief

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Terra Mariana (or Medieval Livonia), comprising modern-day Estonia and Latvia, is established as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire. During its existence there is a constant struggle over supremacy between the lands ruled by the Teutonic Order, the secular German nobility, and the citizens of the Hanseatic towns of Riga and Reval.

title: 1207

text: The Teutonic Order builds Bran Castle in the Burzenland (modern Romania) as a fortified position at the entrance of a mountain pass through which traders can travel. The Teutonic Knights build another five castles, some of them made of stone. Their rapid expansion in Hungary makes the nobility and clergy, who are previously uninterested in those regions, jealous and suspicious.

title: 1212

section: Conflict & Security

date: July 8

text: July 8 – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using Greek fire. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on July 31 by their new Grand Master Peire de Montagut, supported by the Teutonic Knights – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.

title: 1219

section: Events › By place › Fifth Crusade

text: The Teutonic Knights are expelled from Transylvania by King Andrew II, because they wanted to separate from Hungary.

title: 1225

text: The Teutonic Knights undertake a new Crusade, attempting to subdue the pagan Prussians, who occupy a part of the Baltic coast. They are invited to Poland by High Duke Konrad I of Masovia, a grandson of Bolesław III Wrymouth. Their task is to defend Masovia against raids of the Prussians. After defeating them, the German knights set up their own state, which they named after the pagan people they have all but annihilated – Prussia.

title: 1226

date: October 10

text: October 10 – Frederick II recovering at Pozzuoli, receives a letter from Pope Gregory IX, announcing his ex-communication. Frederick is branded a wanton violator of his sacred oath taken many times, at Aachen, Ferentino, Veroli and San Germano. Meanwhile, the Crusader army fortifies Sidon Sea Castle and rebuilds Montfort Castle, northeast of Acre, as a new headquarter castle for the Teutonic Knights, who called it Starkenburg.

title: 1227

date: March 17

text: March 17 – Frederick II enters Jerusalem, escorted by German and Italian troops. Of the Military Orders only the Teutonic Knights are represented and some clergy. He receives the formal surrender of the city by Al-Kamil's governor (or Qadi), who hands him the keys of Jerusalem. The procession then passes through streets to the old building of the Hospital (or the Muristan), where Frederick takes up his residence in the Christian Quarter.

title: 1229

section: Events › By place › Sixth Crusade

text: Frederick II bestows on the Teutonic Order a special privilege for the conquest of Prussia, including Chełmno Land, with papal sovereignty. He allows the Teutonic Knights to forcibly convert the Prussians to Christianity.

title: 1230

text: Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are absorbed into the Teutonic Order, as the autonomous Livonian Order. An Estonian rebellion begins on Saaremaa Island (located in the Baltic Sea).

title: 1237

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Treaty of Stensby: The Teutonic Knights sign an agreement with King Valdemar II of Denmark ("the Conqueror"). William of Modena, Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master Hermann Balk and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with Denmark. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and become known as the Livonian Order.

title: 1238

date: April 5

text: April 5 – Battle of Lake Peipus (or Battle on the Ice): Russian forces led by Alexander Nevsky, rebuff an invasion attempt by a Crusader army (some 2,600 men), including German Teutonic Knights. The opposing armies meet upon the frozen surface of Lake Peipus. The outnumbered Teutonic Knights are defeated on the slippery surface, by Alexander's elite druzhina and the Novgorod forces.

title: 1242

text: The Teutonic Knights in Prussia found Königsberg (modern-day Kaliningrad) and name it in honour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia.

title: 1255

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Second of the two major Prussian uprisings by the Old Prussian tribe of Balts against the Teutonic Order begins.

title: 1260

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Battle of Aizkraukle: Lithuanian forces led by Grand Duke Traidenis defeat an army of Teutonic Knights of the Livonian Order at Aizkraukle. During the battle, the order suffers a great defeat, some 70 knights are killed, including Grand Master Ernst von Ratzeburg (or Rassburg). The Semigallians, allies of the Livonian Order, revolt but later submit to Traidenis for protection.

title: 1279

text: Old Prussians resettle in Samland and start an uprising against Teutonic rule (supported by the Principality of Rügen). The Prussians are defeated by the Teutonic Knights and forced to submit.

title: 1286

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Battle of Turaida: Forces of the Livonian Order are decisively defeated near Turaida Castle by the residents of Riga, allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Vytenis. After their defeat, the Livonians receive reinforcements from the Teutonic Order and defeat the residents of Riga and Lithuanians near Neuermühlen, on June 28. The knights proceed with their campaign, and besiege and capture Riga. In response, King Eric VI of Denmark ("Menved") threatens to invade Livonia, but a truce is reached and the conflict is mediated by Pope Boniface VIII.

title: 1298

date: February 12

text: February 12 – Milan Uprising: German forces under Baldwin of Luxembourg (brother of Henry VII) crush the Italian Guelph troops, led by Guido della Torre in Milan. A contingent of Teutonic Knights kills and disperses most of the rebels in a single cavalry charge. Guido della Torre escapes, and is condemned to death in absence by Henry.

title: 1311

date: February 1

text: February 1 – King John of Bohemia (of the Teutonic Order) captures Medvėgalis, an important fortress of the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and baptizes 6,000 of its defenders.

title: 1329

section: Events › January–December

text: February 2 – Battle of Strėva: the Teutonic Order secure a victory over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Sources tell of a blow to Lithuanian leadership, one that the Teutonic Order could not fully make use of due to the Black Death.

title: 1348

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Kaunas Castle in Lithuania falls to the Teutonic Order, after a month-long siege.

title: 1362

date: November

text: November – As an aftermath to the War in Gotland (1403-1404), Queen Margaret I buys the rights to Visby for 8000 marks from Albrecht of Mecklenburg during negotiations in Flensburg. This strengthens the Kalmar Union and pushes out the Teutonic Order, angering grand master Konrad von Jungingen.

title: 1405

date: December

text: December – Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas meet with Polish King Wladyslaw Jagiello in Navahrudak Castle, where they agree to support the Samogitians uprising to provoke the Teutonic Knights into declaring war against Poland.

title: 1408

section: Events › July–December

text: November – For his services during the defense of Marienburg and Prussia, Heinrich von Plauen is chosen as the 27th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.

title: 1410

date: January 7

text: January 7 – After the Battle of Grunwald, the Teutonic Order can’t sustain the warmongering politics of Heinrich von Plauen and thus Michael Küchmesier becomes the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, succeeding Heinrich von Plauen.

title: 1414

date: December 15

text: December 15 – The Truce of Leczyca is signed between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order and temporarily ends the Polish–Teutonic War. The Teutons agree to stop their support of the former Lithuanian Grand Duke Švitrigaila

title: 1433

date: July 14

text: July 14 – In the Thirteen Years' War, the Teutonic Order wins the Battle for Kneiphof, though the Order will eventually lose with the signing of a treaty at Thorn.

title: 1455

date: September 17

text: September 17 – Thirteen Years' War – Battle of Świecino (Battle of Żarnowiec): The Kingdom of Poland defeats the Teutonic Order.

title: 1462

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Battle of Vistula Lagoon: The navy of the Prussian Confederation defeats that of the Teutonic Order.

title: 1463


slug: texas

label: Texas

description: state of the United States of America

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: November 6

text: November 6 – Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions become the first known Europeans to set foot on the shores of what is present-day Texas, when they and 80 survivors are wrecked on Galveston Island following a storm. Only 15 live beyond winter, and they are eventually enslaved by various Indian tribes. Eventually, only four of the 81 Spanish survivors— Cabeza de Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, and an African slave of Dorantes, Estevanico— are able to escape and return home.

title: 1528

date: February 20

text: February 20 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, intending to establish a colony near the mouth of the Mississippi River, lands with 200 surviving colonists at Matagorda Bay on the Texas coast, believing the Mississippi to be near. He establishes Fort St. Louis.

title: 1685

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 14

text: February 14 – King Philip V of Spain issues a royal cedula, directing an effort to offer incentives to families from the Canary Islands for settlements in New Spain north of the Rio Grande in the modern-day U.S. state of Texas (→ Canarian Americans).

title: 1729

date: February 7

text: February 7 – The San Gabriel mission project begins with the founding of the first Roman Catholic missions further northward in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, in what is now central Texas. On orders of the Viceroy, Juan Francisco de Güemes, Friar Mariano Marti establish the San Francisco Xavier mission at a location on the San Gabriel River in what is now Milam County. The mission, located northeast of the future site of Austin, Texas, is attacked by 60 Apache Indians on May 2, and San Xavier is abandoned after a few years.

title: 1748

text: June 1 – José de Escandón is designated by the Viceroy of New Spain as the first Royal Governor of Nuevo Santander. The area covered by the Viceroyalty's new province is now part of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, and the part of the U.S. state of Texas south of the Guadalupe River (including San Antonio and Corpus Christi).

title: 1748

date: April 14

text: April 14 – The Viceroy of New Spain, Juan Francisco de Güemes, issues a notice to the missionaries in Nuevo Santander (which includes parts of what are now the U.S. state of Texas, including San Antonio, and the Mexican state of Tamaulipas) to work peacefully to convert the indigenous Karankawa people to Roman Catholicism.

title: 1750

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Spanish missionary Tomas Sanchez and three families establish a settlement on the north side of the Rio Grande in New Spain. Sanchez names it Villa de Laredo. The new settlement is the northernmost part of the colony of Nuevo Santander, founded by José de Escandón, 1st Count of Sierra Gorda, which now comprises parts of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas and the U.S. state of Texas. The portion of Villa de Laredo north of the river later becomes Laredo, Texas; the remaining portion south of the river is later renamed Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas.

title: 1755

section: Science & Discovery

date: June 24

text: June 24 – A total solar eclipse takes place across parts of North America, from Texas to Virginia.

title: 1778

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Adams–Onís Treaty: Agreement is reached for Spain to cede Florida (already under USA's domination) to the United States in exchange for renunciation of American claims on Texas arising from the Louisiana Purchase, American payment of $5 million to settle citizens' claims regarding Florida, and definition of international borders. Following ratification, the treaty takes effect in 1821.

title: 1819

date: April 21

text: April 21 – Texas Revolution – Battle of San Jacinto: Mexican forces under General Antonio López de Santa Anna are defeated at San Jacinto, Texas.

title: 1836

date: January 5

text: January 5 – Former U.S. Representative Davy Crockett of Tennessee arrives in Texas to join the Texan fight for independence from Mexico.

title: 1836

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Texas Revolution – Convention of 1836: Delegates from many Texas communities gather in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, to deliberate independence from Mexico.

title: 1836

date: December 29

text: December 29 – Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state.

title: 1845

section: Culture & Society

text: February 1 – Anson Jones, President of the Republic of Texas, signs the charter officially creating Baylor University (the oldest university in the U.S. state of Texas that still operates under its original name).

title: 1845

date: October 13

text: October 13 – A majority of voters in the Republic of Texas approve a proposed constitution that, if accepted by the United States Congress, will make Texas a U.S. state.

title: 1845

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Mexican–American War: Open conflict begins, over the disputed border of Texas.

title: 1846

date: February 19

text: February 19 – Texas annexation: United States president James K. Polk's annexation of the Republic of Texas is finalized by Texas president Anson Jones in a formal ceremony of transfer of sovereignty. The newly formed Texas state government is officially installed in Austin.

title: 1846

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: February 14 – Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed.

title: 1854

date: June 19

text: June 19 – American Civil War: Union Major General Gordon Granger lands at Galveston, Texas, and informs the people of Texas of the Emancipation Proclamation (an event celebrated in modern times each year as Juneteenth).

title: 1865

section: Events › June

date: May 12

text: May 12–13 – American Civil War – Battle of Palmito Ranch: In far south Texas, more than a month after Confederate General Lee's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war with casualties, ends with a Confederate victory.

title: 1865

section: Events › May

date: March 30

text: March 30 – Reconstruction: Texas is readmitted to the Union.

title: 1870

section: Events › March

date: February 18

text: February 18 – The Mason County War begins, as a German-American mob breaks into a prison, and lynches cattle rustlers in central Texas.

title: 1875

section: Events › February

date: August 14

text: August 14 – Prairie View A&M University, at the time named Alta Vista Agriculture & Mechanical College of Texas for Colored Youth, is founded, the first state-supported HBCU in the state of Texas.

title: 1876

section: Events › August

section: Climate & Environment

date: January 12

text: January 12 – The Schoolhouse Blizzard hits Dakota Territory and the states of Montana, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas, leaving 235 dead, many of them children on their way home from school.

title: 1888

section: Events › January

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Jim Hogg becomes the first native Texan to be governor of that state.

title: 1891

section: Deaths

date: January 3

text: January 3 – Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Confederate brigadier general, Texas governor, and president of Texas A&M University (b. 1838)

title: 1898

section: Deaths › January–June

date: July 28

text: July 28 – The Silent Parade is organized by the NAACP in New York City, to protest the East St. Louis massacre of early July, as well as lynchings in Tennessee and Texas.

title: 1917

section: Events › July

date: September 10

text: September 10–15 – The Florida Keys hurricane kills 600 in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and Texas.

title: 1919

section: Events › September

date: November 22

text: November 22 – Assassination of John F. Kennedy: In a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, U.S. President John F. Kennedy is fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, and Governor of Texas John Connally is seriously wounded at 12:30 CST. Upon Kennedy's death, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson becomes the 36th president of the United States.

title: 1963

section: Events › November

section: Births

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Ted Cruz, Canadian-American politician, U.S. Senator (R-Tx.) from 2013 and 2016 presidential candidate

title: 1970

section: Births › December

section: Crime & Justice

date: December 7

text: December 7 – The first U.S. execution by lethal injection is carried out in Texas.

title: 1982

section: Events › December

date: August 18

text: August 18 – Hurricane Alicia hits the Texas coast, killing 22 and causing over US$3.8 billion (2005 dollars) in damage.

title: 1983

date: March 13

text: March 13 – A geomagnetic storm causes the collapse of the Hydro-Québec power grid. 6,000,000 people are left without power for nine hours. Some areas in the northeastern U.S. and in Sweden also lose power, and aurorae are seen as far as Texas.

title: 1989

text: June 5 – Tropical Storm Allison hits the U.S. state of Texas, severely flooding Houston and killing 23 people.

title: 2001

text: February 1 – At the conclusion of the STS-107 mission, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry over Texas, killing all seven astronauts on board.

title: 2003

text: September 13 – Hurricane Ike makes landfall as a category 2 hurricane in Texas, killing 113 and causing over $30 billion in damages.

title: 2008

text: November 5 – A crowd crush at the Astroworld Festival hosted by Travis Scott in Houston, Texas, kills 10 people and causes 300+ injuries.

title: 2021

text: June 27 – 53 migrants from Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador are found dead in a tractor trailer in San Antonio, Texas, United States.

title: 2022


slug: thailand

label: Thailand

description: country in Southeast Asia

year_label: 543 BCE

text: Gautama Buddha Mahaparinibbana (traditional in Thailand and elsewhere - basis of Thai solar calendar)

title: 543 BC

section: Religion & Belief

text: The oldest inscription in Mon language dated from 600 AD. later found at Wat Phorang, Thailand.

title: 600

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Jamadevi, queen of Hariphunchai (Thailand) (approximate date)

title: 633

section: Conflict & Security

text: Khun Lo, a Thai prince, conquers Muang Sua, an early Laotian kingdom.

title: 698

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Kingdom of Nanzhao (Nanchao) in modern-day southern China expands into the Irrawaddy River region, first into Burma, then down into northern Laos and Thailand (approximate date).

title: 760

section: Events › By place › China

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Phayao, a modern-day province of Thailand, is founded as a city-state kingdom.

title: 1096

text: Mongol forces under Kublai Khan conquer the Dali Kingdom (modern-day Yunnan). The population migrates to Siam (modern Thailand).

title: 1253

section: Economy & Finance

text: Lannathai, a kingdom in the north of Thailand, is founded by King Mangrai.

title: 1259

text: The newly formed Sukhothai Kingdom of Thailand adopts Theravada Buddhism.

title: 1260

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Ram Khamhaeng becomes the third king of the Phra Ruang dynasty, ruling the Sukhothai Kingdom (modern-day Thailand).

title: 1279

text: The Mon Kingdom of Hariphunchai falls, as its capital Lamphun (in modern-day Thailand) is captured by King Mangrai's Lannathai Kingdom.

title: 1281

text: Kings Mangrai of the Lanna Kingdom (modern Thailand) and Ram Khamhaeng of the Sukhothai Kingdom agree to a peace treaty. They establish a "strong pact of friendship".

title: 1287

date: March 4

text: March 4 – The Ayutthaya Kingdom is established by King Uthong (Ramathibodi I) in modern-day Thailand. He begins to propagate Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.

title: 1351

section: Events › January–December

text: The Sukhothai Kingdom in northern Thailand becomes a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

title: 1365

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Maha Thammaracha II becomes ruler of the Sukhothai Kingdom (in modern-day northern Thailand) after the death of Maha Thammaracha I.

title: 1368

text: The Thai Ayutthaya Kingdom conquers Cambodia for a second time.

title: 1369

section: Events › Dates unknown

text: Kalamegha claims the vacant title of King of Cambodia after the power of the Thai invaders from Ayutthaya begins to weaken. The Ayutthayans are finally expelled in 1375.

title: 1371

text: The Wat Phra That Doi Suthep Temple is built in modern-day Thailand, by King Kuena of Lanna.

title: 1383

text: Ramesuan is reinstated as King of Ayutthaya (modern-day southern Thailand), after dethroning and executing 17-year-old King Thong Lan.

title: 1388

date: December 27

text: December 27 – The Imperial Chinese Army invades the Lan Na kingdom, covering an area now divided between Myanmar, Thailand and China's Yunnan province.

title: 1405

section: Events › October–December

text: December 7 – During the war between Dai Viet and Lan Xang (now the northern part of Vietnam and the entire nation of Laos), Emperor Xianxong of Ming dynasty China is informed by his envoys that Dai Viet had subdued Lan Xang and was preparing to invade Lan Na

title: 1480

date: June 10

text: June 10 – (5th day of the waxing moon in the 8th month of the 910th year of the Chula Sakarat Era): Yotfa, the 13-year-old ruler of the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand since 1546, is murdered with the consent of his mother, the regent Si Sudachan, who installs her lover, Worawongsathirat, on the throne. Yotfa's younger brother, Prince Sissin, is spared from execution. Worawongsathirat and Si Sudachan are both killed in a counter-coup in November.

title: 1548

section: Events › April–June

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Worawongsathirat, ruler of the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand after usurping the throne on June 10, stages his coronation along with his wife, Si Sudachan. Both husband and wife had after both conspired to murder her son, King Yofta, in June. The King and Queen are assassinated on January 13, 1549.

title: 1548

text: February 18 (8th waxing of Tabaung 925 ME) – The Burmese–Siamese War ends with the surrender of King Maha Chakkraphat of Ayutthaya (now Thailand) to King Bayinnaung of Burma). Chhakkraphat is allowed to go into exile and his son Mahinthrathirat is installed by Bayinnaung as the vassal king of Ayutthaya.

title: 1564

section: Events › January–March

date: April 20

text: April 20 (14th waxing of Kason 949 ME) – Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593): Burma's siege of Ayutthaya (now in Thailand), capital of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, fails after six months as the troops of Burma's King Nanda Bayin begin their withdrawal.

title: 1587

text: November 22 (12th waning of Tazaungmon 952 ME) – Burmese King Nanda Bayin sends a his son, the Crown Prince Mingyi Swa and 20,000 troops to what is now Thailand.

title: 1590

date: May 13

text: May 13 – In modern-day northern Thailand, the rulers of Chiang Mai retake control of the Nan province and capture its ruler, Cao Cetabut.

title: 1603

date: April 9

text: April 9 – On the first day of the new year 966 M.E. on the Burmese calendar, King Nyaungyan Min of Burma makes a triumphant return to his capital at Inwa after his victory in the war against the principality of Mongnai (Monē), one of the Shan States between Burma and Siam

title: 1604

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The first Thai embassy to Japan arrives.

title: 1616

date: August 8

text: August 8 – In the Ayutthaya Kingdom, comprising most of the territory now occupied by Thailand, King Prasat Thong dies after a reign of more than 25 years. His eldest son, Prince Chao Fa Chai, is crowned as King Sanpet VI but Prasat's brother plots the new king's overthrow.

title: 1656

section: Events › July–September

date: February 10

text: February 10 – The army of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) captures Chiang Mai from the Kingdom of Burma (now Myanmar), using it as a base for launching a larger attack on the Burmese coast in November.

title: 1663

date: December 10

text: December 10 – In what is now Thailand, King Narai of Ayutthaya signs a treaty with representatives of France at Lopburi, allowing Roman Catholic missionaries to preach the Gospel and exempting Thai Catholics from work on Sunday, as well as appointing a special court to settle disputes between Thai Christians and non-Christians.

title: 1685

date: January 13

text: January 13 – Borommarachathirat V becomes King of Siam (now Thailand) upon the death of King Sanphet IX.

title: 1733

date: April 11

text: April 11 – The Burmese Army, under the command of King Alaungpaya, reaches the outskirts of Siam's capital, Ayutthaya, but then retreats rather than laying siege to the city.

title: 1760

date: April 6

text: April 6 – Rama I overthrows King Taksin of Siam (now Thailand) in a coup d'état, and moves the political capital from Thonburi, across the Chao Phraya River to Rattanakosin Island, the historic center of Bangkok.

title: 1782

date: September 7

text: September 7 – Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I), King of Siam, founder of the Chakri dynasty of Thailand (b. 1737)

title: 1809

section: Deaths › July–December

date: July 21

text: July 21 – Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II), King of Siam (Thailand) (b. 1767)

title: 1824

date: January

text: January – In Laos, King Anouvong of Vientiane leads the Laotian Rebellion against Siam and successfully attacks Nakhon Ratchasima (the Siamese later invade Vientiane and nearly destroy the whole city).

title: 1827

section: Culture & Society

text: H.R.H. Prince Mongkut of Siam founds the Dhammayut Buddhist reform movement.

title: 1833

text: April 2 – Nangklao (Rama III), King of Siam (Thailand) (b. 1788)

title: 1851

text: May 2 – The Kingdom of Siam (modern-day Thailand) cedes its province of Luang Prabang (now Laos) to France.

title: 1899

text: March 15 – The Pattani Sultanate is abolished by the Siamese authority after the last sultan of Pattani refused new administrative reforms by the Siamese.

title: 1902

text: November 26 – King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) of Siam (b. 1880)

title: 1925

text: June 24 – After a relatively bloodless military rebellion, Siam becomes a constitutional monarchy.

title: 1932

text: April 3 – An anti-monarchist rebellion occurs in Siam (Thailand).

title: 1933

text: March 2 – King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) of Siam abdicates the throne; he is succeeded by his 9-year-old-nephew Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII).

title: 1935

text: January 1 – Thailand's Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram decrees January 1 as the official start of the Thai solar calendar new year (thus the previous year that began April 1 had only 9 months).

title: 1941

text: The Burma Railway is completed between Bangkok, Thailand and Rangoon, Burma (modern-day Myanmar) (415 km mi) by the Empire of Japan, to support its forces in the Burma campaign, using the forced labour of Asian civilians and Allied Prisoners of war.

title: 1943

text: June 9 – In Thailand, King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) accedes to the throne after the death of his elder brother, King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII). He will reign until his death on October 13, 2016.

title: 1946

text: June 9 – Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII), King of Thailand (assassinated) (b. 1925)

title: 1946

text: June 5 – Thailand elects Orapin Chaiyakan, the first Thai female member of Thailand's Parliament.

title: 1949

text: September 8 – SEATO is established in Bangkok, Thailand.

title: 1954

text: July 12 – Chin Peng is exiled from Malaya to Thailand, and the Malayan state of emergency is lifted.

title: 1960

text: August 8 – The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded in Bangkok, Thailand.

title: 1967

text: October 6 – Students gathering at Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand are massacred, while protesting the return of ex-dictator Thanom Kittikachorn by a coalition of right-wing paramilitary and government forces, triggering the return of the military to government.

title: 1976

text: April 5 – Kuwait Airways Flight 422 is hijacked while en route from Bangkok, Thailand, to Kuwait. The hijackers demand the release of 17 Shiite Muslim prisoners held by Kuwait. Kuwait refuses to release the prisoners, leading to a 16-day siege across 3 continents. Two passengers are killed before the siege ends.

title: 1988

text: December 2 – The Second Malayan Emergency concludes with a peace agreement. The Malayan Communist Party disbands and Chin Peng remains in exile in Thailand until his death in 2013.

title: 1989

text: November 4 – Typhoon Gay devastates Thailand's Chumphon Province.

title: 1989

text: May 26 – Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes near Bangkok, Thailand, killing all 223 people on board.

title: 1991

text: May 17 – Protests begin in Bangkok, Thailand, against the government of General Suchinda Kraprayoon, sparking a bloody crackdown.

title: 1992

text: August 13 – More than 130 die in the collapse of Royal Plaza Hotel at Nakhon Ratchasima in Thailand's worst hotel disaster.

title: 1993

text: July 11 – Royal Jomtien Resort Hotel fire at Pattaya, Thailand's worst hotel fire, kills 90.

title: 1997

text: November 2 – Severe Tropical Storm Linda devastates southern Vietnam and Thailand, killing 3,275 people.

title: 1997

text: December 26 – The 9.1–9.3 Indian Ocean earthquake shakes northern Sumatra with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). One of the largest observed tsunamis follows, affecting coastal areas of Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Somalia, the Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, killing 227,000 people.

title: 2004

text: May 19 – Protests in Bangkok, Thailand, end with a bloody military crackdown, killing 91 and injuring more than 2,100.

title: 2010

text: July 31 – In Thailand over 12.8 million people are affected by severe flooding. The World Bank estimates damages at 1,440 billion baht (US$45 billion). Some areas are still six feet under water, and many factory areas remain closed at the end of the year. 815 people are killed, with 58 of the country's 77 provinces affected.

title: 2011

text: December 1 – Following a mourning period of seven weeks after the death and funeral of Bhumibol Adulyadej, Vajiralongkorn formally succeeds his late father as the new King of Thailand.

title: 2016

text: July 10 – Twelve boys and their football coach are successfully rescued from the flooded Tham Luang Nang Non cave in Thailand, following a 17-day ordeal that gained worldwide attention. One person, a law enforcement officer is killed.

title: 2018

text: August 22 – Former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra returns to Thailand after 15 years of political exile.

title: 2023

text: December 29 – Jeju Air Flight 2216, a Boeing 737-800 passenger flight from Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport in Bangkok, Thailand, to Muan International Airport in Muan, South Korea, veers off the runway at Muan International Airport and crashes into a barrier, killing 179 people. Two injured survivors are reported.

title: 2024

text: July 24 – Armed conflicts break out between Cambodia and Thailand after the escalation of a border dispute. At least 39 people are killed and more than 100,000 displaced due to the conflicts.

title: 2025

text: November 26 – Cyclone Senyar causes at least 1,390 deaths and leaves 186 missing in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.

title: 2025

text: November 4 – Typhoon Kalmaegi leaves more than 288 people dead in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand.

title: 2025


slug: thasos

label: Thasos

description: Greek island in north Aegean Sea

year_label: 475 BCE

text: The painter Polygnotus of Thasos begins his work (approximate date).

title: 475 BC

section: Events › By topic › Arts

year_label: 465 BCE

text: Thasos revolts from the Delian League. The revolt arises from rivalry over trade with the Thracian hinterland and, in particular, over the ownership of a gold mine. Athens under Kimon lays siege to Thasos after the Athenian fleet defeats the Thasos fleet

title: 465 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 463 BCE

text: After a two year siege, Thasos falls to the Athenians under Kimon who compels the Thasians to destroy their walls, surrender their ships, pay an indemnity and an annual contribution to Athens.

title: 463 BC

year_label: 460 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: Polygnotos of Thasos decorates the Painted Stoa, on the north side of Ancient Agora of Athens (approximate date).

title: 460 BC

year_label: 457 BCE

text: Boeotia, Phocis and Opuntian Locris become members of the Delian League. Athens now has enrolled in the Delian League all the Boeotian cities except Thebes. Aegina is forced to become a member of the League. It is assessed, with Thasos, for a yearly contribution to the League of 30 talents.

title: 457 BC

year_label: 450 BCE

text: Polygnotos of Thasos ceases his work (approximate date).

title: 450 BC

year_label: 407 BCE

text: The Athenian general Thrasybulus recaptures Abdera and Thasos.

title: 407 BC

date: October

text: October – Battle of Thasos: Saracens from the newly founded Emirate of Crete almost annihilate the Byzantine fleet at Thasos, close to the coast of Thrace. The Cyclades and other islands in the Aegean Sea are pillaged.

title: 829

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


slug: the-beatles

label: The Beatles

description: English pop rock band (1960–1970)

section: Births

date: July 7

text: July 7 – Sir Ringo Starr, English musician, singer, songwriter and actor (The Beatles)

title: 1940

section: Births › July

section: Crime & Justice

date: October 9

text: October 9 – The Lead Singer of The Beatles, John Lennon was born.

title: 1940

section: Events › October

date: February 25

text: February 25 – George Harrison, English singer, guitarist (The Beatles) (d. 2001)

title: 1943

section: Births › February

date: March 22

text: March 22 – The Beatles first album Please Please Me was released in the UK and became a huge commercial success.

title: 1963

section: Events › March

section: Conflict & Security

date: February 9

text: February 9 – The Beatles perform for the first time for an American audience on The Ed Sullivan Show to a record television audience of 73 million people, launching Beatlemania in the United States, as part of The British Invasion.

title: 1964

section: Events › February

section: Deaths

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Brian Epstein, English band manager (The Beatles) (b. 1934)

title: 1967

section: Deaths › August

section: Science & Discovery

date: December 26

text: December 26 – The Beatles' film Magical Mystery Tour receives its world première on BBC Television in the UK.

title: 1967

section: Events › December

date: December 8

text: December 8 – Magical Mystery Tour is released by The Beatles as a double EP in the UK, while the only psychedelic rock album by The Rolling Stones, Their Satanic Majesties Request, is released in the UK and in the US.

title: 1967

date: June 25

text: June 25 – 400 million viewers watch Our World, the first live, international, satellite television production. It features the live debut of The Beatles' song "All You Need Is Love".

title: 1967

section: Events › June

date: November 27

text: November 27 – The Beatles release Magical Mystery Tour in the U.S. as a full album. The songs added to the original six songs on the double EP include "All You Need Is Love", "Penny Lane", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Baby, You're a Rich Man" and "Hello, Goodbye". Release as a double EP will not take place in the UK until December.

title: 1967

section: Events › November

date: September 26

text: September 26 – The Beatles release their eleventh studio album, Abbey Road in the United Kingdom

title: 1969

section: Events › September

date: April 10

text: April 10 – In a press release written in mock-interview style, that is included in promotional copies of his first solo album, Paul McCartney announces that he has left The Beatles.

title: 1970

section: Events › April

date: December 31

text: December 31 – Paul McCartney sues in Britain to dissolve The Beatles' legal partnership.

title: 1970

date: November 2

text: November 2 – The Beatles release "Now and Then", the band's last ever song, featuring restored vocals by John Lennon (1940–1980), as well as guitar tracks by George Harrison (1943–2001).

title: 2023


slug: the-hague

label: The Hague

description: city and municipality in South Holland, Netherlands, seat of the Dutch government

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Aleid van Poelgeest, the mistress of Count Albert of Holland, is found dead at the Altena Castle in The Hague, along with the Count's chamberlain, Willem Cuser, the victim of Hook nobles who were opposed to Count Albert.

title: 1392

section: Events › July–September

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: July 26

text: July 26 – The Act of Abjuration is signed at The Hague by representatives of eight Dutch provinces as a declaration of independence from Spanish rule and a secession from the Union of Utrecht. The signing confirms a decision made in a July 22 meeting of the States General in Antwerp. King Philip II of Spain refuses to acknowledge the Abjuration.

title: 1581

date: February 7

text: February 7 – A peace conference opens at the Binnenhof at The Hague, in the Netherlands, to end a war between the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium).

title: 1608

section: Events › January–March

date: May 13

text: May 13 – Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague, after having been convicted of treason.

title: 1619

section: Events › April–June

section: Culture & Society

date: February 23

text: February 23–March 11 – Henrietta Maria, queen consort of England, and her eldest daughter Mary, newly created Princess Royal, leave Falmouth, Cornwall, to go into exile at the Dutch court in The Hague.

title: 1642

text: October – An English diplomatic team, headed by Oliver St John, goes to The Hague to negotiate an alliance between the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic.

title: 1651

section: Events › October–December

date: October 11

text: October 11 – The Sieur de Buat, Captain Henri de Fleury de Coulan of the Army of the Dutch Republic, is beheaded in public at The Hague after being convicted of attempting to overthrow Dutch leader Johan de Witt.

title: 1666

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland and his brother Cornelis de Witt are killed by an Orangist mob in The Hague.

title: 1672

date: December 3

text: December 3 – Baron Jacob Hop is appointed as the treasurer-general of The Hague.

title: 1699

date: June 28

text: June 28 – Princess Wilhelmina of Orange, sister of King Frederick William II of Prussia, is captured by Dutch Republican patriots, taken to Goejanverwellesluis and not allowed to travel to The Hague.

title: 1787

text: The Rijksmuseum moves from The Hague to Amsterdam, where it is located temporarily at the Royal Palace.

title: 1808

section: Events › Date unknown

date: May 18

text: May 18 – The First Hague Peace Conference, initiated by Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, is opened in The Hague by Willem de Beaufort, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands.

title: 1899

section: Events › May

date: February 6

text: February 6 – The International Arbitration Court at The Hague is created, when the Netherlands' Senate ratifies an 1899 peace conference decree.

title: 1900

date: June 15

text: June 15 – The Second Hague Peace Conference opens at The Hague.

title: 1907

section: Health & Medicine

date: January 23

text: January 23 – The First International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague to restrict exports.

title: 1912

section: Events › January

date: February 15

text: February 15 – The inaugural session of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) is held in The Hague.

title: 1922

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: April 5

text: April 5 – The International Court of Justice in The Hague decides that Greenland belongs to Denmark, and condemns Norwegian landings on eastern Greenland. Norway submits to the decision.

title: 1933

date: September

text: The first V-2 rocket attack on London takes place, launched from The Hague.

title: 1944

date: April 18

text: April 18 – The inaugural session of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) takes place at The Hague.

title: 1946

date: March 18

text: March 18 – The Round Table Conference convenes in The Hague, Netherlands, to prepare the decolonization process for the Caribbean island of Aruba and the other Dutch Colonies. Aruba presents the mandate of the Aruban People for Aruba to become an independent country, under the sovereignty of the House of Orange, based on Aruba's first state constitution presented officially since August 1947, and a (4th) member state of the future Dutch Commonwealth.

title: 1948

date: April 4

text: April 4 – At a tribunal in The Hague, Israel demands reparations worth $3 billion from West Germany.

title: 1952

section: Events › March–April

date: May 14

text: May 14 – The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict is adopted in The Hague, Netherlands.

title: 1954

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Japanese Red Army members seize the French Embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.

title: 1974

section: Events › September–October

date: October 25

text: October 25 – Proceedings on the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction conclude at The Hague.

title: 1980

date: February 11

text: February 11 – The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is formed in The Hague, Netherlands.

title: 1991

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Arrest warrants are issued for Bosnian Serb war criminals Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić by the Russell Tribunal in The Hague.

title: 1996

section: Events › July

date: May 27

text: May 27 – The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands indicts Slobodan Milošević and four others for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo.

title: 1999

date: February 12

text: February 12 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former president of Yugoslavia, begins at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague.

title: 2002


slug: the-new-york-times

label: The New York Times

description: American daily newspaper (founded 1851)

date: September 18

text: September 18 – The New York Times is founded in New York City.

title: 1851

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square, after The New York Times.

title: 1904

section: Science & Discovery

date: January 13

text: January 13 – The New York Times ridicules American rocket scientist Robert H. Goddard, which it will rescind following the launch of Apollo 11 in 1969.

title: 1920

date: October 19

text: October 19 – H. R. Ekins, reporter for the New York World-Telegram, wins a race to travel around the world on commercial airline flights, beating Dorothy Kilgallen of the New York Journal and Leo Kieran of The New York Times. The flight takes 18½ days.

title: 1936

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: November 14

text: November 14 – Leonard Bernstein, substituting at the last minute for ailing principal conductor Bruno Walter, directs the New York Philharmonic in its regular Sunday afternoon broadcast concert, over CBS Radio. The event receives front-page coverage in The New York Times the following day.

title: 1943

section: Events › November

date: June 5

text: June 5 – The text of Nikita Khrushchev's February attack on Stalin's reputation, "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", is first published in the West, in The New York Times.

title: 1956

section: Events › June

date: November 3

text: November 3 – Earliest recorded use of the term "personal computer", in the report of a speech by computing pioneer John Mauchly in The New York Times.

title: 1962

section: Conflict & Security

date: December 1

text: December 1 – Vietnam War: The first draft lottery in the United States since World War II is held. September 14 is the first of the 366 days of the year selected, meaning that anyone born on September 14 in the years from 1944 to 1951 would be the first to be summoned. On January 4, 1970, The New York Times will run a long article, "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random".

title: 1969

section: Events › December

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Vietnam War: The New York Times begins to publish the Pentagon Papers.

title: 1971

section: Crime & Justice

date: March 26

text: March 26 – An article in The New York Times charges that Kurt Waldheim, former United Nations Secretary-General and candidate for president of Austria, may have been involved in Nazi war crimes during World War II.

title: 1986

section: Events › March

date: January 1

text: January 1 – The New York Times discloses involvement of West German company Imhausen and Salzgitter AG in building a chemical weapon plant in Rabta, Libya.

title: 1989

date: September 19

text: September 19 – The Washington Post and The New York Times publish the Unabomber Manifesto

title: 1995

date: October 16

text: October 16 – The first color photograph appears on the front page of The New York Times.

title: 1997

section: Events › October

date: October 14

text: October 14 – A New York Times investigation reveals that Russian planes had bombed at least 50 hospitals and clinics in opposition-held Idlib, Syria.

title: 2019

section: Religion & Belief

date: May 28

text: May 28 – The New York Times breaks the story on a Canadian Indian Residential School Cemeteries announcement, incorrectly reporting a discovery of "mass graves" of Indigenous children at a former school site. The reporting would help "spawn a new holiday, Truth and Reconciliation Day, prompt an official visit by Pope Francis, and result in Canadian flags being kept at half-mast for a record-breaking five consecutive months."

title: 2021


slug: the-troubles

label: The Troubles

description: 1960s–1990s conflict in Northern Ireland

date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Troubles: British troops are deployed in Northern Ireland to restore order following three days of political and sectarian violence, marking the beginning of the 37-year Operation Banner.

title: 1969

section: Events › August

date: February 22

text: February 22 – The Troubles: 1972 Aldershot bombing – A car bomb planted by the Official Irish Republican Army kills seven people outside a British military base in Aldershot, England.

title: 1972

section: Events › February

date: July 21

text: July 21 – The Troubles: Bloody Friday – 22 bombs planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army explode in Belfast, Northern Ireland; nine people are killed and 130 seriously injured.

title: 1972

date: May 30

text: May 30 – The Troubles: The Official Irish Republican Army declares a ceasefire.

title: 1972

section: Events › May

date: March 8

text: March 8 – The Troubles: A referendum is held in Northern Ireland over whether to reunite with the Republic of Ireland or to stay a part of the UK. The result was 98% remain. The Provisional Irish Republican Army responds to the referendum by planting four car bombs in London on the same day, two of which went off, causing one death and injuring over 200 people.

title: 1973

date: May 17

text: May 17 – The Troubles: The Dublin and Monaghan bombings are carried out by the Ulster Volunteer Force, when they explode four car bombs in counties Dublin and Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland. The attacks kill 33 civilians and wound almost 300, the highest number of casualties in any single event during the conflict.

title: 1974

section: Events › May–June

date: August 27

text: August 27 – The Troubles: Lord Mountbatten of Burma and two others are killed in a bombing on his boat in the Republic of Ireland by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). Mountbatten was a British fleet admiral, statesman and an uncle of The Duke of Edinburgh. On the same day, the Warrenpoint ambush occurs, killing 18 British soldiers. Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne would die in a hospital the following day from injuries sustained in the bombing.

title: 1979

date: November 23

text: November 23 – The Troubles: In Dublin, Ireland, Provisional Irish Republican Army member Thomas McMahon is sentenced to life in prison for the assassination of Lord Mountbatten of Burma in August. He was released in 1998 under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.

title: 1979

date: March 14

text: March 14 – The Troubles: After 16 years in prison for allegedly bombing an English public house in a Provisional IRA attack, the "Birmingham Six" are freed when a court determines that their conviction was unsafe and unsatisfactory.

title: 1991

date: August 31

text: August 31 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army announces a "complete cessation of military operations" as part of the Northern Ireland peace process. This will temporarily end in 1996 with the Docklands bombing in England before a definite ceasefire in 1997. In 1998, the Good Friday Agreement is signed and the IRA decommissions its weapons in 2005

title: 1994

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Good Friday Agreement: An hour after the end of the talks deadline, the Belfast Agreement is signed between the Irish and British governments and most Northern Ireland political parties, with the notable exception of the Democratic Unionist Party. This would mostly put an end to the conflict known as The Troubles.

title: 1998

section: Events › April

date: August 15

text: August 15 – The Troubles: The Omagh bombing is carried out in Northern Ireland by the Real Irish Republican Army as a reaction to the Good Friday Agreement. 29 people are killed and 220 are injured. Shortly after these events, the group will call a ceasefire in response, signaling an end to the 30+ year conflict.

title: 1998


label: Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)

description: Théâtre du Palais-Royal (1641-1763)

section: Culture & Society

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Molière's comedy Dom Juan ou le Festin de pierre, based on the Spanish legend of the womanizer Don Juan Tenorio and Tirso de Molina's Spanish play El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra, premieres in Paris at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal.

title: 1665

section: Events › January–March

date: June 4

text: June 4 – Molière's comedy of manners The Misanthrope is premièred at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris by the King's Players with himself in the title role.

title: 1666

section: Events › April–June

text: October 14 – Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, a five-act comedy and ballet authored by Molière, is given its first performance, presented before King Louis XIV at the Château de Chambord. Public performances begin on November 23 at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris.

title: 1670

section: Events › October–December

date: June 5

text: June 5 – The first performance of the opera Didon by French composer Henri Desmarets takes place at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris.

title: 1693

date: July 28

text: July 28 – The opera Vénus et Adonis, composed by Henri Desmarets with libretto by Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, receives its first performance, premiering at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris.

title: 1697

section: Events › July–September

date: November 7

text: November 7 – The first performance of the opera Tancrède by André Campra takes place at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris.

title: 1702

date: December 27

text: December 27 – The premiere of the opera Callirhoé by André Cardinal Destouches takes place at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris.

title: 1712

date: January 12

text: January 12 – The premiere of the opera Idoménée by André Campra takes place at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris.

title: 1712

date: December 5

text: December 5 – French composer Jean-Philippe Rameau premieres his new opera, Zoroastre, at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris, but the first version is not a success. After five years of rewriting, Rameau will revive Zoroastre on January 19, 1756 and the opera will continue to be performed more than two centuries later.

title: 1749

date: April 6

text: April 6 – The Théâtre du Palais-Royal, home to the Paris Opera for almost 90 years, is destroyed in an accidental fire.

title: 1763