slug: gustav-i-of-sweden

label: Gustav I of Sweden

text: September 24 – Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1535)

title: 1513

date: June 6

text: June 6 – Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, establishing the full independence of Sweden from the Kalmar Union, which marks the end of the Kalmar Union. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.

title: 1523

section: Events › April–June

date: January 12

text: January 12 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned king of Sweden, having already reigned since his election in June 1523.

title: 1528

section: Events › January–March

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1621)

title: 1535

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1513)

title: 1535

section: Culture & Society

date: January 13

text: January 13 – At Västerås, the estates of Sweden swear loyalty to King Gustav Vasa and to his heirs, ending the traditional electoral monarchy in Sweden. Gustav subsequently signs an alliance with the Kingdom of France.

title: 1544

date: June 12

text: June 12 – The city of Helsinki (now in Finland but known as Helsingfors in Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.

title: 1550

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Margaret Leijonhufvud, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1516)

title: 1551

text: Future King Prince John, younger son of King Gustav I of Sweden becomes Duke of Finland.

title: 1556

section: Events › Date unknown

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Eric XIV becomes King of Sweden, upon the death of his father, Gustav Vasa.

title: 1560

section: Events › July–September

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1535)

title: 1621

section: Deaths › October–December


slug: gustavus-adolphus

label: Gustavus Adolphus

description: Swedish king (regent 1611–1632) (1594–1632)

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 10

text: January 10 – Gustavus Adolphus replies to Metropolitan Isidor, Odoevskij and the estates of Novgorod, stating that he himself wishes to assume responsibility for the government of Novgorod and also of all Russians. A number of land grants signed the same day show that the Swedish king has assumed the title of Tsar.

title: 1612

section: Conflict & Security

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Swedish troops led by King Gustavus Adolphus begin the siege of the Russian city of Pskov, but fail to take the fortress after 12 weeks. The siege ends on October 27.

title: 1615

date: April 19

text: April 19 – The town of Uusikaupunki (, lit. "New Town") was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.

title: 1617

date: October 12

text: October 12 – The coronation ceremony of King Gustav Adolf of Sweden takes place in Stockholm, almost six years after he succeeded to the throne.

title: 1617

section: Events › October–December

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: May 12

text: May 12 – The city of Tornio in Lapland is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, becoming the northernmost city in the world at the time.

title: 1621

date: January 7

text: January 7 – Polish-Swedish War: Battle of Wallhof in Latvia – Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, defeats a Polish army.

title: 1626

section: Health & Medicine

date: February 10

text: February 10 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden issues an order bringing an end to the "foolishness and insanity" ("dårskap och galenskap") of religious visionary Margareta i Kumla, prohibiting Swedes from making pilgrimages to see her on pain of imprisonment, and threatening her with incarceration if she continues to preach about her visions from the angels.

title: 1628

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War begins when King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, leading an army of 13,000 on the Protestant side, makes landfall at Peenemünde, Pomerania.

title: 1630

section: Deaths

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rain – Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly's Catholic League armies for the second time within a year; Tilly is severely wounded during the battle and dies on April 30.

title: 1632

date: March

text: March – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus Adolphus invades Bavaria with his army.

title: 1632

date: November 6

text: November 6 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (in battle) (b. 1594)

title: 1632

date: September 9

text: September 9 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of the Alte Veste – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated.

title: 1632


slug: guthrum

label: Guthrum

description: King of East Anglia from 879 to 890

text: The Danes, led by Halfdan and Guthrum, establish a winter quarter at Torksey in the Kingdom of Lindsey (now part of Lincolnshire). King Burgred pays tribute (Danegeld) in return for 'peace'.

title: 872

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: The Danish Great Heathen Army, led by the Viking leaders Halfdan and Guthrum, attack Mercia and capture the royal centre at Repton (Derbyshire). The Vikings establish an encampment with a U-shape ditch, on the south bank of the River Trent and spend the winter there.

title: 873

date: June

text: June – The Great Heathen Army, led by Guthrum, moves on Cambridge. He later returns to Wessex, to establish a winter quarter. King Alfred the Great fights the Danes in a naval engagement.

title: 875

text: The Great Heathen Army, led by Guthrum, captures the fortress of Wareham (Dorset), and is met by a Viking army (3,500 men) from the sea, which lands at Poole Harbour. King Alfred the Great traps the Vikings, and demands hostages in return for a peace agreement. The Danes divide their forces; half flees to Exeter, where they besiege the town while the other half escape in their ships, but are lost in a storm near Swanage.

title: 876

text: Autumn – King Alfred the Great raises a large force, and marches on the Viking camp at the city of Exeter. His army besieges the Great Summer Army, led by Guthrum, and forces the Vikings to surrender. They flee north to Gloucester, and settle in the Five Boroughs (modern East Midlands).

title: 877

date: May

text: May – Battle of Edington: Supported by all the levies of Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire, Alfred the Great decisively defeats the main body of Danish Vikings, led by King Guthrum, at modern-day Edington, Wiltshire (near Bratton Castle).

title: 878

text: Viking leader Guthrum becomes 'king' of East Anglia. A Viking fleet sails up the River Thames, and builds a camp at Fulham (near London) to prepare for an invasion of France.

title: 879

text: Guthrum, Danish Viking king (approximate date)

title: 890


slug: guy-of-lusignan

label: Guy of Lusignan

description: French Poitevin knight and King of Jerusalem by right of marriage (c.1150–1194) (r. 1186–1192)

section: Crime & Justice

date: March 27

text: March 27 – Patrick of Salisbury, Angevin governor of Poitou, is killed in an ambush at Poitiers by French forces under Guy of Lusignan. He is escorting Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine on a journey near the border of Aquitaine. Patrick's nephew, William Marshal, is part of the royal escort and is taken prisoner. Later he is ransomed and becomes a member of Eleanor's household.

title: 1168

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Baldwin IV arranges the marriage of his sister, Sibylla, to Guy of Lusignan, brother of the constable Amalric of Lusignan. Baldwin grants Guy the County of Jaffa and Ascalon as a fief.

title: 1180

section: Events › By place › Levant

text: The Siege of Kerak is waged between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders, in which regent Guy of Lusignan refuses to fight.

title: 1183

section: Events › By area › Asia › Near East

date: April

text: April – King Guy of Lusignan summons his vassals and marches north to Nazareth, to reduce Galilee to submission.

title: 1187

date: September 4

text: September 4 – King Guy of Lusignan is released by Saladin after Ascalon is forced to surrender. Guy and his wife, Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem, seek refuge in Tyre, which is defended by Conrad of Montferrat.

title: 1188

date: August 28

text: August 28 – Siege of Acre: King Guy of Lusignan moves from Tyre, where Conrad of Montferrat refuses to hand over the city. Guy and his crusader army (some 7,000 men, including 400 knights) besiege Acre. He makes camp outside, to wait for more reinforcements.

title: 1189

date: May 5

text: May 5 – Siege of Acre: A Crusader force under King Guy of Lusignan attacks the city with three siege engines, but all are destroyed by the Muslim defenders with Greek fire, a highly flammable liquid. An Egyptian flotilla is able to avoid the Pisan fleet (some 50 ships) and resupply the city with new provisions. Saladin launches a massive eight-day attack on the Crusaders two weeks later. Meanwhile, in the Crusader camp the conditions are deteriorating by disease and famine, among the soldiers.

title: 1190

section: Events › By place › Third Crusade

text: May – The Pisan colony at Tyre plots to seize the city, and hand it over to Guy of Lusignan – the ruler of Cyprus. King Henry I of Jerusalem arrests the ringleaders, and orders that the colony be reduced to only 30 people. The Pisans retaliate, by raiding the coastal villages between Tyre and Acre.

title: 1193


slug: habsburg-monarchy

label: Habsburg monarchy

description: monarchy in Europe (1282–1918)

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Battle of Pavia: German and Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the French army, and capture Francis I of France, after his horse is wounded by Cesare Hercolani. While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a Franco-Ottoman alliance with Suleiman the Magnificent against the Habsburg Empire are made.

title: 1525

section: Events › January–March

date: November 30

text: November 30 – Cardinal Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, is named French Secretary of State by young king Louis XIII. Richelieu will change France into a unified centralised state, able to resist both England and the Habsburg Empire.

title: 1616

section: Events › November-December

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Battle of Saint Gotthard: The Ottoman Empire is defeated by a Habsburg army, led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, leading to the Peace of Vasvár.

title: 1664

section: Religion & Belief

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland, to end Ottoman Turkish rule in Europe.

title: 1684

text: Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Crnojević leads the first of the two Great Serbian Migrations into the Habsburg Empire, following Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo.

title: 1690

date: January 26

text: January 26 – The Republic of Venice, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Holy Roman Empire sign the Treaty of Karlowitz with the Ottoman Empire, marking an end to the major phase of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars. The treaty marks a major geopolitical shift, as the Ottoman Empire subsequently abandons its expansionism and adopts a defensive posture while the Habsburg monarchy expands its influence.

title: 1699

text: January 26 – War of Spanish Succession: The uprising by Bavarians against the occupation of the Electorate of Bavaria by Austrian troops ends after 75 days, and ends the plans of Maximilian II Emanuel, the Elector of Bavaria, to bring Bavaria under the rule of the House of Wittelsbach.

title: 1706

date: September 11

text: September 11 (August 31 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malplaquet – Troops of the Dutch Republic, Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.

title: 1709

section: Events › July–December

date: August 20

text: August 20 – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Saragossa: The Spanish-Bourbon army, commanded by the Marquis de Bay, is soundly defeated by the forces of the Habsburg monarchy, under Guido Starhemberg and their allies.

title: 1710

date: March 7

text: March 7 – The Treaty of Rastatt is signed between Austria and France, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession between them. Austria receives the Spanish territories in Italy (the Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Milan and Kingdom of Sardinia), as well as the Southern Netherlands; and from France, Freiburg and Landau. The Austrian Habsburg Empire reaches its largest territorial extent yet, with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor succeeding Philip V of Spain, as ruler in the ceded territories.

title: 1714

date: April 13

text: April 13 – Austria, ruled by King Charles VI, renews its alliance with the Republic of Venice, leading the Ottoman Empire, ruled by Ahmed III, to declare war.

title: 1716

section: Events › April–June

text: January 26 – The First Treaty of Vienna is signed between Austria, the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, creating the Austro-Spanish Alliance in advance of a war against Great Britain.

title: 1726

date: July 22

text: July 22 – The Ottoman Empire retakes Belgrade from Austria's Habsburg monarchy after winning the Battle of Grocka.

title: 1739

date: December 18

text: December 18 – Queen Maria Theresa of Austria issues a proclamation to rid Bohemia of its Jewish residents, with the Jews to leave Prague over the next two weeks, and then to depart from Bohemia entirely in 1745.

title: 1744

text: January 7 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Austrian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Károly József Batthyány, makes a surprise attack at Amberg and the winter quarters of the Bavarian Army, and scatters the Bavarian defending troops, then captures the Bavarian capital of Munich.

title: 1745

date: October 11

text: October 11 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Rocoux: The French army defeats the allied Austrian, British, Hanoveran and Dutch army in Rocourt.

title: 1746

date: October 29

text: October 29 – Battle of Freiberg: Prince Henry of Prussia, Frederick's brother, defeats the Austrian army of Marshal Serbelloni.

title: 1762

date: February 15

text: February 15 – The Treaty of Hubertusburg puts an end to the Seven Years' War between Prussia and Austria, and their allies France and Russia.

title: 1763

text: January 7 – The Siculicidium is carried out as hundreds of the Székely minority in Transylvania are massacred by the Austrian Army at Madéfalva.

title: 1764

section: Events › January–June

date: August 5

text: August 5 – The first Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth begins. The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria becomes part of the crown lands of the Habsburg monarchy.

title: 1772

date: February 17

text: February 17 – The First Partition of Poland is agreed to by Russia and Prussia, later including Austria.

title: 1772

date: January

text: January – The Habsburg monarchy forces the Ottoman Empire to cede Bukovina to its rule.

title: 1775

date: July 16

text: July 16 – Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation issued in order to regulate organization of Eastern Orthodox Church in Habsburg monarchy.

title: 1779

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: October 20

text: October 20 – A Patent of Toleration, providing limited freedom of worship, is approved in the Habsburg monarchy.

title: 1781

date: February 9

text: February 9 – Austria enters the Russo-Turkish War (1787–92), and attacks Moldavia.

title: 1788

date: March 18

text: March 18 – Second Battle of Neerwinden: A coalition army of Habsburg monarchy and Dutch Republic troops repulses attacks from French Republican forces, near Neerwinden, Flemish Brabant.

title: 1793

date: October 15

text: October 15–16 – War of the First Coalition: Battle of Wattignies – A French Republican force commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan compels a Habsburg Austrian Coalition army to retire.

title: 1793

date: October 24

text: October 24 – The Third Partition of Poland is made, dividing the territory of the Commonwealth of Poland between the Habsburg monarchy, Prussia and the Russian Empire. On November 25, Stanisław August Poniatowski formally abdicates as last King of Poland.

title: 1795

date: December 3

text: December 3 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden – The French army defeats Habsburg and Bavarian troops.

title: 1800


slug: habsburg-spain

label: Habsburg Spain

description: period of Spain under rule by the Spanish Branch of the House of Habsburg in the 16th and 17th centuries

section: Conflict & Security

date: April 28

text: April 28 – Battle of Capo d'Orso: The French fleet, under mercenary captain Filippino Doria, crushes the Spanish squadron trying to run the blockade of Naples.

title: 1528

date: June 21

text: June 21 – War of the League of Cognac – Battle of Landriano: French forces in northern Italy are decisively defeated by Spain.

title: 1529

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Battle of Alborán: A Habsburg Spanish fleet, under the command of Bernardino de Mendoza, destroys an Ottoman fleet commanded by Ali Hamet off Alborán Island in the Mediterranean.

title: 1540

section: Events › October–December

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Eighty Years' War – Sack of Antwerp: In the Low Countries, mutinous Spanish soldiers sack Antwerp; after three days the city is nearly destroyed.

title: 1576

date: January 11

text: January 11 – Valladolid is briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain under Philip III, before returning indefinitely to Madrid in 1606.

title: 1601

section: Culture & Society

date: June 29

text: June 29 – Première of Pedro Calderón de la Barca's first play, Amor, honor y poder (Love, Honor and Power), at the Court of Habsburg Spain.

title: 1623

section: Economy & Finance

text: Habsburg Spain suffers an economic collapse.

title: 1627

section: Events › Date unknown

date: September 6

text: September 6 – The Battle of Nördlingen ends after two days with a decisive victory for the Imperial Army and Habsburg Spain over the Army of Sweden and Protestant German troops.

title: 1634

section: Events › July–September

date: February 18

text: February 18 – Eighty Years' War: Battle off Lizard Point – Off the coast of Cornwall, England, a Spanish fleet intercepts an Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by six warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.

title: 1637

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Battle of Montijo: The Kingdom of Portugal is victorious over Habsburg Spain, in the first major action between the two nations during the Portuguese Restoration War.

title: 1644

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: May 30

text: May 30 – Eighty Years' War: Habsburg Spain and the Dutch Republic sign a temporary cease-fire.

title: 1646

date: June 17

text: June 17 – Battle of Montes Claros between Spanish and a combined Anglo-Portuguese force ends with a decisive Portuguese victory.

title: 1665

date: October 2

text: October 2 – Manuel de Cendoya, Spain's Governor of Florida, breaks ground for the construction of the Castillo de San Marcos, a masonry fortress designed to protect St. Augustine. Governor Cendoya follows on November 9 with the ceremonial laying for the first stone for the foundation.

title: 1672


slug: habsburg

label: Habsburg

text: Congress of Visegrád: The monarchs of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland form an anti-Habsburg alliance.

title: 1335

section: Deaths

text: Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. After the death of Duke Henry, the duchies are bestowed by Louis the Bavarian on the Dukes of Austria. From that time onwards, what is today Slovenia is ruled jointly with Austria until 1918.

title: 1335

date: September 9

text: September 9 – The Treaty of Neuberg is signed, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between brothers Albert III and Leopold III. Albert III retains the title of Duke of Austria.

title: 1379

date: April 9

text: April 9 – At the Battle of Näfels, the Canton of Glarus, in alliance with the Old Swiss Confederacy, decisively defeats the Duchy of Austria and the Habsburgs, despite being outnumbered 16 to one.

title: 1388

text: The Swiss Confederation takes the territory of Aargau from the house of Habsburg.

title: 1415

date: March 17

text: March 17 – The Swiss Canton of Bern intervenes to block an agreement between the Canton of Zürich that would have ceded the town of Grüningen to the Habsburg family of Germany.

title: 1441

text: Regular postal service connects the Habsburg residences of Mechelen and Innsbruck, the first in Germany.

title: 1490

date: October 26

text: October 26 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey falls from power in England, due to his failure to obtain an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage and to prevent Habsburg expansion in Europe. Thomas More succeeds him as Lord Chancellor.

title: 1529

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Capture of Brielle: The Sea Beggars, Netherlandish Calvinist rebels, capture the port city of Brielle. This leads to a wave of uprisings in Holland and Zeeland against Spanish Habsburg rule, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception of Amsterdam) under rebel control.

title: 1572

text: October 26 – Battle of Keresztes: The Ottoman Empire Turks defeat a combined Habsburg–Transylvanian army, after two days of fighting: .

title: 1596

date: September 12

text: September 12 – War of the Spanish Succession: Habsburg Archduke Charles is proclaimed King of Spain, but never exercises full rule.

title: 1703

date: August 3

text: August 3 – In the Battle of Trenčín, 8,000 soldiers of the Imperial Army of the Habsburgs are victorious over the 15,000 Hungarian Kuruc forces of Francis II Rákóczi.

title: 1708

date: April 19

text: April 19 – With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, to ensure one of his daughters will inherit the Habsburg lands.

title: 1713

date: September 11

text: September 11 – The Croatian army of Josip Jelačić, encouraged in secret by the Habsburg government, crosses the Drava River and attacks Hungary, with the goal of ending the revolution in that country.

title: 1848

date: September 25

text: September 25 – The Hungarian king and Habsburg emperor Ferdinand V refuses to recognise the Hungarian government, led by Lajos Batthyány. The Batthyány government resigns and the National Defence Committee is formed, which is a temporary crisis government, totally independent from Vienna, under the leadership of Lajos Kossuth.

title: 1848


slug: hadrian-s-villa

label: Hadrian's Villa

description: archaeological complex in Tivoli, Italy

text: 118–128 – Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts, from Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is made (approximate date). It may be a copy of a painting done by the late 5th century BC Greek artist Zeuxis. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

title: AD 118

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli is built.

title: AD 123

text: Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, starts to be built (approximate date).

title: AD 125

text: Construction begins on Canopus, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy.

title: AD 130

section: Crime & Justice

text: c. 130–138 – Antinous, from Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, Italy, is made. It is now kept at Museo Gregoriano Egizio, Rome.

title: AD 130

section: Events › By topic › Arts and sciences

text: Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy, is completed.

title: AD 134

section: Events › By topic › Architecture

text: Canopus, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is finished.

title: AD 135

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Hadrian dictates his memoirs at his villa near Tivoli (Tibur) outside Rome.

title: AD 136

title: AD 138


slug: hadrian-s-wall

label: Hadrian's Wall

description: defensive fortification in Roman Britain

text: Emperor Hadrian orders that a 73-mile (117-kilometer) wall be built to mark the northern Roman Empire while personally visiting the area. Hadrian's Wall, as it comes to be known, is intended to keep the Caledonians, Picts and other tribes at bay.

title: AD 122

text: Housesteads Fort is constructed on Hadrian's Wall north of Bardon Mill.

title: AD 123

text: Hadrian's Wall is completed in Britain. Built mostly of stone in the east and with a wooden palisade in the west. They construct at least 16 forts, with about 15,000 legionaries digging ditches, quarrying rock and cutting stone, preventing idleness which led to unrest and rebellions in the ranks.

title: AD 128

text: Merchants in Britain build structures outside the forts of Hadrian's Wall, and offer goods and services (including brothels) to Roman soldiers, who receive salaries in a region that otherwise has virtually no ready money.

title: AD 132

text: Northern British from beyond Hadrian's Wall invade the North of modern-day England, causing Emperor Commodus to allow swathes of Northern cities to establish city walls.

title: AD 180

text: In Britain, Clodius Albinus allies with Septimius Severus, and accepts the title of Caesar. British tribes take advantage of the disorder in the Empire, and damage Hadrian's Wall. Extensive repairs to the defence work is carried out by the legionaries.

title: AD 193

text: Hadrian's Wall in Britain is partially destroyed.

title: AD 196

text: Hadrian's Wall is restored, after heavy raids by Caledonian tribes had overrun much of northern Britain.

title: 205

text: Hadrian's Wall is retaken for the first time, since the Pictish uprising of 180.

title: 206

text: Emperor Septimius Severus leads an expedition (20,000 men) into Britannia, crosses Hadrian's Wall and moves through eastern Scotland. The Roman army pushes the Caledonians back to the River Tay and Severus signs a peace treaty. He repairs the Antonine Wall (his repairs are sometimes called the Severan Wall).

title: 208

text: Emperor Constantine the Great pulls Roman troops out of Britain, and abandons work on Hadrian's Wall.

title: 333

text: Great Conspiracy: The Roman garrison on Hadrian's Wall revolts and allows Picts from Caledonia to devastate Britain. Simultaneously Attacotti, the Scotti from Hibernia (Ireland), and the Saxons from Germania invade the island's mid-western and south-eastern borders. They sack the cities and murder, rape or enslave Romano-British civilians.

title: 367

text: Winter – The barbarians are driven back to their homelands, Hadrian's Wall is retaken and order returns to the Roman diocese. Theodosius reorganises the abandoned forts and mounts punitive expeditions in Hibernia (Ireland).

title: 368

text: King Vortigern invites a number of Germanic warriors to aid him in consolidating his position in Britain, according to the Historia Brittonum. He hires Saxons who are probably settled in Kent as mercenaries to fight against the Picts and the Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall.

title: 428

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Religion & Belief

text: Peada marries Alchflaed, daughter of King Oswiu of Bernicia, and is baptised at Ad Murum (in the region of Hadrian's Wall) by bishop Finan.

title: 653

section: Events › By place › Britain


slug: hadrian

label: Hadrian

description: 14th Roman Emperor (117–138)

year_label: 76 CE

section: Births

date: January 24

text: January 24 – Hadrian, Roman emperor (d. 138)

title: AD 76

text: The future emperor, Hadrian, marries Vibia Sabina.

title: AD 100

text: Antinous, Bithynian Greek lover of Emperor Hadrian (d. 130)

title: AD 111

text: Hadrian succeeds Gaius Julius Cassius Steirieus as archon of Athens.

title: AD 112

text: On his death bed, Trajan allegedly adopts Hadrian, a fellow Spaniard, and designates him as his successor. Hadrian will reign until 138.

title: AD 117

text: Emperor Hadrian is also a Roman Consul.

title: AD 118

text: Emperor Hadrian stations Legio VI Victrix in Roman Britain, to assist in quelling the resistance of a local rebellion. The legion is key in securing the victory, and eventually replaces Legio IX Hispana at Eboracum.

title: AD 119

text: Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.

title: AD 120

text: Emperor Hadrian fixes the border between Roman Britain and Caledonia, on a line running from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth.

title: AD 121

title: AD 122

text: Emperor Hadrian averts a war with Parthia by a personal meeting with Osroes I (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed).

title: AD 123

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Emperor Hadrian begins to rebuild the Olympeion in Athens.

title: AD 124

text: The old Pantheon is demolished by Emperor Hadrian, and the construction of a new one begins (its date is uncertain, because Hadrian chooses not to inscribe the temple).

title: AD 126

text: Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome, after a seven-year voyage to the Roman provinces.

title: AD 127

text: Emperor Hadrian visits the Roman province of North Africa, in order to inspect Legio III Augusta stationed at Lambaesis. For strategic reasons, the legionnaires are located in the Aurès Mountains.

title: AD 128

text: Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.

title: AD 128

text: Emperor Hadrian continues his voyages, now inspecting Caria, Cappadocia and Syria.

title: AD 129

text: Emperor Hadrian visits the cities Petra and Gerasa (Jerash).

title: AD 130

date: October 30

text: October 30 – Antinous, lover of Hadrian (b. 111)

title: AD 130

text: Emperor Hadrian builds the city Aelia Capitolina, on the location of Jerusalem.

title: AD 131

text: Bar Kokhba revolt: The messianic, charismatic Jewish leader Simon bar Kokhba starts a war of liberation for Judea against the Romans, which is eventually crushed (in 135) by Emperor Hadrian; Rabbi Akiva is supportive of the rebellion.

title: AD 132

text: A Jewish diaspora begins, as Emperor Hadrian bars Jews from Jerusalem, and has survivors of the massacre dispersed across the Roman Empire. Many join Mediterranean ports.

title: AD 135

text: Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian expels the Jews from Judea, and receives a triumphal arch near Scythopolis. The Roman province of Iudaea (plus Galilee) becomes Syria Palaestina (the name Palestine as a designation for this land has been used since at least the 5th century BC (mentioned by Herodotus)).

title: AD 136

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Emperor Hadrian makes Antoninus Pius his successor, on condition that he adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.

title: AD 138

date: July 10

text: July 10 – Hadrian, Roman emperor died at Baie (b. AD 76)

title: AD 138

text: The Tomb of Hadrian in Rome is completed; Emperor Antoninus Pius cremates the body of Hadrian, and places his ashes, together with that of his wife Vibia Sabina and his adopted son, Lucius Aelius, in the mausoleum.

title: AD 139

text: Marcus Aurelius, a Spaniard like Trajan and Hadrian, is a stoical disciple of Epictetus, and an energetic man of action. He pursues the policy of his predecessor and maintains good relations with the Senate. As a legislator, he endeavors to create new principles of morality and humanity, particularly favoring women and slaves.

title: AD 161

date: February 13

text: February 13 – Emperor Justinian I appoints a commission (including the jurist Tribonian) to codify all laws of the Roman Empire that are still in force from Hadrian to the current date; this becomes the Corpus Juris Civilis.

title: 528

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


slug: hafsid-dynasty

label: Hafsid dynasty

description: Sunni Muslim dynasty of Amazigh (Berber) descent

text: Abu Zakariya Yahya, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate (d. 1249)

title: 1203

section: Conflict & Security

text: Abu Zakariya Yahya expands his influence by conquering the cities of Constantine and Béjaïa (modern Algeria). He becomes the founder and first ruler of the Hafsid Dynasty in Ifriqiya.

title: 1229

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: Summer – An Aragonese expeditionary army under King Peter III lands in North Africa at Collo, in proclaimed support of a rebellion of the governor of Constantine, Ibn Wazir. The revolt is suppressed by Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate. Peter, wary of the situation in Sicily, sails off and fails to take advantage of the state of rebellion in North Africa. Ibrahim stabilizes his power and styles himself emir of the sultanate.

title: 1282

text: Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate, is overthrown by the Bedouin rebellion, led by Abd al-Aziz I.

title: 1283

text: Hafsid forces under Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya (half-brother of Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I) reconquer Tunis and reinstall the Hafsid dynasty as the dominating power in Ifriqiya. This ends the Bedouin rebellion started in 1283.

title: 1284

text: Abu Hafs Umar I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate, takes control of Béjaïa and becomes a rival of the main Hafsid entity based in Tunis.

title: 1286

date: July 1

text: July 1 – The Barbary Crusade begins as the Kingdom of France and the Republic of Genoa attempt to stop the raids of the Barbary pirates by invading the North African region of Ifriqiya and laying siege to Mahdia in what is now Tunisia. Louis II, Duke of Bourbon and Giacomo Fregoso of Genoa bring 6,000 knights and soldiers on 60 ships against 40,000 Muslim defenders led by the Caliph Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II of the Hafsid Sultanate and the Sultan Abu Tashufin II of Tlemcen.

title: 1390

text: Abd al-Aziz II succeeds Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II, as ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in present-day Tunisia.

title: 1394

date: June 3

text: June 3 – At Tunis, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz al-Mutawakkil becomes the new of Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate of Ifriqiya in North Africa

title: 1394

section: Events › April–June

date: August 21

text: August 21 – King Martin of Aragon, and ruler of Valencia, Majorca and Barcelona, begins the Bona crusade of Christians against the Muslims of Tunisia and departs from the island of Menorca with 13 galleys, 77 warships and 7,500 crusaders toward the Harsid Kingdom, ruled by the Caliph Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II.

title: 1398

date: September 18

text: September 18 – 18 (Dhu al-Hijjah 832 AH) The Hafsid Sultanate Saracens, ruled by the Hafsid Caliph Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II and commanded by Kaid Ridavan, depart from Tunis with 70 ships and 18,000 troops in an attempt to capture Malta, but are repelled by its defenders.

title: 1429

date: January 5

text: January 5 – Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate in what is now Tunisia in northern Africa, renews the 1547 treaty of friendship with Spain that had been signed by representatives of his father.

title: 1548

section: Events › January–March


slug: hagia-sophia

label: Hagia Sophia

description: mosque, museum, and former church in Istanbul, Turkey

date: February 15

text: February 15 – The original Hagia Sophia is dedicated in Constantinople.

title: 342

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: February 14

text: 14 February – The first Hagia Sophia church is consecrated in Constantinople.

title: AD 360

text: Basiliscus returns to Constantinople after a disastrous expedition against the Vandals. He is forced to seek sanctuary in the church of Hagia Sophia to escape the wrath of the people. Leo I gives him imperial pardon, but banishes him for 3 years to Heraclea Sintica (Thrace).

title: 468

date: February 23

text: February 23 – Emperor Justinian I orders the building of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople – the Hagia Sophia. He chooses Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles as architects. The material for the construction is brought from all over the empire, such as large stones from quarries in Porphyry, Egypt. More than 10,000 people are employed.

title: 532

date: December 27

text: December 27 – The construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (begun in 532) is completed.

title: 537

section: Climate & Environment

date: May 7

text: May 7 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses due to an earthquake. Emperor Justinian I orders the dome to be rebuilt.

title: 558

date: December 23

text: December 23 – Justinian I re-consecrates Hagia Sophia after its dome is rebuilt. Paul the Silentiary, Byzantine poet, writes an epic poem (Ekphrasis).

title: 562

text: The new Hagia Sophia (cost: 20,000 pounds of gold), with its numerous chapels and shrines, octagonal dome and mosaics, becomes the centre and most visible monument of Eastern Orthodoxy.

title: 563

date: October 31

text: October 31 – Empress Irene is deposed after a 5-year reign, and banished to Lesbos. High-ranking patricians place Nikephoros, the minister of finance (logothetes tou genikou), on the throne. He is crowned in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople, by Patriarch Tarasios, as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.

title: 802

text: Synod of Constantinople: A council led by patriarch Theodotus I, in the Hagia Sophia, reinstitutes iconoclasm.

title: 815

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Emperor Leo V (the Armenian) is assassinated by conspirators in the Hagia Sophia, at Constantinople. Though unarmed, he fights back fiercely but dies of his wounds. He is succeeded by Michael II, the commander of the palace guard (excubitores). Leo's family (including his mother and his wife Theodosia) are exiled to monasteries in Princes' Islands.

title: 820

section: Culture & Society

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Emperor Theophilos, 16, marries the Armenian noblewoman Theodora, in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople. He chooses her during a representation of a bride-show; she becomes empress (Augusta) of the Byzantine Empire.

title: 830

text: The Hagia Sophia Basilica (church) in Constantinople suffers great damage during an earthquake, which makes the eastern half-dome collapse. Basil I orders it to be repaired.

title: 869

date: May 15

text: May 15 – The three-year-old Constantine VII, the son of Emperor Leo VI (the Wise), is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire by Patriarch Euthymius I at Constantinople. The ceremony is held in the Hagia Sophia. After the rituals, Constantine is crowned (symbolically) and becomes Leo's successor.

title: 908

date: August 16

text: August 16 – Nikephoros II makes a triumphal entry in Constantinople and is hailed as 'the conqueror'. He is crowned emperor in Hagia Sophia.

title: 963

date: October 25

text: October 25 – The Hagia Sophia at Constantinople is struck by a great earthquake, causing the collapse of the western dome arch. Basil II asks the Armenian architect Trdat, the creator of the Cathedral of Ani, to direct the repairs.

title: 989

section: Events › By topic › Art

date: April 20

text: April 20 – Zoë is proclaimed as empress at an assembly in Hagia Sophia, along with her sister Theodora, as co-ruler. Michael V flees to the monastery of Stoudios, but is arrested, blinded and castrated.

title: 1042

text: Theodosius, a nephew of the former Emperor Constantine IX, tries to usurp the Byzantine throne, and liberates all the prisoners who flock to his banner. With their support, he marches through the streets of Constantinople to the Palace. There, the Varangian Guard forms outside to stop him. Theodosius loses heart and heads for Hagia Sophia. Later he is captured, and exiled to Pergamon.

title: 1056

date: December 24

text: December 24 – The widowed Emperor Manuel I Komnenos marries Maria of Antioch, aged 16, at Hagia Sophia.

title: 1161

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Henry of Flanders is crowned as the second emperor of the Latin Empire, in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople, after hearing of the death of his brother, Emperor Baldwin I, who has died in prison at Baldwin's Tower in Tsarevets Castle, in Veliko Tarnovo (after being captured by the Bulgarians in 1205). Upon Henry's ascension as Latin emperor, the Lombard nobles of the Kingdom of Thessalonica refuse to give him allegiance.

title: 1206

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Michael enters Constantinople in triumph and is crowned as emperor of the Byzantine Empire at the Hagia Sophia. To solidify his claim, the legitimate ruler, John IV Laskaris, is blinded on Michael's orders on December 25, his 11th birthday. Michael banishes him to a monastery and marries his two sisters to lesser Latin and Bulgarian nobles in an attempt to wipe out the Laskarid dynasty.

title: 1261

text: Repairs are made in the Hagia Sophia.

title: 1346

section: Events

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Isidore of Kiev, the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, proclaims the union of the Greek and Latin churches at the Hagia Sophia in hopes of an alliance with Western Christians to prevent the loss of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks.

title: 1452

section: Events › October–December

text: July 10 – Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan orders the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul to be reverted to a mosque following a supreme court annulment of a 1934 presidential decree that made it into a museum.

title: 2020

section: Events › July


slug: hagiography

label: Hagiography

description: biography of a saint or other venerated religious figure

text: Approximate date – Adomnán, Irish abbot and hagiographer (d. 704)

title: 624

title: 628

title: 704

section: Deaths

text: Ibn Ishaq, Arab historian and hagiographer (or 767)

title: 761

text: Ibn Ishaq, Muslim historian and hagiographer (or 761)

title: AD 767

text: Ardo Smaragdus, Frankish abbot and hagiographer

title: 843

text: Osbern of Canterbury, English hagiographer (d. 1090)

title: 1050

title: 1090


slug: haifa

label: Haifa

description: third-largest city in Israel

date: May 26

text: May 26 – The Crusaders march to Haifa and along the coast under Mount Carmel to Caesarea (modern Israel), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate Whitsun (Whit Sunday).

title: 1099

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

text: August 20 – With the support of a Venetian fleet, the Crusaders under Tancred capture the coastal city of Haifa.

title: 1100

section: Events › By place › Levant

date: August 22

text: August 22 – Richard I leads the Crusader forces (some 15,000 men) out of Acre and marches south along the coast, being closely supported by the Crusader fleet, carrying most of the supplies. Meanwhile, Saladin has given his son Al-Afdal orders to remain close to the Crusader rearguard under Hugh III, and strengthens the Muslim garrison both in Jerusalem and Ascalon with 20,000 men each. Richard advances at an unexpectedly slow pace and decides to make camp near Haifa – which Saladin has dismantled shortly before the fall of Acre.

title: 1191

section: Events › By place › Third Crusade

text: The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.

title: 1265

section: Events › By place › North Africa and Asia

date: June

text: June – Al-Ashraf Khalil enters Damascus in triumph with Crusaders chained at their feet and the captured Crusader standards, which are carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. Following the capture of Acre, Khalil and his Mamluk generals proceed to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquer Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Haifa and Tartus.

title: 1291

section: Religion & Belief

date: March 21

text: March 21 – The remains of the Báb are placed in the Baháʼí Shrine of the Báb on Mount Carmel in Haifa, at this time within the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1909

section: Events › March–April

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Patria disaster: As British authorities attempt to deport Jewish refugees (originating from German-occupied Europe) from Mandatory Palestine to Mauritius, aboard the requisitioned emigrant liner at Haifa, the Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah sinks the ship with a bomb, killing around 250 refugees and crew.

title: 1940

section: Events › November

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Following wide media and UNSCOP coverage, the Exodus is captured by British troops, and refused entry into Palestine at the port of Haifa.

title: 1947

date: April 22

text: April 22 – Civil War in Mandatory Palestine: Battle of Haifa – Jewish paramilitary group Haganah captures Haifa from the Arab Liberation Army.

title: 1948

section: Events › April

date: April 21

text: April 21–23 – The first election of the Supreme Institution of the Baháʼí Faith (known as the Universal House of Justice, whose seat is at the Baháʼí World Centre on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel) is held.

title: 1963

section: Crime & Justice

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Haifa bus 16 suicide bombing: A Hamas militant carries out a suicide bombing in Haifa, Israel, killing 15 people.

title: 2001

section: Events › December

date: October 4

text: October 4 – Maxim restaurant suicide bombing: A Palestinian suicide bomber attacks a restaurant in Haifa, Israel, killing at least 19 people.

title: 2003

section: Events › October


slug: haile-selassie

label: Haile Selassie

description: Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: October 7

text: October 7 – Haile Selassie is crowned king (not yet emperor) of Abyssinia.

title: 1928

section: Culture & Society

date: November 2

text: November 2 – Haile Selassie is crowned emperor of Ethiopia.

title: 1930

date: July 16

text: July 16 – Emperor Haile Selassie signs the first Constitution of Ethiopia.

title: 1931

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Haile Selassie announces an anti-slavery law in Abyssinia.

title: 1932

section: Conflict & Security

date: December 13

text: December 13 – 1960 Ethiopian coup attempt: While Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia visits Brazil, his Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Bodyguard) leads a military coup against his rule, proclaiming that the emperor's son, Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen Taffari, is the new emperor.

title: 1960

date: December 17

text: December 17 – Troops loyal to Emperor Haile Selassie in Ethiopia overcome the coup that began on December 13, returning the reins to the Emperor upon his return from a trip to Brazil. The Emperor absolves his own son of any guilt.

title: 1960

date: October 1

text: October 1 – U.S. President John F. Kennedy toasts Emperor Haile Selassie at a luncheon in Rockville, Maryland.

title: 1963

text: April 21 – Haile Selassie visits Jamaica for the first time, meeting with Rasta leaders.

title: 1966

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Ethiopian Revolution: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia is deposed by the Derg, bringing an end to the Solomonic dynasty's rule since 1270. The Ethiopian Civil War begins.

title: 1974

section: Events › September–October


slug: haiti

label: Haiti

description: country in the Caribbean Sea

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Columbus' ship Santa María runs aground off Cap-Haïtien in present day Haiti, and is abandoned. The local chief, Guacanagaríx, allows 39 men of Columbus' crew to remain on the island after his departure.

title: 1492

section: Events › October—December

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: December 5

text: December 5 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola in present day northwestern Haiti.

title: 1492

text: The first African slaves brought to the New World arrive at the island of Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic).

title: 1502

section: Events › Date unknown

date: January 23

text: January 23 – 1635 Capture of Tortuga: The Spanish Navy captures the Caribbean island of Tortuga off of the coast of Haiti after a three-day battle against the English and French Navy.

title: 1635

section: Events › January–March

date: January 14

text: January 14 – A fleet of ships carrying 827 Spanish Navy sailors and marines arrives at Manzanillo Bay on the island of Hispaniola in what is now the Dominican Republic and joins 700 Spanish cavalry, then proceeds westward to invade the French side of the island in what is now Haiti.

title: 1691

date: January 20

text: January 20 – At Cap-Haïtien in Haiti, former slave turned rebel François Mackandal is executed by the French colonial government by being burned at the stake.

title: 1758

date: May 30

text: May 30–June 4 – Battle of Port-Républicain: British troops capture Port-au-Prince in Haiti from the French.

title: 1794

section: Events › April–June

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Quasi-War: Action of 1 January 1800 – A naval battle off the coast of Haiti, between four United States merchant vessels escorted by naval schooner , and a squadron of armed barges manned by Haitian pirates (known as picaroons), under the command of general André Rigaud, ends indecisively.

title: 1800

date: January 29

text: January 29 – The French Saint-Domingue expedition (40,000 troops) led by General Charles Leclerc (Bonaparte's brother-in-law) lands in Saint-Domingue (modern Haiti) in an attempt to restore colonial rule following the Haitian Revolution in which Toussaint Louverture (a black former slave) has proclaimed himself Governor-General for Life and established control over Hispaniola.

title: 1802

text: January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France, becoming the first independent Black state in the New World.

title: 1804

date: October 8

text: October 8 – Jean-Jacques Dessalines holds his coronation as Jean-Jacques I, Emperor of Haiti.

title: 1804

section: Events › October–December

date: October 17

text: October 17 – Emperor Jacques I of Haiti (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) is assassinated at the Pont-Rouge, Haiti, and Alexandre Pétion becomes first President of the Republic of Haiti.

title: 1806

date: July 20

text: July 20 – First Republic of New Granada: Patria Boba: A junta of seven patriots, led by José Acevedo y Gómez, assemble in Bogotá in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia), to declare its independence from the Spanish Empire, the first South American nation to break away from Spain as the third oldest independent republic state after Haiti.

title: 1810

section: Events › July–September

text: November 2 – A peace treaty in Haiti confirms its division between the northern State of Haiti, ruled autocratically by the gen de couleur Henri Christophe, and the southern Republic, ruled by mulatto Alexandre Pétion.

title: 1810

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Construction work is completed on the Citadelle Laferrière in Haiti, the largest fortification in the Americas, built on the orders of Henri Christophe to defend the country against potential French reoccupation.

title: 1820

date: February 9

text: February 9 – The invading Haitian forces, led by Jean-Pierre Boyer, arrive in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Dominican Republic.

title: 1822

text: April 17 – Charles X of France recognizes Haiti, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful Haitian Revolution, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment.

title: 1825

date: February 27

text: February 27 – The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti.

title: 1844

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Faustin Soulouque is elected President of Haiti.

title: 1847

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Michel Domingue becomes head of state of Haiti.

title: 1874

section: Events › June

date: February 5

text: February 5 – The revolution in Haiti is suppressed after the leader, General Montreuil Guillaume, is captured by government troops and shot. General Millionard is executed two days later.

title: 1911

section: Events › February

date: August 15

text: August 15 – The United States Marine Corps leaves Haiti.

title: 1934

section: Events › July–August

date: October 24

text: October 24 – The United Nations is founded by ratification of its Charter, by 29 nations including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Canada, Egypt, Brazil, Haiti, Luxembourg, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and others.

title: 1945

section: Climate & Environment

date: October 11

text: October 11 – Hurricane Hazel crosses over Haiti, killing 1,000.

title: 1954

section: Health & Medicine

text: In or about this year, one person returning to Haiti from the Congo is thought to have first brought HIV to the Americas.

title: 1966

date: September 29

text: September 29 – Hurricane Inez strikes Hispaniola, leaving thousands dead and tens of thousands homeless in the Dominican Republic and Haiti.

title: 1966

section: Events › September

date: August 4

text: August 4 – Hurricane Allen (category 5) pounds Haiti, where it kills more than 200 people.

title: 1980

section: Events › August

section: Science & Discovery

date: August 31

text: August 31 – The cargo ship Khian Sea departs from the docks of Philadelphia, carrying 14,000 tons of toxic waste. It wanders the seas for the next 16 months trying to find a place to dump its cargo. The waste is later dumped in Haiti.

title: 1986

date: February 7

text: February 7 – Anti-Duvalier protest movement: President Jean-Claude Duvalier ("Baby Doc") flees Haiti, ending 28 years of family rule.

title: 1986

date: January

text: January – The cargo ship Khian Sea deposits 4,000 tons of toxic waste in Haiti after wandering around the Atlantic for sixteen months.

title: 1988

section: Events › January

text: January 20 – The government of Haiti declares a state of emergency, under which it suspends civil liberties, imposes censorship and arrests political opponents. The state of siege is lifted on January 29.

title: 1990

text: February 7 – 1991 Haitian coup d'état: Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. He is ousted on September 30 and later reinstated in 1994. In response to the coup and in an effort to encourage the coup leaders to restore democracy, the U.S. expands trade sanctions on Haiti to include all goods except food and medicine on October 29.

title: 1991

text: October 11–28 – The UNMIH is prevented from entering Haiti by its military-led regime. On October 18, United Nations economic sanctions (abolished in August) are reinstated. U.S. President Bill Clinton sends 6 American warships to enforce them.

title: 1993

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Hurricane Gordon hits Central America, Jamaica, Cuba, the Bahamas, Haiti and the Southeastern United States, causing $594 million in damages and 1,152 fatalities.

title: 1994

text: September 19 – Operation Uphold Democracy: U.S. troops stage a bloodless invasion of Haiti to restore the legitimately elected leader, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, to power.

title: 1994

text: February 29 – Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide is overthrown in a coup d'état.

title: 2004

text: January 12 – A 7.0-magnitude earthquake occurs in Haiti, devastating the nation's capital, Port-au-Prince.

title: 2010


slug: hajj

label: Hajj

description: Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca

section: Religion & Belief

date: March 6

text: March 6 (Friday, 9 Zulhijja, 10 AH) – The Farewell Sermon (Khuṭbatu l-Wadāʿ) is delivered by Muhammad, Islamic prophet, in the Uranah valley of Mount Arafat, to the Muslims who have accompanied him for the Hajj (pilgrimage).

title: 632

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Abu Musa al-Asha'ari, companion (sahabah) of Muhammad, establishes Hafar al-Batin, located in the northeastern region of the Arabian Peninsula. He orders the digging for new wells, along this desert route that Muslims travel from Iraq to Mecca for the Hajj (pilgrimage).

title: 638

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Caliph Uthman ibn Affan founds the city of Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) on the coast of the Red Sea. He establishes a port for Muslim pilgrims making the required Hajj to Mecca.

title: 646

text: Abbasid caliph Al-Wathiq appointed his brother, Jaʽfar ibn Muhammad al-Mutasim (future al-Mutawakkil) as Leader of Hajj in 842.

title: 842

section: Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate

section: Deaths

date: August 16

text: August 16 – Death of Qaratis also known as Umm Harun, was the mother of Abbasid caliph al-Wathiq (r. 842–847). She died during her Hajj pilgrimage journey.

title: 842

section: Conflict & Security

date: March

text: March – A group of 1,800 warriors of the Qarmatians of Bahrayn attack and destroy the returning Hajj caravans at al-Habir. Some of the more prominent pilgrims, who were returning to Baghdad from Mecca, are taken to Al-Ahsa Oasis to be held for ransom. The event leads to the downfall and execution of the Abbasid Caliphate's vizier, Ibn al-Furat.

title: 924

section: Events › January—March

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: While Hassan III of the Maldives is on Hajj, Sayyidh Muhammad deposes his son, acting regent. On his return, Hassan regains the throne.

title: 1467

text: October 24 (10 Safar 1171 A.H.) – 1757 Hajj caravan raid: Bedouin warriors of the Bani Sakher confederacy conduct a massive assault against a caravan of thousands of Muslim travelers who are on their way back to Damascus after the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. The attack, made at Hallat Ammar after the group has been resupplied at Tabuk, leads to the annihilation of 20,000 of the pilgrims. Those who are not killed outright die later in the desert from thirst and starvation. According to one Arabic source, the largest attack takes place on October 24.

title: 1757

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: January 12

text: January 12 – A stampede during the Stoning of the Devil ritual on the last day at the Hajj in Mina, Saudi Arabia, kills at least 362 pilgrims.

title: 2006

date: September 24

text: September 24 – A stampede during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca kills at least 2,200 people and injures more than 900 others, with more than 650 missing.

title: 2015

section: Culture & Society

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Day of Hajj: For the first time, women are permitted to attend without a male guardian (mehrem) provided they go in a trustworthy group.

title: 2021

section: Events › July

date: June 23

text: June 23 – 2024 Hajj disaster: More than 1,300 people are reported to have died due to extreme heat during the annual Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

title: 2024


slug: halfdan-ragnarsson

label: Halfdan Ragnarsson

description: Viking leader and commander of the Great Heathen Army

text: The Great Heathen Army (probably no more than 1,000 men) of Vikings, led by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson, invades East Anglia. King Edmund of East Anglia buys peace with a supply of horses.

title: 865

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: The rival monarchs of Northumbria, Ælla and Osberht, join forces in an attempt to expel the Great Heathen Army, but are defeated in battle by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson. Osberht is killed in battle, while Ælla is reportedly captured, before being subject to the blood eagle: a combined method of torture and execution.

title: 867

text: The Danes, led by Halfdan Ragnarsson and Bagsecg, invade Wessex and take the royal estate at Reading (Berkshire), which Halfdan makes his headquarters. A naval Viking contingent sails up the Thames River.

title: 870

text: The English retreat onto the Berkshire Downs. The Great Heathen Army, led by the Danish Viking kings Halfdan and Bagsecg, march out after the Saxons. Six pitched battles are fought between the Danes and Wessex. Of two of them the place and date are not recorded, the others are:

title: 871

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Danes, led by Halfdan and Guthrum, establish a winter quarter at Torksey in the Kingdom of Lindsey (now part of Lincolnshire). King Burgred pays tribute (Danegeld) in return for 'peace'.

title: 872

text: The Danish Great Heathen Army, led by the Viking leaders Halfdan and Guthrum, attack Mercia and capture the royal centre at Repton (Derbyshire). The Vikings establish an encampment with a U-shape ditch, on the south bank of the River Trent and spend the winter there.

title: 873

text: Autumn – The Great Heathen Army splits into two bands; Halfdan returns with his forces to Northumbria, along with his brother Ubba, where he establishes a new base on the River Tyne.

title: 874

text: Danish Vikings, probably led by Halfdan Ragnarsson, invade Dublin. During the fighting, Eystein Olafsson, king of Dublin, is killed.

title: 875

text: Viking leader Halfdan Ragnarsson formally establishes the Danish kingdom of York, after the removal of the puppet king Ricsige of Northumbria, and becomes the first monarch.

title: 876

text: Battle of Strangford Lough: King Halfdan I leaves for Ireland, in an attempt to claim the Kingdom of Dublin from his rival Bárid mac Ímair. He is killed in battle at Strangford Lough, and a probable interregnum follows in York.

title: 877


slug: halifax-nova-scotia

label: Halifax, Nova Scotia

description: municipality in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada

date: July 9

text: July 9 – The British naval fort at Halifax is founded on mainland Nova Scotia as a defense against the New France Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, less than 100 mi away.

title: 1749

section: Events › July–September

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Grand Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope, of the Miꞌkmaq Indian nation in Canada, declares war against the British Empire after the building of the fort at Halifax, Nova Scotia and begins hostilities by taking 20 British hostages at Canso.

title: 1749

date: June 4

text: June 4 – After arriving at Canada, the Royal Navy fleet sails out of British-controlled Halifax toward the St. Lawrence River to prepare the invasion of French Quebec.

title: 1759

section: Events › April–June

text: The Halifax Treaties are concluded between the various bands of the Miꞌkmaq, other First Nations people and the British in Halifax, Nova Scotia, notably in the Burying the Hatchet ceremony on June 25.

title: 1761

section: Events › Date unknown

date: November 16

text: November 16 – (or November 23?) – British Royal Navy frigate is wrecked on the approaches to Halifax, Nova Scotia; of the 240 on board, all but 12 are lost.

title: 1797

section: Events › October–December

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: July 4

text: July 4 – The Cunard Line's 700-ton wooden paddlewheel steamer departs from Liverpool, bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the first steam transatlantic passenger mail service.

title: 1840

date: December 6

text: December 6 – Halifax Explosion: Two freighters collide in Halifax Harbour at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1,963 people, injures 9,000 and destroys part of the city (the biggest man-made explosion in recorded history until the Trinity nuclear test in 1945).

title: 1917

section: Events › December

date: October 7

text: October 7 – WWII: British Royal Navy cruiser departs Plymouth in convoy for Halifax, Nova Scotia, carrying £2M in gold bar to be used for purchase of military materiel in North America, a predecessor of Operation Fish.

title: 1939

section: Events › October

date: July 5

text: July 5 – WWII: Operation Fish – A British convoy including HMS Batory sails from Greenock (Scotland) for Halifax, Nova Scotia, carrying gold bar and other valuables worth $1.7 billion for safe keeping in Canada, the largest movement of wealth in history.

title: 1940

date: June 24

text: June 24 – WWII: Operation Fish – British Royal Navy cruiser sails from Greenock (Scotland) in convoy for Halifax, Nova Scotia (arriving July 1), carrying a large part of the gold reserves of the United Kingdom and securities for safe keeping in Canada.

title: 1940

section: Events › June

date: May 29

text: May 29 – St. Roch, the first ship to circumnavigate North America, arrives in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

title: 1950

section: Events › May


slug: halley-s-comet

label: Halley's Comet

description: short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–76 years

year_label: 240 BCE

section: Science & Discovery

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Chinese astronomers make the first recorded observation of Halley's Comet.

title: 240 BC

section: Events › By topic › Astronomy

year_label: 164 BCE

text: Halley's Comet makes its regular appearance in the sky, as recorded by a Babylonian scribe. It last appeared in 240 BC.

title: 164 BC

year_label: 87 BCE

text: Halley's Comet makes its third confirmed apparition, recorded by Babylonian scribes as being visible in the sky "day beyond day" for about one month.

title: 87 BC

year_label: 12 BCE

text: Halley's Comet makes an appearance, as recorded by Chinese Astronomers for about 56 days. Written in the Annal of Han as "In the first year of Yuan Yen (12 B.C.), in the Autumn the seventh month, on the day Sing Wei, a comet swept in Gemini, went through Pollux and Castor, and passed over Leo and Virgo. It was then behind the sun about six degrees, and appeared in the east earlier in the morning. After thirteen days the comet became an evening star shining in the west, whence it swept over Arcturus, moved slowly to Serpens, and reached Ophiuchus. After 56 days it disappeared in Scorpio."

title: 12 BC

date: September 7

text: September 7 – A large comet is observed in Japan (it's Japan's oldest observation record of Halley's Comet).

title: 684

section: Events › By place › Asia › Japan

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Halley's Comet passes approximately 5 million km from Earth, its closest ever approach.

title: 837

date: September

text: September – Halley's Comet is at perihelion.

title: 989

date: March 20

text: March 20 – Halley's Comet reaches perihelion. Its appearance is subsequently recorded in the Bayeux Tapestry.

title: 1066

section: Events › Worldwide

date: November 10

text: November 10 – The first observation of Halley's Comet from Earth is made, based on an estimate from orbital calculations.

title: 1378

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Halley's Comet makes an appearance, as noted by the humanist scholar Platina.

title: 1456

date: October 27

text: October 27 – Halley's Comet is seen by Johannes Kepler.

title: 1607

text: Edmond Halley publicly predicts the periodicity of Halley's Comet and computes its expected path of return in 1758.

title: 1705

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Halley's Comet is sighted by Johann Georg Palitzsch, confirming Edmund Halley's 1705 prediction of its periodicity.

title: 1758

text: November 16 – Halley's Comet reaches perihelion, its closest approach to the Sun.

title: 1835

text: April 10 – Halley's Comet becomes visible with the naked eye (perihelion: April 20); Earth passes through its tail about May 19 (its next visit will be in 1986).

title: 1910

section: Events › April

date: February 9

text: February 9 – Halley's Comet reaches its perihelion, the closest point to the Sun, during its second visit to the Solar System in the 20th century (the first was in 1910).

title: 1986

section: Events › February

date: March 8

text: March 8 – The Japanese Suisei probe flies by Halley's Comet, studying its UV hydrogen corona and solar wind.

title: 1986

section: Events › March


slug: hamas

label: Hamas

description: Palestinian Islamist political and military organization

section: Crime & Justice

date: April 17

text: April 17 – Israeli helicopters fire missiles at a convoy of vehicles in the Gaza Strip, killing Hamas leader Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi.

title: 2004

date: March 22

text: March 22 – Hamas leader Ahmed Yassin is killed by Israeli missile strikes.

title: 2004

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Hamas wins the 2006 Palestinian legislative election.

title: 2006

section: Events › January

section: Conflict & Security

date: June 28

text: June 28 – Israel launches an offensive in the Gaza Strip in response to rocketfire by Hamas into Israeli territory.

title: 2006

date: June 10

text: June 10–15 – Fatah-Hamas conflict: The Battle of Gaza is fought between Fatah and Hamas, and ends with Hamas gaining control of the Gaza Strip.

title: 2007

date: December 27

text: December 27 – Israel invades the Gaza Strip, in response to rockets being fired into Israeli territory by Hamas, and due to weapons being smuggled into the area.

title: 2008

date: January 21

text: January 21 – Israel withdraws from the Gaza Strip, officially ending its three-week war with Hamas. However, intermittent air strikes by both sides continue in the following weeks.

title: 2009

date: October 18

text: October 18 – Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange: Israel and the Palestinian militant organization Hamas begin a major prisoner exchange, in which the captured Israeli Army soldier Gilad Shalit is released by Hamas in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian and Israeli-Arab prisoners held in Israel, including 280 prisoners serving life sentences for planning and perpetrating terror attacks.

title: 2011

date: November 14

text: November 14–21 – Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense against the Palestinian-governed Gaza Strip, killing Hamas military chief Ahmed Jabari. In the following week 140 Palestinians and five Israelis are killed in an ensuing cycle of violence. A ceasefire between Israel and Hamas is announced by Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton after the week-long escalation in hostilities in Southern Israel and the Gaza Strip.

title: 2012

section: Events › November

date: July 8

text: July 8–August 26 – Amid growing tensions between Israel and Hamas following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers in June and the revenge killing of a Palestinian teenager in July, Israel launches Operation Protective Edge against Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip starting with numerous missile strikes, followed by a ground offensive a week later. In seven weeks of fighting, 2,100 Palestinians and 71 Israelis are killed.

title: 2014

section: Events › July

date: May 11

text: May 11 – 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis: Israel hits the Gaza Strip with airstrikes as Hamas increases rocket fire. This follows tensions over the possible eviction of several Palestinians due to a long-standing property dispute in the Sheikh Jarrah neighbourhood of East Jerusalem.

title: 2021

text: October 7 – Gaza war: Hamas launches an incursion into southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, killing more than 1,100 Israelis and taking about 240 hostages, prompting a military response from the Israel Defense Forces. Israel launches numerous air strikes on Lebanon after rockets are fired by Hezbollah and further attempts are made to penetrate Israel.

title: 2023

date: July 23

text: July 23 – China brokers a unity agreement between rival Palestinian factions Fatah and Hamas to form a single government.

title: 2024

date: July 31

text: July 31 – Ismail Haniyeh, the political leader of Hamas, is assassinated at his residence in Tehran, Iran.

title: 2024

date: May 20

text: May 20 – The chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court seeks arrest warrants for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Hamas leader in Gaza Yahya Sinwar over alleged war crimes.

title: 2024

date: January 15

text: January 15 – Gaza war: Israel and Hamas approve a ceasefire agreement that seeks to end the war, exchange Israeli hostages and Palestinian prisoners, and allow in international aid. It takes effect on January 19.

title: 2025

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Gaza war: Hamas releases the last 20 living hostages in Gaza after they were kidnapped during the 2023 October 7 attacks. In exchange, Israel releases 250 Palestinian prisoners and more than 1,700 detainees.

title: 2025


slug: hamburg

label: Hamburg

description: city and state in the North of Germany

text: Battle of Bornhöved: King Charlemagne forms an alliance with the Obodrites. Together with Prince Drożko (Thrasco), he defeats the Nordalbian Saxons near the village of Bornhöved (modern-day Neumünster), obliging these 'northerners' to submit and give hostages against their future good behavior. In the coming years they are granted areas of present-day Hamburg.

title: 798

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Viking forces destroy Hamburg.

title: 845

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Frederick I grants Hamburg the status of a free imperial city and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. He also grants the right to fish, to cut trees and the freedom of military service.

title: 1189

section: Events › By place › Continental Europe

text: Battle of Stellau: Count Adolf III of Holstein is defeated by the Danish army under King Canute VI. Adolf retreats with his forces to Hamburg, where he is besieged and later captured by Duke Valdemar of Schleswig.

title: 1201

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Battle of Bornhöved: Count Adolf IV of Holstein – leading a coalition army from the cities of Lübeck and Hamburg, defeats the Danish-German forces of King Valdemar II, and the Welf nobleman Otto I (the Child). Adolf shakes off Danish supremacy and accepts an overlordship by the Archbishopric of Bremen under Archbishop Gerhard II of Lippe. Adolf expands his power and establishes new frontiers within the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1227

date: July 17

text: July 17 – Peace of Vordingborg is signed, ending the war between the Hanseatic League of German cities (Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Rostock, Stralsund and Wismar) and the Scandinavian Kalmar Union of Denmark and Sweden. King Eric VII of Denmark and Adolph VIII, Count of Holstein sign, along with Hein Hoyer, representing the League, at Vordingborg Castle. Denmark cedes the Duchy of Schleswig to Holstein and agrees to stop interfering with the League, to end ten years of war.

title: 1435

section: Events › July–September

section: Culture & Society

date: February 25

text: February 25 – George Frideric Handel's opera Nero premieres in Hamburg.

title: 1705

section: Events › January–March

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Reinhard Keiser's opera Desiderius, König der Langobarden is premiered in Hamburg.

title: 1709

section: Events › July–December

section: Religion & Belief

text: Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock publishes the last five cantos of his epic poem Der Messias in Hamburg.

title: 1773

section: Events › Date unknown

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Founding date of the New Apostolic Church, a Christian and chiliastic church, in a schism with the Catholic Apostolic Church in Hamburg, Germany.

title: 1863

section: Economy & Finance

date: February 26

text: February 26 – The German Commerzbank is founded in Hamburg.

title: 1870

section: Health & Medicine

text: A cholera outbreak occurs in Hamburg, Germany.

title: 1892

date: May 23

text: May 23 – The Hamburg America Line's is launched in Hamburg and is the world's largest ship.

title: 1912

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: December 13

text: December 13 – The Neuengamme concentration camp opens near Hamburg.

title: 1938

section: Events › December

date: May

text: Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg is evacuated at about this date.

title: 1945

section: Climate & Environment

date: February 17

text: February 17 – Heavy storms and high tides result in the North Sea flood of 1962 on Germany's North Sea coast, mainly around Hamburg; more than 300 people die and thousands lose their homes.

title: 1962

date: October 26

text: October 26 – Spiegel affair: German police occupy the offices of Der Spiegel in Hamburg.

title: 1962

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Tennis player Monica Seles – at this time the top-ranked player in women's tennis – is stabbed during a match at the 1993 Citizen Cup in Hamburg, Germany.

title: 1993

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Eschede train disaster: an Intercity-Express high-speed train derails between Hanover and Hamburg, Germany, causing 101 deaths.

title: 1998


slug: hamdanid-dynasty

label: Hamdanid dynasty

description: Shia Islamic state in northern Mesopotamia and Syria from 890 to 1004

text: Hamdan ibn Hamdun, a Taghlibi Arab chieftain, is defeated and captured by Caliph Al-Mu'tadid at the fortress of Mardin (near modern Cizre). Hamdan's son Husayn enters Abbasid service, beginning the rise of the Hamdanid Dynasty.

title: 895

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: Summer – Sayf al-Dawla is defeated by Muslim forces under Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid near Qinnasrin. He is forced to abandon his Syrian domains and flees to Raqqa. In October the two men come to an agreement, which recognizes Hamdanid rule over northern Syria, founding the Emirate of Aleppo.

title: 945

text: Battle of Baghdad: Along the banks of the Tigris, Buyid forces under Mu'izz al-Dawla defeat the Hamdanids for control of the city. They are forced to pay tax revenues and agree to recognize Al-Muti as the legitimate caliph.

title: 946

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Hamdanid forces under Sayf al-Dawla raid into Asia Minor. The Byzantines respond with reprisals led by Leo Phokas the Younger, taking captives and razing the walls of Hadath (modern Turkey).

title: 948

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Arab-Byzantine War: Hamdanid forces under Sayf al-Dawla raid into the theme of Lykandos, but are defeated. The Byzantines counter-attack and seize Germanikeia, defeating an army from Tarsus, and raiding as far south as Antioch. General (strategos) Theophilos Kourkouas captures Theodosiopolis (modern-day Erzurum) after a 7-month siege.

title: 949

text: Arab–Byzantine War: A Hamdanid army (30,000 men) led by Sayf al-Dawla raids into Byzantine theme Anatolia. He defeats Bardas Phokas, but is then ambushed on his return and heavily defeated by Leo Phokas.

title: 950

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Summer – Emperor Constantine VII appoints Nikephoros Phokas to commander of the Byzantine field army (Domestic of the Schools) in the East. He gives him order to prepare a campaign against the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla. Constantine makes treaties with neighbouring rulers, to seek military aid.

title: 956

date: October

text: October / November – Battle of Raban: The Byzantines under John Tzimiskes defeat the Hamdanid forces in northern Syria. Emir Sayf al-Dawla is forced to retreat – many of his court companions and ghilman fall in pursuit, while over 1,700 of his Turk cavalry are captured and paraded in the streets of Constantinople.

title: 958

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Battle of Andrassos: The Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger defeat the Hamdanid army (30,000 men) in an ambush in the passages of the Cilician mountains, in south Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). Emir Sayf al-Dawla barely manages to escape, and returns to Aleppo with only 300 horsemen. The Hamdanids can no longer afford to raid in Anatolia, which is a turning point in the Arab-Byzantine wars in the East.

title: 960

date: December

text: December – Arab–Byzantine wars – Sack of Aleppo: A Byzantine expeditionary force under General Nikephoros Phokas invades northern Syria, and sacks Aleppo, capital of the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla. In late December Aleppo is taken by storm, with the population killed or enslaved; the city is razed. The Byzantine army takes possession of 390,000 silver dinars, 2,000 camels and 1,400 mules.

title: 962

section: Crime & Justice

text: Emir Nasir al-Dawla is deposed and imprisoned at Mosul after a 32-year reign by his son Abu Taghlib, the de facto governor, and supporters. He becomes the new ruler of the Emirate of Mosul.

title: 967

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Siege of Antioch: Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes (during a night attack) seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Hamdanids is completed three days later, when reinforcements under the stratopedarches Peter Phokas arrive. The Byzantine army then moves deeper into Syrian territory — besieging and taking the city of Aleppo.

title: 969

text: Summer – 'Adud al-Dawla, ruler (shah) of the Buyid Dynasty, drives the Hamdanids out of Mosul and tries to unify the country. Abu Taghlib is forced to flee to the Byzantine city of Antzitene.

title: 977

text: Fall – Fatimid troops under the defecting Hamdanid governor of Homs, Bakjur, attack Aleppo (modern Syria), but are repulsed through the intervention of the Byzantine army. Bardas Phokas (the Younger) sacks the city, while Bakjur flees to Fatimid territory in Egypt.

title: 983

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid forces, under Turkish general Manjutakin (also the governor of Damascus), besiege Apamea (modern Syria). Emperor Basil II sends a Byzantine expeditionary army, led by Dux Michael Bourtzes, to relieve the city in alliance with the Hamdanid Dynasty. Manjutakin defeats the Hamdanids with his forces and attacks the Byzantine force in the rear. The Byzantine army panics and flees, losing some 5,000 men in the process.

title: 994

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Basil II launches a counter-campaign against the Fatimid Caliphate. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary army (13,000 men) to aid the Hamdanid emir Sa'id al-Dawla, and crosses Asia Minor in only sixteen days. Basil lifts the siege of Aleppo, and takes over the Orontes Valley. He incorporates Syria into the Byzantine Empire (including the larger city of Antioch) which is the seat of its eponymous Patriarch.

title: 995

section: Events › Asia › Byzantine Empire


slug: hamilcar-barca

label: Hamilcar Barca

description: Carthaginian general (c. 275 – 228 BC)

year_label: 275 BCE

section: Births

text: Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general, statesman and father of Hannibal (approximate date)

title: 275 BC

year_label: 270 BCE

text: Hamilcar Barca, founder of Barcid Spain and leading Carthaginian general who will fight against Rome in Sicily and Italy, against the Libyans and the mercenary revolt in Africa, and against the Iberians and Celti-Iberians in Spain (d. 228 BC)

title: 270 BC

year_label: 246 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: With Hamilcar Barca wearing the Romans down in Sicily, the Romans, by private subscription, build another fleet with the aim of regaining command of the sea.

title: 246 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 244 BCE

text: Hamilcar Barca transfers his army to the slopes of Mount Eryx, from which he is able to lend support to the besieged garrison in the neighbouring town of Drepanum (Trapani).

title: 244 BC

section: Events › By place › Carthage

year_label: 241 BCE

text: The Carthaginians under Hamilcar Barca are forced to accept severe peace terms and agree to evacuate Sicily. As part of the treaty with Rome, Carthage agrees to abandon all its claims on Sicily, to refrain from sailing her warships in Italian waters and to pay an indemnity of 3,200 talents. However, the Carthaginian army is allowed to return home with its arms. Rome is now the dominant power in the Western Mediterranean basin.

title: 241 BC

text: Carthage decides to give Hamilcar Barca joint command with Hanno the Great. Hamilcar Barca is able to end the siege of Utica by the mercenaries. He is then placed in complete command of the Carthaginian forces and defeats the mercenaries in the Battle of the Bagradas River.

title: 240 BC

year_label: 239 BCE

text: Concerned that Hamilcar Barca's leniency in pardoning those who he has captured who have participated in the Mercenary War will encourage others to defect, Mathos and Spendius order the mutilation and execution of "about seven hundred" Carthaginian prisoners, including Gesco. With the mercenaries jointly guilty of these atrocities, defectors dare not face Carthaginian justice under Hamilcar.

title: 239 BC

year_label: 238 BCE

text: Hamilcar Barca strikes at the supply lines of the mercenary army besieging Carthage, forcing them to cease the siege of the city. He then fights a series of running engagements with the mercenary armies, keeping them off balance. Hamilcar manages to force the mercenary armies into a box canyon in the Battle of "The Saw". The mercenaries are besieged in the canyon.

title: 238 BC

year_label: 237 BCE

text: Hamilcar Barca's success in defeating the rebels results in a growth in his strength as leader of Carthage's popular party and support for his proposed invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. However, as spokesman for the landed nobility, Hanno opposes the policy of foreign conquest pursued by Hamilcar Barca.

title: 237 BC

section: Deaths

text: Istolatios, warlord of the Turdetani (Iberian Peninsula), crucified by Hamilcar Barca (father of Hannibal)

title: 237 BC

year_label: 231 BCE

text: The Romans send envoys to Massilia (modern Marseille, France) to negotiate with the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca who is based there.

title: 231 BC

year_label: 228 BCE

text: The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca is killed in a battle in Hispania, ending his lengthy campaign to conquer the Iberian Peninsula for Carthage. In eight years, by force of arms and diplomacy, he has secured an extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula, but his death in battle prevents him from completing the conquest. Command of his army in the Iberian Peninsula passes to his son-in-law Hasdrubal.

title: 228 BC

text: Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general who has assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome, helped Carthage win the Mercenary War and brought extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula under Carthaginian control (b. c. 270 BC)

title: 228 BC

year_label: 221 BCE

text: The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal is murdered by a Celtic assassin while campaigning to increase the Carthaginian hold on Spain. Following the assassination of Hasdrubal, Hannibal, the son of the Carthaginian general, Hamilcar Barca, is proclaimed commander-in-chief by the army and his appointment is confirmed by the Carthaginian government.

title: 221 BC

section: Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula

text: Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general and son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca (assassinated) (b. c. 270 BC)

title: 221 BC


slug: hampshire

label: Hampshire

description: ceremonial county of England

text: Cerdic of Wessex and his son, Cynric, land somewhere on the south coast, probably near the Hampshire-Dorset border. Their followers establish the beginnings of the Kingdom of Wessex.

title: 495

section: Events › By place › Britannia

section: Religion & Belief

text: A monastic settlement is founded in Hampshire (England) which later becomes Winchester Cathedral.

title: 642

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Wulfhere appoints Æthelwealh as king of Sussex, and Æthelwealh is baptized in Mercia. He receives the recently-conquered territories in modern-day Hampshire.

title: 661

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: King Centwine of Wessex dies after a 9-year reign and is succeeded by his distant cousin, Cædwalla, who manages to fully re-unite the sub-kingdoms of Wessex. He attacks Sussex with a large army, and kills King Æthelwealh in battle, in the South Downs (Hampshire). He is expelled by Æthelwealh's ealdormen, Berthun and Andhun, who jointly rule the South Saxons. Cædwalla invades Kent, lays it waste, and carries off an immense booty.

title: 685

text: Cædwalla conquers Surrey, and tries to exterminate the Jutes of the Isle of Wight. He executes King Arwald and his two brothers. Cædwalla probably also overruns the Meonware, a Jutish people who live in the Meon Valley (Hampshire).

title: 686

text: King Sigeberht of Wessex acts unjustly and is removed from power by a council of nobles, in favor of Cynewulf. Sigeberht is given control of Hampshire, probably as ealdorman, but he murders one of his own men and is driven out.

title: AD 757

text: May – Battle of Edington: Supported by all the levies of Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire, Alfred the Great decisively defeats the main body of Danish Vikings, led by King Guthrum, at modern-day Edington, Wiltshire (near Bratton Castle).

title: 878

text: Lady Æthelflæd of Mercia refortifies Chester against Viking attacks. King Edward the Elder founds Romsey Abbey (Hampshire).

title: 907

text: Re-foundation of Romsey Abbey in Hampshire by King Edgar I (the Peaceful). He appoints Merewenna, an English noblewoman, as abbess who becomes a foster mother to Princess Ælfflæd (a step-daughter of Edgar).

title: 967

text: Viking raids from Scandinavia threaten the southern English coast after a pause of 25 years. Hampshire and the Isle of Thanet are ravaged.

title: 980

section: Events › By place › England

section: Culture & Society

text: Winchester Castle in Hampshire is founded by William I; it is later one of the seats of government of the Norman kings ruling England.

title: 1067

text: Christchurch Priory located in Hampshire is founded by Earl Baldwin de Redvers.

title: 1150

date: August 13

text: August 13 – King Henry III orders the sheriffs of Hampshire, Dorsetshire and Wiltshire to give Simon de Montfort the possession of the lands of his father, Simon de Montfort the elder.

title: 1231

date: April 23

text: April 23 – King Henry VI of England marries Margaret of Anjou, daughter of René of Anjou, the former King of Naples, at a ceremony at Titchfield Abbey in Hampshire.

title: 1445

section: Events › April–June

date: October 4

text: October 4 – Leaders of the Second Cornish Uprising surrender to the King at Taunton; the following day, Warbeck, having deserted his army, is captured at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire.

title: 1497

section: Events › October–December

text: December 13 – First English Civil War: At the Battle of Alton in Hampshire, the Parliamentarians defeat the Royalists.

title: 1643