slug: liberal-party-uk

label: Liberal Party (UK)

description: major political party in the United Kingdom from 1859 to 1988

date: May 18

text: May 18 – The 1859 United Kingdom general election concludes. It is the first election fought by the new Liberal Party, in which they win a 28 seat majority, with Liberal leader Viscount Palmerston becoming prime minister.

title: 1859

section: Events › April–June

date: August 18

text: August 18 – William Ewart Gladstone assumes the U.K. premiership, as head of the Liberal government, with Irish Nationalist Party support.

title: 1892

section: Events › August

section: Crime & Justice

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst interrupt a Liberal Party (UK) rally at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester, England, and choose imprisonment when convicted, the first militant action of the suffragette campaign.

title: 1905

date: April 8

text: April 8 – H. H. Asquith of the Liberal Party takes office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, succeeding Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman.

title: 1908

section: Events › April

section: Conflict & Security

date: December 19

text: December 19 – The second 1910 United Kingdom general election (the last to be fought with an all-male electorate) concludes with confirmation of a majority for the Liberal Party in alliance with the Irish Parliamentary Party, resolving the battle of wills between the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and the House of Lords by giving a majority for restriction of the powers of the Lords and support for the Irish Home Rule movement.

title: 1910

date: May 17

text: May 17 – The last purely Liberal government in the United Kingdom ends, when the prime minister H. H. Asquith forms an all-party coalition government, the Asquith coalition ministry, effective May 25.

title: 1915

date: May 31

text: May 31 – The United Kingdom general election again returns a hung parliament; the Liberals in Parliament determine which party will govern.

title: 1929

date: February 28

text: February 28 – The British election ended in a hung parliament after the Jeremy Thorpe-led Liberal Party achieves its biggest vote.

title: 1974

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Former Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe was acquitted of conspiracy to murder Norman Scott, who had accused Thorpe of having a relationship with him.

title: 1979

section: Events › June


slug: liberia

label: Liberia

description: sovereign state in West Africa

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: February 6

text: February 6 – A group of 86 free African American colonists sail from New York City to Freetown, Sierra Leone, with a goal of creating a home for freed American slaves, to be called "Liberia".

title: 1820

section: Events › January–March

date: April 25

text: April 25 – The American Colonization Society lands at Cape Mesurado on the West African coast, after purchasing 60 mi km of coastline. The settlement will soon become Monrovia, as the nation of Liberia is established to fill the ACS mission of freeing black American slaves and sending them "back to Africa".

title: 1822

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: July 26

text: July 26 – The nation of Liberia, founded as a haven for freed African-American slaves, becomes independent.

title: 1847

section: Events › July–September

section: Health & Medicine

text: Liberia annexes the Republic of Maryland as native groups (notably Grebo people and Kru people) continually attack and kill settlers in Cape Palmas.

title: 1857

section: Events › Date unknown

date: March 20

text: March 20 – British gunboats enter Monrovia, with Arthur Havelock demanding that Liberia cede disputed territory to the British colony of Sierra Leone, of which he is Governor.

title: 1882

section: Events › March

date: April 12

text: April 12 – 1980 Liberian coup d'état: Samuel K. Doe overthrows the government of Liberia in a violent coup d'état, executing President William Tolbert and ending over 130 years of democratic presidential succession in that country.

title: 1980

date: April 6

text: April 6 – First Liberian Civil War: fighting breaks out in Monrovia, Liberia, between various rebel factions struggling for power in the country's interrupted civil war. Several foreign nationals leave the nation.

title: 1996

text: April 25 – Former Liberian President Charles Taylor is found guilty on 11 counts of aiding and abetting war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Sierra Leone Civil War.

title: 2012

date: July 19

text: July 19 – The Iranian Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps captures British tanker Stena Impero and temporarily seizes British-operated and Liberian-flagged tanker Mesdar in the Persian Gulf. The British Foreign Secretary, Jeremy Hunt, warns there will be "serious consequences" if Iran does not release the tanker.

title: 2019

section: Events › July


slug: library-of-alexandria

label: Library of Alexandria

description: one of the largest libraries in the ancient world, located in Alexandria, Egypt

year_label: 284 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Ptolemaic court appoints Zenodotus of Ephesus as first Director of the Library of Alexandria.

title: 284 BC

section: Events › By subject › Culture

year_label: 260 BCE

text: Callimachus of Cyrene, learned poet and grammarian, becomes chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria.

title: 260 BC

section: Events › By place › Egypt

year_label: 245 BCE

section: Science & Discovery

text: Approximate date – Callimachus produces the Pinakes, a subject index to the Library of Alexandria.

title: 245 BC

year_label: 234 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Zenodotus of Ephesus, first librarian of the Library of Alexandria

title: 234 BC

year_label: 48 BCE

date: December

text: December – Battle in Alexandria: Forces of Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII and those of rival King Ptolemy XIII and Queen Arsinoe IV. The latter two are defeated and flee the city, but during the battle part of the Library of Alexandria catches fire.

title: 48 BC

text: Queen Zenobia conquers Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, parts of Mesopotamia and Anatolia and Egypt, giving her control of Rome's grain supply. The library at Alexandria is partly burned during a raid by Zabdas, general of Zenobia.

title: 269

section: Events › By place › Near East

section: Births

text: Theon of Alexandria, director of the Library of Alexandria (approximate date)

title: 335

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: All pagan buildings in Alexandria, including the library, are destroyed by fire.

title: 389

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Flames destroy the great Library of Alexandria, established in the Mouseion in the fourth century BC. Among the items lost in the fire are works of science, including parchments by the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos asserting that the Earth orbits the Sun, and dozens of dramatic works by Euripides and Sophocles.

title: 391

section: Events › By topic › Literature

text: Theon of Alexandria, last director of the Library of Alexandria (approximate date)

title: 405

date: December 22

text: December 22 – On orders of the Saracen leader, Amar, the Serapeum of Alexandria, containing works that had survived the destruction of the Library of Alexandria, is burned down, along with its collection of 500,000 manuscripts. This story may be apocryphal.

title: 640

section: Events › By place › Africa


slug: libya

label: Libya

description: sovereign state in North Africa

section: Conflict & Security

text: 1221 BC—Pharaoh Merneptah defeats a Libyan invasion.

title: 1220s BC

section: Events and trends

year_label: 656 BCE

text: Thebes submits to the Egyptian ruler Psamtik I of Sais, who has allied himself with Gyges of Lydia and employs Libyan soldiers in a rebellion against Assyrian rule with help from Carian and Ionian mercenaries. Psamtik permits the city's mayor Mentuemhat to retain his position, who is not only the most powerful Theban but also the fourth prophet of Amon.

title: 656 BC

year_label: 631 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Cyrene, a Greek colony in present-day Libya, North Africa, is founded by emigrants from the island of Thera (approximate date).

title: 631 BC

section: Events

year_label: 486 BCE

text: Egypt revolts against Persian rule upon the death of king Darius I. The revolts, probably led by Libyans of the western Delta, are crushed the next year by Xerxes, who reduces Egypt to the status of a conquered province.

title: 486 BC

section: Events › By place › Persian Empire

year_label: 485 BCE

text: Xerxes I is just beginning his reign after the death of his father Darius the Great in 486 BC. During this time the Persian empire extends as far west as Macedonia and Libya and as far east as the Hyphasis (Beas) River; it stretches to the Caucasus Mountains and the Aral Sea in the north and to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desert in the south.

title: 485 BC

year_label: 464 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: Egypt seizes the opportunity created by the murder of Xerxes I to revolt against Persia. The revolt is led by Inaros, a Libyan, who gains control of the Delta region and is aided by the Athenians.

title: 464 BC

year_label: 322 BCE

section: Culture & Society

text: By custom, kings in Macedonia assert their right to the throne by burying their predecessor. To pre-empt Perdiccas, the imperial regent, Ptolemy has Alexander the Great's body brought to Memphis, Egypt and buried there in a gold sarcophagus. Ptolemy then marries Alexander's mistress, Thaïs and commences to reign as king of Egypt and the adjacent Libyan and Arabian regions.

title: 322 BC

year_label: 274 BCE

text: Magas has to stop his advance against Ptolemy II due to an internal revolt by the Libyan Marmaridae nomads.

title: 274 BC

year_label: 250 BCE

text: Magas of Cyrene, king of Cyrenaica (modern Libya) (b. c. 320 BC)

title: 250 BC

year_label: 241 BCE

text: Given their strong position, the mercenaries inflate their demands and request payment for the non-mercenary Libyan conscripts in the army as well. Gesco is sent to negotiate with the mercenaries at Tunis. Negotiations break down, Gisco is captured, and the Mercenary War commences.

title: 241 BC

section: Events › By place › Carthage

year_label: 221 BCE

text: Berenice II, queen of Egypt, daughter of Magas, king of Cyrenaica (in modern Libya), whose marriage to Ptolemy III Euergetes has reunited her country with Egypt (b. c. 267 BC)

title: 221 BC

year_label: 96 BCE

text: Ptolemy Apion, king of Cyrenaica (modern Libya)

title: 96 BC

year_label: 34 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Autumn – The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra; he declares Caesarion, Caesar's illegitimate son, as co-ruler of Egypt and Cyprus. Alexander Helios receives Armenia and Media; to Cleopatra Selene II he gives the kingdoms of Cyrenaica and Libya. His youngest son Ptolemy Philadelphus receives the Egyptian possessions in Phoenicia, Syria and Cilicia. Antony establishes Cleopatra as a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria and gives her the title of "Queen of Kings".

title: 34 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 6 CE

text: AD 6 – Cleopatra Selene II, Egyptian ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya (b. 40 BC)

title: 0s

date: August 3

text: August 3 – Theodosius II exiles Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, to a monastery in the Libyan desert at the behest of his sister Pulcheria.

title: 435

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Leptis Magna (modern Libya) is sacked by Berber (Moor) raiders. Gelimer leads a successful expedition in North Africa.

title: 523

text: The Garamantian Kingdom (modern Libya) signs a peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire. The capital city of Garama is converted to Christianity.

title: 569

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: 'Amr ibn al-'As sends a detachment to Sabratha (modern Libya). The city puts up feeble resistance, but soon surrenders and agrees to pay Jizya.

title: 643

text: Muslim Conquest: An Arab army (40,000 men) advances through the desert, and captures the Byzantine city of Barca (Libya).

title: 665

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Arab forces conquer the Garamantes in the Sahara desert (Libya).

title: 668

text: Musa ibn Nusayr, governor of Ifriqiya (western Libya), builds a Muslim fleet to harass the Byzantine navy and conquer the islands of Ibiza, Mallorca, and Menorca (approximate date).

title: 703

text: Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, ruler of Ifriqiya (North Africa), dispatches a Muslim army and reconquers Tripolitania from the Ibadites (a puritanical Khaijite sect), driving their remnants south into the Nafusa Mountains (northwestern Libya).

title: 752

text: The Abbasid Caliphate is forced to cede Ifriqiya (present-day north-eastern Algeria, Tunisia and western Libya) to the Aghlabid Dynasty.

title: 800

section: Events › Africa

text: The last evidence of indigenous Christian and non-Arabophone culture in Tripolitania (modern Libya) is seen.

title: 1021

text: Summer – King Roger II launches a full scale invasion into North Africa, seizing lands from Emir Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali in what is now parts of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya – thereby opening up more of the mercantile wealth of the Muslim world to Sicilian merchants. On June 18, George of Antioch conquers Tripoli and establishes more Sicilian authority.

title: 1146

date: June 3

text: June 3 – At Tunis, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz al-Mutawakkil becomes the new of Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate of Ifriqiya in North Africa

title: 1394

section: Events › April–June

date: July 30

text: July 30 – With the surrender of the island of Gozo, the Ottoman place 6,000 survivors on ships and transporting them to Tarhuna Wa Msalata (in modern-day Libya), where they are sold into slavery. The only natives left on the island are 300 persons who escaped the citadel and 41 elderly residents.

title: 1551

date: May 18

text: May 18 – Misirliohlu Ibrahim Pasha becomes the new ruler of Tripolitania, a province of the Ottoman Empire at the time and now part of the North African nation of Libya. He reigns for 19 months as the Beylerbey of Tripoli.

title: 1675

section: Climate & Environment

text: Approximate date – Lions become extinct in Libya.

title: 1700

date: January 24

text: January 24 – Marshal Pietro Badoglio declares the end of Libyan resistance.

title: 1932

section: Events › January

date: March 10

text: March 10 – Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, Chief of the Senussi order in Libya (b. 1873)

title: 1933

section: Deaths › March

date: January 5

text: January 5 – WWII: Battle of Bardia in Libya: Australian and British troops defeat Italian forces, the first battle of the war in which an Australian Army formation takes part.

title: 1941

date: November 18

text: November 18 – The United Nations accepts the formation of the Libyan National Council.

title: 1950

section: Events › November

date: December 24

text: December 24 – Libya becomes independent from Britain and France; Idris I is proclaimed King.

title: 1951

section: Events › December

date: September 1

text: September 1 – 1969 Libyan coup d'état: A bloodless coup in Libya ousts King Idris and brings Colonel Muammar Gaddafi to power.

title: 1969

section: Events › September

date: August 19

text: August 19 – Gulf of Sidra incident: Libyan president Muammar Gaddafi sends two Sukhoi Su-22 fighter jets to intercept two U.S. Navy fighters over the Gulf of Sidra. The U.S. jets destroy the Libyan fighters.

title: 1981

section: Events › August

text: March 10 – The United States places an embargo on Libyan oil imports, alleging Libyan state-sponsored terrorism.

title: 1982

text: April 5 – 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing: The West Berlin discothèque La Belle, a known hangout for United States soldiers, is bombed, killing three and injuring 230; Libya is held responsible.

title: 1986

text: January 2 – Chadian–Libyan conflict – Battle of Fada: The Chadian army destroys a Libyan armoured brigade.

title: 1987

text: October 8 – Gaddafi announces that Algeria and Libya have "agreed in principle" to a proposed union of the two states, which Gaddafi suggests should be named "Algibya."

title: 1987

text: December 21 – Pan Am Flight 103 is blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing a total of 270 people. Libya is suspected of involvement.

title: 1988

text: August 31 – In the aftermath of the Chadian–Libyan conflict of 1978–87, representatives of Libya and Chad agree to let the International Court of Justice determine ownership of the Aouzou Strip, which has been occupied by Libya since 1973.

title: 1989

text: January 1 – The New York Times discloses involvement of West German company Imhausen and Salzgitter AG in building a chemical weapon plant in Rabta, Libya.

title: 1989

text: January 4 – Gulf of Sidra incident (1989): Two Libyan MiG-23 "Floggers" are engaged and shot down by two US Navy F-14 Tomcats.

title: 1989

text: May 12 – Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 crashes at runway at Tripoli International Airport in Libya, killing 103 of the 104 people on board.

title: 2010

text: February 16 – The Egyptian military begins conducting airstrikes against a branch of the Islamic militant group ISIL in Libya in retaliation for the group's beheading of over a dozen Egyptian Christians.

title: 2015

text: April 4 – Second Libyan Civil War: The Libyan National Army (LNA) launches a surprise offensive in western Libya, moving units towards the Government of National Accord-held capital Tripoli and capturing Gharyan.

title: 2019

text: May 14 – NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg says the military alliance is "ready to support" the UN-recognized Government of National Accord in Libya while Greece, a member state of NATO, strongly criticizes Stoltenberg's remarks, saying his recognition of the "Muslim Brotherhood government" does not reflect the positions of the military alliance.

title: 2020

text: September 10 – Storm Daniel, a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone, kills at least 5,000 people, with a further 10,000 to 100,000 reported missing. In the city of Derna in Libya, two dams collapse, resulting in a quarter of the city being destroyed.

title: 2023


slug: licinius

label: Licinius

description: Roman emperor from 308 to 324

section: Crime & Justice

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Following the murder of Severus, Galerius promotes Licinius to Augustus.

title: 307

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: November 11 – The Conference of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, Galerius recalls Diocletian briefly from retirement, and they convene with Maximian. Diocletian persuades Maximian to return to retirement, and he and Galerius declare Maxentius a public enemy. Licinius is proclaimed Augustus of the west, while rival contender Constantine I is again declared Caesar.

title: 308

text: Licinius campaigns with success against the Carpi.

title: 310

section: Religion & Belief

text: Maximinus Daza, caesar under Emperor Galerius, is acclaimed augustus by his troops. Galerius is forced to recognize him as co-ruler of the East. The Roman Empire is thus divided between seven simultaneous emperors: Galerius (East), Maximinus II (East), Licinius (Middle), Constantine I (West), Maximian (West), Maxentius (Italy), and Domitius Alexander (Africa).

title: 310

text: Maximinus Daza and Licinius divide the Eastern Empire between themselves.

title: AD 311

text: Constantine forges an alliance with co-emperor Licinius, and offers him his half-sister, Constantia, in marriage. The Praetorian Guard and Imperial Horse Guard (equites singulares Augusti) are disbanded.

title: 312

date: February

text: February: Emperors Constantine I and Licinius convene in Mediolanum (modern Milan). Licinius marries Constantine's half-sister Constantia, and they issue the Edict of Milan. This edict ends the Great Persecution against the Christians and is the first piece of legislation in western history to decree freedom of religion. It also returns property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13.

title: 313

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Edict of Milan: Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius meet at a conference in Mediolanum (modern Milan). They proclaim a policy of religious freedom for all, ending the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire and returning property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13.

title: 313

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius battle the Sarmates, the Goths and the Carpians along the Danube. Constantine leads a punitive expedition into Dacia and reestablishes the Roman fortifications of the frontier.

title: 315

text: Constantine I sends his half-brother Julius Constantius to Licinius at Sirmium (Pannonia), with the proposal to accept Bassianus as Caesar and give him power over Italy. Licinius refuses, and forces a conspiracy against Constantine.

title: 316

date: October 8

text: October 8 – Battle of Cibalae: Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near the town of Colonia Aurelia Cibalae (modern-day Vinkovci, Croatia). Licinius is forced to flee to Sirmium and loses all of the Balkans except for Thrace. Peace negotiations are initiated between the two Augusti, but they are unsuccessful.

title: 316

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Emperor Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius elevate their sons Crispus, Constantine II and Licinius II to Caesars. After this arrangement Constantine rules the dioceses Pannonia and Macedonia, and establishes his residence at Sirmium, from where he prepares a campaign against the Goths and Sarmatians.

title: 317

text: Licinius reneges on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan, and begins a new persecution of Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire. He imprisons Christians, confiscates their properties and destroys churches.

title: 320

date: July 3

text: July 3 – Battle of Adrianople: Emperor Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near Adrianople, forcing him to retreat to Byzantium. Constantine then invades Thrace with a Visigothic force and raids the countryside.

title: 324

section: Events › Roman Empire

text: Constantine has deposed Emperors Licinius and Martinian executed in Thessalonica and Cappadocia respectively for conspiring and raising troops against him.

title: 325

section: Deaths

text: Licinius, deposed Roman emperor (executed)

title: 325


slug: liege

label: Liège

description: city of the province of Liège within the region of Wallonia, in Belgium, Europe

text: Grimoald the Younger, mayor of the palace of Neustria, is assassinated while on pilgrimage to visit the tomb of Saint Lambert at Liège, on orders of his father-in-law King Radbod.

title: 714

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: August 7

text: August 7 – Emperor Henry IV escapes his captors at Ingelheim. He enters into negotiations at Cologne with English, French and Danish noblemen, and begins to collect an army to oppose his son Henry V but dies at Liège after a 49-year reign. Henry leads a successful expedition against Count Robert II of Flanders and is forced to swear his allegiance to him.

title: 1106

section: Culture & Society

text: Lancelot de Casteau's L'Ouverture de cuisine published in Liège, including the first printed recipe for choux pastry.

title: 1604

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Churchill forces the surrender of Liège.

title: 1702

section: Events › October–December

date: January 12

text: January 12 – Holy Roman troops reenter Liège, heralding the end of the Liège Revolution, and the restoration of its Prince-Bishops.

title: 1791

section: Events › January–March

date: March 5

text: March 5 – French troops are defeated by Austrian forces, and Liège is recaptured.

title: 1793

section: Events › January–June

date: October 5

text: October 5 – Master criminal Adam Worth is captured in Liège, Belgium, during an attempted robbery of a money delivery cart.

title: 1892

section: Events › October

section: Health & Medicine

date: August 5

text: August 5 – German zeppelins drop bombs on Liège, Belgium, killing 9 civilians.

title: 1914

text: July 30 – 4 workers striking over the "Royal question" in Belgium are shot dead by the Gendarmerie, at Grâce-Berleur near Liège.

title: 1950

section: Events › July


slug: liguria

label: Liguria

description: Italian region

text: Corsica, Sardinia and Liguria rebel unsuccessfully against Rome.

title: 234 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 219 BCE

text: The Romans extend their area of domination around the head of the Adriatic Sea as far as the peninsula of Histria by the conquest of peoples who dwell to the east of the Veneti. Thus, with the exception of Liguria and the upper valley of the Po River, all Italy south of the Alps is brought within the Roman sphere.

title: 219 BC

year_label: 205 BCE

text: A Carthaginian army under Mago Barca lands in Liguria, capturing Genoa and Savona.

title: 205 BC

date: December 7

text: December 7 – The people of Milan astonish Ambrosius, governor of Aemilia-Liguria, by acclaiming him bishop. He is the second son of the former praetorian prefect of Gaul, and becomes a creative thinker whose ideas will provide the paradigm for medieval church-state relations.

title: 374

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: The Visigoths advance on Mediolanum (modern Milan) and besiege Asti in Liguria. King Alaric I sends envoys to negotiate a peace, but the Roman government refuses to make deals with "barbarians."

title: 402

text: Spring – Constantine III crosses the Alps into Liguria (Northern Italy), but retreats to Gaul after Gerontius revolts in Spain against his son Constans II.

title: 410

text: Emperor Majorian gathers an expeditionary force (Alans and other barbarians) in Liguria, and enters Aquitaine after a long march, where he visits King Theodoric II at Toulouse.

title: 460

text: Summer – The Burgundians, under King Gundobad, cross the Alps and plunder Liguria. Many Romans are taken into captivity.

title: 490

date: April

text: April – Belisarius secures Liguria, Mediolanum (modern Milan) and Ariminum, but disagreements, especially with Narses, leads to disunity in the Byzantine army.

title: 538

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Ildibad succeeds Vitiges as king of the Ostrogoths, and installs his nephew Totila as commander of the Gothic army. He recaptures Venetia and Liguria in Northern Italy.

title: 540

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Lombards under King Rothari conquer Genoa (Liguria), and all remaining Byzantine territories in the lower Po Valley, including Oderzo (Opitergium).

title: 641

text: Summer – Fatimid caliph al-Qa'im dispatches a naval expedition under Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi to raid the coast of Provence and Liguria, sacking Genoa on 16 August and attacking Pisa. Ya'qub also raids Corsica and Sardinia before returning to Mahdia with some 8,000 prisoners.

title: 935

text: Seborga (modern-day Liguria) comes under the jurisdiction of the Benedictine monks of Santo Onorato of Lérins.

title: 954

text: Summer – Otto I makes Oberto I, a margrave of the Obertenghi family, count palatine (a position second only to his own). He is granted the March of Obertenga (Eastern Liguria) and establishes his capital in Genoa. Oberto also receives the possessions of the Abbey of Bobbio (famous for its scriptorium).

title: 962

text: Otto I proceeds on campaign in Italy, remaining in the environs of Lucca. In the fall he leaves plague-wracked Tuscany, and is forced to retreat to Liguria. His rearguard is attacked by Adalbert II.

title: 964

section: Events › Europe

date: October 15

text: October 15 – Oberto I (Obizzo), an Italian count palatine, dies. The Marca Obertenga (Eastern Liguria) is divided among the Obertenghi family.

title: 975

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Albert Azzo II, margrave of Milan and Liguria

title: 1097

text: The Republic of Genoa reaches a commercial agreement with Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, granting privileges to merchants of both nations in the Catalan and Ligurian ports.

title: 1146

date: July 6

text: July 6 – French troops arrest Pope Pius VII, and take him to Liguria.

title: 1809

section: Events › July–September


slug: lima

label: Lima

description: capital and largest city of Peru

year_label: 26 BCE

section: Science & Discovery

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Christian Cross Asterism (astronomy) at Zenith of Lima, Peru.

title: 26 BC

section: Events › By topic › Astronomy

date: January 18

text: January 18 – Lima, now the capital of Peru, is founded by Francisco Pizarro, as Ciudad de los Reyes.

title: 1535

section: Conflict & Security

date: June 26

text: June 26 – At Lima, Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish conqueror of the Inca Empire of Peru and Governor of Nueva Castilla since 1529, is assassinated by 20 heavily-armed supporters of Diego de Almagro II in retaliation for the 1538 execution of Diego de Almagro.

title: 1541

section: Events › April–June

date: May 17

text: May 17 – At Lima, Blasco Núñez Vela takes office as the first Spanish Governor of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which encompasses most of what are now the nations of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, as well as the western part of Brazil.

title: 1544

date: May 12

text: May 12 – The National University of San Marcos is founded in Lima in the Viceroyalty of Peru, being the first officially established university in the Americas.

title: 1551

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Martín Enríquez de Almanza arrives in Lima and becomes the new Viceroy of Peru, replacing Francisco de Toledo, who was summoned home by King Philip II.

title: 1581

section: Religion & Belief

text: August 7 – In Lima in the Viceroyalty of Peru, Italian printer Antonio Ricardo receives official permission to set up the first printing press in South America, and prints the first publication there, Pragmatica, a four-page outline of how the new Gregorian calendar (adopted 1582) works.

title: 1584

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Don Melchor de Navarra, Duke of Palata arrives in Lima after a voyage of almost 10 months from Spain and becomes the new Viceroy of Peru, succeeding the Archbishop of Lima, Melchor Liñán y Cisneros, who had administered the area since 1678.

title: 1681

section: Climate & Environment

date: October 28

text: October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru.

title: 1746

date: June 29

text: June 29 – An attempt in Lima to begin a native uprising against Spanish colonial authorities in the Viceroyalty of Peru is discovered and thwarted. One of the conspirators, Francisco Garcia Jimenez, escapes to Huarochirí and kills dozens of Spaniards on July 25.

title: 1750

date: May 18

text: May 18 – A Spanish army sent from Lima puts down the Inca rebellions, and captures and savagely executes Túpac Amaru II.

title: 1781

date: February 21

text: February 21 – Peruvian revolutionaries hijack a Ford Trimotor aeroplane, and demand that the pilot drop propaganda leaflets over Lima.

title: 1931

section: Events › February

date: May 24

text: May 24–25 – The crowd at a football match in Lima, Peru, riots over a referee's decision in the Peru-Argentina game; 319 are killed, 500 injured.

title: 1964

section: Events › May

date: December 17

text: December 17 – The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement takes 72 hostages in the Japanese Embassy in Lima, Peru.

title: 1996

section: Events › December

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: February 29

text: February 29 – Faucett Perú Flight 251 en route from Lima to Rodriguez Ballon airport crashes into a mountain near Arequipa; all 123 people on board are killed.

title: 1996

date: October 2

text: October 2 – Aeroperú Flight 603 crashes into the Pacific Ocean when the instruments fail just after takeoff from Lima Airport, killing all 70 people on board.

title: 1996

date: April 22

text: April 22 – A 126-day hostage crisis at the residence of the Japanese ambassador in Lima, Peru.

title: 1997

section: Events › April

date: July 26

text: July 26–August 11 – The 2019 Pan American Games are held in Lima, Peru.

title: 2019


slug: lincoln-england

label: Lincoln, England

description: cathedral city and county town of Lincolnshire, England, UK

text: William I begins a campaign in the East Midlands to put down the rebellions at Nottingham, Stafford, Lincoln and York.

title: 1068

section: Events › By place › England

date: May 9

text: May 9 – A fire in the city of Lincoln, England, nearly destroys the Lincolnshire town; it is memorialized 600 years later by historian Paul de Rapin.

title: 1123

section: Events › By date › April–June

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Henry II of England grants a charter to the merchants of Lincoln (approximate date).

title: 1157

section: Events

section: Culture & Society

date: November 22

text: November 22 – During a tour of the Midlands, John receives homage from William the Lion, king of Scotland, at Lincoln. William is looking to move into the areas of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland. John on the other hand ensures that these areas are controlled by English nobles he can trust.

title: 1200

section: Events › By place › Britain

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Battle of Lincoln: Henry III's forces led by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke defeat the French army of Prince Louis and the rebel barons who are besieging Lincoln Castle. During the battle, Thomas, Comte du Perche is killed and Louis is expelled from his base in the southeast of England. The looting that takes place afterward is known as the "Lincoln Fair". The citizens of Lincoln are loyal to Louis so Henry's forces sack the city. To the south, inhabitants of towns between Lincoln and London ambush and kill many of the French soldiers.

title: 1217

section: Events › Other events by place › Europe

section: Deaths

date: August

text: August – Following the death of Little Saint Hugh, in an instance of blood libel, eighteen Jews of Lincoln, are tortured and executed by royal command on suspicion of being involved in the boy's murder.

title: 1255

section: Events › By place › The British Isles

date: April

text: April – Gilbert de Clare leads a massacre of the Jews at Canterbury, during the outbreak of the Second Barons' War. In the meantime, another of de Montfort's followers, John FitzJohn, leads a massacre against the Jews in London. The Jewish communities of Northampton, Winchester, Cambridge, and Lincoln are looted. The archæ (official chest of records) is destroyed or deposited at the headquarters of de Montfort's supporters at Ely.

title: 1264

section: Events › By place › British Isles

date: December

text: December – Edward I travels with the body of Queen Eleanor from Lincoln to London. Remembering his wife, Edward erects a series of crosses at each location that the body rests overnight. These are known as the twelve Eleanor crosses.

title: 1290


slug: lincolnshire

label: Lincolnshire

description: ceremonial county in the east of England

text: In Britain, many thousands of acres of modern-day Lincolnshire are inundated by a great flood.

title: 245

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Ecgfrith of Northumbria defeats a coalition led by the Mercians. He annexes the region of Lindsey (Lincolnshire).

title: 674

section: Crime & Justice

text: Queen Osthryth of Mercia is murdered by her own noblemen. She is buried at Bardney Abbey (Lincolnshire), and later revered as a saint.

title: 697

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: King Æthelred I abdicates the throne after a 30-year reign and becomes an abbot at Bardney (Lincolnshire). He is succeeded by his nephew Cenred (Coenred), a son of the late king Wulfhere, who becomes ruler of Mercia.

title: 704

text: The Danes, led by Halfdan and Guthrum, establish a winter quarter at Torksey in the Kingdom of Lindsey (now part of Lincolnshire). King Burgred pays tribute (Danegeld) in return for 'peace'.

title: 872

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The Trinity Bridge at Crowland, Lincolnshire is described, in the 'Charter of Eadred'.

title: 943

date: August 22

text: August 22 – Battle of the Standard: King David I of Scotland gives his full support to Matilda (daughter of the late King Henry I), and invades the north of England – travelling as far south as Lincolnshire. The Scottish army (some 15,000 men) is defeated by English forces under Earl William le Gros in Yorkshire. David retreats to Carlisle and reassembles an army.

title: 1138

date: June 14

text: June 14 – William Waynflete becomes vicar of Skendleby, Lincolnshire.

title: 1430

section: Events › April–June

date: October 1

text: October 1 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in England against Henry VIII's church reforms, begins in Lincolnshire and spreads across the kingdom to most of Yorkshire, and parts of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland and Westmorland.

title: 1536

section: Events › October–December

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Horncastle, is founded in Lincolnshire, England.

title: 1571

text: In England, a very high tide occurs, the highest ever known in the Thames, and the sea walls in Kent, Essex, and Lincolnshire are overthrown, thus great desolation is caused to the lands near the sea.

title: 1625

section: Events › Date unknown

date: October 11

text: October 11 – English Civil War: Re-fortification of Bourne Castle in Lincolnshire against a threatened Royalist attack begins.

title: 1645

section: Health & Medicine

date: August 8

text: August 8 – The Great Plague forces the closure of the University of Cambridge, where Isaac Newton is a student. Newton retires to his home in Lincolnshire for safety, and stays there for two years. During this time alone, Newton will make groundbreaking discoveries in mathematics, calculus, mechanics and optics, and lay the foundations for his books Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica and Optiks.

title: 1665

section: Events › July–September

date: October 23

text: October 23 – The most intense tornado on record in English history, an F4 storm on the Fujita scale or T8 on the TORRO scale, strikes the county of Lincolnshire with a path of destruction through the villages of Welbourn, Wellingore, Navenby and Boothby Graffoe, with winds of more than 213 mph.

title: 1666


slug: lindisfarne

label: Lindisfarne

description: tidal island in North East England

text: Siege of Lindisfarne: A Brythonic coalition lays siege to King Hussa of Bernicia at Lindisfarne Castle (Holy Island).

title: 590

section: Births

text: Colmán, bishop of Lindisfarne (approximate date)

title: 605

section: Religion & Belief

text: Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish missionary, is summoned by King Oswald from Iona (Inner Hebrides) to establish a bishopric on the holy island of Lindisfarne, and reestablish Christianity in Northumbria (approximate date).

title: 634

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish missionary, founds the monastery of Lindisfarne in Northumbria (northern England).

title: 635

text: Ecgberht of Ripon, bishop of Lindisfarne (d. 729)

title: 639

text: Hilda of Whitby, age 33, is persuaded by Aidan, bishop of Lindisfarne, to enter the monastic life at Hartlepool Abbey (Northumbria).

title: 647

date: August 31

text: August 31 – Aidan, Irish-born bishop of Lindisfarne

title: 651

date: February 18

text: February 18 – Colmán, bishop of Lindisfarne

title: 675

text: Cuthbert is elected Bishop of Hexham, and receives a visit from a large group under Ecgfrith. He agrees to return to Lindisfarne (Northumbria) to take up duties.

title: 684

text: May 20 – Battle of Dun Nechtain: The Picts under King Bridei III revolt against their Northumbrian overlords. Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne, advises King Ecgfrith of Northumbria (Bridei's cousin) not to invade Pictland (modern Scotland). Undeterred, Ecgfrith marches his army north to engage the enemy near Dunnichen. The Picts, possibly with Scottish and Strathclyde Briton help, defeat the Saxon guard, killing Ecgfrith, who has reigned for 15 years, routing his army and forcing the Anglo-Saxons to withdraw south of the River Forth.

title: 685

text: Eata of Hexham, bishop of Lindisfarne

title: 686

text: Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne, resigns his office and retires to his hermitage on Inner Farne (Northumberland) where he dies, after a painful illness.

title: 687

text: Eadberht is appointed bishop of Lindisfarne (Northumbria). He founds the holy shrine to his predecessor Cuthbert, a place that becomes a centre of great pilgrimage in later years.

title: 688

text: Probable date of Cuthbert's burial behind the altar at Lindisfarne (approximate date).

title: 698

date: May 6

text: May 6 – Eadberht, bishop of Lindisfarne

title: 698

text: Ecgberht of Ripon, bishop of Lindisfarne (b. 639)

title: 729

text: Æthelwold, bishop of Lindisfarne

title: 740

text: King Eadberht of Northumbria imprisons Cynewulf, bishop of Lindisfarne, at Bamburgh Castle. King Eadberht does this in order to punish the bishop for sheltering one of his enemies, Prince Offa. He then besieges Prince Offa, son of the late King Aldfrith, in Lindisfarne Priory. Almost dead from hunger, he is dragged from his sanctuary and put to death.

title: 750

section: Events › Britain

text: Cynewulf, bishop of Lindisfarne (approximate date)

title: 783

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Viking raiders attack the Northumbrian coast, arriving in longships from either Denmark or Norway, and sacking the monastery of Lindisfarne. Many of the monks are killed or enslaved. It is the first Viking attack on a monastery in the British Isles, although it is not the first known Viking attack in the British Isles. The first attack came in 789, when Vikings raided the settlement of Portland in Dorset.

title: 793

text: Vikings sack the Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey in Northumbria (the second monastery target in England of the Vikings, after the raids on Lindisfarne in 793).

title: 794

date: April 18

text: April 18 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered, probably at Corbridge, by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. Another rival, Torhtmund, slays Ealdred in revenge. Northumbria is plunged into chaos. The patrician Osbald is placed on the throne, but is deserted by his supporters after only 27 days. He flees from Lindisfarne to Pictland. Another faction brings back Æthelred I's old back-from-the-dead rival, Eardwulf, as the new king. He dismisses his wife and publicly takes a concubine. Eardwulf is alienated from Archbishop Eanbald of York.

title: 796

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Higbald, bishop of Lindisfarne

title: 803

text: Eanbert, bishop of Lindisfarne

title: 854

text: Cutheard, bishop of Lindisfarne

title: 915

text: Bishop Aldhun consecrates a cathedral (later Durham Cathedral) at a site in England where the remains of St. Cuthbert had been moved to in AD 995 from Lindisfarne because of the danger of Viking raids.

title: AD 999

text: Aldhun, bishop of Lindisfarne (or 1019)

title: 1018

text: Aldhun (or Ealdhun), bishop of Lindisfarne (or 1018)

title: 1019


slug: lisbon

label: Lisbon

description: municipality and capital city of Portugal

text: Roman lord Lusidius surrenders Lisbon to the Suevi.

title: 469

text: King Alfonso II of Asturias campaigns against the Arab Muslims in Al-Andalus. With Frankish military support, he raids into Andalusia and sacks Lisbon (modern Portugal).

title: 798

section: Events › By place › Iberia

text: The Second County of Portugal is established by Count Henry of Burgundy. The Almoravids start pushing back the forces of King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") to the positions they occupied a decade earlier. This offensive begins with the re-conquest of Lisbon, which had been given away to Castile in 1091.

title: 1095

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Spring – King Sigurd I sails from England, on the Norwegian Crusade to Palestine. He repels a Muslim fleet near the Tagus River, then attacks Sintra, Lisbon and Alcácer do Sal, and finally defeats a second Muslim fleet further south.

title: 1108

date: July 1

text: July 1–October 25 – Siege of Lisbon: King Afonso I of Portugal conquers Lisbon from the Taifa of Badajoz after a four-month siege, with support of English, Flemish and German Crusaders. The garrison surrenders on the guarantee that their lives will be spared. The Crusaders break the terms and take part in a bloody massacre. Afonso rules from his capital at Coimbra, takes Sintra and Santarém, and sacks Palmela.

title: 1147

section: Events › By place › Second Crusade

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: February 1

text: February 1 – A small Crusader fleet of Genoese and English ships sets sail from Lisbon for the Holy Land. The Anglo-Flemish Crusader fleet takes Oran.

title: 1148

text: Under the admirals of the clan Banu Mardanish, an Almohad fleet suffers a large defeat at the hand of the Portuguese, as they are trying to re-conquer Lisbon.

title: 1175

date: September 17

text: September 17 – A large offensive, by the Almohad army led by Yusuf I in southern Portugal, aims at the reconquest of the Alentejo. Further north, an Almohad fleet sails to attack Lisbon, but is repelled by the Portuguese, near the Cape Espichel. The Portuguese fleet later manages to enter in the harbour of Ceuta, and destroy a number of Muslim ships. It is the beginning of a four-year naval conflict between the Almohads and Portuguese.

title: 1179

section: Events › By place › Africa

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: Summer – Almohad forces reconquer the Alentejo (except for Évora), and besiege Lisbon on land and blockade the port with their navy. A Portuguese soldier manages to swim to the largest ship of the fleet and to sink it. This ship was so tall, it would have allowed the Muslims easily to reach the walls of the city. The next day, the Almohads have to retreat, taking with them a number of civilian captives.

title: 1184

text: King Afonso III of Portugal ("the Boulonnais") moves his residence and royal court from Lisbon to Coimbra, which becomes the capital of Portugal.

title: 1255

section: Culture & Society

date: June 26

text: June 26 – King Denis of Portugal ("the Poet King") marries the 11-year-old Elizabeth of Aragon, daughter of Peter III, in Trancoso. Elizabeth receives the towns of Óbidos, Abrantes and Porto de Mós as part of her dowry. Denis, known for his poetry, writes several poems and books, with topics of administration and hunting. During his reign, Lisbon becomes one of Europe's centers of art and culture.

title: 1282

date: March 1

text: March 1 – The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon by Denis I ("the Poet King"). He decrees that Portuguese is the official language of Portugal, replacing classical Latin in that capacity.

title: 1290

section: Events › By topic › Education

text: A city wall is built around Lisbon, Portugal to resist invasion by Castile.

title: 1373

date: March 7

text: March 7 – Second Ferdinand War: The Battle of Lisbon is fought off the coast of the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal. The attack by the Crown of Castile, by 12 galleys led by Ambrosio Boccanegra, disperses the 21 ships of the defending Portuguese navy

title: 1373

section: Events › January–March

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Shortly before his death, King Fernando I of Portugal creates the kingdom's first police force, the Quadrilheiros, initially consisting of 20 of the strongest men in Lisbon, and gives them the authority to arrest criminals. The concept of a city police force is expanded to other communities and becomes the basis for the Polícia de Segurança Pública.

title: 1383

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Portugal's Navy, with 34 ships, breaks the Castilian blockade of bhe besieged city of Lisbon, defeating a force of 53 Castilian ships in the Battle of Tejo.

title: 1384

text: Carmo Convent is built in Lisbon, Portugal.

title: 1389

text: May 6 – In a royal wedding at Lisbon, King Afonso V of Portugal is married to his first cousin, Princess Isabel of Coimbra, when both of them are 15 years old. Isabel is the daughter of Afonso's uncle, Dom Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, who continues to serve as the regent for King Afonso.

title: 1447

section: Events › April – June

text: June 25 – Prince João, the new son of King Afonso V of Portugal, is approved as the heir to the throne by the representatives of the three estates of the realm (nobility, clergy and bourgeoisie) in the Portuguese Cortes at Lisbon.

title: 1455

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Christopher Columbus anchors in Lisbon and completes his February 15 letter on the first voyage, conveying the news of his discoveries.

title: 1493

date: July 8

text: July 8 – Vasco da Gama's fleet departs from Lisbon, beginning his expedition to India.

title: 1497

date: September 18

text: September 18 – Vasco da Gama arrives at Lisbon, returning from India, and is received by King Manuel of Portugal.

title: 1499

date: July 21

text: July 21 – Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral and his surviving crew return to Lisbon at the end of a 15-month expedition to India, with only seven of their original fleet of 13 ships. The cargo from India, however, returns a profit to the Portuguese crown of nine times its investment.

title: 1501

section: Science & Discovery

text: Duarte Barbosa returns to Lisbon.

title: 1506

date: May 20

text: May 20 – "Ulysses", the first known rhinoceros in Europe, arrives at Lisbon in Portugal after being brought by ship from India.

title: 1515

text: June 26 – Spanish navigator Andrés de Urdaneta and a few companions arrive in Lisbon from the Maluku Islands, completing a westward circumnavigation which began with the Loaísa expedition of 1525.

title: 1536

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon, on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies.

title: 1541

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Pope Paul IV creates the metropolitan archdiocese of Portuguese India (based in Goa) separating the Goan diocese from the ecclesiastical province of Lisbon.

title: 1557

date: March 24

text: March 24 – Portuguese Navy Captain Álvaro de Carvalho reaches Mazagan in Morocco with a relief force that includes 600 well-equipped troops. Another force of 1,565 volunteers arrives on March 26 from Lisbon.

title: 1562

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Portuguese succession crisis of 1580: António, Prior of Crato, a grandson of the late King Manuel by Manuel's second son, the Duke of Beja is proclaimed King of Portugal by his supporters in the city of Santarém, and popular acclamation follows in Lisbon and other locations. Portugal's parliament, the Cortes, refuses to acknowledge Antonio and he is defeated 32 days later at Alcântara.

title: 1580

text: The Ottoman Empire attempts landings at the shoreline between Cádiz and Lisbon.

title: 1616

date: March 10

text: March 10 – The Commonwealth of England's navy Robert Blake blockades a surviving English Royalist fleet commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine in the Tagus estuary at Lisbon. Rupert breaks out on October 12.

title: 1650

date: February 13

text: February 13 – In Lisbon, a peace treaty is established between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England, in which the legitimacy of the Portuguese monarch is recognized. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.

title: 1668

date: March 23

text: March 23 – War of the Spanish Succession: The English Navy ships HMS Kent, HMS Bedford and HMS Antelope intercept two newly-built Spanish warships, Porta Coeli and Santa Teresa off of the coast of Cape Spartel, as the Spaniards attempt to sail into the Strait of Gibraltar. The two Spanish ships are captured after a seven-hour battle and taken toward Lisbon, but the Santa Teresa sinks along the way.

title: 1704

text: March 7 – War of the Spanish Succession: Prince Karl of Habsburg, brother of Joseph I, the Holy Roman Emperor and a pretender to the throne of Spain, arrives in Portugal on the English warship HMS Royal Katherine as part of George Rooke's English fleet sailing into Lisbon.

title: 1704

date: January 1

text: January 1 – John V is crowned King of Portugal and the Algarves in Lisbon.

title: 1707

text: The Academia Real da Historia is founded in Lisbon, Portugal.

title: 1720

text: March 31 – An 8.5 magnitude earthquake strikes Lisbon in the Kingdom of Portugal, with effects felt as far north as Scotland, but few deaths are reported because of censorship by the Portuguese government.

title: 1761

text: In Lisbon, the auto-da-fé parade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian 'heretics') is abolished.

title: 1765

text: November 29 – Portuguese Queen Maria I and the Court embark at Lisbon, bound for Brazil. Rio de Janeiro becomes the Portuguese capital.

title: 1807

text: August 27 – Peninsular War: Siege of Almeida: French forces under André Masséna capture the fortified city of Almeida before the advance toward Lisbon.

title: 1810

text: September 15 – Revolution breaks out in Lisbon against John VI of Portugal.

title: 1820

text: February 1 – Lisbon Regicide: King Carlos I of Portugal and Prince Luis Filipe are shot dead in Lisbon.

title: 1908

text: October 5 – 5 October 1910 revolution: The First Portuguese Republic is proclaimed in Lisbon; King Manuel II of Portugal flees to England.

title: 1910

text: April 18 – , a 5,557-ton Portuguese passenger liner en route from Mozambique to Lisbon, strikes Bellows Rock just off Cape Point and sinks.

title: 1911

text: May 8–27 – United States Navy Curtiss flying boat NC-4, commanded by Albert Cushing Read, makes the first transatlantic flight, from Naval Air Station Rockaway to Lisbon via Trepassey, Newfoundland (departs May 16) and the Azores (arrives May 17). (On May 30–31 it flies on to Plymouth in England.)

title: 1919

text: February 7 – An attempted military coup in Lisbon, Portugal, is successfully put down.

title: 1927

text: August 6 – The Salazar Bridge (later the 25 de Abril Bridge) opens in Lisbon, Portugal.

title: 1966

text: November 26 – Major floods hit Lisbon, Portugal, killing 462.

title: 1967

text: April 10 – In Lisbon, Portugal, the governments of Spain and the United Kingdom agree to reopen the border between Gibraltar and Spain (closed since 1969) in 1985.

title: 1980

text: May 8–12 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2018 is held in Lisbon, Portugal, and is won by Israeli entrant Netta Barzilai with the song "Toy".

title: 2018

text: September 3 – At least 16 people are killed and over 21 are injured after the Glória funicular derailment in the centre of Lisbon, Portugal.

title: 2025


slug: lithuania

label: Lithuania

description: country in northeastern Europe

section: Conflict & Security

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Battle of Saule: The Lithuanians and Semigallians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword at Šiauliai in Lithuania.

title: 1236

text: The Lithuanian city of Klaipėda (Memel) is founded by the Teutonic Knights.

title: 1252

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Mindaugas and his wife Morta are crowned as king and queen of Lithuania, ruling between 300,000 and 400,000 subjects.

title: 1253

text: Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania, and Poland.

title: 1259

text: King Mindaugas of Lithuania perhaps renounces Christianity, returning to the country's pagan roots, and reverting to Grand Duke.

title: 1262

text: Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania (House of Gediminids) (d. 1382)

title: 1297

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Vilnius, now the capital of Lithuania is first mentioned as a city, when the second of the Letters of Grand Duke Gediminas of the Duchy of Lithuania are sent to German cities inviting German Jews and other Germans to resettle in the city of "Vilna".

title: 1323

section: Events › January – March

text: Vilnius, Lithuania receives its coat-of-arms, granted to the city in the seventh year of its existence.

title: 1330

section: Events › January–December

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Rather than be taken captive by the Teutonic Knights, 4,000 defenders of Pilėnai, Lithuania commit mass suicide.

title: 1336

section: Events

text: Moscow attacks Tver, which counter-attacks with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.

title: 1368

section: Events › Date unknown

date: September 8

text: September 8 – At the Battle of Kulikovo, Russian forces under Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow resist a large invasion, led by Mamai Khan, commander of the Blue Horde of Lithuania and Ryazan, stopping their advance.

title: 1380

date: August

text: August – Kęstutis overthrows his nephew, Jogaila, as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jogaila is allowed to remain as governor of eastern Lithuania. This marks the beginning of the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–84).

title: 1381

text: The Teutonic Knights recommence war against pagan Lithuania.

title: 1383

date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Union of Krewo establishes the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania, through the proposed marriage of Queen regnant Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, and sees the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite, and an end to the Greater Poland Civil War.

title: 1385

date: April 19

text: April 19 – Lithuania, the last state in Europe to be Christianized, is given full recognition by Pope Urban VI as a Roman Catholic state.

title: 1389

section: Events › April–June

date: January 21

text: January 21 – Vytautas the Great, claimant to the throne of Lithuania, forges an alliance with the Grand Duchy of Moscow as his daughter, Sophia marries Vasily, Grand Prince of Muscovy.

title: 1391

date: August 4

text: August 4 – King Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania appoints his cousin Vytautas the Great as regent of Lithuania, in return for Vytautas giving up his claim to the Lithuanian throne. Vytautas replaces Jogaila's unpopular brother Skirgaila as regent.

title: 1392

date: March 17

text: March 17 – The Teutonic Knights resume their attack on Lithuania as a fleet of 84 ships, 4,000 men and 400 horses departs from Danzig toward Gotland, and arrive on March 21.

title: 1398

date: August 12

text: August 12 – At the Battle of the Vorskla River, Golden Horde forces, led by Mongol Khan Temür Qutlugh and Emir Edigu, annihilate a crusading army led by former Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania..

title: 1399

date: March 13

text: March 13 – The Samogitians, supported by Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, rebel against the Teutonic knights and burn two castles. Vytautas is granted increased autonomy by King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania union.

title: 1401

date: January 29

text: January 29 – King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania Union answers the rumblings against his rule of Poland, by marrying Anna of Celje, a granddaughter of Casimir III of Poland.

title: 1402

date: May 26

text: May 26 – The second Samogitian Uprising begins in modern-day Lithuania against the Teutonic Knights who had been granted the rights to the Duchy of Samogita by the Peace of Raciążek in 1402.

title: 1409

text: March 24 – Švitrigaila of Lithuania, son of the late Grand Duke Algirdas, is freed after nine years imprisonment at Lithuania's Kremenets Castle after a group of 500 soldiers, led by Dashko Ostrogski, storm the castle.

title: 1418

date: December 4

text: December 4 – The Livonian Confederation, with a capital at Valka (now on the border of Latvia and Lithuania) is formed by an agreement signed at Valka by the Archbishop of Riga; Courland; the Dorpat; the Ösel–Wiek and bishops of Courland, Dorpat, Ösel-Wiek and Reval; the representatives of the Livonian Order and its vassals; and the deputies of Riga, Reval and Dorpat city municipal councils.

title: 1435

section: Events › October–December

section: Crime & Justice

text: Sheikh Ahmed, the final leader of the Great Horde, is last heard of as a Lithuanian prisoner at Vilnius until 1527 when he was released, after which he came to rule over the Astrakhan Khanate.

title: 1504

date: August 19

text: August 19 – Polish and Lithuanian nobles elect Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden, as the ruler of the after the death in December of the previous King of Poland and Duke of Lithuania, Stephen Báthory.

title: 1587

section: Deaths

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Battle of Khotyn: Polish and Lithuanian military units, under the command of soon-to-be-king Jan Sobieski, defeat the Turkish army. In this battle, which takes place one day after the death of Poland and Lithuania's monarch, Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, the rockets invented by Kazimierz Siemienowicz are successfully used.

title: 1673

date: January 22

text: January 22 – The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement is to liberate the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth from Russian occupation.

title: 1863

section: Events › January

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: July 12

text: July 12 – Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic recognizes independent Lithuania.

title: 1920

section: Events › July

date: January 5

text: January 5 – Lithuania begins the Klaipėda Revolt to annex the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory).

title: 1923

section: Events › January–February

date: May 8

text: May 8 – Lithuania signs the Klaipėda Convention with the nations of the Conference of Ambassadors, taking the Klaipėda Region from East Prussia and making it into an autonomous region.

title: 1924

section: Events › May

date: December 17

text: December 17 – 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état: A democratically elected government is overthrown in Lithuania; Antanas Smetona assumes power.

title: 1926

section: Events › December

date: September 17

text: September 17 – A coup ousts Augustinas Voldemaras from his prime minister position in Lithuania; he is replaced by the brother-in-law of President Antanas Smetona, Juozas Tūbelis.

title: 1929

section: Events › September

text: March 17 – Poland presents an ultimatum to Lithuania, to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the Vilnius Region.

title: 1938

section: Events › March

date: August 23

text: August 23 – The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, a neutrality treaty that also agrees to division of spheres of influence (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, eastern Poland and Bessarabia (modern-day Moldova), north-east province of Romania to the Soviet Union; Lithuania and western Poland to Germany). Its annex reassigns Lithuania to the Soviet Union.

title: 1939

section: Events › August

text: June 14 – June deportation: Soviet officials deport about 65,000 people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to Siberia.

title: 1941

text: March 25 – Operation Priboi: An extensive deportation campaign begins in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The Soviet authorities deport more than 92,000 people from the Baltic states to remote areas of the Soviet Union.

title: 1949

text: August 23 – Singing Revolution: Two million indigenous people of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania join hands to demand freedom and independence from Soviet occupation, forming an uninterrupted 600 km human chain called the Baltic Way.

title: 1989

text: July 31 – Singing Revolution: Soviet Special Purpose Police Unit forces (OMON) kill seven Lithuanian customs officials in Medininkai, the deadliest of the Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts.

title: 1991

text: October 15 – The leaders of the Baltic States—Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia, and the Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania—sign the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland.

title: 1991

text: May 1 – Lithuania introduces a new temporary currency, the talonas.

title: 1992

text: October 25 – Lithuania holds a referendum on its first constitution after declaring independence from the Soviet Union in 1990.

title: 1992

text: June 25 – The litas is introduced as the new currency of Lithuania.

title: 1993

text: November 6 – Bražuolė bridge bombing in Lithuania damages a railway bridge but trains are stopped in time to avoid casualties.

title: 1994

text: April 16 – The Treaty of Accession is signed in Athens between the European Union and ten countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia), concerning these countries' accession into the EU, leading to the 2004 enlargement of the European Union.

title: 2003

text: May 11 – Lithuania approves joining the European Union in a referendum.

title: 2003

text: March 29 – Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia are admitted to NATO, the largest expansion of the organization.

title: 2004

text: December 21 – The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia join the Schengen border-free zone.

title: 2007

text: January 1 – Lithuania officially adopts the euro as its currency, replacing the litas, and becomes the 19th Eurozone country.

title: 2015

text: January 1 – Croatia adopts the euro and joins the Schengen Area, becoming the 20th member state of the Eurozone and the 27th member of the Schengen Area. This is the first enlargement of the Eurozone since Lithuania's entry in 2015, and the first enlargement of the Schengen Area since Liechtenstein's entry in 2011.

title: 2023


slug: liu-bei

label: Liu Bei

description: Chinese warlord and founding Emperor of Shu Han (161–223)

section: Births

text: Liu Bei, founder of the Shu Han (Three Kingdoms) (d. 223)

title: AD 161

text: Pang Tong, Chinese adviser of warlord Liu Bei (d. 214)

title: AD 179

section: Conflict & Security

text: Winter – Battle of Xiapi: The allied armies led by Cao Cao and Liu Bei defeat Lü Bu; afterward Cao Cao has him executed.

title: AD 198

section: Events › By place › China

text: Battle of Bowang: Warlord Liu Bei defeats Cao Cao's forces under Xiahou Dun.

title: 202

text: Battle of Changban: Warlord Liu Bei escapes from Cao Cao.

title: 208

text: Liu Bei takes Yi Province from his clansman Liu Zhang, forming the later basis for Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period.

title: 214

text: The Battle of Mount Dingjun ends with Liu Bei emerging victorious. He declares himself king of Hanzhong afterwards.

title: 219

date: May 15

text: May 15 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord and descendant of the imperial clan of the Han dynasty, proclaims himself emperor in Chengdu, Sichuan, and establishes the state of Shu Han.

title: 221

section: Events › By place › Asia

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord and emperor (b. 161)

title: 223


slug: liu-song-dynasty

label: Liu Song dynasty

description: Chinese ruling dynasty from 420 to 479

text: Wu Di (or Liu Yu), Chinese emperor of Liu Song (d. 422)

title: 363

text: Xie Hui, general of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 426)

title: 390

text: Sima Maoying, empress of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 439)

title: 393

text: Shao Di, emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 424)

title: 406

text: Wen Di, Chinese emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 453)

title: 407

text: Liu Yikang, prince of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 451)

title: 409

text: Lu Huinan, empress dowager of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 466)

title: 412

text: Yuan Can, high official of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 477)

title: AD 420

section: Culture & Society

text: Shao Di, age 16, eldest son of Wu Di, succeeds his father as emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (China).

title: 422

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 363)

title: 422

text: Xiao Wenshou, empress dowager of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 343)

title: 423

date: July 7

text: July 7 – (Jing'ping era, 2nd year, 5th month (wǔyuè), the yi'you day) Emperor Shao of the Liu Song dynasty of China, is deposed by government ministers Xu Xianzhi and Fu Liang, who install his younger brother Prince Liu Yilong as the new Emperor.

title: 424

text: September 17 – (Yuanjia era, 1st year, 8th month (bāyuè), dingyou day) Prince Liu Yilong is formally enthroned as the Emperor Wen of Song of China at its capital in Jiankang.

title: 424

text: Liu Shao, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 453)

title: 426

text: Liu Jun, prince of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 453)

title: 429

text: Xiao Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 464)

title: 430

text: Wang Hong, official of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 379)

title: 432

text: Liu Bing, high official of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 477)

title: 433

text: Wang Zhenfeng, empress of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 479)

title: 436

date: April 9

text: April 9 – Tan Daoji, general of the Liu Song dynasty

title: 436

text: Ming Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 472)

title: 439

section: Economy & Finance

text: Northern and Southern dynasties: Northern China is unified by the Northern Wei dynasty. The South is still under the control of the Song (or Liu Song) dynasty.

title: 440

section: Religion & Belief

text: Gunabhadra, Indian Buddhist monk, is an invited honored guest by emperor Wen of Liu Song (Liu Song dynasty). He translates the Lankavatara Sutra from Sanskrit into the Chinese language.

title: 443

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Liu Ziye, emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 466)

title: 449

text: Liu Yikang, prince of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 409)

title: 451

text: Wang Jian, official of Liu Song and Southern Qi (d. 489)

title: 452

text: Liu Jun, Prince Shixing of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 429)

title: 453

text: Liu Zixun, prince and pretender of Liu Song (d. 466)

title: 456

text: Houfei Di, emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (d. 477)

title: 463

text: Xiao Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 430)

title: 464

text: Qian Fei Di, then Ming Di, becomes ruler of the Liu Song dynasty after his nephew is assassinated.

title: 465

text: Liu Chuyu, princess of the Liu Song dynasty

title: 465

text: Liu Zixun, prince and pretender of Liu Song (b. 456)

title: 466

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Emperor Qianfei, emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 449)

title: 466

text: Emperor Shun of Liu Song, Chinese emperor of Liu Song (d. 479)

title: 469

text: Ming Di, Chinese emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 439)

title: 472

text: Liu Zhun, age 10, becomes Emperor Shun of the Liu Song dynasty after his brother Houfei is assassinated by general Xiao Daocheng. He installs Shun as puppet ruler and sets himself up as regent. Xiao receives near-imperial powers, establishes Buddhism as the state religion and sets up the "Three Leaders" system, under which native hamlet, village and district officers are responsible for taxation and conscription.

title: 477

text: Houfei Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 463)

title: 477

text: The Liu Song dynasty ends in China.

title: 478

text: Shen Youzhi, Chinese general of Liu Song

title: 478

text: Summer – The Liu Song dynasty ends and the Southern Qi dynasty begins in southern China. Emperor Shun Di is forced to abandon the throne and Qi Gao Di becomes the first ruler of Southern Qi. Later former Emperor Shun and empress Wang Zhenfeng are killed by the imperial guard, near the vicinity of the capital Jiankang.

title: 479

text: Shun Di, emperor of Liu Song (b. 467)

title: 479

text: Wang Jian, official of Liu Song and Southern Qi (b. 452)

title: 489


slug: liutprand-king-of-the-lombards

label: Liutprand, King of the Lombards

description: Lombard king

section: Deaths

date: February

text: February – King Ansprand dies, and is succeeded by his son Liutprand as ruler of the Lombards. During his reign, Liutprand becomes the greatest of the Lombard Kings. Coins and documents from his court at Pavia confirm the impression of a strong and effective monarch.

title: 712

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: King Liutprand of the Lombards builds a close alliance with Charles Martel, and attacks the Bavarian castles on the River Adige, maintaining strategic control of the Alpine passes in the Italian Alps (approximate date).

title: 718

section: Events › By place › Western Europe

text: King Liutprand puts Corsica, nominally under Byzantine authority, under Lombard government, defending it from Muslim raids (approximate date).

title: 725

text: King Liutprand takes advantage of the anti-imperial turmoil. He conquers Bologna and other cities beyond the Po River (Northern Italy). The Lombards take "Classis", the strategic seaport of Ravenna, and overrun the Pentapolis.

title: AD 727

text: King Liutprand of the Lombards occupies all of the Exarchate of Ravenna. He advances towards Rome along the Via Cassia, and is met at the city of Sutri by Pope Gregory II, near the borders of the Duchy of Rome. Liutprand signs the Donation of Sutri, by which parts of Latium are given to the papacy (the first extension of papal territory in Italy). This marks the historical foundation of the Papal States.

title: 728

text: King Liutprand contracts an alliance with Eutychius, exarch of Ravenna, and agrees to support him in his attack on Rome, while subjugating the independent southern Lombard duchies of Benevento and Spoleto.

title: 730

text: Duke Audelais of Benevento and his minor son Gisulf are deposed by King Liutprand of the Lombards. He is succeeded by Gregory, who becomes ruler of Benevento.

title: 733

section: Health & Medicine

text: King Liutprand of the Lombards raises his nephew Hildeprand to co-kingship, after a serious illness (approximate date).

title: 735

text: Battle of Narbonne: Frankish forces under Charles Martel besiege Narbonne, occupied by a Umayyad garrison, but are unable to retake the fortress city. A Lombard army under King Liutprand crosses the Alps, to aid Charles in expelling the Muslims from Septimania. Meanwhile Maurontus, duke or count of Provence, raises a revolt from his unconquered city of Marseille, and threatens the rear of the Franks.

title: AD 737

text: The Lombards under King Liutprand sack the Exarchate of Ravenna, and threaten Rome. Pope Gregory III asks Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, to help fight the Lombards (he also requests assistance in fighting the Byzantines and the Arabs). Liutprand signs a peace accord, and pulls back his forces to Pavia. After the pope's appeal to the Franks, a relationship begins that will continue as the Frankish Kingdom gains power.

title: 739

date: December

text: December – King Liutprand of the Lombards attempts to counter the growing independence of the Lombard duchies in southern Italy.

title: 740

text: King Liutprand of the Lombards meets Pope Zachary at Terni (Central Italy), who appeals to the king's religious faith. Liutprand is a pious Catholic and signs a 20-year peace treaty, restoring the cities of the Duchy of Rome which he has captured. The independent Lombard duchies of Spoleto and Benevento absorb into the Lombard Kingdom.

title: 742

text: Liutprand, king of the Lombards

title: 744

text: February – King Liutprand of the Lombards dies of natural causes after a 32-year reign, in which he has defeated the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento, bringing the Lombard Kingdom to the height of her power. He is succeeded by Hildeprand, called "the Useless" (nephew or grandson of Liutprand), as ruler of the Lombards.

title: 744


slug: liuvigild

label: Liuvigild

description: Visigothic king

text: Liuvigild, king of the Visigoths (d. 586)

title: 525

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Liuvigild is declared co-king and heir after the second year of the reign of his brother Liuva I. He becomes ruler over the Visigoths in Hispania Citerior (Eastern Spain).

title: 568

text: The Visigoths under King Liuvigild invade the Byzantine province of Spania (modern Andalusia), and seize the city of Córdoba. After the death of his brother Liuva I, he becomes sole ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date).

title: 571

text: The Visigoths under King Liuvigild invade Cantabria (Northern Spain), and destroy the city of Amaya (Burgos). He massacres the inhabitants and adds the province to the Visigothic Kingdom.

title: 574

text: The Visigoths under King Liuvigild invade the Suebian Kingdom (Northern Spain). Intermarriage between Goths and non-Goths is allowed in the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date).

title: 575

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Visigoths under King Liuvigild establish the capital of their kingdom in Toledo, located in central Spain (approximate date).

title: 576

text: Reccopolis (modern Zorita de los Canes) in Hispania is founded by King Liuvigild, in honour of his son Reccared.

title: 577

text: Hermenegild, son of Visigothic king Liuvigild, marries Ingund. He rebels against his father, starting in Seville (Southern Spain), and declares himself Catholic.

title: 579

text: King Liuvigild calls for an Arian synod in Toledo (central Spain), which modifies several doctrines; he tries to unify the Christians within the Visigothic Kingdom.

title: 580

section: Crime & Justice

text: The Visigoths under King Liuvigild capture the city of Mérida (western central Spain), which is under the political control of its popular bishop Masona. He is arrested and exiled for 3 years.

title: 582

text: King Liuvigild lays siege to Seville (Southern Spain), and forms an alliance with the Byzantines. He summons his rebellious son Hermenegild back to Toledo, and forces him to abandon the Chalcedonian Faith.

title: 583

text: The Visigoths under King Liuvigild capture the city of Seville, after a siege of nearly 2 years. His rebellious son Hermenegild seeks refuge in a church at Córdoba, but is arrested and banished to Tarragona. His wife Inguld flees with her son to Africa.

title: 584

text: The Visigoths under King Liuvigild devastate the Suevic Kingdom in Gallaecia (northwest Spain).

title: 585

date: April 21

text: April 21 – King Liuvigild dies at Toledo after an 18-year reign, and is succeeded by his second son Reccared I.

title: 586

text: April 21 – Liuvigild, king of the Visigoths

title: 586


slug: liverpool-f-c

label: Liverpool F.C.

description: association football club in Liverpool, England

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Liverpool Football Club officially comes into existence

title: 1892

section: Events › June

date: March 15

text: March 15 – The Liverpool Football Club is founded in England by John Houlding, the owner of Anfield; Houlding decides to form his own team after Everton leaves Anfield, in an argument over rent.

title: 1892

section: Events › March

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Jürgen Klopp, German former footballer and former manager of Liverpool F.C.

title: 1967

section: Births › June

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Arsenal FC beats Liverpool F.C. 2–1 to win the English FA Cup, thus completing the league and cup 'double'.

title: 1971

section: Events › May

date: May 30

text: May 30 – Liverpool beat Roma 5–2 after penalties in the final of the 1984 European Cup football tournament.

title: 1984

date: May 29

text: May 29 – Heysel Stadium disaster: Thirty-nine spectators are killed in rioting on the terraces during the European Cup final between Liverpool F.C. and Juventus (0–1) at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium.

title: 1985

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: April 15

text: April 15 – The Hillsborough disaster, one of the biggest tragedies in European football, claims the lives of 94 Liverpool F.C. supporters in Sheffield, England, a further three dying later.

title: 1989

section: Events › April

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Arsenal F.C. defeat Liverpool F.C. by 2 goals to nil at Anfield, in the final game of the season, to win the Football League First Division.

title: 1989

date: July 10

text: July 10 – The UEFA lifts the five-year ban on English association football teams competing in Continental Europe after the Heysel Stadium disaster, although Liverpool F.C. will remain banned for a further three years.

title: 1990

section: Events › July

text: May 26 – Real Madrid wins the 2017-18 Champions League held in Kyiv, Ukraine by beating Liverpool in the final 3–1.

title: 2018

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Liverpool F.C win their 6th UEFA Champions League title against fellow English club Tottenham Hotspur F.C. 2–0 at the Metropolitano Stadium, with goals from Mohamed Salah and Divock Origi.

title: 2019

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Spanish club Real Madrid beat English club Liverpool 1–0 to win the UEFA Champions League final played at the Stade de France in Paris, France.

title: 2022


slug: liverpool

label: Liverpool

description: city in Merseyside, England, United Kingdom

section: Conflict & Security

date: August 7

text: August 7 – As Booth's Uprising spreads to Liverpool, Thomas Myddelton, Randolph Egerton and fellow royalists take control of the town of Wrexham in Wales and proclaim Charles II to be King.

title: 1659

section: Events › July–September

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: August 31

text: August 31 – Old Dock, Liverpool, England, the world's first enclosed commercial wet dock (Thomas Steers, engineer), opens.

title: 1715

date: November 29

text: November 29 – English slave traders begin to throw approximately 142 slaves taken on in Accra overboard alive from the slave ship Zong in the Caribbean Sea to conserve supplies for the remainder; the Liverpool owners subsequently attempt to reclaim part of their value from insurers.

title: 1781

section: Events › October–December

section: Culture & Society

text: The School for the Indigent Blind, the oldest continuously operating specialist school of its kind in the world, is founded in Liverpool, England, by blind ex-merchant seaman, writer and abolitionist Edward Rushton.

title: 1791

section: Events › Date unknown

date: May 22

text: May 22 – The leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The ship arrives at Liverpool, England, nearly a month later, on June 20, although only a fraction of the trip is made under steam.

title: 1819

section: Events › April–June

date: July 4

text: July 4 – The Cunard Line's 700-ton wooden paddlewheel steamer departs from Liverpool, bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the first steam transatlantic passenger mail service.

title: 1840

date: July 26

text: July 26–August 10 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel's iron steamship Great Britain makes the transatlantic crossing from Liverpool to New York, the first screw propelled vessel to make the passage.

title: 1845

date: January 21

text: January 21 – The iron clipper runs aground off the east coast of Ireland, on her maiden voyage out of Liverpool, bound for Australia, with the loss of at least 300 out of 650 on board.

title: 1854

section: Events › January–March

date: February 12

text: February 12 – American clipper ships Driver and Ocean Queen leave Liverpool and London respectively; both will be lost without trace in the Atlantic, perhaps due to ice, killing 374 and 123 respectively.

title: 1856

date: January 23

text: January 23 – The American sidewheel steamer SS Pacific leaves Liverpool (England) for a transatlantic voyage on which she will be lost with all 186 on board.

title: 1856

text: District nursing begins in Liverpool, England, when philanthropist William Rathbone employs Mary Robinson to nurse the sick poor in their own homes.

title: 1859

date: November 6

text: November 6 – American Civil War: The CSS Shenandoah, last remnant of the Confederate States of America and its military, surrenders in Liverpool after fleeing westward from the Pacific.

title: 1865

section: Events › November

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Passenger ship British Admiral, on a voyage from Liverpool (England) to Melbourne (Australia), sinks after hitting rocks off King Island (Tasmania); only nine of the 88 passengers and crew are rescued.

title: 1874

date: September 27

text: September 27 – American merchant sailing ship Ellen Southard is wrecked off Liverpool in England; 12 crew and life-boatmen are lost.

title: 1875

section: Events › September

date: September 7

text: September 7 – British Cunard Line passenger liner sets out on her maiden voyage, from Liverpool (England) to New York City.

title: 1907

date: December 23

text: December 23 – HMHS Britannic, which will be the largest British ship lost in WWI (though with only 30 fatalities), departs Liverpool on her maiden voyage as a hospital ship.

title: 1915

section: Events › December

date: May

text: Sinking of the RMS Lusitania: 's main rival, the British ocean liner , is sunk by Imperial German Navy U-boat U-20 off the south-west coast of Ireland, killing 1,199 civilians en route from New York City to Liverpool. The best-known of the celebrities on board is American sportsman Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt.

title: 1915

date: July 31

text: July 31 – British police strikes in London and Liverpool for recognition of the National Union of Police and Prison Officers; over 2,000 strikers are dismissed.

title: 1919

date: July 2

text: July 2 – WWII: British-owned , carrying civilian internees and POWs of Italian and German origin from Liverpool to Canada, is torpedoed and sunk by off northwest Ireland, with the loss of around 865 lives.

title: 1940

date: May 3

text: May 3 – Arsenal F.C. wins the English League First Division championship at the home of their bitter rivals Tottenham Hotspur, with Ray Kennedy scoring the winner. (Arsenal will go on to win the league and cup 'double' six days later by defeating Liverpool in the FA Cup final).

title: 1971

text: July 10 – 1981 Handsworth riots in Birmingham begin, followed by further 1981 England riots in several urban areas including Liverpool and Leeds.

title: 1981

date: July 3

text: July 3 – The Toxteth riots in Liverpool, England, start after a mob prevents a youth from being arrested. Shortly afterward, the Chapeltown riots in Leeds start amid increased racial tension.

title: 1981

text: May 9–13 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2023 is held in Liverpool, UK. Swedish contestant Loreen wins with the song "Tattoo".

title: 2023


slug: livonia

label: Livonia

description: historic region along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea

section: Religion & Belief

text: Northern Crusades: The town of Riga is chartered as a city by Albert of Buxhoeveden, bishop of Livonia, who has landed on the site with some 1,500 Crusaders earlier in the year.

title: 1201

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Deaths

date: September 21

text: September 21 – Caupo of Turaida, king of Livonia

title: 1217

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Battle of Turaida: Forces of the Livonian Order are decisively defeated near Turaida Castle by the residents of Riga, allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Vytenis. After their defeat, the Livonians receive reinforcements from the Teutonic Order and defeat the residents of Riga and Lithuanians near Neuermühlen, on June 28. The knights proceed with their campaign, and besiege and capture Riga. In response, King Eric VI of Denmark ("Menved") threatens to invade Livonia, but a truce is reached and the conflict is mediated by Pope Boniface VIII.

title: 1298

date: November 24

text: November 24 – A large army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow overruns Livonia during the Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War.

title: 1501

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 28

text: November 28 – The Treaty of Vilnius is concluded during the Livonian War, between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. With the treaty, the non-Danish and non-Swedish part of Livonia, with the exception of the Free imperial city of Riga, subjects itself to Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus with the Pacta subiectionis (Provisio ducalis). In turn, Sigismund grants protection from the Tsardom of Russia, and confirms the Livonian estates' traditional privileges, laid out in the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti.

title: 1561

date: January 15

text: January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

title: 1582

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611): The Battle of Kokenhausen is fought at Koknese in Livonia (now Latvia) after Swedish troops had invaded the Lithuanian territory). The Polish hussars, commanded by Prince Krzysztof Radziwill, overwhelm a numerically superior force of Swedish attackers led by General Carl Gyllenhielm, and over 2,000 Swedish soldiers are killed.

title: 1601

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Representatives of the Russian Empire and the Swedish Empire sign the Treaty of Valiesar at the Valiesar Estate near Narva, part of modern-day Estonia. In return for ceasing hostilities between the two empires in the Second Northern War, Russia is allowed to keep captured territories in Livonia (part of modern-day Latvia) for a term of three years.

title: 1658


slug: livonian-brothers-of-the-sword

label: Livonian Brothers of the Sword

description: military order founded by Bishop Albert of Riga in 1202

text: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword is founded by Bishop Albert of Riga, this to support the Livonian Crusade against the inhabitants of Terra Mariana (medieval Livonia).

title: 1202

text: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword, in alliance with the Semigallians, conquer the Livonians (or Livs).

title: 1206

text: Livonian Crusade: The Crusader Livonian Brothers of the Sword, supported by tribes of Livs and Letts, initiate raids into Ugandi County in southern Estonia, resulting in the Estonian fight for independence.

title: 1208

text: Battle of Ümera: Estonian forces defeat the Crusaders of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. The Estonians pursue the fleeing Crusaders and according to the Livonian Chronicle some of the prisoners are burned alive, while others have crosses carved on their backs with swords before being executed as well.

title: 1210

text: September 21 – Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword and allied Livs and Letts defeat the Estonian army in the Battle of St. Matthew's Day, and kill their leader Lembitu.

title: 1217

section: Events › Other events by place › Europe

text: Livonian Crusade: The Estonians revolt against the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and Denmark, and for a brief period reconquer all of their strongholds except for Tallinn.

title: 1223

section: Events › Other events, by place › Europe

date: January 29

text: January 29 – Battle of Viljandi: During a church service, the Sakalians attack the Germans inside the stronghold of Viljandi Castle. The Estonian forces kill members of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and many merchants.

title: 1223

text: Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword defeat the Estonians and reconquer the captured strongholds on the Estonian mainland. With the surrender of the Tartu stronghold, only the islands of Saaremaa and Muhu remain under Estonian control.

title: 1224

text: Spring – Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword and their Crusader allies (some 20,000 men) cross the sea ice from mainland Estonia, and defeat the last Estonian strongholds in the Battle of Muhu and the siege of the Valjala Stronghold in the Saaremaa islands. This marks the end of the Estonian campaign in the Livonian Crusade. The Sword Brothers conquer Danish Estonia, and Tallinn is given town rights under Riga law.

title: 1227

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Battle of Saule: The Lithuanians and Semigallians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword at Šiauliai in Lithuania.

title: 1236

text: Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are absorbed into the Teutonic Order, as the autonomous Livonian Order. An Estonian rebellion begins on Saaremaa Island (located in the Baltic Sea).

title: 1237

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Treaty of Stensby: The Teutonic Knights sign an agreement with King Valdemar II of Denmark ("the Conqueror"). William of Modena, Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master Hermann Balk and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with Denmark. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and become known as the Livonian Order.

title: 1238

date: August 2

text: August 2 – Livonian War – Battle of Ergeme: Russians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, precipitating the dissolution of the order.

title: 1560


slug: livonian-crusade

label: Livonian Crusade

description: German and Danish conquest of medieval Livonia

title: 1202

title: 1208

section: Conflict & Security

text: Livonian Crusade: Battles of Viljandi and Turaida – The Crusaders fail to conquer the Viljandi stronghold, but manage to baptize Sakala and Ugandi counties (Southern Estonia).

title: 1211

title: 1217

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Livonian Crusade: Danish Crusaders led by King King Valdemar II (the Victorious), conquer Tallinn in the Battle of Lyndanisse. What is to become the flag of Denmark (Dannebrog) allegedly falls from the sky during that battle. Their stronghold in Tallinn will help the Danes conquer the entirety of Danish Estonia.

title: 1219

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Livonian Crusade – The Danish fail in their attempt to conquer Saaremaa Island from the Estonians.

title: 1222

title: 1223

title: 1224

title: 1227

title: 1237

text: Livonian Crusade: The Estonian rebellion of 1237 is suppressed on Saaremaa Island, by the Livonian Order.

title: 1241

section: Events

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Livonian Crusade: The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania decisively defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Durbe. This leads the Estonians of Saaremaa Island to once again rebel against the Livonian Order.

title: 1260

date: February 16

text: February 16 – Livonian Crusade - Battle of Karuse: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order decisively, on the frozen surface of the Baltic Sea.

title: 1270

section: Events › Europe


slug: livonian-order

label: Livonian Order

description: autonomous branch of knights of the Teutonic Order active 1237 to 1561

title: 1237

title: 1238

text: 1240–1241 Votia campaign begins when an alliance of the Livonian Order, the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek and Estonians Chud march into Votia.

title: 1240

date: September

text: September – 1240 Izborsk and Pskov campaign: An alliance of the Livonian Order, the Bishopric of Dorpat and the pretender-prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich of Pskov besiege and conquer the border fortress of Izborsk in the Pskov Land. After Pskovian defenders fail to retake the town, the allied forces advance to the capital Pskov itself, compelling it to surrender, resulting in the brief overthrow of the pro-Suzdalian faction that supports prince Alexander Nevsky.

title: 1240

title: 1241

title: 1260

date: February 18

text: February 18 – Battle of Rakvere: The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont of Pskov.

title: 1268

section: Events › By topic › War and politics

title: 1270

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Battle of Aizkraukle: Lithuanian forces led by Grand Duke Traidenis defeat an army of Teutonic Knights of the Livonian Order at Aizkraukle. During the battle, the order suffers a great defeat, some 70 knights are killed, including Grand Master Ernst von Ratzeburg (or Rassburg). The Semigallians, allies of the Livonian Order, revolt but later submit to Traidenis for protection.

title: 1279

text: June 1 – Battle of Turaida: Forces of the Livonian Order are decisively defeated near Turaida Castle by the residents of Riga, allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Vytenis. After their defeat, the Livonians receive reinforcements from the Teutonic Order and defeat the residents of Riga and Lithuanians near Neuermühlen, on June 28. The knights proceed with their campaign, and besiege and capture Riga. In response, King Eric VI of Denmark ("Menved") threatens to invade Livonia, but a truce is reached and the conflict is mediated by Pope Boniface VIII.

title: 1298

date: May 4

text: May 4 – St. George's Night Uprising: The "Four Estonian kings" are murdered, at the negotiations with the Livonian Order.

title: 1343

section: Events › January–December

date: April 23

text: April 23 – The St. George's Night Uprising: The Livonian Order hangs Vesse, the rebel Estonian Elder of Saaremaa Island.

title: 1344

date: December 4

text: December 4 – The Livonian Confederation, with a capital at Valka (now on the border of Latvia and Lithuania) is formed by an agreement signed at Valka by the Archbishop of Riga; Courland; the Dorpat; the Ösel–Wiek and bishops of Courland, Dorpat, Ösel-Wiek and Reval; the representatives of the Livonian Order and its vassals; and the deputies of Riga, Reval and Dorpat city municipal councils.

title: 1435

section: Events › October–December

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Battle of the Siritsa River: The Livonian Order, supporting the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War, and commanded by Wolter von Plettenberg, defeats an army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Pskov Republic.

title: 1501

section: Events › July–September

date: June 4

text: June 4 – The nobility of Harrien-Wierland and the town of Reval (on June 6) of the Livonian Order swear allegiance to Sweden.

title: 1561