slug: states-general-of-the-netherlands

label: States General of the Netherlands

description: legislature of the Netherlands

date: January 6

text: January 6 – The first assembly ever of the States General of the Netherlands is held as representatives from at least 17 provinces of the Burgundian Netherlands gather at Bruges. At least 81 delegates come from the clergy, nobility and general public from the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Flanders, Lille, Douai and Orchies, the County of Artois, the County of Hainaut, the County of Holland, the County of Zeeland, the County of Namur, the Lordship of Mechelen, and the Boulonnais, all with the reluctant assent of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.

title: 1464

section: Events › January–March

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Pacification of Ghent: The States General of the Netherlands meet and unite to oppose pillaging Spanish mutineers.

title: 1576

section: Events › October–December

date: September 8

text: September 8 – The States General of the Netherlands is convened by the leaders of the States of Brabant and the County of Hainaut in order to respond to mutineering Spanish troops.

title: 1576

section: Health & Medicine

date: June 14

text: June 14 – The representatives of the States General of the Netherlands vote to declare that the throne of the Union of Utrecht is vacant because of the erratic behavior of King Philip II.

title: 1581

section: Culture & Society

text: June 13 – The Staten-Generaal of the Dutch Republic approves a proposal for the Generaliteitscollege, a common board for the Republic's five separate navies, the Admiralty of Amsterdam, the Admiralty of Rotterdam, the Admiralty of Zeeland, the Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier and the Admiralty of Friesland.

title: 1597

section: Economy & Finance

date: March 20

text: March 20 – The United East India Company is established by the United Provinces States-General in Amsterdam, with the stated intention of capturing the spice trade from the Portuguese.

title: 1602

date: March 17

text: March 17 – The States General of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands authorizes an exclusive monopoly for trade in the New World, providing for the winning company to be able to make four voyages to the eastern coast of North America between 40° N and 45° N, encompassing the area that becomes the U.S. state of New Jersey. The New Netherland Company receives the exclusive patent, effective January 1, 1615.

title: 1614

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: October 11

text: October 11 – Adriaen Block and a group of Amsterdam merchants petition the States General of the Northern Netherlands for exclusive trading rights, in the area he explored and named "New Netherland".

title: 1614

date: January 30

text: January 30 – The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Peace of Münster, ending the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the States General), which was previously a province of the Spanish Empire. The treaty is ratified by the Netherlands on May 15.

title: 1648

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Willem, Prince of Orange, the 21-year-old Stadtholder of Gelderland and Utrecht, is approved by the States General of the Dutch Republic to command the Dutch States Army for the impending war with England.

title: 1672


slug: stephen-king-of-england

label: Stephen, King of England

description: King of England from 1135 to 1154

section: Religion & Belief

text: Furness Abbey (or St Mary of Furness) is founded in England by Stephen, count of Boulogne, for the Order of Savigny.

title: 1123

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Deaths

text: King Henry I of England arranges a marriage between his nephew Stephen of Blois and the 20-year-old Matilda, daughter and heiress of Eustace III, count of Boulogne. This gives Stephen control of the County of Boulogne and also lands in England that have belonged to Eustace (who dies on his return from the Holy Land).

title: 1125

section: Events › By place › England

section: Births

text: Eustace IV of Boulogne, a Count of Boulogne and the son and heir of Stephen, King of England (approximate date; d. 1153)

title: 1130

date: December 1

text: December 1 – King Henry I dies at Lyons-la-Forêt in Normandy after a 35-year reign. He is succeeded by his nephew Stephen of Blois (grandson of William the Conqueror), who asserts his claim to the throne in opposition to claims by Henry's daughter Matilda (prolonged in a civil war known as The Anarchy).

title: 1135

section: Conflict & Security

text: Spring – King David I of Scotland invades northern England and captures many of the major towns including Carlisle and Newcastle. In response, King Stephen raises an army (with Flemish mercenaries), and marches to Durham. David agrees to negotiate a peace between the two countries.

title: 1136

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Spring – King Stephen sails to Normandy to confront Geoffrey V (the Fair) and the Angevins, who are attacking the southern areas of Normandy. Although Stephen has some success, he is not able to recapture Normandy from Matilda, daughter and heiress of the late King Henry I.

title: 1137

date: May

text: May – Earl Robert FitzRoy rebels against King Stephen, supporting Matilda (his step-sister) in her claim for the English throne. Matilda is given refuge by Earl William de Albini at Arundel Castle. Stephen builds siege works around the castle, but is unable to break the castle's defences. In France, Matilda's husband Duke Geoffrey V (the Fair) takes advantage of the situation by re-invading Normandy.

title: 1138

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: April 9

text: April 9 – The Treaty of Durham is signed, between Stephen, King of England and David I of Scotland.

title: 1139

section: Events › By region › Europe

text: Summer – King Stephen appoints Geoffrey de Mandeville as Earl of Essex for his support during the civil war against Matilda (Stephen's cousin).

title: 1140

section: Events › By place › England and Scotland

date: February 2

text: February 2 – The Anarchy in the Kingdom of England – Battle of Lincoln: Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester and Empress Matilda wrest control of the throne of England from King Stephen, who is captured and imprisoned.

title: 1141

section: Events

date: November 1

text: November 1 – The Anarchy in the Kingdom of England – Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester is exchanged by Empress Matilda for King Stephen, who reassumes the throne of England.

title: 1141

section: Crime & Justice

text: Autumn – The 9-year-old Henry of Anjou, a son of Empress Matilda, lands on the south coast of England with his uncle, Earl Robert of Gloucester and several knights. Henry travels to Bristol, centre of Angevin opposition to King Stephen, where he is educated by Master Matthew. Meanwhile, Robert captures Lulworth Castle, Rufus Castle ("Bow and Arrow Castle") on the Isle of Portland and Wareham Castle.

title: 1142

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Battle of Wilton: Earl Robert of Gloucester (illegitimate son of the late King Henry I) defeats the English forces of King Stephen during a surprise attack at Wilton Abbey. In the darkness, Stephen escapes, while his steward William Martel fights a rearguard action to delay the pursuers.

title: 1143

text: Spring – King Stephen besieges Worcester, but is unable to capture the castle due to its strong defences. He expels William de Beauchamp, lord of the city. Stephen builds two forts near the castle to assist in the attack.

title: 1149

date: April 6

text: April 6 – King Stephen has his nobles swear fealty to his son Eustace, as the rightful heir of the English throne. Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, and other bishops refuse to crown Eustace favouring Henry of Anjou to claim the throne instead. Stephen confiscates their property and Theobald is forced into exile in Flanders.

title: 1152

text: Spring – The 19-year-old Henry II of England lands with a Norman fleet (some 40 ships) on the south coast of England. He defeats King Stephen (a cousin of his mother, Queen Matilda) with a small army at Malmesbury. Henry travels north through the Midlands, while a temporary truce is accepted. Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester, announces his support for the cause. Hoping to dethrone Stephen and replace him with Matilda.

title: 1153

text: Spring – King Henry II has the Palace of Westminster (which is badly damaged by Stephen's supporters during The Anarchy) repaired. Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, is given the task of repairing the buildings.

title: 1155


slug: stilicho

label: Stilicho

description: Roman army general (c.359 – 408)

text: Stilicho, Roman general (d. 408)

title: 359

text: Theodosius I sends Flavius Stilicho as an envoy to the Persian court of King Shapur III at Ctesiphon, to negotiate a peace settlement relating to the partition of Armenia.

title: AD 383

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Stilicho marries Serena, adopted niece of Theodosius I.

title: 384

text: Maria, empress and daughter of Stilicho (approximate date)

title: 384

text: The Visigoths and Huns, led by Alaric, invade Thrace. Stilicho, high-ranking general (magister militum) of Vandal origin, raises an army and begins a campaign against the Goths.

title: 390

text: Stilicho, Roman general (magister militum), defeats the Visigoths and Huns in Thrace. Emperor Theodosius I permits Alaric to go free on condition he provides, as foederati, military services to the Roman Empire.

title: 392

date: April 27

text: April 27 – Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto (without the knowledge or consent of Rufinus, Praetorian prefect of the East). His seven-year-old half-sister, Galla Placidia, is sent to Rome, where she spends her childhood in the household of Stilicho and his wife Serena.

title: 395

text: Stilicho, Roman general (magister militum), controls the young emperor Honorius as his regent, and becomes the de facto ruler of the Western Roman Empire. He enlists the Alemanni and the Franks, to defend the Rhine frontier.

title: 396

text: Revolt of Alaric I: Stilicho traps the Visigoths under King Alaric in the Peloponnese, but decides to abandon the campaign against the Visigoths in Greece, thus allowing King Alaric to escape north to Epirus with his loot. Presumably, Stilicho has left Greece in order to prepare for military action in northern Africa, where a rebellion (see Gildonic Revolt in 398) seems imminent.

title: 397

text: Gildonic Revolt: Gildo, a Berber serving as a high-ranking official (comes) in Mauretania, rebels against the Western Roman Empire. The Gildonic Revolt is instigated by a powerful official in the Eastern Roman Empire named Eutropius, who wishes to undermine his enemies in the Western Roman Empire by cutting off the grain supply to Rome. After Gildo takes much of North Africa and cuts off the grain supply to Rome, Flavius Stilicho returns to Italy to raise troops against the rebels. After a short campaign in the desert, he defeats Gildo. Gildo flees and commits suicide by hanging himself.

title: 398

text: Stilicho, Roman general (magister militum), leads his army in an extensive campaign against the Vandals in Rhaetia (Switzerland).

title: 401

text: April 6 – Battle of Pollentia: Stilicho recalls troops from Britain and the Rhine frontier to defend Italy. He decides to attack the Goths on Easter Sunday, and manages to capture Alaric's wife and children.

title: 402

date: June

text: June – Battle of Verona: The Visigoths, under command of King Alaric I, invade Italy again, and advance through the Brenner Pass. Stilicho, with an army of 30,000 men, defeats the Goths north of Verona. Alaric makes a truce, and withdraws eastward to Illyricum.

title: 403

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: Stilicho, Roman general (magister militum), orders the Sibylline Books to be burned, according to the Roman poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus.

title: 405

text: Summer – Emperor Honorius marries Thermantia, second daughter of Stilicho, his famous general (magister militum).

title: 408

date: August 22

text: August 22 – Stilicho, Roman general

title: 408

text: Serena, noblewoman and wife of Stilicho

title: 409


slug: stirling-castle

label: Stirling Castle

description: castle in Stirling, Scotland, UK

date: November 9

text: November 9 – Edward I Longshanks, King of England spends the winter at Dunfermline Abbey where he plans the attack on Stirling Castle. He stations an army in the field and operations continue throughout the winter. An English force (some 1,000 men) raids and plunder into Lennox as far as Drymen. Meanwhile, Lord John Botetourt raids Galloway in strength, with four bannerets (some 3,000 men).

title: 1303

section: Events › October–December

date: June 17

text: June 17 – First War of Scottish Independence: English forces led by King Edward II leave Berwick-upon-Tweed to march to break the Scottish siege of Stirling Castle. They cross the River Tweed at Wark and Coldstream and march west across the flat Merse of Berwickshire towards Lauderdale. In Earlston, Edward uses an old Roman road through the Lammermuir Hills, practical for the wheeled transport of a long supply train as well as the cavalry and infantry.

title: 1314

section: Events › April – June

date: August

text: August – Second War of Scottish Independence: English forces relieve Stirling Castle, ending Edward III of England's last campaign in Scotland.

title: 1337

section: Events › January–December

date: February 22

text: February 22 – William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas is killed by James II of Scotland, at Stirling Castle.

title: 1452

section: Events › January–March

text: February 2 – Prince James, Duke of Rothesay, the 15-year-old son of King James III of Scotland and heir to the throne, leaves his residence at Stirling Castle and joins a rebellion against his father. Prince James sides with the Earl of Angus and the Earl of Argyll in the rebellion, which ultimately leads to the King's death.

title: 1488

date: October 17

text: October 17 – King James IV of Scotland gives royal assent to numerous laws approved by the Scottish Parliament during its 1488 session, including the France Act ("to renew the confideracioun betuix the realmez of France and Scotland") and the Rebel Officers of Law Act (disbarring and suspending any wardens, justices or other officials "who were in battle at Stirling against our sovereign Lord").

title: 1488

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Upon confirming that King James IV of Scotland has been killed in battle, the 35 Lords of Council of the Realm meet at Stirling Castle and agree to rule Scotland in the name of James's widow, Margaret Tudor, and his son, the infant James V.

title: 1513

section: Events › July–September

section: Culture & Society

date: August 3

text: August 3 – Lord Erskine is appointed by Margaret Tudor, regent of Scotland, to be the "keeper" of Margaret's 10-year-old son, King James V, who is to remain within the confines of Erskine's home at Stirling Castle.

title: 1522

date: December 17

text: December 17 – The baptism of Prince James, son of Mary Queen of Scots, takes place at Stirling Castle

title: 1566

date: August 30

text: August 30 – Diplomats meet at Stirling Castle for the Masque at the baptism of Prince Henry, heir to the throne of Scotland.

title: 1594


slug: stirling

label: Stirling

description: city in Scotland, UK

section: Deaths

date: December 4

text: December 4 – King William the Lion of Scotland dies after a 49-year reign at Stirling. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander II, who is crowned at Scone (until 1249).

title: 1214

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: September 11

text: September 11 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scottish forces (some 6,000 men) led by Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeat an English army under John de Warenne at Stirling on the Forth.

title: 1297

section: Events › By place › British Isles

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Siege of Stirling Castle: King Edward I of England captures the Scottish rebel stronghold at Stirling. The castle is for four months bombarded by twelve siege engines. During the siege, Edward orders his engineer, Master James of St. George, to build a massive engine called the Warwolf. Eventually, William Oliphant and his garrison surrender.

title: 1304

section: Events › July – September

date: August 23

text: August 23 – After a three-week trial at Westminster, William Wallace is convicted of treason and of atrocities against civilians in war. After the trial, he is dragged through the streets of Smithfield in London and hanged, drawn and quartered – strangled by hanging – but cut down while still alive, emasculated, disemboweled (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded, and then cut into four parts. Wallace's head is placed on a spike above the London Bridge, and his limbs are displayed separately, in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling, and Perth.

title: 1305

section: Religion & Belief

date: April 25

text: April 25 – At Stirling in Scotland, the Lord Boyd, the regent for King James III, enters an agreement for joint rule with the members of his council (the bishops of Glasgow and of Aberdeen, the earls of Argyll and of Arran, the provost of Lincluden, and Archibald Whitelaw) to co-operate in the governing of Scotland.

title: 1468

section: Events › April–June

date: May 9

text: May 9 – King James V of Scotland, 16, held captive for more than two years under the guardianship of the Earl of Angus, is able to escape from Edinburgh to Stirling after several failed rescue attempts.

title: 1528

date: July 29

text: July 29 – James VI is crowned at Stirling.

title: 1567

date: January 8

text: January 8 – The Young Pretender Charles Edward Stuart occupies Stirling, Scotland.

title: 1746

text: September 11 – Work on the Wallace Monument is completed in Stirling, Scotland.

title: 1869

section: Events › September


slug: stockholm

label: Stockholm

description: capital and largest city of Sweden

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: July

text: July – The settlement of Stockholm in Sweden is founded, by Birger Jarl.

title: 1252

text: Storkyrkan, the current cathedral of Stockholm, is consecrated.

title: 1306

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Sweden's first guild privileges (for tailors) are issued in Stockholm.

title: 1356

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Conflict & Security

date: October 10

text: October 10 – Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm, Sweden: The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder, with the help of farmers and miners, repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.

title: 1471

date: November 26

text: November 26 – The coronation of Hans of Denmark as King of Sweden takes place at Stockholm, as he adopts the regnal name of King Johann II of Sweden.

title: 1497

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Hans, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden is deposed from the Swedish throne after fleeing the country following the victory of Swedish rebels at Örebro during the War of Deposition against King Hans. His wife, Christina of Saxony, is left behind at Stockholm as his regent of Sweden, to command a royal garrison at Tre Kronor ("Three Crowns"), the royal castle. Returning to Denmark, King Hans then organizes Danish troops to attempt to retake Sweden in the Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512).

title: 1501

date: January 19

text: January 19 – King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes, at Lake Åsunden in Sweden. The Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger is mortally wounded in the Battle of Bogesund. He is rushed towards Stockholm, in order to lead the fight against the Danes from there.

title: 1520

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Christian II is crowned king of Sweden in Nikolai Church. The coronation is followed by a three-day feast in Stockholm.

title: 1520

date: September 7

text: September 7 – Christian II of Denmark makes his triumphant entry into Stockholm, which had surrendered to him a few days earlier. Sten Sture's widow Christina Gyllenstierna, who has led the fight after Sten's death, and all other persons in the resistance against the Danes, are granted amnesty and are pardoned for their involvement in the resistance.

title: 1520

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Swedish War of Liberation: The city of Kalmar in Sweden, occupied by troops of Denmark, falls to a Swedish Army force led by Arvid Västgöte after the city's magistrates agree to leave the northern gate of the city open. Kalmar Castle surrenders on June 4. With the fall of Kalmar, only Stockholm remains as a site of the Danish occupation.

title: 1523

date: April 20

text: April 20 – While King Gustav Vasa of Sweden is out of the country, an unusual atmospheric phenomenon, the Vädersol, appears in the sky over the Swedish capital of Stockholm, and last for two hours. Because of uncertainty about whether the vädersol is a sign of God showing favor or disapproval of the Protestant reformation and of King Gustav himself, the Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop Olaus Petri commissions Urban Larsson to document the event in a painting, the Vädersolstavlan.

title: 1535

date: October 12

text: October 12 – The coronation ceremony of King Gustav Adolf of Sweden takes place in Stockholm, almost six years after he succeeded to the throne.

title: 1617

date: August 10

text: August 10 – The Swedish 64-gun sailing ship Vasa sinks 20 minutes into her maiden voyage, in Stockholm Harbor.

title: 1628

date: June 6

text: June 6 – Swedish warships depart from Stockholm, Sweden for Central Europe.

title: 1630

date: October 20

text: October 20 – Christina, Queen of Sweden, who has been the legal ruler of Sweden for almost 18 years, has an elaborate coronation ceremony at the castle of Jacobsdal near Stockholm. The coronation had originally been planned for her 18th birthday in 1644 but was delayed by a war with Denmark-Norway.

title: 1650

section: Economy & Finance

text: The Stockholm Banco, the first bank to issue banknotes, is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: 1656

section: Events › Undated

text: The first modern bank notes are issued in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: 1661

text: February 22 – The Lejonkulan ("lion's den") opens at Stockholm in Sweden as the first permanent theater in Scandinavia, with the performance of Jean Magnon's Orontes en Satira.

title: 1667

text: One of the world's earliest central banks, the Sveriges Riksbank, is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: 1668

date: December 3

text: December 3 – King Charles XI of Sweden issues an order banning Jews from settling in Sweden, particularly in the capital at Stockholm "on account of the danger of the eventual influence of the Jewish religion on the pure evangelical faith."

title: 1685

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The textile factory Barnängens manufaktur is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: 1691

date: May 17

text: May 17 (May 7 Old Style) – The 13th century royal Tre Kronor ("Three Crowns") castle in Stockholm burns to the ground, and a large portion of the royal library is destroyed.

title: 1697

date: November 24

text: November 24 – The elaborate burial of the late King Charles XI of Sweden takes place more than seven months after his April 5 death, with interment at the Riddarholmen Church on the island of Riddarholmen near Stockholm.

title: 1697

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Great Northern War: Eighteen months after losing the Battle of Warsaw, while leading a cavalry charge for Saxony against the army of Sweden, General Otto von Paykull of Swedish Livonia is beheaded outside of Stockholm, following his conviction for treason.

title: 1707

date: August 13

text: August 13 – In the Battle of Stäket, Crown Prince Frederick I of Sweden leads the successful defense of Stockholm from Russian Admiral Fyodor Apraksin's Baltic Fleet during the Russian Pillage.

title: 1719

date: October 11

text: October 11 – The first national stage in Sweden opens, when Carl Gyllenborg's play Den svenska sprätthöken is performed in the Swedish language, by the first native actors, on the stage of Bollhuset in Stockholm.

title: 1737

date: June 13

text: June 13 – (June 2 Old Style); The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: 1739

date: July 31

text: July 31 – Fire destroys 1,000 houses in Stockholm.

title: 1751

text: Fire destroys 250 houses in Stockholm.

title: 1759

date: July 19

text: July 19 – The Great Stockholm Fire 1759 breaks out at Södermalm in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: 1759

date: January 18

text: January 18 – The first opera performance in the Swedish language, Thetis and Phelée, performed by Carl Stenborg and Elisabeth Olin in Bollhuset in Stockholm, Sweden, marks the establishment of the Royal Swedish Opera.

title: 1773

text: Summer: Swedish teacher, scholar, folklorist and museum director Artur Hazelius begins the Scandinavian-etnographic collection, which becomes the foundation to the Nordic Museum and Skansen open-air museum in Stockholm.

title: 1872

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Lars Magnus Ericsson starts a small mechanical workshop in Stockholm, Sweden (from April 27 partnering with Carl Johan Andersson), dealing with telegraphy equipment, which grows into the worldwide company Ericsson.

title: 1876

section: Events › April

date: October 31

text: October 31 – A fire destroys the Eldkvarn gristmill in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: 1878

section: Events › October

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Allmänna Idrottsklubben (AIK) sports club is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: 1891

section: Events › February

text: October 1 – Skansen is established as the world's first open-air museum by Artur Hazelius, on the island of Djurgården in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: 1891

text: December 10 – The first Nobel Prize ceremony is held in Stockholm, on the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.

title: 1901

text: May 5 – The 1912 Summer Olympics open in Stockholm, Sweden. Modern Pentathlon is contested for the first time in these games.

title: 1912

text: March 24 – Jean Sibelius conducts the world premiere of his Symphony No. 7 in Stockholm.

title: 1924

text: An 18-year-old sailor is fined for kissing in public in Stockholm, Sweden. The law court calls his actions "obnoxious behavior repulsive to the public morals".

title: 1951

text: June 10 – 1956 Summer Olympics: Equestrian events open in Stockholm, Sweden (all other events are held in November in Melbourne, Australia).

title: 1956

text: April 24 – Swedish warship Vasa, sunk on her maiden voyage in 1628, is recovered from Stockholm Harbor.

title: 1961

text: May 13 – A smallpox outbreak hits Stockholm, Sweden, lasting until July.

title: 1963

text: February 28 – Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme is shot to death on his way home from the cinema in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: 1986

text: May 10–14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2016 is held in Stockholm, Sweden, and is won by Ukrainian entrant Jamala with the song "1944".

title: 2016

text: May 9–25 – The 2025 IIHF World Championship is held in Stockholm, Sweden, and Herning, Denmark, and is won by the United States.

title: 2025


slug: stoicism

label: Stoicism

description: school of Hellenistic philosophy who held that the practice of virtue suffices to attain eudaimonia

year_label: 334 BCE

section: Births

text: Zeno of Citium, Greek philosopher and the father of Stoicism (approximate date) (d. c. 262 BC)

title: 334 BC

year_label: 279 BCE

text: Chrysippus, Greek Stoic philosopher (approximate date)

title: 279 BC

year_label: 263 BCE

text: Cleanthes succeeds Zeno of Citium in his Stoic School in Athens.

title: 263 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 262 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Zeno of Citium, Hellenistic Stoic philosopher from Citium, Cyprus (b. 333 BC)

title: 262 BC

year_label: 243 BCE

text: Persaeus, Greek Stoic philosopher and friend of Zeno of Citium

title: 243 BC

year_label: 232 BCE

text: Following the death of his mentor, Cleanthes of Assos, Chrysippus of Soli succeeds him as the third head of the Stoic school. The many writings of Chrysippus, about the Stoic doctrines, will later earn him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism.

title: 232 BC

section: Events › By topic › Philosophy

text: Cleanthes of Assos, Stoic philosopher who has been the head of the Stoic school from 263 BC, after the death of Zeno of Citium (b. c. 301 BC)

title: 232 BC

year_label: 207 BCE

text: Chrysippus, Greek philosopher from Soloi who was the principal systematiser of Stoic philosophy (b. c. 280 BC)

title: 207 BC

year_label: 206 BCE

title: 206 BC

year_label: 135 BCE

text: Posidonius of Apamea, Greek Stoic philosopher and scientist (d. 51 BC)

title: 135 BC

year_label: 7 CE

text: AD 7 – Athenodoros Cananites, Stoic philosopher (b. 74 BC)

title: 0s

year_label: 31 CE

text: Musonius Rufus, Roman Stoic philosopher (d. 101)

title: 30s

section: Births › 31 AD

year_label: 93 CE

text: Arulenus Rusticus, Roman politician and Stoic philosopher (executed)

title: AD 93

year_label: 94 CE

text: Domitian banishes all Stoic philosophers from Rome.

title: AD 94

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Epictetus, Greek Stoic philosopher (b. AD 50)

title: AD 135


slug: strait-of-gibraltar

label: Strait of Gibraltar

description: strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea

year_label: 640 BCE

text: Kolaios of Samos reaches the Strait of Gibraltar.

title: 640 BC

section: Events › Europe

year_label: 42 CE

text: Romans take control of Ceuta, a port city on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 42

text: Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric ("Caesar King"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain and oil supply to Italy.

title: 429

date: August

text: August – Marinid forces led by Sultan Abu Yusuf cross the Strait of Gibraltar and marches north, ravaging the districts of Jerez de la Frontera, Seville and Córdoba.

title: 1277

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Late September – Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr crosses the Strait of Gibraltar from Alcácer Seguir to Tarifa. During the next three months, Marinid forces besiege Vejer de la Frontera, and carry out daily raids around Ferez. In the meantime, other Marinid raiding parties devastate the countryside as far north as Alcalá del Río, near Seville.

title: 1291

text: Spring – The brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, Italian explorers and merchants from Genoa, embark with two galleys intending to reach India and establish a trade route to Italy. They sail along the coast of present-day Morocco after passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. They may have followed the African coast as far as Cape Non before being lost at sea.

title: 1291

section: Events › By topic › Exploration

date: June 24

text: June 24 – Castilian forces led by King Sancho IV ("the Brave") begin the siege of Tarifa: eleven newly built engines bombard the city constantly by land and sea. Meanwhile, Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of Granada, provides the army of Sancho with men, arms and also aids the blockade in the Strait of Gibraltar. Muhammad attacks Marinid outposts and his forces seize Estepona on the coast to the west of Málaga. Sancho conquers Tarifa after a siege of four months, on October 13.

title: 1292

section: Religion & Belief

date: April 24

text: April 24 – Spanish kings James II of Aragon and Ferdinand IV of Castile persuade Pope Clement V to grant the papal bull Indesinentis cure, authorizing them approval and church financial support for a crusade to rid the Iberian peninsula of Islam, as well as to conquer Corsica and Sardinia. The two monarchs fail to mention their collaboration with the Muslim Marinid Empire, and use the papal bull to plan a blockade of the Strait of Gibraltar with their combined fleet of 40 warships on their mission to expel the Saracen forces from Spain.

title: 1309

section: Events › April – June

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: March 23

text: March 23 – War of the Spanish Succession: The English Navy ships HMS Kent, HMS Bedford and HMS Antelope intercept two newly-built Spanish warships, Porta Coeli and Santa Teresa off of the coast of Cape Spartel, as the Spaniards attempt to sail into the Strait of Gibraltar. The two Spanish ships are captured after a seven-hour battle and taken toward Lisbon, but the Santa Teresa sinks along the way.

title: 1704

section: Events › January–March


slug: strasbourg

label: Strasbourg

description: capital and largest city of Grand Est, located in the historical region of Alsace

year_label: 12 BCE

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: First official mention of Argentoratum, the city known in modern times as Strasbourg.

title: 12 BC

section: Conflict & Security

text: Summer – Battle of Strasbourg: Julian, Caesar (deputy emperor) and supreme commander of the Roman army in Gaul, wins an important victory against the Alemanni at Strasbourg (Argentoratum), driving the barbarians back behind the Rhine.

title: 357

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Attila's forces invade Gaul and sack Metz. The major cities of Strasbourg, Worms, Mainz, Trier, Cologne, Reims, Tournai, Cambrai, Amiens and Beauvais are destroyed by the Huns.

title: 451

text: Egidius, bishop of Reims, is tried at Metz before a council of bishops for a conspiracy against King Childebert II; he is found guilty and exiled to Strasbourg.

title: 590

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Arbogast, bishop of Strasbourg

title: 678

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Oaths of Strasbourg: King Louis the German, ruler of East Francia, and his half-brother Charles the Bald, ruler of West Francia, meet with their armies at Strasbourg. They agree to swear allegiance (recorded in vernacular languages) to each other, and to support each other against their brother Lothair I (nominal emperor of all the Frankish kingdoms and the Holy Roman Empire).

title: 842

text: The Ponts Couverts fortified bridges of Strasbourg (in modern-day France) are completed.

title: 1250

date: March 8

text: March 8 – Battle of Hausbergen: The bourgeois of Strasbourg defeat a German army of knights (some 5,000 men) under Bishop Walter of Geroldseck. Strasbourg becomes an imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1262

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Thousands of Christian crusaders from France depart from Dijon and march to Strasbourg, then sail on the Danube river to join forces with King Sigismund.

title: 1396

section: Events › April–June

section: Health & Medicine

date: July 14

text: July 14 – Dancing plague of 1518: A case of dancing mania breaks out in Strasbourg as a woman identified as "Frau Troffea" begins constant dancing that lasts for six days, after which fellow residents begin to join in. According to some historians, several people die from constant dancing.

title: 1518

section: Events › July–September

date: July 9

text: July 9 – The Tetrapolitan Confession, a Protestant confession of faith, is submitted jointly to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V on behalf of the southern German cities of Konstanz, Lindau, Memmingen and Strasbourg.

title: 1530

section: Culture & Society

text: The first issue of Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg (Holy Roman Empire), generally regarded as the world's first newspaper, is published. De Nieuwe Tijdinghen, a Dutch proto-newspaper, is also published this year.

title: 1605

section: Events › October–December

text: Johannes Valentinus Andreae claims to be the author of Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosencreutz Anno 1459 published in Strasbourg.

title: 1616

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Economy & Finance

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Kronenbourg Brewery (Brasseries Kronenbourg) is founded in Strasbourg.

title: 1664

date: October 4

text: October 4 – The Battle of Entzheim takes place in France with 35,000 Holy Roman Empire troops and 22,000 French defenders during the Franco-Dutch War, with the forces fighting near Entzheim south of Strasbourg. While the battle is inconclusive, the outnumbered French win a strategic victory by keeping the Germans from entering French territory. Most of the former battlefield now lies beneath the Strasbourg International Airport.

title: 1674

date: September 30

text: September 30 – France annexes the city of Strasbourg (German: Strassburg), previously a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1681

text: The Barrage Vauban, a defensive work in the city of Strasbourg (in modern-day France), is completed.

title: 1690

date: February 20

text: February 20–March 10 – War of the Spanish Succession: Siege of Kehl – French forces under the command of the Duc de Villars capture the fortress of the Holy Roman Empire at Kehl, opposite Strasbourg on the Rhine.

title: 1703

date: August 15

text: August 15 – The civil marriage of King Louis XV of France and Princess Maria Leszczyńska of Poland is held at Strasbourg. The King is not present, and his cousin, the Duke of Orléans, serves as his proxy.

title: 1725

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: c. September – Johann Gottfried Herder meets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Strasbourg.

title: 1770

section: Events › July– September

section: Crime & Justice

text: In Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine, the much studied stele of the Roman legionary Caius Largennius is discovered.

title: 1878

date: June 17

text: June 17 – A Paris-to-Strasbourg train derails near Vitry-le-François; 24 are killed, 109 injured.

title: 1961

section: Events › June

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Air Inter Flight 148, an Airbus A320-111, crashes in the Vosges Mountains near Barr, France, while circling to land at Strasbourg, France, killing 87 of the 96 people on board. Facing tough competition from French high-speed TGV trains, Air Inter had encouraged its pilots to fly at high speeds at low altitudes, and had not installed ground proximity warning systems on its airliners because such systems generated too many nuisance alarms during high-speed, low-altitude flight.

title: 1992

section: Events › January


slug: strategos

label: Strategos

description: Greek military leader

year_label: 430 BCE

text: Pericles becomes ill from the plague but he recovers, temporarily. He is deposed from his position as General (or Strategos) but is later reappointed.

title: 430 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 420 BCE

text: The young and popular Alcibiades is elected "Strategos" (one of a board of ten generals) and begins to dominate Athenian life and politics. A Quadruple Alliance of Athens, Argos, Mantineia and Elis, which has been organised by Alcibiades (in opposition to Nicias) confronts a Spartan-Boeotian alliance.

title: 420 BC

section: Deaths

text: Heraclius, Byzantine general (monostrategos)

title: 705

section: Religion & Belief

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Emperor Theodosios III is deposed after a reign of 1 year and 10 months. He is succeeded by the 32-year-old Leo III the Isaurian, a general (strategos) of the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey). Theodosios and his son enter the clergy, and he probably becomes bishop of Ephesus. Leo brings an end to the Twenty Years' Anarchy in the Byzantine Empire, which marks the beginning of the so-called Isaurian Dynasty.

title: 717

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Artabasdos, Byzantine general (strategos) of the Armeniac theme, defeats Constantine V and advances on Constantinople, where he is crowned emperor. He secures the support of the themes of Thrace and Opsikion, and abandons Leo's religious policy of iconoclasm. Constantine seeks the support of the Anatolic theme.

title: 741

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Leo IV ("the Khazar") repulses an Abbasid invasion in Anatolia. A Byzantine expeditionary force under Michael Lachanodrakon, military governor (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, defeats the Muslim-Arabs at the fortress city of Germanikeia in Cilicia (modern Turkey). He plunders the region and takes many captives, mostly Jacobites, who are resettled in Thrace.

title: 778

section: Events › By place › Arab Caliphate and Byzantine Empire

date: September

text: September – The Armeniac Theme, located in northeastern Asia Minor (modern Turkey), revolts against Empress Irene, and declares the 19-year-old Constantine VI sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Other themes follow its example, and imprison their strategoi. Constantine sends his iconoclast general Michael Lachanodrakon, to ensure that the Armeniacs (his closest supporters) take an oath. Irene is confined and imprisoned in her palace at Constantinople; all her eunuchs are exiled.

title: 790

text: Michael Lachanodrakon, Byzantine general (strategos)

title: 792

text: Summer – Bardanes Tourkos, Byzantine general (strategos), is proclaimed emperor by the troops of the Anatolic, Opsikion, Thracian and Bucellarian themes. The 'rebel' army marches to Chrysopolis, a suburb of Constantinople. After the defection of two of his trusted aides, future emperors Leo the Armenian and Michael the Amorian, Bardanes negotiates peace.

title: 803

text: The Republic of Amalfi sends galleys to support the Byzantine general (strategos) of Sicily, Gregorio, against the Aghlabid invaders. It is one of the earliest evidences of the independence of the city.

title: 812

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Gregory Pterotos, Byzantine general (strategos)

title: 822

text: Constantine Kontomytes, Byzantine general (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, inflicts a severe defeat on the Cretan Saracens. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary force, to raid the monastic community near Mount Latros (modern Turkey).

title: 841

text: Landulf I, prince of Benevento, supports an anti-Greek Apulian rebellion, ravaging several Byzantine strongpoints as far as Ascoli. The Apulian nobility, professing loyalty to the Byzantine Empire, appoints Landulf as stratego of the Theme of Longobardia.

title: 921

text: Melias, Byzantine general (strategos)

title: 934

text: Arab-Byzantine War: Hamdanid forces under Sayf al-Dawla raid into the theme of Lykandos, but are defeated. The Byzantines counter-attack and seize Germanikeia, defeating an army from Tarsus, and raiding as far south as Antioch. General (strategos) Theophilos Kourkouas captures Theodosiopolis (modern-day Erzurum) after a 7-month siege.

title: 949


slug: strathclyde

label: Strathclyde

description: former local government region of Scotland

section: Conflict & Security

text: Battle of Gwen Ystrad: A British alliance is forged between the kingdoms of Strathclyde, Bryneich and Elmet (approximate date).

title: 570

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Britons of Strathclyde (Scotland), Wales, and Cornwall are all separated by the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

title: 600

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Battle of Degsastan: King Æthelfrith of Northumbria defeats the combined forces of the Strathclyde Britons and Scots under Áedán mac Gabráin, establishing the supremacy of the Angles in the northern part of what will become known as the British Isles.

title: 603

text: The Angles under King Edwin of Northumbria invade Rheged ("Old North") in Northern England, and expel King Llywarch Hen. He flees to Powys, and becomes a famous bard. Edwin's armies fight against Gododdin and Strathclyde.

title: 620

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Battle of Dun Nechtain: The Picts under King Bridei III revolt against their Northumbrian overlords. Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne, advises King Ecgfrith of Northumbria (Bridei's cousin) not to invade Pictland (modern Scotland). Undeterred, Ecgfrith marches his army north to engage the enemy near Dunnichen. The Picts, possibly with Scottish and Strathclyde Briton help, defeat the Saxon guard, killing Ecgfrith, who has reigned for 15 years, routing his army and forcing the Anglo-Saxons to withdraw south of the River Forth.

title: 685

text: Battle of Mugdock: The Strathclyde Britons under King Teudebur defeat Prince Talorgan of the Picts. This leads to the decline of the power of King Óengus I.

title: 750

section: Events › Britain

text: King Æthelstan of Wessex and Mercia annexes Northumbria, and forces Wales and Strathclyde to accept his sovereignty along with the Picts and the Scots (approximate date).

title: 926

text: Summer – King William II annexes Cumbria from the Scottish Celtic kingdom of Strathclyde, and builds Carlisle Castle.

title: 1092

date: January 8

text: January 8 – King Edgar dies at Edinburgh Castle after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Alexander I, who is married to Sybilla of Normandy (an illegitimate daughter of King Henry I). A split of unity, between Alexander and his younger brother David I, makes David co-ruler in Lothian and Strathclyde (Southern Scotland). He does not receive the title of king, but of "Prince of the Cumbrians".

title: 1107

section: Events › By place › Scotland


slug: subutai

label: Subutai

description: primary military strategist and general under Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan

section: Births

text: Uriyangkhadai, Mongol general and son of Subutai (d. 1272)

title: 1201

text: Spring – Genghis Khan dispatches a Mongolian army (some 20,000 cavalry) under Jebe, to deal with the Qara Khitai (or Western Liao) threat. Meanwhile, he sends Subutai with another army on a simultaneous campaign against the Merkits. Jebe defeats a force of 30,000 men led by Prince Kuchlug at the Khitan capital Balasagun. Kuchlug flees south to modern Afghanistan, but is captured by hunters – who hands him over to the Mongols. After Kuchlug is beheaded and paraded through the cities of his new domains, Genghis annexes the entire Khitai empire under Mongol rule.

title: 1218

section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire

text: Summer – Muhammad II flees westwards across northern Iran, hoping to find safety in the rugged and isolated region of Mazandaran on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. He is pursued by 20,000 Mongol forces led by Subutai and Jebe (the Arrow). Abandoned by the remnants of his panic-stricken troops, Muhammad seeks shelter on a small island near Astara. There he dies of pleurisy some weeks later. He is succeeded by his son Jalal al-Din Mangburni, who is forced to flee to India after the Mongol invasion (see 1219).

title: 1220

text: Spring – The Polovtsian army assembles on the Terek River lowlands and are joined by Alan, Circassian, and Don Kipchak/Cuman forces. The Mongol army crosses the Caucasus Mountains, but is trapped in the narrow mountain passes. The Mongol generals Subutai and Jebe (the Arrow) send an embassy to the Polovtsians and convince them to break their alliance with the Caucasian peoples. The Mongol cavalry invades the Caucasus region and devastates the local villages, seizing slaves, cattle and horses.

title: 1223

section: Events › Other events, by place › Mongol Empire

date: June 16

text: June 16 – The Mongol General Subutai withdraws eastward after the victory at the Battle of the Kalka River, after General Jebe has died.

title: 1223

section: Events › April–June

text: Spring – The Mongol army led by Subutai and Jochi cross the steppes of modern Kazakhstan, and returns to the horde of Genghis Khan on the Irtysh River. At a great kurultai or gathering of chiefs, Subutai reports on the Western campaign. Jochi submits to Genghis and his supposed 'insubordination' (see 1220) is forgiven. As a result of the Mongol invasion in 1219–1223, Kazakhstan and Central Asia become part of the Mongol Empire.

title: 1224

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Autumn – Subutai is assigned a new campaign by Genghis Khan against the Tanguts. He crosses the Gobi Desert with a Mongol army and advances south into the Western Xia (or Xi Xia). Meanwhile, Genghis, in his mid-sixties, becomes wounded during hunting. His injury – a dislocated shoulder, perhaps, or a bruised rib – forces him to take some rest.

title: 1225

date: May 29

text: May 29 – Mongol–Jin War: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan captures Kaifeng, capital of the Jin dynasty ('Great Jin'), after the 13-month Siege of Kaifeng (1232). The Mongols plunder the city, while Emperor Aizong of Jin flees for the town of Caizhou. Meanwhile, Ögedei departs and leaves the final conquest to his favoured general, Subutai.

title: 1233

text: Autumn – Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus': The Mongol army commanded by Batu Khan and Subutai, invades the Principality of Ryazan (with representatives of all four khanates leading some 100,000 Mongol, Turks and Persian forces into Europe). In December, Batu Khan sends envoys to the Rus' court of Grand Prince Yuri Igorevich and demands the submission of the capital Ryazan.

title: 1237

date: January 15

text: January 15–20 – Siege of Moscow: The Mongols under Batu Khan and Subutai campaign across the northern heartland of the Kievan Rus', committing numerous atrocities across multiple settlements, including the sacking of an insignificant town known as Moscow. According to the Chronicle of Novgorod, Moscow is a fortified village, a trading post "on a crossroads of four rivers". The village is taken by the Mongols after 5 days of siege.

title: 1238

date: April 11

text: April 11 – Battle of Mohi: Batu Khan and Subutai defeat Béla IV of Hungary. The battle is the last major event in the Mongol Invasion of Europe.

title: 1241

section: Events

text: Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under Uriyangkhadai, son of Subutai, invade Vietnam. After many battles, the Vietnam army is routed and defeated. The senior leaders are able to escape on prepared boats, while the remnants are destroyed on the banks of the Red River. The Mongols occupy the capital city, Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi), and massacres the city's inhabitants, by the end of January.

title: 1258


slug: sudan

label: Sudan

description: country in Northeast Africa

year_label: 60 CE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Nero's exploration of the Nile: Emperor Nero sends an expedition which reaches the historical city Meroë (Sudan). (approximate date)

title: AD 60

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 70 CE

text: Expedition by the Roman Septimius Flaccus to southern Egypt. He probably reaches Sudan.

title: AD 70

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: The fortress city of Old Dongola (modern Sudan) along the River Nile becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Makuria. Several churches are built, including the "Old Church" (approximate date).

title: 543

text: Siege of Dongola: A Rashidun army (5,000 men) under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad besieges Dongola in the Kingdom of Makuria (modern Sudan).

title: 652

section: Events › By place › Arab Empire

text: Sijilmasa (in present-day Morocco) is founded as the departure point for caravans between North Africa and the western Sudan (approximate date).

title: 800

section: Events › Africa

date: March 8

text: March 8 – At the Battle of Suakin, fought at an Ottoman port city on the Red Sea in what is now Sudan, Portuguese General Estêvão da Gama and his brother Cristóvão da Gama lead an attack against the Ottoman ruler and plunder the city.

title: 1541

section: Events › January–March

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Mohamed Sa'id Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan, then a province of the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1854

section: Events › July–September

date: March 13

text: March 13 – The Siege of Khartoum begins in the Sudan as part of the Mahdist War: an Egyptian garrison led by British General Charles Gordon and Sudanese civilians are besieged by Mahdist forces; the city falls on January 26, 1885.

title: 1884

section: Events › March

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Mahdist War in Sudan: Battle of Abu Klea – British troops defeat Mahdist forces.

title: 1885

section: Events › January

date: March 9

text: March 9 – Battle of Metemma: Yohannes IV, Emperor of Ethiopia, is killed; Sudanese forces, who have been almost defeated, rally and destroy the Ethiopian army. Yohannes is probably the world's last ruler ever to die in battle; on March 25 Menelik II proclaims himself as his successor.

title: 1889

date: September 2

text: September 2 – Battle of Omdurman (Mahdist War): British and Egyptian troops led by Horatio Kitchener defeat Sudanese tribesmen led by Khalifa Abdullah al-Taashi, thus establishing British dominance in the Sudan. 11,000 Sudanese are killed and 1,600 wounded in the battle.

title: 1898

section: Events › September

date: July 10

text: July 10 – British colonial authorities in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan give control of the Red Sea port of Suakin to Sudan, after having agreed that Egypt would have the right to administer commerce there.

title: 1899

section: Events › July

date: January 1

text: January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan after 57 years.

title: 1956

section: Crime & Justice

date: July 28

text: July 28 – Abdel Khaliq Mahjub, Sudanese communist leader, is hanged.

title: 1971

section: Health & Medicine

date: June 27

text: June 27 – The world's first known case of Ebola is recorded in Nzara, Sudan (now South Sudan).

title: 1976

section: Events › June

date: June 5

text: June 5 – The Second Sudanese Civil War begins in Sudan.

title: 1983

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Start of Operation Moses, the evacuation of refugee Beta Israel Ethiopian Jews from Sudan to Israel via Brussels.

title: 1984

section: Events › November

section: Science & Discovery

date: March 29

text: March 29 – A hybrid solar eclipse is the second hybrid solar eclipse in less than one year, the first being on October 3, 1986. It is annular visible in southern Argentina, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan (part of the path of annularity crossed today's South Sudan), Ethiopia, Djibouti and northern Somalia and totally visible in Atlantic Ocean, lasting just 7.57 seconds.

title: 1987

date: April 8

text: April 8 – The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and two rebel groups to create a ceasefire in the War in Darfur.

title: 2004

section: Events › April

date: December 18

text: December 18 – Chad descends into civil war after various rebel forces, with support from Sudan, attack the capital, N'Djamena.

title: 2005

section: Events › December

date: January 9

text: January 9 – The Comprehensive Peace Agreement is signed, ending the Second Sudanese Civil War in Sudan.

title: 2005

text: July 9 – South Sudan secedes from Sudan, per the result of the independence referendum held in January.

title: 2011

date: October 23

text: October 23 – Israel and Sudan agree to normalise relations, marking the fifth Israel–Arab peace deal.

title: 2020

section: Events › October

date: October 25

text: October 25 – The Sudanese military launches a coup against the government. Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok is placed under house arrest. President Abdel Fattah al-Burhan declares a state of emergency and announces the dissolution of the government.

title: 2021

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Fighting breaks out across Sudan between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces. The RSF captures Khartoum International Airport, and the presidential palace in Khartoum.

title: 2023


slug: suebi

label: Suebi

description: large group of Germanic tribes

year_label: 72 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: The Suebi and other tribes under King Ariovistus invade Gaul.

title: 72 BC

section: Events › By place › Europe

year_label: 58 BCE

date: September

text: September – Caesar decisively defeats the Suebi led by King Ariovistus in the Battle of Vosges.

title: 58 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 55 BCE

text: Summer – Julius Caesar defeats the Usipetes and the Tencteri, two Germanic tribes who have been driven across the Rhine River by the Suebi. He spreads Roman law and order, and makes the whole country as far as the Channel accessible to trade.

title: 55 BC

year_label: 54 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Ariovistus, leader of the Suebi (approximated date)

title: 54 BC

text: The war against the Suebi begins.

title: AD 136

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

date: October 13

text: October 13 – The Vandals, led by King Gunderic, cross the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula. They receive land from the Romans, as foederati, in Baetica (Southern Spain). The Alans occupy lands in Lusitania and the Suebi control parts of Gallaecia.

title: 409

text: Heremigarius, military leader of the Suebi

title: 429

text: Battle of Nedao: Allied forces of subjected peoples (Gepids, Heruli, Ostrogoths, Rugii, Sciri and Suebi), under the leadership of King Ardaric, defeat the Huns under Ellac, eldest son of Attila the Hun, in Pannonia. Ellac is killed during the battle and succeeded by his brother Dengizich.

title: 454

date: October 5

text: October 5 – The Visigoths under King Theodoric II, acting on orders of Avitus, invade Spain with an army of Burgundians, Franks and Goths, led by their kings Chilperic I and Gondioc. They defeat the Suebi under King Rechiar on the Urbicus River, near Astorga (Gallaecia); this shatters the power of the Suebi.

title: 456

text: Emperor Majorian builds a Roman fleet at Miseno and Ravenna. He strengthens the army, by recruiting a large number of barbarian mercenaries (Bastarnae, Burgundians, Huns, Ostrogoths, Rugii, Scythians and Suebi).

title: 458

text: Majorian invades Hispania; his generals Nepotianus and Sunieric lead a Visigoth army into Gallaecia. The Suebi are defeated and Lusitania (modern Portugal) is conquered.

title: 460

text: The Suebi live under a diarchy, and fight a civil war over the kingship in Galicia (Northern Spain).

title: 463

text: Frumar, Suevic king of Galicia (approximate date)

title: 463

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Suevic nation in Galicia (Northern Spain) is unified under King Remismund.

title: 464

text: King Remismund establishes a policy of friendship with the Visigoths, and promotes the conversion of the Suebi into Arianism in Galicia (Northern Spain).

title: 465

text: Euric sends an embassy to the Eastern Roman Empire for recognition of the Visigoth sovereignty. He forms an alliance with the Suebi and the Vandals.

title: 466

section: Religion & Belief

text: Chararic, king of the Suevi, converts to Catholicism.

title: 550

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: The Visigoths under King Liuvigild invade the Suebian Kingdom (Northern Spain). Intermarriage between Goths and non-Goths is allowed in the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date).

title: 575

text: King Eboric is deposed by his mother (second husband Andeca) who becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Galicia (Northern Spain) and the Suevi.

title: 584


slug: suez-canal

label: Suez Canal

description: artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The Council of Ten discusses the advisability of proposing a scheme of a Suez Canal to the Sultan of Egypt, at the time Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, but the discussion is eventually abandoned.

title: 1504

section: Events › Date unknown

date: November 17

text: November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal Company is formed.

title: 1854

section: Events › October–December

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Ground is broken for the Suez Canal, in Egypt.

title: 1859

section: Events › April–June

text: November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.

title: 1869

date: November 26

text: November 26 – The Times newspaper in London reveals that Isma'il Pasha has sold Egypt's 44% share in the Suez Canal to Britain, in a deal secured by Benjamin Disraeli, without the prior sanction of the British Parliament.

title: 1875

date: July 11

text: July 11–13 – Anglo-Egyptian War: The British Mediterranean Fleet carries out the Bombardment of Alexandria, its forces capturing the city of Alexandria, Egypt, and securing the Suez Canal.

title: 1882

section: Events › July

date: March 22

text: March 22 – Egypt demands that Britain remove all its troops from the Suez Canal zone.

title: 1950

section: Events › March

date: November 2

text: November 2 – 6,000 British troops are flown into Egypt to quell unrest in the Suez Canal zone.

title: 1951

date: December 23

text: December 23 – British and French troops leave the Suez Canal region.

title: 1956

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal, sparking international condemnation.

title: 1956

date: October 24

text: October 24 – The Protocol of Sèvres, a secret agreement between Israel, France and the United Kingdom, is signed, allowing the former to invade the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt and occupy the Suez Canal with the support of the other two governments, giving rise to the Suez Crisis.

title: 1956

date: October 29

text: October 29 – Suez Crisis: Israel invades the Sinai Peninsula and pushes Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.

title: 1956

date: October 31

text: October 31 – Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.

title: 1956

date: April 9

text: April 9 – Egypt reopens the Suez Canal to all shipping.

title: 1957

date: March 8

text: March 8 – Egypt re-opens the Suez Canal.

title: 1957

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: October 21

text: October 21 – An Egyptian surface-to-surface missile sinks the Israeli destroyer Eilat, killing 47 Israeli sailors. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal.

title: 1967

text: June 5 – The Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.

title: 1975

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Ever Given, one of the largest container ships in the world, runs aground and obstructs the Suez Canal, disrupting global trade. The ship is freed on March 29.

title: 2021


slug: sufism

label: Sufism

description: body of mystical practice within Islam

section: Births

text: Rabia Basri, Muslim Sufi mystic and saint (d. 801)

title: 717

text: Dhul-Nun al-Misri, Egyptian scholar and Sufi (d. 859)

title: 796

text: Rabia Basri, Muslim Sufi mystic and saint (b. 717)

title: 801

text: Bayazid Bastami, Persian Sufi (d. 874)

title: 804

text: Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi, Muslim Sufi (d. 871)

title: 830

text: Junayd of Baghdad, Muslim Sufi (d. 910)

title: 830

text: Abu al-Hassan al-Nuri, Muslim Sufi (approximate date)

title: 840

text: Dhul-Nun al-Misri, Egyptian scholar and Sufi (b. 796)

title: 859

text: Abu Bakr Shibli, Muslim Sufi (d. 946)

title: 861

text: Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi, Muslim Sufi (b. 830)

title: 871

text: Bayazid Bastami, Persian Sufi (approximate date)

title: 874

text: Ibn Marwan, Muslim Sufi leader (approximate date)

title: 889

text: Junayd Baghdadi, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 835)

title: 910

text: Abu Bakr Shibli, Persian official and Sufi (b. 861)

title: 946

text: Baba Kuhi of Shiraz, Persian Sufi mystic and writer (d. 1037)

title: 948

date: December 7

text: December 7 – Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr, Persian Sufi poet (d. 1049)

title: 967

text: Al-Qushayri, Persian Sufi scholar and theologian (d. 1072)

title: 986

text: Baba Kuhi of Shiraz, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 948)

title: 1037

text: Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami, Persian Sufi writer and poet (d. 1141)

title: 1048

date: January 12

text: January 12 – Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr, Persian Sufi poet (b. 967)

title: 1049

date: December 30

text: December 30 – Al-Qushayri, Persian Sufi scholar and theologian (b. 986)

title: 1072

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Ibn al-Arif, Moorish Sufi scholar and writer (d. 1141)

title: 1088

text: Ahmad Yasawi, Turkic poet and Sufi (d. 1166)

title: 1093

text: Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi, Persian scholar and Sufi (d. 1168)

title: 1097

text: Ahmad al-Rifa'i, Arab founder of the Rifa'i Sufi Order

title: 1118

text: Ahmed-Al-Kabeer, Arab Sufi teacher (d. 1182)

title: 1119

text: Abu Madyan, Andalusian mystic and Sufi master (d. 1198)

title: 1126

text: Abu al-Abbas as-Sabti, Moroccan Sufi writer (d. 1204)

title: 1129

text: Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami, Persian Sufi writer, mystic and poet (b. 1048)

title: 1141

text: Abu Mohammed Salih, Almohad Sufi leader (d. 1234)

title: 1153

text: Abu Muhammad Salih, Almohad Sufi leader (d. 1234)

title: 1155

text: Abu Said al-Baji, Almohad Sufi scholar (d. 1231)

title: 1156

text: Ahmad Yasawi, Turkic Sufi religious leader (b. 1093)

title: 1166

text: Ahi Evren, Bektashi Sufi preacher and philosopher (d. 1261)

title: 1169

text: Aisha Al-Manoubya, Almohad female Sufi mystic (d. 1267)

title: 1199

text: Ruzbihan Baqli, Persian Sufi master and poet (b. 1128)

title: 1209

text: Zahed Gilani, Arab Sufi leader and writer (d. 1301)

title: 1216

text: Ibn Sab'in, Andalusian Sufi philosopher (d. 1271)

title: 1217

text: Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi, Moorish Sufi leader (d. 1287)

title: 1219

text: Nizamuddin Auliya (or Awliya), Indian Sufi scholar (d. 1325)

title: 1238

text: Amir Khusrau, Indian Sufi musician, poet and scholar (d. 1325)

title: 1253

text: Mohammad Baba As-Samasi, Abbasid Sufi leader (b. 1195) (tradition places his death at 1354)

title: 1257

text: Usman Serajuddin, Bengali Sufi scholar and mystic (d. 1357)

title: 1258

date: November

text: November – 'Ala' al-Dawla Simnani, Persian Sufi mystic and writer (d. 1336)

title: 1261

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Shah Jalal, Indian Sufi leader and mystic (d. 1346)

title: 1271

text: Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi, Indian Sufi poet (d. 1337)

title: 1274

text: February 19 – Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Afghan Sufi poet (b. 1177)

title: 1274

text: Ahmad al-Badawi, Almohad Sufi scholar and mystic (b. 1200)

title: 1276

text: March 16 – Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari, Indian Sufi preacher (b. 1196)

title: 1291

text: Baha' al-Din Naqshband, Persian Sufi religious leader (d. 1389)

title: 1318

text: August 7 – Bande Nawaz, Indian Sufi scholar and writer (d. 1422)

title: 1321

text: April 22 – (5 Safar 851 AH) Khwaja Ubaidullah Ahrar becomes the new leader of the tariqa (order) of Süleymancılar among adherents of Sufism in what is now Turkey.

title: 1447

text: The University of Sarajevo is founded by Gazi Husrev-beg based on Sufi philosophy.

title: 1531

text: January 7 – In India, Sufi rebel leader Shah Inayat Shaheed from Sindh who had led attacks against the Mughal Empire, is beheaded days after being tricked into meeting with the Mughals to discuss peace.

title: 1718


slug: sui-dynasty

label: Sui dynasty

description: dynasty that ruled over China from 581 to 618

text: Emperor Xiaowen institutes an "equal-field" system of agriculture (juntian), assigning each peasant family about 19 acres (140 mu) of land. The land will be part minority divided by the farmer to be kept indefinitely and rest will revert to the state if the farmer dies or retires. The population is then divided by each other with the role of supervising one another. The result of this reform is that farmers mostly did not sell their holdings to large landowners. This provided the fiscal basis for the formation of the Sui and Tang dynasties.

title: 485

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Xiao Mohe, general of the Chen dynasty and Sui dynasty (d. 604)

title: 532

date: July 21

text: July 21 – Emperor Wen of Sui, emperor of the Sui dynasty (d. 604)

title: 541

text: Su Wei, high official of the Sui dynasty (d. 623)

title: 542

text: Dugu Qieluo, empress of the Sui dynasty (d. 602)

title: 544

text: Pei Ju, official of the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty (d. 627)

title: 547

text: Xiao, empress of the Sui dynasty (approximate date)

title: 566

text: Yángdi, emperor of the Sui dynasty (d. 618)

title: 569

text: Yang Jun, prince of the Sui dynasty (d. 600)

title: 571

text: Dou Jiande, general of the Sui dynasty (d. 621)

title: 573

text: The Chinese city of Ye (Henan) is razed to the ground by Yang Jian, future founder of the Sui dynasty, who defeats a resistance force under Yuchi Jiong.

title: 580

text: The Northern Zhou dynasty ends: Yáng Jiān executes the last ruler, 8-year-old Jing Di, along with 58 royal relatives at Chang'an. He proclaims himself emperor, and establishes the Sui dynasty in China.

title: 581

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty orders the building of a new capital, which he calls Daxing (Great Prosperity), on a site southeast of Chang'an (modern Xi'an).

title: 582

text: Li Mi, Chinese rebel leader during the Sui dynasty (d. 619)

title: 582

text: Emperor Wéndi of the Sui dynasty organises the Grand Canal. He builds ships for transportation and grain stores are located at strategic points.

title: 584

text: Yang Zhao, prince of the Sui dynasty (d. 606)

title: 584

section: Culture & Society

text: King Wideok of Baekje (Korea) sends an official escort (bearing tribute), along with a master of Buddhist meditation, a reciter of Buddhist magic spells, a temple architect, and a sculptor of Buddhist images, to the Chinese court of the Sui dynasty (approximate date).

title: 585

text: Yang Jian, imperial prince of the Sui dynasty (d. 618)

title: 585

text: Yang Hao, prince of the Sui dynasty (approximate date)

title: 586

text: Fall – The Liang dynasty ends: Emperor Wéndi of the Sui dynasty abolishes Western Liang and expands his territory into the lower valley of the Yangtze River. He sends his official Gao Jiong to the capital Jiangling, to pacify the citizens. The former emperor Xiao Jing Di becomes a vassal and is named the Duke of Liang.

title: 587

text: Emperor Wéndi of the Sui dynasty prepares a campaign against the Chen dynasty. He amasses 518,000 troops along the northern bank of the Yangtze River, stretching from Sichuan to the Pacific Ocean.

title: 588

text: The Chinese Empire is reunited under the leadership of Emperor Wéndi (Sui dynasty), who defeats the Chen forces at Jiankang (modern Nanjing), ending the Chen dynasty (the last of the Southern dynasties) that has ruled since 557.

title: 589

text: The Altar to Amitābha Buddha is made during the Sui dynasty. It is now kept at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

title: 593

section: Events › By topic › Art

text: Empress Suiko issues the "Flourishing Three Treasures Edict", officially recognizing the practice of Buddhism in Japan. She begins diplomatic relations with the Sui dynasty (China).

title: 594

text: Construction begins on the Zhaozhou Bridge ("Safe crossing bridge") in Hebei Province, during the Sui dynasty (China).

title: 595

text: Emperor Wéndi sends diplomatic letters to the royal court of Goguryeo (Korea). He demands the cancellation of the military alliance with the Eastern Turk Khanate, and the raiding of Sui border regions.

title: 596

text: King Yeongyang sends an embassy to Daxing; Wéndi accepts a peace agreement with Goguryeo. He claims a hollow victory, as the Sui dynasty lost nearly 90% of his army and navy during the disastrous campaign.

title: 598

text: Du Fuwei, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty (d. 624)

title: 598

text: Yangdi, a Sui emperor, extends the Grand Canal. He reportedly assumes power by poisoning his father. Ma Shu-mou, aka Mahu, was one of the canal overseers and was said to have eaten a steamed 2-year-old child each day he worked on the canal. On completion the canal extended for 1,100 miles. 5.5 million people were pressed into service to complete the 1,550 mile canal.

title: 600

text: Yang Jun, prince of the Sui dynasty (b. 571)

title: 600

text: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam: The Early Lý dynasty ends; Hậu Lý Nam Đế, last ruler of Vąn Xuân (North Vietnam), abdicates the throne and becomes a vassal of the Sui dynasty.

title: 602

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Dugu Qieluo, empress of the Chinese Sui dynasty (b. 544)

title: 602

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Emperor Wen of Sui, emperor of the Sui dynasty (b. 541)

title: 604

text: August 13 – Emperor Wéndi dies, age 63, presumably assassinated by his son Yángdi, after a 23-year reign in which he has attacked hereditary privilege and reduced the power of the military aristocracy. He is succeeded by Yángdi, who becomes the second emperor of the Sui dynasty.

title: 604

text: The Zhaozhou Bridge is completed under the Sui dynasty, the earliest known fully stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge in the world (although the earlier Roman Trajan's Bridge featured segmental arches).

title: 605

text: Yang You, puppet emperor of the Sui dynasty (d. 619)

title: 605

text: Yang Su, general of the Sui dynasty

title: 606

text: Yang Gao, prince of the Sui dynasty (d. 618)

title: 607

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Empress Suiko appoints Ono no Imoko as official envoy to the Sui Court (Japanese missions to Imperial China). She sends him to pay tribute to Emperor Yángdi, and let him deliver the famous letter from prince-regent Shōtoku which begins: "The Son of Heaven where the sun rises (Japan), to the Son of Heaven where the sun sets (China), may good health be with you." (Traditional Japanese date: July 3, 607).

title: 607

text: Sui dynasty Emperor Yang of Sui expresses the desire to control routes to the West, leading to two and a half centuries of Chinese military and trading activities in Central Asia.

title: 608

section: Health & Medicine

text: The Sui dynasty government records a tax census of roughly 9 million registered households in the Chinese Empire, a population size of roughly 50 million people.

title: 609

text: Battle of Salsu: A Sui force of 305,000 men is defeated by the Korean general Ŭlchi Mundŏk at the Yalu River; only 2,700 troops survive.

title: 612

text: Goguryeo–Sui War: Emperor Yángdi crosses the Liao River again, and puts Manchuria under siege. During the campaign Yang Xuangan, an official of the Sui dynasty, starts a rebellion near Luoyang. Fearing attacks from two fronts, Yáng is forced to retreat his army.

title: 613

text: Yang Xuangan, official of the Sui dynasty

title: 613

text: Yuwen Shu, general of the Sui dynasty

title: 616

text: Yang Yichen, general of the Sui dynasty

title: 617

text: September 8 – Battle of Huoyi: Rebel forces under Li Yuān defeat the Sui troops near the Fen River, and capture the Chinese capital, Chang'an. Li has gained support from Shibi, ruler (khagan) of the Eastern Turks, who secures his northern frontier and supplies him with 2,000 horses.

title: 617

text: April 11 – Emperor Yang of Sui, emperor of the Sui dynasty (b. 569)

title: 618

text: June 18 – The Sui dynasty ends: Rebel leader Li Yuan captures Luoyang, and has Emperor Yángdi murdered. He proclaims himself emperor Gao Zu and establishes the Tang dynasty, one of the most notable dynasties in Chinese history, which will last for almost 300 years.

title: 618

text: September 14 – Yang You, emperor of the Sui dynasty (b. 605)

title: 619

text: Shen Faxing, official of the Sui dynasty

title: 620

text: Dou Jiande, general of the Sui dynasty (b. 573)

title: 621

text: Li Zitong, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty

title: 622

text: Su Wei, high official of the Sui dynasty (b. 542)

title: 623

text: Du Fuwei, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty (b. 598)

title: 624

text: April 20 – (27th day of the 3rd month of the 6th year of the Wu'de era) Du Fuwei, a Chinese prince who rebelled against Sui dynasty China and then was rewarded with the title "Prince of Wu" by Emperor Gaozu of Tang, dies suddenly of poisoning, under suspicion that he has been ordered killed by the Emperor.

title: 624

text: Luo Yi, official of the Sui dynasty

title: 627

text: Emperor Tai Zong sends envoys to the Xueyantuo, vassals of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, bearing gold and silk in order to obtain the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners, who were captured during the transition from the Sui to the Tang dynasty from the northern frontier. The embassy succeeds in freeing 80,000 men and women, who are safely returned to China.

title: 631

text: Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty issues a decree throughout China, that increases the punishment for men who deliberately inflict injuries upon themselves (most commonly breaking their own legs) in order to avoid military conscription. This decree is an effort to eradicate this practice that has grown as a trend since the time of the rebellion against the Sui dynasty.

title: 642

text: Xiao, empress of the Sui dynasty

title: 648


slug: sukarno

label: Sukarno

description: 1st President of Indonesia (1901—1970)

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Proclamation of Indonesian Independence: Indonesian nationalists Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declare the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, with Sukarno as president and Mohammad Hatta as vice-president, igniting the Indonesian National Revolution against the Dutch Empire.

title: 1945

section: Events › August

section: Conflict & Security

date: June 8

text: June 8 – In Indonesia, Sukarno incites his supporters to fight Dutch colonial occupation.

title: 1946

section: Events › June

date: October 17

text: October 17 – 17 October affair: Indonesian troops led by General Nasution surround the presidential palace, seeking the dismissal of the People's Representative Council; Sukarno avoids confrontation.

title: 1952

section: Events › September–October

section: Economy & Finance

date: December 1

text: December 1 – In Indonesia, Sukarno announces the nationalization of 246 Dutch businesses.

title: 1957

section: Events › December

date: March 14

text: March 14 – President Sukarno declares martial law in Indonesia.

title: 1957

date: November 30

text: November 30 – Indonesian president Sukarno survives a grenade attack at the Cikini School in Jakarta, but several children are killed.

title: 1957

section: Events › November

date: December 19

text: December 19 – Indonesian president Sukarno announces that he will take West Irian by force, if necessary.

title: 1961

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Indonesian president Sukarno collapses in public.

title: 1965

section: Events › July–August

date: March 11

text: March 11 – Transition to the New Order in Indonesia: President Sukarno gives all executive powers to General Suharto by signing the Supersemar order.

title: 1966

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Suharto takes power from Sukarno in Indonesia (see Transition to the New Order and Supersemar).

title: 1967

section: Events › February

date: March 12

text: March 12 – The Indonesian State Assembly takes all presidential powers from Sukarno and names Suharto as acting president (Suharto resigned in 1998).

title: 1967


slug: sukhothai-kingdom

label: Sukhothai Kingdom

description: early kingdom in the area around the city Sukhothai, in north central Thailand

text: Si Inthrathit, Thai founder of the Sukhothai Kingdom (d. 1270)

title: 1188

section: Religion & Belief

text: The newly formed Sukhothai Kingdom of Thailand adopts Theravada Buddhism.

title: 1260

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Ram Khamhaeng becomes the third king of the Phra Ruang dynasty, ruling the Sukhothai Kingdom (modern-day Thailand).

title: 1279

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Ram Khamhaeng, ruler of the Sukhothai Kingdom, creates the Thai alphabet during his reign (approximate date).

title: 1283

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Kings Mangrai of the Lanna Kingdom (modern Thailand) and Ram Khamhaeng of the Sukhothai Kingdom agree to a peace treaty. They establish a "strong pact of friendship".

title: 1287

text: The Sukhothai Kingdom in northern Thailand becomes a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

title: 1365

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Deaths

text: Maha Thammaracha II becomes ruler of the Sukhothai Kingdom (in modern-day northern Thailand) after the death of Maha Thammaracha I.

title: 1368

text: undated – Maha Thammaracha I, Thai ruler of the Sukhothai Kingdom and Buddhist philosopher (b. c.1300)

title: 1368

text: The Sukhothai Kingdom merges with the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

title: 1438


slug: suleiman-the-magnificent

label: Suleiman the Magnificent

description: the tenth and greatest Sultan of Ottoman Empire (1520–1566)

section: Culture & Society

text: Aleksandra Lisowska (Roxelana) is given as a gift to Suleiman I on the occasion of his accession to the throne.

title: 1520

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Suleiman I succeeds his father Selim I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He is officially crowned on September 30 and will rule until 1566.

title: 1520

section: Events › July–September

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman army of Suleiman the Magnificent.

title: 1521

date: January 27

text: January 27 – Suleiman the Magnificent suppresses a revolt by the ruler of Damascus, Janbirdi al-Ghazali.

title: 1521

section: Events › January–March

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent begins the siege of Belgrade.

title: 1521

section: Events › April–June

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Suleiman the Magnificent accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights in Rhodes, who are allowed to evacuate. They eventually re-settle on Malta, and become known as the Knights of Malta.

title: 1522

section: Events › October–December

date: July 28

text: July 28 – Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I begins his siege to expel the Knights of St. John in Rhodes.

title: 1522

date: June 27

text: June 27 – Pargali Ibrahim Pasha is appointed as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Suleiman the Magnificent. He will serve as the Ottoman administrator for almost 13 years until his sudden arrest and execution in 1536.

title: 1523

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Battle of Pavia: German and Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the French army, and capture Francis I of France, after his horse is wounded by Cesare Hercolani. While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a Franco-Ottoman alliance with Suleiman the Magnificent against the Habsburg Empire are made.

title: 1525

date: September 24

text: September 24 – Jeremias I is restored to the position of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, by order of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.

title: 1525

text: August 29 – Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman army of Sultan Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army of King Louis II, who drowns while retreating with his troops. Two rival groups seek to elect a successor to Louis. Suleiman takes Buda, while Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and John Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania, dispute the succession. As a result of the battle, Ragusa achieves independence, although it acknowledges Ottoman overlordship.

title: 1526

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, agrees to form a military alliance with France, after King François I sends a proposal by way of his envoy, Jean Frangipani.

title: 1526

date: February 29

text: February 29 – John Zápolya, ruler of the remaining eastern portion of Hungary after its the acquisition of the western section by the Habsburg Austrians, joins in an alliance with the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Turks, receiving protection and autonomy in return for allowing Turkish occupation of his Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.

title: 1528

date: May 10

text: May 10 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople, to invade Hungary once again.

title: 1529

date: October 15

text: October 15 – With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the Siege of Vienna (a turning point in the Ottoman wars in Europe).

title: 1529

date: September 27

text: September 27 – Vienna is besieged by the Ottoman Turks commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent.

title: 1529

date: August 5

text: August 5 – The siege of Güns in the Austrian Empire begins as the Ottoman army, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, attempts to take the city of Güns (now Kőszeg in Hungary) with 100,000 troops in order to mount a larger invasion of the Austrian city of Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire. The defenders, less than 800 Croatian soldiers commanded by Nikola Jurišić, puts up a successful resistance despite being outnumbered by more than 100 to 1.

title: 1532

text: June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent leads another invasion of Hungary.

title: 1532

text: 1533–1534 – Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent makes the Ruthenian harem girl Roxelana his legal wife.

title: 1533

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1533

date: December 4

text: December 4 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman the Magnificent captures the city of Baghdad from the Safavids without a struggle, beginning almost 400 years of Ottoman rule of what is now Iraq.

title: 1534

text: Suleiman the Magnificent begins the rebuilding of the walls around Jerusalem.

title: 1535

date: March 8

text: March 8 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire since 1523, is executed after falling into disfavor with Hürrem Sultan, the wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. After Hürrem persuades her husband that Pargali Ibrahim has become a threat as his money and power have increased, Suleiman hosts an elaborate dinner with Pargali as his guest. After the dinner ends, Pargali prepares to go to bed but is seized and strangled upon reaching his bedroom.

title: 1536

date: July 23

text: July 23 – The third Ottoman–Venetian War begins as the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent leads an invasion of the Republic of Venice. The war will continue until October 2, 1540.

title: 1537

date: September 28

text: September 28 – Battle of Preveza: The Ottoman fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent, under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa, defeats the Holy League of Emperor Charles V, under the command of Andrea Doria.

title: 1538

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Lütfi Pasha becomes the new Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire after being appointed by the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent following the death of Ayas Mehmed Pasha

title: 1539

text: Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem, likely because of a prophecy that the Messiah would return through this gate to Jerusalem.

title: 1541

date: August 21

text: August 21 – The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent besiege Buda, wounding Wilhelm von Roggendorf, who dies from his wounds on the way to Komárno a few days later.

title: 1541

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, follows up on his 1541 annexation of Hungary by invading a second time to capture areas that had been taken by Archduke Ferdinand, including Esztergom.

title: 1543

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Sultan, begins the siege of the city of Esztergom in Hungary.

title: 1543

date: September 4

text: September 4 – Campaign of Suleiman: Suleiman the Magnificent captures the Hungarian coronation city of Székesfehérvár after a siege that had started on August 20. The city will be occupied by the Ottoman Empire for 145 years.

title: 1543

date: November 24

text: November 24 – Rüstem Opuković Pasha, son-in-law of the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, is appointed as the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, replacing Hadım Suleiman Pasha.

title: 1544

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Suleiman the Magnificent, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire begins an invasion of Safavid Iran that will last for almost two years before he abandons it.

title: 1548

date: December 21

text: December 21 – Ottoman Empire Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent abandons his campaign against Safavid Iran after 21 months, during which he was unable to proceed further than Tabriz.

title: 1549

text: June 11 – With the approval of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, Prince Ilie's brother Ștefan VI Rareș becomes the new Prince of Moldavia.

title: 1551

text: October 6 – Şehzade Mustafa, oldest son of Suleiman the Magnificent, is executed in Konya by order of his father.

title: 1553

text: December 30 – Italian War of 1551–1559: King Henri II of France, through his ambassador Jean Cavenac de la Vigne sends a letter to Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for the dispatch of 150 Ottoman Navy ships to protect the French coast.

title: 1557

text: April 15 – Hurrem Sultan, Ruthenian-born wife of Suleiman the Magnificent (b. c. 1500)

title: 1558

text: June 13 – An armada of ships from the Ottoman Empire, dispatched by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent at the request of King Henry II of France, sails into the Bay of Naples at Italy and attacks the city of Sorrento.

title: 1558

text: August 6 – The siege of Szigetvár is begun by Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. This is the Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent.

title: 1566

text: May 1 – Suleiman the Magnificent, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, begins his last campaign, departing from Constantinople at the head of one of the largest armies he has ever commanded, with a plan to attack Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire. However, he dies in September.

title: 1566

text: September 7 – Suleiman the Magnificent dies in his tent of natural causes aged 71 the day before the end of the siege of Szigetvár, and Selim II succeeds him as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1566


slug: sulla

label: Sulla

description: Roman dictator and general

year_label: 138 BCE

section: Births

text: Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Roman general and statesman (d. 78 BC)

title: 138 BC

year_label: 97 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Sulla displays a lion hunt for the first time in games at Rome.

title: 97 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 92 BCE

text: In the first diplomatic contact between Rome and Parthia, Sulla meets with a Parthian envoy, resulting in the parties recognizing the Euphrates as a common frontier.

title: 92 BC

year_label: 88 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

date: August

text: August: The consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla becomes the first Roman commander to march on Rome with his army and to capture the city by force. This extraordinary act is prompted by his desire to maintain his proconsular command for the First Mithridatic War in Asia Minor. Sulla then murdered his enemy P. Sulpicius Rufus and forced Gaius Marius to flee to Africa.

title: 88 BC

year_label: 87 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: First Mithridatic War: Siege of Athens (87–86 BC) – Sulla arrives in Greece and from Autumn besieges Athens. He orders Lucius Licinius Lucullus to raise a fleet from Rome's allies around the eastern Mediterranean.

title: 87 BC

year_label: 86 BCE

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Siege of Athens (87–86 BC) ends when Sulla captures Athens from the Pontic army, removing the tyrant Aristion.

title: 86 BC

year_label: 82 BCE

text: Gaius Carrinas, Roman politician and general (executed by order of Sulla)

title: 82 BC

text: Quintus Valerius Soranus, Roman politician and Latin poet (executed by order of Sulla)

title: 82 BC

text: Marcus Marius Gratidianus, Roman praetor and politician (executed by order of Sulla)

title: 82 BC

text: Gaius Marcius Censorinus, Roman politician and general (executed by order of Sulla)

title: 82 BC

date: April

text: April: Sulla defeats the consul Gaius Marius the Younger at the Battle of Sacriportus, and takes control of Rome.

title: 82 BC

year_label: 80 BCE

text: Battle of the Baetis River: A force of Populares exiles under Sertorius defeat the legal Roman army of Lucius Fulfidias in Hispania, starting the Sertorian War; Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius takes command on behalf of Sulla.

title: 80 BC

year_label: 79 BCE

text: Sulla renounces his dictatorship.

title: 79 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman republic

year_label: 78 BCE

text: Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Roman general and statesman (b. 138 BC)

title: 78 BC

year_label: 67 BCE

text: Julius Caesar marries Pompeia, a granddaughter of Sulla

title: 67 BC


slug: sultan

label: Sultan

description: noble title with several historical meanings

text: Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz I of Morocco succeeds assassinated Abu Zayyan as Sultan of the Marinid Empire in Morocco.

title: 1366

text: Şehzade Ahmet, oldest son of Sultan Bayezid II (d. 1513)

title: 1465

date: April 24

text: April 24 – Şehzade Ahmet, oldest son of Sultan Bayezid II (executed) (b. 1465)

title: 1513

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Ottoman Sultan Osman II is strangled by rebelling Janissaries, who revolted when they heard rumours that Osman II was planning to move against them.

title: 1622

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Capture of Baghdad by the Ottomans under Sultan Murad IV.

title: 1638

section: Religion & Belief

date: June 27

text: June 27 – Patriarch Cyril of Constantinople is deposed for high treason, strangled and thrown into the sea by Janissaries, on Ottoman Sultan Murad IV's command.

title: 1638

date: April 9

text: April 9 – Ottoman princess Emine Sultan, daughter of Sultan Mustafa II, marries Grand Vizier Çorlulu Ali Pasha.

title: 1708

section: Events › January–June

date: October 14

text: October 14 – An "Agreement of Friendship and Trade" is signed by Sultan Osman III and King Frederick V. Denmark appoints an extraordinary representative to the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1756

date: October 30

text: October 30 – Osman III dies, and is succeeded as Ottoman Sultan by Mustafa III.

title: 1757

date: April 2

text: April 2 – Hamengkubuwono X, Sultan of the historic Yogyakarta Sultanate in Indonesia, Governor of Yogyakarta Special Region

title: 1946

section: Births › April

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, 1st Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya (modern-day Malaysia), dies in office. He is replaced by Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah, Sultan of Selangor.

title: 1960

section: Events › April

date: September 1

text: September 1 – Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, Sultan of Selangor and 2nd Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya, dies in office. He is replaced by Tuanku Syed Putra, Raja of Perlis.

title: 1960

section: Events › September

date: April 26

text: April 26 – Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu, Sultan of Perak, becomes the 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, succeeding Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail.

title: 1989