slug: imperial-diet-holy-roman-empire

label: Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)

description: general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire

section: Deaths

date: July 8

text: July 8 – Pope Adrian III dies after a 1½ reign near Modena (Lombardy), while en route to an Imperial Diet, summoned by Charles the Fat at Worms. He is succeeded by Stephen V, as the 110th pope of the Catholic Church.

title: 885

text: May – Arnulf of Carinthia summons the Imperial Diet in his residence at Worms. Angered by the non-appearance of Charles the Simple, he again supports Odo's claim to the throne of the West Frankish Kingdom. In the same assembly, he crowns Zwentibold as king of Lotharingia.

title: 895

date: May 24

text: May 24 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. He recognizes the stem duchies (uniting them in a German confederation) and all their sovereign privileges. Two of the four most influential duchies, Bavaria and Swabia, do not accept his rule. Henry fortifies Magdeburg against the Magyars.

title: 919

section: Events › By Place › Europe

text: Summer – At the Reichstag in Augsburg (assembled by King Otto I), joined by German nobles and bishops, Berengar of Ivrea pays homage. He becomes a vassal of the East Frankish Kingdom. Otto leaves a strong garrison at Pavia in the hands of his son-in-law Conrad the Red, duke of Lotharingia.

title: 952

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor elects his 6-year-old son Otto II as heir apparent and co-ruler at the Imperial Diet in Worms. He is crowned at Aachen, and placed under the tutelage of his grandmother Matilda and his half-brother William of Mainz. Otto's own brother Bruno I is charged with the provisional government of Lorraine again.

title: 961

date: September

text: September – King Otto III, now 14 years old, receives the regalia to rule the Kingdom of Germany at an assembly of the Imperial Diet in Solingen. Otto appoints Heribert of Cologne as chancellor of Italy.

title: 994

section: Conflict & Security

date: February

text: February – At an Imperial Diet in Pavia (assembled by Conrad II), Aribert is accused of fomenting a revolt against the Holy Roman Empire, Conrad orders his arrest.

title: 1037

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Emperor Lothair III receives homage from Eric II, and makes him an imperial prince at the Reichstag. His diplomatic missions to Hungary and Poland result in a tribute payment. Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth is given Pomerania and Rügen as German fiefs.

title: 1135

text: Spring – Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos makes an alliance with Venice against Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who takes an oath at the Diet of Würzburg to support Antipope Paschal III against Pope Alexander III.

title: 1165

date: January 13

text: January 13 – Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, is stripped of his duchies and all his imperial fiefs at an Imperial Diet in Würzburg for violating the king's peace. On April 13, Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter, formally dissolving Henry's former domains. A portion of Saxony is reorganized as the Duchy of Westphalia, while other territories are granted to his ally, Otto I the Redhead, Duke of Bavaria.

title: 1180

text: Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, submits to Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) at an Imperial Diet in Erfurt. He is banished to England and retains only Brunswick among his former lands.

title: 1181

section: Events › Europe

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Two months after the death of King George of Poděbrady, the Diet of Bohemian nobles meets at Kutná Hora and elects Vladislaus Jagiello as the new King of Bohemia. The papal legate, Lorenzo Roverella, Bishop of Ferrara, declares the election void with the approval of Pope Paul II, and endorses Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, to be the new King of Bohemia, which the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire refuses to approve.

title: 1471

section: Events › April–June

section: Health & Medicine

date: April 27

text: April 27 – In Germany, the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire convenes at Konstanz and begins a series of reforms.

title: 1507

date: April 8

text: April 8 – At the invitation of the Holy Roman Emperor, the members of the Imperial Diet open their session at Augsburg in Germany to prepare the Augsburg Confession, an official imperial set of rules for Protestantism.

title: 1530

date: January 21

text: January 21 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issues letters from his winter residence in Bologna, inviting members of the Imperial Diet to convene at Augsburg on April 8 to discuss various theological questions.

title: 1530

section: Events › January–March

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: May 8

text: May 8 – Otto von Guericke demonstrates the power of atmospheric pressure and the effectiveness of his vacuum pump, using the Magdeburg hemispheres, before Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Imperial Diet in Regensburg.

title: 1654


slug: inca-empire

label: Inca Empire

description: 1438–1533 empire in South America

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: According to John Howland Rowe's chronology, Pachacuti becomes ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and begins its expansion into the Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyu).

title: 1438

section: Events › Date unknown

text: The Chimor–Inca War ends with an Inca victory. The Chimor Empire is absorbed into the Inca Empire.

title: 1470

text: Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire dies, and is succeeded by his son Topa Inca Yupanqui.

title: 1471

text: Huayna Capac becomes emperor of the Inca Empire.

title: 1493

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers first reach Inca territory in South America.

title: 1526

text: Possible date for the Battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches, according to historian Osvaldo Silva.

title: 1532

date: April

text: April – Battle of Quipaipan in Peru: Atahualpa wins the civil war in the Inca Empire, defeating his brother Huáscar.

title: 1532

date: July 3

text: July 3 – Diego de Almagro leaves the recently conquered Inca capital of Cuzco to lead an expedition to Chile.

title: 1535

section: Events › July–September

text: The Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, Peru, the last independent remnant of the Inca Empire, is conquered by Spain.

title: 1572

date: July 14

text: July 14 – Agustín Lizárraga discovers Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas".

title: 1902

section: Events › July


slug: india

label: India

description: country in South Asia

text: c. 2300 BC: Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan) flourishing in modern-day eastern Pakistan - western India.

title: 23rd century BC

section: Events

text: c. 1750 BC: Vedic period starts in India.

title: 18th century BC

year_label: 400 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: India had the biggest epic on earth - The Mahabharata.

title: 400 BC

section: Events › By place

year_label: 327 BCE

text: Alexander the Great invades northern India. Recrossing the Hindu Kush, Alexander divides his forces. Half the army with the baggage under Hephaestion and Perdiccas, both cavalry commanders, are sent through the Khyber Pass, while Alexander leads the rest, together with his siege train, through the hills to the north. His advance through Swat and Gandhara is marked by the storming of the almost impregnable pinnacle of Aornos, a few miles west of the Indus.

title: 327 BC

section: Events › By place › Macedonian Empire

year_label: 326 BCE

text: On the left bank of the Hydaspes, Alexander fights his last great battle, the Battle of the Hydaspes River. He and his general Craterus defeat the Indian King Porus. Alexander founds two cities there, Alexandria on the Indus or Alexandria Nicaea (to celebrate his victory) and Alexandria Bucephalous or Bucephala (named after his horse Bucephalus, which dies there); and Porus becomes his friend and ally.

title: 326 BC

year_label: 324 BCE

text: On returning to Susa, Persia, Alexander the Great punishes those who he considers to have failed in their duties in his absence in India, particularly those who have plundered tombs and temples. Alexander continues his policy of replacing senior officials and executing defaulting governors. Over a third of his satraps are replaced and six are put to death. Three generals in Media, including Cleander, the brother of Coenus (who died in 326 BC), are accused of extortion and are arrested, tried and executed.

title: 324 BC

year_label: 323 BCE

text: Taxiles and Porus are to rule over their kingdoms in India;

title: 323 BC

year_label: 304 BCE

text: The Mauryan emperor Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I Nicator as he tries to invade India.

title: 304 BC

section: Events › By place › India

section: Births

text: Ashoka, Indian emperor and ruler of the Maurya Empire in present-day Eastern India 268–232 BC (d. 232 BC)

title: 304 BC

year_label: 303 BCE

text: Seleucus I Nicator expands his kingdom throughout Persia as far east as India, but his advance is eventually halted by Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya dynasty of India. In a pact concluded by the two leaders, Seleucus agrees to territorial concessions in exchange for 500 war-trained elephants.

title: 303 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

year_label: 250 BCE

section: Culture & Society

text: The Mauryan sculpture Didarganj Yakshi holding a Fly Whisk, from Patna, Bihar in India, is made (approximate date). It is now kept at the Patna Museum in Patna.

title: 250 BC

year_label: 244 BCE

text: The war in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea intensifies as the Achaean League allies itself to Ptolemy III Euergetes of Egypt, while Seleucus II secures two allies in the Black Sea region. Ptolemy III's armies reach as far as Bactria and the borders of India in their attacks on the Seleucid Empire.

title: 244 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 232 BCE

text: Ashoka, Indian emperor, who has ruled the Maurya Empire across the Indian subcontinent from 273 BC (b. 304 BC)

title: 232 BC

year_label: 212 BCE

text: Antiochus III leaves for a campaign in Asia, where he will reach as far as India and mostly manage to recover the areas conquered earlier by Alexander the Great.

title: 212 BC

year_label: 206 BCE

text: Antiochus III marches across the Hindu Kush into the Kabul valley and renews his friendship with the Indian king Sophagasenus.

title: 206 BC

section: Events › By place › Persia

year_label: 185 BCE

text: Brhadrata, Indian emperor, last ruler of the Indian Mauryan dynasty (from 197 BC)

title: 185 BC

year_label: 159 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: While Eucratides I is in north west India to claim possession of the previous Bactrian King Demetrius I's territory there, the Parthians, under Mithradates I, annex two Bactrian provinces. Returning from India to reconquer them, Eucratides is murdered by his son.

title: 159 BC

section: Events › Greece › Bactria

year_label: 126 BCE

text: To avoid the Xiongnu and Qiang of the north-west and west respectively, Emperor Wu begins a policy of exploring a possible route of contact with Daxia (Bactria) via India, sending envoys to establish diplomatic relations with and movement through the Dian Kingdom. Wu wishes to receive the submission of Daxia and other states in western Eurasia.

title: 126 BC

section: Events › By place › China

year_label: 94 BCE

text: The Shakas start to control northwest India.

title: 94 BC

year_label: 58 BCE

text: Base year of the Vikrama Era, founded by Vikrama, king of Ujjain in India.

title: 58 BC

section: Events › By place › Asia

year_label: 35 BCE

text: Azes I, Indo-Scythian ruler, completes the domination of the Scythians in northern India.

title: 35 BC

year_label: 26 BCE

text: The Andhra dynasty replaces the Kanva dynasty, and rules over the eastern part of India.

title: 26 BC

year_label: 12 BCE

text: King Azes II dies. The rule of the Indo-Scythians crumbles as the Kushans, one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi who live in Bactria expand into India to create a Kushan Empire.

title: 12 BC

year_label: 18 CE

text: In India, the Indo-Parthians control Taxila.

title: 10s

section: Events › 18 AD › India

year_label: 52 CE

text: Saint Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus, is believed to have landed in Kodungallur, India to preach the Gospel; the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, the Indian Orthodox Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East claim descent from him.

title: 50s

section: Events › 52 AD › India

year_label: 70 CE

text: India sees the end of the Hellenistic dynasties.

title: AD 70

year_label: 78 CE

text: Indian Prince Aji Caka introduces the Sanskrit language and Pallawa script, used to inscribe Javanese words and phrases, to the Indonesian islands.

title: AD 78

year_label: 96 CE

text: A schism in Buddhism creates a new, popular religion in India, Mahâyâna ("Great Vehicle").

title: AD 96

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: In India, figures of Buddha replace abstract motifs on decorative items.

title: AD 104

text: An Indian ambassador is received by Emperor Trajan.

title: AD 107

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Reign in Northern India by Nahapana, Scythian king. He attacks the kingdom of Andhra and annexes Southern Rajputana.

title: AD 119

text: The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujarat and a portion of central India.

title: AD 120

text: In northern India, Nahapana, ruler of the Scythians, is defeated and dies in battle while fighting against King Gautamiputra Satakarni. This defeat destroys the Scythian dynasty of the Western Kshatrapas.

title: AD 124

text: Gautamiputra Satakarni, a king of the Andhra dynasty, conquers the Konkan near Bombay. He then controls central India from coast to coast.

title: AD 125

text: Huviska becomes king of the Kushan Empire in India.

title: AD 130

text: In India, the reign of Shivashri Satakarni, as King Satavahana of Andhra, begins.

title: AD 159

text: Arrian, Greek historian and writer, publishes Indica, a work on India and its people.

title: AD 162

text: Reign in India of Yajnashri Satakarni, Satavahana king of the Andhra. He extends his empire from the center to the north of India.

title: AD 174

text: In India, the decline of the Kushan Empire begins. The Sassanides take over Central Asia.

title: AD 178

text: Pantaenus, who was sent by the bishop of Alexandria to India to preach Christianity, meets with little success.

title: AD 189

text: Syriac Christians establish an early Christian community in Kerala, India.

title: AD 192

text: The reign of Pulona, Satavahana king of Andhra, begins in India.

title: 219

text: Relics of St. Thomas are brought to Edessa from India.

title: 232

text: Prince Shapur I succeeds his father Ardashir I as ruler of the Sassanid Empire. He begins his expansion in India.

title: 241

text: March 2 – Mani, a sage of Persia, dies at Gundeshapur after 30 years of preaching his "heresy" at the court of the late Sassanian King Shapur I and on long journeys to Khorasan, India and China. He is executed or allowed to die in prison, and claims to be a prophet of God. Mani combines Zoroastrian dualism with Christian theology, and his disciples gain wide support for Manichaeism, despite opposition from Roman Emperors.

title: 274

text: The Pallava dynasty begins in Southern India.

title: 275

text: The Gupta Empire (India) is founded (approximate date).

title: 280

text: The Panchatantra, a Sanskrit collection of fables and fairy tales, is written in India.

title: 300

text: Wootz steel is developed in India (approximate date).

title: 300

text: King Chandragupta I founds the Gupta dynasty in northern India (approximate date).

title: 320

text: Merchant Knai Thomman and 400 followers visit the Malabar Coast in Kerala (India), and assist the church there.

title: 345

text: In India, Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire defeats Rudrasena in battle.

title: 348

text: In India, a new process makes possible the extraction of sugar from sugarcane.

title: 351

text: King Rudrasimha III, ruler of the Western Satraps (India), is defeated by the Gupta Empire.

title: 395

text: Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, travels to India, Sri Lanka and Kapilavastu (modern Nepal).

title: 399

text: Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, makes a pilgrimage to India, initiating Sino-Indian relations. Stirred by his faith to Buddhism, he visits the sites of Siddhartha Gautama's life.

title: 402

text: Faxian, Chinese traveler, arrives in India. He visits the major seats of Buddhist learning (Udyana, Peshawar, and Taxila).

title: 406

text: Kumaragupta I succeeds his father Chandragupta II as emperor of the Gupta Empire (India).

title: 413

text: Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, returns from India and begins translating Buddhist works into Chinese.

title: 414

text: Chandragupta II, emperor of the Gupta Empire (India) (probable date)

title: 415

text: A center of Buddhist studies is established at Nalanda in Bihar on the plains of the Ganges River (India).

title: 440

text: Nalanda University (India) is founded (approximate date).

title: 450

text: The Hepthalites (White Huns) conquer the remnants of the Kushan Empire and enter India.

title: 460

text: The Ajanta Caves (India) are completed (cut into the volcanic rock and elaborately painted).

title: 460

text: Emperor Skandagupta dies after a 12-year reign, as the Huns consolidate their conquests in western India. He is succeeded by his half-brother Purugupta.

title: 467

text: Skandagupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire (India)

title: 467

text: A statue of a Standing Buddha from Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, (during the Gupta period) is made. It is now kept at the Sarnath Museum in India (source states the creation date as 1st to 2nd century BCE).

title: 474

text: Budhagupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire, establishes diplomatic relations with the Kannauj Kingdom and drives the Huns out of the fertile plains of northern India.

title: 480

text: Buddhist caves are completed at Ajanta (India) with stone carvings (approximate date).

title: 525

text: Yasodharman, Maharaja ("great king") of Malwa, defeats the Hun invaders under Mihirakula in central India.

title: 528

text: The Vishnu Temple at Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh (India) is built.

title: 530

text: King Pulakeshin I establishes the Chalukya dynasty in India. He extends his kingdom by conquering Vakataka and the west coast of Karnataka, giving him access to the valuable Arabian Sea trade routes.

title: 543

text: The Gupta Empire falls; India is again ruled by regional kingdoms (approximate date).

title: 550

text: Kirtivarman I succeeds his father Pulakeshin I as king of the Chalukya dynasty (India). During his rule he completes the subjugation of the Kadambas and annexes the port of Goa.

title: 566

text: Pulakeshin I, king of the Chalukya dynasty (India)

title: 566

text: Zhiyi, Chinese monk, travels to Mount Tiantai for intensive study and practice. He works with a group of disciples on the Indian meditation of śamatha and vipaśyanā.

title: 575

text: Mangalesha becomes king of the Chalukya dynasty, after his brother Kirtivarman I dies. He rules as regent of Kirtivarman's son Pulakeshin II, and invades the territory of Khandesh and Gujarat (northwestern India).

title: 597

text: Kirtivarman I, king of the Chalukya dynasty (India)

title: 597

text: Chaturanga is played in its current form in India (approximate date).

title: 600

text: King Pulakeshin II of Chalukya receives Persian envoys, who are sent by King Khosrau II at Badami (southern India).

title: 625

text: Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, crosses the Indus River at Hund and travels to Kashmir ("Heaven on Earth") in northwestern India (approximate date).

title: 631

text: Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, returns to China after a 16-year pilgrimage to India. He is greeted with much honor by Emperor Taizong.

title: 645

text: Xuanzang completes his book Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, which later becomes one of the primary sources for the study of medieval Central Asia and India.

title: 646

text: Emperor Harsha, ruler of northern India, dies after a 41-year reign. His kingdom disintegrates into smaller states.

title: 647

text: Harsha, emperor of Harsha (India)

title: 647

text: June 16 – Battle of Chabuheluo: General Wang Xuance commands a combined Chinese, Nepalese, and Tibetan expedition into India. He ends up winning the battle and acquiring a Buddhist relic.

title: 649

text: King Vikramaditya I of Chalukya defeats the Pallavan army in battle, and destroys its capital Kanchi (modern India).

title: 674

text: Vikramaditya I, king of Chalukya (India)

title: 680

text: Arikesari Maravarman, king of the Pandyan Empire (India)

title: 710

text: Gunakamadeva, Lichhavi ruler (rajah), founds the city of Kathmandu (modern Nepal). During his reign, he transforms the agrarian society to an industrial city trading between India and Tibet.

title: 723

text: Jayshikhari Chavda establishes the Chavda dynasty in Gujarat (India).

title: 746

text: Chinese forces under Gao Xianzhi (a Korean in Tang employ) defeat the Arabs and Tibetans, by rapid military expeditions over the Pamir Mountains and Hindu Kush. About 72 local Indian and Sogdian kingdoms become Tang vassals. Over the next two years he establishes complete control in East Asia.

title: AD 747

text: The Kailasa Temple is built on the orders of King Krishna I, of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty (modern India) (approximate date).

title: 760

text: Khongtekcha, king of Manipur (India)

title: 773

text: King Khongtekcha of Manipur (modern India) dies after a 10-year reign; during his rule the Meitei language script first appears.

title: 773

text: Amoghavarsha I, king of Rashtrakuta (India) (d. 878)

title: 800

text: Emperor Govinda III defeats his rival Nagabhata II, and obtains the submission of the Pala Empire (India).

title: 809

text: Dantivarman, king of the Pallava Empire (India)

title: 846

text: Krishna II, king of Rashtrakuta (India) (d. 914)

title: 878

text: Maravarman Rajasimha II, king of Pandya, begins to rule. He is constantly at war with Chola (his overlord) and becomes the last ruler of the first Pandyan Empire (India).

title: 900

text: The east coast of Africa is impacted by trade and Arab, Persian and Indian traders mix with the indigenous Bantu. Many of the coastal Bantu adopt Islam, reaching as far south as Sofala (Mozambique).

title: 900

text: Mahendrapala I, king of Gurjara-Pratihara (India)

title: 910

text: Ratna Pala, king of Kamarupa (India) (d. 960)

title: 920

text: Indra III, ruler of Rashtrakuta (India)

title: 929

text: Amoghavarsha II, ruler of Rashtrakuta (India)

title: 930

text: Govinda IV, ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty (India)

title: 935

text: Mularaja, founder of the Chaulukya Dynasty, supplants the last Chavda ruler, Samanta-Simha, in Gujarat (modern India). He founds an independent kingdom with his capital in Anahilapataka (approximate date).

title: 942

text: Ranna, Kannada poet (India) (approximate date)

title: 949

text: Parantaka I, ruler of Chola Kingdom (India)

title: 955

text: Arinjaya, king of the Chola Kingdom (India)

title: 957

text: King Ksemagupta dies of a fever after a hunting party. He is succeeded by his youngest son Abhimanyu II. Queen Didda, the widow of Ksemagupta, becomes regent and the de facto ruler of Kashmir (modern India).

title: 958

text: Butuga II, ruler of the Western Ganga Dynasty (India)

title: 961

text: Emperor Aditya Chola II, co-regent of the Chola dynasty (modern India), is murdered and succeeded by Uttama. Due to his immaturity, Arunmozhi Varman becomes the heir apparent.

title: 971

text: Aditya Chola II, prince and ruler of the Chola dynasty (India)

title: 971

text: Karka II, ruler of the Rashtrakuta Empire (India)

title: 973

text: The Gommateshwara statue is built by Chavundaraya, minister and commander of the Ganga dynasty, in India (approximate date).

title: 981

text: The Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty ends as its last ruler Indra IV commits Sallekhana (the Jain religious practice of voluntarily starving oneself to death).

title: 982

text: Indra IV, Rashtrakuta ruler (India)

title: 982

text: Winter – Sabuktigin, emir of the Ghaznavid Dynasty, invades India. He expands the emirate between the Kabul Valley and the Indus River after defeating King Jayapala.

title: 986

text: Indra Pala, ruler of the Pala Dynasty (India) (b. 960)

title: 990

text: Battle of Ghazni: The Afghan prince Mahmud defeats his younger brother Ismail (the ruling emir of the Ghaznavid Dynasty) in battle. He places Ismail in comfortable captivity for the rest of his life and expands the realm of his late father, Sebuktigin, into the Punjab in northwestern India.

title: 998

text: Construction of the Brihadisvara Temple in Tamil Nadu (modern India), during the Chola Dynasty (Early Medieval period).

title: 1003

text: Didda, queen consort and regent of Kashmir (India)

title: 1003

text: The construction of 217 ft (66 m) tall Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur (a city now in Tamil Nadu, India) is completed during the Chola dynasty, and at about this time the wall painting Rajaraja I and His Teacher

title: 1010

text: Construction starts on the Chennakeshava Temple (located on the Yagachi River) commissioned by King Vishnuvardhana at Belur in India.

title: 1116

text: King Mahaabarana Adeettiya (Koimala) from the Theemuge Dynasty becomes the first king to rule over the whole Maldives. He reclaims the northern atolls from the Indian invaders.

title: 1117

text: Battle of Ghazni: Ghurid forces under Sayf al-Din Suri defeat the Ghaznavid sultan Bahram-Shah and capture the capital Ghazni. Bahram-Shah is forced to flee to India.

title: 1148

text: Jaisalmer Fort, located in the Indian state Rajasthan, is constructed by the Rajput ruler Rawal Jaisal (approximate date).

title: 1155

text: November 13 – Battle of Tarain: Sultan Muhammad of Ghor invades northern India, but is defeated by Rajput forces under Prithviraja III, ruler of Ajmer and Delhi. Prithviraj marches against the Ghurid army (some 100,000 men) with infantry, cavalry, and an elephant force. He repulses the Ghurid invasion near Taraori (some 70 miles of Delhi), Muhammad escapes the battlefield.

title: 1191

text: Second Battle of Tarain in India: The Ghurid forces of Mu'izz al-Din are victorious over Prithviraj Chauhan.

title: 1192

text: The Temple of Nataraja is completed, at Chidambaram in India.

title: 1203

text: March 15 – Sultan Muhammad of Ghor is murdered and succeeded by Qutb al-Din Aibak, his deputy in India, who founds the Mamluk Dynasty, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.

title: 1206

text: June – Shams ud-Din Iltutmish, son-in-law of the former Sultan Qutb al-Din Aibak, becomes ruler of the Delhi Sultanate and quells the Hindu rebellions in India.

title: 1211

text: King Kalinga Magha, from Kalinga Province in India, lands in Sri Lanka with a force of 24,000 men, to capture the city of Polonnaruwa and depose its king, Parakrama Pandya.

title: 1215

text: Summer – Muhammad II flees westwards across northern Iran, hoping to find safety in the rugged and isolated region of Mazandaran on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. He is pursued by 20,000 Mongol forces led by Subutai and Jebe (the Arrow). Abandoned by the remnants of his panic-stricken troops, Muhammad seeks shelter on a small island near Astara. There he dies of pleurisy some weeks later. He is succeeded by his son Jalal al-Din Mangburni, who is forced to flee to India after the Mongol invasion (see 1219).

title: 1220

text: November 24 – Battle of the Indus: Left with some 20,000 men, Jalal al-Din Mangburni has headed for the Indus River where Genghis catches up with him. In a desperate battle the Khwarezmain forces are destroyed, completing the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire, while Jalal al-Din flees across the river and escapes into India.

title: 1221

text: India, Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.

title: 1265

section: Events › By place › North Africa and Asia

text: The independent state of Kutch is founded, in present-day India.

title: 1270

text: The Dnyaneshwari is written in India. This holy book is a commentary on the Bhagvad Gita and is narrated by Dnyaneshwar.

title: 1290

text: Spring – The brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, Italian explorers and merchants from Genoa, embark with two galleys intending to reach India and establish a trade route to Italy. They sail along the coast of present-day Morocco after passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. They may have followed the African coast as far as Cape Non before being lost at sea.

title: 1291

text: The Vaghela dynasty in Gujarat (located along the western coast of India) is subjugated by the Deccan Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Daulatabad.

title: 1292

text: August 26 – Siege of Chittorgarh: Delhi forces led by Sultan Alauddin Khalji capture the massive Chittor Fort in northern India, after an 8-month-long siege. Alauddin orders a general massacre of Chittor's population.

title: 1303

text: November 10 – After the fall of the fortress of Siwana in India, Prince Sital Deva is ambushed while trying to flee to safety at Jalor. The soldiers decapitate Sital and present his head as a trophy to the Delhi Sultan, Alauddin.

title: 1308

text: A great flood in the river Periyar in modern-day southern India leads to the river changing its course, the closing of Muziris, the opening up of Cochin (Kochi) harbour, submersion of some islands, and birth of some new islands.

title: 1341

text: Rao Kanhadev becomes Rathore ruler of Marwar (part of modern-day India).

title: 1357

text: Anavema Reddy succeeds Anavota Reddy, as ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh (part of modern-day southern India).

title: 1364

text: Rana Kshetra Singh succeeds Rana Hamir Singh, as ruler of Mewar (part of modern-day western India).

title: 1364

text: In modern-day southern India, Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I invades the Vijayanagara Empire.

title: 1365

text: War continues between the Hindu Vijayanagar Empire and the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate in modern-day southern India.

title: 1366

text: Rao Biram Dev succeeds Rao Kanhadev as ruler of Marwar (the modern-day Jodhpur district of India).

title: 1374

text: April 16 – Mujahid Shah, ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate in what is now the Karnataka state in southern India, is assassinated by his uncle, Da'ud Shah, while traveling between Adoni and Kulbarga. Da'ud and three accomplices enter Mujahid's tent and stab him to death, after which Da'ud declares himself to be the new Sultan of Bahmani.

title: 1378

text: October 10 – The Church of Koratty Muthy is established by Roman Catholic missionaries and local Christians on the Indian subcontinent at Koratty in the Venadu kingdom, now part of the Kerala state in India.

title: 1381

text: January 20 – In India, Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah becomes the new Sultan of Delhi upon the death of his father, Muhammad Shah III.

title: 1394

text: January 13 – In the Delhi Sultanate in what is now the Uttarakhand state of India, Timur the Lame captures and sacks Haridwar.

title: 1399

text: Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day northern India.

title: 1401

text: Virupaksha Raya succeeds Harihara Raya II, as ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in modern-day southern India.

title: 1404

text: May 31 – At Srinagar, Ali Shah Miri becomes the new Sultan of Kashmir in modern-day India, succeeding upon the death of his father, the Sultan Sikandar Shah Miri.

title: 1413

text: May 28 – Khizr Khan, Timur's governor of Multan in India, conquers the Delhi Sultanate from Daulat Khan Lodi, founding the Sayyid Dynasty.

title: 1414

text: February 20 – At Srinagar, in what is now India, Zayn al-Abidin, already the vizier (Wazir) of the Kashmir Sultanate, is crowned as the new Sultan after he overthrows his older brother, the Sultan Ali Shah Miri.

title: 1418

text: December 26 – In India, Ahmad Shah I, the Sultan of Gujarat and his troops, camped at Sarangpur, resist a surprise counter-attack by the army of the Malwa Sultanate, led by the Sultan Hoshang Shah.

title: 1421

text: October 27 – At Mandore (part of the modern-day state of Rajasthan in India), Rao Ranmal, King of Marwar is assassinated after becoming drunk during the festival of Diwali, when one of his wives, Bharmali, ties him up and opens his bedroom door to admit a team of assassins. Ranmal's son, Rao Jodha, becomes the new King.

title: 1438

text: May 24 – In what is now the state of Karnataka in India, Prince Mallikarjuna Raya becomes the new Emperor of Vijayanagara upon the death of his father, Deva Raya II, and takes the name of Emperor Deva Raya III.

title: 1446

text: September 30 – In what is now the state of Rajasthan in northwest India, Prince Rao Bika departs from Jodhpur with 600 soldiers to conquer the territory of Jangladesh.

title: 1465

text: April 5 – Mahmud Gawan, the chief minister (peshwa) of India's Bahmani Kingdom (now in the state of Karnataka) is executed in Bidar on orders of the Sultan Muhammad Shah III Lashkari, after being falsely convicted of treason. The preparer of the forged document that led to Gawan's overthrow, Malik Hasan Bahri, becomes the new peshwa.

title: 1481

text: April 19 – Muhammad Shah Mir becomes the new Sultan of Kashmir in India, succeeding Hasan Khan.

title: 1484

text: April 6 – At Jodhpur, in what is now the state of Rajasthan in India, Rao Satal becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Marwar upon the death of his father, King Rao Jodha.

title: 1489

text: May 28 – At Junnar in what is now India's Maharashtra state, the Ahmadnagar Sultanate is established by Ahmad Nizam Shah, who leads a secession of his land from the Bahmani Kingdom and defeats the Bahmani General Jahangir Khan.

title: 1490

text: February 15 – Columbus begins writing his first account of his voyage to the New World, titled "Letter of Columbus, on the islands of India beyond the Ganges recently discovered", an account later printed and sold throughout Europe. His reference to the Ganges river in India confirms that he thought he had reached Asia.

title: 1493

text: November 27 – Led by Prince Prataparudra Deva, son of the Emperor Purushottama Deva, the Gajapati Empire (now India's state of Odisha) invades the Vijayanagara Empire (now the Karnataka state) and its armies advance as far as the Penna River, where they are stopped by a force commanded by the Vijayanagara sultan Tuluva Narasa Nayaka, and are turned back.

title: 1496

text: July 3 – The siege of Cochin in India by the invading forces of Calicut ends as the Portuguese and Cochin defenders defeat the invaders. Calicut loses 5,000 dead in battle and another 13,000 to disease, while Cochin and Portugal sustain minimal losses.

title: 1504

text: July 24 – Travelling to India, a group of Portuguese explorers led by Francisco de Almeida, with 22 ships and 1,500 men, sack the city-state of Kilwa in East Africa, killing the Emir Abraham for failing to pay tribute. Almeida installs Mohammed Ankoni as the new ruler.

title: 1505

text: June 3 – Santhome Church is established by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle at Madras (now Chennai) in India.

title: 1523

text: February 21 – The Mughal–Rajput wars begin in India between the Emperor Babur of the Mughal Empire and states of the Rajput Confederacy, with the victory of the Rajput faction at the Battle of Bayana.

title: 1527

text: March 17 – In India, the Battle of Khanwa is fought as the Mughal Emperor Babur defeats Rajput ruler Rana Sanga. This and two other major Moghul victories lead to their domination of northern India. Dhaulpur fort is taken by Babur.

title: 1527

text: January 20 – In India, the Mughal Emperor Babur departs from the capital at Agra toward Ghazipur to fight the Rajputs and the rebel Afghans who had captured the city.

title: 1529

text: July 22 – Upon the death of his father, Bhim Singh, Ratan Singh becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Amber with a capital at Amber in what is now the Rajasthan state in India

title: 1537

text: April 6 – In India, Sher Shah Suri, who had been the Mughal Empire's Governor of the Bihar Subah province, declares the founding of the Sur Empire and crowns himself as Emperor in a ceremony at Delhi.

title: 1538

text: May 10 – In India Mahmud Khan, 11-year-old the nephew of the late Sultan Bahadur Shah, is enthroned as Mahmud Shah III, Sultan of Gujarat.

title: 1538

text: June 26 – Battle of Chausa in modern-day Buxar, India: Sher Shah Suri defeats the Mughal emperor, Humayun (Sher Shah goes on to form the Sur Empire, and take control of nearly all Mughal territory).

title: 1539

text: January 4 – In India, Maldeo Rathore, King of Marwar (now part of the state of Rajasthan) is tricked by counterintelligence spread by Mughal Emperor and Afghan Shah Sher Shah Suri into departing from Jodhpur. The Battle of Sammel begins shortly afterward and is won by the Afghan and Mughal armies.

title: 1544

text: August 16 – The elaborate Tomb of Sher Shah Suri is completed in Sasaram, three months after Sher Shah's death, in what is now India's Bihar state.

title: 1545

text: June 1 – Bharmal becomes the new raja of the Kingdom of Amber, in territory now occupied by India's Rajasthan state, upon the overthrow of his nephew, Askaran, Raja of Narwar, who had reigned for only 16 days.

title: 1548

text: February 17 – In India, Timmaraja Wodeyar II becomes the sixth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore (a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire), after the death of his father, the Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar III.

title: 1553

text: June 22 – Adil Shah Suri becomes the Sultan of the Sur Empire at Delhi in India after Sikandar Shah Suri is forced to flee from the Mughal Empire forces.

title: 1555

text: February 14 – Akbar the Great ascends the throne of the Mughal Empire in India at age 13; he will rule until his death in 1605, by which time most of the north and centre of the Indian subcontinent will be under his control.

title: 1556

text: July 25 – In India, Sikandar Shah Suri, Sultan of the Sur Empire in Punjab, surrenders the fortress at Mau in the Nurpur kingdom (now in Uttar Pradesh) after a six month siege by the Mughal Empire. Mughal General Bairam Khan allows Sikandar to live in exile in Bihar, while Bakht Mal, Raja of Nurpur is imprisoned at Lahore and later beheaded.

title: 1557

text: April 9 – In India, the Battle of Thanesar is fought in what becomes the state of Haryana. The Mughal Emperor Akbar, with 300 men, wins a victory over more than 7,000 warriors of the Sanyasi Hindu sect. Akbar's army has two cannons, 400 rifles and 75 elephants.

title: 1567

text: July 14 – In what is now the state of Kerala in India, the Siege of Chaliyam begins as the Zamorin of Kozhikode, Mana Vikrama, sends troops to starve out the Portuguese Empire's Chale fortress. The Portuguese defender, Dom Jorge de Castro, is allowed to surrender the fort in November and the Portuguese are allowed to march out of the fort. De Castro is executed by the Portuguese Governor-General after returning to Portuguese controlled Goa.

title: 1571

text: February 28 – In what is now the Rajasthan state in India, Maharana Pratap is crowned as the new Rana of Mewar at the Kingdom's capital at Udaipur after the death of his father, Udai Singh II.

title: 1572

text: July 25 – Cuncolim Revolt: The first documented battle of India's independence against a European colonial ruler is fought by the Desais of Cuncolim in Goa, against the Portuguese.

title: 1583

text: November 13 – In India, the city of Allahabad (modern-day Prayagraj in the state of Uttar Pradesh) is founded as a strategic fortress by Akbar, Emperor of the Mughal Empire.Surendra Nath Sinha (1974).

title: 1583

text: August 22 – Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, the prime minister for India's Mughal Emperor Akbar, is assassinated at Narwar as part of a plot by Emperor Akbar's son, Prince Salim, who will later succeed Akbar as Emperor Jahangir. Abu'l-Fazl's killer, Vir Singh Bundela, sends the victim's severed head to Prince Salim as proof of the plot's success.

title: 1602

text: January 6 – Jahangir, ruler of the Mughal Empire in northern India, gives an audience for the first time to a representative of the British East India Company, receiving Sir Thomas Roe at the capital at Ahmedabad.

title: 1618

text: January 26 – Karan Singh II becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Mewar (in the modern-day state of Rajasthan in India) upon the death of his father, the Maharana Amar Singh I.

title: 1620

text: Iravikkutti Pillai, Venad leader in India (b. 1603)

title: 1635

text: December 23 – Shah Jahan, Emperor of India's Mughal Empire, issues a decree against Portuguese Jesuits, ordering that the Agra Church be demolished and barring them from attempting to convert Hindus and Muslims to the Christian faith, but allows them to conduct their religious ceremonies in private.

title: 1635

text: January 16 – The siege of Nagpur ends in the modern-day Maharashtra state of India, as Kok Shah, the King of Deogarh, surrenders his kingdom to the Mughal Empire.

title: 1637

text: February 6 – (17 Dhu al-Qadah 1052 AH) In India, the first ceremony at the nearly-complete Taj Mahal in Agra, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan observes the 12th anniversary of the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and opens the structure to thousands of mourners.

title: 1643

text: January 6 – In India, Jaswant Singh of Marwar (in the modern-day state of Rajasthan) is elevated to the title of Maharaja by Emperor Shah Jahan.

title: 1654

text: March 11 – Prince Dara Shikoh, who had been the heir apparent to the throne of the Mughal Empire in India until the overthrow of his father, Shah Jahan, makes a stand near Ajmer to fight the armies sent by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, but loses and is forced to flee.

title: 1659

text: January 23 – The Treaty of Ghilajharighat is signed in India between representatives of the Mughal Empire and the independent Ahom Kingdom (in what is now the Assam state), with the Mughals ending their occupation of the Ahom capital of Garhgaon, in return for payment by Ahom in silver and gold for costs of the occupation, and King Sutamla of Ahom sending one of his daughters to be part of the harem of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

title: 1663

text: August 17 – In India, General Shivaji Bhonsale, future ruler of the Maratha Empire, and his son Sambhaji escape from house arrest at the Agra Fort, where they have been held prisoner since May 12.

title: 1666

text: May 12 – In India, General Shivaji Bhonsale of the Maratha Empire arrives at the Agra Fort for a meeting with Emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire, as part of the terms of peace under the 1665 Treaty of Purandar. After taking offence at the disrespect shown to him, he gets angry and attempts to leave; he and his son Sambhaji are immediately placed under arrest and imprisoned at the fort.

title: 1666

text: February 4 – The Battle of Sinhagad takes place in India (in the modern-day Maharashtra state) as the Maratha Empire army, led by Tanaji Malusare, leads an assault on the Kondhana Fortress that had been captured by the Mughal Empire. Tanaji, called "The Lion" by his followers, captures the fortress by guiding the successful scaling of the walls of the fortress with ladders created from rope, but is killed in the battle. The Maratha emperor Shivaji orders the fortress named Sinhagad, the Marathi language words for "Lion's Fort".

title: 1670

text: January 27 – The Muslim emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire in India issues an order for the destruction of all Hindu temples and schools in the empire, including the Keshvadeva Temple in Mathura.

title: 1670

text: June 6 – Shivaji Maharaj is crowned as Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj of the Maratha Empire at Raigad Fort in India.

title: 1674

text: April 3 – Aurangazeb, the Muslim ruler of the Mughal Empire in India, decrees the imposition of the jizya, an annual tax upon non-Muslims under Mughal jurisdiction, primarily Hindus. The tax had been abolished by Aurangazeb's great grandfather, Akbar.

title: 1679

text: October 27 – Sir John Child of England becomes the new Governor of Bombay province and, unofficially, Governor-General of all of the settlements of the East India Company in India. With the exception of a rebellion by Captain Richard Keigwin during the year 1684, Child expands British control until involving the British in a war with the Mughal Empire.

title: 1681

text: January 6 – American-born British citizen Elihu Yale, for whom Yale University in the U.S. is named, completes his term as the first leader of the Madras Presidency in India, administering the colony on behalf of the East India Company, and is succeeded by William Gyfford.

title: 1685

text: September 22 – The Siege of Golconda, ordered by Emperor Aurangzeb of India's Mughal Empire against the capital of the Golconda sultanate, ends after nine months when a traitor inside the walled city, Sarandaz Khan, opens the first of several entrances into the fortress. The Sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah is taken prisoner by General Mir Shahab ud-Din, and Golconda (now part of Hyderabad in the Telangana state).

title: 1687

text: January 11 – The Patta Fort and the Avandha Fort, located in what is now India's Maharashtra state near Ahmednagar, are captured from the Maratha clan by Mughul Army commander Matabar Khan. The Mughal Empire rules the area 73 years.

title: 1688

text: August 24 – In India, the fort and trading settlement of Sutanuti is founded on the Hooghly River by the English East India Company, following the signing of an Anglo-Mughal treaty.

title: 1690

text: November 14 – General Santaji Ghorpade of the Maratha Empire in India is defeated by General Himmat Khan of the Mughal Empire near Vikramhalli, and retreats. A week later, after regrouping his troops, Santaji defeats Himmat at their next encounter.

title: 1693

text: January 30 – William Kidd, who initially seized foreign ships under authority as a privateer for the British Empire before becoming a pirate, becomes an outlaw and uses his ship, the Adventure Galley, to capture an Indian ship, the valuable Quedagh Merchant, near India.

title: 1698

text: September 5 – A charter is granted by King William III of England to the new East India Company of England, called "the New Company" or "the English Company" to break the monopoly that has existed in India since 1689 with the existing British East India Company.

title: 1698

text: April 21 – In India, the siege of the fortress of Sajjangad (located in the Maharashtra state) is begun by an army led by Fateullahakhan. The fortress falls on June 6.

title: 1700

text: April 1 – The Battle of Gurdas Nangal begins during the Mughal-Sikh Wars in India, as the Mughal Army begins an eight-month siege of a fortress near Gurdaspur (in what is now the Punjab state), where Sikh General Banda Singh Bahadur and 1,250 of his men have fled. The siege ends on December 7 when the 750 survivors, including Banda Singh, are captured. By June 1716, most of the Sikh prisoners have been tortured, killed and executed, with Banda Singh dying on June 9.

title: 1715

text: June 9 – In India, 600 imprisoned members of the failed Sikh Khalsa rebellion against the Mughal Empire are executed on orders of the Emperor Farrukhsiyar. Banda Singh Bahadur, leader of the rebellion, is brutally tortured and mutilated before being killed.

title: 1716

text: February 28 – Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal Emperor of India since 1713, is deposed by the Sayyid brothers, who install Rafi ud-Darajat in his place. In prison, Farrukhsiyar is strangled by assassins on April 19.

title: 1719

text: July 31 – The Hyderabad State is created in India, as Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah rewards his associate Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan. Qamar-ud-din becomes the first Nizam of Hyderabad. The princely state exists for more than 220 years, coming to an end after India's independence from Britain.

title: 1724

text: November 25 – In India, the Maratha Empire's army invades the Mughal Empire's Malwa province, crossing the Narmada River. On November 29, the two armies clash at the Battle of Amjhira; the Maratha troops, commanded by General Chimaji Appa, overcome the defenders of Malwa (now part of India's Andhra Pradesh state) and Malwa's Governor Girdhar Bahadur is killed.

title: 1728

text: October 7 – At least 300,000 people are killed when a tropical cyclone strikes the Bay of Bengal in India and modern-day Bangladesh. The storm sends 12 m high waves over the Sundarbans delta, and overflows the Hooghly River.

title: 1737

text: July 29 – Royal Navy Admiral Edward Boscawen arrives at the coast of southeastern India with 28 ships, to defend Fort St. David from attacks by armies of French India. Historian Francis Grose later writes that Boscawen had brought the largest fleet "ever seen together in the East Indies", with nine ships of the line, two frigates, a sloop, and two tenders" and 14 ships of the British East India Company. Altogether, Boscawen has 3,580 sailors under his command. He then launches an offensive to destroy the French fort at Pondicherry and drive France from the subcontinent.

title: 1748

text: December 3 – Battle of Arnee in India (Second Carnatic War): A British East India Company–led force under Robert Clive defeats and routs a much larger Franco-Indian army, under the command of Raza Sahib, at Arni.

title: 1751

text: February 14 – At Lakkireddipalle in southeastern India, the new Nizam of Hyderabad, Subhadar Muzaffar Jang, leads an invasion of cavalry against the small kingdom of Kurnool and is confronted by its monarch, the Nawab Bahadur Khan. The Subhadar and the Nawab order their soldiers to stand down and then engage in hand-to-hand combat, during which the Nawab "thrust[s] a spear into the Subhadar's brain" before he is "himself hacked to pieces."

title: 1751

text: June 20 – A garrison of the British Army in India is imprisoned in the Black Hole of Calcutta.

title: 1756

text: June 23 – Battle of Plassey: 3,000 troops serving with the British East India Company under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj ud-Daulah with the help of Mir Jafar, at Plassey in India, marking the first victory of the East India Company over India, which lasts until 1857.

title: 1757

text: December 10 – Shah Jahan III is installed as the puppet ruler of India's Mughal Empire eleven days after the death of Alamgir II, but is removed after a reign of only ten months.

title: 1759

text: January 22 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Wandiwash, India: British general Sir Eyre Coote is victorious over the French under the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau.

title: 1760

text: April 13 – Warren Hastings begins his service for the British East India Company as Governor of Bengal, arriving at the company's headquarters at Fort William, outside of Calcutta, and including what are now parts of northeast India and Bangladesh. Hastings serves for two years, then later becomes Governor-General of India.

title: 1772

text: February 9 – Sir Warren Hastings, who has been governing India on behalf of King George III as the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William (later British India), resigns. Sir John Macpherson administers British India until General Charles Cornwallis arrives 19 months later.

title: 1785

text: October 14 – Orissa, an area of India along the Bay of Bengal that comprises the modern-day Indian state of Odisha, is occupied by the British under the British East India Company, after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The Maratha Empire formally cedes the area in the Treaty of Deogaon, signed on December 17.

title: 1803

text: June 3 – Baji Rao II, Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, surrenders to Sir John Malcolm of the British East India Company, bringing an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War and giving the company control of almost all of modern-day India.

title: 1818

text: June 16 – The Rann of Kutch earthquake, estimated at at least 7.7 kills at least 1,543 people in India in what is now the state of Gujarat at the Arabian Sea, causing an 80 - 150 stretch of land to be raised as much as 6 m and creating a natural dam, the Allahbund.

title: 1819

text: December 22 – The first railway begins operation in India, hauling canal construction material in Roorkee.

title: 1851

text: The third plague pandemic breaks out in Yunnan, China. This bubonic plague pandemic eventually spreads to all inhabited continents, and ultimately leads to more than 12 million deaths in India and China (estimated 15 million worldwide) making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history. The pandemic is considered active until 1960.

title: 1855

text: March 3 – Construction begins on the first railway in northern India as tracks are laid between the modern-day locations of Allahabad and Kanpur.

title: 1859

text: May 13 – Bakht Khan, commander-in-chief of Indian rebel forces in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (b. 1797)

title: 1859

text: June 23 –The first message by electric telegraph using the Great Britain to India submarine cable is sent from London.

title: 1870

text: June 8 – The final splice on the first telegraph submarine cable between Great Britain and India is made.

title: 1870

text: June 12 – 1897 Assam earthquake: An earthquake of magnitude of 8.0 rocks Assam, India, killing over 1,500 people.

title: 1897

text: December 16 – The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Bombay (now Mumbai), India opens.

title: 1903

text: German light cruiser SMS Emden bombards Madras, the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers in the War.

title: 1914

text: May 8 – Mohandas Gandhi begins a 3-week hunger strike because of the mistreatment of the lower castes in India.

title: 1933

text: August 16 – The All Hyderabad Trade Union Congress is founded in Secunderabad, India.

title: 1946

text: September 2 – The Interim Government of India takes charge, with Jawaharlal Nehru as vice president, as part of the transition from the British Raj to full independence for India and Pakistan.

title: 1946

text: April 28 – The 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference issues the London Declaration, enabling India (and, thereafter, any other nation) to remain in the Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating the position of 'Head of the Commonwealth' (held by the ruling British monarch), and renaming the organization, from the 'British Commonwealth' to the 'Commonwealth of Nations'.

title: 1949

text: August 26 – Satyajit Ray's film Pather Panchali is released in India.

title: 1955

text: March 17 – Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama escapes Tibet and arrives in India.

title: 1959

text: March 31 – The Dalai Lama is granted asylum in India.

title: 1959

text: November 1 – The Hungry generation Movement is launched in Calcutta, India.

title: 1961

text: November 21 – The Sino-Indian War ends with a Chinese victory with India surrendering Aksai Chin to China.

title: 1962

text: January 14 – Indian National Congress party leader Indira Gandhi returns to power as the Prime Minister of India.

title: 1980

text: November – The Indian government officially renames the city of Bombay, restoring the name Mumbai.

title: 1995

text: The Indian government officially renames the city of Madras, restoring the name Chennai.

title: 1996

text: July 11 – India recaptures Kargil, forcing the Pakistani army to retreat. India announces victory, ending the 2-month conflict.

title: 1999

text: December 26 – The 9.1–9.3 Indian Ocean earthquake shakes northern Sumatra with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). One of the largest observed tsunamis follows, affecting coastal areas of Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Somalia, the Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, killing 227,000 people.

title: 2004

text: May 22 – Manmohan Singh, a Sikh, is sworn in as India's first non-Hindu prime minister.

title: 2004

text: October 3–14 – 2010 Commonwealth Games takes place in Delhi, India.

title: 2010

text: January 7 – A Bangladeshi teenage girl Felani Khatun, was shot dead by the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) on the Anantapur border area under Phulbari upazila in Kurigram. Her body was hanging from the fence for four and half hours. Global human rights organizations, including the media, became protesters.

title: 2011

text: September 5 – India and Bangladesh sign a pact to end their 40-year border demarcation dispute.

title: 2011

text: September 24 – The Mars Orbiter Mission, popularly known as Mangalyaan, which was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation, reached Martian orbit, making India the first Asian country to successfully reach Mars.

title: 2014

text: April 25 – A magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes Nepal and causes 8,857 deaths in Nepal (including 19 at Everest base cammp), 130 in India, 27 in China and 4 in Bangladesh with a total of 9,018 deaths.

title: 2015

text: August 1 – 161 exclaves of Bangladesh within India or vice versa are ceded to the country that contained them.

title: 2015

text: June 6 – The governments of India and Bangladesh officially ratify their 1974 agreement to exchange enclaves along their border.

title: 2015

text: May 12 – A second major earthquake in Nepal, measuring 7.3 on the moment magnitude scale, results in 153 deaths in Nepal, 62 in India, 1 in China and 2 in Bangladesh, with a total of 218 deaths.

title: 2015

text: October 26 – A magnitude 7.5 earthquake strikes the Hindu Kush region and causes 398 deaths, with 279 in Pakistan, 115 in Afghanistan and 4 in India.

title: 2015

text: August 10–20 – Heavy rainfall causes severe floods in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the worst flood to hit the state in a century.

title: 2018

text: August 11 – 2019 Indian floods: At least 114 people, including 57 in Kerala, 30 in Karnataka and 27 in Maharashtra, are reported to have died in monsoon-related floods in India. At least 227 died across India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

title: 2019

text: April 28 – The Indian Ministry of External Affairs condemns the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom after its annual report recommends placing India on the "countries of particular concern" blacklist over the Citizenship Amendment Act, the revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status, and controversial comments made by Home Minister Amit Shah, among others.

title: 2020

text: August 7 – Air India Express Flight 1344 crashes after overrunning the runway at Calicut International Airport in Kerala, India, killing 19 of the 191 people on board.

title: 2020

text: July 3 – Indian oil refiners start payments for Russian oil imports in Chinese yuan as an alternative to the US dollar due to increasing sanctions against Russia.

title: 2023

text: June 2 – A train collision in Odisha, India results in at least 296 deaths and more than 1,200 others injured.

title: 2023

text: March 24 – Rahul Gandhi, the official opposition leader of India is disqualified from the Lok Sabha after he was convicted in a defamation case filed by BJP MLA, Purnesh Modi.

title: 2023

text: August 5 – Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina announces her resignation and flees to India following nationwide protests.

title: 2024

text: December 12 – Indian chess prodigy Gukesh Dommaraju defeats former world champion Ding Liren in the 2024 World Chess Championship, breaking the previous age record of 22 set by Garry Kasparov by becoming champion at 18 years, 195 days old.

title: 2024


slug: indian-national-congress

label: Indian National Congress

description: centrist-liberal political party in India

date: August 31

text: August 31 – Syed Hasan Imam, Indian politician and served as President of the Indian National Congress (d. 1933)

title: 1871

section: Births › July–August

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: December 28

text: December 28 – 72 Indian lawyers, academics and journalists gather in Bombay to form the Congress Party.

title: 1885

section: Events › December

date: December

text: December – Annie Besant becomes president of the Indian National Congress.

title: 1917

date: January 26

text: January 26 – The Indian National Congress declares this date as Independence Day, or as the day for Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).

title: 1930

section: Events › January

date: September 7

text: September 7 – The Second Round Table Conference on the constitutional future of India opens in London; Mahatma Gandhi represents the Indian National Congress.

title: 1931

section: Events › September

date: January 14

text: January 14 – Indian National Congress party leader Indira Gandhi returns to power as the Prime Minister of India.

title: 1980

date: June 15

text: June 15 – The Indian general elections end; the Indian National Congress wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. Six days later, Congress leader P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister of India.

title: 1991

section: Events › June

date: May 17

text: May 17–28 – Atal Bihari Vajpayee, leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is elected as Prime Minister of India, replacing P. V. Narasimha Rao of the Indian National Congress. However, the party does not receive an overall majority and Vajpayee resigns thirteen days later rather than face a no confidence vote and is replaced by the United Front leader, Deve Gowda.

title: 1996

section: Events › May


slug: indian-ocean

label: Indian Ocean

description: ocean bounded by Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica

year_label: 510 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Scylax of Caryanda becomes the first mariner to have passed the Indian Ocean.

title: 510 BC

section: Events › By place › Europe

year_label: 293 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: When an invasion of nomads threatens the eastern possessions of his realm (i.e. between the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea and the Indian Ocean), Seleucus hands over the government of these lands west of the Euphrates to his son Antiochus. Antiochus is appointed co-regent and commander-in-chief of these territories.

title: 293 BC

section: Events › By place › Persia

date: December 10

text: December 10 – The Ming Chinese expedition stops briefly at the Calicut Kingdom (now part of the Kerala state of India) and leaves on December 14 to sail westward across the Indian Ocean toward the island of Hormuz.

title: 1432

section: Events › October–December

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Admiral Zheng He and the crew of the seventh Ming Chinese overseas expedition return to China, arriving at Beijing two and one half years after their departure on January 19, 1411 from Nanjing. With the completion of the maritime expedition, the fleet is dispersed, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean, and making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.

title: 1433

section: Events › July–September

date: December 31

text: December 31 – First Battle of Cannanore: João da Nova fleet engaged the fleet of the Zamorin in a battle outside of the Cannanore harbor, the first Portuguese naval battle in the Indian Ocean.

title: 1501

text: December 31 – Estêvão da Gama, Governor of Portuguese India, departs from Goa with a plan to sail into the Red Sea, and destroy the Ottoman Empire's access to the Indian Ocean by plundering Suez. The planned attack fails.

title: 1540

section: Climate & Environment

date: February 11

text: February 11 – A violent storm in the Indian Ocean strikes a fleet of seven ships of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) as they are traveling back to the Dutch Republic from Batavia in the Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia). Three of the freighters— Wapen van Holland, Gekroonde Leeuw and Prins Willem — are lost with all hands. The ships Vogel Phoenix, Maarsseveen and Prinses Royal make their way back to the Netherlands. The other ship, the freighter Arnhem remains afloat and its roughly 80 survivors are able to evacuate in boats to search for land.

title: 1662

section: Events › January–March

date: March 4

text: March 4 – The Prince Edward Islands in the sub-antarctic Indian Ocean are discovered by Barent Barentszoon Lam, of the Dutch ship Maerseveen, and named Dina (Prince Edward) and Maerseveen (Marion).

title: 1663

date: June 27

text: June 27 – French explorer Alphonse de Pontevez, commanding the frigate Le Lys, claims an Indian Ocean atoll for France and names it after himself as the Alphonse Atoll. The next day, he claims and names the St. François Atoll.

title: 1730

section: Events › April–June

date: October 7

text: October 7 – French privateer Robert Surcouf leads the 150-man crew of his corvette to capture the 40-gun, 437-man British East Indiaman in the Indian Ocean.

title: 1800

date: November 12

text: November 12 – Four large French frigates under the command of Jacques Félix Emmanuel Hamelin, including the Venus, are sent to operate from Isle de France (Mauritius) against British trade in the Indian Ocean, triggering the Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811.

title: 1808

date: April 3

text: April 3 – "Princess Caraboo" appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire in England, and convinces the local residents that she had come to their town from a far-off island kingdom of "Javasu" in the Indian Ocean. A Portuguese sailor named Manuel Enes soon arrives and says that he speaks her mysterious language, and translates her story of an escape from pirates. After publicity, Princess Caraboo is discovered to be a servant girl from the village of Witheridge in Devon.

title: 1817

date: November 9

text: November 9 – World War I: Battle of Cocos – The German cruiser Emden, the last active warship of the Central Powers in the Indian Ocean, is sunk by the Australian cruiser Sydney.

title: 1914

section: Events › November

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: March 8

text: March 8 – Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, a Boeing 777 airliner en route to Beijing from Kuala Lumpur, disappears over the Gulf of Thailand with 239 people on board. The aircraft is presumed to have crashed into the Indian Ocean.

title: 2014

section: Events › March

date: February 17

text: February 17 – The South African Navy hosts a 10-day joint military exercise in the Indian Ocean with Russia and China.

title: 2023

section: Events › February

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Cyclone Freddy forms in the Indian Ocean. It would become the longest lasting tropical cyclone in history and cause over 1,400 deaths and countless injuries and property damage across southeastern Africa.

title: 2023

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Cyclone Mocha forms in the Indian Ocean, killing over 400 people and injuring over 700 as it strikes Myanmar and Bangladesh.

title: 2023


slug: indian-subcontinent

label: Indian subcontinent

description: physiographical region in South Asia

year_label: 460 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Panini, Hindu Indian grammarian (b. 520 BC)

title: 460 BC

year_label: 345 BCE

text: Mahanandin, last king of the Shishunaga dynasty of the Indian subcontinent.

title: 345 BC

section: Culture & Society

text: In India Emperor Indra III of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty, a grandson of Krishna II, begins his rule (until 929).

title: 914

section: Events › By place › Asia

section: Religion & Belief

date: October 10

text: October 10 – Razia Sultana, daughter of Mamluk Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish, becomes the first female Muslim ruler of the Indian subcontinent, deposing her half-brother, Ruknuddin Firuz, as sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.

title: 1236

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Akbar the Great ascends the throne of the Mughal Empire in India at age 13; he will rule until his death in 1605, by which time most of the north and centre of the Indian subcontinent will be under his control.

title: 1556

date: January 12

text: January 12 – Shahu I becomes the fifth Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire in the Indian subcontinent.

title: 1708

section: Events › January–June

date: December 16

text: December 16 – East India Company: Hada and Mada Miah lead a rebellion in the Indian subcontinent against East India Company officer Robert Lindsay and his troops in Sylhet Shahi Eidgah.

title: 1782

date: July 10

text: July 10 – Fort William College is established by Lord Wellesley, British Governor-General of India, in Calcutta, to promote Bengali, Hindi and other vernaculars of the Indian subcontinent.

title: 1800


slug: indiana

label: Indiana

description: state of the United States of America

date: October 22

text: October 22 – Fort Wayne founded in what is now the U.S. state of Indiana.

title: 1794

date: December 11

text: December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.

title: 1816

date: January 15

text: January 15 – The University of Notre Dame, based in the city of the same name, receives its charter from Indiana.

title: 1844

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Delegate Edward Ralph May delivers a speech on behalf of African-American suffrage, to the Indiana Constitutional Convention.

title: 1850

section: Economy & Finance

date: May 10

text: May 10 – Major pharmaceutical brand Eli Lilly is founded in Indiana, United States.

title: 1876

section: Events › May

section: Health & Medicine

text: Indiana, in the United States, becomes the world's first legislature to place laws permitting compulsory sterilization for eugenic purposes on the statute book.

title: 1907

section: Events › Date unknown

text: November 12 – Sigma Gamma Rho (ΣΓΡ) Sorority, Incorporated is founded by seven educators in Indianapolis, Indiana. The group becomes an incorporated national collegiate sorority on December 30, 1929, when a charter is granted to the Alpha chapter at Butler University in Indianapolis.

title: 1922

date: March 18

text: March 18 – The Tri-State Tornado, the deadliest in U.S. history, rampages through Missouri, Illinois and Indiana, killing 695 people and injuring 2,027. It hits the towns of Murphysboro, Illinois; West Frankfort, Illinois; Gorham, Illinois; Ellington, Missouri; and Griffin, Indiana.

title: 1925

section: Crime & Justice

date: July 22

text: July 22 – U.S. boxer Mike Tyson is arrested and charged with the rape, three days earlier, of Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant, in Indianapolis, Indiana.

title: 1991

section: Events › July


label: Indianapolis 500

description: auto race held in Speedway, Indiana, US

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: May 30

text: May 30 – The first Indianapolis 500 automobile race is held in the United States, won by Ray Harroun at an average speed of 74.59 miles per hour.

title: 1911

text: May 30 – Rookie driver Louis Meyer wins his first Indianapolis 500 (he will win that race again, in 1933 and 1936).

title: 1928

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Scottish racing driver Jim Clark wins the Indianapolis 500, later this year winning the Formula One world driving championship.

title: 1965

section: Events › May–June

text: May 30 – Bobby Unser wins the Indianapolis 500 automobile race.

title: 1968

section: Science & Discovery

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Bobby Unser wins the Indianapolis 500 for a second time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, 700 km mi race.

title: 1975

text: May 30 – Indianapolis 500 automobile race: Johnny Rutherford wins the (rain-shortened) shortest race in event history to date, at 102 laps or 408 km mi.

title: 1976

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Indianapolis 500: Al Unser wins his third race, and the first for car owner Jim Hall.

title: 1978

text: May 30 – Indianapolis 500: 1973 winner Gordon Johncock wins his second race over 1979 winner Rick Mears by 0.16 seconds. Leading to the closest finish to this date, Mears draws alongside Johncock with a lap remaining, after erasing a seemingly insurmountable advantage of more than 11 seconds in the final 10 laps, in what Indianapolis Motor Speedway historian Donald Davidson and Speedway public address announcer Tom Carnegie later call the greatest moment in the track's history.

title: 1982

date: May 26

text: May 26 – Young driver Danny Sullivan beats veteran Mario Andretti to win the 1985 Indianapolis 500.

title: 1985


slug: indonesia

label: Indonesia

description: island country in Southeast Asia and Oceania

text: Indian Prince Aji Caka introduces the Sanskrit language and Pallawa script, used to inscribe Javanese words and phrases, to the Indonesian islands.

title: AD 78

text: Tarumanagara (modern Indonesia) is divided into two kingdoms (Sunda Kingdom and Galuh Kingdom), with the Citarum River as the boundary (approximate date).

title: 670

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Yijing, Chinese Buddhist monk, travels by boat from Guangzhou, and visits the capital of the partly Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya in Palembang (Indonesia). He stays for 6 months to study Sanskrit grammar and the Malay language.

title: 671

text: Borobudur, a Buddhist temple complex in Magelang (modern Indonesia), is begun (approximate date).

title: 780

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Borobudur, a Mahayana Buddhist Temple, is completed in Central Java (modern Indonesia).

title: 825

section: Climate & Environment

text: Mpu Sindok, ruler of the Mataram kingdom, moves his court from Central to East Java (modern Indonesia), probably after the eruption of Mount Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya.

title: 929

section: Births

text: Mahendradatta, queen of Bali (Indonesia) (d. 1011)

title: 961

text: Airlangga, ruler (rajah) of Kahuripan (Indonesia) (d. 1049)

title: 1002

text: Samalas eruption: Mount Samalas volcano erupts on Lombok Island, Indonesia. One of the largest volcanic eruptions in the past 10,000 years, it creates severe climatic changes across the globe, leading to severe famine and death, and to one of the biggest geopolitical changes across the globe over the next few centuries.

title: 1257

section: Events › By topic › Natural Disaster

text: The consequences of the volcanic 1257 Samalas eruption in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts: very dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a harsh spring in Iceland; famine in England, Germany, France and Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey.

title: 1258

section: Events › By topic › Global

text: Malik ul Salih establishes Samudra Pasai, the first Muslim state in Indonesia.

title: 1267

section: Events › By place › Asia and North Africa

text: The Candi Surawana Temple is built in the Majapahit Kingdom (now Indonesia).

title: 1390

section: Conflict & Security

text: A civil war, lasting two years, breaks out in the Majapahit Empire in modern-day Indonesia.

title: 1404

date: March 7

text: March 7 – The seventh Ming Chinese overseas expedition fleet, led by Admiral Zheng He, arrives at the port of Surabaya on the island of Java (now in Indonesia). The Chinese do trading until leaving on July 13

title: 1432

section: Events › January–March

date: April 8

text: April 8 – At West Java in what is now Indonesia, the Sultanate of Cirebon establishes its capital at Dukuh Alang-alang and Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang is designated as the Sultan.

title: 1445

section: Events › April–June

date: March 22

text: March 22 – King Charles of Spain gives his approval for the Magellan expedition, initially for the purpose of finding a westward route from Spain to the "Spice Islands" (now the Maluku Islands in Indonesia), to avoid the more frequently-used eastward route around Africa. Veteran seaman Ferdinand Magellan and navigator Rui Faleiro, both of Portugal, had turned to Spain to fund the expedition after being refused by King Manuel of Portugal. The voyage proves to be further than expected and becomes the first to sail around the world.

title: 1518

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Construction of Fort Kastela by Portuguese invaders, on what is now the island of Ternate in Indonesia, is completed as Portugal claims the Spice Islands (now the Maluku Islands).

title: 1523

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Jakarta, modern-day capital of Indonesia, is founded as Jayakarta.

title: 1527

date: December 6

text: December 6 – The Battle of Perlis River is fought between the Portuguese Navy and the navy of the Aceh Sultanate (now a province of Indonesia) at the Perlis River in Malaysia. With nine light warships and 230 soldiers, the Portuguese sink or capture 45 of the 60 ships of Aceh vessel leave 4,000 of their 5,380 soldiers dead or missing.

title: 1547

section: Events › October–December

date: October 5

text: October 5 – At Banda Aceh, on the island of Sumatra in what is now Indonesia, Alauddin Mansur Syah becomes the new Sultan of Aceh upon the death of Sultan Zainul Abidin.

title: 1579

date: July 17

text: July 17 – Second Dutch Expedition to East Indies: A Dutch fleet returns to Amsterdam from what is now Indonesia, carrying 600,000 pounds of pepper and 250,000 pounds of cloves and nutmeg.

title: 1599

section: Events › July–September

date: December 27

text: December 27 – The Battle of Bantam is fought within what is now Indonesia off of the coast of the island of Java, as Walter Harmensz leads five Dutch Republic galleons in a successful attack against a Portuguese fleet led by André Furtado de Mendonça.

title: 1601

date: April 27

text: April 27 – The first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia is established in Banten by Vice Admiral Wybrand van Warwijck, who sets up a factory to store and package the trading commodity black pepper.

title: 1603

date: December 22

text: December 22 – A fleet of 13 Dutch warships under the command of Admiral Pieter Verhoeff departs the Netherlands on an expedition to the Indian Ocean to open trade with Asian nations and to fight hostile resistance. Verhoeff never returns, and he and many of his crew will be ambushed and killed on May 22 at the Banda Islands in Indonesia.

title: 1607

date: December 8

text: December 8 – The Sultanate of Bima, located on the now-Indonesian island of Sumbawa and ruled by Abu'l-Khair Sirajuddin, surrenders its authority to the Dutch East Indies Company, the VOC.

title: 1669

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Cornelis Speelman of the Netherlands becomes the new Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and concludes an alliance with the Sultan Amangkurat II of the Mataram Sultanate on the island of Java, then uses the Dutch Army to suppress the rebellion started by the Sultan's half-brother, Prince Puger. Puger surrenders on November 28 to the ranking Dutch officer, Jacob Couper.

title: 1681

date: September 17

text: September 17 – First Javanese War of Succession: On the island of Java in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia), Pakubuwono I becomes the new Sultan of Martaram, capturing Kartosuro and deposing Sultan Amangkurat III.

title: 1705

date: August 1

text: August 1 – The Dutch East India Company trading ship Zuytdorp leaves the Netherlands on an ill-fated voyage to Indonesia bearing a load of freshly minted silver coins. The wreck site remains unknown until the mid-20th century, on a remote part of the Western Australian coast between Kalbarri and Shark Bay.

title: 1711

date: April 30

text: April 30 – The 82 survivors of the wreckage of the Dutch East India Company frigate Zeewijk arrive in the new ship that they had built, Sloepie, at their original destination of Batavia in the Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta in Indonesia).

title: 1728

text: May 28 – Dirck van Cloon becomes the new Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).

title: 1732

text: November 25 – An 8.7 magnitude earthquake strikes Sumatra in what is now Indonesia.

title: 1833

text: Nillmij, a predecessor of Aegon, Dutch-based worldwide insurance company, is founded in the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia).

title: 1859

date: May 20

text: May 20 – 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, Indonesia

title: 1883

date: June

text: June – The volcanic island of Anak Krakatau begins to form in the Sunda Strait of Indonesia.

title: 1927

section: Events › June

text: October 28 – The Second Youth Congress is held in Batavia, Dutch East Indies by young Indonesian nationalists, resulting in the Youth Pledge. The Indonesian national anthem, "Indonesia Raya", is introduced at the congress.

title: 1928

section: Events › October

date: December 19

text: December 19 – Mount Merapi volcano in central Java, Indonesia, erupts, destroying numerous villages and killing 1,300 people.

title: 1930

section: Events › December

text: The accident of two steam locomotives in the south of Elo river bridge Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. They came from Mertoyudan train station and Yogyakarta.

title: 1943

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Proclamation of Indonesian Independence: Indonesian nationalists Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declare the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, with Sukarno as president and Mohammad Hatta as vice-president, igniting the Indonesian National Revolution against the Dutch Empire.

title: 1945

text: October 19 – Members of the Indonesian People's Army attack Anglo-Dutch forces in Indonesia.

title: 1945

text: October 27–November 20 – Indonesian National Revolution: Battle of Surabaya – Pro-independence Indonesian soldiers and militia fight British and British Indian troops in Surabaya.

title: 1945

text: April 2 – Hamengkubuwono X, Sultan of the historic Yogyakarta Sultanate in Indonesia, Governor of Yogyakarta Special Region

title: 1946

text: June 8 – In Indonesia, Sukarno incites his supporters to fight Dutch colonial occupation.

title: 1946

text: August 5 – The Netherlands ends Operation Product, the first of its major military Police Actions in Indonesia.

title: 1947

text: March 1 – Indonesia seizes Yogyakarta from the Dutch.

title: 1949

text: October 17 – 17 October affair: Indonesian troops led by General Nasution surround the presidential palace, seeking the dismissal of the People's Representative Council; Sukarno avoids confrontation.

title: 1952

text: May 8 – The constitutional union between Indonesia and the Netherlands is dissolved.

title: 1956

text: December 1 – In Indonesia, Sukarno announces the nationalization of 246 Dutch businesses.

title: 1957

text: December 5 – All 326,000 Dutch nationals are expelled from Indonesia.

title: 1957

text: March 14 – President Sukarno declares martial law in Indonesia.

title: 1957

text: November 30 – Indonesian president Sukarno survives a grenade attack at the Cikini School in Jakarta, but several children are killed.

title: 1957

text: April 28 – A bomber flown by a U.S. Central Intelligence Agency operative in support of Indonesian Permesta rebels bombs the harbor at Balikpapan, Borneo, Indonesia, hitting an Indonesian naval corvette and two British oil tankers. In June, the Indonesian and British governments both claim that Indonesian rebels are responsible for such attacks, concealing the C.I.A.'s involvement.

title: 1958

text: December 19 – Indonesian president Sukarno announces that he will take West Irian by force, if necessary.

title: 1961

text: August 9 – Indonesian president Sukarno collapses in public.

title: 1965

text: September 30 – The Indonesian army, led by General Suharto, crushes an alleged communist coup attempt (see Transition to the New Order and 30 September Movement).

title: 1965

text: April 18 – China declares that it will stop economic aid to Indonesia.

title: 1966

text: March 11 – Transition to the New Order in Indonesia: President Sukarno gives all executive powers to General Suharto by signing the Supersemar order.

title: 1966

text: May 28 – The Indonesian and Malaysian governments declare that the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation is over (a treaty is signed on August 11).

title: 1966

text: February 22 – Suharto takes power from Sukarno in Indonesia (see Transition to the New Order and Supersemar).

title: 1967

text: March 12 – The Indonesian State Assembly takes all presidential powers from Sukarno and names Suharto as acting president (Suharto resigned in 1998).

title: 1967

text: July 14 – The Act of Free Choice for West Irian commences in Merauke, Indonesia.

title: 1969

text: December 7 – Indonesian invasion of East Timor: Indonesia invades East Timor; the occupation continues until 1999 when U.N. peacekeepers take control, which they did until 2002.

title: 1975

text: July 17 – East Timor is declared the 27th province of Indonesia.

title: 1976

text: January 27 – The Indonesian passenger ship Tampomas II catches fire and capsizes in the Java Sea, killing 580 people.

title: 1981

text: October 19 – Two commuter trains collide head-on on the outskirts of Jakarta, Indonesia; 102 are killed.

title: 1987

text: December 12 – The 7.8 Flores earthquake affects the Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) leaving at least 2,500 dead. A destructive tsunami with wave heights of 25 m follows.

title: 1992

text: August 1 – A pro-democracy demonstration supporting Megawati Sukarnoputri in Indonesia is broken up by riot police.

title: 1996

text: February 17 – The 8.2 Biak earthquake strikes the Papua province of eastern Indonesia with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). A large tsunami followed, leaving 166 people dead or missing and 423 injured.

title: 1996

text: May 23 – A riot in Banjarmasin, Indonesia breaks out, causing at least 137 deaths.

title: 1997

text: August 30 – East Timor votes for independence from Indonesia (which had invaded and occupied it since 1975) in a referendum.

title: 1999

text: July 17 – Two bombs exploded separately at the JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton Hotels in Jakarta, Indonesia, killing 9 people (including 2 suicide bombers) and injuring 53.

title: 2009

text: October 25 – An earthquake and consequent tsunami off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, kills over 400 people and leaves hundreds missing.

title: 2010

text: October 26 – Repeated eruptions of Mount Merapi volcano in Central Java, Indonesia, and accompanying pyroclastic flows of scalding gas, pumice, and volcanic ash descending the erupting volcano kill 353 people and force hundreds of thousands of residents to evacuate.

title: 2010

text: November 2 – A new species of orangutan is identified in Indonesia, becoming the third known species of orangutan as well as the first great ape to be described for almost a century.

title: 2017

text: June 9 – A large explosive eruption of Mount Sinabung in Indonesia sends a 7,000-meter ash column into the air, generating a pyroclastic flow 3–3.5 kilometers long towards the south and southeast of the mountain.

title: 2019

text: January 1 – Flash floods struck Jakarta, Indonesia, killing 66 people in the worst flooding in over a decade.

title: 2020

text: April 24 – Following an international search and rescue effort, the Indonesian navy reports the sinking of KRI Nanggala with 53 crew members, the largest loss of life aboard a submarine since 2003.

title: 2021

text: April 4 – More than 270 people are killed in Indonesia and East Timor after Cyclone Seroja strikes East Nusa Tenggara and the island of Timor.

title: 2021

text: January 1 – The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, the largest free trade area in the world, comes into effect for Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.

title: 2022

text: November 15 – The 2022 G20 Bali summit in Bali, Indonesia takes place.

title: 2022

text: November 21 – A 5.6 earthquake strikes near Cianjur in West Java, Indonesia, killing 635 people and injuring 7,700 more.

title: 2022

text: October 1 – A fatal human crush occurs during an association football match at Kanjuruhan Stadium in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia, killing 135 people and injuring more than 500.

title: 2022

text: October 20 – Prabowo Subianto and Gibran Rakabuming Raka are inaugurated as the president and vice president of Indonesia.

title: 2024

text: January 6 – Indonesia becomes the tenth member to join BRICS.

title: 2025

text: November 25 – A report published by the United Nations shows that Indonesian capital Jakarta has surpassed Japanese capital Tokyo as the world's largest city, with a population of 42 million people.

title: 2025

text: November 26 – Cyclone Senyar causes at least 1,390 deaths and leaves 186 missing in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.

title: 2025


slug: indus-river

label: Indus River

description: river in Asia

text: Chaturanga, Indian war game and an ancestor of chess through the Persian game of Shatranj (or Chatrang), evolves in the Indus Valley on the Indian subcontinent (approximate date).

title: 440

section: Events › By topic › Ancient Games

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: King Harsha of Thanesar establishes a northern Indian Empire, and unites the small monarchical states, from Punjab to the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan).

title: 606

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, crosses the Indus River at Hund and travels to Kashmir ("Heaven on Earth") in northwestern India (approximate date).

title: 631

text: After pirates plunder an Arab ship near the mouth of the Indus River (Pakistan), Umayyad Arabs under Muhammad ibn Qasim invade India with 10,000 men and 6,000 horses, establishing a sultanate in Sindh. Qasim sends expeditions to Surashtra, where he makes peaceful treaty settlements with the Rashtrakuta.

title: AD 711

section: Deaths

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, upon the death of his brother Al-Hadi. He appoints Salim Yunisi as governor of Sindh and the Indus Valley.

title: 786

section: Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate

text: Winter – Sabuktigin, emir of the Ghaznavid Dynasty, invades India. He expands the emirate between the Kabul Valley and the Indus River after defeating King Jayapala.

title: 986

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

date: November 24

text: November 24 – Battle of the Indus: Left with some 20,000 men, Jalal al-Din Mangburni has headed for the Indus River where Genghis catches up with him. In a desperate battle the Khwarezmain forces are destroyed, completing the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire, while Jalal al-Din flees across the river and escapes into India.

title: 1221

section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: February 2

text: February 2 – President Iskander Mirza of Pakistan lays the foundation-stone of the Guddu Barrage across the Indus River, near Sukkur.

title: 1957

section: Events › February


slug: ine-of-wessex

label: Ine of Wessex

description: King of Wessex

text: King Caedwalla of Wessex abdicates the throne and departs on a pilgrimage to Rome, possibly because of the wounds he suffered while fighting on the Isle of Wight. The power vacuum is filled by Ine, son of his second cousin, sub-king Coenred of Dorset.

title: 688

section: Events › By place › Britain

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Ine of Wessex installs his kinsman, Nothelm, as ruler of Sussex. According to Bede, Sussex is subjected to Ine for a number of years.

title: 692

text: King Ine of Wessex establishes his West Saxon "Law of Codes", to regain authority in his kingdom. He consolidates Wessex's territory in the western peninsula (approximate date).

title: 693

section: Events › Britain

section: Crime & Justice

text: King Ine of Wessex attacks Kent, and extorts 30,000 pence from its people, in recompense for the murder of King Mul.

title: 694

section: Culture & Society

text: King Aldfrith of Northumbria marries Princess Cuthburh, sister of King Ine of Wessex (approximate date).

title: 695

text: King Ine of Wessex begins to dispense with Wessex sub-kings and replace them with ealdormen (approximate date).

title: 700

text: King Ine of Wessex becomes estranged from the kings Sigeheard and Swæfred of Essex, who are sheltering exiled rivals to the Wessex throne. At a council at Brentford, the latter agree to banish the exiles in return for Ine not attacking their kingdom.

title: 705

text: Kings Ine of Wessex and Nothhelm of Sussex fight against King Geraint of Dumnonia, who dies in battle. Ine's advance brings him control of what is now Devon; he establishes a fortress at Taunton.

title: 710

text: Battle of Woden's Burg: Kings Ine of Wessex and Ceolred of Mercia clash at Woden's Burg (Wiltshire).

title: 715

section: Religion & Belief

text: King Ine of Wessex builds a stone church at Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset (approximate date).

title: 720

text: King Ine of Wessex defeats Prince Cynewulf, an unknown relation making a push for the throne of Wessex.

title: 721

text: King Ine of Wessex attempts a takeover of Dumnonia, but his armies are crushed, and he is forced to withdraw. Queen Æthelburg, wife of Ine, destroys the royal castle of Taunton, to prevent its seizure by rebels under Ealdbert.

title: 722

text: The exiled prince Ealdbert, possibly a nephew of King Ine of Wessex looking for recognition as his heir, seeks sanctuary in Sussex. Ine attacks the South Saxons and kills Ealdbert.

title: 725

text: King Ine of Wessex resigns his crown, and travels on a pilgrimage to Rome. He is succeeded by his brother-in-law (and probably distant cousin) Æthelheard.

title: 726

text: Cyneheard is executed and succeeded by Beorhtric, through the support of King Offa of Mercia. His rival claimant to the Wessex throne, a distant nephew of the late king Ine, named Egbert, is driven across the Channel.

title: 786


slug: ingeborg-of-norway

label: Ingeborg of Norway

description: Norwegian politician (1301-1361)

section: Births

text: Ingeborg of Norway, Norwegian princess and de facto ruler (d. 1361)

title: 1301

date: April 16

text: April 16 – An agreement with Birger, King of Sweden is made to release his two brothers Valdemar, Duke of Finland and Eric Magnusson, Duke of Södermanland, who had been imprisoned at Nyköping Castle since December 10. The treaty is brokered by Valdemar's wife Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway and Eric's wife, Princess Ingeborg of Norway, who pledge for Valdemar and Eric to renounce all claims to the Swedish throne. However, Valdemar and Eric have already died inside the prison, and the discovery leads to a rebellion against King Birger.

title: 1318

section: Events › April – June

date: July 8

text: July 8 – Magnus Eriksson is elected King of Sweden. His mother Ingeborg of Norway is given a place in the regency.

title: 1319

section: Events › July – September

date: April 12

text: April 12 – Sweden's governing council votes to bar foreigners from the royal palace, and to request that the Norwegian council admonish the regent Ingeborg to avoid taking advice from foreigners when making decisions. Ingeborg, who is serving as regent for her minor son, King Magnus, ruler of Sweden and Norway, has become infamous for making decisions without consultation from the councils of either of the kingdoms.

title: 1321

date: July 24

text: July 24 – A marriage contract is signed on behalf of Princess Euphemia, the 4-year-old sister of King Magnus of Sweden and Norway, and daughter of the regent Ingeborg of Norway, to eventually marry Albert of Mecklenburg the 3-year-old son of Henry I, Lord of Mecklenburg. The marriage will not take place until almost 15 years later.

title: 1321

section: Health & Medicine

date: February 20

text: February 20 – Norway's regency council takes a stand against Ingeborg Haakonsdater, mother of and regent for the 7-year-old King Magnus VII. Ingeborg is removed from her position as chief regent on charges of misuse of her power.

title: 1323

section: Events › January – March

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Queen Ingeborg, the regent and de facto ruler of Sweden, is stripped from all political authority. Due to having many debts (known as the Scania affair), she gives up several fiefs.

title: 1326

date: June 21

text: June 21 – Queen Ingeborg of Norway marries the Danish nobleman Canute Porse the Elder, but is deposed from political power in Norway.

title: 1327

date: June 17

text: June 17 – Ingeborg of Norway, princess consort and regent of Sweden (b. 1301)

title: 1361


slug: inner-hebrides

label: Inner Hebrides

description: archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland

text: Columba, Irish missionary monk, travels to Scotland with twelve companions. He lands on the Kintyre Peninsula, near Southend, and begins his evangelising mission to the Picts. On the island of Iona, he founds a monastery (Iona Abbey) on the west coast in the Inner Hebrides.

title: 563

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Deaths

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Columba, Irish missionary, dies in Iona (Inner Hebrides) and is buried by his monks in the abbey he has created. He works successfully towards the conversion of northern Britain.

title: 597

text: Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish missionary, is summoned by King Oswald from Iona (Inner Hebrides) to establish a bishopric on the holy island of Lindisfarne, and reestablish Christianity in Northumbria (approximate date).

title: 634

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Book of Durrow is created, probably in Northumbria or on the island of Iona in the Scottish Inner Hebrides.

title: 680

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Aldfrith, illegitimate half-brother of Ecgfrith, becomes (possibly with Irish and Scottish help) king of Northumbria. He is brought from Iona (Inner Hebrides), where he is studying for a career in the church.

title: 685

text: In the earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland, they attack the monasteries at Iona (Inner Hebrides), Inishbofin and Inishmurray (approximate date).

title: 795

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: July 6

text: July 6 – King Alexander II of Scotland dies of a fever at the island of Kerrera in the Inner Hebrides. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, Alexander III, who is crowned as ruler of Scotland at Scone on July 13. Alexander's minority causes a struggle for control of affairs between Walter Comyn and Alan Durward, Justiciar of Scotia.

title: 1249

section: Science & Discovery

date: May 15

text: May 15 – Researchers announce a 2.5 cm millipede fossil belonging to the Kampecaris genus, discovered on the island of Kerrera in the Scottish Inner Hebrides, is the world's oldest-known land animal, which lived 425 million years ago in the Silurian period.

title: 2020

section: Events › May