slug: thurii

label: Thurii

description: city of Magna Graecia, situated on the Tarentine gulf

year_label: 443 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Pericles founds the colony of Thurii near the site of the former city of Sybaris, in southern Italy. Its colonists include Herodotus and Lysias.

title: 443 BC

section: Events › By place › Italy

year_label: 432 BCE

text: The Greek colony of Heraclea in Southern Italy is founded by colonists from Tarentum and Thurii.

title: 432 BC

year_label: 387 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: With the aid of the Lucanians, Dionysius I of Syracuse devastates the territories of Thurii, Crotone, and Locri in mainland Italy. When Rhegium falls, Dionysius becomes the chief power in Greek Southern Italy. He then turns his attention to the Adriatic and founds the colonies of Ancona (Ankon) and Adria (Adrìa).

title: 387 BC

section: Events › By place › Sicily and Adriatic

year_label: 282 BCE

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: The Magna Graecia city of Thurii appeals to Rome for help against the native Italian tribes. Though the Roman Senate hesitates, the plebeian Assembly decides to respond. Thurii is saved, but Tarentum, jealous of Rome's interference, attacks and sinks some Roman ships entering its harbour. Roman envoys, sent to protest, are mistreated.

title: 282 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 215 BCE

text: Hannibal's forces occupy the cities of Heraclea and Thurii. However, Hannibal is unable to prevent the Romans from besieging Capua.

title: 215 BC

year_label: 73 BCE

text: Battle of Mount Vesuvius: Spartacus defeats a Roman militia force (3,000 men) under Gaius Claudius Glaber. The rebel slaves spend the winter of 73–72 BC training, arming and equipping their new recruits, as well as expanding their raiding territory, which includes the towns of Nola, Nuceria, Thurii and Metapontum.

title: 73 BC

year_label: 72 BCE

text: Winter – Spartacus decides to camp near Thurii. Marcus Licinius Crassus with ten Roman legions tries to trap the rebels in the toe of Italy. He builds a trench and a low earth rampart (with a fortified palisade).

title: 72 BC

year_label: 40 BCE

text: Sextus Pompey dispatches Menas with four legions and captures Sardinia, driving out Octavian's governor Marcus Lurius. He seizes the capital, Caralis and occupies Corsica. Sextus besieges Cosenza in Bruttium and Thurii in Lucania, ravaging the territory with his cavalry.

title: 40 BC


slug: thuringia

label: Thuringia

description: federated state in the center of Germany

year_label: 58 CE

section: Climate & Environment

text: In Thuringia, conflict between two Germanic tribes erupts over access to water.

title: 50s

section: Events › 58 AD › Europe

text: The Thuringi, a Germanic tribe, appears in the Harz Mountains (Thuringia) of central Germania.

title: 280

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Births

text: Basina, queen of Thuringia (approximate date)

title: 438

section: Deaths

text: Basina, queen of Thuringia (Germany)

title: 477

section: Conflict & Security

text: The Franks under King Chlothar I march against the Thuringi with Chlothar's nephew Theudebert I. The Kingdom of Thuringia comes under Frankish domination.

title: 531

section: Culture & Society

text: Agilulf, cousin of Authari (called "the Thuringian"), is raised on the shield (a ceremonial investment) by Lombard warriors in Milan. He becomes king of the Lombards, on advice of the Lombard dukes (dux). Agilulf marries widowed queen Theodelinda and is baptized to please her.

title: 591

text: Battle of Wogastisburg: The Slavs under King Samo defeat the Austrasian Franks, in a three-day battle. King Dagobert I is forced to retreat; the Franks with their allies are slaughtered. Samo invades Thuringia and undertakes looting raids.

title: 631

text: Radulf, a Frankish aristocrat, revolts against King Sigebert III of Austrasia and defeats his army, taking the title of rex or king of Thuringia.

title: 642

text: Radulf, king of Thuringia (approximate date)

title: 644

text: Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace, extends the Frankish Kingdom and annexes Thuringia. He turns the war towards the Alemanni (approximate date).

title: 700

text: Hedan II, duke of Thuringia, completes the circular Marienkirche, in Fortress Marienberg near Würzburg (Germany).

title: 702

section: Religion & Belief

date: November 30

text: November 30 – Wessex-born Boniface is ordained as bishop of Germany by Pope Gregory II. Under the protection of Charles Martel (mayor of the palace), he concentrates his religious work in Hessia and Thuringia.

title: 722

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Hedan II, duke of Thuringia (approximate date)

title: 741

text: Autumn – Charlemagne retakes the Hellweg (main corridor) along the Lippe Valley, establishing communications between Austrasia, Hesse and Thuringia. It is used as a trade route under Frankish supervision.

title: 775

text: Summer – Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne sends a punitive expedition (an elite force of Eastern Frankish troops) under the command of Adalgis the Chamberlain, Gallo, and Worad, supported by Saxon forces, to deal with the Saxons and Sorb raiders in Thuringia.

title: 782

text: King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. Carloman receives Bavaria (with more lands along the Inn River). He gives Saxony to Louis the Younger (with Franconia, and Thuringia) and Swabia (with Raetia) to Charles the Fat. Louis arranges marriages into the local aristocracy, for his sons to hold important territories along the frontiers.

title: 865

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Thachulf, duke of Thuringia

title: 873

date: August 28

text: August 28 – King Louis the German dies at Frankfurt, while preparing for war against his brother Charles II ("the Bald"), ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. The East Frankish Kingdom is divided among his three sons: Carloman receives Bavaria and styles himself "King of Bavaria". Louis the Younger receives Saxony (with Franconia and Thuringia), and Charles the Fat receives Swabia (with Raetia).

title: 876

text: Summer – Poppo II, duke of Thuringia (Central Germany), is deposed by King Arnulf of Carinthia. East Frankish forces and their Magyar (Hungarian) allies invade Great Moravia.

title: 892

date: August 3

text: August 3 – Battle of Eisenach: An invading Hungarian force defeats the East Frankish army under Duke Burchard, killing him, together with Duke Egino and Rudolf I, bishop of Würzburg. The Hungarians devastate Thuringia and Saxony as far north as Bremen, returning home with many spoils.

title: 908

text: August 3 – Burchard, duke of Thuringia

title: 908

date: July 2

text: July 2 – King Henry I ("the Fowler") dies at his royal palace in Memleben, Thuringia, after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his 23-year-old son Otto I, who is married to Eadgyth, a daughter of the late King Edward the Elder. Otto is the first German king to be crowned in Charlemagne's former capital of Aachen.

title: 936

date: May 7

text: May 7 – Emperor Otto I (the Great) dies at Memleben in Thuringia (modern Germany) after a 37-year reign. He is succeeded by his 18-year-old son Otto II (the Red), who becomes absolute ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. His mother Adelaide will exert great influence on Otto, although her lavish philanthropies will be a source of contention. Otto's succession leads to conflicts in the south German duchies and in Lotharingia.

title: 973

text: Summer – Henry II (the Wrangler) is restored as duke of Bavaria by Empress Theophanu and her mother-in-law Adelaide at an Hoftag assembly in Rohr (Thuringia). King Otto III (5-years old) remains under the regency of the two empresses in the Holy Roman Empire and in the Kingdom of Italy.

title: 985

text: Wartburg Castle (near Eisenach) is founded by Louis the Springer, count of Thuringia (modern Germany).

title: 1067

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Treaty of Gerstungen: King Henry IV is forced to restore the peace with Duke Otto of Nordheim (one of the Saxon leaders of the Saxon Rebellion). He signs a treaty in Gerstungen Castle, on the River Werra in Thuringia (modern Germany).

title: 1074

date: June 9

text: June 9 – First Battle of Langensalza: Emperor Henry IV defeats the Saxon nobles on the River Unstrut near Langensalza in Thuringia (modern Germany). He subjugates Saxony, and immediately tries to reassert his rights as the sovereign of northern Italy.

title: 1075

text: Ludwig II ("the Iron"), landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1172)

title: 1128

date: March 8

text: March 8 – Philip of Swabia, son of the late Emperor Frederick I, is elected "King of Germany" by his supporters at Mühlhausen in Thuringia. Archbishop Adolf of Cologne elects Otto of Brunswick, son of Henry the Lion, as Philip's rival. Otto IV is crowned as King of the Romans in Aachen by supporters of the House of Welf. Philip's coronation does not take place until September 8, at Mainz.

title: 1198

date: October 22

text: October 22 – Louis IV (the Saint), landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1227)

title: 1200

date: September 11

text: September 11 – Louis IV (the Saint), landgrave of Thuringia (b. 1200)

title: 1227

text: War of the Thuringian Succession: The claims on the Ludovingians' inheritance after the death of Henry Raspe, landgrave of Thuringia, leads to a dispute over the succession territories of Thuringia and Hesse, between his niece Sophie of Thuringia and her cousin Henry III ("the Illustrious"), who claim the territories as fiefs of the Electorate of Mainz.

title: 1247

date: February 16

text: February 16 – Henry Raspe, landgrave of Thuringia (b. 1204)

title: 1247

text: Winter – The War of the Thuringian Succession ends after 17 years with the state of Hesse gaining its independence from Thuringia and becoming the Landgraviate of Hesse, a principality of the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1264

date: July 16

text: July 16 – In Germany, Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and his brother William III, Duke of Luxembourg, agree to negotiate the Division of Altenburg, in hopes of peacefully splitting lands in Thuringia which they had inherited from their father's cousin, Frederick IV, Landgrave of Thuringia.

title: 1445

section: Events › July–September

date: September 26

text: September 26 – Negotiations between the Saxon brothers Frederick and William on the division of Thuringia break down after Frederick asserts that he will claim western Thuringia and will only allow William to inherit the Margraviate of Meissen.

title: 1445

text: February 2 – The University of Jena is founded in Thuringia, Germany.

title: 1558

section: Events › January–March

section: Science & Discovery

date: July 26

text: July 26 – A meteorite strikes the Earth in Thuringia in the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1581

date: May 12

text: May 12 – Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz is elevated to Prince of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. This year sees the first appearance of the modern-day national colors of Germany on a flag that closely resembles the modern flag of Germany, to occur anywhere within modern-day Germany.

title: 1778

section: Events › April–June

section: Economy & Finance

text: November 17 – Carl Zeiss, a major worldwide optoelectronics and digital camera brand, is founded in Thuringia, Germany.

title: 1846


slug: tiber

label: Tiber

description: river in Italy

year_label: 391 BCE

text: Quintus Fabius Ambustus and two other Fabii are sent as ambassadors by Rome to a wandering tribe of Celts (whom the Romans call Gauls), under Brennus, who are advancing down the Tiber while the Celtic army is besieging Clusium. After Quintus Fabius' group becomes involved in a skirmish with the Gauls and kill one of the Gauls' leaders, the offended Gauls demand that Rome surrender the Fabii members to them. The Romans refuse, so the Gauls advance on Rome.

title: 391 BC

year_label: 46 BCE

text: Caesar's erstwhile mistress, Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and his son by her, Caesarion, take up residence in one of the dictator's estates on the Tiber.

title: 46 BC

year_label: 15 CE

text: The river Tiber floods parts of Rome.

title: 10s

section: Events › 15 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 42 CE

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Claudius begins construction of Portus, a harbour bearing a lighthouse on the right bank of the Tiber.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 42

date: March 13

text: March 13 – Emperor Elagabalus is assassinated, along with his mother, Julia Soaemias, by the Praetorian Guard during a revolt. Their mutilated bodies are dragged through the streets of Rome before being thrown into the Tiber.

title: 222

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Crime & Justice

date: October 29

text: October 29 – Constantine enters Rome; he stages a grand adventus in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber and decapitated.

title: 312

date: December 17

text: December 17 – Sack of Rome: After almost a year's siege, the capture of a grain fleet sent by the exiled Pope Vigilius near the mouth of the Tiber, and failure of troops of the Byzantine Empire under Belisarius to relieve the city, the Ostrogoths under King Totila plunder Rome and destroy its fortifications. He then withdraws to Apulia (Southern Italy).

title: 546

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Pope Leo IV builds (on the opposite of the Tiber River) the Leonine City, a fortified three-kilometre wall that encircles the Vatican Hill and Borgo, to defend Rome.

title: 848

text: Spring – King Lambert II travels to Rome with his mother, Queen Ageltrude and brother Guy IV, Lombard duke of Spoleto, to meet Pope Stephen VI to receive reconfirmation of his imperial title. Guy is murdered on the Tiber by agents of Alberic I, a Frankish nobleman with political interests. He seizes Spoleto (possibly at the instigation of King Berengar I) and sets himself up as duke.

title: 897


slug: tiberias

label: Tiberias

description: city in Galilee, Israel

year_label: 17 CE

text: Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great, builds the city Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, in honor of Tiberius.

title: 10s

section: Events › 17 AD › Palestine

text: Constantius Gallus sends his general (magister equitum) Ursicinus to forcefully put down the Jewish revolt in Palestine. The rebels destroy the cities Diopolis and Tiberias, while Diocesarea is razed to the ground. Ursicinus gives the order to kill thousands of Jews, even children. After the revolt, a permanent garrison is stationed in Galilee.

title: 352

text: The Levantine cities of Caesarea Maritima, Arsuf, and Tiberias surrender on terms to the Sasanians.

title: 614

section: Climate & Environment

date: January 18

text: January 18 – Galilee earthquake: Palestine and eastern Transjordan are devastated by an earthquake. The cities of Tiberias, Beit She'an, Hippos and Pella are largely destroyed.

title: 749

section: Events › By topic › Catastrophe

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor John I raids Mesopotamia and invades Syria, using the Byzantine base at Antioch to press southwards to Tripoli. He conquers the cities of Baalbek, Damascus, Sidon, Tiberias and Caesarea, but fails to take Jerusalem.

title: 975

text: The Jarrahids, led by Hassan ibn Mufarrij, invade Palestine and attack the city of Tiberias, pillaging the town and killing civilians.

title: 1024

date: July

text: July – The Crusaders under Baldwin III join forces with the Crusader armies of Louis VII and Conrad III (all together some 50,000 men) at Tiberias. They march up the Jordan Valley and cross into Zangid territory.

title: 1148

section: Events › By place › Second Crusade

date: April 29

text: April 29 – A delegation under Balian of Ibelin is sent to Tiberias, to reconcile with Raymond III, prince of Galilee. After Easter, a second delegation (supported by the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller) is sent to Tripoli, but the situation remains unchanged.

title: 1187

section: Events › By place › Levant

date: June

text: June – Khwarazmian forces (some 10,000 men) invade Syrian territory, ravaging the land and burning the villages. As Damascus is too strong for a siege, they attack Galilee, past the town of Tiberias – which they capture. The Khwarazmians attack further southward through Nablus towards Jerusalem.

title: 1244

date: June 17

text: June 17 – Egyptian forces under Sultan As-Salih Ayyub capture Tiberias and his castle. Mount Tabor and Belvoir Castle are occupied soon afterward. Next, Ayyub moves his army to siege Ascalon – which is defended by a garrison of Knights Hospitaller. They summon the help from Acre and Cyprus.

title: 1247


slug: tiberius-gracchus

label: Tiberius Gracchus

description: ancient Rome politician

year_label: 183 BCE

section: Births

text: Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, consul in 138 BC, who will have a prominent part in the murder of Tiberius Gracchus by leading a group of conservative senators and other knights in opposition to Gracchus and his supporters (d. 132 BC).

title: 183 BC

year_label: 168 BCE

text: Tiberius Gracchus, Roman politician who would create turmoil in the Republic through his attempts to legislate agrarian reforms in the Roman Republic (d. 133 BC)

title: 168 BC

year_label: 163 BCE

text: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Roman politician, who, as a plebeian tribune, will cause political turmoil in the Republic through his attempts to legislate agrarian reforms; his political ideals will eventually lead to his death at the hands of supporters of the conservative faction (Optimates) of the Roman Senate (d. 132 BC)

title: 163 BC

year_label: 154 BCE

text: Gaius Gracchus, Roman politician, younger brother of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, who, like him, will pursue a popular political agenda that ultimately ends in his death (d. 121 BC)

title: 154 BC

year_label: 137 BCE

text: Tiberius Gracchus, quaestor in Spain, observes that slave labor has displaced small freeheld farms.

title: 137 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 133 BCE

text: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, is elected tribune of the people. He attempts to pass a law to redistribute the public land to benefit small landowners. Opposed by wealthier factions in the Roman Senate, he is killed by a group of senators and their followers that same year.

title: 133 BC

section: Deaths

text: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus the Roman tribune (assassination) (b. 168 BC)

title: 133 BC

year_label: 123 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: Gaius Gracchus elected Roman tribune for the first time. He waits until after his re-election the following year before pushing forward the various civil and agrarian reforms that his brother championed in 133 BC.

title: 123 BC

year_label: 100 BCE

text: Cornelia, mother of Tiberius Gracchus (b. c. 190 BC)

title: 100 BC


slug: tiberius

label: Tiberius

description: second Roman Emperor from 14 to 37 AD

year_label: 85 BCE

text: Tiberius Claudius Nero, Roman politician and father of Tiberius (d. 33 BC)

title: 85 BC

year_label: 42 BCE

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Tiberius, Roman emperor (d. 37 AD)

title: 42 BC

year_label: 38 BCE

section: Culture & Society

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Octavian marries Livia while she is still pregnant from a recently broken marriage. Octavian gained permission from the College of Pontiffs to wed her while she is still pregnant from another husband. Three months after the wedding she gives birth to a second son, Nero Claudius Drusus, while he and his elder brother, the four-year-old Tiberius, are living in Octavian's household.

title: 38 BC

year_label: 33 BCE

text: Tiberius Claudius Nero, Roman politician and father of Tiberius (b. 85 BC)

title: 33 BC

year_label: 20 BCE

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Lucius Aelius Sejanus, advisor of Tiberius (d. AD 31)

title: 20 BC

year_label: 15 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: The Raeti tribes of the Alps are subjugated by Tiberius and Nero Claudius Drusus and the new Roman province of Raetia is established with Chur (in modern-day Switzerland) as its capital. During the campaign, Roman triremes destroy the fleet of the Vindelici in the Battle of Lake Constance. Augsburg is founded as Augusta Vindelicorum; and Legio XXI Rapax is stationed at Regensburg in the new province.

title: 15 BC

year_label: 14 BCE

text: Drusus Julius Caesar, son of the Emperor Tiberius and step-grandson of the Emperor Augustus (d. AD 23)

title: 14 BC

year_label: 13 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Tiberius Claudius Nero and Publius Quinctilius Varus are Roman Consuls.

title: 13 BC

year_label: 12 BCE

text: Tiberius Claudius Nero summoned to Pannonia due to severe revolt by the Delmatae.

title: 12 BC

year_label: 6 BCE

text: Tiberius retires to Rhodes, to the inconvenience of Emperor Augustus. He is recalled to Rome years later in AD 4, becoming Augustus' adopted son and heir following the deaths of Lucius and Gaius Caesar.

title: 0s BC

section: Events › 6 BC › Roman Empire

year_label: 1 CE

text: AD 1 – Tiberius, under order of Emperor Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (AD 1–5).

title: 0s

section: Events › Roman Empire

year_label: 2 CE

text: AD 2 – Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Augustus allows his stepson Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen, after six years of enforced retirement on Rhodes.

title: 0s

year_label: 4 CE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: AD 4 – A pact of non-aggression and friendship is signed between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, are brought into the Roman army as leaders of the auxiliary troops.

title: 0s

text: AD 4 – Emperor Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus, the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.

title: 0s

text: AD 4 – Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, son of Tiberius.

title: 0s

year_label: 5 CE

text: AD 5 – Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior.

title: 0s

year_label: 6 CE

text: AD 6 – Tiberius marches back from the northern border to Illyricum to commence operations against the Illyrians.

title: 0s

text: AD 6 – Tiberius makes Carnuntum his base of operations against Maroboduus; The Roman legion XX Valeria Victrix fight with Tiberius against the Marcomanni.

title: 0s

year_label: 12 CE

text: Quirinius returns from Judea to become a counselor to Tiberius.

title: 10s

section: Events › 12 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 14 CE

date: September 18

text: September 18 – Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus as Roman emperor.

title: 10s

section: Events › 14 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 16 CE

text: Clemens, Roman slave and impostor (executed by Tiberius)

title: 10s

section: Deaths › 16 AD

text: Emperor Tiberius sends Germanicus to the east, in order to lead a military campaign against Parthia.

title: 10s

section: Events › 17 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 19 CE

text: Emperor Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily.

title: 10s

section: Events › 19 AD › Roman Empire

date: October 10

text: October 10 – Tiberius Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius (d. c. 38 AD)

title: 10s

section: Births › 19 AD

year_label: 20 CE

text: Emperor Tiberius is forced to order an investigation and a public trial in the Roman Senate, for the murder of Germanicus. Fearing he will be found guilty, Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso commits suicide.

title: 20s

section: Events › 20 AD › Roman Empire

text: Vipsania Agrippina, wife of Gaius Asinius Gallus and former wife of Tiberius (b. 36 BC)

title: 20s

section: Deaths › 20 AD

year_label: 23 CE

text: Emperor Tiberius' son Drusus Julius Caesar dies. From that point forward, Tiberius seems to lose interest in the Empire and occupies himself with the pursuit of pleasure.

title: 20s

section: Events › 23 AD › Roman Empire

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Drusus Julius Caesar, son of Emperor Tiberius (b. 14 BC)

title: 20s

section: Deaths › 23 AD

year_label: 25 CE

text: Emperor Tiberius settles a dispute between Messenia and Sparta over the Ager Dentheliales on Mount Taygetus, awarding the land to Messenia.

title: 20s

section: Events › 25 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 26 CE

text: Emperor Tiberius retires to Capri, leaving the Praetorian Guard under Lucius Aelius Sejanus in charge of the Roman Empire and the city of Rome.

title: 20s

section: Events › 26 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 29 CE

text: Livia, wife of Augustus and mother of Tiberius (b. 58 BC)

title: 20s

text: Lucius Aelius Sejanus is named co-Consul to Emperor Tiberius. However, Tiberius becomes aware of Sejanus' treachery and has him arrested and executed.

title: 30s

text: Claudia Livia Julia, niece and daughter-in-law of Tiberius (b. 13 BC)

title: 30s

text: Emperor Tiberius founds a credit bank in Rome.

title: 30s

text: Emperor Tiberius names Caligula (aka Gaius) and Gamellus, a grandson, as co-heirs.

title: 30s

text: Herod Antipas suffers major losses in a war with Aretas IV of Nabatea, provoked partly by Antipas' divorce of Aretas' daughter. According to Josephus, Herod's defeat was popularly believed to be divine punishment for his execution of John the Baptist. Emperor Tiberius orders his governor of Syria, Vitellius, to capture or kill Aretas, but he is reluctant to support Herod and abandons his campaign upon Tiberius' death in AD 37.

title: 30s

text: March 16 – Tiberius, Roman emperor (b. 42 BC)

title: 30s

text: March 18 – The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius's will, and proclaims Caligula as Roman Emperor, nullifying the joint claim of Tiberius Gemellus. Caligula's attempt to have himself deified creates friction between himself and the Senate.

title: 30s

text: Tiberius Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius (b. AD 19)

title: 30s


slug: tibet

label: Tibet

description: plateau region in west China

section: Births

text: Namri Songtsen, king of Tibet (approximate date)

title: 570

text: Namri Songtsen becomes the new king of Tibet (approximate date).

title: 600

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Amshuvarma becomes king of the Licchavi in Nepal. He is credited for opening trade routes to Tibet. His ruling period is known as the "Golden Period".

title: 605

section: Health & Medicine

text: Songtsän Gampo becomes the first emperor of the Tibetan Empire, after his father Namri Songtsen is poisoned. During his reign he expands Tibet's power beyond Lhasa (Tibetan Plateau) and the Yarlung Valley.

title: 618

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: King Songtsän Gampo builds the first palace on the site of the Potala Palace in Lhasa (Tibet).

title: 637

section: Conflict & Security

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Battle of Chabuheluo: General Wang Xuance commands a combined Chinese, Nepalese, and Tibetan expedition into India. He ends up winning the battle and acquiring a Buddhist relic.

title: 649

section: Events › By place › China

section: Science & Discovery

date: December 7

text: December 7 – An annular solar eclipse is visible from Tibet to the Maghreb.

title: 671

section: Events

text: Gunakamadeva, Lichhavi ruler (rajah), founds the city of Kathmandu (modern Nepal). During his reign, he transforms the agrarian society to an industrial city trading between India and Tibet.

title: 723

text: Chinese forces under Gao Xianzhi (a Korean in Tang employ) defeat the Arabs and Tibetans, by rapid military expeditions over the Pamir Mountains and Hindu Kush. About 72 local Indian and Sogdian kingdoms become Tang vassals. Over the next two years he establishes complete control in East Asia.

title: AD 747

section: Religion & Belief

text: Trisong Detsen becomes emperor of Tibet. During his reign he plays a pivotal role in the introduction of Buddhism, and the establishment of the Nyingma or "Ancient" school of Tibetan Buddhism.

title: 755

text: Tibet subdues her Himalayan neighbors, and concludes a boundary agreement with the Chinese Tang dynasty (approximate date).

title: 775

text: Ralpacan, king of Tibet (approximate date)

title: 806

section: Deaths

text: Ralpacan, king of Tibet, murdered (approximate date)

title: 838

text: Lhachen Dpalgyimgon, king of Mauyul (Tibet)

title: 960

text: The Shalu Monastery is founded by the Buddhist monk Chetsun Sherab Jungnay in Tibet.

title: 1040

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: The Tibetan monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya School completes the 'Phags-pa script, which was sponsored by Kublai Khan as a new writing system in his empire.

title: 1268

text: Sonam Drakpa deposes Drakpa Changchub as ruler of Tibet.

title: 1381

section: Events › Date not known

text: The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism, declines the offer of the Emperor Cheng Zu of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title "State Teacher". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king, upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).

title: 1414

section: Events › Date unknown

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Donyo Dorje, ruler of the Kingdom of Ü-Tsang and most of Tibet, dies after a reign of more than 30 years and is succeeded by his brother, Ngawang Namgyal.

title: 1512

section: Events › January–March

text: Sonam Gyrso receives from Prince Atlan Khan the title of Talaï, and becomes the third Dalai Lama of Tibet.

title: 1578

text: The temple complex of Kumbum is founded in Tibet.

title: 1582

text: Ngawang Namgyal arrives in Bhutan, having escaped Tibet.

title: 1616

date: March 22

text: March 22 – King Karma Phuntsok Namgyal of Tibet dies of smallpox after a reign of less than two years, after Ngawang Namgyal of Bhutan casts a tantric spell over him.

title: 1620

date: August

text: August – Portuguese Jesuit priest António de Andrade becomes the first European to enter Tibet, arriving at Tsaparang.

title: 1624

section: Events › July–September

date: December 8

text: December 8 – Tsangyang Gyatso is installed in Tibet as the 6th Dalai Lama in a ceremony at Lhasa, filling a vacancy that had existed since 1682.

title: 1697

section: Events › October–December

section: Crime & Justice

date: June 11

text: June 11 – In Tibet, Lha-bzang Khan, khan of the Khoshut, kills the regent and kidnaps the 6th Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso, and kills the Lama's regent.

title: 1706

section: Events › April–June

date: March 18

text: March 18 – Italian Jesuit missionary Ippolito Desideri arrives in Lhasa to become one of the first Europeans to attempt to bring Christianity to Buddhist Tibet.

title: 1716

date: September

text: September – In Tibet, forces of the Tibetan Dzungar Khanate destroys an advancing expedition of the Chinese Imperial Army, under the command of General Erentei, in the Battle of the Salween River.

title: 1718

date: November 11

text: November 11 – A riot breaks out in Lhasa after the murder of the regent of Tibet.

title: 1750

text: January 18 – In the aftermath of the Lhasa riot of 1750, Chinese General Ban Di arrives at the capital of Tibet on behalf of the Qianlong Emperor and the seven imprisoned leaders of the rebellion are turned over to his custody by the 7th Dalai Lama, Keizang Gyatzo. General Ban Di guides the interrogation under torture of rebel leader Lobsang Trashi and, after five days orders the beheading and dismemberment of the seven rebels.

title: 1751

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: In Tibet, the Temple of Guardians burns down.

title: 1844

date: April 3

text: April 3 – The Nepalese invasion of Tibet (west of China) to the north across the Himalaya Mountains (tallest and most rugged in the world) starts the Nepalese–Tibetan War (1855–1856).

title: 1855

date: August 3

text: August 3 – British expedition to Tibet: The British expedition under Colonel Francis Younghusband takes Lhasa, Tibet.

title: 1904

section: Events › August

date: March 31

text: March 31 – British expedition to Tibet: The Battle of Guru – British troops under Colonel Francis Younghusband defeat ill-equipped Tibetan troops.

title: 1904

section: Events › March

section: Climate & Environment

date: August 18

text: August 18 – A 7.5 earthquake shakes the Tibet region leaving a balance of 54 fatalities.

title: 1952

section: Events › July–August

date: March 17

text: March 17 – Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama escapes Tibet and arrives in India.

title: 1959

date: March 28

text: March 28 – The Kashag, the government of Tibet, is abolished by an order signed by Chinese premier Zhou Enlai. The Dalai Lama is replaced in China by the Panchen Lama.

title: 1959


slug: tibetan-buddhism

label: Tibetan Buddhism

description: form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet and Bhutan

text: Trisong Detsen becomes emperor of Tibet. During his reign he plays a pivotal role in the introduction of Buddhism, and the establishment of the Nyingma or "Ancient" school of Tibetan Buddhism.

title: 755

section: Events › By place › Asia

section: Births

text: Marpa Lotsawa, Tibetan Buddhist teacher (d. 1097)

title: 1012

text: Dromtön, an Atiśa chief disciple, founds Reting Monastery in the Reting Tsangpo Valley (north of Lhasa) as the seat of Kadam lineage of Tibetan Buddhism.

title: 1056

text: Gampopa, Tibetan Buddhist monk and teacher (d. 1153)

title: 1079

text: Sachen Kunga Nyingpo, Tibetan Buddhist leader (d. 1158)

title: 1092

text: Marpa Lotsawa, Tibetan Buddhist teacher (b. 1012)

title: 1097

text: Taklung Thangpa Tashi Pal, Tibetan Buddhist leader (d. 1210)

title: 1142

text: Machig Labdrön, Tibetan Buddhist teacher (b. 1055)

title: 1149

text: Tsangpa Gyare, Tibetan Buddhist leader (d. 1211)

title: 1161

text: Sakya Pandita, Tibetan Buddhist leader (d. 1251)

title: 1182

section: Science & Discovery

date: December 6

text: December 6 – In Buddhist tradition, Jigme Lingpa discovers the Longchen Nyingthig terma through a meditative vision, which brings him to Boudhanath. The Longchen Nyingtig is a popular cycle of teachings in the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism.

title: 1757


slug: tibetan-empire

label: Tibetan Empire

description: former empire (618–842) centered on the Tibetan Plateau

text: Songtsän Gampo, emperor of the Tibetan Empire (d. 649)

title: 605

section: Health & Medicine

text: Songtsän Gampo becomes the first emperor of the Tibetan Empire, after his father Namri Songtsen is poisoned. During his reign he expands Tibet's power beyond Lhasa (Tibetan Plateau) and the Yarlung Valley.

title: 618

section: Deaths

text: Namri Songtsen, king of Tibet (approximate date)

title: 618

section: Culture & Society

text: The Tibetan Empire, seeking an alliance through marriage with Tang dynasty China, launches an attack on Songzhou that is repelled by Chinese forces, but is followed by the marriage of the Chinese Princess Wencheng to Tibetan ruler Songtsän Gampo.

title: 638

text: Songtsen Gampo, founder of the Tibetan Empire

title: 649

section: Conflict & Security

text: Battle of Dafei River: Chinese forces (80,000 men), under general Xue Rengui of the Tang dynasty, are annihilated by the Tibetans, who take over control of the Tarim Basin.

title: 670

text: Tridu Songtsen, emperor of Tibet (d. 704)

title: 670

text: Mangsong Mangtsen, emperor of Tibet

title: 676

text: Emperor Tridu Songtsen dies in battle, and is succeeded by his mother Khri ma lod, who becomes de facto ruler of the Tibetan Empire. She begins a massive expansion into the Tarim Basin and Northern China.

title: 704

text: Me Agtsom, emperor of Tibet (d. 755)

title: 704

text: Khri ma lod, empress of the Tibetan Empire

title: 712

text: Fall – Xue Ne repels a Tibetan invasion of the Lan Prefecture (modern Lanzhou). Xuan Zong creates Li Ying, his second son, crown prince of the Tang dynasty.

title: 714

section: Events › By place › China

date: November 18

text: November 18 – Forces of the Tibetan Empire, under Trisong Detsen, occupy the Tang capital of Chang'an (modern Xi'an) for 15 days, and install a puppet emperor. Tibetans take over the horse pastures.

title: 763

text: Langdarma, emperor of Tibet (approximate date)

title: 799

text: Ralpacan, emperor of Tibet (d. 836)

title: 802

text: Sadnalegs, emperor of Tibet (approximate date)

title: 815

text: Ralpacan, emperor of Tibet (b. 802)

title: 836

text: Langdarma, emperor of Tibet (b. 799)

title: 841


slug: tigris

label: Tigris

description: river flowing from Turkey through Iraq and Syria

year_label: 609 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Persian Gulf recedes by a large portion, extending the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by 187 mi (300 km).

title: 609 BC

section: Events

year_label: 310 BCE

text: Antigonus orders Nicanor, one of his generals, to invade Babylonia from the east and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes to attack it from the west. Nicanor assembles a large force but is surprised and defeated by Seleucus at the river Tigris, and his troops are either cut to pieces or defect to the enemy. Similarly, Demetrius Poliorcetes fails to oust Seleucus.

title: 310 BC

section: Events › By place › Babylonia

text: Trajan makes Syria a province of Rome and crosses the Tigris to annex Adiabene. He proceeds with his army to the Persian Gulf and conquers territory that becomes the province of Parthia.

title: AD 116

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Septimius Severus forms new naval units, manning all the triremes in Italy with heavily armed troops for war in the East. His soldiers embark on an artificial canal between the Tigris and Euphrates.

title: AD 197

text: Caracalla provokes a war with Artabanus V (of Parthia) to imitate his idol Alexander the Great. He crosses the Tigris, destroys towns and spoils the tombs of Arbela. The Roman army annexes Armenia.

title: 216

text: Exploiting the Persian civil war, Carus leaves Carinus in charge of much of the Roman Empire and, accompanied by his younger son Numerian, invades the Sassanid Empire. They sack Seleucia and Ctesiphon, the capital of the Persian kingdom, and they press on beyond the Tigris. For his victories, Carus receives the title of Persicus Maximus.

title: 283

text: King Shapur II of Persia begins a war against the Roman Empire. He sends his troops across the Tigris to recover Armenia and Mesopotamia.

title: 337

section: Events › By place › Persia

date: June 16

text: June 16 – The Roman army starts its retreat northward to Corduene (Armenia). Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal Julian's forces suffer several attacks from the Persians.

title: 363

text: War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I sends a Byzantine army (52,000 men) to Armenia, but is defeated. The Romans attempt an unsuccessful siege of the Persian-held city Amida, on the Tigris. King Kavadh I invades Osroene, and lays siege to the city of Edessa (Northern Mesopotamia).

title: 503

section: Events › Byzantine Empire

text: Byzantine–Sassanid War: A Byzantine army under command of Maurice (magister militum per Orientem) invades Upper Mesopotamia, and raids on both sides of the Tigris. He deports 70,000 captives from Hyrcania to Cyprus, and installs military colonists to guard the strategic locations.

title: 578

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Third Perso-Turkic War: The Göktürks and their Khazar allies (40,000 men) approach the Caspian Gates, and capture the Persian fortress at Derbent (modern Dagestan). Heraclius marches to the upper Tigris and invades the Persian heartland, leaving the Khazars under Tong Yabghu Qaghan to continue the siege of Tblilisi.

title: 627

text: August or September – Battle of Kafartuta: Caliph Marwan II defeats and kills Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani, leader of the Kharijites, in Upper Mesopotamia. The rebels withdraw across the River Tigris, escaping destruction.

title: 746

section: Events › By place › Umayyad Caliphate

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul: Abbasid forces, led by Al-Muwaffaq, halt a Saffarid invasion on the River Tigris. Emir Ya'qub ibn al-Layth tries to capture the Abbasid Caliphate's capital of Baghdad, but he is forced, with his army, to retreat.

title: 876

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Zanj Rebellion: Abbasid general Al-Muwaffaq lays siege to the Zanj capital of Mukhtara, using his base on the opposite side of the River Tigris.

title: 881

text: Battle of Baghdad: Along the banks of the Tigris, Buyid forces under Mu'izz al-Dawla defeat the Hamdanids for control of the city. They are forced to pay tax revenues and agree to recognize Al-Muti as the legitimate caliph.

title: 946

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: April 27

text: April 27 – Alp Arslan succeeds to the throne, as sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He becomes sole ruler of Persia from the river Oxus to the Tigris.

title: 1064

section: Events › By place › Seljuk Empire

section: Religion & Belief

text: Summer – Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk governor (atabeg) of Aleppo and Mosul, marches on Baghdad (the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate), to add it to his dominions. He is defeated by the forces of Caliph Al-Mustarshid, near Tikrit (modern Iraq). Zengi flees and escapes, with the help of Tikrit's governor Najm ad-Din Ayyub (the father of Saladin), who conveys him across the River Tigris.

title: 1132

section: Events › By place › Levant

text: Winter – Mongol forces move down from their base at Hamadan, while Baiju Noyan crosses the river Tigris at Mosul with his army. On the left-wing Kitbuqa enters the plain of Iraq, while Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan advance through Kermanshah.

title: 1257

section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Hulagu Khan enters Baghdad, where many quarters of the city are ruined by fire. The House of Wisdom (or Great Library) is destroyed, numerous precious book collections are thrown into the Tigris River. Before the siege, about 400,000 manuscripts are rescued by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian polymath and theologian, who takes them to Maragheh observatory (located in East Azerbaijan Province). The sack of Baghdad brings an end to the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) and the Islamic Golden Age. Many professors, physicians, scientists, clerics, artists and lecturers are also massacred.

title: 1258

date: April 29

text: April 29 – WWI: Mesopotamian campaign – The Siege of Kut ends with the surrender of British Indian Army forces to the Ottoman Empire at Kut-al-Amara on the Tigris in Basra Vilayet.

title: 1916

section: Events › April

date: December 16

text: December 16 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi scuba divers, under the direction of the United Nations Special Commission, dredge the Tigris near Baghdad. The divers find over 200 prohibited Russian-made missile instruments and components.

title: 1995

section: Events › December


slug: tikal

label: Tikal

description: ruins of major ancient Maya city

text: The oldest known Mayan stele is erected at the capital Tikal (modern Guatemala).

title: 292

section: Events › By place › Mesoamerica

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Mayan civilization reaches its most prolific period, the classic period, in what is now Guatemala, Belize and parts of southern Mexico adjacent to the former two. During most of this period, Tikal dominates the Mayan world.

title: 300

section: Conflict & Security

text: Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal on January 16.

title: 378

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Yax Nuun Ayiin (I) becomes ruler of Tikal.

title: 379

section: Deaths

text: Yax Nuun Ahiin I, king of Tikal (Guatemala) (approximate date)

title: AD 411

text: Yax Nuun Ahiin I 15th Ajaw of Tikal (approximate date)

title: 425

text: Tikal is founded (approximate date).

title: AD 500

text: The Maya are peaking in economic prosperity. The civilization at Teotihuacan begins to decline and its people are migrating to the greatest Mayan city, Tikal, bringing with them ideas about weaponry and new ritual practices.

title: 501

section: Events › By place › Central America

text: First Tikal-Calakmul War: The Maya state of Caracol (Belize) defeats King Wak Chan K'awiil (Double Bird) of Tikal in battle, ending his dynasty.

title: 562

text: Calakmul defeats Tikal, bringing an end to the First Tikal-Calakmul War.

title: 572

text: The Maya military outpost of Dos Pilas (Guatemala) is founded, in order to control trade routes in the Petexbatún region. Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil is installed as its leader by his father, K'inich Muwaan Jol II, the ruler of Tikal.

title: 629

section: Events › By place › Americas

text: Dos Pilas breaks away from Tikal and becomes a vassal state of Calakmul.

title: 648

text: Yuknoom Chʼeen II, ruler of Calakmul, attacks Dos Pilas and forces its leader, Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil, and a likely heir to the throne of Tikal, to take refuge at Aguateca, beginning the Second Tikal–Calakmul War.

title: 650

text: In the course of the Second Tikal–Calakmul War, the Snake Lord (Yuknoom Ch'een II) makes a direct attack against Tikal itself, driving out its new ruler Nuun Ujol Chaak, and establishing Calakmul as the regional superpower. Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil, the one time heir apparent to rule Tikal, swears his allegiance to the new overlord.

title: 657

text: Nuun Ujol Chaak, an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal, is by this year deceased, after his final defeat at the hands of Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil, during the Second Tikal–Calakmul War.

title: AD 679

text: Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I starts to rule in Tikal (modern Guatemala) during the Late Classic period.

title: 682

text: The Mayan city state of Tikal defeats Calakmul in what is now Guatemala, ending a centuries-long rivalry, but ushering in another century of warfare that ultimately leads to both cities' abandonment in the 9th century.

title: 695

text: Maya civilization: Tikal Temple I, called the "Temple of the Giant Jaguar" (tomb of Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I), Tikal, (Guatemala), is built.

title: 700

text: Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I, ruler (ajaw) of Tikal (Guatemala), dies after a 52-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil, who becomes one of Tikal's most successful and expansionary rulers during the Late Classic period.

title: 734

title: 734

title: 736

text: Yik'in Chan K'awiil, ruler (ajaw) of the leading Maya city state of Tikal (modern-day Guatemala), conquers rival Calakmul, within the northern Petén region of the Yucatán region (Southern Mexico).

title: 736

text: In one of the final battles of the Third Tikal-Calakmul War, the city of El Peru is taken by Tikal.

title: 743

date: February 4

text: February 4 – In the Third Tikal-Calakmul War in what is now Guatemala, the Mayan city-state of Tikal conquers the state of Naranjo and captures its king, Yax Mayuy Chan Chaak, who is subsequently sacrificed. The conquest by Tikal destroys Calakmul's once powerful and extensive network of allies, vassal states and trade networks.

title: 744

text: Tikal Temple III, also known as the Temple of the Jaguar Priest, is constructed in Tikal National Park (modern Guatemala).

title: 810

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: The last monument ever erected at Tikal, Stela 11, is dedicated by ruler (ajaw) Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II.

title: 869

section: Culture & Society

date: December 21

text: December 21 – 2012 phenomenon: End of 13th b'ak'tun in the Mayan calendar, supposed end of the world according to new age beliefs. Festivities took place to commemorate the event in the countries that were part of the Maya civilization (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador), with main events at Chichén Itzá in Mexico and Tikal in Guatemala.

title: 2012


slug: timbuktu

label: Timbuktu

description: city in Mali

text: A collective of Tuareg trading clans decide to permanently settle the city of Timbuktu (modern Mali) north of Djenné along the Niger River. Timbuktu will later achieve fame as a center of Islamic learning. The Sankore, Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques are among Timbuktu's most famous religious and scholarly institutions (approximate date).

title: 1100

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta makes the first recorded visit to Timbuktu and Kabara, when returning from a stay in the capital of the Mali Empire.

title: 1353

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Sonni Ali, king of the Songhai Empire, takes power over Timbuktu.

title: 1468

text: Leo Africanus visits Timbuktu, second city of the Songhai Empire.

title: 1513

section: Events › Undated

date: May 30

text: May 30 – Timbuktu is captured by an expedition of Arma people sent by the Saadi ruler of Morocco and led by Judar Pasha.

title: 1591

section: Events › April–June

date: February 26

text: February 26 – After being held captive in Morocco for more than 13 years, popular professor Malian Ahmad Baba is able to return to Timbuktu on 10 Dhu 'l-Qa'da 1016 A.H.

title: 1608

section: Events › January–March

date: June 9

text: June 9 – The African Association, an exploration group dedicated to plotting the Niger River and finding Timbuktu, is founded in England.

title: 1788

date: October

text: October – Robert Adams, American sailor and the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu, is found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell his story as a Barbary captive, which is later published as The Narrative of Robert Adams.

title: 1815

section: Events › October

section: Crime & Justice

text: August 18 – Scottish explorer Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach Timbuktu but is murdered there on September 26.

title: 1826

section: Events › July–September

date: April 20

text: April 20 – French explorer René Caillié becomes the first non-Muslim to enter Timbuktu and later return alive.

title: 1828


slug: timoleon

label: Timoleon

description: Greek statesman and general (c.411–337 BC)

year_label: 411 BCE

section: Births

text: Timoleon, Greek statesman and general (approximate date) (d. 337 BC)

title: 411 BC

year_label: 364 BCE

text: Timophanes, along with a number of colleagues, including his brother Timoleon, takes possession of the acropolis of Corinth and Timophanes makes himself master of the city. Later, Timoleon, after ineffectual protests, tacitly acquiesces to his colleagues putting Timophanes to death for his actions.

title: 364 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 344 BCE

text: The aristocracy of Syracuse appeal to their mother city of Corinth against their tyrant Dionysius II. The Corinthian general Timoleon is chosen to lead a liberation force to Sicily. Landing at Tauromenium (Taormina) on March 21st, Timoleon faces two armies, one under Dionysius and the other under Hicetas (tyrant of nearby Leontini), who has also called in Carthaginian forces. By shrewd tactics Timoleon defeats his enemies and occupies Syracuse.

title: 344 BC

section: Events › By place › Sicily

year_label: 343 BCE

text: After his surrender to the Corinthian general Timoleon, who takes over as ruler of Syracuse, the former tyrant, Dionysius II, is allowed to retire to Corinth to live in exile, although he dies within the year. The Syracusan constitution is changed by Timoleon with the new constitution designed to have safeguards against tyranny. Timoleon invites new settlers from Greece to come to Sicily.

title: 343 BC

section: Events › By place › Italy

year_label: 342 BCE

text: The Corinthian general Timoleon spreads his rule over Sicily, removing a number of other tyrants and preparing Sicily for another threatened Carthaginian invasion.

title: 342 BC

year_label: 340 BCE

text: Hicetas, the tyrant of Leontini, again persuades Carthage to send a large army to Sicily, which lands at Lilybaeum. Timoleon of Syracuse meets this large Carthaginian army in the Battle of the Crimissus in the west of Sicily and achieves a brilliant victory against superior odds. Despite this victory, the Carthaginians continue to occupy the western half of Sicily, with a treaty being concluded that confines the Carthaginians to the area west of the Halycus (Platani) River.

title: 340 BC

year_label: 338 BCE

text: Carthage makes another effort to conquer all of Sicily. The Carthaginians dispatch some mercenaries to extend the conflict between Timoleon and the Sicilian tyrants. But this effort ends in the defeat of Hicetas, the tyrant of Leontini, who is taken prisoner and put to death. By a treaty between Syracuse and Carthage, the dominion of Carthage in Sicily is confined to the lands west of the Halycus (Platani) River.

title: 338 BC

year_label: 337 BCE

text: Approximate date – Timoleon, Greek statesman and general (b. c. 411 BC)

title: 337 BC


slug: timur

label: Timur

description: the founder of the Timurid Empire (1370–1405)

date: April 9

text: April 9 – Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire (d. 1405)

title: 1336

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Timur ascends the throne of Samarkand (in modern-day Uzbekistan).

title: 1368

section: Conflict & Security

text: Timur names the city of Samarkand as the capital of his empire.

title: 1369

section: Events › Dates unknown

text: April 9 – Timur becomes first Amir of the Timurid Empire, following the Siege of Balkh which establishes his rule over the Chagatai Khanate, completing his conquest of Central Asia and parts of Persia.

title: 1370

section: Deaths

text: Informed that Khan Urus of the White Horde has died, Timur of the Timurid Empire sends Tokhtamysh to take the Horde throne, but is defeated by Urus' son, Timur Malik.

title: 1377

text: Timur conquers the Sufid Dynasty of Khwarazm.

title: 1379

text: Timur conquers east Persia, ending the rule of the Sarbadar dynasty.

title: 1381

section: Events › Date not known

text: Timur conquers the northern territories of the Jalayirid Empire, in western Persia.

title: 1384

section: Events › Unknown Date

text: Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts of the Jalayirid Sultanate in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.

title: 1385

date: November 21

text: November 21 – The Mongol conqueror Timur, called "Tamerlane" in the west, captures and sacks the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, taking King Bagrat V prisoner.

title: 1386

section: Events › October–December

text: Timur conquers the Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia, and appoints three puppet rulers.

title: 1387

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.

title: 1391

date: April 14

text: April 14 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – At the Battle of the Terek River, the Mongol conqueror Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler, Quyurchuq, on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.

title: 1395

text: Timur appoints his son Miran Shah, as Timurid viceroy of present-day Azerbaijan.

title: 1396

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Timur orders the construction of a garden in a meadow, House of Flowers.

title: 1396

date: December 17

text: December 17 – Timur defeats the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, which has been weakened after four years of civil war. Following his victory, Timur's Islamic troops sack the city of Delhi, and proceed to massacre hundreds of thousands of the state's Hindu inhabitants.

title: 1398

text: Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire invades Mamluk-occupied Syria. A rift forms between Sultan Bayezid and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who also wanted to conquer Syria.

title: 1399

date: January 13

text: January 13 – In the Delhi Sultanate in what is now the Uttarakhand state of India, Timur the Lame captures and sacks Haridwar.

title: 1399

text: Timur conquers the Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Azerbaijan, and the Jalayirid dynasty in present-day Iraq. Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad flee, and take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.

title: 1400

text: Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.

title: 1400

date: October 7

text: October 7 – Tamerlane, the Mongol conqueror, stops between Malatya and Aleppo at the Turkish garrison in Behesna. According to author Peter Purton, the garrison "had the temerity to shoot a catapult ball at Timur which rolled into his tent. Setting up his own battery of 20 machines, it is said that the first shot hit and destroyed the offending weapon. Treating this as a good omen, the attack was launched, the towers mined... and the place surrendered."

title: 1400

date: July 9

text: July 9 – (27 Dhu al-Qadah 803 A.H.) Timur raids the city of Baghdad, in the Jalayirid Empire, then carries out a massacre of its inhabitants, including women and children, as punishment for resisting his rule. According to accounts later, "90,000 human heads were piled up on the public places of the town." The only persons spared death are "theologians, shaikhs and dervishes", and the only buildings not demolished are "mosques, universities and hostels."

title: 1401

date: March 17

text: March 17 – Turko-Mongol Emperor Timur sacks Damascus.

title: 1401

date: December 2

text: December 2 – (6 Jumada al-Awwal 805 A.H.) With 4,000 troops, Tamerlane, Amir of the Timurid Empire covering much of what is now Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan begins the Siege of Smyrna (now Izmir in Turkey). Smyrna is captured after two days of attacks on its outer walls. After the Christian Knights of Saint John, who are ruling Smyrna, refuse to convert to Islam or pay tribute, Timur has the entire Christian population massacred. The Knights subsequently begin building Bodrum Castle in Bodrum, to defend against future attacks.

title: 1402

text: Georgia makes peace with Timur, but has to recognise him as a suzerain and pay him tribute.

title: 1403

text: The Gur-e Amir Mausoleum is built in Samarkand by Timur, after the death of his grandson Muhammad Sultan, and eventually becomes the family mausoleum of the Timurid dynasty.

title: 1403

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: June 15

text: June 15 – John III of Soltaniyeh, a Dominican friar of the Roman Catholic Church, arrives in Paris as an emissary of the conqueror Timur, Emir of Transoxiana, in order to secure an agreement with King Charles VI of France in order to open trade relations between the two nations.

title: 1403

date: May 21

text: May 21 – Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, an ambassador from the king of Castile to Timur, leaves Cadiz; he arrives in Samarkand over a year later.

title: 1403

text: Timur is hit by a fever, while preparing to invade China.

title: 1404

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Timur (aka Tamerlane), Turco-Mongol monarch and conqueror (b. 1336)

title: 1405

date: February 20

text: February 20 – Khalil Sultan becomes the new ruler of the western side of the Timurid Empire upon the death of his grandfather, the Mongol conqueror Timur, while the son of Timur, Shah Rukh, becomes the ruler of the eastern side.

title: 1405

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Khizr Khan, Timur's governor of Multan in India, conquers the Delhi Sultanate from Daulat Khan Lodi, founding the Sayyid Dynasty.

title: 1414

text: Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi's critical history of Persia, Zafar Nama, is completed under the auspices of Mirza Ibrahim Sultan, grandson of Timur.

title: 1425


slug: timurid-dynasty

label: Timurid dynasty

description: Turco-Mongol dynasty (1370–1857)

text: Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde invades the Timurid Empire, but has to withdraw soon after, due to heavy snow.

title: 1387

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid-occupied Muzaffarid Empire, in central Persia.

title: 1391

text: Ulugh Beg, Timurid ruler and astronomer (d. 1449)

title: 1394

text: Timur appoints his son Miran Shah, as Timurid viceroy of present-day Azerbaijan.

title: 1396

title: 1403

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Abdal-Latif Mirza, a Timurid dynasty monarch, is assassinated.

title: 1450

section: Events › April–June

date: February 4

text: February 4 – (22 Rajab 873 AH) At the Battle of Qarabagh, in what is now Azerbaijan, troops led by Uzun Hasan, ruler of Aq Qoyunlu, decisively defeat the Timurids of Samrkand, ruled by Abu Sa'id Mirza. Mirza is taken a prisoner of war and is executed four days later on February 8.

title: 1469

section: Events › January–March

text: The Timurid Dynasty ends, when Uzbeks under Muhammad Shaybani capture the capital, Herat, and Emir Badi' al-Zaman Mirza flees.

title: 1507


slug: tiridates-iii-of-armenia

label: Tiridates III of Armenia

description: King of Armenia and Saint

text: Diocletian signs a peace treaty with King Bahram II of Persia, and installs the pro-Roman Arsacid Tiridates III as king over the western portion of Armenia.

title: 287

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: The Persian king Narseh invades Roman-held Upper Mesopotamia and Arsacid western Armenia, the latter territory being under the leadership of the pro-Roman king Tiridates III. With only a small army, Caesar Galerius fights three holding actions against Narseh's army in Mesopotamia. Somewhere in the open plains between Carrhae and Callinicum, Galerius' army suffers a defeat against the Persian army, which is both more numerous and contains superior numbers of high-quality cavalry. Nevertheless, Galerius succeeds in blunting the Persian offensive.

title: 296

text: Diocletian watches over the Syrian provinces while Caesar Galerius makes preparations for a campaign against the Persian king Narseh. He recruits veterans from Illyria and Moesia, recruits new soldiers, and strengthens his army with Gothic mercenaries and the Armenian units of Tiridates III.

title: 297

text: Caesar Galerius restores Tiridates III to the throne of Armenia and invades the Sassanid Empire. His army marches through Adiabene, Atropatene, Susiana and Lower Mesopotamia. He then retakes the strategically important city of Nisibis in Upper Mesopotamia.

title: 298

text: Peace of Nisibis: Emperor Diocletian signs a treaty with the Persian king Narseh that will last for 40 years. The Persians accept Roman dominion over Armenia, the Caucasus, and Upper Mesopotamia. The pro-Roman ruler Tiridates III receives all of Armenia as far as the border with Atropatene. Mirian III of the Kingdom of Iberia is made a Roman client, and at some point in time, as a result of the treaty, Caucasian Albania will follow suit. Rome also gains five satrapies beyond the Tigris, which are perhaps given to Tiridates to administer.

title: 299

section: Religion & Belief

text: King Tiridates III (the Great) proclaims Christianity as the official state religion, making Armenia the first nation to adopt Christianity as its official religion (traditional date). Construction of the original Etchmiadzin Cathedral by Gregory the Illuminator begins.

title: 301

section: Events › By place › Armenia

text: Etchmiadzin Cathedral is completed by Gregory the Illuminator and Tiridates III, king of Armenia.

title: 303

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Baptism of Tiridates III of Armenia.

title: 303

text: Tiridates III ("the Great"), king of Armenia

title: 330


slug: titus-quinctius-flamininus

label: Titus Quinctius Flamininus

description: Roman censor 189 BC

year_label: 198 BCE

text: After his election to the consulship, Titus Quinctius Flamininus is chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus as the leading Roman general in Macedonia. He then crosses into Macedonia with his army. Flamininus realizes that future peace depends on breaking the power of king Philip V of Macedon, not merely humbling him. He secures the backing of the Achaean League and then opens peace negotiations with Philip at Nicaea in Locris. Though peace proposals are submitted to the Roman Senate, the talks break down, and fighting resumes.

title: 198 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 196 BCE

text: At the Isthmian Games at Corinth, the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus proclaims that all Greeks are to be free and governed by their own laws. For this deed he is hailed in many Greek cities as a saviour and accorded homage alongside the gods.

title: 196 BC

year_label: 194 BCE

text: After checking the ambitions of Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, the Roman forces under proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus finally withdraw from Greece.

title: 194 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 193 BCE

section: Culture & Society

text: Eumenes II of Pergamum appeals to Rome for help against the Seleucid king Antiochus III who is threatening to conquer Greece. The Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus supports the Roman championship of Greek autonomy in Anatolia.

title: 193 BC

year_label: 192 BCE

text: The Achaeans respond to Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to Rome with a request for help. In response, the Roman Senate sends the praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by Titus Quinctius Flamininus.

title: 192 BC

year_label: 191 BCE

text: Manius Acilius Glabrio then turns his attention to the Aetolian League, which has persuaded Antiochus to declare war against Rome, and is only prevented from crushing them by the intercession of Titus Quinctius Flamininus.

title: 191 BC

year_label: 183 BCE

text: The Roman statesman Titus Quinctius Flamininus is sent to the court of Prusias I, king of Bithynia, to demand the surrender of the former Carthaginian statesman and general Hannibal. When Hannibal finds out that Prusias is about to agree to the Roman demands and thus betray him, he poisons himself in the village of Libyssa in Bithynia.

title: 183 BC

year_label: 174 BCE

text: Titus Quinctius Flamininus, Roman general and statesman whose skillful diplomacy has enabled him to establish a Roman protectorate over Greece (b. c. 227 BC) (approximate date)

title: 174 BC


slug: titus

label: Titus

description: tenth Roman Emperor (79–81)

year_label: 39 CE

section: Births

date: December 30

text: December 30 – Titus Flavius, Roman emperor (d. AD 81)

title: 30s

section: Births › 39 AD

year_label: 64 CE

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Julia Flavia, daughter of Titus and lover of his brother Domitian (d. AD 96)

title: AD 64

year_label: 66 CE

section: Conflict & Security

date: November

text: November – Battle of Beth-Horon: Gallus abandons the siege of Jerusalem and chooses, for uncertain reasons, to withdraw west to winter quarters, where he is ambushed and defeated by Judean rebels. Some 5,300 Roman troops are killed, as well as all their pack animals, their artillery (which is to serve the Jews of Jerusalem during Titus's siege operations four years later), and the greatest disgrace of all, the eagle standard of Legio XII Fulminata. Gallus abandons his troops in disarray, fleeing to Syria.

title: AD 66

year_label: 67 CE

text: Vespasian is joined by his son Titus, who brings Legio XV Apollinaris from Alexandria. By late spring the Roman army numbers more than 60,000 soldiers, including auxilia and troops of King Herod Agrippa II.

title: AD 67

year_label: 68 CE

text: Winter – Titus sets up camp at Jericho and the Romans cut off escape routes toward Jerusalem.

title: AD 68

year_label: 69 CE

text: Judea: The Jewish Revolt – Vespasian lays siege to Jerusalem; the city is captured the following year by his son Titus.

title: AD 69

year_label: 70 CE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Emperor Vespasian and his son Caesar Vespasian (the future Emperor Titus) become Roman consuls.

title: AD 70

year_label: 71 CE

text: Titus is awarded with a triumph, accompanied by Vespasian and his brother Titus Flavius Domitian. In the parade are Jewish prisoners and treasures of the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. The leader of the Zealots, Simon Bar Giora, is lashed and strangled in the Forum.

title: AD 71

year_label: 72 CE

text: Vespasian and Titus are Roman Consuls.

title: AD 72

year_label: 73 CE

text: Vespasian and Titus are appointed to be Roman censors.

title: AD 73

year_label: 74 CE

text: Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consuls.

title: AD 74

year_label: 75 CE

title: AD 75

year_label: 76 CE

text: Emperors Vespasianus Augustus and Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consuls.

title: AD 76

year_label: 79 CE

title: AD 79

year_label: 81 CE

text: September 13 – Titus, Roman emperor (b. AD 39)

title: AD 81

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Domitian succeeds his brother Titus as emperor. Domitian is not a soldier like his two predecessors, and his administration is directed towards the reinforcement of a monarchy. By taking the title of Dominus ("lord"), he scandalizes the senatorial aristocracy. Romanisation progresses in the provinces, and life in the cities is greatly improved. Many provincials – Spanish, Gallic, and African – become Senators.

title: AD 81

year_label: 91 CE

text: Julia Flavia, daughter of Titus, lover of his brother Domitian (b. AD 64)

title: AD 91


slug: tivoli-italy

label: Tivoli, Italy

text: 118–128 – Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts, from Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is made (approximate date). It may be a copy of a painting done by the late 5th century BC Greek artist Zeuxis. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

title: AD 118

text: Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli is built.

title: AD 123

text: Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, starts to be built (approximate date).

title: AD 125

text: Construction begins on Canopus, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy.

title: AD 130

section: Crime & Justice

text: c. 130–138 – Antinous, from Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, Italy, is made. It is now kept at Museo Gregoriano Egizio, Rome.

title: AD 130

section: Events › By topic › Arts and sciences

text: Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy, is completed.

title: AD 134

section: Events › By topic › Architecture

text: Canopus, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is finished.

title: AD 135

text: Hadrian dictates his memoirs at his villa near Tivoli (Tibur) outside Rome.

title: AD 136

title: AD 138


slug: tlatoani

label: Tlatoani

description: ruler of an Mesoamerica āltepētl (city-state)

text: Chiconquiauhtzin becomes Ruler of the City-state Azcapotzalco at the Valley of Mexico

title: 1222

section: Events › By place › Mesoamerica

text: Huitzilihuitl II, 2nd Tlatoani (king) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1396–1417, father of Moctezuma I (d. c. 1417)

title: 1380

text: Itzcóatl, fourth Tlatoani for the Mexica Empire (d. 1440)

title: 1381

text: Chimalpopoca, son of Huitzilihuitl, succeeds his father as Tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City)

title: 1417

text: Itzcoatl becomes the 4th Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, after his nephew Chimalpopoca is killed by the Maxtla, at Azcapotzalco.

title: 1427

section: Deaths

text: Chimalpopoca, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán (b. 1397)

title: 1427

text: Nezahualcoyotl is crowned Tlatoani of the Kingdom of Texcoco.

title: 1431

text: Itzcóatl, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlan

title: 1440

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Moctezuma I, Tlatoani of Tenochtitlán, leads an expedition to the city-state Coixtlahuaca in Mixtec territory, but is defeated.

title: 1458

text: Probable – Moctezuma II, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán (modern Mexico City), 1502–1520, son of Axayacatl (d. 1520)

title: 1466

text: Axayacatl, sixth Tlatoani of Tenochtitlán, is defeated by the Tarascans of Michoacán.

title: 1476

date: June 29

text: June 29 – Moctezuma II, 9th Tlatoani (emperor) of the Aztecs, assassinated or possibly killed in a riot, 1502-1520 (b. 1466)

title: 1520

date: October

text: October – Cuitláhuac, 10th Tlatoani (emperor) of the Aztecs, 1520, brother of Moctezuma II, smallpox (b. c. 1476)

title: 1520

date: February 28

text: February 28 – Cuauhtémoc, last Tlatoani of the Aztec Empire (b. c. 1495)

title: 1525


slug: tlemcen

label: Tlemcen

description: city in Algeria

text: Arab general Musa ibn Nusayr conquers the city of Tlemcen in Algeria; once and for all solidifying Al-Maghreb Al-Awsat (Modern-day Algeria), which makes way for the stabilization of the entirety of North Africa a couple years later.

title: 705

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: The Zenata Berber tribe of Banu Ifran rebels against the Abbasid Caliphate, and creates an independent state centered around Tlemcen (modern Algeria). Their tribal chief Abu Qurra rebuilds the city (formerly, the Roman colonia Pomaria).

title: 765

section: Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate

text: The Kharijite Berbers of Tlemcen and Tiaret try to conquer Ifriqiya from the Abbasid Caliphate, but fail to capture the capital of Kairouan (modern Tunisia).

title: AD 767

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: The Fatimid Caliphate crushes Idrisid forces in battle, capturing the cities of Tlemcen and Fez.

title: 921

text: The Fatimid general Abu al-Hasan Jawhar ibn Abd Allah takes Ifgan, the capital of the rebellious Kharijite Banu Ya'la tribe. In the following two years, Jawhar conquers most of the north of modern-day Morocco and Algeria. In particular, he conquers the cities of Tangier, Sijilmasa and Tlemcen.

title: 958

text: Spring – Almohad forces under Abd al-Mu'min defeat a Muslim Almoravid army at Tlemcen. Almoravid ruler Tashfin ibn Ali dies while escaping his enemies near Oran. He is succeeded by his son Ibrahim ibn Tashfin.

title: 1145

text: Summer – In the Maghreb, after a string of successes against the Almohad Caliphate, Hafsid forces under Sultan Abu Zakariya Yahya conquer the city of Tlemcen (modern Algeria). The Kingdom of Tlemcen becomes a vassal of Abu Zakariya, and is formed in a series of small states between his rule and the states of the Western Maghreb.

title: 1242

date: July 1

text: July 1 – The Barbary Crusade begins as the Kingdom of France and the Republic of Genoa attempt to stop the raids of the Barbary pirates by invading the North African region of Ifriqiya and laying siege to Mahdia in what is now Tunisia. Louis II, Duke of Bourbon and Giacomo Fregoso of Genoa bring 6,000 knights and soldiers on 60 ships against 40,000 Muslim defenders led by the Caliph Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II of the Hafsid Sultanate and the Sultan Abu Tashufin II of Tlemcen.

title: 1390

section: Events › July–September


slug: tokhtamysh

label: Tokhtamysh

description: Khan of the Golden Horde

text: Informed that Khan Urus of the White Horde has died, Timur of the Timurid Empire sends Tokhtamysh to take the Horde throne, but is defeated by Urus' son, Timur Malik.

title: 1377

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Tokhtamysh dethrones Temur-Malik to become Khan of the White Horde.

title: 1378

text: February 28 – In what is now part of Kazakhstan and Russia, Tulak Khan of Borjigin is confirmed by the Beylerbey Mamai of the Golden Horde, with the approval of the ruler Tokhtamysh, after Mamai arranges the assassination of Tulak's cousin, the former khan.

title: 1379

section: Events › January–March

text: Khan Tokhtamysh of the White Horde dethrones Mamai of the Blue Horde. The two hordes unite to form the Golden Horde.

title: 1380

text: Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde overruns Muscovy, as punishment for Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy's resistance to Khan Mamai of the Blue Horde in the 1370s. Dmitry Donskoy pledges his loyalty to Tokhtamysh, and is allowed to remain as ruler of Moscow and Vladimir.

title: 1382

date: August 23

text: August 23 – The Siege of Moscow begins as Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde attacks the capital of the Principality of Muscovy while its ruler, Prince Dmitry Donskoy, is away seeking assistance from other Russian princes.

title: 1382

text: Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts of the Jalayirid Sultanate in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.

title: 1385

text: Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde invades the Timurid Empire, but has to withdraw soon after, due to heavy snow.

title: 1387

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.

title: 1391

date: April 14

text: April 14 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – At the Battle of the Terek River, the Mongol conqueror Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler, Quyurchuq, on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.

title: 1395

section: Events › April–June

date: August 12

text: August 12 – At the Battle of the Vorskla River, Golden Horde forces, led by Mongol Khan Temür Qutlugh and Emir Edigu, annihilate a crusading army led by former Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania..

title: 1399

text: probable date – Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde

title: 1406


slug: tokugawa-ieyasu

label: Tokugawa Ieyasu

description: founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (1543–1616)

section: Births

text: Hattori Hanzō, Japanese ninja who served under Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1596)

title: 1541

date: July 30

text: July 30 (28th day of 6th month of Genki 1) – Battle of Anegawa: The allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu defeat the combined forces of the Azai and Asakura clans.

title: 1570

date: February 16

text: February 16–March – The siege of Noda Castle begins near what is now the city of Shinshiro in Japan, after the leader of the Takeda clan, the warlord Takeda Shingen, is shot by a sniper after offering generous terms of surrender to the Tokugawa clan, led by Tokugawa Ieyasu. By March 10, the Noda Castle surrenders.

title: 1573

date: December 7

text: December 7 – Okaji no Kata, Japanese concubine of Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1642)

title: 1578

date: April 28

text: April 28 – (Tenshō 12, 18th day of the 3rd month) In Japan, the Battle of Komaki begins as fight between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu when Ieyasu, commander of 100,000 men, begins the occupation of the Komakiyama Castle, prompting Hideyoshi to advance from Osaka with 30,000 troops.

title: 1584

date: May 17

text: May 17 – (Tenshō 12, 8th day of the 4th month) The conflict between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu culminates in the Battle of Nagakute.

title: 1584

date: June 23

text: June 23 – The Japanese samurai Toyotomi Hideyoshi sends an army of 15,000 men, led by generals Maeda Toshiie and Uesugi Kagekatsu, in an attack on the Hachiōji Castle in what is now Tokyo. The castle is lightly defended, by only 1,300 men, because the samurai Hōjō Ujiteru has most of his troops engaged in defending Hideyohsi's siege of Odawara. The castle is captured after one day, and later destroyed on orders of the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.

title: 1590

date: October 21

text: October 21 – The Battle of Sekigahara occurs in what is now present-day Gifu Prefecture, Japan, where the Eastern Army led by Tokugawa Ieyasu emerges victorious against the Western Army led by Ishida Mitsunari. The battle ends the Sengoku period and grants the Tokugawa clan nominal control over Japan, establishing the Tokugawa shogunate with Tokugawa Ieyasu as shogun.

title: 1600

section: Events › October–December

date: March 24

text: March 24 – Tokugawa Ieyasu is granted the title of shōgun from Emperor Go-Yozei, and establishes the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo, Japan. The 265-year-long Edo period begins.

title: 1603

date: April 16

text: April 16 – Tokugawa Ieyasu abdicates as shogun of Japan, becoming Ogosho (retired shogun). His son Tokugawa Hidetada succeeds him to the office.

title: 1605

date: July 25

text: July 25 – After a fight on November 30 in Portuguese Macau between Japanese traders and Portuguese soldiers, Japan's ruling shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, strictly prohibits further trade between Japan and Portugal.

title: 1609

date: November 29

text: November 29 – In Japan, a treaty is signed between Spanish nobleman Rodrigo de Vivero, former Governor-General of the Philippines and the former shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, for the establishment of a Spanish factory in eastern Japan.

title: 1609

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Keichō embassy: Hasekura Tsunenaga departs Japan in the Date Maru with a Japanese diplomatic mission to the Holy See, scheduled to first travel to Acapulco in New Spain, with a goal of concluding an agreement between Tokugawa Ieyasu and the East India Company, permitting English merchants to live and trade in Japan.

title: 1613

date: November 19

text: November 19 – Hostilities resulting from an attempt by Toyotomi Hideyori to restore Osaka Castle begin. Tokugawa Ieyasu, father of the shōgun, is outraged at this act, and leads three thousand men across the Kizu River, destroying the fort there.

title: 1614

date: June 3

text: June 3 – The Eastern Army of Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Osaka Army of Toyotomi Hideyori clash during the Battle of Dōmyōji and the Battle of Tennōji.

title: 1615

date: June 4

text: June 4 – Forces under shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu take Osaka Castle in Japan, beginning a period of peace which lasts nearly 250 years. Bands of Christian samurai support Ieyasu's enemies at the Battle of Osaka.

title: 1615

date: June 19

text: June 19 – The new Tokugawa Shogun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshimune, assumes control of the monarchy's military after the illness and death of the six-year-old Ietsugu, last of the male descendants of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Yoshimune's ascendancy begins Year 1 of the Kyōhō Era, which continues until Year 21 in 1736.

title: 1716


slug: tokugawa-shogunate

label: Tokugawa shogunate

description: 1603–1868 Japanese military government

section: Conflict & Security

title: 1600

title: 1603

date: July 7

text: July 7 – In Japan, the Buke shohatto, a 19-section law setting a standard of conduct for individual warlords (daimyo) and their responsibilities to the Tokugawa shogunate, is proclaimed by the shogun Tokugawa Hidetada before the assembled daimyo at Fushimi Castle in Kyoto.

title: 1615

date: August 8

text: August 8 – The Tokugawa shogunate (Bakufu) in Japan forbids foreigners other than Chinese from traveling freely, or trading outside of the ports of Nagasaki and Hirado.

title: 1616

section: Events › July–August

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Shogunate forces defeat the last remnants of the Shimabara Rebellion, in the fortress of Hara. In the aftermath, suppression of Christianity is strictly enforced, Portuguese traders are expelled and Japan enters more than two centuries of isolationism.

title: 1638

date: January 8

text: January 8 – Shimabara Rebellion: The siege of Shimabara Castle ends after 27 days in Japan's Tokugawa shogunate (part of modern-day Nagasaki prefecture) as the rebel peasants flee reinforcements sent by the shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu.

title: 1638

section: Culture & Society

date: March 20

text: March 20 (February 4 in the Chinese calendar) – 46 of the forty-seven rōnin of Japan carry out an order of seppuku (ritual suicide) for the killing they committed on January 30. The punishment is given by the shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi. The story continues to be dramatized more than 300 years later in Chūshingura theater, novels and film.

title: 1703

date: February 19

text: February 19 – Tokugawa Ienobu becomes the sixth shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan, after the death of the shōgun Tsunayoshi, who had been head of government since 1680.

title: 1709

title: 1716

section: Health & Medicine

date: January

text: January – In Japan, the policy of the Gonin Gumi organizing groups of every five households in a town into units collectively responsible for the good behavior of everyone in the unit, goes into effect as the register of units is completed by the Tokugawa shogunate.

title: 1725

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Empress Go-Sakuramachi succeeds to the throne of Japan upon the death of her brother, the Emperor Momozono. She reigns for eight years before abdicating on January 9, 1771. She was the last empress regnant of Japan up to this day.

title: 1762

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Emperor Go-Momozono accedes to the throne of Tokugawa shogunate Japan following his aunt's abdication.

title: 1771

section: Events › January– March

date: March 10

text: March 10 – In Japan, the Menashi–Kunashir rebellion begins between the Ainu people and Japanese.

title: 1789

date: July 17

text: July 17 – Tokugawa Iemochi, 14th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (d. 1866)

title: 1846

section: Births › July–December

date: July 27

text: July 27 – Tokugawa Ieyoshi, 12th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (b. 1793)

title: 1853

section: Deaths › July–December

date: March 31

text: March 31 – United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa shogunate), opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.

title: 1854

date: January 27

text: January 27–31 – Battle of Toba–Fushimi: forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and the allied pro-Imperial forces of the Chōshū, Satsuma and Tosa Domains clash near Fushimi, Kyoto, ending in a decisive victory for the Imperial forces (although in the January 28 naval Battle of Awa, the Shogunate is victorious against Satsuma).

title: 1868

section: Events › January

date: January 3

text: January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Japan, declares the Meiji Restoration, his own restoration to full power, under the influence of supporters from the Chōshū and Satsuma Domains, and against the supporters of the Tokugawa shogunate, triggering the Boshin War.

title: 1868

date: May 10

text: May 10–14 – Boshin War – Battle of Utsunomiya Castle, Japan: Forces of the Emperor Meiji resist the retreating troops of the Tokugawa shogunate.

title: 1868

section: Events › May

text: January 27 – The Republic of Ezo is proclaimed on the northern Japanese island of Ezo (which will be renamed Hokkaidō on September 20) by remaining adherents to the Tokugawa shogunate.

title: 1869

date: May 4

text: May 4–10 – Naval Battle of Hakodate: The Imperial Japanese Navy defeats adherents of the Tokugawa shogunate.

title: 1869


slug: tokyo

label: Tokyo

description: capital and largest city of Japan

section: Religion & Belief

text: Zenpuku-ji, one of the oldest Tokyo temples, is founded by the Japanese Buddhist monk Kūkai.

title: 824

section: Events › By place › Japan

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Taira no Masakado, the self-proclaimed "New Emperor" (新皇), is subdued by local rivals who revolt against his rule. His forces are defeated by his cousin, Taira no Sadamori, in Shimōsa Province. Masakado's head is brought back to Emperor Suzaku in Tokyo.

title: 940

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Kaminarimon, the eight-pillared gate to the Sensō-ji Buddhist temple in Tokyo, Japan, is erected.

title: 941

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Heirin-ji Temple is founded near Tokyo.

title: 1375

text: March 10 – (24th day of Leap Month of Kōwa 2) Kusunoki Masanori, fighting for Southern Japan, is defeated in a battle at Kawachi Hirao with Yamana Ujiyoshi and is forced to retreat back to Tokyo.

title: 1382

text: Edo Castle is built by Ōta Dōkan in modern-day Tokyo.

title: 1457

date: June 23

text: June 23 – The Japanese samurai Toyotomi Hideyoshi sends an army of 15,000 men, led by generals Maeda Toshiie and Uesugi Kagekatsu, in an attack on the Hachiōji Castle in what is now Tokyo. The castle is lightly defended, by only 1,300 men, because the samurai Hōjō Ujiteru has most of his troops engaged in defending Hideyohsi's siege of Odawara. The castle is captured after one day, and later destroyed on orders of the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.

title: 1590

text: Kajima, a construction company based in Japan, is founded in Edo (modern-day Tokyo).

title: 1840

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Suzumoto Vaudeville Theater officially opens in Ueno region, Edo (modern-day Tokyo) in Japan.

title: 1857

section: Economy & Finance

text: Yasudaya Currency Exchange Bank, as predecessor of Mizuho Financial Group, is founded in Edo (modern-day Tokyo), Japan.

title: 1864

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Hochi Mail News, later Hochi Daily News, a Japanese language newspaper, is first published in Tokyo, although it changes coverage from general news to a sports newspaper from December 1949.

title: 1872

section: Events › July

date: September 17

text: September 17 – Shiseido Pharmacy Shop, predecessor of Shiseido, a major worldwide cosmetics brand, is founded in Ginza, Tokyo, Japan.

title: 1872

section: Events › September

text: Konishiya Rokubei, predecessor of the Konica Minolta worldwide imaging brand, is founded in Tokyo, Japan.

title: 1873

date: November 2

text: November 2 – The first issue of Japanese-language newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun is published in Tokyo, Japan.

title: 1874

section: Events › November

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Tanaka Manufacturing, a telecommunications factory in Ginza, Tokyo, a predecessor of Toshiba, a Japanese electromechanics giant, is founded.

title: 1875

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Chugai Economic Daily, predecessor of Nikkei Economic Daily (Nihon Keizai Shinbun), is first issued in Tokyo, Japan.

title: 1876

section: Events › December

text: Hattori Watch Shop (服部時計店) is founded by Kanetarō Hattori in Ginza, Tokyo, Japan, predecessor of watch brand Seiko.

title: 1881

text: Meiji Law School, predecessor of Meiji University, is founded in Yurakucho, Tokyo, Japan.

title: 1881

text: Nagase Shoten (長瀬商店), predecessor of Japanese cosmetics and toiletry brand Kao Corporation, is founded in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Japan.

title: 1887

date: April 13

text: April 13 – Kahisakan (可否茶館), the first coffee shop in Japan, opens in Tokyo.

title: 1888

section: Events › April

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: July 27 – The Taft–Katsura agreement is reached in Tokyo.

title: 1905

text: November 2 – Meiji Shrine, one of many landmark spots in Tokyo, is officially built in Japan.

title: 1920

date: December 27

text: December 27 – Toranomon Incident: In Tokyo, Crown Prince Hirohito of Japan survives an assassination attempt by communist student Daisuke Nanba.

title: 1923

section: Events › November–December

text: August 8–29 – German rigid airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin makes a circumnavigation of the Northern Hemisphere eastabout out of Lakehurst, New Jersey, including the first nonstop flight of any kind across the Pacific Ocean (Tokyo–Los Angeles).

title: 1929

section: Events › August

text: The Yomiuri Giants, a successful professional baseball club in Japan, is founded in Tokyo.

title: 1934

date: July 20

text: July 20–August 4 – Scheduled dates for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, cancelled in November 1939 due to WWII (originally allocated to Tokyo, Japan).

title: 1940

section: Crime & Justice

text: July 27 – Eleven British nationals, including Melville James Cox, are arrested on suspicion of spying for military intelligence by the secret police in Japan. Cox commits suicide in Tokyo on July 29, according to a report by the Japanese Foreign Ministry.

title: 1940

date: August 19

text: August 19 – Toho strikes: A sitdown strike at Toho film studio in Tokyo ends after the studio is surrounded by 2,000 police and a platoon of U.S. Eighth Army soldiers.

title: 1948

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Studio Ghibli, an animation studio, is founded in Tokyo.

title: 1985

section: Events › June

date: February 24

text: February 24 – The state funeral of Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito) in Tokyo is attended by leaders and representatives of 160 nations.

title: 1989

section: Events › February

date: September 7

text: September 7 – The International Olympic Committee awards Tokyo the right to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.

title: 2013

date: August 24

text: August 24–September 5 – The 2020 Summer Paralympics were held in Tokyo, Japan. They were originally scheduled for 25 August–6 September 2020, but were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: 2021

date: July 23

text: July 23–August 8 – The 2020 Summer Olympics were held in Tokyo, Japan. They were originally scheduled for 24 July–9 August 2020, but were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: 2021

date: November 25

text: November 25 – A report published by the United Nations shows that Indonesian capital Jakarta has surpassed Japanese capital Tokyo as the world's largest city, with a population of 42 million people.

title: 2025

date: September 13

text: September 13–21 – The 2025 World Athletics Championships are held in Tokyo, Japan.

title: 2025