slug: austrasia

label: Austrasia

description: Medieval European territory

section: Births

text: King Theudebert I of Austrasia (approximate date)

title: 495

text: Theudebert I succeeds his father Theuderic I and becomes king of Austrasia.

title: 533

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Theuderic I, king of Austrasia (or 534)

title: 533

text: Theuderic I, king of Austrasia (or 533)

title: 534

text: Sigebert I, king of Austrasia (approximate date)

title: 535

text: Brunhilda, queen of Austrasia (approximate date)

title: 543

text: Theudebald, age 13, succeeds his father Theudebert I after a reign of 14 years, and becomes king of Austrasia (or 548).

title: 547

text: Theudebert I, king of Austrasia (or 548)

title: 547

text: Theudebert I, king of Austrasia (or 547)

title: 548

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Sigebert I repels an attack on Austrasia by the Avars at Regensburg (Germany). He moves his capital from Reims to Metz (approximate date).

title: 562

text: Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, marries Brunhilda, and his half brother Chilperic I marries Galswintha, both daughters of the Visigothic king Athanagild.

title: 567

text: Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, repels a second attack from the Avars. His half brother Chilperic I strangles his wife Galswintha at the instigation of his mistress Fredegund.

title: 568

text: Childebert II, king of Austrasia (d. 595)

title: 570

text: Childebert II succeeds his father Sigibert I as king of Austrasia. His mother Brunhilda becomes regent and seeks protection from Guntram, king of Burgundy. He adopts Childebert as his own son and heir. A group of Frankish aristocrats rule Austrasia.

title: 575

title: 575

text: Palace coup in Austrasia: New advisors break the peace treaty with King Guntram, and make a new alliance with his half brother Chilperic I, in which Childebert II, age 11, is recognized as Chilperic's heir.

title: 581

text: King Childebert II, age 15, takes up his sole rule of Austrasia. A Frankish army under King Guntram marches to Comminges (Pyrenees), and besieges the citadel of Saint-Bertrand.

title: 585

text: Theudebert II, king of Austrasia (d. 612)

title: 586

text: Theuderic II, king of Austrasia (d. 613)

title: 587

date: November 28

text: November 28 – Treaty of Andelot: Guntram recognizes King Childebert II of Austrasia as heir. He signs a treaty with Queen Brunhilda at Andelot-Blancheville.

title: 587

text: Childebert II, king of Austrasia (b. 570)

title: 595

date: October

text: October – King Childebert II dies; his mother Brunhilda attempts to rule Austrasia and Burgundy, as regent for her grandsons. He is succeeded by his two young sons, Theudebert II and Theuderic II.

title: 595

text: Chlothar II, age 13, becomes sole ruler of Neustria, and continues his mother's feud with Brunhilda. He is advised to prepare for war against Austrasia, the eastern part of the Frankish Kingdom.

title: 597

text: Sigebert II, king of Austrasia and Burgundy (d. 613)

title: 601

section: Crime & Justice

text: Queen Brunhilda pressures her grandson Theuderic II to go to war against his brother, Theudebert II of Austrasia. She puts Protadius, Mayor of the Palace, in charge of the Burgundian army. At the palace of Quierzy (Picardy), Theuderic assembles his army. The soldiers under Uncelen, Duke of Alemannia, refuse to fight against their countrymen, and declare that the king orders Protadius' death. He is killed by the Frankish warriors, and Theuderic is forced to sign a peace treaty.

title: 606

text: Visigoths, Austrasians, Neustrians and Lombards form an alliance against King Theuderic II of Burgundy, whose grandmother and sister have murdered Theuderic's wife Ermenberga, daughter of Witteric, king of the Visigoths. Fighting takes place around Narbonne, but little is known of the details or outcome (approximate date).

title: 607

text: King Theuderic II loses Alsace, Champagne and Thurgau to his elder brother Theudebert II of Austrasia. His Burgundian army is defeated east of the Jura Mountains against the Alemanni.

title: 610

text: King Theudebert II is defeated by his brother Theuderic II at Toul (northeastern France). He is captured in battle and, after having his royal paraphernalia taken, is handed over to his grandmother Brunhilda. He is put in a monastery, and assassinated with his son Merovech. Theuderic, age 25, becomes sole ruler of Austrasia and Burgundy.

title: 612

text: Theudebert II, king of Austrasia (b. 586)

title: 612

text: King Theuderic II dies of dysentery in the Austrasian capital of Metz, while preparing a campaign against his longtime enemy, Chlothar II. His grandmother Brunhilda attempts to establish a third regency for her illegitimate great-grandson Sigebert II.

title: 613

text: Grimoald the Elder, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia (d. 657)

title: 616

section: Religion & Belief

text: King Clothar II gives Austrasia to his son Dagobert I, age 20, effectively granting the kingdom semi-autonomy in repayment for the support of its nobles, most notably Pepin of Landen (Mayor of the Palace), and in recognition of calls from the Austrasians for a king of their own. Arnulf, bishop of Metz, becomes advisor to Dagobert.

title: 623

text: Cunibert is elected bishop of Cologne. Throughout his episcopacy, monasticism flourishes in Austrasia (approximate date).

title: 627

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Sigebert III, king of Austrasia (approximate date)

title: 630

text: Battle of Wogastisburg: The Slavs under King Samo defeat the Austrasian Franks, in a three-day battle. King Dagobert I is forced to retreat; the Franks with their allies are slaughtered. Samo invades Thuringia and undertakes looting raids.

title: 631

text: King Dagobert I is forced by the Austrasian nobles to put his 3-year-old son Sigebert III on the throne, ceding royal power in Austrasia. He frees himself from dependence on Pepin of Landen, and extends his rule over the Bretons (approximate date).

title: 634

date: January 19

text: January 19 – Dagobert I dies after a 10-year reign as king of all the Franks, in which his realm has prospered. He is succeeded by Sigebert III (age 9), independent ruler of Austrasia, and his half-brother Clovis II (age 2), who becomes king of Neustria and Burgundy. Under the supervision of Pepin of Landen, Mayor of the Palace, the royal treasury is distributed between the two brothers and widowed queen Nanthild (regent on Clovis' behalf).

title: 639

date: February 27

text: February 27 – Pepin the Elder, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, dies and is succeeded by his son Grimoald. He becomes the head of the Frankish household, and the most powerful man in the Frankish Kingdom (approximate date).

title: 640

text: Radulf, a Frankish aristocrat, revolts against King Sigebert III of Austrasia and defeats his army, taking the title of rex or king of Thuringia.

title: 642

text: Duke Leuthari II has Otto, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, murdered. He is succeeded by Grimoald the Elder, the eldest son of Pepin of Landen.

title: 643

text: Otto, mayor of the palace (Austrasia)

title: 643

text: Otto, mayor of the palace (Austrasia)

title: 644

text: King Sigebert III of Austrasia is advised by Remaclus to establish a double-monastery, at Stavelot and Malmedy. As a missionary bishop, he founds an abbey on the River Amblève (modern Belgium).

title: 648

text: Dagobert II, king of Austrasia (approximate date)

title: 650

text: Sigebert III, king of Austrasia (or 660)

title: 656

date: February 1

text: February 1 – King Sigebert III of Austrasia, age 25, dies after a 22-year reign. His 5-year-old son Dagobert II is kidnapped by the court chancellor, Grimoald the Elder, who makes his own son king, and exiles him to an Irish monastery. Dagobert is placed with Bishop Dido of Poitiers, while Grimoald's son Childebert the Adopted assumes the Austrasian throne.

title: 656

text: Grimoald the Elder, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, is deposed by Clovis II, king of Neustria. Clovis also captures Grimoald's son Childebert the Adopted, executing them both.

title: 657

text: Childebert the Adopted, king (usurper) of Austrasia

title: 657

text: March 17 – Gertrude of Nivelles, daughter of Pepin of Landen (mayor of the palace of Austrasia), requests on her deathbed a burial wearing a plain linen shroud. This is the traditional (pagan) practice of a 'furnished' grave.

title: 659

text: Sigebert III, king of Austrasia (or 656)

title: 660

text: The Franks take advantage of the Lombard civil war and invade Northern Italy, but are defeated by Grimoald I. King Chlothar III gives Austrasia to his youngest brother Childeric II. He is raised on the shield of his warriors and proclaimed king of Austrasia.

title: 662

text: Clovis III, an illegitimate son of Chlothar III, is proclaimed king of Austrasia by the Austrasian nobles.

title: 675

text: Dagobert II, son of the late king Sigibert III, becomes (partly with the help of Bishop Wilfrid) the new ruler of Austrasia, after his predecessor Clovis III is murdered.

title: 676

text: December 23 – King Dagobert II is murdered in a hunting accident, near Stenay-sur-Meuse (Ardennes), probably on orders from Pepin of Herstal, the mayor of the palace of Austrasia. He is succeeded by Theuderic III, who becomes sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom.

title: AD 679

text: December 23 – Dagobert II, king of Austrasia

title: AD 679

text: Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia.

title: 680

text: Wulfoald, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia

title: 680

text: Gistemar becomes mayor of the palace in Neustria and Burgundy, after he deposes his father Waratto. He reverses the peace treaty with Austrasia, signed with Pepin of Herstal at Namur.

title: 682

text: Waratton, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy, dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law Berchar. He advises King Theuderic III to break the peace treaty with Pepin of Herstal, and declares war on Austrasia.

title: 686

text: Battle of Tertry: King Theuderic III of Neustria is defeated by Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, near Péronne (modern France), at the River Somme. Theuderic withdraws to Paris and is forced to sign a peace treaty. Pepin becomes "de facto" ruler of the Frankish Kingdom, and begins calling himself Duke of the Franks. He establishes a base for the future rise of the Pippinids and the Carolingians. Pepin appoints Nordebert as Duke of Burgundy, and puts him in charge of Neustria and Burgundy (as a sort of regent).

title: 687

text: King Theuderic III dies and is succeeded by his son Clovis IV, age 9, as sole ruler of the Franks. He becomes a puppet—a roi fainéant—of his uncle Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia.

title: 691

text: Childebert III succeeds Clovis IV as sole king of the Franks. He is the son of Theuderic III and becomes a puppet—a roi fainéant—of Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia.

title: 695

text: Theudoald, mayor of the palace of Austrasia (or 708)

title: AD 707

text: Theudoald, mayor of the palace of Austrasia (or 707)

title: 708

text: April 23 – King Childebert III dies after a 16-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Dagobert III as ruler of Austrasia. Pepin of Herstal becomes his regent.

title: AD 711

text: Dagobert III dies of an illness and is succeeded by Chilperic II, son of Childeric II, as king of Neustria. Charles Martel is freed from prison at Cologne, and is proclaimed Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia at the capital Metz.

title: 715

text: Battle of Cologne: Charles Martel, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, is defeated by the Neustrians under King Chilperic II and his mayor Ragenfrid near Cologne (now part of Germany), who have invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing Frankish factions of Theudoald and Plectrude, the child grandson (and designated heir) and widow respectively of Pepin of Herstal. Simultaneously, Radbod, king (or duke) of the Frisians, attacks Austrasia and allies with the Neustrians. Charles is forced to flee into the mountains of the Eifel (Ardennes).

title: 716

text: Charles Martel consolidates his power, proclaims Clotaire IV king of Austrasia in opposition to Chilperic, and deposes Rigobert, bishop of Reims, replacing him with Milo. He marches against Radbod, king (or duke) of the Frisians, and pushes him back into his territory (later part of the Netherlands). Charles sends the Saxons back over the Weser River, and secures the Rhine border—in the name of Clotaire.

title: 717

text: Chlothar IV, king of Austrasia (approximate date)

title: 719

text: Summer – Charles Martel restores the authority of the Austrasian palace throughout the Frankish Kingdom, including against Frankish-claimed Aquitaine and Provence (Southern France). He exiles Rigobert, bishop of Reims, to Gascony.

title: 721

text: Summer – Eudes of Aquitaine heads for the Frankish city of Reims, to warn Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, of the Umayyad invasion in Gaul, and ask for his support against the invaders. The two leaders meet near Paris; Charles issues a 'general ban' to raise an army, which includes large numbers of Austrasians, Neustrians, and Burgundians. Meanwhile, Arabians ravage the cities of Périgueux, Saintes, and Angoulême, then sack the basilica of Saint-Hilaire outside Poitiers.

title: 732

text: Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, aged almost 80, abdicates and retires to a monastery. His lands are divided between his sons Hunald I and Hatton, who continue the conflict with Charles Martel, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Austrasia. In battles at Benest in Charente and La Rochefoucauld (near Angoulême), Charles probably defeats the Aquitainians. He also campaigns against the Burgundians.

title: 733

text: Battle of the Boarn: The Franks under Charles Martel, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Austrasia, defeat the Frisians near the mouth of the River Boarn (now the Dutch province of Friesland). During the battle, the Frisian army is beaten and King Poppo is killed. The Franks gain control of the Frisian lands west of the Lauwers (Netherlands), and begin plundering the pagan sanctuaries. The Frisians become Frankish vassals, apart from the tribes living in East Frisia in present-day Germany.

title: 734

text: Theodoald, mayor of the palace of Austrasia

title: 741

text: The Concilium Germanicum: First major Church synod held in the eastern parts of the Frankish Kingdom. Organized by Carloman, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, and presided over by Saint Boniface, who is solidified in his position as leader of the Frankish church.

title: 743

text: Council of Cannstatt: Carloman, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, convenes an assembly of the Alemanni nobility at Cannstatt (modern Stuttgart), and has most of the magnates, numbering in the thousands, arrested and executed for high treason. This ends the independence of the tribal duchy of Alamannia, which is thereafter governed by counts or dukes appointed by their Frankish overlords.

title: 746

text: August 15 – Carloman, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, renounces his position as majordomo, and withdraws from public life. He retires to a monastery near Rome, being tonsured by Pope Zachary, and leaves his brother Pepin the Short as sole ruler (de facto) of the Frankish Kingdom.

title: AD 747

text: August 17 – Carloman mayor of the palace of Austrasia and brother of Pepin III (The Short)

title: 754

text: September 24 – King Pepin III (the Short) dies at Saint-Denis, Neustria. The Frankish Kingdom is divided between his two sons: Charlemagne and Carloman I. According to Salic law Charlemagne receives the outer parts of the kingdom bordering on the sea, namely Neustria, western Aquitaine, and the northern parts of Austrasia; while Carloman is awarded his uncle's former share, the inner parts: southern Austrasia, Septimania, eastern Aquitaine, Burgundy, Provence, Swabia, and the lands bordering Italy.

title: 768

text: Saxon Wars: Saxon raiders ravage much of northern Hesse (modern Germany), and burn the abbey at Fritzlar, putting the abbot and monks to the sword. Charlemagne hurriedly returns to Austrasia, assembles local troops, and recaptures Eresburg, before the approach of winter halts further operations.

title: 774

text: Autumn – Charlemagne retakes the Hellweg (main corridor) along the Lippe Valley, establishing communications between Austrasia, Hesse and Thuringia. It is used as a trade route under Frankish supervision.

title: 775

text: Emperor Charlemagne divides the Frankish Empire under his three sons, called Divisio Regnorum. For Charles the Younger he designates the imperial title, Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy, and Thuringia. To Pepin he gives Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia. His youngest son Louis the Pious receives Aquitaine, the Spanish March, and Provence.

title: 806

text: August 8 – Treaty of Meerssen: King Louis the German forces his half-brother Charles the Bald to accept a peace treaty, which partitions the Middle Frankish Kingdom into two larger east and west divisions. Louis receives most of Austrasia (which evolves into the Kingdom of Germany), and Charles receives territory in Lower Burgundy (which evolves into the Kingdom of France). However, large parts of the Frisian coast are under Viking control.

title: 870


slug: austria-hungary

label: Austria-Hungary

description: 1867–1918 empire in Central Europe

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: May 29

text: May 29 – The Austro-Hungarian Compromise (called Ausgleich in German or kiegyezés in Hungarian (The Compromise)) is born through Act 12, which establishes the Austro-Hungarian Empire; on June 8 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria is crowned King of Hungary.

title: 1867

section: Events › May

date: September 24

text: September 24 – Croatian–Hungarian Settlement (, , ) is concluded, governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary until 1918.

title: 1868

section: Events › September

date: January 6

text: January 6 – The Musikverein, Vienna, is inaugurated in Austria-Hungary.

title: 1870

section: Events › January

text: The League of the Three Emperors is created. It links the conservative monarchs of Austria-Hungary, the German Empire and the Russian Empire in an alliance against radical movements.

title: 1873

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: May 1

text: May 1 – The Vienna World's Fair opens in the capital of Austria-Hungary and runs for six months, closing on October 31.

title: 1873

section: Economy & Finance

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Der Gründerkrach: The Wiener Börse (Vienna stock exchange) crash in Austria-Hungary ends the Gründerzeit, and heralds the global Panic of 1873 and Long Depression.

title: 1873

date: June 19

text: June 19 – Jászkunság, the last remnant of Kunság within Austria-Hungary, is disestablished.

title: 1876

section: Events › June

date: May 11

text: May 11/12 – Berlin Memorandum: Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary propose an armistice between Turkey and its insurgents.

title: 1876

date: October 7

text: October 7 – The Dual Alliance is formed by Germany and Austria-Hungary.

title: 1879

section: Events › October

date: May 20

text: May 20 – The Triple Alliance is formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

title: 1882

date: April 20

text: April 20 – Birth of Adolf Hitler at Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary, the son of customs official Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara.

title: 1889

section: Events › April

date: December 19

text: December 19 – Serbian Campaign (World War I): The Battle of Kolubara ends, resulting in a decisive Serbian victory over Austria-Hungary.

title: 1914

section: Events › December

date: July 7

text: July 7 – Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff, and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11:30 am until 6:15 pm.

title: 1914

section: Events › July

date: April 26

text: April 26 – Treaty of London: Italy secretly agrees to leave the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, and join with the Entente Powers, in exchange for certain territories of Austria-Hungary on its borders.

title: 1915

date: August 16

text: August 16 – WWI: The Allies promise the Kingdom of Serbia, should victory be achieved over Austria-Hungary and its allied Central Powers, the territories of Baranja, Srem and Slavonia from the Cisleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and eastern Dalmatia (from the river of Krka to Bar).

title: 1915

section: Events › August

date: October 15

text: October 15 – WWI: Serbian Campaign – Austria-Hungary invades the Kingdom of Serbia. Bulgaria enters the war, also invading Serbia. The Serbian First Army retreats towards Greece.

title: 1915

date: August 17

text: August 17 (August 4 O.S.) – WWI: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed secretly between Romania and the Entente Powers, stipulating the conditions under which Romania agrees to join the war on their side, particularly territorial promises in Austria-Hungary.

title: 1916

section: Culture & Society

date: December 30

text: December 30 – Karl von Habsburg and his wife Zita of Bourbon-Parma are crowned emperor and empress of Austria-Hungary.

title: 1916

date: June 10

text: June 10 – WWI: The Austro-Hungarian dreadnought battleship SMS Szent István is sunk by two Italian MAS motor torpedo boats off the Dalmatian coast.

title: 1918

section: Deaths

date: October 3

text: October 3 – Traian Brăileanu, Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian sociologist and politician (b. 1882)

title: 1947

section: Deaths › October


slug: austria

label: Austria

description: country in Central Europe

text: Gratian sets out from Lauriacum (Austria) with a body of light armed troops. His force is small enough to travel by boat down the Danube. He halts for four days at Sirmium (Serbia) suffering from fever.

title: 378

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: Aetius campaign in the Alps: Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), fights the rebellion in Rhaetia (Switzerland) and Noricum (Austria). He is attested in the city of Vindelicia (modern Augsburg), reestablishing Roman rule on the Danube frontier.

title: 431

date: September 21

text: September 21 – Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army. He restores the imperial authority in Noricum (modern Austria) and leaves a Gothic force under Remistus, Visigoth general (magister militum), at Ravenna.

title: 455

text: King Odoacer leads an army to victory against the Rugians in Noricum (modern Austria).

title: 487

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: The Ostrogothic Kingdom ends after 60 years of rule in Italy. The Goths are allowed to return to their homes in peace and (re)settle in modern-day Austria. Some 7,000 people retreat to Campsas (Southern Gaul), and resist with minimal help from the Franks against the Byzantines until 554.

title: 553

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: The confederation of Slavic tribes falls apart after the death of King Samo. A Slav principality is formed from the kingdom's remnants in Carinthia (modern Austria), and the Avars capture most of its territory in Hungary (approximate date).

title: 658

text: The March of the Slavs, centred north of modern Klagenfurt, preserves independence and is first mentioned in historical sources, known as Carantania (Austria).

title: 660

section: Religion & Belief

text: St. Peter's Abbey is founded by Rupert, bishop of Worms, at Salzburg (modern Austria).

title: 696

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Crime & Justice

text: Duke Corvulus of Friuli is arrested by King Aripert II of the Lombards, and has his eyes gouged out. He is replaced by Pemmo, who begins a war against the Slavs of Carinthia (modern Austria).

title: 706

text: Ansprand, duke of Asti, returns from exile to Italy with a large Bavarian army. Many Austrians (with troops of Venetia) join him in support. King Aripert II, who usurped the throne in 701, is defeated and tries to escape from Pavia to Gaul with his treasury, but drowns in the Ticino River. He is the last Bavarian to wear the Iron Crown (approximate date).

title: AD 711

text: Rupert, bishop of Salzburg, founds Nonnberg Abbey in modern-day Austria.

title: 714

section: Climate & Environment

text: Carantania (modern Austria) loses its independence and becomes part of the Frankish Kingdom, due to the pressing danger posed by Avar tribes from the east (approximate date).

title: 745

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: King Louis IV ("the Child") promulgates the Raffelstetten customs regulations, a legal document for a toll-bridge on the Danube River in Asten (modern Austria).

title: 903

text: Summer – The Hungarians defeat a Bavarian army at Laa (modern Austria).

title: 949

text: The oldest preserved document (by Otto I) mentions Leibnitz in Styria (modern Austria).

title: 970

date: July

text: July – Emperor Otto II (the Red) occupies Regensburg, forcing his rebellious cousin Henry II (the Wrangler) (who claims rulership over the Holy Roman Empire) to flee to Bohemia. Henry is deposed and Bavaria is handed over to Otto I of Swabia (a grandson of the late Emperor Otto I). He sets up the new "Grand Duchy of Carinthia" covering modern-day Austria.

title: 976

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Otto III grants the Bavarian bishopric of Freising 30 "royal hides" of land (about 800 hectares, or 2,000 acres - 800 hectares is 2,000 acres) in Neuhofen an der Ybbs (Lower Austria). A document (the oldest known) marks the first use of the name Ostarrîchi, meaning "Eastern Realm" (Austria in Old High German).

title: 996

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Henry II, a cousin of Otto III, is elected and crowned as King of Germany by Archbishop Willigis at Mainz. Henry does not recognise the coronation of Arduin. Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives the Duchy of Carinthia (modern Austria) - Henry is the first King to be elected away from the Cathedral of Aachen since the tradition was begun by Otto I in 936.

title: 1002

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Empress Agnes de Poitou and King Andrew I ("the White") of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border zone in Burgenland (modern Austria).

title: 1058

text: The Stift St. Georgen Abbey is founded near Sankt Georgen am Längsee (modern Austria).

title: 1100

section: Health & Medicine

text: Spital am Semmering (modern Austria) is founded by Margrave Ottokar III. He erects a hospital and completes the colonization of the area around the Traisen and Gölsen rivers.

title: 1160

date: July 5

text: July 5 – The town of Bad Kleinkirchheim (in modern Austria) is first mentioned, in an ecclesiastical document, in which Archbishop Conrad II of Salzburg confirms the donation of a chapel, nearby Millstatt Abbey.

title: 1166

date: February 4

text: February 4 – King Richard I of England ("the Lionheart") is ransomed for an amount of 150,000 marks (demanded by Emperor Henry VI), raised by his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine – who travels to Austria to gain his release. Henry will never receive the full amount he demanded.

title: 1194

section: Events › By place › England

text: The consequences of the volcanic 1257 Samalas eruption in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts: very dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a harsh spring in Iceland; famine in England, Germany, France and Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey.

title: 1258

section: Events › By topic › Global

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by Kings Rudolf I of Germany in alliance with Ladislaus IV of Hungary ("the Cuman"), defeat and kill Ottokar II, ruler of Bohemia. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of Central Europe. Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.

title: 1278

text: Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. After the death of Duke Henry, the duchies are bestowed by Louis the Bavarian on the Dukes of Austria. From that time onwards, what is today Slovenia is ruled jointly with Austria until 1918.

title: 1335

date: September 9

text: September 9 – The Treaty of Neuberg is signed, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between brothers Albert III and Leopold III. Albert III retains the title of Duke of Austria.

title: 1379

section: Events › July–September

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Saint Leopold of Babenburg, who died almost 350 years earlier in 1136, is canonized as a Roman Catholic saint by Pope Innocent VIII. Saint Leopold will be celebrated as the patron saint of Austria in the centuries that follow.

title: 1485

section: Events › January–March

date: October 10

text: October 10 – The Siege of Retz in Austria comes to an end after four days when the inhabitants surrender to the Black Army of Hungary and King Matthias Corvinus.

title: 1486

section: Events › October–December

date: April 6

text: April 6 – Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary and Croatia, including part of Austria, dies unexpectedly at Vienna. Four people claim the throne before the Hungarian nobility assembles to elect the successor to King Matthias, and begin the War of the Hungarian Succession

title: 1490

section: Events › April–June

text: The Austrians incite a rebellion against the Ottomans in Bulgaria.

title: 1595

date: January 24

text: January 24 – Matthias of Habsburg is appointed by his brother Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, to become the Archduke of die Vorlande, the possessions of the Austrian Habsburgs in Southern Germany outside of Austria, also called Further Austria (Vorderösterreich). The appointment follows the death of their uncle, Ferdinand II. Matthias will later become Archduke of Austria (in 1608) and the Emperor in 1612.

title: 1595

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Karl of the House of Liechtenstein founds the Principality of Liechtenstein within the Holy Roman Empire, an independent nation that will continue more than 400 years later between Austria and Switzerland.

title: 1608

date: January 5

text: January 5 – Franco-Dutch War – Battle of Turckheim: The French defeat Austria and Brandenburg.

title: 1675

date: September 12

text: September 12 – Battle of Vienna: The Ottoman siege of the city is broken with the arrival of a force of 70,000 Poles, Austrians and Germans under Polish–Lithuanian king Jan III Sobieski, whose cavalry turns their flank. The victory marks a turning point in the Ottoman Empire's fortunes and the end of the Turkish attempt to expand its control into Western Europe.

title: 1683

date: September 2

text: September 2 – Great Turkish War: Battle of Buda – Imperial forces of the Holy League of 1684 (Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria under Austrian leadership) liberate Buda (now part of Budapest) from Ottoman Turkish rule (leading to the end of Ottoman rule in Hungary during subsequent years).

title: 1686

text: The Austrians incite the Chiprovtsi Uprising against the Ottomans in Bulgaria after the siege of Belgrade.

title: 1688

date: December 22

text: December 22 – A serious earthquake strikes Innsbruck, Austria.

title: 1689

date: October 30

text: October 30 – The Nine Years' War, between France and the Grand Alliance comes to an end with the signing of the last pacts of the Peace of Ryswick in the Dutch city of Rijswijk as Leopold I of Austria accedes two days before a deadline that had been set by the other members of the Grand Alliance. The areas of the Duchy of Lorraine (Lotharingen), Freiburg im Breisgau, and Vieux-Brisach (Breisach) are returned by France to Leopold's control.

title: 1697

text: December 25 – In Munich, capital of Bavaria, 1,100 militiamen from the Oberland are killed during the Sendlinger Mordweihnacht after a failed attempt to break through several gates and capture a depot to seize better weaponry; many men are slaughtered by German federal infantry and Hungarian Hussars, despite their capitulation to Austrian officers.

title: 1705

text: September 7 – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Turin: Forces of Austria and Savoy defeat the French near what is now the Italian city of Torino.

title: 1706

text: March 7 – The Treaty of Rastatt is signed between Austria and France, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession between them. Austria receives the Spanish territories in Italy (the Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Milan and Kingdom of Sardinia), as well as the Southern Netherlands; and from France, Freiburg and Landau. The Austrian Habsburg Empire reaches its largest territorial extent yet, with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor succeeding Philip V of Spain, as ruler in the ceded territories.

title: 1714

text: August 17 – The month-long Siege of Belgrade ends, with Prince Eugene of Savoy's Austrian troops capturing the city from the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1717

text: February 17 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed between Spain, Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance with effect from May 20.

title: 1720

text: October 10 – France declares war on Austria and Saxony.

title: 1733

text: January 8 – Salzburgers, Lutherans who were expelled by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Salzburg, Austria, in October 1731, set sail for the British Colony of Georgia in America.

title: 1734

text: January 9 – The Empires of Austria and Russia enter into a secret military alliance that leads to Austria's disastrous entry into the Russo-Turkish War.

title: 1737

text: July 12 – Austria enters the Russo-Turkish War as an ally of Russia against the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1737

text: July 22 – The Ottoman Empire retakes Belgrade from Austria's Habsburg monarchy after winning the Battle of Grocka.

title: 1739

text: May 17 – Battle of Chotusitz: Frederick the Great's army defeats the Austrians.

title: 1742

text: January 8 – King Augustus III of Poland, acting in his capacity as Elector of Saxony, signs an agreement with Austria, pledging help in war in return for part of Silesia to be conveyed to Saxony.

title: 1743

text: April 22 – Having recently turned 18, Bavaria's ruler Maximilian III Joseph agrees to sign the Treaty of Füssen with Austria, withdrawing Bavaria from further participation in the War of the Austrian Succession, and agreeing to support Austria's candidate for the next Holy Roman Emperor.

title: 1745

text: January 27 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is born in Salzburg, Austria, to Anna Maria and Leopold Mozart.

title: 1756

text: March 21 – Sweden signs an alliance treaty with France and Austria in the multinational effort to remove King Frederick the Great, even though Queen Consort Ulrika of Sweden is Frederick's sister. Sweden agrees to contribute 25,000 troops to the French and Austrian force.

title: 1757

text: May 1 – France and Austria sign a second Treaty of Versailles, committing France to sending an additional 105,000 troops to the war against Prussia, and to pay expenses to Austria at the rate of 12 million florins annually.

title: 1757

text: October 17 – Mozart's Great Mass is first performed, in Salzburg, Austria.

title: 1783

text: July 13 – Battle of Trippstadt between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria (First Coalition).

title: 1794

text: October 2 – Battle of Aldenhoven between French forces and those of Austria.

title: 1794

text: September 28 – Austria, Britain and Russia ally against France.

title: 1794

text: January 14 – War of the First Coalition – Battle of Rivoli: French forces under General Napoleon Bonaparte defeat an Austrian army of 28,000 men, under Feldzeugmeister József Alvinczi, near Rivoli (modern-day Italy), ending Austria's fourth and final attempt to relieve the fortress city of Mantua.

title: 1797

text: October 20 – The Congress of Verona opens in the Austrian-ruled province of Lombardy-Venetia. The event is the largest diplomatic gathering since the Congress of Vienna seven years earlier. The Congress lasts until December 14, and Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.

title: 1822

text: July 1 – Schenker, predecessor of DB Schenker, the worldwide logistics and freight operator, is founded in Vienna, Austria.

title: 1872

text: The Swarovski Company is founded by Armand Kosman, Franz Weis and Daniel Swarovski in the Austrian Tyrol, for the production of crystal glass.

title: 1895

text: November 16 – The Hungarian Democratic Republic is declared, marking Hungary's independence from Austria.

title: 1918

text: April 22 – Austria, the UK, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United States recognize the Spanish Republic.

title: 1931

text: April 27 – The provisional government of Austria headed by Karl Renner asserts its independence from Germany.

title: 1945

text: December 31 – Austria becomes independent, under terms of the May 15 Austrian State Treaty.

title: 1955

text: October 26 – After the last Allied troops have left Austria, and following the provisions of the Austrian Independence Treaty, the country declares its permanent neutrality.

title: 1955

text: January 29 – February 9 – The 1964 Winter Olympics are held in Innsbruck, Austria.

title: 1964

text: June 27 – Constitution for the Federation of Earth is adopted by the second session of the World Constituent Assembly, held at Innsbruck, Austria.

title: 1977

text: May 2 – The first crack in the Iron Curtain: Hungary dismantles 240 km mi of barbed wire fencing along the border with Austria.

title: 1989

text: January 1 – Austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union.

title: 1995

text: June 29 – The iPhone, the first modern smartphone, is released in the United States. It is later released in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, and Austria, in November 2007.

title: 2007

text: June 7–29 – Austria and Switzerland jointly host the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament, which is won by Spain.

title: 2008

text: May 19–23 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2015 is held in Vienna, Austria, and is won by Swedish entrant Måns Zelmerlöw with the song "Heroes".

title: 2015

text: July 1 – Austria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Bulgarian presidency.

title: 2018

text: June 10 – 10 people are killed and more than 30 others injured after a gunman opens fire at a school in Graz, Austria.

title: 2025


slug: austrian-empire

label: Austrian Empire

description: Central European multinational Empire from 1804 to 1867

section: Births

date: April 20

text: April 20 – Joseph de Ferraris, Austrian cartographer of the Austrian Netherlands (d. 1814)

title: 1726

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: April 1

text: April 1 – The Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire sign a new treaty of alliance.

title: 1761

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Napoleonic Wars – The War of the Fifth Coalition begins when forces of the Austrian Empire invade Bavaria.

title: 1809

date: October 14

text: October 14 – The Treaty of Schönbrunn cedes the Illyrian Provinces to France, and ensures peace between The First French Empire, and The Austrian Empire.

title: 1809

date: October 8

text: October 8 – Prince Klemens von Metternich becomes foreign minister of the Austrian Empire.

title: 1809

date: January 1

text: January 1 – The Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (the Austrian civil code) enters into force in the Austrian Empire.

title: 1812

date: February 18

text: February 18 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Montereau: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Austrian forces.

title: 1814

section: Events › February

date: January 3

text: January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.

title: 1815

section: Events › January

date: March 15

text: March 15 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples, declares war on Austria in an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War.

title: 1815

section: Events › March

date: May 3

text: May 3 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to Corsica, and is later executed.

title: 1815

section: Events › May

date: March 7

text: March 7 – The Battle of Rieti is fought in Italy between intervening Austrian forces and Neapolitan rebels.

title: 1821

date: March 19

text: March 19 – The Holy Alliance sends the Ottoman Empire a final ultimatum after Ottoman repression of Austrian subjects in Bucharest during the Wallachian uprising, otherwise facing war with Austria.

title: 1822

date: October 20

text: October 20 – The Congress of Verona opens in the Austrian-ruled province of Lombardy-Venetia. The event is the largest diplomatic gathering since the Congress of Vienna seven years earlier. The Congress lasts until December 14, and Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.

title: 1822

section: Economy & Finance

date: December 26

text: December 26 – Global financial services business Assicurazioni Generali is founded in Trieste (at this time in the Austrian Empire) as Imperial Regia Privilegiata Compagnia di Assicurazioni Generali Austro-Italiche.

title: 1831

date: February

text: February–March – Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops.

title: 1831

date: March 2

text: March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.

title: 1835

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Austria: Moravia opens the final section of Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway (Rajhrad–Brno) for exhibition (preliminary) use.

title: 1838

text: The United Kingdom, backed by the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, compels July Monarchy France to abandon Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and forces him to return Syria and Arabia to the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1839

section: Events › Date unknown

date: July 15

text: July 15 – The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London with the Sublime Porte, ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

title: 1840

text: December 20 – The first multilateral treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade, signed in London by the representatives of Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and Russia.

title: 1841

date: February 20

text: February 20–March 3 – Kraków uprising: Polish nationalists stage an uprising in the Free City of Kraków; it is suppressed by forces of the Austrian Empire, supported by peasants.

title: 1846

section: Culture & Society

text: March 15 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian young revolutionary intellectuals, led by Sándor Petőfi, Mór Jókai and others, called the Márciusi Ifjak (Young men of March) organize peaceful mass demonstrations in Pest, forcing the city's Habsburg authorities to accept the 12 Points: the Hungarian claim for freedom and self-determination within the Habsburg Empire. On the same day, Lajos Kossuth and representatives of the Diet of Hungary go to Vienna, and force the emperor and Hungarian king Ferdinand I of Austria to accept Hungarian claims for self-determination within the empire.

title: 1848

text: April 1 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian Revolutionary Army, under the leadership of Arthur Görgey, starts the victorious Spring Campaign, which leads to the liberation of much of Hungary from the Austrian forces.

title: 1849

date: April 14

text: April 14 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian revolutionary parliament in Debrecen declares independence from the Habsburg Empire.

title: 1849

date: November 29

text: November 29 – The treaty known as the Punctation of Olmütz is signed in Olomouc. It means diplomatic capitulation of Prussia to the Austrian Empire, which takes over the leadership of the German Confederation.

title: 1850

date: April 8

text: April 8 – The kingdoms of Italy and Prussia form an alliance against the Austrian Empire.

title: 1866

section: Events › April


slug: austrian-netherlands

label: Austrian Netherlands

description: major part of the Southern Netherlands region between 1714 and 1797

date: June 25

text: June 25 – With the Holy Roman Empire having been ceded the "Southern Netherlands" (modern Belgium) from Spain, Prince Eugene of Savoy arrives in Brussels as the first Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands. Eugene soon returns home and leaves administration of the area to a dictatorial Hercule-Louis Turinetti.

title: 1716

date: August 11

text: August 11 – The Ostend Company is chartered by merchants and shipowners to establish trade for the Austrian Netherlands in the East Indies and West Indies. Over the next two days, 54 major investors in Antwerp purchase the shares of stock in the company.

title: 1723

text: The Austrian Netherlands agree to the Pragmatic Sanction.

title: 1724

date: April 20

text: April 20 – Joseph de Ferraris, Austrian cartographer of the Austrian Netherlands (d. 1814)

title: 1726

date: February 16

text: February 16 – The Ostend Company, established in 1722 in the Austrian Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) to compete for trade in the West Indies (the Caribbean islands) and the East Indies (south and southeast Asia), ceases business as part of the agreement by Austria in the Second Treaty of Vienna.

title: 1734

section: Events › January– March

section: Conflict & Security

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Brussels, at the time part of the Austrian Netherlands, surrenders to France's Marshal Maurice de Saxe.

title: 1746

date: October 24

text: October 24 – Brabant Revolution: Brabant revolutionaries cross the border from the Dutch Republic into the Austrian Netherlands; the first public reading of the Manifesto of the People of Brabant declares the independence of the Austrian Netherlands.

title: 1789

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Holy Roman Empire forces recapture Brussels, bringing an end to the short-lived United States of Belgium and restoring the Austrian Netherlands.

title: 1790

date: January 11

text: January 11 – The 11 minor states of the Austrian Netherlands, which took part in the Brabant Revolution at the end of 1789, sign a Treaty of Union, creating the United States of Belgium.

title: 1790

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Battle of Fleurus: French forces defeat the Austrians and their allies, leading to permanent loss of the Austrian Netherlands and destruction of the Dutch Republic. French use of an observation balloon marks the first participation of an aircraft in battle.

title: 1794

date: October 1

text: October 1 – The Austrian Netherlands is annexed to the French Republic, as the Belgian departments.

title: 1795

section: Events › July–December


slug: avignon

label: Avignon

description: commune in Vaucluse, France

year_label: 48 CE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: According to Christian tradition, Martha travels to Avignon.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 48

text: Burgundian Civil War: Battle of Dijon: A coalition of Franks and Burgundians crush the forces under Gundobad. King Clovis I pursues him to Avignon, where he surrenders and promises to pay a yearly tribute.

title: AD 500

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Deaths

text: Magnus, bishop and governor of Avignon

title: 660

text: Tariq ibn Ziyad conquers the cities of Barcelona and Narbonne, where Visigothic nobles accept Umayyad overlordship, in return for autonomy in Septimania (Southern France). Muslims also raid Avignon and Lyon (approximate date).

title: 714

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim raiders under Abdul Rahman al-Ghafiqi, current governor of Septimania, devastate Avignon, Viviers, Valence, Vienne and Lyon (approximate date).

title: 726

text: Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus (modern Spain), enter Provence and raid the Rhône Valley. The cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille are handed over by Count Maurontus, who is in rebellion against Charles Martel.

title: 734

text: Battle of Avignon: Frankish forces under Charles Martel, Merovingian Mayor of the Palace, retake Avignon from the Muslim forces, and destroy the Umayyad stronghold. Charles sends his brother Childebrand I, duke of Burgundy, to besiege the city. After his arrival, Charles leads the Frankish troops by using rope ladders and battering rams to attack the fortified walls, which are burned to the ground following its capture.

title: AD 737

text: Moors under Uqba ibn Al-Hajjaj cross the Pyrenees into France. Uqba fortifies Narbonne and reconquers Avignon, Arles, Nimes. He then advances into Provence, and penetrates as far as Piedmont; he then heads North, and conquers Dauphiné, destroying the city of Saint-Paul, taking Valence, Vienne and Lyon, which he uses as a base to attack Bourgogne.

title: 738

date: April 12

text: April 12 – Treaty of Paris: Count Raymond VII is forced to sign a peace treaty (also known as the "Treaty of Meaux"). This brings the Albigensian Crusade to an end. Raymond regains his feudal rights but has to swear his allegiance to King Louis IX (the Saint). The fortifications, such as these of Avignon and Toulouse, are dismantled.

title: 1229

section: Religion & Belief

date: March 9

text: March 9 – Pope Clement V officially transfers the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Pontiff from Rome to the French city of Avignon, his residence and at this time part of the Kingdom of Arles, starting the Avignon Papacy. Since 1305, the papal court had been at Poitiers, and the move is justified by violence in Rome. The papal seat becomes part of the Holy Roman Empire, and its absence from Rome is referred to as the "Babylonian captivity of the Papacy".

title: 1309

section: Events › January – March

date: October 18

text: October 18 – At Avignon, Pope Clement V signs a mandate consenting "for any persons who wanted to proceed against the memory of Boniface VIII to proceed" and sends it to the Bishop of Paris for the posthumous trial of Boniface for heresy.

title: 1309

section: Events › October – December

date: December 23

text: December 23 – At Avignon in France, Pope Clement V elevates nine bishops, all French, to the position of Roman Catholic cardinals. The nine include Jacques d'Euse, Bishop of Avignon, who will be elected Pope John XXII as Clement's successor in 1316.

title: 1312

date: July 14

text: July 14 – The Italian cardinals participating in the papal conclave in France walk out after weeks of harassment by supporters of a French candidate for pope. The rest of the College of Cardinals disperse to Avignon, seat of the Papacy; Orange, in the modern-day département of Vaucluse, and Valence in the modern-day département of Drôme. The conclave will not meet again for two years, during which time there is no Pope.

title: 1314

section: Events › July – September

date: October 30

text: October 30 – A papal court in Avignon, with Cardinal Berengar Fredol the Elder presiding, rules that Juan Fernández was properly elected Bishop of León (now in Spain), dismissing a challenge by Juan García. Fernández had been elected a year before, but his confirmation by the Pope was delayed because of the challenge. Before Fernández can travel to Avignon, however, he passes away on December 17.

title: 1316

date: September 5

text: September 5 – The coronation of Jacques Deuze as Pope John XXII takes place at Avignon in France, as he becomes the 196th pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. His papacy will last until 1334.

title: 1316

section: Crime & Justice

date: April 27

text: April 27 – John XXII orders the Spiritual Franciscans, including the French priest Bernard Délicieux, to come to Avignon and answer for their disobedience. Upon arrival, Délicieux is arrested and interrogated.

title: 1317

section: Events › April – June

text: William of Ockham, English Franciscan friar and philosopher, is summoned from Oxford to the papal court at Avignon; either at this time or later he comes into conflict with Pope John XXII and never returns to England.

title: 1324

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: October 18 – King Edward II sends a letter to Pope John XXII (who is in Avignon in France), expressing deep concern for Queen Isabella's failure to return home from Paris.

title: 1325

date: April 6

text: April 6 (Good Friday) – Francesco Petrarca, Italian scholar and poet, sees a woman he names Laura (possibly Laura de Noves) in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon, which awakes in him a lasting passion. He writes a series of sonnets and other poems in Italian dedicated to her, which are collected into Il Canzoniere, an influential model for Renaissance culture.

title: 1327

date: May 26

text: May 26 – William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon, under threat from Pope John XXII.

title: 1328

section: Events

text: Construction begins on the papal palace in Avignon.

title: 1335

date: July 26

text: July 26 – At Avignon, Pope Urban V learns of a possible invasion of France by John of Gaunt and his intention to capture Provence, and writes to England's King Edward III to take steps to prevent it.

title: 1367

section: Events › July–September

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Pope Urban V makes the first attempt to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon. This move is reversed in 1370, when he is forced to return to Avignon, and shortly afterwards dies.

title: 1367

date: October 17

text: October 17 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Urban V meet at Viterbo in Italy and make plans to enter Rome together after the Pope's travel from Avignon.

title: 1368

date: December 20

text: December 20 – The 200th Roman Catholic pontiff, Pope Urban V, dies in Avignon after eight years, the first five of which were in Rome.

title: 1370

date: March 20

text: March 20 – King David II of Scotland divorces his wife and queen consort of six years, Margaret Drummond. Queen Margaret then travels to Avignon and persuades Pope Urban V to rescind the divorce before King David dies the next year.

title: 1370

date: June 18

text: June 18 – Saint Catherine of Siena, now the Roman Catholic patron saint of Italy, visits Pope Gregory XI in Avignon in France, to attempt to persuade him to make peace with Florence, and move the Papacy back to Rome.

title: 1376

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Pope Gregory XI moves the papacy back from Avignon to Rome.

title: 1377

date: March 27

text: March 27 – Pope Gregory XI dies at the Vatican in Rome after a little more than seven years as leader of the Roman Catholic Church, and shortly after moving the church leadership back to Rome from the French city of Avignon. Officials of Rome begin a campaign of intimidation to prevent the Roman Catholic cardinals, a majority of whom are French, from electing a French cardinal as Gregory's successor.

title: 1378

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Unhappy with Pope Urban's critical attitude towards them, the majority of the cardinals meet at Fondi, elect Clement VII as antipope, and establish a rival papal court at Avignon. This split within the Catholic Church becomes known as the Western Schism, also known as the Great Schism. France, Aragon, Castile and León, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples and Scotland choose to recognise Antipope Clement VII. Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, northern Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland and Sweden continue to recognise Pope Urban VI.

title: 1378

date: November 28

text: November 28 – From Avignon in France, the antipope Clement VII issues his own a papal bull confirming the foundation of the University of Perpignan.

title: 1379

date: September 28

text: September 28 – Cardinal Pedro Martínez de Luna of the Kingdom of Aragon, opposed to the rule of the Roman Pope Urban VI, is elected at Avignon as the antipope Benedict XIII to succeed the antipope Clement VII.

title: 1394

date: July 8

text: July 8 – At a gathering of French cardinals at the Palais des Papes in Avignon, the assembled clerics demand the resignation of the antipope Benedict XIII (Pedro Martinez de Luna), who nine months earlier had been elected as the alternative to the Roman Pope Boniface IX. The only dissenting voice is Cardinal Martín de Zalba, but Benedict refuses to step down.

title: 1395

date: July 27

text: July 27 – Following the consensus of the Assembly of Paris of that had begun meeting on May 11, King Charles V of France signs an ordinance withdrawing obedience to both the French Avignon pope Benedict XIII and to Rome's Pope Boniface IX to issue benefices to persons who offer services to the Catholic Church. An army led by Geoffrey Boucicaut occupies Avignon, and starts a five-year siege of the papal palace.

title: 1398

date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Assembly of Paris begins, as Catholic clergy and bishops discuss whether withdraw obedience from the rival popes, Boniface IX in Rome and the antipope Benedict XIII at Avignon withdrawing the right of either of the popes to bestow benefices to officials in France in return for past or future services.

title: 1398

date: September 2

text: September 2 – The Bona crusaders from Spain sack the Algerian village of Tedelis in the Kingdom of Tlemcen, killing around 1,000 people, before abandoning the African crusade and returning to defend the siege of Avignon at France.

title: 1398

text: March 12 – As King Martin I of Aragon helps to end the siege by the French of the papal palace in Avignon, Antipope Benedict XIII flees to the Crown of Aragon.

title: 1403

text: January 12 – Western Schism: King Charles VI of France sends a letter to the Antipope Benedict XIII at Avignon, giving an ultimatum to Benedict and the other Avignon Papacy proponents to end the schism in the Roman Catholic Church against the Roman Obedience, headed by Pope Gregory XII. King Charles VI threatens that unless the schism ends by Ascension Day, 40 days after Easter (in 1408, April 24, with Ascension Day on June 3), France will end its support of the Avignon Obedience.

title: 1408

text: March 25 – On the day of the Feast of the Annunciation, the Council of Pisa opens at the Cathedral of Pisa with 22 cardinals, four patriarchs and 80 bishops to seek an end to the Western Schism and resolve the conflict between Pope Gregory XII of the Rome and Antipope Benedict XIII of Avignon.

title: 1409

text: February 26 – A papal bull is issued from Avignon by the Antipope Benedict XIII for Joan Gilabert Jofré to create the Hospital dels Ignoscents, the world's first hospital for the treatment of mental illness.

title: 1410

text: June 10 – Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón, a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop, is elected by bishops in Avignon as the third "antipope", succeeding the late Antipope Benedict XIII, who had died on May 23 after a reign of more than 20 years. Sánchez Muñoz takes the name of Antipope Clement VIII as the Avignon clergy disagree with Pope Martin V of Rome.

title: 1423

text: December 19 – Mazan rapes trial: The Judicial Court in Avignon, France, finds Dominique Pelicot guilty of the aggravated rape of his ex-wife Gisèle Pelicot and imposes the maximum sentence of 20 years in prison. The 50 other defendants in the case are also convicted of crimes ranging from attempted rape to aggravated rape, and receive prison sentences ranging from three to 15 years.

title: 2024


slug: ayutthaya-kingdom

label: Ayutthaya Kingdom

description: 1350–1767 Siamese kingdom in Southeast Asia

date: March 4

text: March 4 – The Ayutthaya Kingdom is established by King Uthong (Ramathibodi I) in modern-day Thailand. He begins to propagate Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.

title: 1351

section: Events › January–December

text: The Sukhothai Kingdom in northern Thailand becomes a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

title: 1365

section: Events › Date unknown

text: The Thai Ayutthaya Kingdom conquers Cambodia for a second time.

title: 1369

section: Events › Dates unknown

text: Ramathibodi I, first king of Ayutthaya (b. 1314)

title: 1369

text: Khun Luang Pa-Ngua, ruler of Suphanburi, marches and usurps the throne of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

title: 1370

text: Kalamegha claims the vacant title of King of Cambodia after the power of the Thai invaders from Ayutthaya begins to weaken. The Ayutthayans are finally expelled in 1375.

title: 1371

text: Ramesuan is reinstated as King of Ayutthaya (modern-day southern Thailand), after dethroning and executing 17-year-old King Thong Lan.

title: 1388

text: The Ayutthaya Kingdom besieges Angkor and sacks the Khmer capital, ending the Khmer Empire.

title: 1431

text: The Sukhothai Kingdom merges with the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

title: 1438

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: In the Ayutthaya Kingdom the reign of Ramathibodi II begins.

title: 1491

text: Borommarachathirat IV succeeds Ramathibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.

title: 1529

date: December

text: December – Siam attacks Tavoy, beginning the Burmese–Siamese War of 1548.

title: 1548

section: Events › October–December

date: June 10

text: June 10 – (5th day of the waxing moon in the 8th month of the 910th year of the Chula Sakarat Era): Yotfa, the 13-year-old ruler of the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand since 1546, is murdered with the consent of his mother, the regent Si Sudachan, who installs her lover, Worawongsathirat, on the throne. Yotfa's younger brother, Prince Sissin, is spared from execution. Worawongsathirat and Si Sudachan are both killed in a counter-coup in November.

title: 1548

section: Events › April–June

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Worawongsathirat, ruler of the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand after usurping the throne on June 10, stages his coronation along with his wife, Si Sudachan. Both husband and wife had after both conspired to murder her son, King Yofta, in June. The King and Queen are assassinated on January 13, 1549.

title: 1548

date: January

text: January – Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49): King Tabinshwehti of Burma begins his invasion of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which ends in retreat.

title: 1549

section: Events › January–March

date: June 17

text: June 17 Full moon of Waso 924 ME– King King Bayinnaung of Burma establishes an army garrison at Dawei in preparation for an attack against the Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya.

title: 1562

date: February 18

text: February 18 (8th waxing of Tabaung 925 ME) – The Burmese–Siamese War ends with the surrender of King Maha Chakkraphat of Ayutthaya (now Thailand) to King Bayinnaung of Burma). Chhakkraphat is allowed to go into exile and his son Mahinthrathirat is installed by Bayinnaung as the vassal king of Ayutthaya.

title: 1564

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Burmese–Siamese War: Dispatched by King Bayinnaung, 55,000 Burmese troops arrive at Phitsanulok (in modern-day Thailand) and drive back the attack by armies from the Ayutthaya Kingdom (Thailand) and Lan Xang (Laos), then prepare to invade Ayutthaya to put down the rebellion by Ayutthayan King Maha Chakkraphat

title: 1568

date: April 15

text: April 15 –Maha Chakkraphat, Siamese King of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (b. 1509)

title: 1569

text: April 15 – Burmese–Siamese War: Mahinthrathirat reclaims the throne of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (modern Thailand) upon the death of King Maha Chakkraphat.

title: 1569

date: February 2

text: February 2 – (6th waning moon of the Magha, BE 2126) In what is now Thailand, Prince Naresuan, the Uparaja of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and the son of King Mahathammarachathirat carries out the orders of Burma's King Nanda Bayin, and leads an army to suppress a rebellion by the Viceroy of the Ava Kingdom, Thado Minsaw. Arriving in April, Naresuan learns that King Nanda has ordered Naresuan to be assassinated, and begins his own rebellion against Burma, the Burmese–Siamese War.

title: 1584

date: July 1

text: July 1 (13th waning of 1st Ashadha, 952 CS) – Naresuan Maharat becomes the new ruler of Thailand as Sanphet II of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, upon the death of his father, Sanphet I.

title: 1590

date: November 4

text: November 4 (2nd waxing of Natdaw, 954 ME) – In a war between what are now the nations of Myanmar and Thailand, the Army of Burma, led by King Nanda Bayin Burma (Toungoo) begins its invasion of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam), defended by King Naresuan.

title: 1592

date: January 3

text: January 3 – Longvek, the capital of the Kingdom of Cambodia, is conquered by the army of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (now Thailand), commanded by King Naresuan, after more than two years of war. King Chey Chettha I of Cambodia is able to flee to Laos, along with the former King Satha I, but the rest of the royal family is taken hostage, along with Prince Srei Soriyopear. "King Tilokarat (1441–1485)", in Popular History of Thailand, by Manich Jumsai (Claremint, 1976) pp. 227–231

title: 1594

date: July 3

text: July 3 – The Ayutthayan–Cambodian War (1591–1594) concludes when Naresuan, ruler of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, sacks Longvek, capital of Cambodia.

title: 1594

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Naresuan, Siamese King of Ayutthaya kingdom (b. c. 1555)

title: 1605

section: Deaths › April–June

date: December 12

text: December 12 – At the age of 15, Chetthathirat is crowned as the new King of Thailand upon the death of his father, Intharacha III. Prince Chetthathirat takes the regnal name of Borommaracha II and is killed less than a year later.

title: 1628

date: August 8

text: August 8 – In the Ayutthaya Kingdom, comprising most of the territory now occupied by Thailand, King Prasat Thong dies after a reign of more than 25 years. His eldest son, Prince Chao Fa Chai, is crowned as King Sanpet VI but Prasat's brother plots the new king's overthrow.

title: 1656

date: February 10

text: February 10 – The army of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) captures Chiang Mai from the Kingdom of Burma (now Myanmar), using it as a base for launching a larger attack on the Burmese coast in November.

title: 1663

date: December 10

text: December 10 – In what is now Thailand, King Narai of Ayutthaya signs a treaty with representatives of France at Lopburi, allowing Roman Catholic missionaries to preach the Gospel and exempting Thai Catholics from work on Sunday, as well as appointing a special court to settle disputes between Thai Christians and non-Christians.

title: 1685

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Phetracha becomes king of Ayutthaya, after a coup d'état.

title: 1688

section: Culture & Society

date: May 10

text: May 10 – King Narai of Ayutthaya nominates Princess Sudawadi as his successor, with Constantine Phaulkon, Mom Pi and Phetracha acting as joint regents.

title: 1688

date: February 5

text: February 5 – Phetracha, king of Ayutthaya (b. 1632)

title: 1703

section: Deaths › February

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Troops of the Burmese Konbaung dynasty sack the Siamese city of Ayutthaya, ending the Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767) after 15 months, and bringing the four-century-old Ayutthaya Kingdom to an end. King Ekkathat is found dead inside the city walls on April 9.

title: 1767


slug: azerbaijan

label: Azerbaijan

description: country in the Caucasus in Eastern Europe and Western Asia

section: Conflict & Security

text: Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius advances with an expeditionary force (40,000 men) along the Araxes River, destroying the fortress city of Dvin, capital of Armenia, and Nakhchivan (modern Azerbaijan). At Ganzak, Heraclius defeats the Persian army and destroys the famous fire temple at Takht-e Soleymān, an important Zoroastrian shrine. He winters his army in Caucasian Albania to gather forces for the next year.

title: 624

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: King Javanshir of Caucasian Albania (modern Azerbaijan) revolts against the Muslim-Arabs, but is defeated (approximate date).

title: 667

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Arab conquest of Armenia: Large-scale Armenian rebellion is suppressed by Muhammad ibn Marwan. He captures and deports Smbat VI Bagratuni and other leading princes. Many of the captured nakharar are gathered into churches and burned alive at Nakhchevan (modern Azerbaijan).

title: 705

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Caspian expeditions of the Rus': The Rus' under the Varangian prince Igor I of Kiev sail up the Kura River, deep into the Caucasus, and defeat the forces of the Sallarid ruler Marzuban ibn Muhammad. They capture the fortress city of Barda (modern Azerbaijan).

title: 943

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Deaths

text: Yazid II, Persian ruler (shah) of Shirvan (Azerbaijan)

title: 1027

text: Fadl ibn Muhammad, Shaddadid emir of Ganja (Azerbaijan)

title: 1031

text: Sultan Tughril leads a large Seljuk army out of Azerbaijan into Armenia, possibly to consolidate his frontier, while providing an incentive to his Turkoman allies in the form of plunder. Tughril divides his army into four columns, ordering three to veer off to the north to raid into central and northern Armenia, while he takes the fourth column towards Lake Van. The Seljuk Turks capture and sack the fortress city of Artchesh, after an 8-day siege.

title: 1054

text: Eldiguz, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Azerbaijan, founds the Eldiguzid Dynasty and establishes an independent state within the Seljuk Empire.

title: 1146

section: Events › By place › Seljuk Empire

text: Ibrahim I is selected to succeed Husheng, as Shah of Shirvan (now Azerbaijan).

title: 1382

text: Timur appoints his son Miran Shah, as Timurid viceroy of present-day Azerbaijan.

title: 1396

text: Timur conquers the Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Azerbaijan, and the Jalayirid dynasty in present-day Iraq. Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad flee, and take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.

title: 1400

date: July 2

text: July 2 – At Erciş in what is now Turkey, Iskandar ibn Yusuf is crowned as the Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu, a kingdom encompassing what are now eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and northern Iraq, northern Armenia and all of Azerbaijan.

title: 1421

date: February 4

text: February 4 – (22 Rajab 873 AH) At the Battle of Qarabagh, in what is now Azerbaijan, troops led by Uzun Hasan, ruler of Aq Qoyunlu, decisively defeat the Timurids of Samrkand, ruled by Abu Sa'id Mirza. Mirza is taken a prisoner of war and is executed four days later on February 8.

title: 1469

date: September 1

text: September 1 – The Ganja Fortress in modern-day Azerbaijan is captured by Ottoman general Serdar Ferhad Pasha.

title: 1588

date: October 24

text: October 24–November 5 – Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan at the end of the Russo-Persian War, by which Persia loses modern-day Georgia, Dagestan and most of Azerbaijan to Russia.

title: 1813

date: April 22

text: April 22 – Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declare their independence from Russia as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.

title: 1918

section: Events › April

date: March 30

text: March 30 – March Days: Bolshevik and Armenian Revolutionary Federation forces suppress a Muslim revolt in Baku, Azerbaijan, resulting in up to 30,000 deaths.

title: 1918

section: Events › March

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence as the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic respectively.

title: 1918

section: Events › May

date: December 30

text: December 30 – Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Republic (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) come together to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

title: 1922

section: Events › December

date: November 20

text: November 20 – An Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 helicopter carrying a 19-member peacekeeping mission team is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend District, Azerbaijan.

title: 1991

section: Events › November

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Ukraine and four other nations in the Commonwealth of Independent States reject Russia's proposal to maintain unified armed forces. Ukraine, Moldova and Azerbaijan announce they will go ahead with plans to create their own military forces.

title: 1992

section: Events › February

date: May 5

text: May 5 – The Bishkek Protocol between Armenia and Azerbaijan is signed in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, effectively freezing the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

title: 1994

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: October 28

text: October 28 – A fire in Baku Metro, Azerbaijan, kills 289 passengers, becoming the world's worst subway disaster.

title: 1995

section: Events › October

section: Religion & Belief

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Armenia and Azerbaijan join the Council of Europe.

title: 2001

section: Events › January

date: August 31

text: August 31 – Armenia severs diplomatic relations with Hungary, following the extradition to Azerbaijan and subsequent pardoning of Ramil Safarov, who was convicted of killing an Armenian soldier in Hungary in 2004. The move is also met with fierce criticism from other countries.

title: 2012

section: Events › August

date: May 22

text: May 22–26 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2012 takes place in Baku, Azerbaijan, and is won by Swedish entrant Loreen with the song "Euphoria".

title: 2012

date: June 12

text: June 12–28 – The inaugural European Games are held in Baku, Azerbaijan.

title: 2015

section: Events › June

date: September 12

text: September 12 – September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes: Azerbaijan attacks Armenian positions near the cities of Vardenis, Goris, Sotk and Jermuk, and occupies certain areas of its territory along the Armenia–Azerbaijan border. Over the next few days, more than 100 Armenian soldiers are killed in the clashes, while Azerbaijan acknowledges 71 fatalities among its forces.

title: 2022

section: Events › September

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Azerbaijan launches a military offensive against the Armenia-backed Republic of Artsakh, which ends with a swift Azerbaijani victory. Protests erupt in Armenia, Artsakh announces the dissolution of government institutions, and over 100,000 ethnic Armenians flee Nagorno-Karabakh.

title: 2023

date: January 1

text: January 1 – The Republic of Artsakh is formally dissolved following the recapture of the Nagorno-Karabakh region by Azerbaijan.

title: 2024

text: August 8 – Armenia and Azerbaijan sign a peace deal to end 37-year-old hostilities regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

title: 2025


slug: azores

label: Azores

description: Atlantic Ocean archipelago and autonomous region of Portugal

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago.

title: 1427

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Beginning of the settlement of the Azores with the arrival of the first Portuguese settlers in Santa Maria.

title: 1439

text: Portuguese navigator Diogo de Teive discovers the islands of Corvo and Flores, in the Azores.

title: 1452

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Martín Alonso Pinzón returns in the Pinta to the city of Bayona in Spain from Christopher Columbus's voyage of discovery, sending the first notice about the discovery to the Catholic Monarchs. Columbus himself is delayed by a storm in the Azores.

title: 1493

section: Events › January–March

date: May 4

text: May 4 – In the papal bull Inter caetera, Pope Alexander VI decrees that all lands discovered 100 leagues (or further west) of the Azores are Spanish.

title: 1493

section: Events › April–June

section: Conflict & Security

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Battle of Ponta Delgada (War of the Portuguese Succession): Spanish admiral Santa Cruz decisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet from France, England, supporters of the Portuguese claimant António, Prior of Crato, and the Dutch Republic, under Filippo di Piero Strozzi (who is killed) off the Azores, the first engagement between large fleets of galleons, operating at any great distance from the mainland.

title: 1582

section: Events › July–September

section: Climate & Environment

date: September 5

text: September 5 – A storm near the Azores in the North Atlantic begins, sinking a large number of the Spanish ships, including the recently-captured HMS Revenge. During August and September, at least eight intense hurricanes occur in the most severe of the pre-1600 seasons on record.

title: 1591

date: May 20

text: May 20 –August 19 – Battle of Flores (Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)), a series of naval engagements in the Azores in which the English are victorious, taking the great Portuguese carrack Madre de Deus on or about August 3.

title: 1592

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Islands Voyage: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and Sir Walter Raleigh set sail on an expedition to the Azores.

title: 1597

date: April 6

text: April 6 – The Portuguese government declares martial law in Madeira and in the Azores, because of the Madeira uprising in Funchal.

title: 1931

date: October 27

text: October 27 – 1949 Air France Lockheed Constellation crash: An Air France flight from Paris to New York crashes in the Azores on São Miguel Island, killing all aboard. Among the victims are violinist Ginette Neveu, and French boxer Marcel Cerdan.

title: 1949

date: September 21

text: September 21 – The sailing ship Pamir sinks off the Azores in a hurricane.

title: 1957

text: May 22 – The U.S. nuclear-powered submarine Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the Azores.

title: 1968

section: Events › May–June


slug: aztec

label: Aztec

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Templo Mayor, the main temple of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), is built.

title: 1390

section: Science & Discovery

date: November 24

text: November 24 – The Transit of Venus, the last not to be part of a pair, is possibly observed by Aztec astronomers.

title: 1396

section: Events › October–December

section: Births

text: Moctezuma I, second Aztec emperor (d. 1469)

title: 1398

section: Deaths

text: Ixtlilxochitl I, ruler of the Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco, and ally of the Aztecs.

title: 1418

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Aztec Empire is formed by the triple alliance of the Aztec city-states Tenochtitlán, Texcoco and Tlacopán and defeats Azcapotzalco to win control of the Valley of Mexico. Itzcóatl becomes 1st emperor.

title: 1428

text: Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Moctezuma I (Moctezuma Ilhuicamina).

title: 1440

text: Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl.

title: 1469

text: Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, invades the territory of the neighboring Aztec city of Tlatelolco. The ruler of Tlatelolco is killed and replaced by a military governor; Tlatelolco loses its independence.

title: 1473

text: The Aztec Calendar Stone or Sun Stone is carved.

title: 1481

text: Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by his brother Tízoc.

title: 1481

text: Tízoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies. Some sources suggest that he was poisoned, others that he was the victim of "sorcery" or illness. He is succeeded by his brother Āhuitzotl.

title: 1486

text: Aztec forces conquer and sack Mitla.

title: 1494

text: Moctezuma II is elected emperor of the Aztecs, following the death of Ahuitzotl.

title: 1502

section: Culture & Society

text: The Aztec New Fire ceremony is held for the last time (according to Bernardino de Sahagún).

title: 1507

date: November 8

text: November 8 – Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire, and appears at the court of Aztec ruler Moctezuma II.

title: 1519

date: July 1

text: July 1 – La Noche Triste (Night of Sorrow): The forces of Cuitláhuac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, gain a major victory against the forces of conquistador Hernán Cortés. This results in the death of about 400 conquistadors, and some 2,000 of their Native American allies. However, Cortés and the most skilled of his men manage to escape and later regroup.

title: 1520

date: June 29

text: June 29 – Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, is assassinated by other Aztec leaders as he attempts to address his people. His brother Cuitláhuac rises to the throne.

title: 1520

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Mary, mother of Jesus, in the guise of Our Lady of Guadalupe, appears imprinted on the tilmàtli of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, an Aztec convert to Catholicism, in Tepeyac near Mexico City.

title: 1531


slug: ba-athist-iraq

label: Ba'athist Iraq

description: Republic of Iraq from 1968 to 2003 during the time of Ba'athism

section: Economy & Finance

date: June

text: June – Iraq nationalizes the Iraq Petroleum Company.

title: 1972

section: Events › June

section: Crime & Justice

date: July 22

text: July 22 – 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge: Iraqi president Saddam Hussein arranges the arrest and later execution of nearly seventy members of his ruling Ba'ath Party.

title: 1979

section: Events › July

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Iran accuses Iraq of using chemical weapons; the United Nations condemns their use on March 30.

title: 1984

section: Events › March

date: February 23

text: February 23 – Start of Anfal campaign, a genocidal counterinsurgency operation within the Iran–Iraq War carried out by Ba'athist Iraqi forces led by Ali Hassan al-Majid on the orders of President Saddam Hussein that will kill between 50,000 and 182,000 Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan.

title: 1988

section: Events › February

date: August 2

text: August 2 – Gulf War: Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War.

title: 1990

section: Events › August

date: August 6

text: August 6 – Gulf War: With United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 the United Nations Security Council orders a global trade embargo against Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait.

title: 1990

date: March 15

text: March 15 – Iraq hangs Iranian journalist Farzad Bazoft for spying. Daphne Parish, a British nurse, is sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment as an accomplice.

title: 1990

date: November 29

text: November 29 – Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council passes UN Security Council Resolution 678, authorizing military intervention in Iraq if that state does not withdraw its forces from Kuwait and free all foreign hostages by Tuesday, January 15, 1991.

title: 1990

section: Events › November

date: January 16

text: January 16 – Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq.

title: 1991

section: Events › January

date: February 18

text: February 18 – Iraq disarmament crisis: The Executive Chairman of UNSCOM details Iraq's refusal to abide by UN Security Council disarmament resolutions.

title: 1992

text: July 26 – Iraq agrees to allow UN weapons inspectors to search the Iraqi Agricultural Ministry building in Baghdad. When inspectors arrive on July 28 and 29, they find nothing and voice suspicions that Iraqi records have been removed.

title: 1992

date: July 6

text: July 6–29 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq refuses a UN inspection team access to the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture. UNSCOM claims that it has reliable information that the site contains archives related to illegal weapons activities. UN inspectors stage a 17-day "sit-in" outside of the building, but leave when their safety is threatened by Iraqi soldiers.

title: 1992

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Iraq formally rescinds its claims over Kuwait, which it has claimed as a province since 1990 and had administered under military occupation until 1991 when it was ejected by an international coalition during the Persian Gulf War.

title: 1994

date: December 16

text: December 16 – Iraq disarmament crisis: U.S. President Bill Clinton orders airstrikes on Iraq. UNSCOM withdraws all weapons inspectors from Iraq.

title: 1998

section: Events › December

text: November 8 – The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopts Resolution 1441, forcing Iraq to either disarm or face "serious consequences". Iraq agrees to the terms of the resolution on November 13.

title: 2002

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Millions of people worldwide take part in massive anti-war protests in anticipation of the United States and its allies invading Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime.

title: 2003

date: February 5

text: February 5 – U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell gives a speech to the United Nations presenting the case for a military invasion of Iraq. It will later be discovered that the United States Bush administration misled him when preparing his testimony.

title: 2003

date: March 20

text: March 20 – The Iraq War begins with the invasion of Iraq by the United States and allied forces.

title: 2003


slug: babylon

label: Babylon

description: capital city of Babylonia and an archaeological site in modern-day Iraq

text: 2138 BC: A solar eclipse on 9 May and a lunar eclipse on 24 May' occur and are believed to be the double eclipse that took place 23 years after the ascension of king Shulgi of Babylon by those holding to the long chronology.

title: 22nd century BC

section: Events

section: Conflict & Security

text: 1770 BC: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.

title: 18th century BC

year_label: 693 BCE

text: 693 BC—Babylon is destroyed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib, but the city will be rebuilt in even greater splendor and luxury. He fights his way back north and captures various cities along the River Euphrates (or 691 BC or 689 BC).

title: 690s BC

section: Events and trends

year_label: 675 BCE

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: King Esarhaddon begins to rebuild Babylon (approximate date).

title: 675 BC

section: Events › By place › Middle East

year_label: 668 BCE

text: Shamash-shum-ukin, second son of the late Assyrian king Esarhaddon, becomes king of Babylon.

title: 668 BC

section: Events › By Place › Middle East

year_label: 656 BCE

text: King Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon forms a secret alliance with Arabs, Aramaeans, Elamites, Persians, and Egyptians against his half brother Ashurbanipal.

title: 656 BC

section: Events › By place › Assyria

year_label: 653 BCE

text: Elamite forces attack southern Babylon. A large Assyrian army sent by king Ashurbanipal defeat the Elamites, in the Battle of Ulai, and kill their king, Teumman. He is succeeded by his nephew Ummanigash.

title: 653 BC

year_label: 652 BCE

text: Elam withdraws from her alliance with king Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon, who launches a premature attack on his half brother Ashurbanipal at year's end without waiting for reinforcements that have been promised by the Egyptian king Psamtik I.

title: 652 BC

section: Events › Middle East

year_label: 651 BCE

text: King Ashurbanipal defeats the Babylonian army of his half brother Shamash-shum-ukin and surrounds the fortified city of Babylon. Beginning a 3-year siege during which the Assyrians will defeat Shamash-shum-ukin's allies.

title: 651 BC

year_label: 648 BCE

text: Babylon falls to Assyrian forces after a 3-year siege (see 651 BC); starved out by his half brother Ashurbanipal, king Shamash-shum-ukin commits suicide in his burning palace, as the Assyrians slaughter his city's garrison and much of its population.

title: 648 BC

year_label: 612 BCE

text: Babylon, capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Nineveh.

title: 612 BC

year_label: 575 BCE

text: Ishtar Gate and throne room wall from Babylon, Iraq is made. The modified version for installation is now on display in Germany.

title: 575 BC

year_label: 559 BCE

text: In the year of his accession (560–559 BC), the Babylonian king Neriglissar commands the declaration of an intercalendary month, so that his first year of kingship begins on Nisan 1 of 559 BC.

title: 559 BC

year_label: 557 BCE

text: Labashi-Marduk is king of Babylon during this year, succeeding Neriglissar, who reigned three years, and is followed by Nabonidus, who reigns 17 years.

title: 557 BC

year_label: 556 BCE

text: Nabonidus succeeds Labashi-Marduk as king of Babylon.

title: 556 BC

text: Labashi-Marduk succeeds Neriglissar as king of Babylon.

title: 556 BC

text: Labashi-Marduk, king of Babylon

title: 556 BC

year_label: 539 BCE

date: October 29

text: October 29 – Fall of Babylon: Achaemenid troops under Gobryas enter Babylon unopposed. Cyrus enters the city, incorporating the Neo-Babylonian Empire into the Achaemenid Empire and turning the latter into the largest in the history of the world up until that point.

title: 539 BC

section: Events › By place › Near East

year_label: 538 BCE

text: The Babylonian captivity of the Jews in Babylon ends when Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, allows them to return to Jerusalem under the leadership of Zerubbabel and Joshua the High Priest; possible start of construction of the Second Temple.

title: 538 BC

year_label: 522 BCE

text: Babylon rebels against Persian rule.

title: 522 BC

section: Events › By place › Persian Empire

year_label: 484 BCE

text: Despite an attempt at rebellion, the land and city of Babylon remains solidly under Persian rule.

title: 484 BC

year_label: 424 BCE

text: Xerxes II rules as King of Persia for only about 45 days until he is killed. He is reportedly murdered, while drunk, by Pharnacyas and Menostanes on the orders of Sogdianus, the son of one of Artaxerxes I's concubines, Alogyne of Babylon.

title: 424 BC

section: Events › By place › Persian empire

year_label: 404 BCE

text: The Persian King Darius II dies of an illness in Babylon. He is succeeded by his son Artaxerxes II (Memnon—'the Mindful').

title: 404 BC

year_label: 325 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Alexander the Great orders his admiral, Nearchus, to sail from the Hydaspes River in western India to the Persian Gulf and up the Euphrates River to Babylon while Alexander's army starts marching through Gedrosia (Baluchistan).

title: 325 BC

section: Events › By place › Macedonian Empire

year_label: 323 BCE

date: June 10

text: 10 June/11 June – In Babylon, Alexander the Great dies, ten days after being taken ill after a prolonged banquet and drinking bout. Diogenes, the philosopher he met years before, when he was just about to set out on his conquests, allegedly dies on the exact same day.

title: 323 BC

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia and conqueror of the Persian Empire died in Babylon (b. 356 BC)

title: 323 BC

year_label: 321 BCE

text: Leaving Eumenes to hold Asia Minor against Craterus and Antigonus, Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy, but when he fails to cross the Nile he is murdered by mutinous officers. Prominent among the mutineers is Seleucus. A truce is arranged, leaving Ptolemy in power in Egypt and Seleucus in power in Babylon.

title: 321 BC

year_label: 320 BCE

text: Alexander the Great's various generals control different parts of Alexander's empire. Ptolemy controls Egypt, Seleucus controls Babylon and Syria, Antipater and his son Cassander control Macedon and Greece, Antigonus controls Phrygia and other parts of Asia Minor, Lysimachus controls Thrace and Pergamum and Eumenes controls the Cappadocia and Pontus areas.

title: 320 BC

text: Alexandria in Macedonian Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking over the lead from Babylon in Macedonian Babylonia.

title: 320 BC

section: Events › By topic › Demography

year_label: 318 BCE

text: Antigonus resolves to become lord of all Asia, and in conjunction with Cassander and Ptolemy. He enters into negotiations with Eumenes; but Eumenes remains faithful to the royal house. He raises an army and forms a coalition with the satraps of the eastern provinces. He then captures Babylon from Antigonus.

title: 318 BC

year_label: 317 BCE

text: Seleucus joins Antigonus against Eumenes and recaptures Babylon.

title: 317 BC

year_label: 315 BCE

text: Antigonus claims authority over most of Asia, seizes the treasury at Susa and enters Babylon, where Seleucus is governor. Seleucus flees to Ptolemy in Egypt and enters into a league with him, Lysimachus (the ruler of Thrace) and Cassander, against Antigonus. This leads to the First Coalition War.

title: 315 BC

year_label: 314 BCE

text: Antigonus, the ruler of the Asian parts of the late Alexander the Great's empire, faces a coalition consisting of Cassander, the Macedonian regent; Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace; and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt, who have taken the side of the ousted satrap of Babylon, Seleucus.

title: 314 BC

text: The remaining Antigonid loyalists in Babylonia retreat to the citadel of Babylon. They also put Seleucus' remaining friends in Babylon there (under a strong guard). Seleucus besieges the citadel and manages to take it by storm.

title: 311 BC

section: Events › By place › Babylonia/Media/Susiana

text: Babylon and Susa fall to the Ptolemaic armies of Ptolemy III.

title: 245 BC

text: Emperor Trajan completes his invasion of Parthia by capturing the cities of Seleucia, Babylon, Ctesiphon and Susa, marking the high-water mark of the Roman Empire's eastern expansion.

title: AD 116

text: Byzantine–Sassanid War: Persian forces under the command of King Khosrau I capture the Byzantine stronghold of Dara, after a six-month siege. Meanwhile, a smaller Persian army under Adarmahan advances from Babylon through the desert, crosses the Euphrates River and ravages Syria. The cities of Apamea and Antiochia are plundered.

title: 573