slug: north-vietnam

label: North Vietnam

description: former country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976

date: August

text: Vietnam's capital Hanoi is taken by the Viet Minh, which ends the French occupation in what becomes North Vietnam, and thus the southern provinces become South Vietnam. This ends the August Revolution.

title: 1945

section: Events › August

date: August 1

text: August 1 – The First Indochina War ends with the Vietnam People's Army in North Vietnam, the Vietnamese National Army in South Vietnam, the Kingdom of Cambodia in Cambodia, and the Kingdom of Laos in Laos, emerging victorious against the French Army.

title: 1954

date: July 21

text: July 21 – First Indochina War: The Geneva Conference sends French forces to the south, and Vietnamese forces to the north, of a demarcation line. The agreement leads to the establishment of the North Vietnam regime and the state of South Vietnam.

title: 1954

section: Events › July

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: May 18

text: May 18 – Free movement of residents between North and South Vietnam ends.

title: 1955

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Official start date of the Vietnam War between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Republic of Vietnam; the north is allied with the Viet Cong.

title: 1955

section: Events › November

date: August 5

text: August 5 – Vietnam War: Operation Pierce Arrow – Aircraft from carriers USS Ticonderoga and USS Constellation bomb North Vietnam in retaliation for strikes against U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin.

title: 1964

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Vietnam War: At a rally in Saigon, South Vietnamese Prime Minister and military leader Nguyễn Khánh calls for expanding the war into North Vietnam.

title: 1964

section: Science & Discovery

date: December 21

text: December 21 – The Soviet Union announces that it has shipped rockets to North Vietnam.

title: 1965

section: Events › November–December

date: March 2

text: March 2 – Vietnam War: Operation Rolling Thunder – The United States Air Force 2nd Air Division, United States Navy and South Vietnamese air force begin a 3-year aerial bombardment campaign against North Vietnam.

title: 1965

section: Events › March–April

date: November 14

text: November 14 – Vietnam War – Battle of Ia Drang: In the Ia Drang Valley of the Central Highlands in Vietnam, the first major engagement of the war between regular United States and North Vietnamese forces begins.

title: 1965

section: Economy & Finance

date: November 29

text: November 29 – Vietnam War: U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announces his resignation to become president of the World Bank. McNamara's resignation follows U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's outright rejection of McNamara's early November recommendations to freeze troop levels, stop the bombing of North Vietnam, and hand over ground fighting to South Vietnam.

title: 1967

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Vietnam War: U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk states during a news conference that, because of North Vietnam's opposition, proposals by the U.S. Congress for peace initiatives are futile.

title: 1967

date: September 4

text: September 4 – Vietnam War – Operation Swift: The United States Marines launch a search and destroy mission in Quảng Nam and Quảng Tín provinces. The ensuing 4-day battle in Que Son Valley kills 114 Americans and 376 North Vietnamese.

title: 1967

date: March 30

text: March 30 – Vietnam War: The Easter Offensive begins after North Vietnamese forces cross into the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of South Vietnam

title: 1972

section: Events › March

date: August 15

text: August 15 – The U.S. bombing of Cambodia ends, officially halting 12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia according to the Case–Church Amendment-an act that prohibits military operations in Laos, Cambodia, and North and South Vietnam as a follow-up of the Paris Peace Accords.

title: 1973

date: January 15

text: January 15 – Vietnam War: Citing progress in peace negotiations, U.S. President Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam.

title: 1973

section: Events › January

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Vietnam War – Fall of Saigon: The Vietnam War concludes as Communist forces from North Vietnam take over Saigon, resulting in mass evacuation of the remaining American troops and South Vietnam civilians. As the capital is taken, South Vietnam surrenders unconditionally and is replaced with a temporary Provisional Government.

title: 1975

section: Events › April

date: March 10

text: March 10 – Vietnam War: North Vietnamese troops attack Ban Mê Thuột in South Vietnam on their way to capturing Saigon.

title: 1975

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: July 2

text: July 2 – North Vietnam dissolves the Provisional Government of South Vietnam and unites the two countries to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

title: 1976


slug: northern-court

label: Northern Court

description: set of six emperors (later recognized as pretenders) to the throne of Japan during the Nanboku-chō period (1336–1392)

section: Births

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Kōgon, emperor of Japan (Northern Court) (d. 1364)

title: 1313

section: Conflict & Security

date: July 7

text: July 7 – The reign of Emperor Kōgon of Japan, first of the Northern Court (Ashikaga) Pretenders, ends.

title: 1333

section: Events › January–December

section: Culture & Society

date: September 20

text: September 20 – The reign of Emperor Kōmyō, second of the Ashikaga Pretenders to the Northern Court of Japan, begins.

title: 1336

section: Events

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Emperor Go-Kōgon of Japan, Northern Court emperor during a conflict between two imperial lines (d. 1374)

title: 1338

date: November 18

text: November 18 – Emperor Kōmyō of Japan abdicates the throne in favour of his son Emperor Sukō, making them the second and third of the Northern Court (Ashikaga Pretenders).

title: 1348

date: November 26

text: November 26 – Emperor Sukō abdicates as 3rd Emperor of the Northern Court of Japan.

title: 1351

date: September 25

text: September 25 – Emperor Go-Kōgon becomes 4th Emperor of the Northern Court of Japan.

title: 1352

date: April 9

text: April 9 – Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan succeeds Emperor Go-Kōgon of the Northern Court of Japan.

title: 1371

section: Events › April–June

section: Health & Medicine

text: April 9 – (22nd day of third month of Eiwa 5) The Kōryaku era begins in the Northern Court of Japan at Kyoto on decree of the northern Emperor Go-En'yū because of a disastrous time of plague and war.

title: 1379

date: January 13

text: January 13 – At Heian-kyō (now Kyoto), Go-Komatsu is enthroned as the Emperor of the Northern Court of Japan, after having succeeded to the throne on the abdication of Emperor Go-En'yū on November 19.

title: 1383

section: Events › January–March

date: October 15

text: October 15 – (28th year of 9th month of Meitoku 3) The division of Japan between the Southern Court (with a capital at Yoshino) and the Northern Court) (with a capital at Heian-kyō, now Kyoto) ends as the southern Emperor Go-Kameyama agrees to recognize northern Emperor Go-Komatsu as the ruler of the entire nation.

title: 1392

section: Events › October–December


slug: northern-england

label: Northern England

description: cultural area of Great Britain

text: King Pabo Post Prydain of the Pennines (Northern England) abdicates his throne, and divides the kingdom between his two sons. He retires, as a hermit, to Anglesey.

title: 520

section: Events › By place › Britannia

text: The Anglo-Saxons under Ælla conquer Deira (Northern England) from the Britons. He becomes the first king of Deira (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).

title: 581

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Æthelric succeeds his father Ælla as king of Deira in Northern England.

title: 588

text: Owain mab Urien succeeds his father Urien, as Brythonic king of Rheged in Northern England (approximate date).

title: 590

section: Deaths

text: King Dynod Bwr of the Pennines (Northern England) dies fighting off a Bernician invasion. His kingdom Hen Ogledd ("The Old North") is overrun, and his family flees to Powys (approximate date).

title: 595

text: Battle of Catraeth: The Gododdin under Mynyddog Mwynfawr, Brythonic king of Hen Ogledd ("The Old North"), defeat the Angles of Bernicia and Deira, at the stronghold of Catraeth in Northern England (approximate date).

title: 598

text: King Æthelfrith annexes the neighboring kingdom of Deira (Northern England). The region between the Forth and Humber rivers will hereafter be known as Northumbria, the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

title: 605

text: King Rædwald of East Anglia conquers Northumbria (Northern England) at the Battle of the River Idle. King Æthelfrith is killed during the fighting and his children are forced to flee north. His heir, prince Eanfrith (age 26), seeks refuge with his mother's family, probably in Gododdin (modern Scotland), and moves further north into Pictland. Princes Oswald (age 12), Oswiu (age 4) and others escape to the court of King Eochaid Buide of Dál Riata, where they are converted to Christianity by the monks of Iona.

title: 616

text: The Angles under King Edwin of Northumbria invade Rheged ("Old North") in Northern England, and expel King Llywarch Hen. He flees to Powys, and becomes a famous bard. Edwin's armies fight against Gododdin and Strathclyde.

title: 620

text: Osric succeeds his uncle Edwin as king of Deira. Prince Eanfrith returns from Pictland to claim his rightful crown of Bernicia (Northern England). Both revert to paganism.

title: 633

text: Oswine, son of the late king Osric of Deira, manages to establish himself as king of Deira (Northern England) despite armed objections from King Oswiu of Bernicia. His succession, probably the choice of the people of Deira, splits the Kingdom of Northumbria.

title: 644

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Oswine, king of Deira (England)

title: 651

date: December

text: December – First Barons' War: King John of England campaigns successfully in the Midlands and captures Nottingham Castle, on December 24. King Alexander II of Scotland joins the Barons and invades Northern England.

title: 1215

section: Events › By continent › Europe

section: Religion & Belief

text: Enea Piccolomini, the future Pope Pius II, is sent by Cardinal Albergati on a secret mission to Scotland and Northern England.

title: 1435

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Climate & Environment

text: Although other reports exist, it is thought that the last wolf in England is killed this year, making the species extinct in that country. The wolf is thought to have been killed in Allithwaite, in Cumbria. However, reports of wolf sightings and laws concerning wolf bounties exist in rural areas of the north until the 18th century.

title: 1500


slug: northern-ireland

label: Northern Ireland

description: part of the United Kingdom situated on the island of Ireland

year_label: 95 BCE

text: "Forty-metre structure" at Emain Macha (near modern Armagh, Northern Ireland) was built and destroyed, presumably for ritual or ceremonial purposes.

title: 95 BC

section: Events › By place › Ireland

text: The Bangor Abbey is founded by the Irish abbot Comgall in Northern Ireland (approximate date).

title: 558

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Rory O'Donnell (Rudhraighe Ó Domhnaill) becomes the last Irish King of Tyrconnell upon the death of his brother, Hugh Roe O'Donnell (Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill). After less than a year, Rory allows Tyrconnell (modern-day County Donegal in Northern Ireland) to come under Irish control in return for being created the Earl of Tyrconnell.

title: 1602

section: Events › July–September

text: Belfast Academy (later Belfast Royal Academy) is founded by Rev. James Crombie in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

title: 1785

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Austins of Derry is established in Northern Ireland. Until closure in 2016, it is the world's oldest independent department store.

title: 1830

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: December 23

text: December 23 – The Government of Ireland Act 1920, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, receives Royal Assent from George V, providing for the partition of Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, with separate parliaments, granting a measure of home rule.

title: 1920

section: Events › December

date: May 20

text: May 20–21 – Amelia Earhart flies from the United States to County Londonderry, Northern Ireland in 14 hours 54 minutes.

title: 1932

section: Events › May

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: July 27

text: July 27–28 – English endurance swimmer Tom Blower becomes the first person to swim the North Channel, from Donaghadee in Northern Ireland to Portpatrick in Scotland.

title: 1947

section: Events › July

date: January 14

text: January 14 – The First Minister of Northern Ireland and the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years.

title: 1965

section: Events › January–February

date: April 20

text: April 20 – British troops arrive in Northern Ireland to reinforce the Royal Ulster Constabulary.

title: 1969

section: Events › April

date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Troubles: British troops are deployed in Northern Ireland to restore order following three days of political and sectarian violence, marking the beginning of the 37-year Operation Banner.

title: 1969

section: Events › August

date: May 6

text: May 6 – Arms Crisis in the Republic of Ireland: Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney are dismissed as members of the Irish Government for accusations of their involvement in a plot to import arms for use by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland.

title: 1970

date: October 30

text: October 30 – Rev. Ian Paisley founds the Democratic Unionist Party in Northern Ireland.

title: 1971

section: Events › October

date: July 21

text: July 21 – The Troubles: Bloody Friday – 22 bombs planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army explode in Belfast, Northern Ireland; nine people are killed and 130 seriously injured.

title: 1972

date: June 28

text: June 28 – Elections are held for the Northern Ireland Assembly, which will lead to power-sharing between unionists and nationalists in Northern Ireland for the first time.

title: 1973

section: Events › June

date: March 20

text: March 20 – A British government White Paper on Northern Ireland proposes the re-establishment of an Assembly elected by proportional representation, with a possible All-Ireland council.

title: 1973

section: Events › March

date: March 8

text: March 8 – The Troubles: A referendum is held in Northern Ireland over whether to reunite with the Republic of Ireland or to stay a part of the UK. The result was 98% remain. The Provisional Irish Republican Army responds to the referendum by planting four car bombs in London on the same day, two of which went off, causing one death and injuring over 200 people.

title: 1973

text: August 14 – Around 10,000 Protestant and Catholic women demonstrate for peace in Northern Ireland.

title: 1976

section: Crime & Justice

date: March 1

text: March 1 – U.K. Home Secretary Merlyn Rees ends Special Category Status for those sentenced for scheduled terrorist crimes relating to the civil violence in Northern Ireland.

title: 1976

date: March 4

text: March 4 – The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention is formally dissolved in Northern Ireland, resulting in Direct rule over Northern Ireland by the Government of the United Kingdom in London.

title: 1976

date: January 18

text: January 18 – The European Court of Human Rights finds the British government guilty of mistreating prisoners in Northern Ireland, but not guilty of torture.

title: 1978

section: Events › January

date: January 21

text: January 21 – The first DeLorean automobile, a stainless steel sports car with gull-wing doors, rolls off the production line in Dunmurry, Northern Ireland.

title: 1981

text: March 1 – 1981 Irish hunger strike: Bobby Sands, a Provisional Irish Republican Army member, begins a hunger strike for political status at HM Prison Maze (Long Kesh) in Northern Ireland, dying on May 5, the first of 7 IRA and 3 INLA hunger strikers to die.

title: 1981

date: February 28

text: February 28 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army carries out a mortar attack on the Royal Ulster Constabulary police station at Newry in Northern Ireland. With nine officers dead, it is the highest loss of life for the RUC on a single day.

title: 1985

section: Events › February

date: March 16

text: March 16 – Milltown Cemetery attack: Three men are killed and 70 wounded in a gun and grenade attack by loyalist paramilitary Michael Stone on mourners at Milltown Cemetery in Belfast, Northern Ireland, during the funerals of the 3 IRA members killed in Gibraltar.

title: 1988

date: August 26

text: August 26 – The Independent International Commission on Decommissioning is set up in Northern Ireland, as part of a peace process.

title: 1997

date: December 27

text: December 27 – Ulster loyalist paramilitary leader Billy Wright is assassinated inside Long Kesh prison in Northern Ireland.

title: 1997

date: April 10

text: April 10 – Good Friday Agreement: An hour after the end of the talks deadline, the Belfast Agreement is signed between the Irish and British governments and most Northern Ireland political parties, with the notable exception of the Democratic Unionist Party. This would mostly put an end to the conflict known as The Troubles.

title: 1998

date: August 15

text: August 15 – The Troubles: The Omagh bombing is carried out in Northern Ireland by the Real Irish Republican Army as a reaction to the Good Friday Agreement. 29 people are killed and 220 are injured. Shortly after these events, the group will call a ceasefire in response, signaling an end to the 30+ year conflict.

title: 1998

date: December 1

text: December 1 – Ireland formally relinquishes its territorial claim over Northern Ireland and recognizes the United Kingdom's sovereignty there.

title: 1998


slug: northern-italy

label: Northern Italy

description: geographic region of Italy

year_label: 115 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Marcus Aemilius Scaurus defeats the Carni Celtic tribes of Northern Italy, leading to their submission to Roman rule.

title: 115 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

text: The Suebian tribes of the Marcomanni cross the Danube and invade Northern Italy. The Roman army (20,000 men) is destroyed near Carnuntum in Pannonia.

title: AD 170

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Winter – A Roman army under the command of Ardaburius leaves Thessalonica (modern Central Macedonia) and marches for Northern Italy, where they make their base at Aquileia.

title: 424

text: Flavius Aetius leads a force of Huns (60,000 men) into Northern Italy. He reaches a compromise with Placidia, in return for obtaining the rank commander-in-chief (magister militum) in Gaul.

title: 425

text: The Huns under Attila invade Northern Italy. Emperor Valentinian III flees from Ravenna to Rome, and sends Pope Leo I to persuade Attila to return to the Hungarian Plain. The cities of Aquileia, Padua and Verona are destroyed by the Huns. Milan is saved because Attila is offered a huge amount of gold. Flavius Aetius (magister militum) is unable to raise a new army against him.

title: 452

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: August 2

text: August 2 – Majorian is arrested near Tortona (Northern Italy), and deposed by Ricimer (magister militum) as puppet emperor.

title: 461

text: Odoacer becomes the leader of the Germanic tribes (Herulic – Scirian foederati) in Northern Italy (approximate date).

title: 470

date: August

text: August – Battle of Sirmium in Pannonia: The Ostrogoths under Theodoric the Great, moving to invade Northern Italy at the behest of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno, defeat the Gepids attempting to stop their advance.

title: 489

text: Ildibad succeeds Vitiges as king of the Ostrogoths, and installs his nephew Totila as commander of the Gothic army. He recaptures Venetia and Liguria in Northern Italy.

title: 540

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Spring – The Lombards, led by King Alboin, cross the Julian Alps. Their invasion of Northern Italy is almost unopposed; withered Byzantine forces, that remain in the Po Valley and are based at Ravenna, are no match for the overwhelming Lombard incursion. Residents of the Italian countryside flee at the Lombards' approach. Some retreat to the barrier islands along the shore of the Northern Adriatic Sea, where they establish permanent settlements: the nascent city of Venice.

title: 568

text: The Lombards drive the last Ostrogoths across the Alps (Northern Italy). During the "Rule of the Dukes" the Lombards adopt Roman titles, names, and traditions.

title: 580

text: The Lombards re-establish a unified monarchy after a 10-year interregnum (Rule of the Dukes). Threatened by a Frankish invasion that the dukes have provoked, they elect Authari (son of Cleph) as their king and give him the capital of Pavia (Northern Italy).

title: 584

text: The Franks and Burgundians under King Guntram and his nephew Childebert II invade Northern Italy, but suffer a disastrous defeat against the Lombards.

title: 588

section: Deaths

text: After the death of Euin, Gaidoald becomes the Duke of Trent (Northern Italy).

title: 595

text: The Lombards under King Agilulf expand into Northern Italy, establishing a settlement with the Franks and maintaining intermittent relationships with Rome.

title: 601

text: King Agilulf besieges Cremona, and with the assistance of the Slavs the city is destroyed. He captures Padua and Mantua (Northern Italy); its territory is divided between the Lombard duchies of Brescia and Bergamo.

title: 603

text: The Franks take advantage of the Lombard civil war and invade Northern Italy, but are defeated by Grimoald I. King Chlothar III gives Austrasia to his youngest brother Childeric II. He is raised on the shield of his warriors and proclaimed king of Austrasia.

title: 662

text: Arnefrit, duke of Friuli (Northern Italy)

title: AD 666

text: The Lombards, under King Grimoald I, destroy Oderzo (Northern Italy). Much of its population flees to the nearby city of Heraclea.

title: 667

text: Alahis, duke of Brescia, starts a civil war in Northern Italy. He besieges Cunipert on an island in Lake Como (Lombardy), who breaks out with Piedmontese troops.

title: 688

text: Ado, duke of Friuli (Northern Italy)

title: 695

section: Religion & Belief

text: Abbo of Provence, Frankish nobleman, founds Novalesa Abbey in Piedmont (Northern Italy).

title: 726

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: King Liutprand takes advantage of the anti-imperial turmoil. He conquers Bologna and other cities beyond the Po River (Northern Italy). The Lombards take "Classis", the strategic seaport of Ravenna, and overrun the Pentapolis.

title: AD 727

text: The oldest document mentioning the city of Ferrara (Northern Italy) is from this year (approximate date).

title: 754

text: The Westphalians rise up against the Saxons, in response to a forcible recruitment for wars against the Avars. However, Pepin, sub-king of Northern Italy and son of King Charlemagne, continues the war, and wins considerable booty from the Avars.

title: 792

text: Winter – King Arnulf of Carinthia leads an East Frankish expedition into Italy, after he is recognized as overlord of France and Burgundy. Arnulf descends with an army over the Brenner Pass, and meets King Berengar I at a peace conference at Trento. Berengar grants him two counties in the Val d'Adige (Northern Italy), and does homage to Arnulf as overlord. In turn, Arnulf confirms Berengar as king of Lombardia, and returns to Germany.

title: AD 888

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Oath of Pontida: Supported by Pope Alexander III, the Lombard League is founded, a military alliance between the municipalities of Milan, Lodi, Ferrara, Piacenza and Parma, against the German invading forces of Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) in Northern Italy. The League (with other Italian cities) openly challenges Frederick's claim to power (Honor Imperii).

title: 1167

text: Henry Cornelius Agrippa returns to Northern Italy.

title: 1515

section: Events › Date unknown


slug: northern-liang

label: Northern Liang

description: Chinese Sixteen Kingdoms state (397–439)

section: Births

text: Juqu Mengxun, Chinese prince of the Northern Liang (d. 433)

title: 368

text: Duan Ye, prince of the Chinese state Northern Liang

title: 401

text: Juqu Mengxun, prince of the Xiongnu state Northern Liang (b. 368)

title: 433

text: Li Jingshou, princess of the Xiongnu state Northern Liang

title: 437

text: The Northern Wei empire annexes Northern Liang and unifies Northern China, concluding the Sixteen Kingdoms era.

title: 439

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Juqu Wuhui, prince of Northern Liang

title: 444

text: Juqu Mujian, prince of the Chinese state Northern Liang

title: 447

text: Juqu Anzhou, prince of the Chinese Xiongnu states Northern Liang

title: 460


slug: northern-march

label: Northern March

description: 10th-century march of East Francia

text: Lothair Udo I, margrave of the Nordmark (d. 1057)

title: 994

date: January 25

text: January 25 – Lothair I, margrave of the Nordmark

title: 1003

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Werner, margrave of the North March

title: 1014

text: Bernard, margrave of the Nordmark

title: 1051

date: September 10

text: September 10 – William, margrave of the Nordmark

title: 1056

date: June 26

text: June 26 – Otto, margrave of the Nordmark

title: 1057

text: Lothair Udo II, margrave of the Nordmark

title: 1082

date: June 27

text: June 27 – Henry the Long, margrave of the Nordmark

title: 1087

text: Henry II, margrave of the Northern March (d. 1128)

title: 1102

text: Conrad von Plötzkau, margrave of the Northern March

title: 1132

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The House of Brandenburg is founded, when Albrecht the Bear is made head of the Nordmark.

title: 1134

section: Events › By place › Scandinavia


slug: northern-qi

label: Northern Qi

description: historical Chinese country (550–577) during the Northern and Southern dynasties period

text: Lou Zhaojun, empress dowager of Northern Qi (d. 562)

title: 501

text: Yang Yin, official of Northern Qi (d. 560)

title: 511

text: Hulü Guang, general of Northern Qi (d. 572)

title: 515

text: He Shikai, high official of Northern Qi (d. 571)

title: 524

text: Wen Xuan Di, emperor of Northern Qi (d. 559)

title: 529

text: Xiao Zhao Di, emperor of Northern Qi (d. 561)

title: 535

text: Wu Cheng Di, emperor of Northern Qi (d. 569)

title: 537

text: Fei Di, emperor of Northern Qi (d. 561)

title: 545

text: The Eastern Wei Dynasty ends, and Wen Xuan Di becomes emperor of Northern Qi. He forces Xiao Jing Di to yield the throne.

title: 550

text: Xiao Daqi, crown prince of Northern Qi (b. 524)

title: 551

text: Gao Bainian, crown prince of Northern Qi (d. 564)

title: 556

text: Gao Wei, emperor of Northern Qi (d. 577)

title: 557

text: Gao Yan, prince of Northern Qi (d. 571)

title: 558

text: Wen Xuan Di, emperor of Northern Qi (b. 529)

title: 559

text: Yang Yin, official of Northern Qi (b. 511)

title: 560

text: Winter – Wu Cheng Di succeeds his brother Xiao Zhao Di, who dies from injuries suffered while hunting, as Chinese emperor of Northern Qi.

title: 561

text: Fei Di, emperor of Northern Qi (b. 545)

title: 561

text: The secondary capital Taiyuan in Northern Qi is rebuilt and becomes a center of Buddhism.

title: 562

text: Gao Bainian, crown prince of Northern Qi (b. 556)

title: 564

text: Gao Wei succeeds his father Wu Cheng Di as ruler of the Chinese Northern Qi Dynasty. Wu Cheng Di becomes a regent and Grand Emperor.

title: 565

text: Wu Cheng Di, emperor of Northern Qi (b. 537)

title: 569

text: Gao Heng, emperor of Northern Qi (d. 577)

title: 570

text: Gao Yan, prince of Northern Qi (b. 558)

title: 571

text: Hulü Guang, general of Northern Qi (b. 515)

title: 572

text: A predecessor of the modern match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, are first used in China. Besieged by military forces of Northern Zhou and Chen, Northern Qi court ladies use the "lighting sticks" to start fires for cooking and heating.

title: 577

section: Events › By topic › Science and Invention

text: Winter – Northern Qi, one of the Northern Dynasties, is conquered by Northern Zhou under Emperor Wu Di. He orders the last ruler (Gao Wei) and other members of the Gao clan to commit suicide. Northern China, above the Yangtze River, is once again brought under the control of a single power.

title: 577

text: Gao Heng, emperor of Northern Qi (b. 570)

title: 577

text: Gao Anagong, high official of Northern Qi

title: 580


slug: northern-wei

label: Northern Wei

description: first dynasty of Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern Dynasties period (386–535)

text: Dao Wu Di, Chinese emperor of Northern Wei (d. 409)

title: 371

text: Gao Yun, duke of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 487)

title: 390

text: A Rouran chief named Heduohan (曷多汗) is defeated and killed in battle against the Tuoba Northern Wei Dynasty. Surviving Rouran move west towards the Gaoche, led by Heduohan's brother and successor, Shelun.

title: 391

text: Heduohan, chief of the Rouran tribes (killed in battle against the Northern Wei)

title: 391

text: Ming Yuan Di, emperor of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 423)

title: 392

date: December 8

text: December 8 – Later Yan is defeated by its former vassal Northern Wei at the Battle of Canhe Slope, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period of China.

title: 395

text: Yuan He, official of the Northern Wei Dynasty (d. 479)

title: 403

text: Tai Wu Di, emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty (d. 452)

title: 408

text: Mingyuan, age 17, succeeds Daowu as emperor of the Chinese Northern Wei (one of the Northern dynasties).

title: 409

text: Daowu, emperor of the Northern Wei (b. 371)

title: 409

date: December 23

text: December 23 – Ming Yuan Di, ruler of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (b. 392)

title: 423

text: Tuoba Huang, prince of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 451)

title: 428

text: The Northern Wei empire annexes Northern Liang and unifies Northern China, concluding the Sixteen Kingdoms era.

title: 439

section: Economy & Finance

text: Northern and Southern dynasties: Northern China is unified by the Northern Wei dynasty. The South is still under the control of the Song (or Liu Song) dynasty.

title: 440

text: Feng, Chinese empress and regent of the Northern Wei dynasty (d. 490)

title: AD 442

section: Crime & Justice

text: Three Disasters of Wu: The Northern Wei dynasty begins persecuting Buddhists, having heretofore encouraged them. The drain of manpower and tax money to temples and monasteries has threatened the secular government, and the reaction is fierce: monks and nuns are murdered, temples and icons destroyed. All men under age 50 are prohibited from joining any monastic order in a program that will continue until 450, helping the Confucianist philosophy of the Han dynasty to gain dominance over Buddhism.

title: 446

section: Events › By place › China

text: Cui Hao, prime minister of Northern Wei

title: 450

date: July 29

text: July 29 – Tuoba Huang, prince of Northern Wei (b. 428)

title: 451

text: Nan'an Yinwang succeeds his father Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, after he is assassinated by the eunuch Zong Ai. Later this year, Yinwang is murdered as well, and Ai is overthrown by a group of high officials. Wencheng Di, age 12, becomes the new emperor of Northern Wei.

title: 452

date: March 11

text: March 11 – Tai Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 408)

title: 452

text: Helian, empress of Northern Wei

title: 453

text: Xian Wen Di, Chinese emperor of Northern Wei (d. 476)

title: 454

text: Yu Zhong, official and regent of Northern Wei (d. 518)

title: 462

text: Buliugu Li, official of the Northern Wei dynasty

title: 465

text: Yifu Hun, high official of Northern Wei

title: 466

text: Northern Wei ruler Xianwen officially goes into retirement. His son, Xiao Wen Di, aged 4, becomes the new emperor, initially under the regency of Emperor Xianwen's stepmother Empress Dowager Feng.

title: 471

text: Xian Wen Di, Retired Emperor of Northern Wei, is murdered by Empress Feng. She assumes regency over the young Xiao Wen Di.

title: 476

text: Xian Wen Di, Chinese Emperor of Northern Wei (b. 454)

title: 476

text: Yuan He, high official of Northern Wei (b. 403)

title: 479

text: Xuan Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 515)

title: 483

text: Gao Yun, duke of Northern Wei (b. 390)

title: 487

text: Yu, empress of Northern Wei (d. 507)

title: 488

text: Empress Feng of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty dies. She is buried with magnificent honors, in the Wenming Tomb.

title: 490

text: Feng, Chinese empress and regent of Northern Wei (b. 442)

title: 490

section: Culture & Society

text: Emperor Xiao Wen Di starts adopting a sinicization policy as well as various reforms. He marries Feng Qing, who becomes empress of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

title: 493

text: Erzhu Rong, general of Northern Wei (d. 530)

title: 493

text: Emperor Xiao Wen Di moves the capital of Northern Wei from Datong to Luoyang. He makes Chinese the official language of his court, and orders his nobility to adopt Chinese names.

title: 494

text: Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei builds the Shaolin Monastery in Henan for the monk Batuo (for alternate founding date see 477 or 497).

title: 495

text: Husi Chun, general of Northern Wei (d. 537)

title: 495

text: Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei starts the Sinicization process, by changing his clan name to the Han Chinese surname Yuan.

title: 496

text: Erzhu Tianguang, general of Northern Wei (d. 532)

title: 496

text: Crown Prince Yuan Xun of Northern Wei (b. 483)

title: 497

text: Jie Min Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 532)

title: 498

text: Crown prince Xuan Wu Di, age 16, succeeds his father Xiaowen and becomes emperor of Northern Wei. He appoints his uncle Yuan Xie provincial governor, who serves temporarily as regent to form a new government.

title: 499

text: Feng Run, Chinese empress of Northern Wei

title: 499

text: Erzhu Shilong, high-official of Northern Wei (d. 532)

title: AD 500

text: Battle of Zhongli: army of Liang dynasty led by Wei Rui decisively defeated army of Northern Wei

title: 507

text: Xiao Zhuang Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 531)

title: 507

text: Yuan Xie, prince of the Northern Wei Dynasty

title: 508

text: Xiao Ming Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 528)

title: 510

text: An Ding Wang, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 532)

title: 513

text: Gao Zhao, high official of Northern Wei

title: 515

text: November 14 – Gao, Chinese empress dowager of Northern Wei (murdered)

title: 518

text: The Songyue Pagoda is completed during the Northern Wei era; the circular-based tower is still 40 m (131 ft) in height.

title: 523

text: Yuan Cha, high official of Northern Wei (approximate date)

title: 525

text: Wang Lin, general of the Liang Dynasty and Northern Wei (d. 573)

title: 526

text: March 31 – Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei, emperor of Northern Wei, is poisoned by order of his mother, the regent Empress Dowager Hu.

title: 528

text: May 17 – Empress Dowager Hu, regent of Northern Wei, having resorted to an old monarchist tool and executed lovers who have displeased her, is drowned in the Yellow River along with the nominal emperor, the baby Yuan Zhao, and prince Yuan Yong by order of General Erzhu Rong, who places 21-year-old Yuan Ziyou on the throne as Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei.

title: 528

text: May 17 – Empress Dowager Hu of Northern Wei

title: 528

text: Yuan Hao, imperial prince of Northern Wei

title: 529

text: Emperor Xiao Zhuang Di is arrested and imprisoned in a Buddhist temple at Jinyang (Shanxi). He is succeeded by Chang Guang Wang, who becomes the new ruler of Northern Wei.

title: 530

text: Erzhu Rong, general of Northern Wei (b. 493)

title: 530

text: The reign of Chang Guang Wang, ruler of Northern Wei, ends. Gao Huan, Chinese general, begins a rebellion and declares another member of the imperial clan, An Ding Wang, emperor.

title: 531

text: Xiao Zhuang Di, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 507)

title: 531

text: An Ding Wang commits suicide, and is succeeded by Xiao Wu Di as Chinese emperor of Northern Wei.

title: 532

text: An Ding Wang, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 513)

title: 532

text: Erzhu Zhao, general of Northern Wei

title: 533

text: The Northern Wei dynasty ends: The northern region of China is split into the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei during a civil war. The first ruler is Wen Di; he makes his son Fei Di crown prince.

title: 535

text: Xiao Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 510)

title: 535

text: Husi Chun, general of Northern Wei (b. 495)

title: 537

text: Gao Huan, general of Northern Wei (b. 496)

title: 547

text: Erzhu Ying'e, empress of Northern Wei

title: 556


slug: northern-zhou

label: Northern Zhou

description: Xianbei-led dynasty of China

text: Yuwen Hu, regent of Northern Zhou (d. 572)

title: 515

text: Ming Di, emperor of the Northern Zhou (d. 560)

title: 534

text: unknown date – Li Ezi, Chinese empress dowager of Northern Zhou (d. 588)

title: 536

text: Xiao Min Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (d. 557)

title: 542

text: Wu Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (d. 578)

title: 543

text: Yuwen Xian, prince of Northern Zhou (d. 578)

title: 544

text: Zhu Manyue, empress of Northern Zhou (d. 586)

title: 547

text: Ashina, empress of Northern Zhou (d. 582)

title: 551

section: Conflict & Security

text: The Western Wei Dynasty ends: Yuwen Hu deposes emperor Gong Di, and places Yuwen Tai's son Xiaomin on the throne. Yuwen Hu becomes regent and establishes the Northern Zhou dynasty in China.

title: 557

text: Xiao Min Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 542)

title: 557

text: Empress Dugu, Northern Zhou consort

title: 558

text: Xuan Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (d. 580)

title: 559

text: Ming Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 534)

title: 560

text: Yang Lihua, empress of Northern Zhou (d. 609)

title: 561

text: Chen Yueyi, empress of Northern Zhou (approximate date)

title: 565

text: Yuchi Chifan, empress of Northern Zhou (d. 595)

title: 566

text: Yuwen Hu, regent of Northern Zhou (b. 515)

title: 572

text: Jing Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (d. 581)

title: 573

text: Xuan, empress of Northern Zhou

title: 574

text: A predecessor of the modern match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, are first used in China. Besieged by military forces of Northern Zhou and Chen, Northern Qi court ladies use the "lighting sticks" to start fires for cooking and heating.

title: 577

text: Winter – Northern Qi, one of the Northern Dynasties, is conquered by Northern Zhou under Emperor Wu Di. He orders the last ruler (Gao Wei) and other members of the Gao clan to commit suicide. Northern China, above the Yangtze River, is once again brought under the control of a single power.

title: 577

text: Wu Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 543)

title: 578

text: Wu Di, age 35, dies from an illness, and is succeeded by his eldest son Xuan Di as emperor of Northern Zhou.

title: 578

text: Emperor Xuan Di abdicates the throne to his son Jing Di, age 6, and rules as regent the Northern Zhou dynasty.

title: 579

text: The Northern Zhou dynasty, strategically based in the basin of the Wei River, is supreme in Northern China. In the south only the Chen dynasty remains a rival.

title: 580

text: Xuan Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 559)

title: 580

text: The Northern Zhou dynasty ends: Yáng Jiān executes the last ruler, 8-year-old Jing Di, along with 58 royal relatives at Chang'an. He proclaims himself emperor, and establishes the Sui dynasty in China.

title: 581

text: Jing Di, Chinese emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 573)

title: 581

text: Ashina, empress of Northern Zhou (b. 551)

title: 582

text: Zhu Manyue, empress of Northern Zhou (b. 547)

title: 586

text: Li Ezi, empress of Northern Zhou (b. 536)

title: 588

text: Yuchi Chifan, empress of Northern Zhou (b. 566)

title: 595

text: Yang Lihua, empress of Northern Zhou (b. 561)

title: 609

text: Yuan Humo, empress of Northern Zhou

title: 616

title: 650


slug: northumberland

label: Northumberland

description: ceremonial county and unitary authority area in north east England, UK

text: Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne, resigns his office and retires to his hermitage on Inner Farne (Northumberland) where he dies, after a painful illness.

title: 687

text: Northumbria is divided by King William II into the counties of Northumberland, County Palatine of Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire.

title: 1089

section: Events › By place › England

date: November 13

text: November 13 – Battle of Alnwick: King Malcolm III of Scotland invades Northumberland, but is killed by English forces under Earl Robert de Mowbray while besieging Alnwick Castle. He is succeeded by his brother Donald III ("the Fair") as ruler of Scotland.

title: 1093

section: Events › By place › Britain

date: January

text: January – After attacking four Norwegian merchant ships lying in the River Tyne, Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumberland, is called for by King William II of England to explain his actions. Instead, Mowbray rises up in rebellion against William along with other Norman nobles. William leads an army and besieges Bamburgh Castle; de Mowbray is captured after fleeing the stronghold.

title: 1095

date: May 22

text: May 22 – Henry of Anjou is knighted at Carlisle by King David I. Henry acknowledges the Scottish king's right to Northumberland.

title: 1149

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Battle of Alnwick: King William I (the Lion), supported by Flemish mercenaries, invades England, to help fight in the baronial rebellion against King Henry II. William attacks Prudhoe Castle in Northumberland, but is unable to capture it. He is captured by Lord Ranulf de Glanvill, and brought back to Newcastle. Henry occupies a part of Scotland, with its five strongest castles: Roxburgh, Berwick, Jedburgh, Edinburgh and Stirling.

title: 1174

text: Summer – King William the Lion of Scotland supports John's claim to the English throne, in exchange for ownership of the northern territories (including Northumberland and Cumberland).

title: 1199

date: November 22

text: November 22 – During a tour of the Midlands, John receives homage from William the Lion, king of Scotland, at Lincoln. William is looking to move into the areas of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland. John on the other hand ensures that these areas are controlled by English nobles he can trust.

title: 1200

date: September 25

text: September 25 – Treaty of York: King Henry III signs an agreement with Alexander II of Scotland at York. Alexander subjects to Henry's sovereignty and renounces the Scottish claims to Northumberland, Westmorland and Cumberland. This establishes the Anglo-Scottish border in a form with the future status of several feudal properties and marks the end of Scotland's attempts to extend its frontier southward.

title: 1237

date: October

text: October–November – Scottish forces led by William Wallace begin raids in Northumberland and Cumberland. During a ceremony at Selkirk, Wallace is knighted and appointed Guardian of Scotland. (Contradicts First Scottish War of Independence that cites William Wallace as having been made a knight and Guardian of Scotland in March, 1298)

title: 1297

section: Events › By place › British Isles

date: July 5

text: July 5 – First War of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England launches his sixth campaign into Scotland, crossing into Berwickshire from Northumberland.

title: 1301

section: Events › July– September

text: Alnwick Castle in Northumberland is bought by the House of Percy, later Earls of Northumberland.

title: 1309

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Edward II arrives at Dunbar Castle, and takes safely a ship to Bamburgh in Northumberland. His mounted escort takes the coastal route from Dunbar to Berwick.

title: 1314

section: Events › April – June

date: July 8

text: July 8 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): King Robert II of Scotland sends two armies of Scottish soldiers and French mercenaries south from Edinburgh and raids the English county of Northumberland.

title: 1385

section: Events › July–September

date: April 28

text: April 28 – Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, is killed in the village of South Kilvington in Yorkshire while meeting with John à Chambre in an attempt to stop the Yorkshire rebellion of 1489, which had started over King Henry VII's raising of taxes in Northumberland and Yorkshire.

title: 1489

section: Events › April–June

date: September 21

text: September 21– King James IV of Scotland and his army invade Northumberland in the Kingdom of England, in support of the pretender to the English throne, Perkin Warbeck. The invaders leave on September 25 and travel back to Scotland.

title: 1496

date: August 5

text: August 5 – A force of 7,000 Scottish border troops, commanded by Lord Home, invades England and begins the destruction and pillaging of villages in Northumberland.

title: 1513

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Second Bishops' War: A Scottish Covenanter army invades Northumberland in England.

title: 1640

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Having completed his invasion of Ireland, England's General Oliver Cromwell begins the war against the Kingdom of Scotland, crossing from Northumberland at Berwick-upon-Tweed into Berwickshire, and leads troops toward Edinburgh.

title: 1650

date: January 1

text: January 1 – At daybreak, English Army Colonel George Monck, with two brigades of troops from his Scottish occupational force, fords the River Tweed at Coldstream in Scotland to cross the Anglo-Scottish border at Northumberland, with a mission of advancing toward London to end military rule of England by General John Lambert and to accomplish the English Restoration, the return of the monarchy to England. By the end of the day, he and his soldiers have gone 15 mi through knee-deep snow to Wooler while the advance guard of cavalry had covered 50 mi to reach Morpeth.

title: 1660

section: Events › January–March


slug: northumbria

label: Northumbria

description: kingdom of the Angles (653–954)

section: Births

text: Oswald, king (bretwalda) of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: 604

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: King Æthelfrith annexes the neighboring kingdom of Deira (Northern England). The region between the Forth and Humber rivers will hereafter be known as Northumbria, the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

title: 605

text: Oswiu, king of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: 612

text: Battle of Chester: King Æthelfrith of Northumbria invades Gwynedd (northwest Wales), in order to route out his old enemy, Edwin of Deira. A united Brythonic force (Gwynedd, Powys, Pengwern and Dumnonian warriors) is defeated near Chester.

title: 613

text: King Rædwald of East Anglia conquers Northumbria (Northern England) at the Battle of the River Idle. King Æthelfrith is killed during the fighting and his children are forced to flee north. His heir, prince Eanfrith (age 26), seeks refuge with his mother's family, probably in Gododdin (modern Scotland), and moves further north into Pictland. Princes Oswald (age 12), Oswiu (age 4) and others escape to the court of King Eochaid Buide of Dál Riata, where they are converted to Christianity by the monks of Iona.

title: 616

section: Deaths

text: Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: 616

date: April 24

text: April 24 – St. Justus is appointed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Boniface V upon the death of Archbishop Mellitus., receiving the pallium — symbol of the jurisdiction entrusted to archbishops. He oversees the dispatch of missionaries to Northumbria in northern England to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity.

title: 624

section: Events › By date › January–June

text: King Edwin of Northumbria defeats the West Saxons under Cynegils, who has tried to thwart the growing strength of Edwin by having him assassinated. Edwin obliges Cynegils to acknowledge Northumbria's supremacy.

title: 626

date: April 19

text: April 19 – Eanflæd, queen of Northumbria

title: 626

date: October 12

text: October 12 or 632 – Edwin, king of Northumbria

title: 633

section: Religion & Belief

text: Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish missionary, founds the monastery of Lindisfarne in Northumbria (northern England).

title: 635

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: King Oswald and his Northumbrian army besiege and conquer Edinburgh (Scotland). His half-brother, Oswiu of Bernicia, marries Princess Rhiainfelt, heiress of North Rheged ("Old North"). Northumbria embraces North Rheged in a peaceful takeover, and Oswiu becomes a sub-king (approximate date).

title: 638

text: Hartlepool Abbey in Northumbria (northern England) is founded. Wooden huts surrounding a church are built in Saxon style.

title: 640

text: August 5 or 641 – Oswald, king of Northumbria

title: 642

text: Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: 645

text: Hilda of Whitby, age 33, is persuaded by Aidan, bishop of Lindisfarne, to enter the monastic life at Hartlepool Abbey (Northumbria).

title: 647

text: Æthelburh of Kent, queen of Northumbria

title: 647

text: King Œthelwald of Deira is removed from office by his uncle Oswiu, because of his desertion at the Battle of the Winwaed, and replaced by the latter's son Alhfrith, as subject king in a united Northumbria.

title: 656

text: King Oswiu of Northumbria invades Pengwern (modern Wales) and kills King Cynddylan in battle, near the River Trent. Cynddylan's brother Morfael and the rest of the royal family flee to Glastening (Wessex).

title: 656

text: King Oswiu of Northumbria invades Pictland (modern Scotland). He establishes overlordship of, at least, the Southern Pictish sub-kingdoms of Fortriu and Fib (and possibly Circinn).

title: 663

text: Synod of Whitby: King Oswiu of Northumbria calls for a meeting at Whitby Abbey to settle the church practices in his kingdom—those of the Celtic Church (of Wales, Scotland and the north of England – preached by Irish missionaries) or the Roman Church (of the south of England). The matters discussed include how to calculate the date of Easter. It is decided to follow the practice of Rome. As a result, many Irish clergy leave Northumbria and return to Ireland.

title: 664

text: Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon abbot, refuses to be consecrated in Northumbria as bishop, and travels to Compiègne (France) to be consecrated by Agilbert, archbishop of Paris.

title: 665

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: Wilfrid returns to Great Britain, but is shipwrecked in Sussex. When he finally reaches Northumbria, he finds he has been deposed and is forced to retire to Ripon.

title: AD 666

section: Events › By place › Religion

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Oswiu, king of Northumbria

title: 670

text: Æthelthryth, former queen of Northumbria, gives large areas of land to bishop Wilfrid to found Hexham Abbey.

title: 674

text: King Æthelred of Mercia defeats the Northumbrian forces under King Ecgfrith, in a battle near the River Trent. Archbishop Theodore helps to resolve differences between the two, Æthelred agreeing to pay a weregild to avoid any resumption of hostilities (approximate date).

title: 678

text: Wilfrid, bishop of York, is at the height of his power and owns vast estates throughout Northumbria. After his refusal to agree to a division of his see, Ecgfrith and Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, have him banished from Northumbria.

title: 678

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Æthelthryth, queen of Northumbria

title: AD 679

text: Wilfrid returns to Northumbria, with papal support, but is imprisoned by King Ecgfrith, and again exiled. He travels to the Kingdom of Sussex and begins to evangelise the people.

title: 680

text: King Ecgfrith requests Benedict Biscop to build a second monastery at Jarrow (Northumbria). Benedict leaves Monkwearmouth with 20 monks, (including his protégé, the young Bede).

title: 682

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Cuthbert is elected Bishop of Hexham, and receives a visit from a large group under Ecgfrith. He agrees to return to Lindisfarne (Northumbria) to take up duties.

title: 684

text: Aldfrith, illegitimate half-brother of Ecgfrith, becomes (possibly with Irish and Scottish help) king of Northumbria. He is brought from Iona (Inner Hebrides), where he is studying for a career in the church.

title: 685

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria

title: 685

section: Health & Medicine

text: Plague kills almost all of the Benedictine monks in the monastery of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey (Northumbria), aside from the abbot Ceolfrith and one small boy – future scholar Bede.

title: 686

text: Eanflæd, queen of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: 686

text: Adomnán, Irish abbot of Iona, visits the court of King Ecgfrith, to ransom Irish captives (60 Gaels who had been captured in a Northumbrian raid).

title: 687

section: Events › By place › Europe › Britain

text: Eadberht is appointed bishop of Lindisfarne (Northumbria). He founds the holy shrine to his predecessor Cuthbert, a place that becomes a centre of great pilgrimage in later years.

title: 688

text: Wilfrid, abbot of Ripon, tries to make himself bishop of all Northumbria. King Aldfrith seizes many of his Ripon Abbey estates, and proposes to create a bishopric there. Wilfrid is banished and flees to Mercia, where King Æthelred makes him bishop of Leicester.

title: 691

text: Osred I, king of Northumbria (approximate date)

title: 697

text: Berhtred, Anglo-Saxon nobleman, is killed leading a Northumbrian army against the Picts. The kingdom of Cait (or Cat) in northern Scotland is absorbed (approximate date).

title: 698

text: Queen Cuthburh of Northumbria enters religious life. The Anglo-Saxon religious community at St. Mary's Nunnery is re-founded.

title: 700

date: December 14

text: December 14 – Aldfrith, king of Northumbria (or 705)

title: 704

text: Aldfrith, king of Northumbria (or 704)

title: 705

text: Berhtwald, archbishop of Canterbury, is obliged by the pope's insistence to call the Synod of Nidd (Northumbria).

title: 706

text: Dux Berhtfrith leads a Northumbrian campaign against the Picts, and defeats them in Manaw Gododdin (modern Scotland) (approximate date).

title: AD 711

text: King Ealdwulf of East Anglia dies, and is succeeded by his son Ælfwald. Queen Cuthburh of Northumbria travels south to found a monastery at Wimborne (Dorset).

title: 713

text: Eadwulf I, king of Northumbria

title: 717

text: Former queen Cuthburh of Northumbria, abbess of Wimborne, dies at her abbey and is buried there (approximate date).

title: 718

text: May 9 – Osric, king of Northumbria

title: 729

text: Willibrord, the first bishop of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Northumbrian missionary, dies at Echternach (modern Luxembourg).

title: 739

text: King Eadberht of Northumbria marches his army north to attack the Picts. King Æthelbald of Mercia takes advantage of his absence, and ravages the city of York. Internal struggles re-emerge in Northumbria with the murder of Eardwine, probably the son of the late usurping king Eadwulf I.

title: 740

text: Æthelred I, king of Northumbria (d. 796)

title: 762

text: August 20 – Eadberht, king of Northumbria

title: 768

text: Unrest in the Northumbrian Church appears to lead to the expulsion of King Alhred, who is driven from his capital York. He sails from Bamburgh into exile amongst the Picts, where he is received by King Ciniod I. He is replaced by Æthelred I, the 11-year-old son of the late king Æthelwald Moll.

title: 774

text: Unrest in Northumbria leads to King Æthelred I ordering the execution of three of his dukes. This considerably weakens his position (approximate date).

title: 778

text: January 28 – Northumbrians kill the new Norman earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines, at Durham, and attack York.

title: 1069


slug: northwest-passage

label: Northwest Passage

description: sea route north of North America

date: May 10

text: May 10 – Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.

title: 1534

date: August 11

text: August 11 – English navigator Martin Frobisher, on his search for the Northwest Passage through North America, enters the bay now named after him in Canada.

title: 1576

date: August 8

text: August 8 – English explorer John Davis enters Cumberland Sound in Baffin Island, in his quest for the Northwest Passage.

title: 1585

date: May 19

text: May 19 – John Davis sets out from Dartmouth, Devon, for a third attempt to find the Northwest Passage.

title: 1587

date: August 2

text: August 2 – Henry Hudson sails into what is now known as Hudson Bay, thinking he has made it through the Northwest Passage and reached the Pacific Ocean.

title: 1610

date: March 26

text: March 26–August 30 – English explorer William Baffin, as pilot to Robert Bylot on the Discovery, makes a detailed exploration of Baffin Bay, whilst searching for the Northwest Passage. The expedition also discovers Smith Sound, Lancaster Sound and Devon Island, and reaches latitude 77° 45' North, a record which holds for 236 years.

title: 1616

section: Events › March-April

date: June 24

text: June 24–October 14 – The English ships Dobbs galley and California, under Captains William Moore and Francis Smith, explore Hudson Bay, discovering there is no Northwest Passage by this route.

title: 1747

date: April 18

text: April 18 – John Ross sets sail on his ship, the Isabella, in search of the Northwest Passage.

title: 1818

text: A British Arctic expedition under William Parry, comprising HMS Hecla and HMS Griper, reaches longitude 112°51' W in the Northwest Passage, the furthest west which will be attained by any single-season voyage for 150 years.

title: 1819

section: Events › Date unknown

date: July 21

text: July 21 – Explorer William Parry, sailing in the Arctic in a quest for the Northwest Passage through North America, guides the ships HMS Hecla and HMS Griper through an iceberg-laden passage that will later be named the Parry Channel.

title: 1819

date: July 28

text: July 28 – HMS Terror and HMS Erebus of the Franklin Expedition go missing in the Davis Strait west of Greenland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.

title: 1845

text: May 19 – HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, with 134 men, comprising Sir John Franklin's expedition to find the Northwest Passage, sail from Greenhithe on the Thames. They will last be seen in the summer, entering Baffin Bay.

title: 1845

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Near Point Barrow, Alaska, the crew of the Norwegian ship Gjoa, led by Roald Amundsen, make the breakthrough of finding the long-sought "Northwest Passage" from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

title: 1905

section: Events › August

text: October 12 – Canadian Arctic explorer Henry Larsen returns to Vancouver, becoming the first person successfully to navigate the Northwest Passage in both directions, in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police schooner . His westbound voyage is the first completed in a single season, and the first passage through the Prince of Wales Strait.

title: 1944

section: Events › October


slug: norway

label: Norway

description: country in Northern Europe

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Viking raiders attack the Northumbrian coast, arriving in longships from either Denmark or Norway, and sacking the monastery of Lindisfarne. Many of the monks are killed or enslaved. It is the first Viking attack on a monastery in the British Isles, although it is not the first known Viking attack in the British Isles. The first attack came in 789, when Vikings raided the settlement of Portland in Dorset.

title: 793

section: Events › By place › Britain

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Grímur Kamban becomes the first man to set foot in the Faroe Islands, and settles down in Funningur, on the northwest coast of Eysturoy (beginning the Norwegian Viking era on the islands).

title: 825

text: Viking chieftain Halfdan the Black becomes king of Agder (modern Norway). He expands his realm through military conquest and political negotiations, dividing the kingdom of Vestfold with his half-brother Olaf.

title: 829

text: Summer – The Viking ship of Oseberg near Tønsberg (modern Norway) is buried in a mound, during the Viking Age (approximate date).

title: 834

text: Vikings from Norway capture Dublin and establish a Norse kingdom in Ireland, and also at about this date make their first overwintering at Lough Neagh in the north of Ireland.

title: 840

section: Events › By place › British Isles

text: The town of Dyflin (meaning "Black Pool") or Dublin (modern Ireland) is founded by Norwegian Vikings, on the south bank of the River Liffey. The settlement is fortified with a ditch and an earth rampart, with a wooden palisade on top. The Norsemen establish a wool weaving industry, and there is also a slave trade. An artificial hill is erected, where the nobility meets to make laws and discuss policy.

title: 841

section: Events › By place › Ireland

section: Conflict & Security

text: Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid, High King of Mide, defeats a Norse Viking army at Sciath Nechtain in Ireland (approximate date).

title: 848

text: King Áed Findliath drives the invading Danes and Norwegians out of Ireland, after defeating them at the Battle of Killineery.

title: 868

text: Ingólfr Arnarson arrives from Norway, as the first permanent Viking settler in Iceland. He builds his homestead and founds Reykjavík. The settlement of Iceland begins (approximate date).

title: 874

text: King Harald Fairhair of Norway subdues the rovers on the Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands, and adds them to his kingdom (approximate date).

title: 875

text: Battle of Fjaler: King Harald Fairhair moves east along the Norwegian coast with his fleet. He defeats his rival Atle Mjove at Fjaler in Sunnfjord, and lands with his longships at Tønsberg.

title: 880

text: Greenland is discovered by the Norseman Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, sailing from Norway to Iceland: he is blown off course by a storm and comes in sight of some islands off the coast (approximate date).

title: 900

section: Events › By topic › Exploration

text: Battle of Fitjar – A Viking force under the sons of Eric Bloodaxe lands on Hordaland. King Haakon the Good defeats the rebelling force, but is killed. Harald Greycloak becomes ruler of the western part of Norway.

title: 961

text: Harald II (Greycloak), king of Norway

title: 970

text: Erik the Red leaves Norway, to survey west of Iceland in Viking longships, that carry nearly 700 people with cattle, horses, and other necessities for starting a colony on the island. Erik finds land and calls it Greenland.

title: 981

text: King Harald Bluetooth invades Norway, pillaging southwest Norway all the way to Stad, where he encounters Haakon Sigurdsson (the de facto ruler of Norway) and his army. He flees back to Denmark, ending the invasion.

title: 982

text: Emma of Normandy, noblewoman, queen consort of England (twice), Denmark and Norway (d. 1052; approximate date)

title: 984

text: Harold II (Bluetooth), king of Denmark and Norway

title: 985

text: Battle of Hjörungavágr: The Earls of Lade under Haakon Sigurdsson (the Powerful) defeat a Danish invasion force led by the Jomsvikings in western Norway.

title: 986

section: Culture & Society

text: Olaf Tryggvason, already a baptised Christian, is confirmed as Christian in a ceremony at Andover. After receiving gifts from Æthelred II, Olaf leaves for Norway.

title: 994

section: Events › By place › England

text: Olaf Tryggvason is crowned king of Norway (and ruled until 1000) and builds the country's first Christian church.

title: 995

section: Events › Europe

text: Cnut (the Great), king of Denmark, Norway and England (d. 1035)

title: 995

text: Trondheim is founded by King Olav Tryggvason. This will function as the main city and capital of Norway, until Bergen is founded in 1070.

title: 997

date: September 9

text: September 9 – Olaf Tryggvason (or Olaf I), king of Norway

title: AD 1000

text: Earl Eric Haakonsson outlaws berserkers in Norway.

title: 1015

text: Harald Hardrada, king of Norway (d. 1066)

title: 1015

text: Svein Knutsson, king of Norway (d. 1035)

title: 1016

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Battle of Nesjar (off the coast of Norway): Olaf Haraldsson is victorious over former co-regent Sweyn Haakonsson, confirming his status as king of Norway.

title: 1016

text: Magnus the Good, king of Norway (d. 1047)

title: 1024

text: Battle of Helgeå (off the coast of Sweden): Naval forces of King Cnut's North Sea Empire defeat the combined Swedish and Norwegian royal fleets.

title: 1026

section: Events › Asia › Europe

text: Cnut the Great sails from England to Norway with a fleet of 50 ships. He defeats Olaf Haraldsson and is crowned king of Norway. Cnut becomes the sole ruler of England, Denmark and part of Sweden (known as the Danish North Sea Empire).

title: 1028

date: July 29

text: July 29 – Battle of Stiklestad: King Olaf II Haraldsson (St. Olaf) attempts to reconquer Norway with help from King Anund Jakob of Sweden. He is defeated by a superior Norwegian peasant and Danish army (14,000 men). Olaf is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').

title: 1030

text: July 29 – Olaf II Haraldsson (St. Olaf), king of Norway

title: 1030

text: Svein Knutsson, king of Norway and son of Cnut the Great

title: 1035

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Conrad II grants the right to hold the first Freimarkt festival in Bremen. The city increases her trade with Norway, and the northern Netherlands.

title: 1035

text: March 26 – Magnus IV and his uncle Harald Gille become joint kings of Norway, starting the civil war era in Norway.

title: 1130

section: Events

section: Crime & Justice

date: January

text: January – Eystein Meyla, leader of the Birkebeiner in Norway, is killed. Sverre Sigurdson (Later, King Sverre I, of Norway) becomes the new leader.

title: 1177

section: Events › January–December

text: January – Eystein Meyla, leader of the Birkebeiner in Norway. (b. 1157)

title: 1177

date: June 18

text: June 18 – Battle of Kalvskinnet: Norwegian forces led by King Sverre Sigurdsson defeat and kill Earl Erling Skakke, outside Nidaros in Norway. The battle changes the tide of the civil wars.

title: 1179

text: Valdemar II of Denmark is recognized as king in Norway.

title: 1204

text: Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway.

title: 1251

text: John Balliol, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King Edward I of England's demands for support in a planned invasion of France, the result being the negotiation of the Auld Alliance with France and Norway in the following year. These actions play a part in precipitating the Scottish Wars of Independence, which begin in 1296.

title: 1294

text: Magnus Eriksson, king of Sweden and Norway from the House of Bjälbo (d. 1374)

title: 1316

date: August

text: August – Magnus Eriksson, grandson of the recently deceased king Haakon V and already proclaimed King of Sweden, is recognized by the Norwegian assembly as King Magnus VII of Norway, thus establishing a personal union with Sweden and Norway.

title: 1319

text: May 8 – King Haakon V Magnusson of Norway dies at the age of 49 with no sons, leaving the throne empty until the nobles can agree on his successor. Havtore Jonsson manages a guardianship government until the nobles choose Magnus VII Eriksson, son of Haakon's daughter Ingeborg.

title: 1319

text: August 15 – Magnus IV of Sweden abdicates from the throne of Norway, in favor of his son Haakon VI of Norway. However, Haakon is still a minor, allowing Magnus to remain de facto ruler.

title: 1343

text: The Black Death in England spreads to the north and a ship from England carries it to Askøy and Bjørgvin (modern-day Bergen) in Norway. The disease also breaks out in Mecca and is prevalent in the Île-de-France and the Kingdom of Navarre.

title: 1349

text: March 16 – King Haakon VI of Norway designates the city of Skien as a city with trading privileges, making it the sixth town with city status in Norway.

title: 1358

text: A peace treaty is signed between Norway and the Hanseatic League.

title: 1368

text: The King of Norway sends the last Royal Ship from Norway to the Greenland Eastern Settlement. This event is part of both the Norse colonization of the Americas, and of the History of Greenland.

title: 1368

text: July 29 – At the age of 10, King Olaf II of Denmark is proclaimed as King Olaf IV of Norway, with his mother Margete) as regent. Iceland and the Faroe Islands, as parts of Norway, pass under the Danish crown.

title: 1380

text: July 20 – Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden publishes the Treaty of Kalmar, proposing the personal union of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney) and Sweden (including Finland and Åland).

title: 1396

text: June 17 – Erik of Pomerania is crowned in Kalmar (Sweden) as ruler of the Kalmar Union, a personal union of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney) and Sweden (including Finland and Åland) engineered by Queen Margaret I of Denmark, his great-aunt and adoptive mother, who retains de facto power in the realm.

title: 1397

text: August 29 – The Treaty of Bergen is signed by officials of Norway and Sweden to reunite the two kingdoms under the rule of King Christian I. Both Norway and Sweden retain self-government and their own governing bodies.

title: 1450

text: February 24 – King Charles VIII of Sweden is declared deposed after fleeing from Stockholm to Danzig following a rebellion. The Archbishop of Sweden, Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, and statesman Erik Axelsson Tott become co-regents of Sweden. The coup leaders then offer the throne to Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway.

title: 1457

text: February 20 – Orkney and Shetland are returned by Norway to Scotland, as a result of a defaulted dowry payment.

title: 1472

text: July 20 – King Christian II is crowned King of Norway in Oslo. This coronation will be the last in Norway for 304 years until the crowning of King Karl III Johan in 1818.

title: 1514

text: January 19 – King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes, at Lake Åsunden in Sweden. The Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger is mortally wounded in the Battle of Bogesund. He is rushed towards Stockholm, in order to lead the fight against the Danes from there.

title: 1520

text: April 1 – The Archbishop of Norway, Olav Engelbrektsson, flees from Trondheim to Lier, Belgium.

title: 1537

text: May 17 – The siege by Norwegian and Danish Protestants of Steinvikholm Castle in Norway, the former residence of the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norway, ended after a month when the Catholic defenders surrendered to the Danish commander, Tord Roed.

title: 1537

text: King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway founds Fredrikstad in Norway.

title: 1567

text: October 22 – King James VI of Scotland sails to Norway to meet his bride, Anne of Denmark as part of a fleet of six Scottish Navy ships, and is accompanied by Lord Maitland of Thirlestane, the Lord Chancellor of Scotland.

title: 1589

text: June 15 – During a voyage in the Arctic Ocean, explorer Henry Hudson and the crew of the Hopewell sight what they claim to be a mermaid, swimming in the seas near Norway.

title: 1608

text: December 24 – An unexpected storm strikes off the coast of Finnmark in Norway, sinking 10 ships and drowning at least 40 people. A little more than three years later, Mari Jørgensdatter tells interrogators that she and several other witches caused the storm, prompting the Vardø witch trials.

title: 1617

text: February 28 – A decree is issued in Norway making it illegal for Jesuits or Roman Catholic monks to be harbored in the country.

title: 1624

text: The Great Famine of 1695–1697 begins as the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) in Swedish Estonia and spreads across Finland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden, while the "seven ill years" of famine in Scotland are ongoing.

title: 1695

text: May 19 – Over 90% of the city of Bergen, Norway, is destroyed and reduced to ashes in a Great Fire.

title: 1702

text: March 8 – King Charles XII of Sweden leads an invasion of Norway, crossing the border at Basmo, near the modern-day town of Marker.

title: 1716

text: Molde, Norway, becomes a city.

title: 1742

text: A fire destroys parts of Christiania, Norway.

title: 1758

text: July 3 – Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, Adresseavisen, is first published.

title: 1767

text: December 1 – The slave ship Fredensborg sinks off Tromøya, Norway.

title: 1768

text: January 14 – Treaty of Kiel: Frederick VI of Denmark cedes the Kingdom of Norway into personal union with Sweden, in exchange for west Pomerania. This marks the end of the real union of Denmark-Norway.

title: 1814

text: September 7 – Carl III of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.

title: 1818

text: July 8 – Charles XV succeeds his father Oscar I of Sweden and Norway (as Charles IV).

title: 1859

text: April 1 – F. Melius Christiansen, Norwegian-born violinist and choral conductor (d. 1955)

title: 1871

text: February 24 – The first stage production of the verse-play Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen premieres, with incidental music by Edvard Grieg, in Christiania (modern-day Oslo), Norway.

title: 1876

text: May 23 – Josef Terboven, German Nazi politician, Reichskommissar for Norway 1940–1945 (d. 1945)

title: 1898

text: December 2 – Norsk Hydro, predecessor of Equinor, a state-run energy product and grid brand in Scandinavia, is founded in Norway.

title: 1905

text: January 15 – A series of three 41 m ft high tsunamis kill 61 people in Norway, after a rockslide sweeps down Mount Ramnefjell and crashes into Lake Lovatnet.

title: 1905

text: November 12 – Norway holds a plebiscite on the monarchy, resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country.

title: 1905

text: May 5–October 11 – The Jubilee Exhibition (Jubilæumsutstillingen) is held at Kristiania, Norway, to mark the centennial of the country's constitution.

title: 1914

text: February 9 – The Svalbard Treaty, signed by members of the League of Nations in Paris, recognises the sovereignty of Norway over the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard (at this time called Spitzbergen), while giving the other signatories economic rights in the islands.

title: 1920

text: August 18 – Norway launches its 1st sounding rocket, Ferdinand 1, from Andøya Space Center and becomes a space nation.

title: 1962

text: May 4 – The 30th Eurovision Song Contest takes place in Gothenburg, Sweden and is won by the Bobbysocks! song La det swinge for Norway.

title: 1985

text: June 1–10 – Pope John Paul II visits Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden.

title: 1989

text: September 15 – The Norwegian parliamentary election is held in Norway.

title: 1997

text: October 6 – A controversial Peruvian tape regarding a Norwegian oil company causes the 2008 Peru oil scandal, sparking protests which cause Jorge de Castillo to resign from office.

title: 2008

text: May 25–29 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2010 takes place in Oslo, Norway, and is won by German entrant Lena with the song "Satellite".

title: 2010

text: July 22 – In Norway, Anders Behring Breivik kills 8 people in a bomb blast which targeted government buildings in central Oslo, then kills 69 at a massacre at a Workers' Youth League camp on the island of Utøya.

title: 2011

text: August 31 – 2019 Alta helicopter crash: A sightseeing helicopter crashes in the mountains of Skoddevarre in Alta Municipality, Norway, killing all 6 occupants.

title: 2019

text: January 14 – February 2 – The 2025 World Men's Handball Championship is held in Croatia, Denmark and Norway, and is won by Denmark.

title: 2025


slug: notre-dame-de-paris

label: Notre-Dame de Paris

description: cathedral in Paris

section: Religion & Belief

text: Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher, becomes master of the cathedral school of Notre-Dame and meets Héloïse d'Argenteuil.

title: 1115

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: March

text: March / April (traditional date) – The first stone of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris is set by Pope Alexander III during the reign of Louis VII of France.

title: 1163

date: April 10

text: April 10 – The first meeting of the Estates General in France is convened King Philip IV ("Philip the Fair") at the Notre-Dame in Paris. During the assembly, all three classes – the French nobles, clergy, and commons – discuss the conflict between Philip and Pope Boniface VIII over the papal legate, Bernard Saisset – who is accused to raise a rebellion of Occitan independence, associated with Navarre, under the banner of the County of Foix.

title: 1302

section: Events › April–June

section: Deaths

date: March 18

text: March 18 – Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Knights Templar and Geoffroi de Charney, are, by orders of King Philip IV of France ("Philip the Fair"), burned at the stake in front of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité in the Seine. Jacques declares his innocence and that the Templar Order is also innocent of all the charges of heresy. It is said that Jacques correctly predicts the deaths of both Philip and Pope Clement V within the year.

title: 1314

section: Events › January – March

date: December 16

text: December 16 – Henry VI of England is crowned King of France at Notre-Dame de Paris.

title: 1431

section: Events › October–December

date: January 21

text: January 21 – The French Protestant leaders of the October 1534 Affaire des Placards are burned to death in front of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris and witnessed by a large crowd that includes King François and the visiting Ottoman diplomats.

title: 1535

section: Events › January–March

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Princess Madeleine of Valois, the 16-year-old daughter of François I, King of France, is married to King James V of Scotland in a ceremony at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. Already in ill health at the time of the marriage, Madaleine lives only six more months before dying at the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh on July 7.

title: 1537

date: April 24

text: April 24 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries Francis, Dauphin of France, at Notre-Dame de Paris.

title: 1558

text: The bell Emmanuel in Notre-Dame de Paris is recast.

title: 1681

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: March 6

text: March 6 – The ancient Roman Pillar of the Boatmen is found during the construction of a crypt under the nave of Notre-Dame de Paris.

title: 1710

date: November 10

text: November 10 – The dechristianization of France during the French Revolution reaches a climax with the celebration of the Goddess of Reason in the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris.

title: 1793

section: Events › July–December

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Coronation of Napoleon I: At the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, Napoleon crowns himself as the first Emperor of the French in a thousand years. Witnessing this, Simón Bolívar dedicates himself to liberating Venezuela from Spanish rule.

title: 1804

date: April 15

text: April 15 – During Holy Week, a major fire engulfs Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, resulting in the roof and main spire collapsing.

title: 2019

section: Events › April

date: December 7

text: December 7 – The Notre-Dame Cathedral reopens to the public after previously being damaged by a structural fire in 2019.

title: 2024

section: Events › December


slug: nottingham

label: Nottingham

description: city in Nottinghamshire, England, UK

section: Conflict & Security

text: King Burgred of Mercia appeals to Æthelred I for help in resisting the Great Heathen Army. The Danes occupy Nottingham, and stay through the winter without any serious opposition.

title: 868

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: The Danes, led by Viking chieftain Ivar the Boneless, 'make peace' with the Mercians (by accepting Danegeld). Ivar leaves Nottingham on horseback, and returns to York.

title: 869

text: William I begins a campaign in the East Midlands to put down the rebellions at Nottingham, Stafford, Lincoln and York.

title: 1068

section: Events › By place › England

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: May

text: May – Richard I calls for a council in Nottingham to raise funds for an expedition to France. On May 12, he leaves for Normandy with a large fleet (some 300 ships), to reclaim lands lost to King Philip II of France ("Augustus").

title: 1194

text: Spring – First Barons' War: English forces of King Henry III besiege the French-controlled Mountsorrel Castle in Leicestershire. Prince Louis sends reinforcements (some 20,000 men) to assist the Barons in the castle. The English army lifts the siege and withdraws to Nottingham. Louis makes the mistake of moving the French forces to Lincoln Castle – where the English garrison holds out against previous attacks. Meanwhile, Henry's forces return to Mountsorrel Castle. This time Louis fails to arrive in time to prevent the razing to the ground of the castle.

title: 1217

section: Events › Other events by place › Europe

date: June 10

text: June 10 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): Preparing to lead invade Scotland as soon as the truce between England and Scotland expires on July 15, King Richard II of England assembles an army at Nottingham.

title: 1385

text: Before 1 October, Huntingdon Beaumont completes the Wollaton Wagonway, built to transport coal from the mines at Strelley to Wollaton just west of Nottingham, England, the world's oldest wagonway with provenance.

title: 1604

section: Events › Date unknown

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Luddite uprisings, in which workers destroy industrial machines, begin in northern England and the Midlands. According to one historian, "The first attack on textile machines by men who used the name 'General Ludd' and called themselves his followers, was on the night of 4th November 1811 in the village of Bulwell, four miles north of Nottingham, when a small band of men gathered in the darkness and marched to the home of a master weaver called Hollingsworth," then destroyed six of his weaving machines.

title: 1811

section: Culture & Society

date: November 28

text: November 28 – Notts County F.C. is founded in Nottingham, England, making it (by the 21st century) the world's oldest professional Association football team.

title: 1862

section: Events › November


slug: nova-scotia

label: Nova Scotia

description: province of Canada

text: Habitation at Port-Royal established by France under Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons, the first European colonization of Nova Scotia in North America (at this time part of Acadia); the Gregorian calendar is adopted.

title: 1605

date: May 16

text: May 16 – The Battle of Port Royal takes place in Nova Scotia after an invasion by a militia of 446 soldiers and 226 sailors from the Massachusetts Bay Colony on seven warships. With only 90 French colonial soldiers to defend Port-Royal, Acadian Governor Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Menneval surrenders before the end of the day.

title: 1690

section: Events › April–June

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Queen Anne's War – Siege of Port Royal: The French surrender, giving the British permanent possession of Nova Scotia.

title: 1710

date: October 5

text: October 5 – October 13 - British forces under Francis Nicholson conduct the successful Siege of Port Royal against a French Acadian garrison and the Wabanaki Confederacy at the Acadian capital, Port Royal, marking the start of British control of what became Nova Scotia.

title: 1710

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: October 7

text: October 7 – is wrecked on Scaterie Island, Nova Scotia with the loss of 102 lives.

title: 1711

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: June 23

text: June 23 – French residents of Acadia are given one year to declare allegiance to Great Britain, or leave Nova Scotia.

title: 1713

date: August 27

text: August 27 – At least 216 people die in the sinking of the Chameau, a ship of the French Navy, after the vessel is driven by a storm into rocks off of the coast of Nova Scotia. Reportedly, 180 bodies wash ashore near Louisbourg. The ship's cargo, which included a fortune in gold and silver coins, is discovered 240 years later in 1965.

title: 1725

section: Events › July–September

date: December 15

text: December 15 – A treaty is signed by chiefs of four member tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy (the Abenaki, Pequawket, Mi'kmaq, Maliseet) and representatives of three British provinces in North America (Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire and Nova Scotia) and their allies, the Mohawk nation, bringing an end to Dummer's War, named for acting Massachusetts Bay Governor William Dummer.

title: 1725

date: July 17

text: July 17 – The British ship Catherine founders in a storm off of Nova Scotia's Cape Sable Island during its voyage from Ireland to Boston, killing 98 of the 201 people on board.

title: 1737

text: The third French and Indian War, known as King George's War, breaks out at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia.

title: 1744

date: April 4

text: April 4 (March 24, old style) – Under the command of British Army General William Pepperrell, the first 4,300 American colonists in the New England Army depart Boston to liberate the French North American colony of Nova Scotia. The flotilla of 80 military transports and 18 armed escorts is scattered by a storm, but the first troops disembark at Canso, Nova Scotia, on April 15 and begin training while waiting for the arrival of the Royal Navy squadron commanded by Admiral Peter Warren.

title: 1745

date: July 9

text: July 9 – The British naval fort at Halifax is founded on mainland Nova Scotia as a defense against the New France Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, less than 100 mi away.

title: 1749

date: April 25

text: April 25 – The Acadian settlement in Beaubassin, Nova Scotia, is burnt by the French army, and the population is forcibly relocated, after France and Great Britain agree that the Missaguash River should be the new boundary between peninsular British Nova Scotia and the mainland remnant of French Acadia (now New Brunswick).

title: 1750

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Halifax, Nova Scotia is almost completely destroyed by fire.

title: 1750

date: November 22

text: November 22 – "Father Le Loutre's War", the war between the British Canadian colonists of Nova Scotia and the indigenous Mi'kmaq (Micmac) tribe halts temporarily when a peace treaty is signed between the warring parties at Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia. Governor Hopson, accompanied by former Governor Cornwallis, signs on behalf of the British and Chief Kopit (Jean-Baptiste Cope), the Sakamaw of the Mi'kmaq, signs on behalf of his people.

title: 1752

date: November 8

text: November 8 – British Governor Hopson of Nova Scotia and French Governor General of New France, the Marquis Duquesne, agree to a free exchange of deserters from each other's armies in Canada, with the understanding that neither side will execute a deserter once returned.

title: 1752

date: May 3

text: May 3 – France dispatches 3,600 troops to protect its Canadian colonies in Quebec from a British invasion, dispatching 2,400 to Quebec city and 1,200 to Louisbourg in Nova Scotia, unaware that a squadron of 11 fully armed warships from Britain's Royal Navy had sailed toward Canada on April 27.

title: 1755

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Having completed the Expulsion of the Acadians from St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island), the British colonial Governor of Nova Scotia, Charles Lawrence, issues a proclamation that his office will receive proposals from English settlers "for the peopling and cultivating as well of the lands vacated by the French, as every other part of this valuable province."

title: 1755

date: June 4

text: June 4 – Expulsion of the Acadians: New England planters arrive to claim land in Nova Scotia taken from the Acadians.

title: 1760

text: July 11 – Conditional repatriation of the Acadians in Canada, French colonists who took up arms against the British during the war, is approved by order of King George III on advice of the Privy Council. The Council offers settlement to any Acadians willing to take an oath of allegiance to the British Crown and that those living in New Brunswick are to "be allowed to settle in Nova Scotia, but that they should be dispersed in small numbers in various localities."

title: 1764

section: Climate & Environment

date: August 29

text: August 29 – September 12 – The Independence Hurricane from South Carolina to Nova Scotia kills 4,170, mostly fishermen and sailors.

title: 1775

text: Daniel McGinnis discovers the supposed Money Pit on Oak Island, Nova Scotia. (according to one story)

title: 1795

section: Events › Undated

date: August 19

text: August 19 – War of 1812: defeats the British frigate , off the coast of Nova Scotia. The British shot is said to have bounced off Constitutions sides, earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides".

title: 1812

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Père Antoine Désiré Mégret, a Capuchin missionary, purchases the land that will become Abbeville, Louisiana for $900, a town founded by descendants of Acadians from Nova Scotia.

title: 1843

date: February 20

text: February 20 – Canadian Royal Mail steamer (1859) is wrecked on Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, on passage from the British Isles to the United States with all 205 onboard lost.

title: 1860

section: Events › February

section: Economy & Finance

text: Merchants Bank of Halifax, as predecessor of Royal Bank of Canada, founded in Nova Scotia.

title: 1864

date: March 29

text: March 29 – The British North America Act receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada, in an event known as the Confederation. This unites the Province of Canada (Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia on July 1. Ottawa will become the capital.

title: 1867

section: Events › March

date: April 1

text: April 1 – The British ocean liner sinks off Nova Scotia, killing 547 people.

title: 1873

date: July

text: The largest convoy of the war embarks from Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, under Royal Canadian Navy protection.

title: 1944

section: Events › July

section: Crime & Justice

date: May 7

text: May 7 – In the Sydney River McDonald's murders in Nova Scotia, Canada, three McDonald's employees are killed and a fourth is left permanently disabled during a botched robbery.

title: 1992

section: Events › May

text: April 1 – The Halifax Regional Municipality encompassing the City of Halifax, the City of Dartmouth, the Town of Bedford, and the Municipality of the County of Halifax is formed in Nova Scotia, Canada.

title: 1996