slug: asia-minor

label: Asia Minor

description: Asian part of Turkey

year_label: 644 BCE

text: Cimmerian forces from Anatolia conquer Sardis and reach the peak of their power. King Gyges of Lydia has spent most of his 28-year reign fighting his southern and western neighbors in an effort to gain suzerainty over all of Western Asia Minor. He has helped the rebellion of Psamtik I, but he receives no support from his erstwhile Assyrian ally Ashurbanipal. Gyges falls in a battle against the Cimmerians under king Tugdamme (approximate date).

title: 644 BC

section: Events › Asia Minor

year_label: 507 BCE

text: Athenians send an embassy to the Achaemenid satrap of Asia Minor - in the capital city of Sardis - for help in defending against Spartan threats, but refuse to accept Persian terms, which demanded the return of Hippias' tyranny.

title: 507 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 499 BCE

text: After a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos in c. 501 BC (on behalf of the Persians), Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, to save himself from the wrath of Persia, plans a revolt with the Milesians and the other Ionians. With the encouragement of Histiaeus (his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus), Aristagoras induces the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating the Ionian Revolt and beginning the Greco-Persian Wars between Greece and Persia. The pro-Persian tyrant of Mytilene is stoned to death.

title: 499 BC

year_label: 466 BCE

text: Cimon carries the war against Persia into Asia Minor and wins the Battle of the Eurymedon in Pamphylia. This is a decisive defeat of the Persians as Cimon's land and sea forces capture the Persian camp and destroy or capture the entire Persian fleet of 200 triremes (manned by Phoenicians). Many new allies of Athens are now recruited, such as the trading city of Phaselis on the Lycian-Pamphylian border.

title: 466 BC

year_label: 412 BCE

text: Alcibiades helps stir up revolts amongst Athens' allies in Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor. However, Alcibiades loses the confidence of the Spartans and antagonises their king Agis II. As a result, he flees to the court of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Alcibiades advises Tissaphernes to withdraw his support from Sparta while conspiring with the oligarchic party in Athens, as Sparta's allied cities break away in a series of revolts.

title: 412 BC

text: The Persians under Darius II see their opportunity to play off one Greek city-state against another and to recover control of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, which have been under Athenian control since 449 BC. The satraps of Asia Minor, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, are ordered to collect overdue tribute.

title: 412 BC

section: Events › By place › Persian Empire

year_label: 408 BCE

text: King Darius II of Persia decides to continue the war against Athens and give support to the Spartans. His wife, Parysatis, persuades him to appoint his younger son, Cyrus, as satrap (governor) of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia and commander in chief of the Achaemenian forces in Asia Minor in place of Tissaphernes.

title: 408 BC

year_label: 404 BCE

text: Emerging after the Spartan victory at Aegospotami, the former Athenian leader, Alcibiades, takes refuge in Phrygia in northwestern Asia Minor with the Persian satrap, Pharnabazus, and seeks their assistance for the Athenians. The Spartans discover his plans and arrange with Pharnabazus to have him assassinated.

title: 404 BC

year_label: 400 BCE

text: Artaxerxes II, king of Persia, appoints Tissaphernes to take over all the districts in Asia Minor over which Artaxerxes II's brother Cyrus had been governor before his revolt.

title: 400 BC

section: Events › By place

section: Religion & Belief

text: Theodorus from Phokaia in Asia Minor, builds the Tholos of Delphi, the sanctuary of Athena Pronaia in Delphi (approximate date).

title: 400 BC

section: Events › By topic

year_label: 397 BCE

text: Called on by the Ionians to assist them against the Persian King Artaxerxes II, King Agesilaus II of Sparta launches an ambitious campaign in Asia Minor.

title: 397 BC

year_label: 396 BCE

text: Agesilaus II, the King of Sparta, campaigns successfully in Asia Minor against the Persian satraps Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes and inflicts a major defeat on Tissaphernes at Sardis. Agesilaus agrees to a three months' truce with the Persians under Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria. Negotiations conducted during that time prove fruitless, and on its termination, Agesilaus raids Phrygia, where he easily captures an immense amount of booty, since Tissaphernes has concentrated his troops in Caria.

title: 396 BC

year_label: 355 BCE

text: King Artaxerxes III of Persia forces Athens to conclude a peace which requires the city to leave Asia Minor and to acknowledge the independence of its rebellious allies.

title: 355 BC

year_label: 347 BCE

text: Aristotle leaves Athens due to the anti-Macedonian feeling that arises in Athens after Philip II of Macedon has sacked the Greek city-state of Olynthus in 348 BC. With him goes another Academy member of note, Xenocrates of Chalcedon. They establish a new academy on the Asia Minor side of the Aegean Sea at the newly built town of Assus.

title: 347 BC

section: Events › By topic › Philosophy

year_label: 336 BCE

text: Following his assassination, Philip II of Macedon is succeeded by his son Alexander III. Suspecting the princes of the Lynkestis region of killing Phillip II, Alexander executes them all. The League of Corinth promotes Alexander to general of a unified Greek army for its planned invasion of Asia Minor.

title: 336 BC

section: Events › By place › Macedonia

text: Macedonian troops, commanded by Parmenion, trusted lieutenant of Philip II, arrive in Asia Minor, but are driven back by Persian forces under the command of the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes.

title: 336 BC

year_label: 334 BCE

text: Alexander's victory exposes western Asia Minor to the Macedonians, and most of the cities in the region hasten to open their gates. The Ionian city of Miletus defies Alexander and he has to subdue it through a siege.

title: 334 BC

year_label: 333 BCE

text: King Alexander of Macedonia conquers western Asia Minor, subduing the hill tribes of Lycia and Pisidia.

title: 333 BC

year_label: 321 BCE

text: Antipater appoints Antigonus commander in chief of his army in Asia Minor and sends him with Craterus to fight against Eumenes, the satrap of Cappadocia and a supporter of Perdiccas.

title: 321 BC

section: Events › By place › Macedonian Empire

text: Leaving Eumenes to hold Asia Minor against Craterus and Antigonus, Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy, but when he fails to cross the Nile he is murdered by mutinous officers. Prominent among the mutineers is Seleucus. A truce is arranged, leaving Ptolemy in power in Egypt and Seleucus in power in Babylon.

title: 321 BC

year_label: 320 BCE

text: Alexander the Great's various generals control different parts of Alexander's empire. Ptolemy controls Egypt, Seleucus controls Babylon and Syria, Antipater and his son Cassander control Macedon and Greece, Antigonus controls Phrygia and other parts of Asia Minor, Lysimachus controls Thrace and Pergamum and Eumenes controls the Cappadocia and Pontus areas.

title: 320 BC

year_label: 319 BCE

text: Eumenes allies himself with the regent Polyperchon. He manages to escape from the siege of Nora, and his forces soon threaten Syria and Phoenicia. Polyperchon recognises Eumenes as the royal general in Asia Minor.

title: 319 BC

year_label: 313 BCE

text: With his western border thus strengthened, Cassander sends Prepelaus, one of his top generals, with an army to Asia Minor to aid his ally Asander.

title: 313 BC

text: Prepelaus arrives in Caria and starts making plans with Asander. They decide on a surprise attack on Ptolemy, the commander of Antigonus' forces in western Asia Minor. Eupolemus, one of Prepelaus' lieutenants, is sent with 8,000 infantry and 200 cavalry. However, some deserters from Eupolemus' strike force betray their plans to Ptolemy who quickly gathers 8,300 infantry and 600 cavalry from their winter quarters and marches against Eupolemus. In the middle of the night Ptolemy launches a surprise attack on Eupolemus' camp capturing the entire force with ease.

title: 313 BC

section: Events › By place › Asia Minor

text: Antigonus, after finding a pass across the Taurus Mountains that was still open, marches his main army into Asia Minor and goes into winter quarters in Celaenae in Phrygia. Meanwhile, Antigonus' admiral Medius is ordered to sail the new Antigonid fleet from Phoenicia into the Aegean. On route he captures one of Cassander's fleets (the one that had escorted Prepelaus to Asia Minor).

title: 313 BC

year_label: 312 BCE

text: Telesphorus comes to the aid of Oreus from the Peloponnese with 20 ships and 1,000 infantry, while Antigonid admiral Medius sails to relieve Oreus with a 100 ships from Asia Minor; they break Cassander's blockade.

title: 312 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece/Macedon/Thrace

year_label: 311 BCE

text: In view of the threat by Seleucus to his control of the East, Antigonus decides to make peace with all of his adversaries, except Seleucus, who now holds Babylon. All of the diadochi confirm the existing boundaries and the freedom of the Greek cities. Ptolemy and Lysimachus are confirmed as satraps of Egypt and Thrace, respectively, and Antigonus and Cassander are confirmed as commanders of the army in Asia and Europe. Antigonus, no longer regent but now titled the strategos (officer in charge) of the whole of Asia, rules in Syria from the Hellespont to the Euphrates, including Asia Minor.

title: 311 BC

section: Events › By place › Asia Minor/Syria/Palestina

year_label: 308 BCE

text: Ptolemy crosses from Asia Minor into Greece, where he takes possession of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara.

title: 308 BC

year_label: 306 BCE

text: Antigonus I Monophthalmus proclaims himself king of Asia Minor and northern Syria thus commencing the Antigonid dynasty. He appoints his son Demetrius king and co-regent.

title: 306 BC

section: Events › By place › Syria

year_label: 302 BCE

text: Following their agreement to work together to defeat Antigonus, Seleucus invades Asia Minor from Babylonia, while Ptolemy attacks Syria and Lysimachus moves into the western part of Asia Minor.

title: 302 BC

year_label: 301 BCE

text: In the Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, the armies of Antigonus, the ruler of Syria, Asia Minor, Phoenicia and Judea, and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes are defeated by the forces of Lysimachus and Seleucus. Antigonus is killed in the battle.

title: 301 BC

year_label: 297 BCE

text: Demetrius Poliorcetes returns to Greece with the aim of becoming master of Macedonia. While Demetrius is in Greece, Lysimachus seizes his possessions in Asia Minor.

title: 297 BC

year_label: 288 BCE

text: The Macedonian King, Demetrius Poliorcetes, faces a combined attack from Lysimachus and Phyrrhus, king of Epirus, after Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus form a coalition to block plans by Demetrius to invade Asia Minor.

title: 288 BC

year_label: 287 BCE

text: Demetrius besieges Athens without success. He leaves Antigonus in charge of the war in Greece, assembles all his ships and embarks with his troops to attack Caria and Lydia, provinces in Asia Minor controlled by Lysimachus.

title: 287 BC

text: As Demetrius Poliorcetes and his army are chased across Asia Minor to the Taurus Mountains by the armies of Lysimachus and Seleucus, in Greece his son Antigonus meets with success. Ptolemy's fleet is driven off and Athens surrenders to Antigonus.

title: 286 BC

text: Ptolemy I's eldest (legitimate) son, Ptolemy Keraunos, whose mother, Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater, had been repudiated by the new King Ptolemy II, flees Egypt to the court of Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor.

title: 284 BC

text: The city of Pergamum in Asia Minor ends its allegiance to Lysimachus. Its ruler, Philetaerus, transfers his allegiance, as well as the important fortress of Pergamon and his treasury, to Seleucus, who allows him a far larger measure of independence than he had hitherto enjoyed.

title: 282 BC

text: After their defeats in Greece, the Gauls move into Asia Minor. The Seleucid king Antiochus wins a major battle over the Gauls leading to his being given the title of Soter (Greek for "saviour"). The Gauls settle down to become the "Galatians" and are paid 2,000 talents annually by the Seleucid kings to keep the peace.

title: 278 BC

text: Philetaerus, founder (reigned from 282 BC) of the Attalid kingdom of Pergamum, in northwest Asia Minor (b. c. 343 BC)

title: 263 BC

text: The new Seleucid king Antiochus II reaches an agreement with the king of Macedonia, Antigonus II Gonatas, to work together in trying to push Ptolemy II's fleet and armies out of the Aegean Sea. With Macedonia's support, Antiochus II launches an attack on Ptolemaic outposts in Asia Minor.

title: 261 BC

text: The war in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea intensifies as the Achaean League allies itself to Ptolemy III Euergetes of Egypt, while Seleucus II secures two allies in the Black Sea region. Ptolemy III's armies reach as far as Bactria and the borders of India in their attacks on the Seleucid Empire.

title: 244 BC

text: Peace is finally reached between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II. Ptolemy manages to keep the Orontes River region in Syria and Antioch as well as Ephesus in Asia Minor and Thrace and Cilicia.

title: 241 BC

text: August: The consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla becomes the first Roman commander to march on Rome with his army and to capture the city by force. This extraordinary act is prompted by his desire to maintain his proconsular command for the First Mithridatic War in Asia Minor. Sulla then murdered his enemy P. Sulpicius Rufus and forced Gaius Marius to flee to Africa.

title: 88 BC

text: The lex Manilia, supported by Cicero gives Pompey command over all of Asia.

title: 66 BC

text: Marcus Brutus begins to plunder the cities of Asia Minor, in order to obtain money and soldiers. The inhabitants of Lycia refuse to submit to Rome, and Brutus besieges Xanthus. After destroying their suburbs, the Xanthians withdraw into the heavily fortified city. The Roman legionaries (2,000 men) force the gate and fight their way into the forum. The citizens make a last stand by the temple of Sarpedon and, as night falls, the Roman army conquers the city.

title: 42 BC

text: Quintus Labienus occupies Cilicia and marches, with an army, into Anatolia. Most cities surrender without resistance, except for Alabanda and Mylasa. The Parthians restore their territory to nearly the limits of the old Achaemenid Empire. Labienus proclaims himself "Parthian Emperor" of Asia Minor.

title: 40 BC

text: Marcus Antonius dispatches Publius Ventidius Bassus with 11 legions to the East and drives Quintus Labienus out of Asia Minor. Labienus retreats into Syria, where he receives Parthian reinforcements. Ventidius finally defeats him in the battle at the Taurus Mountains.

title: 39 BC

text: Antony reorganizes Asia Minor under strongmen loyal to him. He raises troops from his allies: Amyntas and Archelaus, kings of Galatia and Cappadocia. The old kingdom of Pontus is restored, from Armenia to the River Halys under Polemon I.

title: 37 BC

text: September 3 – Battle of Naulochus: Agrippa defeats Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompeius, in a naval engagement off Naulochus. Sextus escapes with 17 ships to Messana and then to Asia Minor.

title: 36 BC

text: Marcus Titius arrives in Syria with a large army and marches to Asia Minor. Sextus is caught in Miletus and executed without trial.

title: 35 BC

text: Spring – Octavian leads his army to the Dardanelles, ships them across to Asia Minor and marches into Syria where Herod the Great sends him vows of loyalty and thousands of his own troops in support.

title: 30 BC

text: Claudius annexes Lycia in Asia Minor, combining it with Pamphylia as a Roman province.

title: 40s

text: Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.

title: AD 128

text: Battle of Cyzicus and Battle of Nicaea (Asia Minor): Septimius Severus defeats the army under Pescennius.

title: AD 193

text: The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkans.

title: 220

text: The Goths invade Asia Minor. Dacia is lost for the Roman Empire, and the Goths appear at the walls of Thessalonica.

title: 256

text: The Goths ravage Asia Minor and Trapezus.

title: 258

text: Persian king Shapur I destroys Caesarea Mazaca in Asia Minor.

title: 260

text: Gallienus usurpers: The rebellion of Macrianus Major, Macrianus Minor, and Quietus against Gallienus comes to an end. They march from Asia to Europe but they are defeated in Thrace by Gallienus' general Aureolus, and both Macrianus Major and Macrianus Minor are killed. Quietus flees to Emesa, where he is killed by Odaenathus of Palmyra.

title: 261

text: The Goths invade Asia Minor and destroy the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus.

title: 262

text: Tacitus campaigns successfully against the Goths who have invaded Asia Minor, and his half-brother, the praetorian prefect Marcus Annius Florianus, continues the campaign.

title: 276

text: Emperor Probus drives the Alans off to Asia Minor and suppresses the revolt in Gaul; Proculus is executed.

title: 280

text: Emperor Numerian travels through Bithynia (Asia Minor) on his way home to Rome. Suffering from an inflammation of the eyes, he travels in a closed litter in which soldiers find his decaying corpse.

title: 284

text: Emperor Constantine the Great gives the ancient Roman town Drepana (Asia Minor) the name Helenopolis, after his mother Helena, and builds a church in honour of the martyr St. Lucian.

title: 318

text: February 17 – Emperor Jovian dies after a reign of eight months. He is found dead in his tent at Tyana (Asia Minor) en route back to Constantinople, in suspicious circumstances.

title: 364

text: Isaurian War: Anastasius I regains control of the Isauria region (Asia Minor) and has the rebel leaders executed. Anastasius I pacifies the mountain strongholds of the Isaurians, ending the revolt that they began upon his ascension to the throne 6 years ago.

title: 497

text: Emperor Heraclius concludes a peace agreement (in exchange for an annual tribute) with the Avars on the Balkan Peninsula, giving him a free hand to assemble Byzantine forces in Asia Minor, for non-military expenditure against the Persian Empire.

title: 621

text: Battle of Sarus: Heraclius is victorious in a Byzantine assault river crossing. The reinforced Persians under Shahrbaraz are defeated along the Sarus River, near Adana (modern Turkey). Heraclius recaptures Cappadocia and Pontus, and returns to Trapezus to spend the winter. Shahrbaraz retreats in good order, and is able to continue his advance through Asia Minor towards Constantinople.

title: 625

text: Emperor Heraclius creates a buffer zone (or no man's land) in the heartland of Asia Minor. In the mountainous terrain of Anatolia, the Byzantine forces develop a system of defensive guerrilla warfare. The strategy is known as ‘shadowing warfare’, as it avoids battle with major Muslim invaders, and instead attacks raiding parties on their return when they are laden with booty, captured livestock or prisoners.

title: 638

text: Battle of the Masts: Emperor Constans II personally commands the Byzantine fleet (500 ships), and sets off to challenge the Arab navy. He sails to the province of Lycia (now in Turkey) in the southern region of Asia Minor. The two forces meet off the coast of Mount Phoenix, near the harbour of Phoenix (modern Finike). The Arabs under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad are victorious in battle, although losses are heavy for both sides. Constans barely escapes to Constantinople.

title: 655

text: Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Justinian II carries out a Balkan campaign and marches through Thrace, where he restores Byzantine rule. He establishes a theme administration, and migrates many Bulgars and Slavs to the Opsician Theme (Asia Minor).

title: 688

text: Arab–Byzantine War: An Umayyad army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik invades Asia Minor, and lays siege to Tyana (Cappadocia). The fortress city resists, dragging the siege through the winter and into 708.

title: AD 707

text: The Bulgars under Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, raid Thrace and reach the city walls of Constantinople. Skirmishes continue until 716; Emperor Philippicus transfers a Byzantine army from the Opsikion Theme in Asia Minor, to police the Balkan Peninsula.

title: 712

text: Summer – Emperor Leo III secures the Byzantine frontier, by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts of the Thracesian Theme (western Asia Minor). He undertakes a set of civil reforms, and reorganizes the theme structure in the Aegean region. Leo's 2-year-old son Constantine V is associated on the throne, and married to Tzitzak, daughter of the Khazar ruler (khagan) Bihar.

title: 720

text: Siege of Nicaea: Muslim forces under Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (son of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik) penetrate deep into Asia Minor, and sack the fortress city of Gangra, but unsuccessfully lay siege to Nicaea (northwestern Anatolia).

title: AD 727

text: Bubonic plague in Asia Minor kills 1/3 of the population, and subsequently sweeps through the Peloponnese (Balkan Peninsula) (approximate date).

title: 745

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Arab forces (95,000 men) under Harun al-Rashid, son of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mahdi, cross the Taurus Mountains and capture the Byzantine border fortress of Magida. Harun leaves his lieutenant Al-Rabi' ibn Yunus to besiege the city of Nakoleia (Phrygia), while another force (30,000 men), probably under Yahya ibn Khalid, is sent to raid the western coastlands of Asia Minor. Harun himself, with the main army, advances to the Opsician Theme.

title: 782

text: Battle of Krasos: Emperor Nikephoros I refuses to pay the tribute imposed by Caliph Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid Caliphate. A Muslim-Arab expeditionary force invades Asia Minor. During a surprise attack, Nikephoros suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Krasos in Phrygia. According to Arabian sources, the Byzantines lose 40,700 men and 4,000 pack animals, while Nikephoros himself is almost killed, but saved by the bravery of his officers.

title: 804

text: February – A major earthquake strikes Byzantium in Asia Minor (now part of western Turkey) and part of Greece, damaging the city walls of Theodosiopolis (now Barbaros in Turkey) and Heraclea Perinthus at the same time that the forces of Byzantine Emperor Michael II the Amorian are suppressing the rebellion by Thomas the Slav. Both cities surrender after the natural event.

title: 824

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Hamdanid forces under Sayf al-Dawla raid into Asia Minor. The Byzantines respond with reprisals led by Leo Phokas the Younger, taking captives and razing the walls of Hadath (modern Turkey).

title: 948

text: November 8 – Battle of Andrassos: The Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger defeat the Hamdanid army (30,000 men) in an ambush in the passages of the Cilician mountains, in south Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). Emir Sayf al-Dawla barely manages to escape, and returns to Aleppo with only 300 horsemen. The Hamdanids can no longer afford to raid in Anatolia, which is a turning point in the Arab-Byzantine wars in the East.

title: 960

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Basil II launches a counter-campaign against the Fatimid Caliphate. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary army (13,000 men) to aid the Hamdanid emir Sa'id al-Dawla, and crosses Asia Minor in only sixteen days. Basil lifts the siege of Aleppo, and takes over the Orontes Valley. He incorporates Syria into the Byzantine Empire (including the larger city of Antioch) which is the seat of its eponymous Patriarch.

title: 995

text: Spring – Emperor Romanos III (Argyros) sends a Byzantine expeditionary army under General Michael Protospatharios, which includes Western auxiliaries and elite troops of Asia Minor, to reinforce the Byzantine position in Calabria (Southern Italy).

title: 1032

text: August 17 – The Mamluk Sultanate defeats the Ottoman Empire Army in the Battle of Aga-Cayiri fought in the Cilicia region of Asia Minor, now in Turkey.

title: 1488


slug: asia

label: Asia

description: terrestrial continent, mainly in the northeastern quadrant

year_label: 212 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Antiochus III leaves for a campaign in Asia, where he will reach as far as India and mostly manage to recover the areas conquered earlier by Alexander the Great.

title: 212 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

text: Hadrian, acting on the advice of his proconsul of Asia, Gaius Minicius Fundanus, determines that Christians shall not be put to death without a trial.

title: AD 127

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: Mithraism, which had begun in Persia, is on course to be adopted by many Roman soldiers serving in Asia.

title: 216

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Emperor Anastasius I agrees to pay his share of the cost of defending the Caucasian Gates, against nomadic invasions from East Asia.

title: 505

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

section: Deaths

text: Battle of Shigisan: The Soga clan, which has intermarried with the royal Yamato clan, fights the Mononobe and Nakatomi clans over influence in selecting a new successor for the Japanese throne, after Emperor Yōmei dies. The Soga favor importing Buddhism from the Asian mainland, described there as the religion of the most civilized. The Mononobe and Nakatomi hold that Buddhism would be an affront to the gods. The Soga win the civil war and Sushun, age 66, becomes the 32nd emperor of Japan.

title: 587

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: The Avars, a pagan Asian nomadic horde that has settled down in what is today Hungary, invade Friuli and Bavaria. King Charlemagne assembles a Frankish army, and marches down the Danube River to ravage Avar territory. A Frankish-Lombard expeditionary force, under his son Pepin, (king of the Lombards) invades the Drava Valley and devastates Pannonia.

title: 791

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Crime & Justice

date: September 11

text: September 11–12 – Isaac II Angelos leads a revolt in Constantinople and deposes Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos. Andronikos tries in vain to flee across Asia but is captured and killed by an angry mob. Isaac is proclaimed emperor, ending the Komnenos Dynasty.

title: 1185

date: May

text: May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Mongols of central and eastern Asia; his efforts have been unsuccessful.

title: 1255

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Spring – Mongol forces (some 80,000 men), under Hulagu Khan, cross the Oxus River, and begin their campaign to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia – with the first objectives being the Nizari Ismaili strongholds and Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. The roads across Turkestan and Persia are repaired, and bridges built. Carts are requisitioned to bring siege machines from China.

title: 1256

section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire

text: The 17-year-old Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, to set off for Asia to meet the Mongolian emperor Kublai Khan (the grandson of Genghis Khan) at his court in Beijing, China. They sail across the Mediterranean Sea and travel overland, crossing Armenia, Persia and the Pamir Mountains.

title: 1271

date: April 12

text: April 12 – King Christian VI of Denmark-Norway signs the charter for the new Danish Asia Company (Dansk Asiatisk Kompagni), granting it a 40-year monopoly on Denmark-Norway's trade in Asia, leading to the creation of Danish India and cities of Trankebar (now Tharangambadi in Tamil Nadu), Frederiknagore (now Serampore in West Bengal) and the Frederiksøerne Islands (now the Nicobar Islands).

title: 1732

section: Events › April–June

date: August 16

text: August 16 – Narciso Claveria, Governor-General of the Philippines, makes a decree announcing that Monday, December 30, 1844, will be immediately followed by Wednesday, January 1, 1845. (Tuesday, December 31, 1844, is removed from the Philippine calendar because since 1521 the country has been one day behind its Asian neighbors.)

title: 1844

section: Events › July–September

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Tokyo Electrical Lightning Grid, predecessor of Tokyo Electrical Power (TEPCO), one of the largest electrical grids in Asia and the world, is founded in Japan.

title: 1883

section: Events › February

section: Health & Medicine

text: The 1899–1923 cholera pandemic begins, spreading to Europe, Asia and Africa.

title: 1899

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Science & Discovery

date: July 22

text: July 22 – The longest total solar eclipse of the 21st century, lasting up to 6 minutes and 38.86 seconds (0.14 seconds shorter than 6 minutes and 39 seconds), occurs over parts of Asia and the Pacific Ocean.

title: 2009

section: Events › July


slug: assam

label: Assam

description: Indian state

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: King Pushyavarman establishes the Varman Dynasty in Assam.

title: 350

section: Culture & Society

text: Supratisthitavarman succeeds his father Susthitavarman, as king of the Varman dynasty in Assam (Northeast India).

title: 595

text: King Sukaphaa establishes the Ahom Dynasty and becomes the first Ahom ruler in Assam (until 1268).

title: 1228

date: April

text: April – Ahom King Swargadeo Chakradhwaj Singha or Supangmung of Assam, India

title: 1670

date: March

text: March – In the Battle of Saraighat in India, fought in mid-March, General Lachit Borphukan of the Ahom kingdom, located in what is now the Indian state of Assam defeats a larger force of Mughal Empire troops on the outskirts of what is now Guwahati.

title: 1671

section: Events › January–March

date: April 10

text: April 10 – In the Ahom kingdom in what is now the northeastern Indian state of Assam, Chamaguriya Khamjang Konwar is installed by the Chief Minister, the Borbarua Debera, as the figurehead King of Ahom. He takes the regnal name Suhung and makes plans to have Debera killed. On April 30, Debera, having learned of the King's intentions, succeeds in having the royal physician poison Suhung's medicine, and installs another ruler.

title: 1674

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Sujinphaa becomes the new figurehead monarch of the Ahom kingdom in northeastern India, enthroned at the capital at Garhgaon (now in the Indian state of Assam), after Gobar Roja is deposed and executed by order of the nobles who control the nation.

title: 1675

date: February 24

text: February 24 – The Treaty of Yandabo ends the First Anglo-Burmese War. Britain gains Assam, Manipur, Rakhine and Tanintharyi.

title: 1826

section: Climate & Environment

date: June 12

text: June 12 – 1897 Assam earthquake: An earthquake of magnitude of 8.0 rocks Assam, India, killing over 1,500 people.

title: 1897

section: Events › June

date: February 18

text: February 18 – Nellie massacre: Over 2,000 people, mostly Bangladeshi Muslims, are massacred in Assam, India, during the Assam agitation.

title: 1983

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: December 30

text: December 30 – In the Indian state of Assam, a passenger train is bombed by Bodo separatists, killing 26.

title: 1996

section: Events › December


slug: assassination

label: Assassination

description: murder of a prominent person

year_label: 227 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Jing Ke, Chinese retainer and assassin of the Yan State

title: 227 BC

text: The Visigoths invade the Iberian Peninsula and begin to conquer territory taken previously by the Vandals. King Athaulf and his pregnant wife Galla Placidia leave Gallia Narbonensis; they relocate at Barcelona. Their infant son, Theodosius, dies in infancy, eliminating an opportunity for a Roman-Visigothic line. Athaulf is assassinated in the palace while taking a bath. Sigeric succeeds him, but after a reign of seven days he is also murdered.

title: 415

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: Nan'an Yinwang succeeds his father Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, after he is assassinated by the eunuch Zong Ai. Later this year, Yinwang is murdered as well, and Ai is overthrown by a group of high officials. Wencheng Di, age 12, becomes the new emperor of Northern Wei.

title: 452

section: Events › By place › China

section: Crime & Justice

date: March 16

text: March 16 – Emperor Valentinian III, age 35, is assassinated by two Hunnic retainers of the late Flavius Aetius, while training with the bow on the Campus Martius (Rome), ending the Theodosian dynasty. His primicerius sacri cubiculi, Heraclius, is also murdered.

title: 455

text: Liu Zhun, age 10, becomes Emperor Shun of the Liu Song dynasty after his brother Houfei is assassinated by general Xiao Daocheng. He installs Shun as puppet ruler and sets himself up as regent. Xiao receives near-imperial powers, establishes Buddhism as the state religion and sets up the "Three Leaders" system, under which native hamlet, village and district officers are responsible for taxation and conscription.

title: 477

text: The Franks under Sigibert I pursue his half brother Chilperic I, and conquer the cities Poitiers and Tournai. While he is proclaimed new king of Neustria by the nobles, Sigibert is assassinated at Vitry-en-Artois (Northern Gaul) by hirelings of Fredegund.

title: 575

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Battle of Blarathon: A Persian army of about 40,000 men under King Bahrām VI is defeated, in the lowlands near Ganzak (northwestern Iran), by the Byzantines. Bahrām flees to seek refuge with the Turks in Central Asia, and settles in Fergana. However, after some time, he is murdered by a hired assassin of Khosrau II.

title: 591

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

date: April 8

text: April 8 – King Charibert II is assassinated at Blaye (Gironde), (possibly on orders of his half-brother Dagobert I), along with his infant son. Dagobert I claims Aquitaine and Gascony, becoming the most powerful Merovingian king in the West.

title: 632

date: July 15

text: July 15 – Emperor Constans II is killed under mysterious circumstances in his bath, during a mutiny at Syracuse. The Byzantine court returns to Constantinople after an absence of 5 years, in which the Muslim-Arabs have made annual invasions and devastations of Anatolia. Probably assassinated by his chamberlain after a 27-year reign, Constans is succeeded by his son Constantine IV (the "Bearded"), alongside his brothers Heraclius and Tiberius as co-emperors.

title: 668

text: King Egica dies, possibly assassinated in a plot led by Roderic. He is succeeded by his son Wittiza as king of the Visigoths (approximate date).

title: 701

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Wu Yuanheng, Chinese chancellor of the Tang Dynasty, is murdered by assassins of warlord Wu Yuanji, in Chang'an.

title: 815

section: Events › By place › Asia


label: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

description: member of the U.S. Supreme Court other than the chief justice

section: Births

date: April 17

text: April 17 – John Blair Jr., American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1800)

title: 1732

date: March 1

text: March 1 – William Cushing, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1810)

title: 1732

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Thomas Johnson, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1819)

title: 1732

date: September 14

text: September 14 – James Wilson, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1798)

title: 1742

date: December 24

text: December 24 – William Paterson, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1806)

title: 1745

date: June 5

text: June 5 – Bushrod Washington, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1829)

title: 1762

date: January 23

text: January 23 – Thomas Todd, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1826)

title: 1765

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Smith Thompson, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1843)

title: 1768

date: December 27

text: December 27 – William Johnson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1834)

title: 1771

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Robert Trimble, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1828)

title: 1776

date: September 18

text: September 18 – Joseph Story, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1845)

title: 1779

date: January 14

text: January 14 – Henry Baldwin, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1844)

title: 1780

date: May 1

text: May 1 – John McKinley, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1852)

title: 1780

date: May 25

text: May 25 – Philip P. Barbour, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1841)

title: 1783

date: April 24

text: April 24 – Peter Vivian Daniel, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1860)

title: 1784

date: March 11

text: March 11 – John McLean, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1861)

title: 1785

date: January 7

text: January 7 – John Catron, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1865)

title: 1786

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Levi Woodbury, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1851)

title: 1789

date: November 10

text: November 10 – Samuel Nelson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1873)

title: 1792

section: Births › July–December

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Robert Cooper Grier, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1870)

title: 1794

date: October 20

text: October 20 – James Iredell, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1751)

title: 1799

section: Deaths › July–December

date: August 18

text: August 18 – Nathan Clifford, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1881)

title: 1803

date: December 7

text: December 7 – Noah Haynes Swayne, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1884)

title: 1804

date: May 6

text: May 6 – William Strong, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1895)

title: 1808

section: Births › January–June

text: November 4 – Benjamin Robbins Curtis, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1874)

title: 1809

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Ward Hunt, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1886)

title: 1810

date: September 13

text: September 13 – William Cushing, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1732)

title: 1810

date: June 19

text: June 19 – Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1741)

title: 1811

date: June 24

text: June 24 – John Archibald Campbell, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1889)

title: 1811

date: March 14

text: March 14 – Joseph P. Bradley, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1892)

title: 1813

date: March 9

text: March 9 – David Davis, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1886)

title: 1815

date: April 5

text: April 5 – Samuel Freeman Miller, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1890)

title: 1816

text: November 4 – Stephen Johnson Field, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1899)

title: 1816

text: March 9 – Samuel Blatchford, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1893)

title: 1820

text: March 18 – Henry Brockholst Livingston, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1757)

title: 1823

text: August 3 – William Burnham Woods, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1887)

title: 1824

text: July 21 – Stanley Matthews, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1889)

title: 1824

text: September 17 – Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1893)

title: 1825

text: March 24 – Horace Gray, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1902)

title: 1828

text: April 8 – Howell Edmunds Jackson, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1895)

title: 1832

text: June 1 – John Marshall Harlan, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1911)

title: 1833

text: March 2 – Henry Billings Brown, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1913)

title: 1836

text: November 8 – Rufus W. Peckham, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1909)

title: 1838

text: March 8 – Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1935)

title: 1841

text: August 10 – Joseph McKenna, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1926)

title: 1843

text: February 26 – Horace Harmon Lurton, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1914)

title: 1844

text: March 6 – Gabriel Duvall, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1752)

title: 1844

text: December 23 – William Henry Moody, 35th United States Secretary of the Navy, 45th United States Attorney General and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1917)

title: 1853

text: November 13 – Louis Brandeis, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1941)

title: 1856

text: September 18 – John Hessin Clarke, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1945)

title: 1857

text: April 17 – Willis Van Devanter, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1941)

title: 1859

text: February 3 – James Clark McReynolds, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1946)

title: 1862

text: March 25 – George Sutherland, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1942)

title: 1862

text: July 23 – Edward Terry Sanford, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1930)

title: 1865

text: May 24 – Benjamin N. Cardozo, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1938)

title: 1870

text: May 2 – Owen Roberts, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1955)

title: 1875

text: May 2 – James F. Byrnes, American politician, Secretary of State and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1972)

title: 1882

text: November 15 – Felix Frankfurter, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1965)

title: 1882

text: December 31 – Stanley Forman Reed, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1980)

title: 1884

text: February 27 – Hugo Black, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1971)

title: 1886

text: June 22 – Harold Hitz Burton, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1964)

title: 1888

text: April 13 – Frank Murphy, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1949)

title: 1890

text: October 20 – Sherman Minton, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1965)

title: 1890

text: February 13 – Robert H. Jackson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials (d. 1954)

title: 1892

text: July 20 – Wiley Rutledge, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1949)

title: 1894

text: October 16 – William O. Douglas, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1980)

title: 1898

text: May 20 – John Marshall Harlan II, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1971)

title: 1899

text: September 23 – Tom C. Clark, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1977)

title: 1899

text: April 25 – William J. Brennan Jr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1997)

title: 1906

text: September 19 – Lewis F. Powell Jr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1998)

title: 1907

text: August 8 – Arthur Goldberg, American politician, diplomat and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (died 1990)

title: 1908

text: July 2 – Thurgood Marshall, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (died 1993)

title: 1908

text: October 24 – Rufus W. Peckham, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1838)

title: 1909

text: June 19 – Abe Fortas, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1982)

title: 1910

text: January 23 – Potter Stewart, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1985)

title: 1915

text: July 2 – William Henry Moody, 35th United States Secretary of the Navy, 45th United States Attorney General, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1853)

title: 1917

text: June 8 – Byron White, American football player and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2002)

title: 1917

text: April 20 – John Paul Stevens, American judge, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (d. 2019)

title: 1920

text: July 9 – William R. Day, American lawyer and diplomat, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1849)

title: 1923

text: March 26 – Sandra Day O'Connor, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2023)

title: 1930

text: March 15 – Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2020)

title: 1933

text: March 11 – Antonin Scalia, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2016)

title: 1936

text: August 15 – Stephen Breyer, former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

title: 1938

text: July 19 – Frank Murphy, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1890)

title: 1949

text: April 1 – Samuel Alito, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

title: 1950

text: June 25 – Sonia Sotomayor, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

title: 1954

text: April 28 – Elena Kagan, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

title: 1960

text: April 9 – Sherman Minton, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1890)

title: 1965

text: December 29 – John Marshall Harlan II, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1899)

title: 1971


slug: association-football

label: Association football

description: sport that is practiced between two teams of eleven players

date: August 16

text: August 16 – Ebenezer Cobb Morley, English sportsman and the father of modern football (d. 1924)

title: 1831

section: Culture & Society

date: November 28

text: November 28 – Notts County F.C. is founded in Nottingham, England, making it (by the 21st century) the world's oldest professional Association football team.

title: 1862

section: Events › November

text: March 5 – The first ever international Association football match, England v Scotland, takes place under the auspices of the Football Association at The Oval, London.

title: 1870

section: Events › March

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Reading F.C. is formed as an Association football club in England.

title: 1871

section: Events › October–December

date: July 20

text: July 20 – C. W. Alcock proposes that "a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association", giving birth to the FA Cup for Association football in England.

title: 1871

section: Events › July–September

date: May

text: May – Rangers F.C., founded in March as an Association football club in Glasgow (Scotland) by brothers Moses and Peter McNeil, Peter Campbell and William McBeath, play their first ever game on the public pitches of Glasgow Green, a 0 to 0 draw against Callander.

title: 1872

section: Events › May

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 30

text: November 30 – The first international Association football match to be recognised (retrospectively) by FIFA as "official" takes place at Hamilton Crescent, Scotland; the result is Scotland 0-0 England. Earlier international football matches have already taken place in 1870, in 1871 and again in 1872 at the Oval, London.

title: 1872

text: The following Association football clubs are founded in Great Britain:

title: 1874

section: Events › Date unknown

text: December 25 – The first Edinburgh derby in Association football is played: Heart of Midlothian F.C. wins 1–0 against Hibernian F.C.

title: 1875

date: September

text: September – English Association football team Birmingham City F.C. is founded as Small Heath Alliance in Birmingham by a group of cricketers from Holy Trinity Church, Bordesley, playing its first match in November.

title: 1875

section: Events › September

text: The following English Association football clubs:

title: 1878

date: December 11

text: December 11 – London Association football club Arsenal, founded as Dial Square by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, play their first match (on the Isle of Dogs). The club is renamed Royal Arsenal soon afterwards, supposedly on December 25.

title: 1886

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Hibernian F.C. of Scotland defeats Preston North End F.C. of England to win the 'Championship of the World', after the two teams win the Association football Cup competitions in their respective countries.

title: 1887

section: Events › August

date: November 6

text: November 6 – The Association football club Celtic F.C. is formed in Glasgow, Scotland, by Irish Marist Brother Walfrid, to help alleviate poverty in the city's East End by raising money for his charity, the 'Poor Children's Dinner Table'.

title: 1887

date: March 22

text: March 22 – English Association football team Sheffield United F.C. is formed at the Adelphi Hotel, Sheffield. They play their first match on September 7.

title: 1889

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: November 2

text: November 2 – English Association football team Wimbledon F.C. plays their first match.

title: 1889

date: April 12

text: April 12 – The first official game in the Association football league of Argentina (1891 Argentine Primera División) is held in Caballito, Buenos Aires.

title: 1891

section: Events › April

date: September 14

text: September 14 – The first penalty kick is awarded in an Association football match: John Heath scores it for Wolverhampton Wanderers in England.

title: 1891

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Scottish Association football club Dundee F.C. is formed.

title: 1893

section: Events › July

date: November 15

text: November 15 – FC Basel Association football club is founded in Switzerland.

title: 1893

date: September 7

text: September 7 – Genoa Cricket & Athletic Club, the oldest Italian Association football club, is formed.

title: 1893

date: July 4

text: July 4 – The football club FC La Chaux-de-Fonds is founded in Switzerland.

title: 1894

text: March 14 – Association football and sports club BSC Young Boys is established in Bern, Switzerland, as the Fussballclub Young Boys.

title: 1898

date: February 16

text: February 16 – Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, the first Association football club in Iceland, is established in Reykjavík.

title: 1899

section: Events › February

date: January 8

text: January 8 – The Association football club SK Rapid Wien is founded in Vienna.

title: 1899

section: Events › January

date: May 3

text: May 3 – The Ferencvárosi TC Association football club is founded in Budapest.

title: 1899

date: February 28

text: February 28 – S.L. Benfica, one of the biggest Association Football clubs in Portugal, is founded as Sport Lisboa.

title: 1904

date: February 11

text: February 11 – The Romanian Association football club Sportul Studențesc is founded in Bucharest.

title: 1916

date: June 18

text: June 18 – The second most popular football club in Costa Rica, Liga Deportiva Alajuelense, is founded.

title: 1919

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Ebenezer Cobb Morley, English sportsman and the father of the Football Association and modern football (b. 1831)

title: 1924

section: Deaths › November

date: August 29

text: August 29 – F.C. Motagua is founded as an Association football club in Honduras.

title: 1928

text: November 28 – Persija Jakarta Association football club is founded as Voetbalbond Indonesische Jacatra.

title: 1928

date: July 30

text: July 30 – Uruguay beats Argentina 4–2 to win the first FIFA World Cup final in Association football, at Estadio Centenario in Montevideo.

title: 1930

text: May 8 – Wydad Athletic Club (WAC)(Arabic: نادي الوداد الرياضي; Berber: Wydad Dar al-Beida; commonly: Wydad al ouma) is established in Casablanca, Morocco; it will be best known for its Casablanca Association football team.

title: 1937

text: circa JuneThe 1942 FIFA World Cup competition in Association football, which Nazi Germany sought to host, is not held, due to World War II.

title: 1942

text: October 28 – Torcida Split is founded, in support of the Association football club HNK Hajduk Split, in SFR Yugoslavia.

title: 1950

text: June 29 – Brazil beats Sweden 5–2 in the final game to win the football World Cup in Sweden.

title: 1958

text: August 24 – First games played in the Bundesliga, the primary professional Association football league in West Germany, replacing the Oberliga.

title: 1963

text: July 30 – In Santiago, Chile, Cruzeiro from Brazil beats River Plate from Argentina and are the Copa Libertadores de América champions in Association football.

title: 1976

text: May 11 – Bradford City stadium fire: A fire engulfs a wooden stand at the Valley Parade stadium in Bradford, England, during an Association football match, killing 56 people.

title: 1985


slug: assyria

label: Assyria

description: major Mesopotamian East Semitic kingdom

text: c. 2500 BC: Assyria is established.

title: 25th century BC

section: Events

text: 1974 BC: Erishum I became the thirty-third ruler of Assyria.

title: 20th century BC

section: Conflict & Security

text: c. 1808 BC: Shamshi-Adad I returns from exile and conquers Assur, emerging as the first Amorite king of Assyria.

title: 19th century BC

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: c. 1740 BC: Akkadian-Assyrian governor Puzur-Sin drives the Babylonians and Amorites into the north, out of the land of Assyria.

title: 18th century BC

text: c. 1720 BC: Adasi, a native king of Assyria, seizes power.

title: 18th century BC

text: Enlil-nirari succeeds his father as king of Assyria.

title: 1310s BC

section: Events › 1317 BC

text: 1115 BC—Tiglath-Pileser I becomes king of Assyria.

title: 1110s BC

section: Events and trends

year_label: 891 BCE

text: 891 BC — Tukulti-Ninurta II succeeds his father Adad-nirari II as king of Assyria.

title: 890s BC

year_label: 884 BCE

text: 884 BC: Ashurnasirpal II succeeds his father Tukulti-Ninurta II as king of Assyria.

title: 9th century BC

section: Events › 880s BC

year_label: 783 BCE

text: 783 BC—Shalmaneser IV succeeds his father Adad-nirari III as king of Assyria.

title: 780s BC

year_label: 727 BCE

text: 727 BC: Babylonia makes itself independent of Assyria.

title: 8th century BC

section: Events › 720s BC

year_label: 724 BCE

text: 724 BC: The Assyrians start a four-year siege of Tyre.

title: 8th century BC

year_label: 717 BCE

text: 717 BC—Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish.

title: 710s BC

year_label: 705 BCE

section: Deaths

text: 705 BC—Sargon II, king of Assyria.

title: 700s BC (decade)

year_label: 693 BCE

text: 693 BC—Babylon is destroyed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib, but the city will be rebuilt in even greater splendor and luxury. He fights his way back north and captures various cities along the River Euphrates (or 691 BC or 689 BC).

title: 690s BC

year_label: 692 BCE

text: 692 BC—Karib'il Watar of Saba' is recorded as having given "gifts" (tribute) to King Sennacherib of Assyria.

title: 690s BC

year_label: 681 BCE

text: 681 BC—Sennacherib, king of Assyria

title: 680s BC

year_label: 677 BCE

text: Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes and advances as far as the Brook of Egypt.

title: 677 BC

year_label: 675 BCE

text: King Deioces dies after a 53-year reign that has established the kingdom of the Medes and its capital at Ecbatana (later Hamedan) in what will be northwest Persia. He is succeeded by his son Phraortes, who forms an anti-Assyrian alliance with the Cimmerians to subjugate the Persians and other Asian peoples.

title: 675 BC

section: Events › By place › Middle East

year_label: 671 BCE

text: King Esarhaddon of Assyria defeats the Kushite-Egyptian army of Pharaoh Taharqa and captures Memphis, along with a number of the royal family. He sets up a new Assyrian administration in Lower Egypt and withdraws.

title: 671 BC

year_label: 668 BCE

text: Nineveh, capital of Assyria becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes in Egypt (estimation).

title: 668 BC

section: Events › By Place › Middle East

year_label: 667 BCE

text: King Ashurbanipal of Assyria resumes his late father's attack on Egypt (see 671 BC), recapturing Memphis and beginning an offensive into Upper Egypt.

title: 667 BC

year_label: 656 BCE

text: Thebes submits to the Egyptian ruler Psamtik I of Sais, who has allied himself with Gyges of Lydia and employs Libyan soldiers in a rebellion against Assyrian rule with help from Carian and Ionian mercenaries. Psamtik permits the city's mayor Mentuemhat to retain his position, who is not only the most powerful Theban but also the fourth prophet of Amon.

title: 656 BC

section: Events › By place › Egypt

year_label: 655 BCE

text: The Assyrian army invade Elam and overtake its twin capital cities Madaktu and Susa and install a king that is pro-Assyrian on the throne.

title: 655 BC

section: Events › By place › Mesopotamia

year_label: 653 BCE

text: Elamite forces attack southern Babylon. A large Assyrian army sent by king Ashurbanipal defeat the Elamites, in the Battle of Ulai, and kill their king, Teumman. He is succeeded by his nephew Ummanigash.

title: 653 BC

year_label: 649 BCE

text: A revolt led by Shamash-shum-ukin is crushed by the Assyrians.

title: 649 BC

year_label: 648 BCE

text: Babylon falls to Assyrian forces after a 3-year siege (see 651 BC); starved out by his half brother Ashurbanipal, king Shamash-shum-ukin commits suicide in his burning palace, as the Assyrians slaughter his city's garrison and much of its population.

title: 648 BC

section: Events › Middle East

year_label: 647 BCE

text: Elam refuses to extradite an Aramaean prince, giving the king Ashurbanipal of Assyria an excuse to invade the country. He sacks the city of Susa.

title: 647 BC

year_label: 644 BCE

text: Ardys succeeds his father Gyges as the second Mermnad king of Lydia. During his reign he finds payment of tribute to Assyria preferable to rule by the Cimmerians, who will be routed a few decades later.

title: 644 BC

section: Events › Asia Minor

year_label: 640 BCE

text: King Ashurbanipal of Assyria achieves a great victory over Elam. He captures its last king, Khumma-Khaldash III, and lays waste to the country.

title: 640 BC

year_label: 627 BCE

text: Sinsharishkun succeeds his brother Ashur-etil-ilani as king of Assyria (approximate date).

title: 627 BC

year_label: 615 BCE

text: The Neo-Babylonian Empire begins attacking Assyrian cities.

title: 615 BC

year_label: 612 BCE

text: Ashur-uballit II attempts to keep the Assyrian state alive by establishing himself as king at Harran.

title: 612 BC

year_label: 609 BCE

text: Battle of Megiddo—King Josiah is killed fighting against Necho II, who was on his way to aid the Assyrian state.

title: 609 BC

text: The Medes and the Babylonians defeat the Assyrians under Ashur-uballit II and capture Harran. Ashur-uballit II, the last king of Assyria, disappears from history.

title: 609 BC

text: Ashur-uballit II (probably), last king of Assyria

title: 609 BC

text: Battle of Carchemish: Crown Prince Nebuchadnezzar defeats the allied armies of Egypt and former Assyria, securing the Babylonian conquest of Assyria (approximate date).

title: 605 BC


slug: astronomy-in-the-medieval-islamic-world

label: Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

description: overview about the Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

section: Births

text: Al-Dinawari, astronomer and grammarian (d. 889)

title: 828

text: Al-Battani, Muslim astronomer and mathematician (d. 929)

title: 858

text: Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin, Persian astronomer (d. 971)

title: 900

text: Al-Batani, Muslim astronomer and mathematician

title: 929

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani, Persian mathematician and astronomer (d. 998)

title: 940

text: Ibn Yunus, Fatamid astronomer (d. 1009)

title: 950

text: Ibn al-Haytham, Arab astronomer and physicist (d. 1040)

title: 965

text: Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin, Persian astronomer (b. 900)

title: 971

text: Ali ibn Ridwan, Arab physician and astrologer (d. 1061)

title: 988

text: Al-Saghani, Persian astronomer and historian of science

title: 990

text: Abu-Mahmud Khojandi, Persian astronomer and Mathematics in medieval Islam/mathematician

title: AD 1000

text: Ibn Yunus, Fatimid astronomer and mathematician

title: 1009

text: Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī, Arab astrologer and astronomer (d. 1087)

title: 1029

text: Ibn al-Haytham, Arab astronomer (approximate date)

title: 1040

text: Ali ibn Ridwan, Arab physician and astronomer (approximate date)

title: 1061

section: Science & Discovery

text: Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician and astronomer, calculates a 33 year calendar consisting of 25 ordinary years that include 365 days, and 8 leap years that include 366 days, the most accurate calculation of his time. Khayyam, in his Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems in Algebra, produces a complete classification of cubic equations and their geometric solutions (approximate date).

title: 1079

section: Events › By topic › Astronomy

text: Jabir ibn Aflah, Andalusian astronomer (b. 1100)

title: 1150


slug: athanasius-of-alexandria

label: Athanasius of Alexandria

description: Pope of Alexandria from 328 to 373 (296–373)

text: Athanasius of Alexandria, Egyptian patriarch (d. 373)

title: 298

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Athanasius is elected pope of Alexandria following the death of Alexander I.

title: 328

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Religion & Belief

text: First Synod of Tyre: Constantine I convenes a gathering of bishops at Tyre to depose and exile Patriarch Athanasius of Alexandria.

title: 335

section: Climate & Environment

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented the grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople.

title: 335

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

date: June 17

text: June 17 – Constantius II announces the restoration of Athanasius, as Patriarch of Alexandria.

title: 337

text: Pope Julius I gives refuge in Rome to the Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who is deposed and expelled during the First Synod of Tyre (see 335).

title: 339

text: Emperor Constans I uses his influence to secure the return of Athanasius. He is restored as Patriarch of Alexandria, and documents are compiled relating to his expulsion, under the title Apology Against the Arians.

title: 346

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Pope Julius I dies after a 15-year reign in which he has made himself the chief opponent of Arianism. He is succeeded by Pope Liberius as the 36th pope, who immediately writes to Constantius II requesting a council at Aquileia to discuss the former Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who opposes the Arian belief to which the emperor subscribes.

title: 352

text: Constantius II assembles a conciliabulum at Arles, and condemns Athanasius as Patriarch of Alexandria.

title: 353

text: Pope Liberius refuses to sign a condemnation of Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria, imposed at Milan by Constantius II. Liberius is exiled to Beroea (Greece) and replaced by Felix II. He becomes an antipope and bishop of Rome.

title: 355

date: February 19

text: February 19 – Emperor Constantius II issues a decree closing all pagan temples in the Roman Empire, and ordering the banishment once again of the anti-Arian patriarch of Alexandria, Athanasius. He tries to have him arrested during a vigil service, but Athanasius flees to the Nitrian desert in Upper Egypt.

title: 356

text: Late in the year Pope Liberius travels to Sirmium (Pannonia) and agrees to sign documents that effectively undo the Nicene Creed (which implicitly disavows Arianism) and to sever his relationship with the former Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who is replaced as patriarch of Alexandria by his Arian opponent George of Cappadocia.

title: 357

date: December 24

text: December 24 – George of Cappadocia, the Arian intruding bishop of Alexandria, is murdered in his see and Athanasius of Alexandria returns to his native city in triumph.

title: 361

date: February 21

text: February 21 – Athanasius returns to Alexandria and convenes a council, at which he appeals for unity among Christians who differ in terminology, but Emperor Julian orders Athanasius to leave Alexandria. He will remain in exile in Upper Egypt, until after Julian's death the next year.

title: 362

text: Emperor Valens orders the expulsion of the Alexandrian bishop Athanasius from his see, but instead of going into exile Athanasius, now about 67, moves to the outskirts of Alexandria.

title: AD 365

date: January 31

text: January 31 – Athanasius of Alexandria returns from his fifth exile. He has spent four months in his ancestral tomb outside Alexandria.

title: 366

text: The first Listing of the New Testament (Bible) is made by St. Athanasius of Alexandria.

title: 367

date: May 2

text: May 2 – Athanasius of Alexandria, Egyptian bishop and saint (b. 296)

title: 373