slug: han-dynasty

label: Han dynasty

description: imperial dynasty in China from 202 BC to 220 AD

year_label: 256 BCE

text: Liu Bang, founder of the Han dynasty of China (d. 195 BC)

title: 256 BC

text: Han Xin, prominent Chinese general of the early Han dynasty is born.

title: 231 BC

year_label: 217 BCE

text: Xin Zhui, a Han dynasty noblewoman

title: 217 BC

year_label: 216 BCE

text: Liu Pi, Chinese prince and general of the Han Dynasty (d. 154 BC)

title: 216 BC

year_label: 210 BCE

text: Hui, emperor of the Han dynasty (d. 188 BC)

title: 210 BC

year_label: 208 BCE

text: Liu Ruyi, Chinese prince and only son of the first Han emperor Liu Bang (d. 194 BC)

title: 208 BC

year_label: 206 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Liu Bang, as the newly appointed king of Hanzhong, and his new General-in-Chief Han Xin, invade Guanzhong, defeat the king of Yong, Zhang Han, and conquer the lands of the Three Qins, thus beginning hostilities with Xiang Yu.

title: 206 BC

section: Events › By place › China

year_label: 205 BCE

text: Han Xin captures Feiqiu, the last holdout of Zhang Han, thus completing the Han conquest of the Three Qins. Zhang Han commits suicide.

title: 205 BC

year_label: 203 BCE

text: Xiang Yu flees toward Wuyue and, pursued by Han cavalry, commits suicide.

title: 203 BC

year_label: 202 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 28

text: 28 February: Liu Bang declares himself Supreme Emperor of China, officially beginning the Han dynasty.

title: 202 BC

year_label: 201 BCE

text: King Xin of Han, in alliance with Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu, launches a rebellion against the Han dynasty in the Taiyuan Commandery. He is defeated by Emperor Gaozu of Han and his generals, who chase Xin of Han into Xiongnu territory.

title: 201 BC

year_label: 200 BCE

text: The Han emperor Gaozu is defeated by the Xiongnu, led by Modu Chanyu, in the Battle of Baideng.

title: 200 BC

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The construction of the Wei-Yang Palace in the Han dynasty capital (Chang'an) begins.

title: 200 BC

text: Wen, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (d. 157 BC)

title: 200 BC

year_label: 197 BCE

text: Chen Xi begins a rebellion against the Han dynasty in the Dai region of the northern frontier.

title: 197 BC

text: Liu Taigong, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty

title: 197 BC

year_label: 196 BCE

text: Empress Lü and Prime Minister Xiao He of the Han dynasty have the former General-in-Chief Han Xin executed, suspecting that he was planning a rebellion in cooperation with the rebel Chen Xi.

title: 196 BC

text: Peng Yue, Chinese general of the Western Han dynasty

title: 196 BC

year_label: 195 BCE

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Gaozu of Han (or Gao), first emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty, who has ruled since 202 BC (b. 256 or 247 BC)

title: 195 BC

year_label: 194 BCE

section: Economy & Finance

text: The Wiman Joseon kingdom of northern Korea (Choson) is founded by the Chinese Han dynasty general Wiman.

title: 194 BC

section: Events › By place › Korea

text: Concubine Qi, also known as Lady Qi or Consort Qi, favoured concubine of Han Gaozu (personal name Liu Bang), the first emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty

title: 194 BC

year_label: 193 BCE

text: Xiao He, prime minister of the early Han dynasty in China who has been a key figure in Liu Bang's rise to power after the fall of the Qin dynasty

title: 193 BC

year_label: 189 BCE

text: Fan Kuai, Chinese general and politician of the Han dynasty (during the Chu-Han Contention)

title: 189 BC

year_label: 188 BCE

text: Jing of Han, emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty, who ruled from 157 BC (d. 141 BC)

title: 188 BC

text: Hui of Han, the second emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty, who ruled from 195 BC (b. 210 BC)

title: 188 BC

year_label: 184 BCE

text: Liu Wu, Chinese prince of the Han dynasty (approximate date)

title: 184 BC

year_label: 182 BCE

text: Jin Xi a Han Chinese general under Emperor Liu Bang.

title: 182 BC

year_label: 181 BCE

text: Empress Lü of the Han dynasty sends an army under Zhou Zao to attack the formerly vassal state of Nanyue in present-day Vietnam and southern China, but the heat and dampness causes many of Zhou's men to fall ill, and he fails to make it across the mountains into enemy territory.

title: 181 BC

year_label: 180 BCE

text: Emperor Wen honours the relatives and ancestors of Zhao Tuo, the Chinese-born ruler of Nanyue (in present-day Vietnam and southern China). As a result, Nanyue returns to the Han dynasty as a vassal, although Zhao Tuo continues to call himself an emperor within his own kingdom.

title: 180 BC

date: August 18

text: August 18 – Empress Dowager Lü, de facto ruler of the Chinese Han dynasty and wife of Emperor Gao (b. 241 BC)

title: 180 BC

date: September 26

text: September 26 – Lü Clan Disturbance. Following the death of Empress Lü, who had been the de facto ruler of the Han dynasty, the Lü Clan is overthrown and massacred by the imperial princes Liu Zhang and Liu Xiang, General-in-Chief Zhou Bo and Prime Minister Chen Ping.

title: 180 BC

year_label: 178 BCE

text: Chen Ping, Chinese official and chancellor of the Western Han dynasty

title: 178 BC

text: Liu Xingju, Chinese prince of the Han dynasty and a key player during the Lü Clan Disturbance (180 BC), grandson of Emperor Gao of Han and son of Prince Liu Fei of Qi

title: 177 BC

text: Wang Zhi, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (d. 126 BC)

title: 173 BC

text: Liu Fei, Chinese prince of the Han dynasty. He is also the son of Emperor Jing and a half-brother of Emperor Wu (d. 128 BC)

title: 169 BC

text: Zhang Yan, known formally as Empress Xiaohui, empress of the Chinese Han dynasty (b. 202 BC)

title: 163 BC

text: A Painted banner, from the tomb of the wife of the Marquis of Dai, of the Han dynasty, in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan, is made (approximate date). It is nowadays preserved at the Historical museum in Beijing.

title: 160 BC

text: 30 July – Wu of Han, who will be emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty from 141 BC (d. 87 BC)

title: 157 BC

text: July 6 – Wen of Han, Emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty since 180 BC (b. 200 BC)

title: 157 BC

text: Empress Dowager Bo, imperial concubine of Emperor Gao of the Han dynasty.

title: 155 BC

text: The Rebellion of the Seven States against the Han dynasty fails and Emperor Jing of Han further consolidates his power at the expense of the regional, semi-autonomous kings governing the eastern portion of the empire.

title: 154 BC

text: Chao Cuo, Chinese advisor and official of the Han dynasty (b. c. 200 BC)

title: 154 BC

text: Liu Rong, Chinese crown prince of the Han dynasty

title: 148 BC

text: Bo, Chinese empress of the Western Han Dynasty

title: 147 BC

text: Liu Wu (a.k.a. Prince Xiao of Liang), Chinese prince of the Han dynasty

title: 144 BC

text: Zhou Yafu, Chinese general of the Han Dynasty

title: 143 BC

text: Jing of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 188 BC)

title: 141 BC

text: March 9 – Emperor Wu of Han ("Martial Emperor") starts to rule the Han dynasty.

title: 141 BC

text: Huo Qubing, Chinese general of the Han dynasty (d. 117 BC)

title: 140 BC

text: Minyue attacks Nanyue, which are both vassal states of the Han dynasty. The Han send two armies against Minyue under Wang Hui and Han Anguo, and Minyue's king Zou Ying is killed by his brother Zou Yushan, who then surrenders to the Han.

title: 135 BC

text: Sima Qian, Chinese historian of the Han dynasty (approximate date)

title: 135 BC

text: On the advice of philosopher Dong Zhongshu, Emperor Wu of Han promotes Confucianism as the official doctrine of the Han dynasty and assigns special merit to the Book of Rites, the Classic of Music, the Classic of Poetry, the Book of Documents, I Ching (the Book of Changes) and the Spring and Autumn Annals.

title: 134 BC

text: June – A large army of the Han dynasty, under the overall command of Han Anguo, attempts to ambush the Xiongnu leader Junchen Chanyu in the Battle of Mayi. By pretending to betray the city of Mayi, a Han official had lured Junchen onto Han soil. However, a captured Chinese officer tips off Junchen, and so he avoids the ambush. The episode abrogates the Xiongnu-Han treaty (called heqin 和親 or "harmonious kinship") and marks the beginning of Emperor Wu's Han-Xiongnu War.

title: 133 BC

text: In response to Han incursions, in 128 or 127 the Xiongnu invade northern China. They kill the governor of Liaoxi, defeat the governor of Yuyang, capture 2000 of the inhabitants of Liaoxi and Yuyang and defeat the Han general Han Anguo. Han Anguo and his cavalry force are surrounded in their camp but the arrival of relief forces coming from Yan causes the Xiongnu army to withdraw. The Xiongnu also invade Yanmen and kill or capture 1000 people.

title: 128 BC

text: Liu Ju, Chinese prince of the Han dynasty (d. 91 BC)

title: 128 BC

text: Zhufu Yan, Chinese politician and official of the Han dynasty (or 126 BC)

title: 127 BC

text: Summer: In retaliation for the Han conquest of the Ordos Plateau in the previous year, the Xiongnu invade the province of Dai, kill its governor, Gong You, and capture over 1000 of its inhabitants.

title: 126 BC

text: Wang Zhi, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (b. 173 BC)

title: 126 BC

text: In retaliation for the Han conquest of the Ordos Plateau two years prior, three Xiongnu forces raid the Prefectures of Dai, Dingxiang and Shang.

title: 125 BC

text: Spring: The Han general Wei Qing, with an army of 30,000 cavalry, proceeds from Gaoque into Xiongnu territory, and in a night attack surrounds the Tuqi King of the Right in his camp. The Tuqi escapes, but numerous petty chiefs are captured in this and a second engagement.

title: 124 BC

text: Spring: The Han General-in-Chief Wei Qing launches two invasions of Xiongnu territory from Dingxiang, defeating two Xiongnu armies and killing or capturing several thousand of the enemy.

title: 123 BC

text: Spring - The Han general Huo Qubing attacks the Supu, vassals of the Xiongnu, and kills their king. He then invades the Hexi Corridor, where he fights a six-day running battle against a son of Yizhixie Chanyu. The Xiongnu are defeated, and the ruler of Lan and king Lu, both vassals of the Xiongnu, are killed in the fighting. Huo Qubing then attacks and defeats the Hunye, capturing the son of the Hunye king and his ministers and chief commandants.

title: 121 BC

text: Retaliating against the Han conquest of the Hexi Corridor in the previous year, the Xiongnu invade the provinces of Youbeiping and Dingxiang, killing or capturing over 1000 inhabitants.

title: 120 BC

text: Di Shan, Chinese politician of the Han dynasty

title: 119 BC

text: Huo Qubing, Chinese general of the Han dynasty (b. 140 BC)

title: 117 BC

text: The state of Nanyue, a vassal of the Han dynasty, agrees to submit to Han laws and receives envoys to oversee the succession of the young king Zhao Xing.

title: 113 BC

text: An incense burner, later found in the tomb of Liu Sheng, Prince of Zhongshan in Mancheng, Hebei, is made during the Han dynasty. It is now kept at Hebei Provincial Museum, Shijiazhuang.

title: 113 BC

text: Liu Sheng, Chinese prince of the Han dynasty

title: 113 BC

text: Emperor Wu of Han inspects the Han Empire, traveling . He also sends diplomats to search for the legendary Penglai Island.

title: 109 BC

text: Wei Qing, Chinese general of the Han dynasty

title: 106 BC

text: The Han dynasty forms an alliance with the Wusun by marrying a Han princess to their king.

title: 105 BC

text: Dong Zhongshu, Chinese scholar who promoted Confucianism at the central court of the Han dynasty (b. 179 BC)

title: 104 BC

text: War of the Heavenly Horses: the Han expeditionary force under Li Guangli conquers the state of Luntai. Li Guangli then besieges Alexandria Eschate, the capital of Dayuan in the Hellenistic Ferghana Valley, despite having lost half his army to hunger, thirst and battle by the time he reached the city. The Dayuan are defeated in battle, and after losing their outer wall and their best general Jianmi in battle, the nobles kill King Wugua and offer terms of peace to Li Guangli, who accepts. The Han receive some of the prized horses of Dayuan and Li Guangli appoints Mocai as the new king.

title: 102 BC

text: War of the Heavenly Horses: Han general Li Guangli detaches forces to attack Yucheng. After a failed attack by Wang Shengshen and Hu Chongguo, in which Wang is killed, a new Han detachment under Shangguan Jie defeats and captures the king of Yucheng. The king is then killed by the soldiers escorting him to Li Guangli.

title: 101 BC

text: War of the Heavenly Horses: the Han expedition under Li Guangli returns victorious to China. He is followed by dynastic representatives sent by various Central Asian kings, so that they may pay tribute to Emperor Wu of Han. Emperor Wu keeps these representatives as hostages and sends soldiers to build pavilions and reclaim wasteland along the route to the west to provide food and shelter for Han envoys.

title: 100 BC

text: The Han generals Li Guangli, Gongsun Ao, Han Yue and Lu Bode lead armies into Xiongnu territory. The campaign achieves little, and Gongsun Ao suffers a defeat. Emperor Wu of Han condemns him to death due to his troops suffering heavy losses, but he escapes by feigning his death. He is eventually discovered and executed during the witchcraft trials of 91 BC.

title: 97 BC

text: Start of the Taishi era in the Han dynasty.

title: 96 BC

text: Gongsun Ao, Chinese general of the Han dynasty

title: 96 BC

text: Xuan of Han, emperor of the Han dynasty (d. 49 BC)

title: 91 BC

text: Liu Ju, crown prince of the Han dynasty (b. 128 BC)

title: 91 BC

text: The former Han General-in-Chief Li Guangli, now the son-in-law of Hulugu Chanyu, is arrested and sacrificed to the gods to restore the health of Hulugu's mother.

title: 89 BC

text: Li Guangli, Chinese General-in-Chief (Han dynasty)

title: 89 BC

text: March 29 – Han Wudi, emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 157 BC)

title: 87 BC

text: March 29 – Emperor Wu of Han dies after a 54-year reign in which he leads the Han dynasty (China) through its greatest expansion. The Empire's borders span from modern Kyrgyzstan in the west, to Mongolia in the north, to Korea in the east, and to northern Vietnam in the south.

title: 87 BC

text: Sang Hongyang, Chinese politician of the Han dynasty

title: 80 BC

text: Yuan of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. 33 BC)

title: 75 BC

text: Wang Zhengjun, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (d. AD 13)

title: 71 BC

text: Wang Zhengjun, empress of the Western Han dynasty (d. AD 13)

title: 69 BC

text: Huo Guang, official of the western Han Dynasty

title: 68 BC

text: December – The army of the Han dynasty Chinese commander Zheng Ji is victorious over the Xiongnu in the Battle of Jushi.

title: 67 BC

text: Zhang Anshi, Chinese official of the Han Dynasty

title: 62 BC

text: The Han dynasty government establishes the Protectorate of the Western Regions, the highest military position of a military commander on the Western frontier (Tarim Basin).

title: 60 BC

text: He of Changyi, emperor of the Han Dynasty

title: 59 BC

text: Huo Chengjun, empress of the Han Dynasty

title: 54 BC

text: Cheng, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (d. 7 BC)

title: 51 BC

text: January 10 – Xuan of Han, emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 91 BC)

title: 49 BC

text: Yuan becomes emperor of the Han Dynasty (until 33 BC).

title: 48 BC

text: Feng Yuan becomes consort to Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty.

title: 47 BC

text: Wang Mang, usurper of the Han dynasty and emperor of the Xin dynasty (d. AD 23)

title: 45 BC

text: The Ji Jiu Pian dictionary, published about this year during the Han dynasty, is the earliest known reference to the hydraulic-powered trip hammer device.

title: 40 BC

text: Shangguan, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty

title: 37 BC

text: October–December – The Han dynasty Chinese army under General Chen Tang and General Gan Yanshou defeat the Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu in the Battle of Zhizhi. This leads to half a century of peace between the Han dynasty and the Xiongnu until Wang Mang enrages them in the year AD 10, resuming hostilities between both sides.

title: 36 BC

text: Crown Prince Ao ascends to the throne as Emperor Cheng of Han of the Han dynasty (until 7 BC).

title: 33 BC

text: July 8 – Yuan of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 75 BC)

title: 33 BC

text: First possible date for the invention of the wheelbarrow in history; as the 5th century Book of the Later Han states that the wife of the once poor and youthful imperial censor Bao Xuan of the Chinese Han dynasty helped him push a lu che back to his village during their feeble wedding ceremony, around this year.

title: 30 BC

text: Ai of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. 1 BC)

title: 27 BC

text: Ma Yuan, Chinese general of the Han dynasty (d. AD 49)

title: 14 BC

text: Ping, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (d. AD 6)

title: 0s BC

text: Wang, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (d. AD 23)

title: 0s BC

text: April 17 – Cheng, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 51 BC)

title: 0s BC

text: Feng Yuan (or Zhaoyi), Chinese concubine of the Han Dynasty

title: 0s BC

text: January 15 – Guang Wu, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 57)

title: 0s BC

text: Fu, Chinese Grand Empress of the Han dynasty

title: 0s BC

text: August 15 – Ai of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 27 BC)

title: 0s BC

text: AD 3 – Geng Yan, Chinese general of the Han dynasty (d. AD 58)

title: 0s

text: AD 5 – Yin Lihua, empress of the Han dynasty (d. AD 64)

title: 0s

text: AD 8 – Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: 0s

text: Liu Xuan, a descendant of the Han dynasty royal family and leader of insurgents against the Xin dynasty, proclaims himself emperor against Wang Mang.

title: 20s

text: Ruzi Ying, Chinese emperor of the Western Han (b. AD 5)

title: 20s

text: Gengshi, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty

title: 20s

text: August 5 – The Han dynasty is restored in China as Liu Xiu proclaims himself Emperor Guangwu of Han, starting the Jianwu era (until AD 56).

title: 20s

text: December 25 – Wu Han commands the forces of Emperor Guang Wu of the Eastern Han to conquer the separatist Chengjia Empire, reuniting China.

title: 30s

text: Ma, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (d. AD 79)

title: 40s

text: Emperor Guang Wu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shengtong, as empress, and makes his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place.

title: 40s

text: Wu Han, general of the Han Dynasty

title: 40s

text: Ma Yuan, Chinese general of the Han Dynasty(b. 14 BC)

title: 40s

text: The Yuejue Shu, the first known gazetteer of China, is written during the Han Dynasty.

title: 50s

text: Guo Shengtong, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty

title: 50s

text: The Jianwu era of the Eastern Han dynasty changes to the Jianwuzhongyuan era.

title: 50s

text: Start of Yongping era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: 50s

text: Deng Yu, Chinese general of the Han dynasty (b. AD 2)

title: 50s

text: Ma Wu, Chinese general of the Eastern Han Dynasty

title: AD 61

text: Dou, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 97)

title: AD 63

text: Liu Ying, Chinese prince of the Han Dynasty who converted to Buddhism

title: AD 71

text: February – The Chinese Han dynasty launches a major campaign against the Xiongnu, whom they confront in the Battle of Yiwulu in the Kumul oasis, an ultimate Han military victory led by General Dou Gu (d. AD 88).

title: AD 73

text: Accession of Han Zhangdi of the Han dynasty (until AD 88).

title: AD 75

text: Han Mingdi, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. AD 28)

title: AD 75

text: First year of Jianchu era of the Chinese Han dynasty. (Clarification needed as to the meaning of this)

title: AD 76

text: Liu Qing, Chinese prince of the Han Dynasty (d. 106)

title: AD 78

text: August 16 – Ma, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (b. AD 40)

title: AD 79

text: Yin, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. 103)

title: AD 80

text: Deng Sui, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. 121)

title: AD 81

text: Change from Jianchu to Yuanhe era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.

title: AD 84

text: Ban Gu (Pan Kou) and his sister Ban Zhao (Pan Tchao) compose the History of China.

title: AD 86

text: Dou Gu, Chinese general of the Han dynasty

title: AD 88

text: First year of Yongyuan era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 89

text: June – Battle of Ikh Bayan: The Han Chinese army under Dou Xian, allied with the southern Xiongnu, is victorious over the Northern Xiongnu.

title: AD 89

text: Dou Xian, Chinese general and statesman of the Eastern Han dynasty

title: AD 92

text: Zhangde, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty

title: AD 97

text: Gan Ying, Chinese ambassador of the Han dynasty

title: AD 101

text: Ban Chao, Chinese general of the Han dynasty (b. AD 32)

title: AD 102

text: Yin, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (b. AD 80)

title: AD 103

text: Han Shangdi, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (d. 106)

title: AD 105

text: Emperor He Di dies after a 17-year reign in which court eunuchs and the emperor's in-laws have regained influence. Empress Deng Sui places her son Shang Di (barely 3 months old) on the throne, as the fifth emperor of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.

title: AD 105

text: February 13 – He of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. AD 79)

title: AD 106

text: September 21 – Han Shangdi dies after a 7-month reign and is succeeded by his 12-year-old cousin Han Andi as ruler of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty (until 125).

title: AD 106

text: Liu Hu becomes Emperor An of Han.

title: AD 107

text: First year of the yongchu era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.

title: AD 107

text: Last (7th) year of Yongchu era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.

title: AD 113

text: First year of Yuanchu era of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.

title: AD 114

text: Shun of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. 144)

title: AD 115

text: Ren Shang, Chinese general of Han Dynasty

title: AD 118

text: Change of era name from Yuanchu (7th year) to Yongning of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.

title: AD 120

text: Era name changes from Yongning (2nd year) to Jianguang in the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty. (Needs clarification or deletion)

title: AD 121

text: Deng Sui, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (b. AD 81)

title: AD 121

text: Change of era name from Jianguang (2nd year) to Yanguang of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.

title: AD 122

text: Last (4th) year of the Yanguang era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 125

text: First year of the Yongjian era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 126

text: Change of era name from Yongjian (7th year) to Yangjia of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 132

text: Han Huandi, emperor of the Han dynasty (d. 168)

title: AD 132

text: Last (4th) year of Yangjia era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

title: AD 135

text: First year of Yonghe era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

title: AD 136

text: Han Zhidi, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. 146)

title: AD 138

text: Last (6th) year of Yonghe era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

title: AD 141

text: First year of the Hanan era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

title: AD 142

text: Change of era name from Hanan (3rd year) to Jiankang era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 144

text: Change of emperor from Han Chongdi to Han Zhidi of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 145

text: Han Chongdi, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 143)

title: AD 145

text: Change of era name from Yongxi (1st year) to Benchu era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 146

text: Han Zhidi, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 138)

title: AD 146

text: First year of Jianhe of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

title: AD 147

text: Sima Fang (or Jiangong), Chinese official and scholar of the Han Dynasty (d. 219)

title: AD 149

text: First and only year of the "Heping" era of the Han dynasty in China.

title: AD 150

text: Xu Shao, Chinese official of the Han dynasty (d. 195)

title: AD 150

text: First year of Yuanjia of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 151

text: Yan Ming, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty

title: AD 152

text: Change of era name from Yuanjia (3rd year) to Yongxing of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

title: AD 153

text: Last (2nd) year of Yongxing era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

title: AD 154

text: Ling of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. 189)

title: AD 156

text: Change of era name from Yongshou to Yangxi of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 158

text: A Roman envoy arrives by sea in Rinan commandery, in southern China (central Vietnam). He travels to the Chinese capital Luoyang, and is greeted by Emperor Huan of the Han dynasty.

title: AD 166

text: Scholars who have denounced eunuchs are arrested, killed or banished from the capital and official life in Han dynasty China. This is the first of the Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions, which end in 184.

title: AD 166

text: Change of era name from Yanxi to Yongkang of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 167

text: Emperor Ling of Han succeeds Emperor Huan of Han as the emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty; the first year of the Jianning era.

title: AD 168

text: Last (5th) year of Jianning era and start of Xiping era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 172

text: Battle of Jwawon: Goguryeo Prime Minister Myeongnim Dap-bu defeats the Chinese Han dynasty forces in Manchuria.

title: AD 172

text: Liu Bian, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (d. 190)

title: AD 176

text: Huo Jun, Chinese general of the Eastern Han (d. 216)

title: AD 177

text: Last (7th) year of Xiping era and start of Guanghe era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 178

text: Song, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty

title: AD 178

text: Han dynasty China: The full title of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art appears on two bronze standard measures dated to this year, yet there is speculation that the same book existed beforehand only under different titles. In the 3rd century, Liu Hui would provide commentary on this important early Chinese mathematical treatise.

title: AD 179

text: Zhang Jue leads the peasant revolt against Emperor Ling of Han of the Eastern Han dynasty. Heading for the capital of Luoyang, his massive and undisciplined army (360,000 men), burns and destroys government offices and outposts.

title: AD 184

text: Zhi Yao, a Kushan Buddhist monk of Yuezhi ethnicity, translates Buddhist texts into the Chinese language during the Han dynasty.

title: AD 185

text: Liu Bian succeeds Emperor Ling, as Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty.

title: AD 189

text: Lingsi (or He), Chinese empress of the Han dynasty

title: AD 189

text: First year of the Chuping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

title: AD 190

text: May 22 – Lü Bu assassinates warlord Dong Zhuo, who has controlled the central government of the Han Dynasty (since 189).

title: AD 192

text: Last (4th) year of Chuping era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

title: AD 193

text: First year of the Xingping era, during the Han Dynasty in China.

title: AD 194

text: Last (2nd) year of the Xingping era during the Han Dynasty.

title: AD 195

text: Cao, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. 260)

title: AD 197

text: Cao Cao, the prime minister of the Han dynasty, is titled Wei Gong (Duke of Wei) and given a fief of ten cities under his domain. This later becomes the Kingdom of Wei.

title: 213

text: Fu Shou, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty

title: 215

text: Chinese warlord Cao Cao is made a vassal and ruler of Wei (Former Wei) by Emperor Xian, the last ruler of the Han Dynasty.

title: 216

text: December 11 – Cao Pi receives the abdication of Emperor Xian of Han and proclaims himself emperor of Cao Wei. This ends the Han dynasty, the former emperor being created Duke of Shanyang.

title: 220

text: May 15 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord and descendant of the imperial clan of the Han dynasty, proclaims himself emperor in Chengdu, Sichuan, and establishes the state of Shu Han.

title: 221

text: April 21 – Xian of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 181)

title: 234

text: July 2 – Cao Jie, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (b. 197)

title: 260

text: Xiao Tong, eldest son of emperor Wu Di, compiles the Wen Xuan (Literary Selections), a famous anthology of works dating from the Han to the Liang dynasty (approximate date).

title: 530


slug: han-warring-states

label: Han (Warring States)

description: central Chinese state from 403-230 BCE

year_label: 455 BCE

text: Spring and Autumn period: The Battle of Jinyang begins with the armies of Zhi, Wei and Han laying siege to Jinyang.

title: 455 BC

year_label: 362 BCE

text: The states of Qin, Han and Zhao defeat the state of Wei and Qin captures the prince of Wei. The Battle of Shaoliang is then fought between Qin and Wei, which Wei loses, whereupon Qin captures the prime minister of Wei.

title: 362 BC

year_label: 293 BCE

text: The State of Qin, led by commander Bai Qi, wins a decisive victory over the States of Wei and Han in the Battle of Yique. He then captures territories in Han before invading and capturing further territories in Wei.

title: 293 BC

year_label: 273 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Xi of Han, Chinese king of Han (Warring States Period)

title: 273 BC

year_label: 241 BCE

text: Five of the seven major warring states: Chu, Zhao, Wei, Yan, and Han, form an alliance to fight the rising power of Qin. King Kaolie of Chu is named the leader of the alliance, and Lord Chunshen the military commander, with Pang Nuan of Zhao also serving as a general. The coalition penetrates as far as the Qin town of Zui, west of the strategic Hangu Pass and in the Qin heartland of Guanzhong, but they are defeated. Afterwards, Chu moves its capital east to Shouchun, further away from the threat of Qin. Qin counterattacks, sacking the Wei city of Chaoge.

title: 241 BC

year_label: 239 BCE

text: Huanhui of Han, Chinese king of the Han State

title: 239 BC

year_label: 232 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: The king of Qin, Ying Zheng, invites Prince Han Fei, a legalist philosopher and member of the Han royal family, to the Qin court. However, at the instigation of Li Si, he then has him imprisoned and executed as a threat to the state.

title: 232 BC

year_label: 209 BCE

text: The rebels restore the monarchies of Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Wei and (in 208) Han.

title: 209 BC


slug: hangzhou

label: Hangzhou

description: capital of Zhejiang Province, China

text: The first city wall of Hangzhou (Eastern China) is constructed.

title: 591

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Emperor Yángdi completes the Grand Canal; it provides an unbroken inland ship transport between the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The canal network is 1,776 km (1,400 miles) long—linking five river systems—and extends from Beijing to the city of Hangzhou.

title: 609

date: December 1

text: December 1 – The Wuyue Kingdom is founded by the warlord Qian Liu in Hangzhou. His proclaims himself king, his power is centered in Jiangsu province (Eastern China).

title: 907

text: Fang La, a Chinese rebel leader, leads an uprising against the Song dynasty in Qixian Village (modern-day Zhejiang) in southeast China. He raises an army and captures Hangzhou.

title: 1120

text: Emperor Emperor Huizong of Song sends an expedition to crush the rebellion at Hangzhou (modern-day Zhejiang) in China. The rebels are defeated and their leader Fang La is captured and executed.

title: 1121

date: June 12

text: June 12 – Qinzong's younger brother, the 20-year-old Gaozong, re-establishes the Song dynasty (as the Southern Song dynasty) in Lin'an (modern-day Hangzhou) and is proclaimed emperor.

title: 1127

text: Jin–Song War: Emperor Gao Zong of the Song dynasty moves the capital from Yangzhou to Hangzhou, after the Jurchen Jin dynasty captures Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident.

title: 1129

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Jin–Song Wars: Jin forces take Hangzhou.

title: 1130

section: Events

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: June

text: June – A fire breaks out in the Chinese capital of Hangzhou, destroying 13,000 houses and forcing many to flee to the nearby hills. Due to large fires as this, the government installs an effective fire fighting force for the city. Items such as bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are temporarily exempted from taxation, 120 tons of rice are distributed among the poor. The government suspends the housing rent requirement of the city's residents.

title: 1132

text: In China during the Song Dynasty, a fire breaks out in the new capital of Hangzhou. The government suspends the requirement of rent payments, alms of 108,840 kg (120 tons) of rice are distributed to the poor, and items such as bamboo, planks and rush-matting are exempted from government taxation.

title: 1137

section: Culture & Society

text: The construction of Liuhe Pagoda ("Six Harmonies Pagoda") in Hangzhou is completed in Song dynasty China.

title: 1165

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: The Chinese court establishes several government-paper money factories in the cities of Chengdu, Hangzhou and Huizhou. In Hangzhou alone a daily workforce of more than 1,000 men is employed.

title: 1175

text: Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song dynasty in China, becomes the largest city in the world, surpassing Fez in the Almohad Caliphate.

title: 1180

section: Events › By topic › Demography

date: April 15

text: April 15 – A fire breaks out in the Song Chinese capital city of Hangzhou, raging for four days and nights, destroying 58,097 houses over an area of more than 3 mi km, killing 59 people, and an unrecorded number of other people, who are trampled while attempting to flee. The government provides temporary lodging for 5,345 people, in nearby Buddhist and Taoist monasteries. The collective victims of the disaster are given 160,000 strings of cash, along with 400 tons of rice. Some of the government officials who lose their homes take up residence in rented boathouses on the nearby West Lake.

title: 1208

date: September 17

text: September 17 – Emperor Ning Zong of the Chinese Song dynasty dies at Hangzhou, possibly from poisoning, after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his relative, Li Zong, as all of Ning Zong's children have died.

title: 1224

section: Events › July – September

date: April 9

text: April 9 – A huge fire breaks out at night in the southeast of Hangzhou during the Song dynasty. Fighting the flames is difficult due to limited visibility. When the fires are extinguished, it is discovered that an entire district of the city (some 10,000 houses) has been consumed by the flames.

title: 1231

text: A Chinese text of this year records that Hangzhou City, the capital of the Song dynasty, has various social clubs that include a West Lake Poetry Club, the Buddhist Tea Society, the Physical Fitness Club, the Anglers' Club, the Occult Club, the Young Girls' Chorus, the Exotic Foods Club, the Plants and Fruits Club, the Antique Collectors' Club, the Horse-Lovers' Club, and the Refined Music Society.

title: 1235

section: Health & Medicine

text: A census of the Chinese city of Hangzhou establishes that some 186,330 families reside within it, not including visitors and soldiers (Historian Jacques Gernet argues that this means a population of over 1 million inhabitants, making Hangzhou the most populous city in the world).

title: 1270

section: Events › Asia

text: Spring – The court of the Southern Song dynasty of China and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from Hangzhou to Fujian, and then Guangdong, in an effort to escape a Mongol invasion under Kublai Khan.

title: 1276

text: Cairo, capital of the Mamluk Sultanate becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Mongolian China (approximate date).

title: 1315

section: By topic › Cities and towns

text: In China, the Grand Canal, which runs from Beijing to Hangzhou over a distance of 1,800 km, is completed.

title: 1327

section: Events › By topic › Trade and Transport

text: Estimation: Hangzhou in Mongolian China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt.

title: 1348

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Estimation: Nanjing in Yuan China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Yuan China.

title: 1358

text: Red Turban Rebellions: Hu Dahai, aide to Zhu Yuanzhang, is killed by Miao chieftains in Yanzhou (part of modern-day Jinhua and Hangzhou). Chaghan Temur is killed and succeeded by his nephew Köke Temür.

title: 1362

section: Religion & Belief

text: The State Council of the People's Republic of China lists the cities of Beijing, Hangzhou, Suzhou and Guilin as those where the protection of historical and cultural heritage, as well as natural scenery, should be treated as a priority project.

title: 1981


slug: hannibal

label: Hannibal

description: Carthaginian general (247–183/181 BC)

year_label: 275 BCE

section: Births

text: Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general, statesman and father of Hannibal (approximate date)

title: 275 BC

year_label: 245 BCE

text: Hasdrubal Barca, Carthaginian general and Younger brother of Hannibal (d. 207 BC)

title: 245 BC

year_label: 243 BCE

text: Mago Barca, Carthaginian general and brother of Hannibal (d. 203 BC)

title: 243 BC

year_label: 237 BCE

text: Istolatios, warlord of the Turdetani (Iberian Peninsula), crucified by Hamilcar Barca (father of Hannibal)

title: 237 BC

year_label: 221 BCE

text: The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal is murdered by a Celtic assassin while campaigning to increase the Carthaginian hold on Spain. Following the assassination of Hasdrubal, Hannibal, the son of the Carthaginian general, Hamilcar Barca, is proclaimed commander-in-chief by the army and his appointment is confirmed by the Carthaginian government.

title: 221 BC

section: Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula

year_label: 220 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Hannibal campaigns against the Vaccaei, he storms the Vaccaen strongholds of Helmantice and Arbucala.

title: 220 BC

year_label: 217 BCE

text: Gaius Flaminius is re-elected consul with Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, in what is considered to be a rebuke of the Senate's prosecution of the war. Flaminius raises new legions and marches north to meet the Carthaginian general Hannibal.

title: 217 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 216 BCE

text: The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, moves his forces southward through Italy and seizes the large army supply depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River.

title: 216 BC

year_label: 215 BCE

text: The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, is denied any reinforcements from Spain for his forces now based in Italy by the activities of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, who, in a battle at Dertosa near the Ebro River effectively stop the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal's attempt to break through to Italy.

title: 215 BC

section: Events › By place › Spain

year_label: 214 BCE

text: Roman legions led by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus defeat Hanno's Carthaginian forces in a battle near Beneventum, thus denying Hannibal much needed reinforcements.

title: 214 BC

year_label: 213 BCE

text: Casilinum and Arpi are recovered by the Romans from Hannibal.

title: 213 BC

year_label: 212 BCE

text: The Roman soldiers billeted in Tarentum so alienate the citizens of the city that conspirators admit the Carthaginian general Hannibal to the city. The conspirators then defeat the Roman contingent in it. Hannibal keeps control of his troops so that looting is limited to Roman houses. The citadel in Tarentum remains under Roman control, which denies Hannibal the use of the harbour.

title: 212 BC

year_label: 211 BCE

text: The Romans besiege the town of Capua (which is allied with Hannibal). The town eventually falls to the Romans and its citizens are punished by them. The town's nobility are put to the sword, its territory is confiscated and its municipal organisation is dissolved.

title: 211 BC

year_label: 210 BCE

text: The Carthaginian general Hannibal proves his superiority in tactics by inflicting a severe defeat at Herdonia in Apulia upon a proconsular army, slaying the consul Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus Maximus.

title: 210 BC

text: After allying with Hannibal, Philip V of Macedon attacks the Roman positions in Illyria, but fails to take Corcyra or Apollonia, which are protected by the Roman fleet. Rome's command of the sea prevents his lending any effective aid to his Carthaginian ally in Italy. The Aetolians, Sparta and King Attalus of Pergamum join the Romans in the war against Philip V. This coalition is so strong that Philip V has to stop attacking Roman territory.

title: 210 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

text: The Romans under Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus capture Tarentum (modern Taranto), which the Carthaginian general Hannibal has held for three years.

title: 209 BC

year_label: 208 BCE

text: The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy.

title: 208 BC

year_label: 207 BCE

text: The Roman consul Gaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with the Carthaginian general Hannibal at Grumentum. Nero is unable to stop Hannibal's advance into Canusium. Nevertheless, he rapidly marches the elite parts of his army some one hundred kilometres north to reinforce the army of Marcus Livius Salinator.

title: 207 BC

year_label: 205 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Philip V of Macedon makes a temporary peace (the Peace of Phoenice) with Rome on favourable terms for Macedonia ending the First Macedonian War. The treaty formally acknowledges the favourable position of Macedonia, including their capture of Illyria, but in return Philip effectively repudiates his alliance with Hannibal.

title: 205 BC

text: Publius Cornelius Scipio boldly determines to disregard Hannibal in Italy and political opposition in the Roman Senate and rather decides to strike at the Carthaginian holdings in North Africa. Scipio crosses to Sicily with an army consisting partly of volunteers as the Roman Senate would not provide him with an army.

title: 205 BC

year_label: 204 BCE

text: The Battle of Crotona is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army, and a Roman force led by Publius Sempronius Tuditanus, with no decisive outcome for either side.

title: 204 BC

year_label: 203 BCE

text: Hasdrubal Gisco persuades the Carthaginians to raise a new army and to send for Hannibal to return home from Italy. Hannibal finally leaves Italy and returns to Carthage.

title: 203 BC

section: Events › By place › Carthage

text: Mago Barca, Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War against Rome who has accompanied his brother Hannibal on the invasion of Italy (b. 243 BC)

title: 203 BC

year_label: 202 BCE

date: October 19

text: October 19 – The Battle of Zama (130 kilometers south-west of Carthage) ends the Second Punic War and largely destroys the power of Carthage. Roman and Numidian forces under the leadership of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his Numidian ally, Masinissa, defeat a combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and force Carthage to capitulate. Hannibal loses 20,000 men in the defeat, but he is able to escape Masinissa's pursuit.

title: 202 BC

year_label: 201 BCE

text: On Hannibal's advice, Carthage sues for peace with the Romans, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage is reduced to a client state of Rome. In the peace treaty between Carthage and Rome, Carthage surrenders all her Mediterranean possessions to Rome, including her Iberian territories. The Carthaginians agree to pay Rome 200 talents per year for 50 years, allow Masinissa to rule Numidia as an independent kingdom, make no war without Rome's permission, and destroy all but 10 of the Carthaginian warships.

title: 201 BC

year_label: 195 BCE

text: Because of his administrative and constitutional reforms in Carthage, Hannibal becomes unpopular with an important faction of the Carthaginian nobility and he is denounced to the Romans for inciting the Seleucid king Antiochus III to take up arms against the Romans. Rome demands that Carthage surrender Hannibal. However, Hannibal voluntarily goes into exile.

title: 195 BC

year_label: 194 BCE

text: With his peace agreement with the Egyptians in place, Antiochus III now turns his attention to the West. He is encouraged to challenge Rome's protection of the Greeks by his advisor, the former Carthaginian general Hannibal.

title: 194 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

year_label: 190 BCE

text: The Battle of the Eurymedon is fought between a Seleucid fleet and ships from Rhodes and Pergamum, who are allied with the Roman Republic. The Seleucids are led by the famous Carthaginian general Hannibal. The Rhodians and their allies are victorious and Hannibal's fleet is forced to flee.

title: 190 BC

text: Through the peace treaty of Apamea (in Phrygia), the Romans force the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, to surrender all his Greek and Anatolian possessions as far east as the Taurus Mountains, to pay 15,000 talents over a period of 12 years and to surrender to Rome the former Carthaginian general Hannibal, his elephants and his fleet, and furnish hostages, including the king's eldest son, Demetrius. Rome is now the master of the eastern Mediterranean while Antiochus III's empire is reduced to Syria, Mesopotamia, and western Iran.

title: 188 BC

text: Hannibal flees via Crete to the court of King Prusias I of Bithynia who is engaged in warfare with Rome's ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamum.

title: 188 BC

section: Events › By place › Asia Minor

year_label: 183 BCE

text: The Roman statesman Titus Quinctius Flamininus is sent to the court of Prusias I, king of Bithynia, to demand the surrender of the former Carthaginian statesman and general Hannibal. When Hannibal finds out that Prusias is about to agree to the Roman demands and thus betray him, he poisons himself in the village of Libyssa in Bithynia.

title: 183 BC

text: Hannibal, Carthaginian statesman, military commander and tactician, one of history's great military leaders, who has commanded the Carthaginian forces against Rome in the Second Punic War (b. 247 BC)

title: 183 BC

text: Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major, Roman statesman and general, famous for his victory over the Carthaginian leader Hannibal in the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, which ended the Second Punic War and gave him the surname Africanus (b. 236 BC)

title: 183 BC

text: Silius Italicus, Roman politician and author of the Punica (annals of Hannibal during the Second Punic War) (b. c. AD 28)

title: AD 101


slug: hanoi

label: Hanoi

description: capital of Vietnam

section: Deaths

text: A merchant from the Roman Empire, called "Qin Lun" by the Chinese, arrives in Jiaozhi (modern Hanoi), and is taken to see King Sun Quan of Eastern Wu, who requests him to make a report on his native country and people. He is given an escort for the return trip, including a present of ten male and ten female "blackish-colored dwarfs." However, the officer in charge of the Chinese escort dies, and Qin Lun has to continue his journey home alone.

title: 226

section: Events › By place › China

text: An Lushan Rebellion: The Chinese seaport of Guangzhou is sacked by Muslim and Persian raiders. The port is shut down for the next 5 decades, while foreign vessels dock at Hanoi (modern Vietnam) instead. Guangzhou thrives again, once it is reopened to foreign trade in the early 9th century.

title: 758

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: China loses control over Annam (Northern Vietnam). The village notable Khuc Thua Du leads a rebellion against the Tang Dynasty. The Chinese garrison at Tong Binh (modern Hanoi) is destroyed. Khuc Thua Du declares Annam autonomous.

title: 905

section: Culture & Society

text: The Temple of Literature, Hanoi, is established in Hanoi, capital of Vietnam.

title: 1070

section: Events

date: January 11

text: January 11 – At Đông Kinh (now Hanoi), Trần Thái Tông begins a 32-year reign as the Vietnamese Emperor of Dai Viet, beginning the Trần dynasty.

title: 1226

section: Events › January – March

text: Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under Uriyangkhadai, son of Subutai, invade Vietnam. After many battles, the Vietnam army is routed and defeated. The senior leaders are able to escape on prepared boats, while the remnants are destroyed on the banks of the Red River. The Mongols occupy the capital city, Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi), and massacres the city's inhabitants, by the end of January.

title: 1258

date: June 24

text: June 24 – Battle of Chương Dương: Joint forces of Champa and Đại Việt defeat the Mongol-led Yuan fleet on the Red River. Most of the Yuan warships are burned during the battle, and the Mongol army retreats to China in late June. The Vietnamese royal court returns to the capital in Thang Long following a six-month conflict.

title: 1285

date: February

text: February – In what is now Hanoi in Vietnam, the Emperor Trần Duệ Tông of Đại Việt issues decrees establishing an imperial examination for civil servants.

title: 1374

section: Events › January–March

date: March 13

text: March 13 – At Thang Long, capital of Dai Viet (now Hanoi, capital of the Republic of Vietnam), Tran Phe De succeeds his late father, Tran Due Tong as the Emperor of Dai Viet. However, the real power remains with Nghe Tong, the regent for Phe De.

title: 1377

section: Crime & Justice

date: December 27

text: December 27 – At Thăng Long, Tran Ngung overthrows and kills Tran Hien as Emperor of Dai Viet (now Vietnam).

title: 1388

section: Events › October–December

section: Economy & Finance

text: Tran Thuan Tong, the Vietnamese Emperor of Dai Viet since 1388, moves the imperial capital from Thang Long to Thanh Hóa.

title: 1397

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Ming–Việt War: China conquers Dong Do, the eastern capital of Dai Ngu (now Hanoi, capital of Vietnam, and follows six days later by conquering the western capital, Tay Do (now Thanh Hóa) on January 26.

title: 1407

date: November 7

text: November 7 – In Vietnam's Lam Sơn uprising against Chinese rule, Vietnamese rebels led by General Nguyễn Xí defeat a much larger force of the army of Ming dynasty China at the Battle of Tot Dong and Chuc Dong near what is now Hanoi, with at least 20,000 of the 54,000 Chinese troops killed.

title: 1426

date: April 29

text: April 29 – The coronation of the Vietnamese rebel leader Le Loi as the King of Dai Viet takes place in Hanoi (at the time referred to as Thang Long). King Le Loi renames the Viet capital as "Dong Kinh".

title: 1428

section: Events › April–June

date: October 5

text: October 5 – (7th day of 9th month of the year Quy Suu); In Hanoi (at the time Dong Kinh) 9-year-old Le Thai Tong becomes the new King of Dai Viet and ruler of northern Vietnam upon the death of his father, Le Loi.

title: 1433

date: May 8

text: May 8 – In what is now Vietnam, Le Tuong Duc, Emperor of Dai Viet, since 1509, is murdered at his palace at Thang Long (now in Hanoi) by his bodyguards. Le Tuong Duc's 12-year-old nephew, Le Chieu Tong, is installed as the new Emperor by the conspirators.

title: 1516

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Trịnh Tạc, the warlord who administers the Kingdom of Vietnam, issues an order banning all foreign vessels from entering the harbor at Hanoi, requiring to anchor no closer than the river port at Pho Hien, 35 mi down the Red River from Hanoi.

title: 1669

section: Events › July–September

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Gia Long captures Hanoi, completing his unification of Vietnam.

title: 1802

date: December 21

text: December 21 – French official Francis Garnier is attacked outside Hanoi by Black Flag mercenaries fighting for the Vietnamese.

title: 1873

section: Events › December

text: The capital of French Indochina is moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin).

title: 1902

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Construction of the Paul Doumer Bridge, linking both sections of Hanoi, is completed.

title: 1902

date: August

text: Vietnam's capital Hanoi is taken by the Viet Minh, which ends the French occupation in what becomes North Vietnam, and thus the southern provinces become South Vietnam. This ends the August Revolution.

title: 1945

section: Events › August

date: August 15

text: August 15 – The August Revolution in Vietnam begins, with the Viet Minh taking over the capital Hanoi, taking advantage of the collapse of Japanese power.

title: 1945

date: July 24

text: July 24 – A USAF F-4C Phantom #63-7599 is shot down by a North Vietnamese SAM-2 45 mi northeast of Hanoi, the first loss of a U.S. aircraft to a Vietnamese surface-to-air missile in the Vietnam War.

title: 1966

section: Events › July

date: December 22

text: December 22 – A peace delegation that includes singer-activist Joan Baez and human rights attorney Telford Taylor visit Hanoi to deliver Christmas mail to American prisoners of war (they will be caught in the Christmas bombing of North Vietnam).

title: 1972

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: December 12

text: December 12 – Hong Kong begins the forcible repatriation of Vietnamese boat people, starting with a group of 59 who are flown to Hanoi.

title: 1989

date: February 27

text: February 27–28 – The 2019 North Korea–United States summit is held in Hanoi, Vietnam. It is the second summit between U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un.

title: 2019

section: Events › February


slug: hanover

label: Hanover

description: capital city of the German federated state of Lower Saxony

section: Religion & Belief

text: Loccum Abbey in Hanover is founded as a Cistercian house, by abbot Ekkehard.

title: 1163

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: November 9

text: November 9 – Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War): In a treaty with Hanover, Sweden cedes the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (in northern Germany) to Hanover.

title: 1719

date: July 27

text: July 27 – "Peter the Wild Boy" is captured near Helpensen in Hanover.

title: 1724

section: Conflict & Security

date: July 2

text: July 2 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Lauffeld: France defeats the combined armies of Hanover, Great Britain and the Netherlands.

title: 1747

date: July 5

text: July 5 – The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).

title: 1803

text: Herrenhäuser Brewery is established in Hanover, Germany.

title: 1868

section: Events › Date unknown

date: October 8

text: October 8 – Continental AG is founded as Continental-Caoutchouc und Gutta-Percha Compagnie in Hanover, Germany.

title: 1871

date: December 19

text: December 19 – German serial killer Fritz Haarmann is sentenced to death for the murder and dismemberment of at least 24 young males in Hanover.

title: 1924

date: January 4

text: January 4 – First issue of weekly magazine Der Spiegel published in Hanover, Germany, edited by Rudolf Augstein.

title: 1947

section: Events › January

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Eschede train disaster: an Intercity-Express high-speed train derails between Hanover and Hamburg, Germany, causing 101 deaths.

title: 1998

section: Events › June


slug: hans-king-of-denmark

label: Hans, King of Denmark

description: king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden

section: Deaths

date: May 21

text: May 21 – King Christian I of Denmark and Norway dies at the age of 55. Although his eldest son, Prince Hans of Oldenburg, is accepted as the new King of Denmark, the Riksrådet (Council of the Realm) of the Kingdom of Norway postpones its decision pending negotiations to possibly reunite with the Kingdom of Sweden.

title: 1481

date: July 20

text: July 20 – The coronation of Hans, King of Denmark as crowned King of Norway is held at Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim.

title: 1483

section: Culture & Society

date: May 18

text: May 18 – The coronation of Hans of Oldenburg as King of Denmark takes place at the Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen.

title: 1483

date: June

text: June – Gribshunden, the flagship of King Hans Oldenburg of Denmark sinks off the coast of Ronneby in Sweden while King Hans is ashore to negotiate with Sten Sture the Elder to restore the power of the Kalmar Union. According to some accounts, the sinking (and the death of more than 150 crew) happened after an explosion and fire, though explorations of the shipwreck centuries later show no indication of burning.

title: 1495

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Sten Sture the Elder agrees to recognize Hans, King of Denmark and of Norway as the rightful King of Sweden and ends his 27-year term as the Swedish Regent.

title: 1497

date: September 28

text: September 28 – At the Battle of Rotebro, Hans, King of Denmark, defeats Sten Sture the Elder.

title: 1497

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Hans, King of Denmark is formally crowned as King of Sweden and his wife Christina of Saxony crowned as Queen Consort.

title: 1499

section: Events › January–March

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Hans, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden is deposed from the Swedish throne after fleeing the country following the victory of Swedish rebels at Örebro during the War of Deposition against King Hans. His wife, Christina of Saxony, is left behind at Stockholm as his regent of Sweden, to command a royal garrison at Tre Kronor ("Three Crowns"), the royal castle. Returning to Denmark, King Hans then organizes Danish troops to attempt to retake Sweden in the Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512).

title: 1501

text: July 2 – The Kalmar Bloodbath, a mass execution of participants in the Swedish Uprising against King Hans of Denmark (who also rules Norway and Sweden) takes place in the Swedish city of Kalmar after a judgment of treason is pronounced against the mayor, city officials and other leaders.

title: 1505

date: February 20

text: February 20 – Hans, King of Denmark (also king of Norway and former king of Sweden) (b. 1455)

title: 1513

text: February 20 – Hans, King of Denmark dies at the age of 58 from injuries sustained in being thrown from a horse. He is succeeded by his 32-year-old son Christian II as ruler of Denmark-Norway.

title: 1513


slug: hanseatic-league

label: Hanseatic League

description: 1200s–1669 trade confederation in Northern Europe

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Adolf II, count of Schauenburg and Holstein, founds Lübeck – which later becomes one of the leading Hanseatic cities. He divides the conquered Slavic lands, as part of the eastward expansion in Germany.

title: 1143

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Henry II of England grants special trading privileges to the Hansa merchants of Cologne in London who lend him money at interest.

title: 1157

section: Events

date: February 2

text: February 2 – Terra Mariana (or Medieval Livonia), comprising modern-day Estonia and Latvia, is established as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire. During its existence there is a constant struggle over supremacy between the lands ruled by the Teutonic Order, the secular German nobility, and the citizens of the Hanseatic towns of Riga and Reval.

title: 1207

text: The German cities of Lübeck, Wismar, and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League.

title: 1259

date: November 13

text: November 13 – King Eric VI of Denmark dies after a 33-year reign at Roskilde, leaving a vacancy that will not be filled until the January election of his brother Christopher II. During his rule, he attempts to control the routes of the Hanseatic League. The Hanse, an association of Baltic merchants, expels the English and Scots, and gains a monopoly of trade with Norway.

title: 1319

section: Events › October – December

date: August 12

text: August 12 – Treaty of Nöteborg: Sweden signs a peace treaty with the Novgorod Republic, regulating the border (known as Finland today) for the first time. The treaty is negotiated with the help of the Hanseatic League in order to conclude the conflict over the control of the Gulf of Finland during the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars.

title: 1323

section: Events › July – September

text: The Hanseatic League, a trading alliance between many cities in northern Europe, first meets.

title: 1356

text: Berlin joins the Hanseatic League.

title: 1359

date: July 8

text: July 8 – Valdemar IV of Denmark defeats the Hanseatic League in the naval Battle of Helsingborg.

title: 1362

section: Events › January–December

date: November 19

text: November 19 – In Germany, the Kölner Konföderation is founded by eight German members of the Hanseatic League (Lübeck, Rostock, Stralsund, Wismar, Kulm and Thorn, and five non-League Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Brielle, Harderwijk,Elbing and Kampen) to fight against the Kingdom of Denmark, whose ruler King Valdemar IV, has been seizing land to expand the territory owned by the Danish crown.

title: 1367

section: Events › October–December

text: A peace treaty is signed between Norway and the Hanseatic League.

title: 1368

date: April 4

text: April 4 – The siege of Copenhagen, capital of the Kingdom of Denmark, is started by the Hanseatic League as 37 ships and 2,000 soldiers arrive at the city after sailing from the German city of Lübeck under the leadership of the city's leader, Bruno von Warendorp. The invaders bring with them 400 horses and eight trebuchets (long range catapults) and four regular catapults. While the city falls in four weeks, the Absalon fortress on Slotsholmen island holds out for two months.

title: 1368

section: Events › April–June

date: May 24

text: May 24 – The Treaty of Stralsund ends the second war between Denmark and the Hanseatic League, an alliance of market towns across northern Europe along the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.

title: 1370

text: Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League.

title: 1427

date: April 6

text: April 6 – Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435): The bombardment of Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, by ships of the Northern German Hanseatic League takes place and is repelled by the Danish Navy.

title: 1428

date: July 17

text: July 17 – Peace of Vordingborg is signed, ending the war between the Hanseatic League of German cities (Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Rostock, Stralsund and Wismar) and the Scandinavian Kalmar Union of Denmark and Sweden. King Eric VII of Denmark and Adolph VIII, Count of Holstein sign, along with Hein Hoyer, representing the League, at Vordingborg Castle. Denmark cedes the Duchy of Schleswig to Holstein and agrees to stop interfering with the League, to end ten years of war.

title: 1435

date: April 14

text: April 14 – The County of Holland declares war on several cities of the Hanseatic League, triggering the Dutch–Hanseatic War.

title: 1438

date: May

text: May – An English privateering fleet led by Robert Wennington challenges ships of the Hanseatic League.

title: 1449

date: July 12

text: July 12 – Within the Duchy of Pomerania in Germany, the Hanseatic League town of Stralsund ends its resistance to the Pomeranian dukes and enters into a peace agreement.

title: 1454

date: November 20

text: November 20 – The Hanseatic warship Hanneke Vrome capsizes and sinks off of the coast of Finland, killing its estimated 180 passengers and crew, along with a valuable cargo including 10,000 Rheingulden coins, equivalent to at least 34000 kg lb of gold. The ship had been sailing between the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck (in Germany) and Reval (now Tallinn, capital of Estonia) when it ran into a gale.

title: 1468

date: February 28

text: February 28 – The Treaty of Utrecht puts an end to the Anglo-Hanseatic War, restoring the status quo that had existed before the war, with the Kingdom of England and the states of the Hanseatic League agreeing to respect each other's trading rights.

title: 1474

date: February 24

text: February 24 – King Henry VII of England signs the commercial treaty Intercursus Magnus with Venice, Florence, and the cities of the Hanseatic League and the Netherlands.

title: 1496

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Copenhagen opens its gates to Count Christopher of Oldenburg, leading the army of Lübeck (and the Hanseatic League), nominally in the interests of the deposed King Christian II of Denmark. The surrenders of Copenhagen and, a few days later, of Malmö represent the high point of the Count's War for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize Christian III as King on July 4.

title: 1534

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Battle of Bornholm: Combined Swedish and Danish fleets defeat the Hanseatic navy.

title: 1535

text: February 24 – The privileges of the Hanseatic League are abolished in England.

title: 1552

section: Science & Discovery

date: March

text: March – The Hanseatic city of Lübeck launches the galleon Adler von Lübeck, probably the largest ship in the world at this time.

title: 1566

date: July

text: July – The Hanseatic League, after 400 years of operation, holds its last official meeting, taking place at the city of Lübeck. At its height, the economic alliance of German cities had 180 members; only nine (Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen, Danzig, Braunschweig, Cologne, Hildesheim, Osnabrück and Rostock) are represented for the final gathering. The final series of meetings had started on May 29.

title: 1669


slug: hanthawaddy-kingdom

label: Hanthawaddy Kingdom

section: Births

date: March 20

text: March 20 – Wareru, founder of the Martaban Kingdom (assassinated 1307)

title: 1253

date: March 27

text: March 27 – Hkun Law, Burmese ruler of Martaban (d. 1311)

title: 1254

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 30

text: January 30 – Wareru creates the Hanthawaddy kingdom (modern Myanmar) following the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom. He is crowned king on April 5 and declares himself independent of Pagan.

title: 1287

section: Events › By place › Asia

date: January 13

text: January 13 – (11th waxing of Tabodwe 668 ME, Burmese calendar) After a reign of almost 20 years, King Wareru, who founded the Martaban Kingdom in what is now southern Myanmar, is stabbed to death by two of his grandsons, Shin Gyi and Shin Nge, who were avenging the execution by Wareru

title: 1307

section: Events › January – March

text: January 13 – Wareru, founder of the Martaban Kingdom, assassinated (b. 1253)

title: 1307

date: September 28

text: September 28 – In southern Burma (now Myanmar), Saw Zein becomes the new monarch of the Hanthawaddy kingdom (or Martaban) upon the death of his older brother, Saw O.

title: 1323

date: January

text: January – In what is now Myanmar Ma Sein of Toungoo, the Viceroy of Taungoo who had been appointed by the King of Binnya U of Hanthawaddy to replace the assassinated Viceroy Pyanchi, is murdered near Pyay while trying to forment a rebellion against the Kingdom of Ava.

title: 1376

date: January 2

text: January 2 (10th waxing of Tabodwe, 745 ME) – King Binnya U of Burma's Hanthawaddy kingdom is killed in a rebellion at the capital, Bago. His 16-year-old son, Pasoom-Paing-Cek, is installed by the rebels as King Razadarit.

title: 1384

date: January 5

text: January 5 – In what is now Myanmar, peace negotiations begin between King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy at his capital Pegu, with the emissaries of Minkhaung I, ruler of the Kingdom of Ava, 10 days after the Ava forces defeated Razadarit's army at the Battle of Nawin.

title: 1403

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Forty Years' War: (Full moon of Tabaung 776 ME) In what is now Myanmar, Razadarit, ruler of the Hanthawaddy kingdom, authorizes a plan to fight the forces of Minkhaung I ruler of the Ava Kingdom. King Razadarit leads the invasion on March 2 (8th waning of Tabaung 776 ME).

title: 1415

date: May 30

text: May 30 – (New moon (15th waning) of Nayon 813 ME) At Pegu

title: 1451

date: February 5

text: February 5 – The Great Bell of Dhammazedi, at 293.4 metric tons (323 U.S. tons) the largest bell ever created, is cast from bronze at Dagon in the Hanthawaddy kingdom (now Yangon in Myanmar) by order of King Dhammazedi. The casting comes despite advice from the royal astrologer that the date is inappropriate, and the bell is noted for its unpleasant tone. The bell will be stolen from the Shwedagon Pagoda in 1608 by Arakan mercenaries commanded by the Portuguese warlord Filipe de Brito e Nicote, but skin, into the Bago and Yangon Rivers while it is being transported on de Brito's ship.

title: 1484

date: April 2

text: April 2 – (10th waxing of Vaishakha 857 ME The two-day coronation of King Binnya Ran II as ruler of the Hanthawaddy kingdom, in what is now southern Myanmar, begins at the Shwemawdaw Pagoda at the capital, Pegu (now Bago in Myanmar). Binnya Ran had succeeded to the throne in 1492 upon the death of his father, King Dhammazedi.

title: 1495


slug: harald-bluetooth

label: Harald Bluetooth

description: King of Denmark and Norway

text: Harald Bluetooth, king of Denmark, consolidates his rule over Jutland and Zealand. He adopts Christianity, erecting a carved stone at Jelling to honour his parents. It features a runic inscription (best-known in Denmark) and an image of Christ surrounded by interlace. The other Scandinavian kingdoms slowly convert to Christianity (approximate date).

title: 960

text: The last of the Jelling stones was erected in Denmark by the king Harald Bluetooth; a monumental incident in danish history, often referred to as the birth of Denmark as a nation unified under the religion of Christianity.

title: 965

section: Conflict & Security

text: Battle of Danevirke: Emperor Otto II defeats the rebel forces of King Harald I, who has invaded Nordalbingia (modern-day Holstein), to shake off imperial overlordship. Otto's armies swiftly subdue the Danes, consolidating the frontier between Scandinavia and Northern Germany. Meanwhile, Henry II begins a rebellion against his cousin Otto. He forges alliances with Bavarian and Saxon nobles.

title: 974

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: King Harald Bluetooth orders the construction of the Viking ring fortress of Trelleborg (modern Denmark).

title: 980

text: King Harald Bluetooth invades Norway, pillaging southwest Norway all the way to Stad, where he encounters Haakon Sigurdsson (the de facto ruler of Norway) and his army. He flees back to Denmark, ending the invasion.

title: 982

text: King Harald Bluetooth rebels against the overlordship of Otto II. A Danish Viking army under his son Sweyn Forkbeard invades the March of Schleswig – along the northern border of modern Denmark. The Sorb Slavs in northern Germany overrun and conquer the March of Zeitz (Marca Geronis) from Saxon control.

title: 983

text: Harold II (Bluetooth), king of Denmark and Norway

title: 985

text: Winter – King Harald II (Bluetooth) dies after a 28-year reign (driven into exile). He is succeeded by his son Sweyn Forkbeard as ruler of Denmark and Norway.

title: 986


slug: harald-hardrada

label: Harald Hardrada

description: King of Norway from 1046 to 1066

text: Harald Hardrada, king of Norway (d. 1066)

title: 1015

text: Winter – Battle of Ostrovo: The Byzantines, with the help of the Varangian Guard, led by Harald Hardrada (future king of Norway), defeat the Bulgarian troops, near Lake Ostrovo in Greece.

title: 1041

text: Harald Hardrada, leader of the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire, returns to Norway, possibly because of his involvement in Maniakes' revolt.

title: 1042

text: Harald Hardrada returns to Scandinavia through Sigtuna in Sweden, after escaping from the Byzantine Empire with a fortune.

title: 1045

section: Deaths

date: October 25

text: October 25 – Harald Hardrada becomes sole king of Norway on the death of his nephew and co-regent Magnus I ("the Good"). The crown of Denmark passes to Sweyn II.

title: 1047

section: Culture & Society

text: The city of Oslo is founded by King Harald Hardrada of Norway (approximate date).

title: 1048

text: Hedeby in Jutland is sacked by King Harald Hardrada of Norway, during the course of a conflict with Sweyn II of Denmark.

title: 1050

text: Kings Harald Hardrada of Norway and Sweyn II of Denmark agree to a peace agreement. Harald turns his attentions to England where he believes he has a right to the throne.

title: 1064

date: September 18

text: September 18 – Harald Hardrada of Norway lands on the beaches of Scarborough, North Yorkshire and begins his invasion of England.

title: 1066

section: Events › Europe › England and Scotland


slug: harran

label: Harran

description: district and town in Şanlıurfa, Turkey and ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia

year_label: 612 BCE

text: Ashur-uballit II attempts to keep the Assyrian state alive by establishing himself as king at Harran.

title: 612 BC

year_label: 609 BCE

text: The Medes and the Babylonians defeat the Assyrians under Ashur-uballit II and capture Harran. Ashur-uballit II, the last king of Assyria, disappears from history.

title: 609 BC

text: Shapur I makes a pre-emptive attack on Antioch to drive out the Romans. Gordian's father-in-law, Timesitheus, leads a Roman army to defeat the Sassanids at Carrhae and Nisibis.

title: 242

section: Events › By place › Persia

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Simeon of the Olives, Syriac bishop of Harran (b. 624/5)

title: 734

section: Religion & Belief

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Quriaqos of Tagrit is consecrated Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch at Harran.

title: 793

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: May 7

text: May 7 – Battle of Harran: The Crusaders under Baldwin II are defeated by the Seljuk Turks. Baldwin and Joscelin of Courtenay are taken prisoner. Tancred (nephew of Bohemond I) becomes regent of Edessa. The defeat at Harran marks a key turning point of Crusader expansion.

title: 1104

section: Events › By place › Levant

text: Autumn – Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the Sultanate of Rum, leads a Seljuk expedition to take over Melitene (modern Turkey). He attempts to capture Edessa, but the Crusader fortress is too strongly defended by its garrison. Kilij Arslan then moves on to Harran, which surrenders to him.

title: 1105

section: Events › By place › Seljuk Empire

date: May

text: May – Baldwin II and Joscelin I are rescued by 50 Armenian soldiers (disguised as monks and merchants) at Kharput. They kill the guards, and infiltrate the castle where the prisoners are kept. Joscelin escapes to seek help. However, the castle is soon besieged by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – and is after some time recaptured. Baldwin and Waleran of Le Puiset are moved for greater safety to the castle of Harran.

title: 1123

section: Events › By date › April–June

text: Imad ad-Din Zengi, a Turkish military leader, becomes governor (atabeg) of Mosul. He seizes the cities of Nisibin, Sinjar and Harran in the Jazira Region (Northern Mesopotamia).

title: 1127

text: Autumn – Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk governor (atabeg) of Mosul, attacks the Artuqid forces led by Kara Arslan – who has made an alliance with Joscelin II, count of Edessa. In support of the alliance Joscelin marches out of Edessa with a Crusader army down to the Euphrates River, to cut off Zengi's communications with Aleppo. Zengi is informed by Muslim observers at Harran of Joscelin's movements. He sends a detachment of Muslims to ambush the Crusaders and reaches Edessa with his main army in late November.

title: 1144

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Syrian president Hafez al-Assad orders the army to purge the city of Harran of the Muslim Brotherhood.

title: 1982

section: Events › February


slug: harun-al-rashid

label: Harun al-Rashid

description: 5th Abbasid caliph (r. 786–809)

section: Births

text: Harun al-Rashid, Muslim caliph (or 766)

title: 763

text: Harun al-Rashid, Muslim caliph (or 763)

title: 766

text: Marriage of Abbasid prince Harun ibn al-Mahdi (future caliph Harun al-Rashid) and Zubaidah bint Ja'far.

title: 781

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Arab forces (95,000 men) under Harun al-Rashid, son of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mahdi, cross the Taurus Mountains and capture the Byzantine border fortress of Magida. Harun leaves his lieutenant Al-Rabi' ibn Yunus to besiege the city of Nakoleia (Phrygia), while another force (30,000 men), probably under Yahya ibn Khalid, is sent to raid the western coastlands of Asia Minor. Harun himself, with the main army, advances to the Opsician Theme.

title: 782

section: Events › By place › Abbasid Empire

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, upon the death of his brother Al-Hadi. He appoints Salim Yunisi as governor of Sindh and the Indus Valley.

title: 786

section: Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate

text: Al-Khayzuran, widow of former Abbasid caliph Al-Mahdi, dies, leaving more of the effective and real power in the hands of Harun al-Rashid.

title: 789

section: Events › By place › Islamic Caliphate

text: Al-Khayzuran, powerful wife and adviser of Abbasid caliph Al-Mahdi and the excellent mother of Al-Hadi and Harun Al-Rashid, the Abbasid caliphs, de facto co-ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate

title: 789

text: Emir Idris I, founder of the Idrisid dynasty and kingdom of Morocco, is poisoned on orders of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. He is succeeded by his son Idris II (only just two months old), who is raised by his mother Kenza among the Berbers of Volubilis.

title: 791

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: The Mecca Protocol: Caliph Harun al-Rashid and the leading officials of the Abbasid Caliphate perform the hajj to Mecca, where the line of succession is finalized. Harun's eldest son al-Amin is named heir, but his second son al-Ma'mun is named as al-Amin's heir, and ruler of a broadly autonomous Khurasan. A third son, al-Qasim, is added as third heir, and receives responsibility over the frontier areas with the Byzantine Empire.

title: 802

text: Caliph Harun al-Rashid has his friend and vizier (secretary) Ja'far ibn Yahya beheaded, The surviving members of the influential Barmakid family (Jafar's family) are imprisoned on the orders of Harun, and their property is confiscated.

title: 803

date: November

text: November - December: Caliph Harun al-Rashid marries Umm Muhammad, the daughter of Abbasid prince Salih al-Miskin and Umm Abdullah, the daughter of Isa ibn Ali, in Al-raqqah. She had formerly been married to Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, who had repudiated her.

title: 803

text: Battle of Krasos: Emperor Nikephoros I refuses to pay the tribute imposed by Caliph Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid Caliphate. A Muslim-Arab expeditionary force invades Asia Minor. During a surprise attack, Nikephoros suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Krasos in Phrygia. According to Arabian sources, the Byzantines lose 40,700 men and 4,000 pack animals, while Nikephoros himself is almost killed, but saved by the bravery of his officers.

title: 804

text: Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid marries Abbasa, the daughter of Abbasid prince and official Sulayman.

title: 804

text: Arab–Byzantine wars: Caliph Harun al-Rashid leads a huge military expedition, assembling men from Syria, Palestine, Persia, and Egypt. The invasion army (reportedly 135,000 men) departs from Raqqa, residence of Harun, and enters Cappadocia through the Cilician Gates, sacking several Byzantine fortresses and cities. Heraclea is captured after a month-long siege (August/September). The city is plundered and razed; its inhabitants are enslaved and deported to the Abbasid Caliphate.

title: 806

date: March 24

text: March 24 – Harun al-Rashid, Muslim caliph (b. 763)

title: 809


slug: havana

label: Havana

description: capital and largest city of Cuba

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: August 25

text: August 25 – Conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar founds Havana, Cuba.

title: 1515

section: Events › July–September

text: Havana moves from the southern to the northern part of Cuba.

title: 1519

section: Events › Date unknown

date: July 24

text: July 24 – 1715 Treasure Fleet: A Spanish treasure fleet of 12 ships, under General Don Juan Ubilla, leaves Havana, Cuba for Spain. Seven days later, 11 of them sink in a storm off the coast of Florida (some centuries later, treasure salvage is found from these wrecks).

title: 1715

text: January 5 – The Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Gerónimo de la Habana, the oldest university in Cuba, is founded in Havana.

title: 1728

section: Events › January–March

section: Conflict & Security

date: April 9

text: April 9 – British trader Robert Jenkins has his ear cut off after his ship, Rebecca is boarded by Spanish coast guards at Havana in Cuba. The incident becomes the casus belli for the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739.

title: 1731

section: Events › April–June

date: October 12

text: October 12 – War of Jenkins' Ear – Battle of Havana: a British Caribbean squadron engages a Spanish squadron based near Havana.

title: 1748

section: Events › October–December

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Seven Years' War: The Battle of Havana concludes after more than two months, with the surrender of Havana by Spain to Great Britain.

title: 1762

date: July 6

text: July 6 – The last British troops depart Havana, Cuba, two years after having captured it from Spain during the Seven Years' War. The removal of troops follows the treaty between the two Kingdoms, with Spain ceding West Florida to Great Britain in return for the Havana withdrawal.

title: 1764

date: September 1

text: September 1 – Narciso López is executed in Havana following the failure of his expedition in Cuba.

title: 1851

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Spanish–American War: The explodes and sinks in Havana Harbor, Cuba, for reasons never fully established, killing 266 men. The event precipitates the United States' declaration of war on Spain, two months later.

title: 1898

section: Crime & Justice

date: December 22

text: December 22 – The Havana Conference begins between U.S. organized crime bosses in Havana, Cuba.

title: 1946

section: Events › December

section: Economy & Finance

date: November 21

text: November 21 – The United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment begins in Havana, Cuba. This conference ends in 1948, when its members complete the Havana Charter.

title: 1947

section: Events › November

date: April 3

text: April 3 – In Cuba, Castro's revolutionary army begins its attacks on Havana.

title: 1958

section: Events › April

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Cuba: Fulgencio Batista flees Havana when the forces of Fidel Castro advance.

title: 1959

section: Events › January

date: January 4

text: January 4 – In Cuba, rebel troops led by Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos enter the city of Havana.

title: 1959

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Alberto Korda takes his iconic photograph of Che Guevara, Guerrillero Heroico, in Havana.

title: 1960

section: Events › March

date: August 24

text: August 24 – A group of armed Cuban exile terrorists fire at a hotel in Havana from a speedboat.

title: 1962

section: Events › August

date: November 24

text: November 24 – 4 men hijack Pan Am Flight 281 from JFK International Airport, New York to Havana, Cuba.

title: 1968

section: Events › November–December

date: August 5

text: August 5 – Maleconazo: Groups of protesters spread from Havana, Cuba's Castillo de la Punta ("Point Castle"), creating the first protests against Fidel Castro's government since 1959.

title: 1994


slug: hawaii

label: Hawaii

description: state of the United States of America

text: Early settlers from the Marquesas build the Alakoko fishpond and taro fields on Kauai, Hawaii.

title: 600

section: Events › By place › Pacific Ocean

section: Climate & Environment

date: August 31

text: August 31 – A 9.4 M S -strong earthquake shakes Chile's Atacama Region, causing tsunamis in Chile, as well as Hawaii and Japan.

title: 1420

date: June 2

text: June 2 – Castle & Cooke, the predecessor of Dole Food Company, is founded in Hawaii.

title: 1851

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: In Hawaii, sugar planters bring over the first Chinese laborers on 3- or 5-year contracts, giving them 3 dollars per month plus room and board for working a 12-hour day, 6 days a week.

title: 1852

date: August 9

text: August 9 – One of the few known major hurricanes to strike Hawaii causes significant damage on the islands of Hawaii and Maui.

title: 1871

date: February 9

text: February 9 – The first Japanese arrive in Hawaii.

title: 1885

section: Events › February

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 29

text: January 29 – Liliuokalani is proclaimed Queen of Hawaii.

title: 1891

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii: Lorrin A. Thurston and the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety in Hawaii, with the intervention of the United States Marine Corps, overthrow the government of Queen Liliuokalani.

title: 1893

date: July 7

text: July 7 – The United States annexes the Hawaiian Islands.

title: 1898

section: Events › July

date: February 20

text: February 20 – The Hawaii Territory Legislature convenes for the first time.

title: 1901

date: March 18

text: March 18 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Hawaii Admission Act, granting statehood to Hawaii.

title: 1959

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: March 8

text: March 8 – The Soviet ballistic missile submarine K-129 sinks with all 98 crew members, about 90 nautical miles (104 miles or 167 km) southwest of Hawaii.

title: 1968

section: Events › March–April

date: January 14

text: January 14 – An explosion aboard the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise near Hawaii kills 28 and injures 314.

title: 1969

section: Science & Discovery

date: July 11

text: July 11 – A solar eclipse of record totality occurs in the Northern hemisphere and is witnessed by hundreds of millions of people in Hawaii, Mexico, Colombia and Brazil.

title: 1991

section: Deaths

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Tyke, a female African bush elephant, injures her groomer and kills her trainer at the Neal S. Blaisdell Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. She then escapes the arena, and runs amok in the streets for half an hour, before police officers shoot her 86 times. She eventually collapses from her wounds and dies.

title: 1994

date: January 13

text: January 13 — At 8:08 AM HST, an inbound missile alert was accidentally issued via the Emergency Alert System and Wireless Emergency Alert System over television, radio, and cellular networks in the U.S. state of Hawaii. 38 minutes later, the alert was confirmed as false by state officials, and blamed a miscommunicated drill at the HI-EMA.

title: 2018

date: May 3

text: May 3 – The 2018 lower Puna eruption causes destruction of structures and forces thousands of residents of Hawaii to evacuate as lava floods the land.

title: 2018

section: Events › May

date: August 8

text: August 8 – 2023 Hawaii wildfires: 17,000 acres of land are burned and at least 101 people are killed, with two others missing, when a series of wildfires break out on the island of Maui in Hawaii.

title: 2023

date: July 30

text: July 30 – An 8.8 earthquake strikes off the coast of Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula, triggering tsunami warnings in Japan and Hawaii.

title: 2025


slug: hebei

label: Hebei

description: province of China

year_label: 113 BCE

section: Culture & Society

text: An incense burner, later found in the tomb of Liu Sheng, Prince of Zhongshan in Mancheng, Hebei, is made during the Han dynasty. It is now kept at Hebei Provincial Museum, Shijiazhuang.

title: 113 BC

section: Events › By topic › Art

section: Conflict & Security

date: February

text: February – The rebels of the Yellow Turban are defeated by the imperial army, but only two months later, the rebellion breaks out again. It spreads to the Taihang Mountains on the western border of Hebei Province.

title: AD 185

section: Events › By place › China

text: Construction begins on the Zhaozhou Bridge ("Safe crossing bridge") in Hebei Province, during the Sui dynasty (China).

title: 595

section: Events › By place › Asia

date: February 27

text: February 27 – Abaoji, ruler (khagan) of the confederation of Khitans, proclaims himself emperor and establishes the Liao dynasty, killing most of the other Khitan chieftains. He occupies territories along China's northern border including parts of Hebei and Shanxi provinces.

title: 907

text: Construction on the Liaodi Pagoda in Hebei is completed (the tallest pagoda in Chinese history, standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft) tall).

title: 1055

section: Events › By topic › Architecture

text: The Mongol army under Muqali (or Mukhali) attacks Hebei Province, as well as Shandong Province and Shaanxi Province (controlled by the Jin Dynasty). He returns to Genghis Khan's camp in Mongolia, and receives the hereditary of prince with the title "Grand Preceptor of the Empire", a golden seal, and a white standard with nine tails and a black crescent in the middle. He is appointed as commander-in-chief of operations in North China.

title: 1217

section: Events › Other events by place › Asia

date: September 2

text: September 2 – The 8.0 magnitude Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake devastates Beijing and Hebei in China.

title: 1679

section: Events › July–September

date: December 14

text: December 14 – The Viceroyalty of Zhili (modern-day Hebei province) is recreated in the Chinese Empire by the Emperor Yongzheng for the first time in 55 years, with Li Weijun as the first Viceory. Zhili exists as a viceroyalty until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.

title: 1724

section: Events › October–December

date: June 12

text: June 12 – 7.5 magnitude earthquake kills more than 7,400 people in the Chinese province of Hebei.

title: 1830

section: Events › April–June


slug: heidelberg

label: Heidelberg

description: large city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany

date: February 16

text: February 16 – At Heidelberg (now in Germany) Ruprecht II of the House of Wittelsbach becomes the new Elector of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his uncle, Rupert I.

title: 1390

section: Events › January–March

date: December 30

text: December 30 – In the Holy Roman Empire, at Heidelberg, 13-year-old Ludwig IV of Wittelsbach becomes the new Elector of Palatine, one of the seven imperial electors and ruler of the Rhineland, upon the death of his father, Ludwig III. During his minority, Ludwig IV is guided by his uncle and guardian, Otto of Mosbach.

title: 1436

date: April 26

text: April 26 – Martin Luther makes the first public defense of his views at a gathering of the Roman Catholic order of Augustinians, at what becomes known as the Heidelberg Disputation at a lecture hall at Heidelberg in the Electoral Palatinate in Germany. While there, he is challenged to a theological debate by Johann Eck, the German leader of the anti-Reformation movement.

title: 1518

date: March 16

text: March 16 – Friedrich II becomes the new Elector Palatine of Germany's Rhineland within the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Ludwig V at Heidelberg.

title: 1544

date: October 26

text: October 26 – In Germany, Ludwig of Simmern becomes the new Elector Palatine of the Rhine 10 days after the death of his father, Frederick III, taking office at the Palatinate capital at Heidelberg as Ludwig VI.

title: 1576

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Thirty Years' War: After Mansfeld fails to relieve the siege of Heidelberg, Frederick V of the Palatinate cancels Mansfeld's contract and disbands his army. The unemployed army of Mansfeld and Christian the Younger of Brunswick is subsequently hired by the Dutch.

title: 1622

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Thirty Years' War: Heidelberg, the capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate, is taken by the Imperial army of Tilly' after a three-month siege.

title: 1622

date: March 2

text: March 2 – Nine Years' War: As French forces leave, they set fire to Heidelberg Castle, and the nearby town of Heidelberg.

title: 1689

date: May 18

text: May 18 – Forces of Louis XIV of France attack Heidelberg, capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate.

title: 1693

section: Health & Medicine

date: September 15

text: September 15 – The invention of local anesthesia by ophthalmologist Karl Koller is made public at a medical congress in Heidelberg, Germany.

title: 1884

section: Events › September


slug: hellenistic-civilization

label: Hellenistic civilization

year_label: 435 BCE

section: Births

text: Philoxenus of Cythera, Greek dithyrambic poet (d. 380 BC)

title: 435 BC

year_label: 380 BCE

text: Philoxenus of Cythera, Greek dithyrambic poet (b. 435 BC)

title: 380 BC

year_label: 170 BCE

text: Dionysios Thrax, a Hellenic grammarian who will live and work in Alexandria and later on Rhodes (d. 90 BC)

title: 170 BC

year_label: 169 BCE

text: King Perseus asks the Seleucid King Antiochus IV to join forces with him against the danger that Rome presents to all of the Hellenic monarchs. Antiochus IV does not respond.

title: 169 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 167 BCE

text: The Parthians capture the key central Asian city of Herat. This victory effectively chokes off the movement of trade along the Silk Road to China and means that the Hellenic kingdom of Bactria is doomed.

title: 167 BC

section: Events › By place › Parthia

year_label: 162 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: The Maccabees, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, continue their struggle against the Seleucids and persecute the Hellenising faction in Judea.

title: 162 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

year_label: 161 BCE

text: With the restoration of peace in Judea, an internal struggle breaks out between the supporters of Judas Maccabeus and the Hellenic party. The influence of the Hellenic Party all but collapses in the wake of the Seleucid defeat.

title: 161 BC

section: Events › by side › Seleucid Empire

year_label: 40 CE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Caligula reforms the principatus into a Hellenistic Autocracy. He distributes honors carelessly, declares himself a god and orders that all the heads of the Greek deity statues be replaced by his. He also appoints his horse, Incitatus, to the Senate.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 40

year_label: 62 CE

text: After the death of Burrus and the disgrace of Seneca, Nero is free from their influence and becomes a megalomaniacal artist fascinated by Hellenism and the Orient. Tigellinus becomes Nero's counselor. His rule is highly abusive.

title: AD 62

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire