slug: perugia

label: Perugia

description: Italian comune

year_label: 217 BCE

text: Hannibal advances to the Arno River and then outmanoeuvres the army of Gaius Flaminius at Arretium and reaches Faesulae (modern Fiesole) and Perugia.

title: 217 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

section: Religion & Belief

text: Totila conquers the city of Perugia (Central Italy) and stations a Gothic garrison. He takes bishop Herculanus prisoner, and orders him to be completely flayed. The Ostrogoth soldier asked to perform this gruesome execution shows pity, and decapitates Herculanus before the skin on every part of his body is removed.

title: 549

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Maurice makes peace with King Agilulf, conceding northern Italy. Pope Gregory I the Great negotiates a truce, ending 30 years of Lombard terror. Agilulf expands the Lombard Kingdom by occupying Sutri and Perugia.

title: 598

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: King Ratchis of the Lombards besieges Perugia, but is convinced to lift the siege by Pope Zachary. His decision to lift the siege of Perugia undermines his authority among the Lombard nobility, and ultimately results in the nobility deposing him at a council in Milan. King Ratchis is forced to retire with his family to the monastery at Monte Cassino.

title: 749

text: May – Representatives of Polvese Island formally submit the island to the city of Perugia, pledging military support, fiscal obligations, and an annual tribute of tench.

title: 1139

section: Events › By region › Europe

text: May – Pope Innocent III travels to Perugia to try to settle the long feud between Genoa and Pisa, that both states might contribute to the transport of the Fifth Crusade. There, after a short illness, Innocent dies on July 16. Two days after his death the aged Cardinal Cencio Savelli (later Honorius III) is elected as the 177th pope of the Catholic Church.

title: 1216

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: October 2

text: October 2 – Urban IV dies after a pontificate of 3-years and is succeeded by Clement IV. His papal election occurs at Perugia, which will last for four months.

title: 1264

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Pope Martin IV dies after a 4-year pontificate in Perugia. He is succeeded by Honorius IV, who becomes the 190th pope of the Catholic Church.

title: 1285

date: April 4

text: April 4 – Nicholas IV dies after a 4-year pontificate in Rome. The cardinals assemble at Perugia to elect a new pope (1292–1294 papal election).

title: 1292

date: July 17

text: July 17 – A papal conclave, with 15 of the 19 living Roman Catholic cardinals, assembles at Perugia to elect a successor to Pope Benedict XI, who had died 10 days earlier. The conclave will be deadlocked for almost a year until Clement V receives the necessary two-thirds majority on June 5, 1305.

title: 1304

section: Events › July – September

date: July 7

text: July 7 – Pope Benedict XI dies after an 8-month pontificate in Perugia.

title: 1304

date: July 12

text: July 12 – The Battle of Sant'Egidio is fought in Italy: soldier of fortune Braccio da Montone, Prince of Capua, conquers Umbria and its capital, Perugia.

title: 1416


slug: peter-the-great

label: Peter the Great

description: Tsar/Emperor of Russia from 1682 to 1725

section: Births

date: July 30

text: July 30 – Eudoxia Lopukhina, first wife of Peter the Great of Russia (d. 1731)

title: 1669

section: Culture & Society

date: February 1

text: February 1 – The Tsar Alexis of Russia marries Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, who gives birth 16 months later to the future Peter the Great.

title: 1671

section: Events › January–March

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Emperor Peter the Great of Russia (d. 1725)

title: 1672

section: Deaths

date: May 7

text: May 7 (April 27 O.S.) – Upon the death of the Tsar Feodor III of Russia, Feodor's younger brother, 15-year-old Ivan is passed over in favor of a half-brother, 10-year-old Peter.

title: 1682

section: Events › April–June

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Chinese army of the Qing dynasty attacks a Russian post at Albazin, during the reigns of the Kangxi Emperor and the dual Russian rulers Ivan V and Peter I. The event leads to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689.

title: 1685

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Conflict & Security

text: Peter the Great plots to overthrow his half-sister Sophia as regent of Russia.

title: 1689

section: Exploration & Expansion

title: 1689

section: Events

date: November 22

text: November 22 – Peter the Great decrees the construction of the Great Siberian Road to China.

title: 1689

section: Events › October–December

date: March 9

text: March 9 – Grand Embassy of Peter the Great: Tsar Peter the Great of Russia sets out to travel in Europe incognito, as Artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov.

title: 1697

date: August 25

text: August 25 – Peter the Great arrives back in Moscow; General Patrick Gordon has already crushed the Streltsy Uprising, with 341 rebels sentenced to be decapitated.

title: 1698

section: Events › July–September

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Peter the Great orders the Russian New Year changed, from September 1 (the start of the Byzantine year) to January 1.

title: 1699

text: November 22 – The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye, negotiated by Johann Patkul, is signed at a palace of the Tsar of Russia Peter the Great, and representatives of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony to provide for the partition of Swedish Empire between Saxony, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Kingdoms of Denmark-Norway and the Russian Empire. The attack on Sweden, which takes place on February 22, starts the Great Northern War.

title: 1699

date: August 18

text: August 18 (August 7 O.S.) – The Peace of Travendal is concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. On the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden.

title: 1700

date: May 27

text: May 27 (May 16 OS) – The city of Saint Petersburg, Russia is founded, following Peter the Great's reconquest of Ingria from Sweden during the Great Northern War.

title: 1703

text: Great Northern War: Russian troops under Tsar Peter the Great capture Tartu and Narva.

title: 1704

date: September 28

text: September 28 (O.S.); September 29 (Swedish calendar); October 9 (N.S.) – Great Northern War: Battle of Lesnaya – Peter the Great of Russia defeats the forces of the Swedish Empire.

title: 1708

section: Events › July–December

date: July 8

text: July 8 (June 27 Old Style; June 28 in the Swedish calendar) – Great Northern War: Battle of Poltava in the Cossack Hetmanate (Ukraine) – Peter the Great leads forces of the Tsardom of Russia to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under Charles XII, ending the Swedish invasion of Russia and effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.

title: 1709

date: May 19

text: May 19 – Peter the Great moves the capital of Russia from Moscow to Saint Petersburg.

title: 1712

section: Events › April –June

section: Health & Medicine

date: February 28

text: February 28 – (February 17 old style) Russia's Tsar Peter the Great issues a decree requiring compulsory education in mathematics for children of government officials and nobility, applying to children between the ages of 10 and 15 years old.

title: 1714

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Tsar Peter the Great of Russia witnesses the attempt of 45 Dutch and English ships to enter the small harbour at Saint Petersburg and decides that additional harbours are necessary for Russia to be able import Western goods.

title: 1715

text: Tsar Peter the Great of Russia studies with the physician Herman Boerhaave, at Leiden University.

title: 1716

date: September 26

text: September 26 – Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, eldest son of the Tsar Peter the Great and heir to the throne, flees from Saint Petersburg with his mistress, Efrosinya Fedorova, along with her brother and three servants. After spending more than a year in Austria, he returns to Russia where he is arrested and dies in prison in 1718.

title: 1716

date: July 25

text: July 25 – At the behest of Tsar Peter the Great, the construction of Kadriorg Palace, dedicated to his wife Catherine, began in Tallinn.

title: 1718

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: October 21

text: October 21 – The Red Canal is opened in the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, after seven years of construction, at a ceremony in the presence of the Tsar Peter the Great.

title: 1719

date: November 2

text: November 2 (October 22 Old Style) – The Romanov and architect of the Great Northern War Peter I, is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias. This replaces the 174-year-long Tsardom of Russia with the Russian Empire, which will collapse almost 200 years later in 1917.

title: 1721

section: Events › October –December

text: Peter the Great of Russia creates the Table of Ranks.

title: 1722

date: February 16

text: February 16 – Peter the Great, Emperor of All Russia, announces that his heir to the throne will be his 4-year old grandson, Prince Pyotr Alekseivich.

title: 1722

date: July 26

text: July 26 (July 15 O.S.) – The Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) begins with Peter the Great's Persian campaign.

title: 1722

date: November 15

text: November 15 (November 4 O.S.) – Russia's Emperor Peter the Great issues an order establishing the Caspian Flotilla during its war against Persia to gain complete control of the landlocked Caspian Sea.

title: 1722

date: October 23

text: October 23 – Russian Emperor Peter the Great authorizes an incentive for men of Serbia to join a new Russian Imperial Army unit, the Serbian Hussar Regiment. The Emperor sends Jovan Albanez to recruit new officers and troops with a grant of farmable land in Russia, and 1,070 take advantage of the offer over the next two years.

title: 1723

date: February 8

text: February 8 – Catherine I of Russia is officially named tsaritsa by her husband, Peter the Great.

title: 1724

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Eudoxia Lopukhina, Russian Tsarina, divorced spouse of Peter the Great of Russia (b. 1669)

title: 1731

date: February 14

text: February 14 – The Order of St. Anna is established in Russia, in honor of the daughter of Peter the Great.

title: 1735

text: July 30 – The first of the Kronstadt canals, conceived by Peter the Great and designed to link two of the harbors of the Russian city, is completed and opened to maritime traffic.

title: 1752


slug: petrarch

label: Petrarch

description: Italian scholar and poet (1304-1374)

section: Births

date: July 20

text: July 20 – Francesco Petrarca, Italian historian and poet (d. 1374)

title: 1304

section: Religion & Belief

date: April 6

text: April 6 (Good Friday) – Francesco Petrarca, Italian scholar and poet, sees a woman he names Laura (possibly Laura de Noves) in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon, which awakes in him a lasting passion. He writes a series of sonnets and other poems in Italian dedicated to her, which are collected into Il Canzoniere, an influential model for Renaissance culture.

title: 1327

section: Events › April – June

date: April 26

text: April 26 – The Ascent of Mount Ventoux is made by the Italian poet Petrarch: he claims to be the first since classical antiquity to climb a mountain for the view.

title: 1336

section: Science & Discovery

text: Petrarch, "father" of Renaissance humanism, first visits Rome to wander its mysterious ruins, with an eye for aesthetics as well as for history, exciting a renewed interest in Classical civilisation.

title: 1337

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Petrarch is crowned poet laureate in Rome, the first man since antiquity to be given this honor.

title: 1341

text: Laura de Noves, French countess, presumed beloved of Petrarch (b. 1310)

title: 1348

text: Petrarch concludes writing the sequence of Italian sonnets and other poems known as Il Canzoniere.

title: 1368

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Petrarch, Italian poet (b. 1304)

title: 1374


slug: pharaoh

label: Pharaoh

description: ruler of Ancient Egypt

section: Deaths

text: c. 2184 BC: Possible date for the death of Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the longest reigning monarch of history with 94 years on the throne.

title: 22nd century BC

text: c. 1995 BC: Pharaoh Mentuhotep II, Eleventh dynasty of Egypt dies.

title: 20th century BC

text: c. 1880 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II starts to rule (other date is 1897 BC).

title: 19th century BC

text: c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III starts to rule (other date is 1878 BC).

title: 19th century BC

text: c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II dies (other date is 1878 BC).

title: 19th century BC

text: c. 1855 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III dies (other date is 1839 BC).

title: 19th century BC

text: 1550 BC—Ahmose I becomes Pharaoh of Egypt (although only de facto ruler of Upper Egypt) according to the Low Chronology.

title: 1550s BC

section: Events and trends

text: 1545 BC—Ahmose I, Pharaoh and founder of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, dies, according to the High Chronology.

title: 1540s BC

section: Significant people

text: c. 1448 BC: The Gnbtyw people (Genebtyw or Genebtyu) first appear in Ganibatum during the 32nd year of the reign of Thutmose III, the sixth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

title: 1440s BC

section: Culture & Society

text: 1398 BC—Birth of Tiy to Egyptian nobleman Yuya and his wife Tjuyu. She later becomes the Chief Queen of Pharaoh Amenhotep III of Egypt and the matriarch of the Amarna family (approximate date).

title: 1390s BC

text: c. 1390 BC—Pharaoh Amenhotep III (18th dynasty) starts to rule.

title: 1390s BC

text: c. 1352 BC – Amenhotep III (Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt) dies and is succeeded as Pharaoh by Amenhotep IV.

title: 1350s BC

text: c. 1341 BC - Tutankhamun, Pharaoh of Egypt

title: 1340s BC

text: 1334 BC: Death of Akhenaten, Pharaoh of Egypt. Alternative date is 1333 BC

title: 1330s BC

text: 1334 BC: Death of Smenkhkare, Pharaoh of Egypt and co-ruler with Akhenaten. Alternative date is 1333 BC

title: 1330s BC

text: 1323 BC – Death of Pharaoh Tutankhamun of Egypt. Ay succeeds him as pharaoh.

title: 1320s BC

text: 1221 BC—Pharaoh Merneptah defeats a Libyan invasion.

title: 1220s BC

text: 1111 BC—Pharaoh Ramesses IX of Egypt dies, is buried in KV6, and succeeded by Ramesses X, possibly his son.

title: 1110s BC

year_label: 887 BCE

text: 887 BC—Soshenq II succeeds Osorkon I as king of Egypt.

title: 880s BC

year_label: 671 BCE

text: King Esarhaddon of Assyria defeats the Kushite-Egyptian army of Pharaoh Taharqa and captures Memphis, along with a number of the royal family. He sets up a new Assyrian administration in Lower Egypt and withdraws.

title: 671 BC

year_label: 393 BCE

text: Nepherites I or Nefaarud I, Pharaoh of Egypt

title: 393 BC

year_label: 390 BCE

text: The Pharaoh of Egypt, Hakor (Akoris), concludes a tripartite alliance with Evagoras, king of Cyprus, and Athens.

title: 390 BC

section: Events › By place › Egypt

year_label: 380 BCE

text: The Egyptian Pharaoh Hakor dies and is succeeded by his son Nepherites II, but the latter is overthrown by Nectanebo I within the year, ending the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt. Nectanabo (or more properly Nekhtnebef) becomes the first Pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt.

title: 380 BC

year_label: 343 BCE

text: The King of Persia, Artaxerxes III, personally leads the Persian forces invading Egypt. The Persians are keen to access Egypt's gold and corn supplies. The town of Pelusium in the Nile Delta puts up resistance, but Pharaoh Nectanebo II is forced to retreat to Memphis. As the situation deteriorates, Nectanebo II leaves for exile in Nubia. His departure marks the end of the 30th Dynasty, the last native house to rule Egypt.

title: 343 BC

section: Events › By place › Persian Empire

year_label: 204 BCE

text: Ptolemy IV Philopator, king (Pharaoh) of Egypt

title: 204 BC

year_label: 199 BCE

text: Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ankhwennefer succeeds Horwennefer in Upper Egypt, Egypt.

title: 199 BC

year_label: 44 BCE

date: September 2

text: September 2 – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.

title: 44 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

date: November 26

text: November 26 – Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon become the first people to see inside KV62, the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, in over 3,000 years.

title: 1922

section: Events › November


label: Pharnabazus (5th century BC)

year_label: 413 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Tissaphernes, the Persian satrap of Lydia and Caria, forms an alliance with Sparta. The Spartans, with strategic advice from Alcibiades and limited assistance from the Persians under Pharnabazus, advance almost to the gates of Athens. King Agis II leads the Spartan force that occupies Decelea in Attica.

title: 413 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 412 BCE

text: The Persians under Darius II see their opportunity to play off one Greek city-state against another and to recover control of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, which have been under Athenian control since 449 BC. The satraps of Asia Minor, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, are ordered to collect overdue tribute.

title: 412 BC

year_label: 404 BCE

text: Emerging after the Spartan victory at Aegospotami, the former Athenian leader, Alcibiades, takes refuge in Phrygia in northwestern Asia Minor with the Persian satrap, Pharnabazus, and seeks their assistance for the Athenians. The Spartans discover his plans and arrange with Pharnabazus to have him assassinated.

title: 404 BC

year_label: 400 BCE

text: With the outbreak of the war between Sparta and the Persians, the Athenian admiral, Conon, obtains joint command, with Pharnabazus, of a Persian fleet.

title: 400 BC

section: Events › By place

year_label: 396 BCE

text: Agesilaus II, the King of Sparta, campaigns successfully in Asia Minor against the Persian satraps Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes and inflicts a major defeat on Tissaphernes at Sardis. Agesilaus agrees to a three months' truce with the Persians under Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria. Negotiations conducted during that time prove fruitless, and on its termination, Agesilaus raids Phrygia, where he easily captures an immense amount of booty, since Tissaphernes has concentrated his troops in Caria.

title: 396 BC

year_label: 395 BCE

text: Tithraustes replaces Tissaphernes. An armistice is concluded between Tithraustes and Agesilaus. Tithraustes bribes the Spartans to move north into the satrapy of Pharnabazus.

title: 395 BC

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Athenian general Conon and the Persian satrap Pharnabazus sail to mainland Greece, where they raid the coast of Laconia and seize the island of Cythera, where they leave a garrison and an Athenian governor.

title: 393 BC

year_label: 373 BCE

text: The Persian King Artaxerxes II launches an invasion of Egypt to bring that country back under Persian rule. The invasion is led by Pharnabazus. After initial successes, the Greek mercenaries fighting for the Persians push on towards Memphis. However, King Nectanebo I is able to gather his forces and repulse the Persian invasion.

title: 373 BC


slug: philadelphia

label: Philadelphia

description: largest city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and seat of Philadelphia County

text: c. 2300 BC – 2184 BC: The Disc of Enheduanna, from Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) is made. It is now in the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

title: 23rd century BC

section: Events

date: October 27

text: October 27 – The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn.

title: 1682

section: Events › October–December

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: May 10

text: May 10 – Representatives of the heirs of William Penn and of Lord Baltimore, the respective owners of most of the land in the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Maryland set out the boundary between the two future U.S. states after a survey determines that Philadelphia is located on the Maryland side of the border. The dispute eventually leads to a lawsuit and the eventual survey by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to determine the Mason–Dixon line.

title: 1732

section: Events › April–June

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: December 7

text: December 7 – Benjamin Franklin builds the first volunteer fire company in Philadelphia.

title: 1736

text: Benjamin Franklin creates the Philadelphia Police Force – the first city-paid force.

title: 1737

section: Events › Date unknown

text: October 21 – Benjamin Franklin's view of a lunar eclipse from Philadelphia is spoiled by a rainstorm; several days later, he learns that residents of Boston received the same storm hours after the eclipse, demonstrating that weather moves from west to east.

title: 1743

date: August 26

text: August 26 – The first Lutheran Church body in America is founded at a conference in Philadelphia, organized by German-born evangelist Henry Muhlenberg and attended by pastors of orthodox and pious Lutheran communities. The two groups agree to create a common liturgy to govern public worship.

title: 1748

section: Events › July–September

date: January 7

text: January 7 – The University of Pennsylvania, conceived 12 years earlier by Benjamin Franklin and its other trustees to provide non-denominational higher education "to train young people for leadership in business, government and public service". rather than for the ministry, holds its first classes as "The Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania" in Philadelphia.

title: 1751

section: Events › January–March

section: Health & Medicine

date: May 11

text: May 11 – The Pennsylvania Hospital, first hospital in the American colonies, is chartered in Philadelphia by the Pennsylvania legislature, which grants the right to Benjamin Franklin and to Dr. Thomas Bond.

title: 1751

date: February 10

text: February 10 – Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the United States, and the first to offer medical treatment to the mentally ill, admits its first patients at a temporary location in Philadelphia.

title: 1752

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Pennsylvania becomes the first of the British colonies to address Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan for an inter-colonial union. With Franklin absent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's House of Representatives votes against to not consider the Plan at all, and to not refer it to the next legislative session for debate.

title: 1754

section: Economy & Finance

date: January 11

text: January 11 – In Philadelphia, the first American life insurance company is incorporated.

title: 1759

section: Crime & Justice

date: February 20

text: February 20 – The Pennsylvania Gazette reports that a British sloop off Wilmington, North Carolina, has seized a sloop sailing from Philadelphia, and another sailing from Saint Christopher, on the charge of carrying official documents without stamps. In response, local residents threaten to burn a Royal Man-of-War attempting to deliver stamps to Wilmington, forcing the ship to return to the mouth of the Cape Fear River.

title: 1766

date: October 26

text: October 26 – The first Continental Congress adjourns in Philadelphia.

title: 1774

date: September 5

text: September 5 – The First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia.

title: 1774

date: March 4

text: March 4 – The Fourth Continental Congress, with John Hancock as president, begins a 199 day session in Philadelphia, lasting until September 18.

title: 1777

date: September 26

text: September 26 – American Revolutionary War – British troops occupy Philadelphia; members of the Continental Congress flee to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where they meet and hold a one day session as the Fifth Congress before fleeing again.

title: 1777

section: Events › July–December

date: October 4

text: October 4 – The Fort Wilson Riot against James Wilson and others in Philadelphia takes place.

title: 1779

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Benjamin Franklin returns to Philadelphia after seven years as the U.S. Ambassador to France and prepares to take office as the new Governor of Pennsylvania.

title: 1785

text: A fossil bone recovered from Cretaceous strata at Woodbury, New Jersey is discussed by the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.

title: 1787

date: May 14

text: May 14 – In Philadelphia, delegates begin arriving for a Constitutional Convention.

title: 1787

date: May 25

text: May 25 – In Philadelphia, delegates begin to convene the Constitutional Convention, intended to amend the Articles of Confederation (however, a new United States Constitution is eventually produced). George Washington presides over the Convention.

title: 1787

date: September 17

text: September 17 – The United States Constitution is signed by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.

title: 1787

date: December 6

text: December 6 – The United States Congress opens its first session in the new temporary U.S. capital in Philadelphia.

title: 1790

date: November 27

text: November 27 – U.S. President George Washington and his wife, Martha Washington, arrive in the new temporary U.S. capital, Philadelphia, and take up residence at the President's House located at 524 Market Street.

title: 1790

text: The Insurance Company of North America (later Chubb) is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

title: 1792

date: August 1

text: August 1–November 9 – The yellow fever epidemic of 1793 hits Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 5,000 die.

title: 1793

text: March 4 – George Washington is sworn in as the president of the United States in Philadelphia, for his second term.

title: 1793

section: Events › January–June

date: March 30

text: March 30–April 11 – In Philadelphia, the African Methodist Episcopal Church is established by Richard Allen and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination in the U.S. completely independent of White churches.

title: 1816

date: February 4

text: February 4 – James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Last of the Mohicans is first printed, by a publisher in Philadelphia.

title: 1826

date: February 25

text: February 25 – In Philadelphia, the Institute for Colored Youth (ICY) is founded, as the first institution for the higher education of black people in the United States.

title: 1837

date: May 7

text: May 7 – In Philadelphia, the American Medical Association (AMA) is founded.

title: 1847

date: September 15

text: September 15 – Saint Joseph's University is founded in Philadelphia.

title: 1851

date: February 18

text: February 18 – The American Know Nothing Party convenes in Philadelphia to nominate their first Presidential candidate, former President Millard Fillmore.

title: 1856

text: July 17 – The Great Train Wreck (the worst railroad calamity in the world to date) occurs near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

title: 1856

text: June – The United States Sanitary Commission's Sanitary Fair in Philadelphia takes place.

title: 1864

text: Marcus Jastrow arrives in the United States to become rabbi of Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia.

title: 1866

text: May 10 – The Centennial Exposition begins in Philadelphia.

title: 1876

text: November 10 – The Centennial Exposition ends in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

title: 1876

text: October 6 – The American Library Association is founded in Philadelphia.

title: 1876

text: December 17 – Drexel University is inaugurated as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry in Philadelphia.

title: 1891

text: September 11 – The Pennsylvania Railroad begins electrified commuter rail service between Paoli and Philadelphia, using overhead AC trolley wires for power. This type of system is later used in long-distance passenger trains between New York City, Washington, D.C., and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

title: 1915

text: May 15 – The United States Post Office Department begins the world's third regular airmail service, between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.

title: 1918

text: June 24 – United States politics: The Republican Party begins its national convention in Philadelphia, and nominates Wendell Willkie as its candidate for president.

title: 1940

text: April 19 – The American Broadcasting Company (otherwise known as ABC) begins television services, on WFIL-TV in Philadelphia (later WPVI-TV).

title: 1948

text: July 4 – With the admission of Alaska as the 49th U.S. state earlier in the year, the 49-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia.

title: 1959

text: October 22 – The Oakland Athletics defeat the Cincinnati Reds four games to three to capture Major League Baseball's World Series. It is the Athletics' first championship since 1930, when the franchise was in Philadelphia.

title: 1972

text: July 27 – Delegates attending an American Legion convention at The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, US, begin falling ill with a form of pneumonia: this will eventually be recognised as the first outbreak of Legionnaires' disease and will end in the deaths of 29 attendees.

title: 1976

text: July 13 – Live Aid benefit concerts in London and Philadelphia raise over £50 million for famine relief in Ethiopia.

title: 1985

text: August 31 – The cargo ship Khian Sea departs from the docks of Philadelphia, carrying 14,000 tons of toxic waste. It wanders the seas for the next 16 months trying to find a place to dump its cargo. The waste is later dumped in Haiti.

title: 1986


slug: philip-i-of-france

label: Philip I of France

description: king of the Franks from 1060 to 1108

section: Births

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Philip I ("the Amorous"), king of France (d. 1108)

title: 1052

section: Deaths

date: August 4

text: August 4 – King Henry I of France (of the House of Capet) dies after a 29-year reign in Vitry-aux-Loges. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Philip I ("the Amorous") as king of France. Philip is too young to rule, and his mother, Queen Anne of Kiev becomes regent. France is administered by Count Baldwin V (one of Philip's uncles) who acts as co-regent.

title: 1060

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Conflict & Security

date: February 22

text: February 22 – Battle of Cassel: Robert I ("the Frisian") defeats his sister-in-law Richilde (widow of Baldwin VI) and her nephew Arnulf III, in a succession struggle for the County of Flanders. Robert is appointed count by King Philip I of France.

title: 1071

section: Culture & Society

text: Edgar Ætheling, last male member of the House of Wessex, joins forces with Kings Malcolm III of Scotland and Philip I of France in an attempt to take the English throne.

title: 1073

section: Events › By place › Britain

date: August

text: August – Hugh ("the Great"), count of Vermandois (a brother of King Philip I), departs to join the First Crusade. He travels with a small army via the Alps to Rome. While sailing the Adriatic Sea from Bari to Dyrrachium his fleet is reduced by shipwreck. Hugh's own ship is stranded on the shore near Epirus.

title: 1096

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

section: Religion & Belief

date: November 18

text: November 18 – The Council of Poitiers opens, but is soon forcibly closed by William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, as the bishops are about to excommunicate King Philip I of France once more.

title: 1100

text: Autumn – Bohemond I and papal legate Bruno travel to the north of France and visit the court of King Philip I ("the Amorous"). Bohemond gets permission to recruit men throughout the kingdom.

title: 1105

text: Spring – Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, marries Constance of France (daughter of King Philip I) in the cathedral of Chartres. Philip agrees to marry his second daughter, the 9-year-old Cecile of France, to Tancred (nephew of Bohemond). Meanwhile, Bohemond mobilises an expeditionary force (some 30,000 men) to begin a campaign against Emperor Alexios I.

title: 1106

date: July 29

text: July 29 – King Philip I dies at Melun, after a 48-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Louis VI, who, at the start of his rule, faces insurrections from feudal brigands and rebellious robber barons.

title: 1108

text: July 29 – Philip I, king of France

title: 1108


slug: philip-ii-of-france

label: Philip II of France

description: King of France, and the first to be called by that title (1165–1223)

date: November 1

text: November 1 – The 14-year-old Philip II is crowned at Rheims by Archbishop William of the White Hands. He becomes joint ruler of France, together with his father King Louis VII.

title: 1179

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: King Philip II (Augustus) annuls all loans made by Jews to Christians, and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris.

title: 1181

section: Events › Europe

text: Spring – King Philip II (Augustus) confiscates all the lands and buildings of the Jews and expels them from Paris. The measures are profitable in the short-term – the ransoms alone bringing in 15,000 marks and enriching Christians at the expense of Jews. Ninety-nine Jews are burned alive in Brie-Comte-Robert.

title: 1182

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The city of Abbeville receives its commercial charter by King Philip II of France.

title: 1184

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: July

text: July – Treaty of Boves: King Philip II of France signs a treaty to ensure his authority over his vassals, with Amiénois, Artois and other places in northern France passing to him. Philip is given the nickname "Augustus" by the monk Rigord for augmenting French lands.

title: 1185

text: Spring – King Henry II and Philip II (Augustus) meet at Le Mans, with Archbishop Josias (or Joscius) in attendance. Both kings agree to peace terms, and to contribute to a joint Crusade. It is decided to raise a new tax to pay for the expedition. This tax, known as the Saladin Tithe, is imposed on the people of England and France to raise funds for the Third Crusade.

title: 1188

date: July 6

text: July 6 – King Henry II of England ("Curtmantle") dies at the Château de Chinon, near Tours, after doing homage to Philip II (Augustus), and surrendering the territories around Issoudun in the Centre-Val de Loire. He ends the hostilities against Philip, by agreeing to the peace terms and pays him 20,000 marks in tribute. Henry is succeeded by his son, Richard I ("the Lionheart"), as ruler of England and his remaining territories in France.

title: 1189

section: Events › By place › Continental Europe

date: July 4

text: July 4 – King Richard I (the Lion Heart) and Philip II (Augustus), meet at Vézelay and agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across the Mediterranean, taking different routes. Richard travels with an expeditionary force (some 17,000 men) via Marseille and Philip travels with a smaller contingent (some 15,000 men) via Genoa. Richard has some 100 ships at his disposal, several of which are from Norman ports, others from Shoreham and Southampton.

title: 1190

date: March 15

text: March 15 – Isabella of Hainault, wife of Philip II (Augustus) (b. 1170)

title: 1190

date: April 20

text: April 20 – King Philip II (Augustus) arrives with a Genoese flotilla (six ships) filled with French nobles and his cousin Conrad of Montferrat at Acre. He begins the construction of seven immense stone-throwers – which are used to bombard the city, on May 30. One of the siege-machines is called by the French soldiers the "Evil Neighbour" and "God's Own Sling", and a grappling ladder is known as the "Cat". Meanwhile, the walls of Acre are pounded relentlessly. The Crusaders built earthworks, ramparts, and ditches to protect themselves against Muslim attacks.

title: 1191

section: Events › By place › Third Crusade

text: King Philip II (Augustus) marries Ingeborg of Denmark, daughter of King Valdemar I (the Great). After the marriage, Philip changes his mind, wishes to obtain a separation, and attempts to send her back to Denmark.

title: 1193

date: May

text: May – Richard I calls for a council in Nottingham to raise funds for an expedition to France. On May 12, he leaves for Normandy with a large fleet (some 300 ships), to reclaim lands lost to King Philip II of France ("Augustus").

title: 1194

section: Events › By place › England

date: September 27

text: September 27 – Battle of Gisors: Richard I defeats the French forces led by Philip II (Augustus) at Courcelles-lès-Gisors, in Picardy. Richard captures three castles on the border of the Vexin. The French troops, many of them mounted, crowd the bridge leading into Gisors Castle but it collapses beneath them. The French king is among those who plunge into the water in his armor. Many French knights drown, but Philip is pulled to safety.

title: 1198

date: January 13

text: January 13 – A short-lived truce is declared, between the Kings Richard I (the Lionheart) and Philip II (Augustus). Two of Europe's most powerful rulers meet on the banks of the Seine River, while shouting terms to one another. With a peace secured, Richard is able to refocus on bringing internal order to the south of the Angevin Empire.

title: 1199

date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Kings John of England and Philip II of France, sign a peace treaty at Le Goulet, an island in the middle of the Seine River, near Vernon in Normandy. The agreement recognizes John as overlord of most of the English owned lands in France, but John has to give Philip the lands of Norman Vexin and Évreux and a large sum of money (some 20,000 marks) – a "relief" payment for recognition of John's sovereignty of Brittany.

title: 1200

text: July – Agnes of Merania, queen consort of King Philip II of France

title: 1201

text: Spring – King Philip II of France ("Augustus") summons John, King of England ("Lackland") to Paris to answer his charges against the Lusignans. On April 28, failing to attend Philip's court, John is declared to be a 'rebel' and to have forfeited the areas of Aquitaine, Poitou and Anjou. Philip tries to mediate the political problems between John and the Lusignans (who are charged with treason) but this is ignored by John. The lands are given to Arthur of Brittany. Philip supports Arthur's claim to the English throne and betrothes his 4-year-old daughter Marie.

title: 1202

text: Spring – King Philip II of France invades Normandy and attacks a number of castles in the surrounding region. In April, John, King of England loses the support of his French vassals who desert him. Philip enters Rouen, leading to the eventual Treaty of Paris (1259) and unification of Normandy and France.

title: 1203

text: The Channel Islands of Guernsey and Jersey decide, after a plebiscite of wealthy land owners, to remain with the English crown, after Normandy is recaptured by Philip II of France.

title: 1204

section: Events

text: Angers and Normandy are captured by Philip II of France.

title: 1204

text: Summer – King Philip II ("Augustus") conquers most of the Angevin lands, including much of Aquitaine. Fearing a French invasion of England itself, John, King of England ("Lackland") requires every English male over 12 years to enter a mobilization "for the general defense of the realm and the preservation of peace". John prepares an expedition force of his own, but the barons refuse to cross the Channel.

title: 1205

date: June

text: June – John, King of England ("Lackland") lands an expeditionary army at La Rochelle to defend his interests in Aquitaine, which is his from the inheritance from his mother, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. Meanwhile, French forces led by King Philip II ("Augustus") move south to meet John. The year's campaign ends in a stalemate and a two-year truce is made between the two rulers.

title: 1206

text: King Philip II of France ("Augustus") grants a "conduit" to merchants, going to the Champagne fairs (a trade fair organized in different towns of the County of Champagne), guaranteeing the safety of their travel – as any attempt made against them – is now to be considered a crime of lèse-majesté (an offense against the king). The decision increases again the appeal of the fairs to merchants from Italy and the Low Countries.

title: 1209

section: Events › By topic › Markets

date: September 14

text: September 14 – The 18-year-old Maria of Montferrat marries the French nobleman John of Brienne, who brings a dowry of 40,000 silver pounds (from King Philip II and Pope Innocent III). On October 3, the couple is crowned as King and Queen of Jerusalem in the Crusader Cathedral of Tyre (modern Lebanon).

title: 1210

section: Events › By place › Levant

date: May 5

text: May 5 – Robert Fitzwalter is elected by the Barons as their general, with the title of "Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church". He solemnly renounces his homage to John of England and begins to siege Northampton Castle. While this fails, Robert consolidates his forces. He turns to Prince Louis of France, son and heir apparent of King Philip II for support.

title: 1215

section: Events › By continent › Europe

date: May 21

text: May 21 – Prince Louis of France, son of King Philip II ("Augustus"), invades England in support of the barons, landing in Thanet. He enters London without opposition, and is proclaimed, but not crowned, King of England at Old St Paul's Cathedral. In June, Louis captures Rochester Castle and Winchester, and soon controls over half of the English kingdom.

title: 1216

date: July 14

text: July 14 – Philip II, King of France dies of a fever while traveling to Paris. He is succeeded by his son Louis "the Lion", who takes the name King Louis VIII.

title: 1223


slug: philip-ii-of-macedon

label: Philip II of Macedon

description: King of Macedon from 359 to 336 BC

year_label: 382 BCE

section: Births

text: Philip II, king of Macedon (d. 336 BC), son of Amyntas III of Macedon and Eurydike of Lynkestis

title: 382 BC

year_label: 376 BCE

text: Olympias, wife of king Philip II of Macedon and mother of Alexander the Great (d. 316 BC)

title: 376 BC

year_label: 369 BCE

text: Pelopidas forces Alexander to abandon his alliance with Athens in favour of Thebes by threatening to support Alexander's brother-in-law, Ptolemy of Aloros. As part of this new alliance, Alexander is compelled to hand over hostages, including his younger brother Philip, the future conqueror of Greece.

title: 369 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 365 BCE

section: Deaths

text: Eurydice II, Macedonian queen and mother of Philip II of Macedon

title: 365 BC

year_label: 364 BCE

text: Philip II of Macedon, brother of the reigning king of Macedonia, returns to his native land after having been held as a hostage in Thebes since 369 BC.

title: 364 BC

year_label: 359 BCE

text: The Macedonian King Perdiccas III is killed while defending his country against an Illyrian attack led by King Bardylis. He is succeeded by his infant son, Amyntas IV. The child's uncle, Philip II, assumes the regency.

title: 359 BC

section: Events › By place › Macedonia

year_label: 357 BCE

text: The Macedonian general, Parmenion, wins a great victory over the Illyrians. King Philip II of Macedon, having disposed of an Illyrian threat, occupies the Athenian city of Amphipolis (which commands the gold mines of Mount Pangaion). Philip II now has control of the strategic city which secures the eastern frontier of Macedonia and gives him access into Thrace.

title: 357 BC

year_label: 356 BCE

text: Philip II of Macedon secretly offers the city of Amphipolis back to the Athenians in exchange for the valuable port of Pydna. Despite the Athenians being willing to comply, both Pydna and Potidaea are conquered by the Macedonians (along with other Athenian strongholds in Thessaly and Chalcidice) despite being defended by Athenian forces led by general and mercenary commander, Chares, as well as generals Iphicrates and Timotheus.

title: 356 BC

text: Having blamed their defeats to Philip II in Thessaly and Chalcidice on his colleagues (Iphicrates and Timotheus), Chares is left in sole command of the Athenian fleet. Chares, in need of money for his war effort, frowns upon asking it from Athens, so, partly compelled by his mercenaries, he enters the service of the insurgent Achaemenid satrap of Phrygia Artabazus who rewards Chares very generously.

title: 356 BC

section: Events › By place › Persian Empire

year_label: 354 BCE

text: Philip II of Macedon takes and destroys Methone, a town which has belonged to Athens. During the siege of Methone, Philip loses an eye.

title: 354 BC

year_label: 353 BCE

text: The Phocians threaten Thessaly to their north. Philip II of Macedon saw his opportunity to penetrate south.

title: 353 BC

year_label: 351 BCE

text: Demosthenes tries to get the Athenians to cease depending on paid mercenaries and return to the old concept of a citizen army. He also delivers his First Philippic, warning Athenians of the folly of believing that Philip's ill health will save Athens from the Macedonians. In response, Athens' citizens vote for increased armaments.

title: 351 BC

year_label: 350 BCE

text: Philip II has Abdera in Thrace sacked.

title: 350 BC

text: Alexander I becomes king of Epirus after his brother-in-law, Philip II of Macedon, aids him in ousting the previous king, Arymbas.

title: 350 BC

year_label: 349 BCE

section: Health & Medicine

text: After recovering from illness, Philip II of Macedon turns his attention to the remaining Athenian controlled cities in Macedonia and to the city of Olynthus, in particular. The Athenians organize to send help.

title: 349 BC

year_label: 348 BCE

text: The Athenian help to its cities in Macedonia is diverted by a revolt in Euboea which Philip II of Macedon has fomented. He conquers the city of Olynthus in the Chalcidice and he annexes Chalcidice to Macedonia.

title: 348 BC

year_label: 347 BCE

text: In the wake of the Macedonian victory at Olynthus, Athens seeks to make peace with Macedonia. Because his financial policy is based on the assumption that Athens should not be involved in major wars, the Athenian leader, Eubulus, works for peace with Philip II of Macedon. Demosthenes is among those who support a compromise.

title: 347 BC

text: Aristotle leaves Athens due to the anti-Macedonian feeling that arises in Athens after Philip II of Macedon has sacked the Greek city-state of Olynthus in 348 BC. With him goes another Academy member of note, Xenocrates of Chalcedon. They establish a new academy on the Asia Minor side of the Aegean Sea at the newly built town of Assus.

title: 347 BC

section: Events › By topic › Philosophy

year_label: 346 BCE

text: The Peace of Philocrates is signed between Macedonia and Athens. The document agrees to a return to the status quo, but Philip II of Macedon keeps the right to punish the Phocians for starting the Sacred War.

title: 346 BC

year_label: 345 BCE

text: Supported by Thebes and Thessaly, Macedonia takes over Phocis' votes in the Amphictyonic League, a Greek religious organisation formed to support the greater temples of Apollo and Demeter. Despite some reluctance on the part of the Athenian leaders, Athens finally accepts Philip II's entry into the Council of the League. The Athenian statesman Demosthenes is among those who recommend this stance in his oration On the Peace.

title: 345 BC

year_label: 344 BCE

text: The Athenian statesman, Demosthenes, travels to Peloponnesus, in order to detach as many cities as possible from Macedon's influence, but his efforts are generally unsuccessful. Most of the Peloponnesians see Philip II as the guarantor of their freedom, so they send a joint embassy to Athens to express their grievances against Demosthenes' activities. In response to these complaints, Demosthenes delivers the Second Philippic, which is a vehement attack against Philip II.

title: 344 BC

text: Philip II of Macedon besieges Perinthus, which had defied him and was inclining towards his opponents the Athenians, the Perinthian's allies Byzantium and the Achaemenid Empire support Perinthus in their defence of the city.

title: 344 BC

text: King Philip II of Macedon again marches against Cersobleptes, King of Thrace, defeats him in several battles, and reduces him to the condition of being a tributary.

title: 343 BC

year_label: 342 BCE

text: The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, is invited by Philip II to his capital at Pella to tutor his son, Alexander. As the leading intellectual figure in Greece, Aristotle is commissioned to prepare Alexander for his future role as a military leader. (or 343 BC)

title: 342 BC

year_label: 341 BCE

text: Philip II of Macedon completes his annexation of Thrace. This is regarded by Athens as a further threat to the city's safety.

title: 341 BC

year_label: 340 BCE

text: When King Philip II of Macedon invaded Perinthus and Byzantium, King Artaxerxes III of Persia sent support to those cities.

title: 340 BC

year_label: 339 BCE

text: Philip II of Macedon decides to attack the Scythians, using as an excuse their reluctance to allow Philip to dedicate a statue of Heracles at the Danube estuary. The two armies clash on the plains of modern-day Dobruja. The ninety-year-old King of the Scythians, Ateas, is killed during the battle and his army is routed.

title: 339 BC

year_label: 338 BCE

text: After his significant victory over the Locrians, Philip II of Macedon swiftly enters Phocis. He then turns southeast down the Cephissus valley, seizes Elateia and restores the fortifications of the city.

title: 338 BC

date: August 2

text: August 2 – Philip II of Macedon defeats the Athenians and Thebans in the Battle of Chaeronea in western Boeotia. His son, Alexander, commands the left wing of the Macedonian army during the battle. In victory, Philip II is harsh on Thebes, but merciful on Athens, thanks to the efforts of the Athenian orator and diplomat, Demades, who helps negotiate a peace agreement between Macedonia and Athens.

title: 338 BC

year_label: 336 BCE

text: Following Philip II of Macedon's marriage to Eurydice, Alexander and his mother, Olympias, flee to Epirus, with Alexander later moving to Illyria. However, shortly afterward, father and son are reconciled and Alexander returns; but his position as heir is tenuous.

title: 336 BC

text: Pausanias of Orestis, personal bodyguard of Philip II of Macedon

title: 336 BC

text: Philip II, King of Macedonia (b. 382 BC)

title: 336 BC

text: Eurydice, 7th wife of Philip II, queen of Macedonia

title: 336 BC

text: King Alexander III of Macedonia crosses the Dardanelles, leaving Antipater, who has already faithfully served his father, Philip II, as his deputy in Greece with over 13,000 men. Alexander himself commands about 30,000 foot soldiers and over 5,000 cavalry, of whom nearly 14,000 are Macedonians and about 7,000 are allies sent by the Greek League.

title: 334 BC

text: The Partition of Babylon sets out the division of the territories conquered by Alexander the Great between his generals. The partition is a result of a compromise, essentially brokered by Eumenes, following a conflict of opinion between the party of Meleager, who wishes to give full power to Philip III (the illegitimate son of King Philip II of Macedon by Philinna of Larissa), and the party of Perdiccas, who wishes to wait for the birth of the heir of Alexander and his wife, Roxana (the future Alexander IV) to give him the throne under the control of a regent.

title: 323 BC

text: Olympias, Epirote princess, wife of Macedonian king Philip II and the mother of Alexander the Great (b. c. 376 BC)

title: 316 BC

text: Cleopatra of Macedon, sister of Alexander the Great and daughter of King Philip II of Macedon and Olympias (b. c. 356 BC)

title: 308 BC

text: Thessalonike of Macedon, daughter of king Philip II of Macedon and wife of Cassander (b. 352 BC)

title: 295 BC

text: November 8 – Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos discovers the tomb of Philip II of Macedon at Vergina.

title: 1977


slug: philip-ii-of-spain

label: Philip II of Spain

description: King of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Sicily; King consort of England, lived 1527-1598

date: April 2

text: April 2 – Elisabeth of Valois, queen of Philip II of Spain (d. 1568)

title: 1545

date: July 8

text: July 8 – Don Carlos of Spain, son of Philip II of Spain (d. 1568)

title: 1545

section: Culture & Society

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Archduke Maximilian and Princess Maria, who married 18 days earlier, become the co-regents of Spain as King Charles V departs for Germany to administer the affairs of the Holy Roman Empire. They serve until Prince Philip, the first regent, returns from battle on July 12, 1551.

title: 1548

section: Events › October–December

date: July 12

text: July 12 – The regency over the Kingdom of Spain by Archduchess Maria and her husband, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, ends after almost three years when Maria's brother Crown Prince Philip returns to Madrid. Philip resumes his role as regent for King Charles I, the father of both Maria and Philip; Maria and Maximilian had served during the absence of both the King and the Crown Prince starting on October 1, 1548.

title: 1551

section: Events › July–September

section: Conflict & Security

date: November 16

text: November 16 – A delegation from the English Parliament formally asks the new queen, Mary I, to choose an English husband rather than to marry Spain's Prince Philip, and suggests Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon. Queen Mary's choice to marry Philip, in the interests of protecting England from an invasion, will ultimately lead to Wyatt's rebellion.

title: 1553

section: Religion & Belief

date: July 25

text: July 25– Queen Mary I of England marries King Prince Philip of Naples, the only son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and heir to the throne of Spain, at Winchester Cathedral just two days after their first meeting.

title: 1554

date: January 16

text: January 16 – Charles V abdicates the thrones of the Spanish Empire (including his colonies in the New World) in favor of his son, Philip II, and retires to a monastery.

title: 1556

section: Events › January–March

date: July 3

text: July 3 – The small Stato dei Presidi, a 300 km2 section of Spanish territory on the Tuscan coast of Italy, is created by a treaty between Cosimo I de' Medici (Duke of the Florentine Republic and the future Grand Duke of Tuscany) and King Felipe II of Spain. In return, Cosimo receives the rest of the former Republic of Siena.

title: 1557

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Mary I of England joins her husband Philip II of Spain, in his war against France.

title: 1557

section: Events › April–June

text: Margaret of Parma becomes Governor of the Netherlands, in place of her brother, King Philip II of Spain.

title: 1559

section: Events › Date unknown

date: June 22

text: June 22 – King Philip II of Spain and the 14-year-old Elisabeth of Valois are married in Spain, having married by proxy in January.

title: 1559

date: May 8

text: May 8 – Madrid is declared the capital of Spain, by Philip II.

title: 1561

date: June 4

text: June 4 – The Treaty of Cebu is signed between Miguel López de Legazpi, representing Philip II of Spain, and Rajah Tupas of Cebu. This effectively creates Spanish suzerainty over Cebu.

title: 1565

date: July 31

text: July 31 – King Philip II of Spain sends a final letter to the administrators and Catholic bishops of the Spanish Netherlands, rejecting a request to abolish ordinances treating Protestants as heretics. The decision leads to an uprising against Spain by Calvinists and ultimately to the Eighty Years War.

title: 1566

date: November 23

text: November 23 – By decree of King Philip II of Spain, the content of gold in the Spanish gold escudo, is raised from 350 maravedis (equivalent to 338 centigrams) of gold to 400 (386 cg) and equivalent to 16 silver reales.

title: 1566

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Carlos, Prince of Asturias, son of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545)

title: 1568

date: October 3

text: October 3 – Elisabeth of Valois, Queen of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545)

title: 1568

text: October 3 – Princess Anna of Austria arrives in Spain to become the Queen Consort of Spain as the bride of her uncle King Philip of Spain, whom she had married by proxy on May 4. Having traveled through the Netherlands, she asks King Philip to spare the life of the rebel Floris of Montmorency, but the King arranges the strangulation of Floris on October 14.

title: 1570

text: Abraham Ortelius becomes a geographer to Philip II of Spain.

title: 1575

date: October 22

text: October 22 – The city of Villa de la Asunción (today Aguascalientes) is founded in New Spain, by permission from Philip II of Spain.

title: 1575

date: January 9

text: January 9 – The second Union of Brussels is formed, first without the Protestant counties of Holland and Zeeland (which is accepted by King Philip II of Spain), later with the Protestants, which means open rebellion of the whole of the Netherlands.

title: 1577

date: August 6

text: August 6 – In the Spanish-controlled Netherlands, the representatives of the Union of Utrecht declare that they will no longer respect the authority of King Philip of Spain.

title: 1579

date: January 6

text: January 6 – The Union of Arras unites the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain.

title: 1579

date: August 25

text: August 25 – Battle of Alcântara: Spanish armies, led by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, defending the claim of King Philip II of Spain to the Portuguese throne, defeat the armies of Portuguese claimant António, Prior of Crato.

title: 1580

date: January 31

text: January 31 – Portuguese succession crisis of 1580: The death of Henry, King of Portugal, with no direct heirs, leads to conflict between his potential successors, including King Philip II of Spain and Infanta Catherine, Duchess of Braganza.

title: 1580

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Iberian Union: King Philip II of Spain becomes King of Portugal under the name Philip I, following the death without heirs of King Henry of Portugal, in a personal union of the crowns, thus maintaining Portuguese independence (in Europe and throughout the Portuguese Empire). The Philippine Dynasty rule lasts until 1640.

title: 1580

date: July 22

text: July 22 - At a meeting of the States General of the Union of Utrecht at Antwerp, the representatives vote to proclaim their independence from Spain in the Act of Abjuration, abjuring loyalty to Philip II of Spain as their sovereign, and appointing Francis, Duke of Anjou, as the new sovereign of the Netherlands; public practice of Roman Catholicism is forbidden.

title: 1581

text: March 25 – Iberian Union: Philip II of Spain is crowned Philip I of Portugal.

title: 1581

section: Crime & Justice

date: October 16

text: October 16 – King Philip II of Spain orders the transfer of Abada the rhinoceros from the Casa de Campo public park of Madrid, to the menagerie at his residence at El Escorial.

title: 1583

date: November 18

text: November 18 – In Mexico City, Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga becomes Viceroy of New Spain after being appointed by King Philip II of Spain.

title: 1585

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Two days before the scheduled papal conclave begins, Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares, Spain's ambassador to the Papal States, presents the cardinals with the recommendations of King Philip II of Spain, a set of candidates whom the Spanish cardinals will support, and 30 whom they are instructed not to vote for.

title: 1590

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Philip II of Spain recognizes the rights and privileges of the local nobles and chieftains in the Philippines, which paves the way for the stabilization of the rule of the Principalía.

title: 1594

date: May 6

text: May 6 – King Philip II of Spain announces that his eldest daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia, will marry Albert of Austria (at the time a Roman Catholic cardinal and Archbishop of Toledo), and that the two will jointly govern the Habsburg Netherlands (now Belgium).

title: 1598

text: September 13 – Philip III becomes the new King of Spain upon the death of his father Philip II.

title: 1598


slug: philip-iii-of-france

label: Philip III of France

description: king of France from 1270 to 1285 (1245–1285)

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Philip III (the Bold), king of France (d. 1285)

title: 1245

date: March 12

text: March 12 – Charles, Count of Valois, son of Philip III of France (d. 1325)

title: 1270

date: May 3

text: May 3 – Louis, Count of Évreux, son of Philip III of France (d. 1319)

title: 1276

text: King Philip III of France ("the Bold") outlaws Jews from residence in the small villages and rural localities of France, causing a mass migration.

title: 1283

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Aragonese Crusade: The first French armies under King Philip III ("the Bold") and his 14-year-old son Charles of Valois enter Roussillon. They include 16,000 cavalry, 17,000 crossbowmen, and 100,000 infantry, along with 100 ships in south French ports. Though they have the support of James II, ruler of Majorca, the local populace rises against them. Elne is valiantly defended by Aragonese troops, but the French occupy the city, and burn the cathedral, while the population is massacred.

title: 1284

text: Aragonese Crusade: French forces led by King Philip III (the Bold) entrench before Girona, in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on September 7. Philip's son, the 15-year-old Charles of Valois, is crowned as king of Aragon (under the vassalage of the Holy See) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of dysentery and Philip is forced to retreat.

title: 1285

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Charles of Valois, son of the late King Philip III ("Philip the Bold"), is summoned to Italy by Pope Boniface VIII to restore peace between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. He enters Florence, and allows the Neri ("Black Guelphs") to return to the city. Charles installs a new government under Cante dei Gabrielli as Chief Magistrate (podestà), leading to the permanent exile of Dante Alighieri, Italian poet and philosopher, from the city.

title: 1301

section: Events › October– December

date: May 19

text: May 19 – Louis of Évreux, son of King Philip the Bold (b. 1276)

title: 1319

date: September 21

text: September 21 – Isabella of France conspires with the exiled Roger Mortimer to have Edward II deposed. To build up diplomatic and military support, Isabella has Edward of Windsor engaged to the 12-year-old Philippa of Hainault. She is the daughter of Count William the Good of Hainaut, who is married to Joan of Valois, granddaughter of the late King Philip III of France.

title: 1325

section: Events › July – September


slug: philip-iii-of-spain

label: Philip III of Spain

description: King of Castilla and León and King of Aragon and Portugal (1578-1621)

section: Deaths

date: September 13

title: 1598

date: January 11

text: January 11 – Valladolid is briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain under Philip III, before returning indefinitely to Madrid in 1606.

title: 1601

date: September 2

text: September 2 – 4th Spanish Armada is sent; a fleet of 33 ships and 4,432 men, under the command of Admiral Juan del Águila, departs Portugal after being dispatched to Ireland by King Philip III. The Spanish fleet is intended to support an Irish rebellion led by Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and Hugh Roe O'Donnell against the British.

title: 1601

date: December 11

text: December 11 – A surprise attack by forces under the command of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva (this actually takes place after midnight, in the early morning of December 12, but commemorations/celebrations on Fête de l'Escalade are usually held on December 11 or the closest weekend).

title: 1602

date: November 9

text: November 9 – King Philip III of Spain announces that his government had run out of money and that it is suspending payments on its foreign debts. effectively declaring the state bankrupt. The decision in the wake of the destruction of most of the ships of Spain's Navy at the April 25 Battle of Gibraltar.

title: 1607

date: April 4

text: April 4 – King Philip III of Spain signs an edict for the expulsion of the Moriscos from his country with effect from September 11.

title: 1609

date: November 20

text: November 20 – The cession of Larache, a port in Morocco, takes place as Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun, Sultan of Morocco, transfers control of the city to Spain in return for. The Marquis de la Hinojosa accepts on behalf of King Felipe III of Spain in return for Spain's aid to the Sultan's fight against the Sultan's brother, Zidan Abu Maali. Larache remains under Spanish control for the next 79 years until another sultan retakes it.

title: 1610

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 30

text: January 30 – Japan's diplomatic mission to Europe, led by Hasekura Tsunenaga, meets with King Philip III of Spain at Madrid and presents an offer of a treaty.

title: 1615

date: November 24

text: November 24 – King Louis XIII of France marries Princess Ana María Mauricia, the 14-year-old daughter of King Philip III of Spain. The two had been legally united in a marriage by proxy on October 18.

title: 1615

text: Physician Aleixo de Abreu is granted a pension of 16,000 reis, for services to the crown in Angola and Brazil, by Philip III of Spain, who also appoints him physician of his chamber.

title: 1616

date: July 29

text: July 29 – The secret Oñate treaty is signed in Vienna between representatives of King Philip III of Spain reached an agreement with the junior Habsburg branch of Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, the heads of two different branches of the House of Habsburg. Spain's Ambassador to Austria, Íñigo Vélez de Guevara, 7th Count of Oñate signs on behalf of King Philip.

title: 1617


slug: philip-iv-of-france

label: Philip IV of France

description: King of France from 1285 to 1314 (1268–1314)

section: Births

text: Enguerrand de Marigny, minister to King Philip IV of France

title: 1260

date: April

text: April/June – Philip IV of France (d. 1314)

title: 1268

text: Peter III of Aragon obtains the support of Nasrid Granada preparing for the incoming Aragonese Crusade, led by Philip "the Fair" of France.

title: 1282

date: January 6

text: January 6 – The 17-year-old Philip IV (the Fair) is crowned king of France at Reims. He settles the Aragonese conflict, and intensifies his predecessors' efforts to reform and rationalize the administration of the realm. Philip persists in reforms, which strengthen the monarchy's position in Europe. The gabelle – a tax on salt in the form of a state monopoly – will become immensely unpopular and grossly unequal, but persist until 1790.

title: 1286

date: September

text: September – Rabban Bar Sauma arrives in Paris, and is received in an audience by King Philip IV (the Fair). He spends one month at the royal court, during his stay, Philip himself escorts him around the Sainte-Chapelle (or Holy Chapel) to see the collection of Passion relics by late King Louis IX (the Saint). Philip gives Bar Sauma many presents and sends one of his noblemen, Gobert de Helleville, to return with him to Mongol lands. In response, he attempts to form a military alliance with France and England.

title: 1287

text: Edward I of England and Philip the Fair of France declare war on each other. To finance this war, both kings lay taxes on the clergy. Pope Boniface VIII insists that kings gain papal consent for taxation of the clergy, and forbids churchmen to pay taxes.

title: 1294

section: Events › Europe

date: June 20

text: June 20 – Treaty of Anagni: Pope Boniface VIII arranges a peace treaty between King Philip IV of France ("the Fair"), Charles II of Naples ("the Lame"), and James II of Majorca. James returns Sicily to the Papal States, seeking to bring peace between the Capetian House of Anjou and the Kingdom of Sicily; the effort is in vain. Boniface is determined to put an end to the War of the Sicilian Vespers, because he wants to declare a new Crusade for the reconquest of the Holy Land.

title: 1295

date: February 5

text: February 5 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull, Clericis laicos, stating that, without authority from the Holy See, Kings and other monarchs couldn't take income from the church. This bull was made in retaliation against King Philip IV raising taxes on the church

title: 1296

section: Events › January–December

text: Winter – Edward I of England accepts a truce proposed by King Philip IV of France ("the Fair") and leaves Flanders. He returns to London and prepares a campaign against William Wallace in Scotland.

title: 1297

section: Events › By place › British Isles

date: August 1

text: August 1 – The "ideal city" of Marciac in southern France is founded by King Philip IV ("the Fair") and his Seneschal Guichard de Marzé (or Marciac).

title: 1298

section: Events › By topic › Cities and towns

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Edward I of England ("Longshanks") marries the 19-year-old Margaret of France, the half-sister of King Philip IV ("the Fair").

title: 1299

date: December 5

text: December 5 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull Ausculta Fili ("Listen, my son"), accusing King Philip IV of France ("Philip the Fair") of malfeasance of office.

title: 1301

date: April 10

text: April 10 – The first meeting of the Estates General in France is convened King Philip IV ("Philip the Fair") at the Notre-Dame in Paris. During the assembly, all three classes – the French nobles, clergy, and commons – discuss the conflict between Philip and Pope Boniface VIII over the papal legate, Bernard Saisset – who is accused to raise a rebellion of Occitan independence, associated with Navarre, under the banner of the County of Foix.

title: 1302

date: February 10

text: February 10 – The papal bull Ausculta Fili is delivered to Philip the Fair, King of France, but Robert II, Count of Artois, snatches the document from Jacques de Normans, the emissary of Pope Boniface VIII and burns the paper in a fire.

title: 1302

date: May 20

text: May 20 – Treaty of Paris: King Philip the Fair of France signs a peace treaty with Edward Longshanks, King of England. According to the terms of the treaty, Gascony is restored to England – as well as the cities of Bordeaux and Bayonne. In return, Edward swears allegiance to Philip as his vassal and agrees that Philipp's daughter, Isabella of France, be married to his son Edward of Caernarfon, until she is old enough.

title: 1303

date: August 18

text: August 18 – Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle: French forces (some 13,000 men) led by King Philip IV of France ("Philip the Fair") defeat a Flemish army at Mons-en-Pévèle. During the battle, the Flemish, led by William of Jülich "the Younger") are forced to retreat to Lille. William is killed, and the French lose the Oriflamme ("Golden Flame"), the battle standard of Philip.

title: 1304

date: December 6

text: December 6 – The monetary policy of King Philip IV of France triggers a revolt in Paris. The provost's house is burned, and King Philip the Fair has to flee to the fortress of the Temple.

title: 1306

section: Events › October – December

date: July 22

text: July 22 – The Great Exile of 1306: King Philip IV of France turns his attentions to Italian bankers and orders the Jews to be exiled in France. The Jewish quarter in Paris is cleared and goods are confiscated – to regain money spent on expanding the domains of Flanders and Gascony. Meanwhile, rumors of a secret initiation ceremony of the Knights Templar create distrust, and Philip – while being deeply in debt to the Order for loans from his war against England, uses this distrust for political and religious motivations against the Templars.

title: 1306

section: Economy & Finance

date: June 8

text: June 8 – After bringing the Flemish War to a victorious conclusion, King Philip IV of France orders the silver content of new livre coins to be raised back to the 1285 level of 3.96 grams of silver, and orders the devaluation of the coins of 1303, 1304 and 1305 to one-third of their face value. The economic decree leads to rioting.

title: 1306

section: Events › April – June

date: October 13

text: October 13 – King Philip IV of France orders the arrest of all members of the Knights Templar in France. The Templars, together with their Grand Master Jacques de Molay, are imprisoned, interrogated, and tortured into confessing heresy. In Paris, the king's inquisitors torture some 140 Templars, most of whom eventually make confessions. Many are subjected to "fire torture": their legs are fastened in an iron frame and the soles of their feet are greased with fat or butter. Unable to withstand these tortures, many Templars eventually confess.

title: 1307

date: September 23

text: September 23 – A marriage contract is concluded between the Otto IV, Count of Burgundy and King Philip IV of France for the marriage of Otto's 11-year-old daughter Blanche to the King's 13-year-old son, Prince Charles. The marriage takes place on February 2, 1308, but will be annulled on May 19, 1322, shortly after Prince Charles assumes the throne as King Charles IV.

title: 1307

text: King Philip IV of France purchases Hôtel de Nesle in Paris and builds one of the earliest indoor tennis courts there.

title: 1308

date: May 12

text: May 12 – In France, 54 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy at Paris, on orders of King Philip IV of France (Philip the Fair). Pope Clement V attempts to take control of the situation by issuing a papal bull, to assert the Church's authority over the matter and demands Philip turn over the Templars and their property to ecclesiastical officials, who will then try the Templars for charges themselves. (→ Trials of the Knights Templar)

title: 1310

date: April 27

text: April 27 – Pope Clement V, having decided to let the Council of Vienne determine the question of whether the late Pope Boniface VIII had been guilty of heresy, officially excuses King Philip IV of France from any condemnation of Boniface.

title: 1311

date: March 22

text: March 22 – Pope Clement V, under pressure from King Philip IV of France, officially disbands the Order of the Knights Templar at the Council of Vienne, issuing the bull Vox in excelso. The Order's property and monetary assets are given to a rival order, the Knights Hospitaller. Meanwhile, Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is held in prison in Paris, where he is forced to commit false confessions.

title: 1312

section: Events › January – March

date: March 18

text: March 18 – Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Knights Templar and Geoffroi de Charney, are, by orders of King Philip IV of France ("Philip the Fair"), burned at the stake in front of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité in the Seine. Jacques declares his innocence and that the Templar Order is also innocent of all the charges of heresy. It is said that Jacques correctly predicts the deaths of both Philip and Pope Clement V within the year.

title: 1314

date: November 29

text: November 29 – Philip IV the Fair, King of France from the House of Capet, in a hunting accident (b. 1268)

title: 1314


slug: philip-iv-of-spain

label: Philip IV of Spain

description: King of Spain and Portugal (1605-1665)

date: November 22

text: November 22 – Elisabeth of France, queen of Philip IV of Spain (d. 1644)

title: 1602

section: Births › October–December

date: March 31

text: March 31 – King Philip IV of Spain begins his 44-year rule.

title: 1621

section: Events › January–March

date: February 19

text: February 19 – King Filipe III of Portugal issues a decree prohibiting the enslavement of Chinese people in Portugal or in its colonies.

title: 1624

section: Religion & Belief

date: June 10

text: June 10 – Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Archbishop of Mexico, dismisses the Viceroy of New Spain, Diego López Pacheco, allegedly on orders of King Philip IV, and takes office as the new Viceroy. Palafox is in office for only five months before being recalled to Spain.

title: 1642

section: Events › April–June

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Elisabeth of France, queen of Philip IV of Spain (b. 1602)

title: 1644

date: April 2

text: April 2 – The Treaty of Brussels is signed, creating an alliance between Philip IV of Spain and the exiled Royalists of the British Isles, led by Charles II.

title: 1656

date: November 7

text: November 7 – The Treaty of the Pyrenees is signed by representatives of Kings Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain. Spain agrees to French acquisition of the counties of Roussillon and Upper Cerdanya (Principality of Catalonia) and most of Artois, formally ending the 24-year-long Franco-Spanish War.

title: 1659

section: Events › October–December

section: Conflict & Security

date: May 24

text: May 24 – After King Philip IV of Spain reneges on payment of a large dowry to King Louis XIV of France, promised to Louis as a gift for Louis' marriage to Philip's daughter Princess Maria Theresa, the War of Devolution begins between France and Spain. The French Army invades the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium), entering Flanders and Franche-Comté. By the time the war ends on May 2, 1668, parts of the Spanish Netherlands are ceded to France.

title: 1667


slug: philip-of-swabia

label: Philip of Swabia

description: King of the Germans, Duke of Toscana and Swabia (February/March 1177 – 21 June 1208)

date: February

text: February/March – Philip of Swabia, rival of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1208)

title: 1177

section: Deaths

text: Autumn – A German throne dispute begins upon the sudden death of Henry VI. Henry's brother, Philip of Swabia, takes over the family lands and claims his inheritance.

title: 1197

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: March 8

text: March 8 – Philip of Swabia, son of the late Emperor Frederick I, is elected "King of Germany" by his supporters at Mühlhausen in Thuringia. Archbishop Adolf of Cologne elects Otto of Brunswick, son of Henry the Lion, as Philip's rival. Otto IV is crowned as King of the Romans in Aachen by supporters of the House of Welf. Philip's coronation does not take place until September 8, at Mainz.

title: 1198

text: Autumn – Prince Alexios Angelos, son of the deposed, blinded and imprisoned late Emperor Isaac II Angelos, escapes from Constantinople. He makes his way to Sicily and then Rome where he is turned away by Pope Innocent III. Next, Alexios travels to the court of his brother-in-law, Philip of Swabia, the King of Germany, who receives him well.

title: 1201

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Pope Innocent III recognizes Otto IV as the only legitimate ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, against his rival King, Philip of Swabia. In return, Otto promises to support the pope's interests in Italy.

title: 1201

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia submits to Philip of Swabia.

title: 1204

section: Events

date: January 6

text: January 6 – Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans and is crowned again with great ceremony at Aachen by Archbishop Adolf of Cologne. After several threats, Adolf is removed from office by Pope Innocent III and excommunicated, on July 19. Philip is able to increasingly assert his kingship against Otto of Brunswick (who is also crowned king of Germany) in the northern parts of the Alps.

title: 1205

text: Pope Innocent III declares for King Philip of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor, a reversal of his previous support for Philip's rival Otto IV.

title: 1207

date: June 21

text: June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany, is assassinated in Bamberg by the German count Otto of Wittelsbach, because Philip has refused to give him his 10-year-old daughter Beatrice in marriage.

title: 1208

text: June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany (b. 1177)

title: 1208


slug: philip-the-arab

label: Philip the Arab

description: Roman Emperor (204-249)

section: Births

text: Philip the Arab, Roman emperor (d. 249)

title: 204

text: Emperor Gordian III appoints Philip the Arab as his new praetorian prefect (after the death of Timesitheus) and proceeds with his campaign in Mesopotamia.

title: 243

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Philip the Arab (Marcus Julius Philippus) declares himself co-emperor, and makes a controversial peace with the Sassanian Empire, withdrawing from their territory and giving Shapur 500,000 gold pieces. The Sassanians occupy Armenia.

title: 244

section: Culture & Society

text: 244–249 – Bust of Philip the Arab (in Braccio Nuovo, Vatican Museums, Rome).

title: 244

section: Events › By topic › Art and Science

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Emperor Philip the Arab entrusts Trajan Decius with an important command on the Danube.

title: 245

text: Emperor Philip the Arab fights the Germans along the Danube River.

title: 246

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Marcus Julius Philippus Augustus and his 10-year-old son Marcus Julius Philippus Caesar become Roman Consuls.

title: 247

text: Emperor Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome by holding the Ludi Saeculares.

title: 247

text: The revolts of Pacatianus in Moesia and Iotapianus in Syria are put down by Senator Trajan Decius, by order of Emperor Philip the Arab.

title: 248

text: Battle of Verona: Decius defeats and kills Emperor Philip the Arab.

title: 249


slug: philip-the-bold

label: Philip the Bold

description: Duke of Burgundy (1342-1404)

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Poitiers: The English, commanded by Edward the Black Prince, defeat the French. The greatly outnumbered English forces not only rout the French, but capture the French king John II of France and his youngest son, the future Philip the Bold of Burgundy.

title: 1356

section: Events › January–December

text: Philip the Bold becomes duke of Burgundy.

title: 1363

section: Events › Date unknown

date: August 23

text: August 23 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, lands with English troops at Calais to begin a raid in France while Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, assembles troops to confront the English invasion. The standoff continues while Lancaster waits for additional troops from the Earl of Warwick.

title: 1369

section: Events › July–September

date: June 19

text: June 19 – At Ghent, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and ruler of a realm that includes much of present-day Netherlands and Belgium, marries Margaret, daughter of Louis II of Flanders.

title: 1369

date: September 2

text: September 2 – Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, is forced to disband the army that he had assembled to capture Normandy from the control of England, after being ordered by King Charles V of France.

title: 1369

date: January 30

text: January 30 – Margaret III becomes the Countess of Flanders upon the death of her 53-year-old father, Count Louis II. Margaret and her husband Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, become co-rulers of both Flanders and Burgundy.

title: 1384

date: December 3

text: December 3 –Upon reaching the age of 20, Charles VI of France takes complete control of the government, ending the regency of his uncle, Philip the Bold.

title: 1388

date: July 9

text: July 9 – Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and the mentally unstable, King Charles VI of France, agree that Philip's first granddaughter would marry King Charles's son and heir apparent, the two-year-old Dauphin Charles de France. The agreement will not achieve a result, in that the Dauphin and will die at age nine in 1401.

title: 1394

date: August 6

text: August 6 – Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, issues an ordinance prohibiting the cultivation of the Gamay grape on any lands under his jurisdiction, in favor of the increased production of pinot noir wine.

title: 1395

text: April 27 – At Dijon, in France's Burgundian State, John the Fearless (Jean sans Peur), nephew of Charles VI of France, becomes the new Duke of Burgundy upon the death of his father, Philip the Bold.

title: 1404

date: April 11

text: April 11 – The three sons of Philip the Bold—John the Fearless, Philip II, and Anthony— agree at Arras to partition the Burgundian lands of their father between themselves, with John to retain Flanders, Philip to take the County of Nevers, and Anthony to retain Rethel as well to purchase the Duchy of Brabant from John.

title: 1405


slug: philip-the-good

label: Philip the Good

description: Duke of Burgundy from 1419 to 1467 (1396-1467)

section: Economy & Finance

text: John III of Dampierre, Marquis of Namur, sells his estates to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.

title: 1421

date: January 13

text: January 13 – Hook and Cod wars: The Battle of Brouwershaven is fought in the Netherlands between the Burgundian State, led by Duke Philip the Good, and the troops led by Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, with the Burugundians winning.

title: 1426

section: Events › January–March

date: July 3

text: July 3 – The Treaty of Delft is signed by the Countess Jacqueline of Holland as a surrender to Philip, Duke of Burgundy to end the siege of Gouda by the Cod Forces against Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut during the Hook and Cod Wars. Under the pact, Jacqueline retains her title and nominal powers, but Philip administers the government and the right to inherit control.

title: 1428

date: October 19

text: October 19 – Princess Isabella of Portugal, daughter of King João I, departs her homeland, accompanied by a flotilla of 20 ships and 2,000 Portuguese troops and royal officials, to make the voyage to the Duchy of Burgundy, where she is to formally marry Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. Because of storms, the voyage takes more than two months.

title: 1429

date: January 10

text: January 10 – Philip the Good founds the Order of the Golden Fleece.

title: 1430

date: January 7

text: January 7 – Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, marries Isabella of Portugal.

title: 1430

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundian troops, led by John II, Count of Ligny, while leading an army to relieve Compiègne. After her surrender to Lyonnel de Wandomme, she is turned over to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and incarcerated at the castle of Beaulieu-les-Fontaines.

title: 1430

section: Events › April–June

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Revolt of Ghent: Ghent takes up arms against Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.

title: 1451

date: March 31

text: March 31 – In an attempt to end the rebellion in Ghent, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, declares war against the Ghentenaar rebels.

title: 1452

section: Religion & Belief

date: September 15

text: September 15 – The Burgundian state, led by Prince Philip the Good, captures the rebel city of Deventer in the Netherlands after a 32-day siege that had been defended by Gijsbrecht van Brederode, Bishop of Utrecht.

title: 1456

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Philip the Good is succeeded as Duke of Burgundy, by Charles the Bold.

title: 1467


slug: philip-the-handsome

label: Philip the Handsome

description: King of Castile (1506), Ruler of Habsburg Netherlands (1482-1506)

date: July 22

text: July 22 – King Philip the Handsome of Castile (d. 1506)

title: 1478

date: November 6

text: November 6 – Joanna of Castile, Queen of Philip the Handsome, daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1555)

title: 1479

section: Deaths

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Archduke Maximilian of Austria, father of the four-year old Philip the Handsome, Duke of the Burgundian Netherlands, declares the abolition of the Regency Council that had administered the land in Philip's name after the death of Mary of Burgundy on March 27, 1482; Maximilian becomes the sole regent.

title: 1483

date: October 20

text: October 20 – Joanna of Castile, second daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, heiress to Castile, marries the archduke Philip, heir through his mother to the Burgundian Netherlands, and through his father to the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1496

section: Events › October–December

date: November 4

text: November 4 – Philip and Joanna of Castile leave for Spain.

title: 1501

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Treaty of Blois: Philip the Handsome, Maximilian I, and Louis XII agree to terms.

title: 1504

date: February 7

text: February 7 – During a visit to Windsor Castle as guests of King Henry VII of England, Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy, plays a game of tennis against Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset in the first recorded use of tennis rackets. A year later, a chronicler notes that on the 7th of February, "the kynge of Castelle played w the Rackete and gave the marques xv".

title: 1505

date: November 24

text: November 24 – The Treaty of Salamanca is signed by Spain's King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Philip, Duke of Burgundy, agreeing that the two will serve as co-regents for Joanna the Mad, Queen of Castile.

title: 1505

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Malus Intercursus, a treaty between King Henry VII of England and Duke Philip the Handsome of Burgundy, is signed.

title: 1506

section: Health & Medicine

date: July 12

text: July 12 – Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy, becomes the ruler of the Spanish Kingdom of Castile with his insane wife Joanna, but reigns for only two months before dying of typhoid.

title: 1506

date: October 15

text: October 15 – Charles II, the six-year-old son of King Philip of Castile, inherits his father's title of Duke of Burgundy and is proclaimed "Lord of the Netherlands".

title: 1506

date: September 25

text: September 25 – Philip I, the first Spanish Habsburg King of Castile, dies suddenly from typhoid.

title: 1506

text: September 25 – King Philip the Handsome of Castile (b. 1478)

title: 1506

date: July 4

text: July 4 – King François of France marries Eleanor of Austria, daughter of King Philip the Handsome of Castile and widow of King Manuel I of Portugal.

title: 1530


slug: philip-v-of-macedon

label: Philip V of Macedon

description: king of Macedon

year_label: 238 BCE

text: Philip V, king (basileus) of Macedonia (d. 179 BC)

title: 238 BC

year_label: 229 BCE

text: The King of Macedonia, Demetrius II, dies. His nephew, Antigonus III comes to the Macedonian throne as regent for his half-cousin and the future king Philip V, who is only ten years old.

title: 229 BC

section: Events › By place › Illyria

year_label: 227 BCE

text: The Macedonian regent, Antigonus III, marries the former king Demetrius II's widow, Phthia, and assumes the crown thus deposing the young Philip V.

title: 227 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 221 BCE

text: Antigonus III dies during a battle against the Illyrians and is succeeded by his young cousin Philip V as King of Macedonia.

title: 221 BC

year_label: 220 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Aratus of Sicyon counters Aetolian aggression by obtaining the assistance of the Hellenic League now under the leadership of Philip V of Macedon. In the resulting Social War, the Hellenic League of Greek states is assembled in Corinth at Philip V's instigation. He then leads the Hellenic League in battles against Aetolia, Sparta and Elis.

title: 220 BC

text: Demetrius seeks refuge with Philip V of Macedon, who is very resentful of the Roman interference. Rome occupies Demetrius' chief fortresses, Pharos and Dimillos.

title: 220 BC

year_label: 219 BCE

text: The Roman Senate sends the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus to Illyria with an army. On discovering Rome's intent, the Illyrian leader Demetrius of Pharos puts to death those Illyrians who oppose his rule, fortifies Dimale and goes to Pharos. After a seven-day siege by the Roman fleet under Lucius Aemilius Paulus, Dimale is taken by direct assault. From Dimale, the Roman navy heads to Pharos, where the Roman forces rout the Illyrians. Demetrius flees to Macedonia, where he becomes a trusted councilor at the court of King Philip V.

title: 219 BC

year_label: 217 BCE

text: Philip V of Macedon, continuing his war with the Aetolian League lays siege to Phthiotic Thebes, captures it and sells the inhabitants into slavery.

title: 217 BC

year_label: 216 BCE

text: Philip V of Macedon, still resenting Rome's interference in Illyrian politics, seizes his opportunity to invade Illyria. Ambassadors from Philip V visit Hannibal at his headquarters in Italy. These actions mark the beginning of the First Macedonian War between Rome and Macedonia.

title: 216 BC

year_label: 215 BCE

text: Philip V of Macedon and Hannibal negotiate an alliance under which they pledge mutual support and defence. Specifically, they agree to support each other against Rome, and that Hannibal shall have the right to make peace with Rome, but that any peace would include Philip and that Rome would be forced to give up control of Corcyra, Apollonia, Epidamnus, Pharos, Dimale, Parthini and Atintania and to restore to Demetrius of Pharos all his lands currently controlled by Rome.

title: 215 BC

year_label: 214 BCE

text: Philip V of Macedon attempts an invasion of Illyria by sea with a fleet of 120 craft. He captures Oricum and, sailing up the Aous (modern Vjosë) river, he besieges Apollonia.

title: 214 BC

year_label: 212 BCE

text: After being stopped twice by the Romans in his attempts to invade Illyria by sea, and constrained by the Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus' fleet in the Adriatic, Philip V of Macedon keeps his activities in Illyria land based. Keeping clear of the coast, he takes Dassaretis, Atintani and Parthini, and the town of Dimale.

title: 212 BC

year_label: 211 BCE

text: The Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus explores the possibility of an alliance with the Aetolian League as the Aetolians are once again ready to consider taking up arms against their traditional enemy, Macedonia. A treaty is signed to counter Philip V of Macedon who is allied to Hannibal. Under the treaty, the Aetolians are to conduct operations on land, the Romans at sea. Also, Rome will keep any slaves and other booty taken and Aetolia will receive control of any territory acquired.

title: 211 BC

year_label: 210 BCE

text: After allying with Hannibal, Philip V of Macedon attacks the Roman positions in Illyria, but fails to take Corcyra or Apollonia, which are protected by the Roman fleet. Rome's command of the sea prevents his lending any effective aid to his Carthaginian ally in Italy. The Aetolians, Sparta and King Attalus of Pergamum join the Romans in the war against Philip V. This coalition is so strong that Philip V has to stop attacking Roman territory.

title: 210 BC

year_label: 206 BCE

text: Philip V of Macedon is able to take advantage of Roman inactivity. After sacking Thermum, the religious and political centre of Aetolia, Philip is able to force the Aetolians to accept a peace treaty based on his terms.

title: 206 BC

year_label: 205 BCE

text: Philip V of Macedon makes a temporary peace (the Peace of Phoenice) with Rome on favourable terms for Macedonia ending the First Macedonian War. The treaty formally acknowledges the favourable position of Macedonia, including their capture of Illyria, but in return Philip effectively repudiates his alliance with Hannibal.

title: 205 BC

year_label: 204 BCE

text: Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Syrian-based Seleucid kingdom realize Egypt's weakness and agree to partition Egypt's Anatolian and Aegean possessions. Antiochus' share is to be southern Syria, Lycia, Cilicia and Cyprus, while Philip is to gain western Anatolia and the Cyclades.

title: 204 BC

section: Events › By place › Seleucid Empire

year_label: 201 BCE

text: Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then besieges Chios to the north.

title: 201 BC

year_label: 200 BCE

text: Philip V of Macedon's fleet defeat the Rhodians at Lade. His forces then advance into Pergamum, plundering Pergamese territory and attacking cities in Caria.

title: 200 BC

year_label: 198 BCE

text: After his election to the consulship, Titus Quinctius Flamininus is chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus as the leading Roman general in Macedonia. He then crosses into Macedonia with his army. Flamininus realizes that future peace depends on breaking the power of king Philip V of Macedon, not merely humbling him. He secures the backing of the Achaean League and then opens peace negotiations with Philip at Nicaea in Locris. Though peace proposals are submitted to the Roman Senate, the talks break down, and fighting resumes.

title: 198 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 197 BCE

text: The Spartan ruler, Nabis, acquires the important city of Argos from Philip V of Macedon, as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians. Nabis then defects to the Romans in the expectation of being able to hold on to his conquest.

title: 197 BC

year_label: 194 BCE

text: Philip V of Macedon, along with Rhodes, Pergamum, and the Achaean League, join Rome against Antiochus III.

title: 194 BC

year_label: 190 BCE

text: As Philip V of Macedon has aided Rome against her enemies on the Greek peninsula, his tribute to Rome is remitted and his son, Demetrius, is restored to him after being held hostage in Rome for a number of years.

title: 190 BC

year_label: 184 BCE

text: With concerns rising in Rome over whether Philip V of Macedon is preparing for a new war with the Romans, Appius Claudius Pulcher is sent at the head of an embassy into Macedonia and Greece to observe Philip's activities.

title: 184 BC

year_label: 180 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: After three years of intriguing against his younger brother Demetrius, including accusing him of coveting the succession to the Macedonian throne and being allied to Rome, Perseus persuades his father King Philip V of Macedon to have Demetrius executed.

title: 180 BC

year_label: 179 BCE

text: Philip V, king of Macedonia from 221 BC, whose attempt to extend Macedonian influence throughout Greece has occurred at a time of growing Roman involvement in Greek affairs and resulted in his military defeat by Rome (b. 238 BC)

title: 179 BC

text: Philip V of Macedon dies at Amphipolis in Macedonia, remorseful for having put his younger son Demetrius to death, at the instigation of his older son Perseus. Nevertheless, he is succeeded by his son Perseus.

title: 179 BC