slug: new-jersey

label: New Jersey

description: state of the United States of America

section: Culture & Society

text: 600-900 - Cylindrical vessel is made. Maya culture. It is now kept at the Princeton University Art Museum, New Jersey.

title: 600

section: Events › By topic › Arts and sciences

title: 1686

section: Conflict & Security

date: April 15

text: April 15 – The British Province of New Jersey, encompassing all of the modern-day U.S. state of New Jersey and portions of New York, is created as proprietary owners in the provinces of East Jersey and West Jersey surrender their rights to the Crown.

title: 1702

date: March 12

text: March 12 – A steam engine is used in the American colonies for the first time as New Jersey copper mine owner Arent Schuyler installs a Newcomen atmospheric engine to pump water out of a mineshaft.

title: 1755

date: November 10

text: November 10 – The last Colonial governor of New Jersey, William Franklin, signs the charter of Queen's College (later renamed Rutgers University).

title: 1766

date: June 29

text: June 29 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet – The American Continental Navy successfully challenges the British Royal Navy blockade off New Jersey.

title: 1776

section: Events › May–June

date: November 20

text: November 20 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Fort Lee – The invasion of New Jersey, by British and Hessian forces, leads to the subsequent general retreat of the American Continental Army.

title: 1776

section: Events › November–December

text: April 13 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Bound Brook: A British and Hessian force led by Charles Cornwallis surprises a Continental Army outpost in New Jersey, commanded by Major General Benjamin Lincoln.

title: 1777

text: The term thoroughbred is first used in the United States, in an advertisement in a Kentucky gazette, to describe a New Jersey stallion called Pilgarlick.

title: 1778

section: Events › Undated

date: November 26

text: November 26 – New Jersey becomes the second state to agree to the Articles of Confederation.

title: 1778

date: June 23

text: June 23 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Springfield: The Continental Army defeats the British in New Jersey.

title: 1780

section: Climate & Environment

date: November 29

text: November 29 – 1783 New Jersey earthquake: An earthquake of 5.3 magnitude strikes New Jersey.

title: 1783

date: December 18

text: December 18 – New Jersey becomes the third U.S. state.

title: 1787

text: November 20 – New Jersey ratifies the United States Bill of Rights, the first state to do so.

title: 1789

date: February 15

text: February 15 – New Jersey becomes the last of the northern United States to abolish slavery.

title: 1804

date: February 6

text: February 6 – New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to John Stevens.

title: 1815

section: Economy & Finance

text: Campbell Soup Company is founded in New Jersey, United States.

title: 1869

text: Johnson & Johnson, which becomes a multinational brand, begins manufacturing healthcare products in New Jersey, United States.

title: 1886

date: October 28

text: October 28 – A train falls off a drawbridge in New Jersey, drowning 53 people, and results in what is widely considered the first ever press release.

title: 1906

section: Events › September–October

date: December 24

text: December 24 – Lackawanna Cut-Off railway line opens in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

title: 1911

section: Events › December

date: November 5

text: November 5 – 1912 United States presidential election: New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson beats former president Theodore Roosevelt and incumbent president William Howard Taft.

title: 1912

section: Events › November

date: July 1

text: July 1–12 – Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916: At least one shark attacks 5 swimmers along 80 mi km of New Jersey coastline, resulting in 4 deaths and the survival of one youth, who requires limb amputation. This event is the inspiration for author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write Jaws.

title: 1916

date: November 12

text: November 12 – The Holland Tunnel opens to traffic, as the first vehicular tunnel under the Hudson River, linking New Jersey with New York City.

title: 1927

date: April 4

text: April 4 – American airship Akron crashes off the coast of New Jersey, killing 73 of its 76 crewmen. It is the worst aviation accident in history up to this date (and until 1950).

title: 1933

section: Events › April

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Off the New Jersey coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner kills 134 people.

title: 1934

date: July 25

text: July 25 – At Club 500 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis stage their first show as a comedy team.

title: 1946

section: Births

date: April 27

text: April 27 – Cory Booker, US Senator from New Jersey

title: 1969

section: Births › April

section: Deaths

date: March 31

text: March 31 – The New Jersey Supreme Court rules that patient in a persistent vegetative state in the Karen Ann Quinlan case can be disconnected from her ventilator. She remains comatose and dies in 1985.

title: 1976

section: Events › March

date: May 9

text: May 9 – James Alexander George Smith "Jags" McCartney the Turks and Caicos Islands' first chief minister, is killed in a plane crash over New Jersey.

title: 1980

section: Events › May


slug: new-mexico

label: New Mexico

description: state of the United States of America

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The occupation of Pueblo Bonito (present-day New Mexico) begins.

title: 828

section: Events › By place › North America

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: c. 900 –1230 – Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, is built by the Ancestral Pueblo people.

title: 900

section: Events › By topic › Art

text: The Ancestral Puebloans, living in the Four Corners, begin construction at Pueblo Bonito, in modern-day New Mexico's Chaco Canyon (approximate date).

title: 919

section: Events › By Place › Mesoamerica

text: June 23 – Juan de Oñate, the Spanish colonial administrator in what is now the U.S. state of New Mexico, departs from San Gabriel de Nuevo Mexico with 130 Spanish soldiers and 12 priests on an expedition to explore the interior of the area.

title: 1601

section: Events › April–June

text: Santa Fe, New Mexico, capital of New Mexico, is founded as capital of Kingdom of Nuevo México.

title: 1610

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Health & Medicine

date: August 10

text: August 10 – A Pueblo medicine man named Popé begins an attack by the Puebloans and their Apache allies on Spanish outposts throughout what is the modern-day U.S. state of New Mexico, choosing the campaign to begin before a supply caravan can reach the Spaniards.

title: 1680

section: Events › July–September

date: December 16

text: December 16 – Diego de Vargas, Spanish colonial governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México (now the area around the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico), returns to the walled city of Santa Fe and requests the Pueblo people to accept the authority of the colonial government. Negotiations fail and a siege begins on December 29. The Pueblo defenders surrender the next day and the 70 rebels are executed soon after. The 400 civilian women and children are made slaves and distributed to the Spanish colonists.

title: 1693

section: Events › October–December

date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Spanish Villasur expedition, which set out on June 16 from New Mexico, with the intention of checking French influence on the Great Plains of North America, ends in failure, as it is ambushed by a Pawnee and Otoe force.

title: 1720

date: October 19

text: October 19 – Louis Maria Colons, one of nine French Canadians who had attempted to colonize territory in what is now New Mexico, is executed for attempting to persuade the Pueblo Indians to rise up against the Spanish colonial government.

title: 1743

date: April 6

text: April 6 – Spanish Governor Tomás Vélez Cachupín of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, a province that now comprises most of the American state of New Mexico, begins the first peace negotiations with the indigenous Comanche tribe after inviting tribal representatives to his home in Taos. As a sign of good faith, he unconditionally releases the four Comanche prisoners of war held at Taos. One of the released Comanches reports to his father, Chief Guanacante, about the hospitality extended to him during his imprisonment, and more meetings take place in July and in the autumn.

title: 1752

date: June 1

text: June 1 – The Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico.

title: 1868

section: Events › June

section: Crime & Justice

date: April 28

text: April 28 – Billy the Kid escapes from his 2 jailers at the Lincoln County Jail in Mesilla, New Mexico, killing James Bell and Robert Ollinger, before stealing a horse and riding out of town.

title: 1881

date: July 14

text: July 14 – Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Pat Garrett, outside Fort Sumner, New Mexico.

title: 1881

section: Events › July

date: January 6

text: January 6 – New Mexico becomes the 47th U.S. state.

title: 1912

section: Events › January

date: April 14

text: April 14 – Dust Bowl: "Black Sunday", the great dust storm in the United States hits eastern New Mexico and Colorado, and western Oklahoma the hardest (it will be made famous by Woody Guthrie, in his "dust bowl ballads").

title: 1935

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: June 15

text: June 15–July 1 – In New Mexico, Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, thousands of acres of forests are destroyed in fires.

title: 1951

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Gary Johnson, American businessman, politician and 29th Governor of New Mexico

title: 1953

section: Births › January

date: October 24

text: October 24 – Michelle Lujan Grisham, American politician, governor and representative from New Mexico

title: 1959

section: Births › October

date: November 26

text: November 26 – Microsoft is officially registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico.

title: 1976

date: February 11

text: February 11 – The Emergency Alert Systems of five different television stations across the U.S. states of Montana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and New Mexico are hijacked, airing a false "Zombie apocalypse" hoax. It is amongst one of the largest cybersecurity breaches in EAS history.

title: 2013

section: Events › February


slug: new-model-army

label: New Model Army

description: army in the English Civil War (1645-1660)

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 15

text: February 15 – English Civil War: The New Model Army is officially founded.

title: 1645

section: Events › January–March

section: Conflict & Security

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Battle of Bovey Heath in Devonshire: Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army surprises and routs the Royalist camp of Lord Wentworth.

title: 1646

date: June 20

text: June 20 – Third Siege of Oxford concludes with signing of the surrender of the Royalist garrison at Oxford to General Thomas Fairfax's Parliamentary New Model Army; on the 24th of June the main force marches out, ending the First English Civil War.

title: 1646

date: April 3

text: April 3 – In England, a letter from the Agitators of the New Model Army, protesting delay of pay, is read in the House of Commons.

title: 1647

date: August 5

text: August 5 – The New Model Army marches into London, "fulfilling the worst nightmares of Presbyterian MPs," and restores the members of Parliament who were deposed on July 27.

title: 1647

date: December 6

text: December 6 – "Pride's Purge" in England: Elements of the New Model Army, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell invade London and expel a majority of the Long Parliament, resulting in the creation of the Rump Parliament.

title: 1648

date: May 17

text: May 17 – The Banbury mutiny in England ends – leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged.

title: 1649

date: September 3

text: September 3 – Oliver Cromwell leads England's New Model Army to start the Siege of Drogheda in Ireland, and breaks through on September 11, executing the last of the original 2,550 Irish Catholic defenders and their leader, the English Royalist Sir Arthur Aston.

title: 1649

text: May 17 – A quarter of the New Model Army at the Siege of Clonmel in Ireland is trapped and killed.

title: 1650

date: July 20

text: July 20 – At the Battle of Inverkeithing in Scotland, the English Parliamentarian New Model Army, under Major-General John Lambert, defeats a Scottish Covenanter army acting on behalf of Charles II, led by Sir John Brown of Fordell.

title: 1651

date: August 19

text: August 19 – At the Battle of Winnington Bridge, the Protectorate Army of 5,000 troops, dispatched by Parliament and under the command of Major General Lambert, routs the 4,000 anti-government rebels commanded by George Booth of England and Edward Broughton of Wales. Lambert and his forces, exhausted from their rapid march and the battle, elect not to pursue the fleeing rebels and less than 30 rebels are killed.

title: 1659

text: January 1 – At the same time, rebels within the New Model Army under the command of Colonel Thomas Fairfax take control of York and await the arrival of Monck's troops.

title: 1660


slug: new-netherland

label: New Netherland

description: 17th-century Dutch colony on the East Coast of North America

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: July

text: July – Dutch merchant Adriaen Block returns to Amsterdam in the Onrust, having become the first European to enter Long Island Sound and the Connecticut River, and determined that Long Island is an island. He publishes a map of "New Netherland".

title: 1614

date: October 11

text: October 11 – Adriaen Block and a group of Amsterdam merchants petition the States General of the Northern Netherlands for exclusive trading rights, in the area he explored and named "New Netherland".

title: 1614

date: May

text: May – The first Dutch settlers arrive in New Netherland; they disembark at Governors Island.

title: 1624

section: Births

date: June 9

text: June 9 – Sarah Rapelje, the "first white child" born in New Netherland (d. 1685)

title: 1625

section: Births › April–June

text: January 9 – Peter Minuit sails from Texel Island for America's New Netherland colony, with two ships of Dutch emigrants.

title: 1626

section: Economy & Finance

date: May 4

text: May 4 – Peter Minuit becomes director-general of New Netherland, for the Dutch West India Company.

title: 1626

date: November 6

text: November 6 (O.S.) – The ship Arms of Amsterdam arrives in Europe from New Netherland (left September 23) with the news: "They have purchased the Island Manhattes [Manhattan] from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders."

title: 1626

date: June 7

text: June 7 – The Dutch States-General ratifies the Dutch West India Company's Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, making it more attractive to invest in the colony of New Netherland in North America.

title: 1629

text: December 6 – Indians wipe out a new Dutch settlement of Swanadael in New Netherland.

title: 1632

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Treaty of Hartford: the English Commonwealth's Connecticut Colony and the Dutch Republic's colony of New Netherland establish their frontiers in North America.

title: 1650

date: February 2

text: February 2 – New Amsterdam (now New York City) received municipal rights by a charter from New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant.

title: 1653

date: August

text: August – The governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, attacks the New Sweden (Delaware) colony.

title: 1655

date: September 20

text: September 20 – War between Dutch settlers and the native Lenape Indians, of the Esopus tribe, in modern-day Ulster County, New York, in the U.S., as a group of Dutch settlers from the village of Wiltwijck, New Netherland fires their guns at a group of Esopus men who have been sitting around a campfire. For the next ten months, the Esopus warriors, commanded by Chief Papequanaehen, fight a war with the Dutch that is finally settled with a peace treaty on July 15, 1660.

title: 1659

text: June 7 – Under the pretext of working out a treaty with Dutch settlers in the colony of New Netherland, the Esopus tribe of the Delaware people enter the fortress at Wiltwijck (now the U.S. city of Kingston, New York) and stage a surprise attack. Unbeknownst to the Wiltwijck residents, another group of Esopus warriors had destroyed the village of Nieu Dorp (now Hurley, New York) earlier in the day. The episode begins the Second Esopus War.

title: 1663

date: June 24

text: June 24 – The Second Anglo-Dutch War carries over to North America as soldiers of the English Army invade the Dutch colony of New Netherland, promised by King Charles II of England to his brother, the Duke of York.

title: 1664

date: October 4

text: October 4 – New Netherland is captured by England. The English promptly rename the fledgling city New York, after the Duke of York (later King James II).

title: 1664

date: September 8

text: September 8 (August 29 O.S.) – Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of the Dutch Republic colony of New Netherland, surrenders New Amsterdam to an English naval squadron, commanded by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed.

title: 1664

date: July 31

text: July 31 – Second Anglo-Dutch War – The Treaty of Breda ends the war by England against the Dutch Republic, France and Denmark and Norway. In the Americas, the Dutch retain control of Surinam, the English retain New Netherland and the French Acadia.

title: 1667

date: November 10

text: November 10 – As provided in the Treaty of Westminster of February 19, the Dutch Republic cedes its colony of New Netherland to England. This includes the colonial capital, New Orange, which is returned to its English name of New York. The colonies of Surinam, Essequibo and Berbice remain in Dutch hands.

title: 1674


slug: new-orleans

label: New Orleans

description: largest city of the state of Louisiana, United States

date: May 7

text: May 7 – The settlement of New Orleans is founded in New France.

title: 1718

section: Events › April – June

section: Climate & Environment

date: September 23

text: September 23 – La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans), recently established by France as the capital of the Louisiana Territory is hit by what is later called the "Great Hurricane of 1722", starting with 7 ft high waves, followed by winds in excess of 100 mph. By September 24, "Almost every public building in New Orleans, from the hospital to the cathedral" is "either unroofed or totally ruined."

title: 1722

section: Events › July–September

section: Deaths

date: March 29

text: March 29 – The first large shipment of slaves is brought to New Orleans as the slave ship L'Aurore arrives with 290 black Africans captured in Gambia. During the 90-day voyage from Gorée in Senegal, 60 of the slaves have died.

title: 1726

date: February 18

text: February 18 – As the Governor of French Louisiana, Pierre de Rigaud, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, issues the first police regulations for New Orleans in an attempt to combat crime in that city.

title: 1751

date: March 20

text: March 20 – After the British victory in the French and Indian War, the first post-war British expedition to explore the newly acquired territories east of the Mississippi River comes under attack by Tunica warriors. The 340 British Army men, under the command of Major Arthur Loftus, were at a spot south of Natchez, Mississippi and were forced to flee in their boats back toward the port of New Orleans while under fire from an unknown number of Tunicas firing from both banks.

title: 1764

section: Events › January–June

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Antonio de Ulloa, the first Spanish governor of Louisiana, arrives in New Orleans.

title: 1766

section: Religion & Belief

date: April 25

text: April 25 – The pioneer parishes of New Orleans and Louisiana are erected, as well as incorporated into the Roman Catholic Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas.

title: 1793

date: October 16

text: October 16 – The port of New Orleans and the lower Mississippi River are closed to American traffic by order of the city's Spanish administrator, Juan Ventura Morales, threatening the economy in the western United States, and prompting the need for the Louisiana Purchase.

title: 1802

date: January 30

text: January 30 – Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, New Orleans; they end up completing the Louisiana Purchase.

title: 1803

date: November 30

text: November 30 – At the Cabildo in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo officially transfer Louisiana (New Spain) to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat. Barely three weeks later, France transfers the same land to the United States.

title: 1803

section: Culture & Society

text: The Medical School of Louisiana (later Tulane University) is founded in New Orleans.

title: 1834

section: Events › Date unknown

date: May 3

text: May 3 – The Mississippi River levee at Sauvé's Crevasse breaks, flooding much of New Orleans.

title: 1849

section: Events › April–June

date: August 3

text: August 3 – The filibustering Lopez Expedition sails from New Orleans, Louisiana heading to seize Spanish-ruled Cuba.

title: 1851

section: Health & Medicine

text: An outbreak of yellow fever kills 7,790 people in New Orleans.

title: 1853

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed.

title: 1854

text: Yellow fever kills 3,093 in New Orleans.

title: 1867

date: February 24

text: February 24 – The first parade to have floats takes place at Mardi Gras in New Orleans.

title: 1868

date: February 13

text: February 13 – Rex, the most famous parade on Mardi Gras, parades for the first time in New Orleans for Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia.

title: 1872

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Battle of Liberty Place: In New Orleans, former Confederate Army members of the White League temporarily drive Republican Governor William P. Kellogg from office, replacing him with former Democratic Governor John McEnery. U.S. Army troops restore Kellogg to office five days later.

title: 1874

section: Events › September

date: December 16

text: December 16 – The World Cotton Centennial world's fair opens in New Orleans.

title: 1884

section: Events › December

date: March 14

text: March 14 – In New Orleans, a lynch mob storms the Old Parish Prison, and lynches 11 Italians arrested but found innocent of the murder of Police Chief David Hennessy.

title: 1891

section: Events › March

date: August 5

text: August 5–23 – Hurricane Two of the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season over Galveston and New Orleans leaves 275 dead.

title: 1915

section: Events › August

date: December 4

text: December 4 – The French Opera House in New Orleans, Louisiana is destroyed by fire.

title: 1919

date: September 28

text: September 28 – Fernando Rios, a Mexican tour guide in New Orleans, dies from injuries suffered in an incident of gay bashing.

title: 1958

date: February 22

text: February 22 – David Ferrie, American pilot and anti-communist activist who was alleged by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison to have been involved in a conspiracy to assassinate President John F. Kennedy.

title: 1967

section: Deaths › February

date: August 11

text: August 11 – Construction begins on the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans.

title: 1971

date: February 27

text: February 27 – The annual Mardi Gras celebration in New Orleans is cancelled due to a strike called by the New Orleans Police Department.

title: 1979

text: March 29 – Freshman Michael Jordan hits a jumper with 17 seconds remaining to lift the North Carolina Tar Heels to a 63–62 win over the Georgetown Hoyas in the 1982 NCAA Division I men's basketball championship game at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans.

title: 1982

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Mother's Day bus crash: a charter bus veers off the roadway before colliding with a dirk embankment in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, killing 22 passengers and injuring another 22.

title: 1999

section: Events › May

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Hurricane Ida strikes New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, after having caused devastation in Venezuela.

title: 2021

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Fifteen people (including the perpetrator) are killed and 57 others are injured during a vehicle-ramming and shooting attack in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.

title: 2025


slug: new-south-wales

label: New South Wales

description: state of Australia

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: August 22

text: August 22 (August 23 by Cook's log) – First voyage of James Cook: Captain Cook determines that New Holland (Australia) is not contiguous with New Guinea, and claims the whole of its eastern coast for Great Britain, later naming it all New South Wales.

title: 1770

section: Events › July– September

section: Conflict & Security

date: March 4

text: March 4–March 5 – The Castle Hill convict rebellion breaks out in New South Wales, led by Irish convicts in Australia.

title: 1804

section: Events › January–March

date: January 26

text: January 26 – Rum Rebellion: On the 20th anniversary of the foundation of the colony of New South Wales, disgruntled military officers of the New South Wales Corps (the "Rum Corps") overthrow and imprison Governor William Bligh and seize control of the colony.

title: 1808

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: January 1 – Major-General Lachlan Macquarie officially becomes Governor of New South Wales.

title: 1810

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Reverend Samuel Marsden sends the first commercial shipment of wool from New South Wales to England.

title: 1811

section: Events › October–December

date: December 28

text: December 28 – In Australia, in what is now New South Wales, the Bathurst War comes to an end, with the defeat of the Wiradjuri indigenous nation and the peaceful surrender of their leader, Chief Windradyne, at a feast at Parramatta.

title: 1824

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Auxiliary paddle steamer Sophia Jane arrives at Sydney from London, becoming the first steamboat to operate in the coastal waters of New South Wales.

title: 1831

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: August 31

text: August 31 – The chartered ship Amphitrite sinks off Boulogne-sur-Mer while transporting 108 British female convicts and 12 children from Woolwich in England to New South Wales in what is now Australia. All of the passengers die, along with 13 of the 16 crew, leaving 3 survivors.

title: 1833

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Port Phillip District separates from New South Wales to become the Colony of Victoria (Australia).

title: 1851

date: May 1

text: May 1 – Van Diemen's Land is separated administratively from the Australian province of New South Wales and granted self-government.

title: 1855

date: May 22

text: May 22 – In Australia, the province of Victoria (named for then reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria) to the southeast is separated administratively from the earlier larger province of New South Wales to the north.

title: 1855

date: June 6

text: June 6 – The British Crown colony of Queensland in Australia is created, by devolving part of the territory of New South Wales (Queensland Day). Brisbane is declared the capital.

title: 1859

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Queen Victoria issues Letters Patent, annexing to South Australia the part of the colony of New South Wales that will later become the Northern Territory.

title: 1863

section: Events › July

date: April 26

text: April 26 – The National Park, later renamed the Royal National Park, is declared in New South Wales, Australia, the world's second-oldest purposed national park.

title: 1879

section: Events › April

section: Economy & Finance

date: July 16

text: July 16 – BHP (Broken Hill Proprietary), a worldwide mining and natural gas producer is founded in New South Wales, Australia.

title: 1885

date: October 24

text: October 24 – Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, delivers the Tenterfield Oration, calling for the Federation of Australia.

title: 1889

section: Events › October

date: December 5

text: December 5 – Plural voting is abolished in New South Wales.

title: 1893

date: December 19

text: December 19 – Hopetoun Blunder: The first Governor-General of Australia, John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun, appoints Sir William Lyne premier of the new state of New South Wales, but he is unable to persuade other colonial politicians to join his government, and is forced to resign.

title: 1900

text: January 1 – The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia; Edmund Barton becomes the first Prime Minister of Australia.

title: 1901

section: Events › January

date: October 14

text: October 14 – The Premier of New South Wales officially opens Warragamba Dam, one of the world's largest domestic water supply dams.

title: 1960

date: March 30

text: March 30 – Indigenous Australians are legally allowed to drink alcohol in New South Wales.

title: 1963

text: May 1 – Bob Askin replaces Jack Renshaw as Premier of New South Wales.

title: 1965

section: Events › May–June

date: October 7

text: October 7 – Wranslide in New South Wales: the Wran government is re-elected with an increased majority.

title: 1978

date: June 23

text: June 23 – New South Wales Premier Neville Wran officially opens the Eastern Suburbs Railway in Sydney. It operates as a shuttle between Central and Bondi Junction until full integration with the Illawarra Line in 1980.

title: 1979

section: Events › June

date: August 6

text: August 6 – A low-pressure system moving from South Australia and redeveloping off the New South Wales coast dumps a record 328 mm in of rain in a day on Sydney.

title: 1986

date: September 5

text: September 5 – New South Wales State MP for Cabramatta John Newman is shot outside his home, in Australia's first political assassination since 1977.

title: 1994

date: January 2

text: January 2 – The Royal Australian Air Force and Navy are deployed to New South Wales and Victoria to assist mass evacuation efforts amidst the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season.

title: 2020


slug: new-spain

label: New Spain

description: viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire (1535-1821)

date: May 15

text: May 15 – At Coyoacán in Mexico (at the time, the colony of New Spain) Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés sends his third report to the Emperor Carlos V, describing the events of the last two years, including the conquest of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire.

title: 1522

section: Events › April–June

date: December 9

text: December 9 – A new, three-member executive junta is appointed by the King of Spain to govern New Spain and the West Indies, with Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, Juan Ortiz de Matienzo, and Diego Delgadillo forming the first Audiencia Real. Beltran de Guzmán, Ortiz and Delgadillo succeed the two viceroys, Alonso de Estrada and Luis de la Torre. Beltran de Guzmán is designated as the President of the Audiencia.

title: 1528

section: Health & Medicine

text: In the territory of New Spain in modern-day Mexico, the Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548 begins.

title: 1545

section: Events › Undated

date: November 8

text: November 8 – (5 Cimi 19 Xul, Mayan calendar) An uprising by the Maya civilization against the Spanish colonial administrators of New Spain begins in the Yucatan area of Mexico, with simultaneous attacks at Mérida, Valladolid, and Bacalar. The attack comes from seven Mayan provinces on the Gulf of Mexico, Cupul, Cochuah, Sotuta, Tases, Uaymil, Chetumal, and Chikinchel. The rebellion is suppressed by March and the instigators are arrested and executed.

title: 1546

section: Events › October—December

date: October 22

text: October 22 – The city of Villa de la Asunción (today Aguascalientes) is founded in New Spain, by permission from Philip II of Spain.

title: 1575

text: The 1576 Cocoliztli epidemic causes millions of deaths in the territory of New Spain, in modern-day Mexico.

title: 1576

section: Events › Date unknown

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Martín Enríquez de Almanza, Viceroy of New Spain, founds the settlement of León, in what is later the state of Guanajuato in Mexico.

title: 1576

section: Births

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Marcos de Torres y Rueda, interim viceroy of New Spain (d. 1649)

title: 1591

section: Births › January–June

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Keichō embassy: Hasekura Tsunenaga departs Japan in the Date Maru with a Japanese diplomatic mission to the Holy See, scheduled to first travel to Acapulco in New Spain, with a goal of concluding an agreement between Tokugawa Ieyasu and the East India Company, permitting English merchants to live and trade in Japan.

title: 1613

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Led by Hasekura Tsunenaga, Japan's trade expedition to New Spain (modern-day Mexico) arrives on the Mexican coast with 22 samurai, 120 Japanese merchants, sailors and servants, and 40 Spaniards and Portuguese who serve as interpreters. Having reached the Americas after a voyage that began on October 28, the expedition travels to Acapulco and arrives on January 25.

title: 1614

section: Deaths

date: April 22

text: April 22 – Marcos de Torres y Rueda, interim viceroy of New Spain (b. 1591)

title: 1649

section: Deaths › April–June

section: Religion & Belief

date: September 16

text: September 16 – Juan Francisco Leiva y de la Cerda arrives in Mexico City as the new Viceroy of New Spain.

title: 1660

section: Events › July–September

text: Mission San Xavier del Bac is founded in New Spain near Tucson, as a Spanish Roman Catholic mission. Its location had first been scouted by the Spanish in 1692.

title: 1700

date: February 6

text: February 6 – The city of Albuquerque, New Mexico, is incorporated by governor Don Francisco Cuervo y Valdes as La Villa de Alburquerque in the Spanish colonial province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México in New Spain. Governor Cuervo sends a report on April 23 to the Spanish Crown and to New Spain's Governor, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque announcing that the new villa, consisting of 35 families and having a population of 252 adults, has been named in honor of the Duke.

title: 1706

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Spanish missionary Tomas Sanchez and three families establish a settlement on the north side of the Rio Grande in New Spain. Sanchez names it Villa de Laredo. The new settlement is the northernmost part of the colony of Nuevo Santander, founded by José de Escandón, 1st Count of Sierra Gorda, which now comprises parts of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas and the U.S. state of Texas. The portion of Villa de Laredo north of the river later becomes Laredo, Texas; the remaining portion south of the river is later renamed Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas.

title: 1755

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Spain's five-member "special junta", appointed by Prime Minister Jerónimo Grimaldi, delivers its report regarding "ways to address the backwardness of Spain's commerce with its colonies and with foreign nations". The report provides detailed orders to be delivered to José de Gálvez, the visitador general in charge of New Spain.

title: 1765

date: March 17

text: March 17 – American Revolutionary War: The British San Juan Expedition sails from Jamaica under the command of Captains John Polson and Horatio Nelson to attack the Captaincy General of Guatemala (modern-day Nicaragua) in New Spain.

title: 1780

date: July 30

text: July 30 – Mexican War of Independence: Priest and military leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla is executed as a rebel, by the Spanish government of New Spain.

title: 1811

date: February 17

text: February 17 – Filipino priests José Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as Gomburza, are executed in Bagumbayan Fields, Manila, Philippines by the authorities of New Spain, on charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny.

title: 1872

section: Events › February


slug: new-testament

label: New Testament

description: second division of the Christian biblical canon

year_label: 49 CE

text: The New Testament book Paul's Epistle to the Galatians is probably written.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 49

text: The first Listing of the New Testament (Bible) is made by St. Athanasius of Alexandria.

title: 367

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Jerome, having finished the Latin translation of the New Testament, begins translating the Old Testament.

title: 390

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Desiderius Erasmus publishes a new Greek edition of the New Testament, Novum Instrumentum omne, in Basel.

title: 1516

section: Events › January–March

section: Culture & Society

text: The third edition of Erasmus's Greek Textus Receptus of the New Testament, Novum Testamentum (with parallel Latin text), is published in Basel.

title: 1522

date: September 21

text: September 21 – Luther Bible: Martin Luther's translation of the Bible's New Testament into Early New High German from Greek, Das newe Testament Deutzsch, is published in Germany, selling thousands in the first few weeks.

title: 1522

text: Printing of the first edition of William Tyndale's New Testament Bible translation into English in Cologne is interrupted by anti-Lutheran forces and Tyndale flees to Worms (finished copies reach England in 1526).

title: 1525

date: August 15

text: August 15 – The first official translation is made of the New Testament into Swedish; the entire Bible is completed in 1541.

title: 1526

date: March

text: March – The first complete printed translation of the New Testament of the Bible into the English language by William Tyndale arrives in England from Germany, where printing had been completed in Worms by Peter Schöffer the younger, towards the end of February.

title: 1526

date: October 4

text: October 4 – As the Michaelmas fair opens in Wittenberg, Martin Luther's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German is offered for sale for the first time. The work, printed on 1,824 pages in two volumes by Hans Lufft adds the Old Testament including the deuterocanonical books to Luther's 1522 translation of the New Testament, and includes woodcut illustrations.

title: 1534

section: Events › October–December

date: April 12

text: April 12– Printing of the first translation of the New Testament into the Icelandic language is completed after King Christian III of Denmark finishes having Oddur Gottskálksson's text compared to the original Latin.

title: 1540

date: June 10

text: June 10 – The New Testament of the Geneva Bible, a Protestant Bible translation into English (produced under the supervision of William Whittingham, and printed in Roman type), is published in Geneva.

title: 1557

date: October 7

text: October 7 – Bible translations into Welsh: The New Testament is first published in Welsh, in William Salesbury's translation from the Greek.

title: 1567

text: March – The New Testament of the Douai Bible, the translation into English by Father Gregory Martin from Latin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578.

title: 1582

date: May 13

text: May 13 – French theologian Louis-Isaac Lemaistre de Sacy is imprisoned in the Bastille after his conviction for heresy in connection with the Jansenist movement. Sacy uses his two and one-half years of incarceration (which lasts until November 14, 1668), to create the Bible du Port-Royal, a first French language rendition of the Bible, finishing a translation of the Old Testament from the Vulgate, written in Latin, that had been started by his brother Antoine, and then beginning work on the New Testament.

title: 1666

text: Slovene literature: István Küzmics, the Hungarian Slovene writer and evangelical pastor, publishes (in Halle) the Nouvi Zákon, a translation of the New Testament into the Prekmurje Slovene language, with discrete South Slavic artwork.

title: 1771


slug: new-world

label: New World

description: collective term for the Americas and Oceania

date: December 8

text: December 8 – The first Roman Catholic Mass in the New World is celebrated, with Friar Juan Pérez of the Order of Friars Minor conducting the services at Point Concepcion on the island of Hispaniola.

title: 1493

date: June 25

text: June 25 – Friar Bernardo Buil, a Catalan monk in Spain, is appointed by Pope Alexander VI as the first Christian "Vicar Apostolic of the New World". Friar Buil will depart from Cadiz on September 25 on the second voyage of Christopher Columbus, and will begin his mission at La Isabela, a Spanish settlement on the island of Hispanola in what becomes the Dominican Republic.

title: 1493

section: Events › April–June

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide the New World between themselves.

title: 1494

section: Conflict & Security

date: March 24

text: March 24 – The first military combat between the Old World and the New World takes place at the Battle of Vega Real. In his role as the Spanish Governor of Hispaniola, Christopher Columbus and his ally, the Taino Chief (cacique) Guacanagaríx of Marién and begin a war of retaliation against the cacique Caonabo of Maguana, who had led the 1493 massacre of the Spanish colonists at La Navidad.

title: 1495

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: August 5

text: August 5 – Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus, formally founds the city of Santo Domingo (first settled in March) on Hispaniola (in the modern-day Dominican Republic), making it the oldest permanent European settlement in the New World.

title: 1496

date: May 10

text: May 10 – Amerigo Vespucci allegedly leaves Cádiz, for his first voyage to the New World. The account of a voyage (lasting until October 15, 1498) is doubted because the only mention of it is in a letter written six years later, and the course described would have traveled across the land of Mexico and into the Pacific Ocean.

title: 1497

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Pedro Alonso Niño, who had accompanied Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492, departs from Palos in Spain toward South America on a 7-month voyage to the New World. Niño sets sail in a small caravel with 33 men

title: 1499

text: The first African slaves brought to the New World arrive at the island of Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic).

title: 1502

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Christopher Columbus leaves Cadiz in Spain for his fourth and final trip to the New World, taking with him 147 men on his flagship, Capitana and the companion ships Gallega, Vizcaína, and Santiago de Palos. He explores Central America, and discovers the Isthmus of Panama and the land now occupied by Honduras, and Costa Rica, and possibly the island of St. Lucia as well

title: 1502

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Seville in Castile is awarded exclusive rights to trade with the New World.

title: 1503

date: October 30

text: October 30 – Queen Isabella I of Spain issues an edict prohibiting violence against indigenous peoples in the New World.

title: 1503

text: A large pandemic spreads from the Greater Antilles into Central America, and perhaps as far as Peru in South America. This widespread epidemic kills off much of the indigenous populations in these areas (the first widely documented epidemic in the New World).

title: 1519

text: May 10 –Pope Adrian VI, at the request of Spanish Emperor Carlos V, promulgates the papal bull Exponi nobis, allowing members of mendicant orders in the New World to exercise "almost all episcopal authority" when the closest Roman Catholic diocesan bishop is more than two days of travel away.

title: 1522

date: January 17

text: January 17 – Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, on board La Dauphine in the service of Francis I of France, sets out from Madeira for the New World, to seek out a western sea route to the Pacific Ocean.

title: 1524

date: June 2

text: June 2 – Pope Paul III publishes the encyclical Sublimis Deus, which declares the natives of the New World to be rational beings with souls, who must not be enslaved or robbed.

title: 1537

date: October 28

text: October 28 – The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded on the island of Hispaniola in Santo Domingo.

title: 1538

section: Science & Discovery

text: Richard Eden publishes The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India, a translation into English of parts of Pietro Martire d'Anghiera's De orbe novo decades, the Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés work Natural hystoria de las Indias and others, urging his countrymen to follow the lead of Spain in exploring the New World; the work includes the first recorded use in English of the country name 'China'.

title: 1555

text: The first Spanish galleon, laden with silver for the porcelain and silk trade with the Ming Dynasty of China, lands at Manila in the Philippines. This occasion marks the beginning of the Spanish silver trade to China, that will trump that of the Portuguese, the latter of whom acted as an intermediary between the silver mines of Japan, and the luxury items in China to be purchased with that silver. Most of the silver entering China comes from what is now Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru in the New World.

title: 1573

date: August 13

text: August 13 – The ship Gift of God of the Plymouth Company arrives at the mouth of the modern-day Kennebec River in Maine. English colonists establish Fort St. George, also known as the Popham Colony. The settlement lasts little more than a year, before residents return to England in the first oceangoing ship built in the New World, a 30-ton pinnace called The Virginia.

title: 1607

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: March 17 – The States General of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands authorizes an exclusive monopoly for trade in the New World, providing for the winning company to be able to make four voyages to the eastern coast of North America between 40° N and 45° N, encompassing the area that becomes the U.S. state of New Jersey. The New Netherland Company receives the exclusive patent, effective January 1, 1615.

title: 1614

date: March 19

text: March 19 – Sir Walter Ralegh, English explorer of the New World, is released from prison in the Tower of London, where he has been imprisoned for treason, in order to conduct a second (ill-fated) expedition, in search of El Dorado in South America.

title: 1616

section: Events › March-April

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Passengers of the Arbella, including Anne Bradstreet, America's first poet of significance, finally set foot in the New World at Salem, Massachusetts.

title: 1630

text: The first synagogue of the New World, Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue, is founded in Recife by the Dutch.

title: 1636

date: May 6

text: May 6 – The first influx into Britain of poor refugee families of German Palatines from the Rhenish Palatinate arrives in England. Most of them are Protestants en route to the New World colonies.

title: 1709


slug: new-york-city

label: New York City

description: most populous city in the United States

text: c. 2800 BC – 2700 BC: Seated Harp Player, from Keros, Cyclades, is made. It is now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

title: 28th century BC

section: Events

text: c. 2288 BC: "Queen Merye-ankhnes and her son Pepy II" is sculpted, Sixth dynasty of Egypt. The alabaster statuette is now at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York.

title: 23rd century BC

year_label: 450 BCE

text: The grave stela from Paros, Little girl with a bird, is made. It is now kept at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (approximate date).

title: 450 BC

section: Events › By topic › Arts

text: 1215–1216 – The Macy Jug, from Iran, is made. It is now kept at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

title: 1215

section: Events › By topic › Art and Science

text: The Dutch settle Manhattan, founding the town of New Amsterdam. The town will transform into a piece of New York City.

title: 1625

section: Events › Date unknown

date: February 2

text: February 2 – New Amsterdam (now New York City) received municipal rights by a charter from New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant.

title: 1653

date: October 4

text: October 4 – New Netherland is captured by England. The English promptly rename the fledgling city New York, after the Duke of York (later King James II).

title: 1664

date: August 8

text: August 8 – In the American colonies, a Dutch battle fleet of 23 ships demands the surrender of New York.

title: 1673

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Dutch forces under Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest recapture New York from the English; the city is known as New Orange until regained by the English in 1674.

title: 1673

date: November 10

text: November 10 – As provided in the Treaty of Westminster of February 19, the Dutch Republic cedes its colony of New Netherland to England. This includes the colonial capital, New Orange, which is returned to its English name of New York. The colonies of Surinam, Essequibo and Berbice remain in Dutch hands.

title: 1674

date: February 28

text: February 28 – Establishment of the first school open to African-Americans in New York City by Frenchman Elias Neau.

title: 1704

section: Economy & Finance

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Wall Street in New York City becomes the city's first official slave market for the sale and rental of enslaved Africans and Indians.

title: 1711

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Congregation Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated.

title: 1730

date: April 6

text: April 6 – The New York Slave Insurrection, a plot to set fire to New York City, is discovered.

title: 1741

date: March 17

text: March 17 – St. Patrick's Day is celebrated in New York City for the first time (at the Crown and Thistle Tavern).

title: 1756

section: Deaths

date: April 18

text: April 18 – Mary Alexander, influential colonial-era merchant in New York City (b. 1693)

title: 1760

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Oconostota and Attakullakulla, Chiefs of the Cherokee people in the Carolinas, depart from Charleston, South Carolina on a ship voyage to New York City, where they are welcomed by British colonial officials as a prelude to negotiations with Britain's Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Sir William Johnson.

title: 1767

section: Events › October –December

date: October 11

text: October 11 – Inventor John Stevens' boat, the Juliana, begins operation as the first steam-powered ferry service, between New York City and Hoboken, New Jersey.

title: 1811

date: July 7

text: July 7–10 – Anti-abolitionist riots break out in New York City.

title: 1834

date: May 4

text: May 4 – The Ancient Order of Hibernians, an Irish Catholic fraternal organization, is founded in New York City.

title: 1836

text: May 10 – The Panic of 1837 begins in New York City.

title: 1837

date: April 3

text: April 3 – Johnny Appleseed meets Abraham Lincoln, and plants apple trees in New York City.

title: 1840

section: Health & Medicine

text: Global healthcare and pharmaceutical company Pfizer founded in New York, United States.

title: 1849

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: July 19

text: July 19 – The ship Elizabeth, an American merchant freighter carrying cargo that included mostly marble from Carrara, slammed into a sandbar less than 100 yards from Fire Island, New York, drowning Margaret Fuller, her husband Ossoli, and their young son Angelino.

title: 1850

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, is dedicated (originally named as the Jews' Hospital) in New York City; it opens to patients on June 5.

title: 1855

text: Squibb Pharmacy, as predecessor of Bristol Myers Squibb, a worldwide pharmaceutical brand, is founded in New York, United States.

title: 1858

date: December 2

text: December 2 – In a New York City theater, English author Charles Dickens gives his first public reading in the United States.

title: 1867

section: Events › December

text: March 24 – The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed, in New York City.

title: 1868

section: Events › March

date: June 4

text: June 4 – The Transcontinental Express arrives in San Francisco via the first transcontinental railroad, 83 hours and 39 minutes after having left New York City.

title: 1876

section: Events › June

date: December 31

text: December 31 – Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera The Pirates of Penzance opens at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City (following a token performance the day before for U.K. copyright reasons in Paignton, Devon).

title: 1879

date: October 10

text: October 10 – The largest ever explosion for a non-military purpose is set off in the East River of New York City as part of a scheme for the removal of Hell Gate rocks by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

title: 1885

section: Events › October

date: September

text: September – Avon Products, a worldwide cosmetics and household brand is founded by David H. McConnell in New York City, United States.

title: 1886

section: Events › September

text: The first English-language edition of Friedrich Engels' 1844 study of The Condition of the Working Class in England, translated by Florence Kelley, is published in New York City.

title: 1887

date: December 10

text: December 10 – The New York World Building is completed in New York City, the tallest building in the United States for 10 years at a height of 110 meters.

title: 1890

date: January 2

text: January 2 – The International Alpha Omicron Pi sorority is founded, in New York City.

title: 1897

section: Events › January

text: January 1 – New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York as the world's second largest. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx and Staten Island.

title: 1898

text: July 20 – Park Row Building in New York City is completed. It is the world's tallest building until 1908.

title: 1899

text: November 8 – The Bronx Zoological Park opens in New York City.

title: 1899

text: January 8 – A train collision in the New York Central Railroad's Park Avenue Tunnel kills 17 people, injures 38, and leads to increased demand for electric trains and the banning of steam locomotives in New York City.

title: 1902

text: March 2 – In New York City, the Martha Washington Hotel, the first hotel exclusively for women, opens.

title: 1903

text: May 4 –The first world championship of professional wrestling takes place at Madison Square Garden in New York City.

title: 1905

text: October 11 – The Institute of Musical Art, predecessor of the Juilliard School, opens in New York City.

title: 1905

text: November 28 – Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 is premièred in New York City with the composer as soloist.

title: 1909

text: December 14 – Giacomo Puccini's comic opera Gianni Schicchi premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.

title: 1918

text: May 15 – The United States Post Office Department begins the world's third regular airmail service, between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.

title: 1918

text: June 15 – Compagnie Générale Transatlantique's liner makes her maiden voyage from Le Havre to New York.

title: 1921

text: December 27 – The Radio City Music Hall is opened in New York City.

title: 1932

text: March 2 – King Kong: The original King Kong film, starring Fay Wray and directed by Merian C. Cooper, debuts in New York City.

title: 1933

text: February 5 – Modern Times, widely considered one of the greatest films ever, premieres in New York City.

title: 1936

text: September 30 – Hedy Lamarr, an Austrian-born actress of Jewish descent, arrives in New York City to flee from her possessive husband, Friedrich Mandl, who made arms agreements with the Nazis, and to begin her Hollywood career.

title: 1937

text: November 8 – CBS television station W2XAB resumes test transmission, with an all-electronic system broadcast from the top of the Chrysler Building in New York City.

title: 1939

text: March – Exiled French aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's self-illustrated children's novella, The Little Prince, is published in New York City, the all-time best-selling book originating in French.

title: 1943

text: April 16 – The first public demonstration of a TV camera zoom lens, the Jerry Fairbanks Zoomar, is held at NBC studios in New York.

title: 1947

text: February 21 – Edwin Land demonstrates the first "instant camera", his Polaroid Land Camera, to a meeting of the Optical Society of America in New York City.

title: 1947

text: January 17 – The first VW Type 1 to arrive in the United States, a 1948 model, is brought to New York by Dutch businessman Ben Pon. Unable to interest dealers or importers in the Volkswagen, Pon sells the sample car to pay his travel expenses. Only two 1949 models are sold in America that year, convincing Volkswagen chairman Heinrich Nordhoff the car has no future in the U.S. (The Type 1 goes on to become an automotive phenomenon.)

title: 1949

text: February 7 – New York City announces its first crosswalk devices to be installed.

title: 1952

text: July 3 - The SS United States Has Her maiden voyage en route from New York To Southampton And wins the Blue Riband

title: 1952

text: January 25 – American Airlines begins the first U.S. domestic jet service with a Boeing 707 airliner flight between New York and Los Angeles.

title: 1959

text: July 21 – English navigator Francis Chichester wins the first Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race, arriving in New York aboard Gypsy Moth III having made a record solo Atlantic crossing in 40 days.

title: 1960

text: December 2 – The Boeing 747 jumbo jet makes its first passenger flight. It carries 191 people, most of them reporters and photographers, from Seattle to New York City.

title: 1969

text: June 28 – The Stonewall riots, a milestone in the modern gay rights movement in the United States, began in New York City.

title: 1969

text: September 6 – Dawson's Field hijackings: The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacks four passenger aircraft from Pan Am, TWA and Swissair on flights to New York from Brussels, Frankfurt and Zurich and flies them to a desert airstrip in Jordan.

title: 1970

text: January 1 – Fifth Street Women's Building Takeover: A coalition of over 100 feminists illegally occupy an abandoned city building in New York City. They establish a women's center, homeless shelter, food co-operative, and lesbian center before being raided by police 13 days later.

title: 1971

text: July 19 – The South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City tops out at 1,362 ft m, making it the second-tallest building in the world after the North Tower that had topped out in December 1970.

title: 1971

text: February 13 – The Guardian Angels are formed in New York City as an unarmed organization of young crime fighters.

title: 1979

text: October 2 – Pope John Paul II arrives in New York City for his first papal tour where he addresses the U.N. General Assembly against all forms of concentration camps and torture.

title: 1979

text: April 19 – Central Park jogger case: Trisha Meili is seriously assaulted and raped whilst jogging in New York City's Central Park; the convictions of five teenagers for the crime are vacated in 2002 (the jogger's identity remains secret for years, hence she is referred to as the "Central Park Jogger").

title: 1989

text: July 29 – In New York City, a grand jury indicts Bank of Credit and Commerce International of the largest bank fraud in history, accusing the bank of defrauding depositors of US$5 billion.

title: 1991

text: February 20 – Rudy Giuliani kicks off his "quality of life" campaign in New York City, focused on increasing civility and reducing nuisances like littering and reckless driving.

title: 1998

text: March 11 – The Tribute in Light is installed at the World Trade Center site in New York City.

title: 2002

text: November 12 – Three Studies of Lucian Freud, a series of portraits of Lucian Freud by the British painter Francis Bacon, sells for US$142.4 million in a New York City auction, setting a world record for an auctioned work of art.

title: 2013

text: April 5 – COVID-19 pandemic: The first case of COVID-19 in a zoo animal is reported: a four-year-old female Malayan tiger at the Bronx Zoo in New York City.

title: 2020


slug: new-york-state

label: New York (state)

description: state of the United States of America

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: July 4

text: July 4 – French explorer Samuel de Champlain and his entourage of 60 men in 24 canoes become the first Europeans to enter Lake Champlain, located between the modern-day U.S. states of Vermont and New York.

title: 1609

section: Events › July–September

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Edmund Andros arrives in Boston to become the British Governor of the newly created Dominion of New England, which includes most of the what are now the U.S. states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont and much of the eastern portion of New York. The unpopular Andros, who reigns as a dictator after being appointed by King James II, is driven out of office in 1689 after the overthrow of James, and the Dominion of New England is broken up into its constituent colonies.

title: 1686

section: Events › October–December

section: Conflict & Security

date: March 20

text: March 20 – Leisler's Rebellion: A new governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders, after a standoff of several hours.

title: 1691

section: Events › January–March

date: April 15

text: April 15 – The British Province of New Jersey, encompassing all of the modern-day U.S. state of New Jersey and portions of New York, is created as proprietary owners in the provinces of East Jersey and West Jersey surrender their rights to the Crown.

title: 1702

section: Events › April–June

section: Births

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Philip Schuyler, general in the American Revolution, United States Senator from New York, father of Angelica Schuyler Church and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (d. 1804)

title: 1733

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Almost all merchants and traders in the British colony of New York sign a pact not to import British manufactured goods as long as the Townshend Acts are in effect, nor to do business with nonassociators to the pact.

title: 1768

date: July 6

text: July 6 – American Revolutionary War – Siege of Fort Ticonderoga: After a bombardment by British artillery under General John Burgoyne, American forces retreat from Fort Ticonderoga, New York.

title: 1777

section: Events › July–December

section: Crime & Justice

date: December

text: December – New York toy salesman Edwin S. Lowe popularizes Bingo after coming across the game of "Beano" in Atlanta, Georgia. After someone accidentally yells "bingo" instead of "beano" with a group of friends in Brooklyn, New York, he begins production of the game, going on to develop more than 6,000 card combinations under the E. S. Lowe company, as the popularity of the game grows to become a national pastime.

title: 1929

section: Climate & Environment

date: November 8

text: November 8 – 1932 United States presidential election: Democratic governor of New York Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide victory, having promised a New Deal and repeal of Prohibition.

title: 1932

section: Events › November

date: October 26

text: October 26 – Hillary Clinton, American politician, First Lady, US Senator (D-Ny.), Secretary of State, and 2016 Democratic presidential candidate

title: 1947

section: Births › October

date: November 17

text: November 17 – The second trial of Alger Hiss for perjury begins in New York, again with Whittaker Chambers as principal witness.

title: 1949

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: December 14

text: December 14 – The Tappan Zee Bridge over the Hudson River, in New York State, opens to traffic.

title: 1955

section: Religion & Belief

date: September 14

text: September 14 – The religious Focolare Movement opens its first North American center in New York (state).

title: 1961

date: May 31

text: May 31 – Forty-four tornadoes hit Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and Ontario, including a rare and powerful F5. In total, the event kills 90 people.

title: 1985

section: Events › May

date: April 20

text: April 20 – The Industrial Bank of Korea agrees to pay US$86 million and will enter a two-year deferred prosecution agreement to settle lawsuits with the U.S. Department of Justice and the state of New York over a 2011 scheme to help transfer US$1 billion to Iran.

title: 2020

section: Events › April


slug: new-york-stock-exchange

label: New York Stock Exchange

description: American stock exchange

section: Economy & Finance

date: May 17

text: May 17 – The Buttonwood Agreement is signed, beginning the New York Stock Exchange.

title: 1792

date: December 16

text: December 16– The Great Fire of New York begins and lasts until the next day, destroying 530 buildings, including the New York Stock Exchange.

title: 1835

date: January 4

text: January 4 – The New York Stock Exchange opens its first permanent headquarters at 10-12 Broad near Wall Street, in New York City.

title: 1865

section: Events › January

date: May 5

text: May 5 – Panic of 1893: A crash on the New York Stock Exchange starts a depression.

title: 1893

date: January 23

text: January 23 – The New York Stock Exchange has the largest day of business in its history, with 1,527,644 shares of stock changing hands.

title: 1899

text: May 17 – Panic of 1901: The New York Stock Exchange crashes.

title: 1901

date: October 24

text: October 24 – A major United States financial crisis is averted when J. P. Morgan, E. H. Harriman, James Stillman, Henry Clay Frick and other Wall Street financiers create a $25,000,000 pool to invest in the shares on the plunging New York Stock Exchange, ending the bank panic of 1907.

title: 1907

section: Events › October

date: August 1

text: August 1 – The New York Stock Exchange is closed because of the outbreak of the war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges are already closed.

title: 1914

section: Events › August

date: December 12

text: December 12 – The New York Stock Exchange re-opens fully, having been closed since August 1, except for bond trading.

title: 1914

section: Events › December

date: November 28

text: November 28 – World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.

title: 1914


slug: new-zealand

label: New Zealand

description: island country in the southwest Pacific Ocean

text: Lake Taupō in New Zealand erupts, forming ash clouds as far as China and Europe.

title: AD 180

section: Events › By place › Oceania

text: The volcano associated with Lake Taupō in New Zealand erupts, one of the largest on Earth in the last 5,000 years. The effects of this eruption are seen as far away as Rome and China.

title: AD 181

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The ancestors of the Māori people from eastern Polynesia become the first human settlers of New Zealand.

title: 1280

section: Events

text: Approximate date – Volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera in New Zealand; there are few settlers here at this time.

title: 1314

section: Events › By topic › Natural environment

text: Approximate date – Earliest likely date for first permanent settlement of New Zealand by Māori people.

title: 1320

section: Events › Date unknown

text: Approximate date – Latest likely date for first permanent settlement of New Zealand by Māori people.

title: 1350

date: February 13

text: February 13 – A tsunami occurs off of the coast of New Zealand, later believed to be caused by a meteor impact that created what is referred to as the "Mahuika crater" on the New Zealand continental shelf.

title: 1491

section: Events › January–March

text: A group of Māori migrate east from the New Zealand mainland to the Chatham Islands, developing a distinct pacificist culture known as the Moriori (approx. date).

title: 1500

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Abel Tasman and his crew become the first recorded Europeans to sight New Zealand, arriving at its South Island. In a battle between the Europeans and the Island's Maori inhabitants, four crew members are killed.

title: 1642

section: Events › October–December

text: Most recent rupture of New Zealand's Alpine Fault, with an earthquake estimated to have had a magnitude between 7.8 and 8.1.

title: 1717

date: March 26

text: March 26 – First voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain James Cook and his crew aboard complete the circumnavigation of New Zealand.

title: 1770

section: Events › January– March

date: July 13

text: July 13 – The second voyage of James Cook departs from Plymouth on Captain Cook's new ship, HMS Resolution and the companion ship HMS Adventure in an attempt to prove the existence of an uncharted continent even further south than New Zealand.

title: 1772

section: Events › July–September

section: Conflict & Security

text: Battle of Hingakaka between two factions of Māori people, the largest battle ever fought in New Zealand, and the last fought there without firearms. In 1807 or 1808 is fought the Battle of Moremonui, first of the Musket Wars.

title: 1807

section: Events › Approximate date

date: May 22

text: May 22 – Former British statesman Lord Durham, as President of the New Zealand Company, formally asks the British government for permission to colonize New Zealand, and to establish a colonial government under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.

title: 1839

date: January 22

text: January 22 – British colonists reach New Zealand, officially founding the settlement of Wellington.

title: 1840

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: May 21

text: May 21 – New Zealand is declared a British colony.

title: 1840

text: The New Zealand seat of government moves from Russell to Auckland.

title: 1842

date: June 17

text: June 17 – In New Zealand, a posse of British settlers sent to arrest Māori chief Te Rauparaha clash with members of his Ngāti Toa tribe, resulting in 26 deaths.

title: 1843

date: April 16

text: April 16 – New Zealand Wars: A minor Māori chief is accidentally shot by a junior British Army officer in Whanganui on New Zealand's North Island, triggering the Wanganui Campaign (which continues until July 23).

title: 1847

date: March 23

text: March 23 – The settlement of Dunedin, New Zealand is founded, with the arrival of settlers from Scotland on board the John Wickliffe.

title: 1848

date: August 12

text: August 12 – New Zealand acquires self-government.

title: 1853

text: January 23 – The 8.2–8.3 Wairarapa earthquake claims between five and nine lives near the Cook Strait area of New Zealand.

title: 1855

date: February 2

text: February 2 – The first railway is opened in New Zealand, by the Dun Mountain Copper Mining Company.

title: 1862

section: Events › February

text: Gorse is naturalised in New Zealand, where it soon becomes the worst invasive weed.

title: 1867

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: April 30

text: April 30 – hits a reef and sinks off the coast of New Zealand's South Island with only 20 survivors of the 151 on board.

title: 1881

section: Deaths

date: June 10

text: June 10 – The Mount Tarawera volcano erupts in New Zealand, resulting in the deaths of over 150 people and the destruction of the famous Pink and White Terraces.

title: 1886

section: Events › June

date: February 5

text: February 5 – The French ship Anjou is wrecked off of the coast of the uninhabited Auckland Island, located 290 mi from the nearest inhabited land in New Zealand. The castaways live on the isle for more than three months until being rescued on May 7.

title: 1905

date: July 14

text: July 14 – In New Zealand, the first known suicide attack by a civilian (as opposed to sacrifices made in military combat) takes place in Murchison.

title: 1905

section: Events › July

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, becomes monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the British Dominions: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon. The princess, who is on a visit to Kenya when she hears of the death of her father, King George VI, aged 56, takes the regnal name Elizabeth II.

title: 1952

section: Events › January–February

date: May 29

text: May 29 – 1953 British Mount Everest expedition: Sir Edmund Hillary from New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay from Nepal become the first men to reach the summit of Mount Everest.

title: 1953

date: September 25

text: September 25 – Mount Ruapehu in Tongariro National Park in New Zealand, erupts.

title: 2007

section: Events › September

date: September 4

text: September 4 – A 7.1 magnitude earthquake rocks Christchurch, New Zealand causing large amounts of damage but no direct fatalities. It is the first in a series of earthquakes between 2010 and 2012 that resulted in the deaths of 187 people and over $40 billion worth of damage. Seismologists noted that the earthquake sequence was highly unusual, and likely to never happen again anywhere else in the world.

title: 2010

date: December 9

text: December 9 – A volcano erupts on White Island in New Zealand, killing 22 people and injuring 25 others.

title: 2019

date: March 15

text: March 15 – 51 people are killed and 50 others injured in terrorist attacks on two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand. It is the deadliest mass shooting and terrorist attack in New Zealand's history.

title: 2019

section: Events › March

section: Culture & Society

date: July 20

text: July 20–August 20 – The 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup is held in Australia and New Zealand. In the final, Spain wins 1–0 against England.

title: 2023

date: July 9

text: July 9 – New Zealand signs a free trade agreement with the European Union, increasing bilateral trade.

title: 2023


slug: newcastle-upon-tyne

label: Newcastle upon Tyne

description: city in Tyne and Wear, England, UK

text: Autumn – Robert Curthose, a son of William I, is sent to invade Scotland. He reaches as far as Falkirk and forces King Malcolm III to agree to terms while building fortifications at Newcastle upon Tyne.

title: 1080

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Spring – King David I of Scotland invades northern England and captures many of the major towns including Carlisle and Newcastle. In response, King Stephen raises an army (with Flemish mercenaries), and marches to Durham. David agrees to negotiate a peace between the two countries.

title: 1136

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Battle of Alnwick: King William I (the Lion), supported by Flemish mercenaries, invades England, to help fight in the baronial rebellion against King Henry II. William attacks Prudhoe Castle in Northumberland, but is unable to capture it. He is captured by Lord Ranulf de Glanvill, and brought back to Newcastle. Henry occupies a part of Scotland, with its five strongest castles: Roxburgh, Berwick, Jedburgh, Edinburgh and Stirling.

title: 1174

text: Summer – First War of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") marches from Newcastle upon Tyne with his household to Alnwick and then by way of Chillingham to Roxburgh in Scotland, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at Kirkliston, to the west of Edinburgh, where he remains from July 15 to July 20. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to Leith.

title: 1298

section: Events › By place › British Isles

section: Crime & Justice

date: August 23

text: August 23 – After a three-week trial at Westminster, William Wallace is convicted of treason and of atrocities against civilians in war. After the trial, he is dragged through the streets of Smithfield in London and hanged, drawn and quartered – strangled by hanging – but cut down while still alive, emasculated, disemboweled (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded, and then cut into four parts. Wallace's head is placed on a spike above the London Bridge, and his limbs are displayed separately, in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling, and Perth.

title: 1305

section: Events › July – September

date: May 4

text: May 4 – Edward II and Piers Gaveston are at Newcastle upon Tyne when they are alerted to the news of an English force under Henry Percy and Robert Clifford is heading for them. They manage to escape to Scarborough Castle.

title: 1312

section: Events › April – June

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Scotland's King Robert the Bruce begins the "Great Raid" on sites in northern England, leading troops across the River Tweed and starting with an attack on Norham Castle. England's King Edward II responds with an order directing the English Army to assemble at Newcastle upon Tyne to make a counterattack.

title: 1322

section: Economy & Finance

text: Newcastle upon Tyne is created a county corporate, by Henry IV of England.

title: 1400

section: Events › Date unknown

date: June 25

text: June 25 – The Incorporated Guild of Smiths in Newcastle upon Tyne (England) is founded.

title: 1436

section: Events › April–July

date: August 14

text: August 14 – A three-year truce is signed between Scotland and England at the Church of St Nicholas at Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

title: 1451

date: July 30

text: July 30 – Commissioners of the Parliament of England and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals ("Newcastle Propositions") demanding that King Charles I gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement.

title: 1646

section: Health & Medicine

date: June 15

text: June 15 – The first vascular surgery in history is performed by a Dr. Hallowell (whose first name has been lost) at Newcastle upon Tyne in England, who uses suture repair rather than a tying off with a ligature to repair an aneurysm on a patient's brachial artery. The case is reported in 1761 by Dr. Richard Lambert in the paper "A new technique of treating an aneurysm", published in the journal Medical Observations and Inquiries. The new procedure of reconstructing a damaged artery replaces the practice of ligation that had risked the amputation of a limb or organ failure.

title: 1759

section: Events › April–June

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: November 16

text: November 16 – During the night the River Tyne in the north of England floods, destroying many bridges and killing several people; the replacement main bridge at Newcastle upon Tyne will not be completed until 1781.

title: 1771

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Mosley Street in Newcastle upon Tyne (England) becomes the world's first public highway to be lit by the electric incandescent light bulb invented by Joseph Swan.

title: 1879


slug: newfoundland-island

label: Newfoundland (island)

description: island portion of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Vikings known to be residing L'Anse aux Meadows on Newfoundland (island).

title: 1021

section: Events › By place › North America

text: Possible discovery of the island of "Bacalao" (possibly Newfoundland off North America) by Didrik Pining and João Vaz Corte-Real.

title: 1473

text: Juan de Agramonte, a sailor from Spain, is thought possibly to have travelled to Newfoundland.

title: 1511

date: October 21

text: October 21 (Feast of St. Ursula) – The islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon are discovered by Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes, off Newfoundland. He names them Islands of the 11,000 Virgins, in honour of Saint Ursula.

title: 1520

section: Events › October–December

date: May 10

text: May 10 – Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.

title: 1534

date: July 31

text: July 31 – According to some accounts, Englishman Martin Frobisher holds the first Thanksgiving celebration by Europeans in Canada, on Newfoundland, after he and his fleet encounter two ships that they feared had been lost. However, the celebration involves no feast and is limited to a sermon by the expedition's minister and Frobisher's men giving praise.

title: 1578

section: Events › July–September

date: June 17

text: June 17 – Francis Drake, during his circumnavigation of the world, lands in modern-day California, which he claims for Queen Elizabeth I. With an English claim here and in Newfoundland, it becomes the basis for English colonial charters which will claim all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from "sea to sea." Drake's claim is called Nova Albion (New England), and subsequent maps will show all lands north of New Spain and New Mexico under this name.

title: 1579

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: August 5

text: August 5 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert, on the site of the modern-day city of St. John's, claims the island of Newfoundland on behalf of England, marking the beginning of the British Empire.

title: 1583

date: July 5

text: July 5 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol, with 39 other colonists, for Newfoundland.

title: 1610

date: March 27

text: March 27 – The first English child is born in what will become Canada at Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland to Nicholas Guy.

title: 1613

section: Events › January–March

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: October 23

text: October 23 – British troopship Aeneas is wrecked off Newfoundland with the loss of 340 lives.

title: 1805

section: Conflict & Security

date: November 10

text: November 10 – The British troop transport Harpooner, returning from Quebec to Britain, is wrecked at Cape Pine on Newfoundland (island) with the loss of 208 of the 385 people on board.

title: 1816

date: May 8

text: May 8–27 – United States Navy Curtiss flying boat NC-4, commanded by Albert Cushing Read, makes the first transatlantic flight, from Naval Air Station Rockaway to Lisbon via Trepassey, Newfoundland (departs May 16) and the Azores (arrives May 17). (On May 30–31 it flies on to Plymouth in England.)

title: 1919

section: Events › May

section: Science & Discovery

text: June 17 – 18 – Aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to make a successful transatlantic flight, as a passenger in a Fokker F.VIIb/3m piloted by Wilmer Stultz, from Newfoundland to Wales.

title: 1928

section: Events › June

date: February 13

text: February 13 – TAT-2, AT&T's second transatlantic telephone cable goes into operation between Newfoundland and France.

title: 1959

section: Events › February

date: February 15

text: February 15 – The oil platform Ocean Ranger sinks during a storm off the coast of Newfoundland, killing all 84 rig workers aboard.

title: 1982


slug: nicaea

label: Nicaea

description: ancient city of Bithynia in modern-day Turkey

year_label: 35 BCE

text: Sextus Pompeius defeats the governor of Asia, Gaius Furnius, with three legions and seizes Nicaea and Nicomedia (modern Izmit).

title: 35 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

date: February 26

text: February 26 – Valentinian I is proclaimed Emperor by officers of the Roman army at Nicaea in Bithynia. He addresses the soldiers (who threaten to riot) in a speech. He founds the Valentinianic dynasty and rules the Western portion of the Roman Empire, from Caledonia (Scotland) to the Rhine frontier, ensuring it a few years of relative security. He settles in Lutetia (Paris) and establishes a militia to defend the region.

title: 364

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Siege of Nicaea: Muslim forces under Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (son of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik) penetrate deep into Asia Minor, and sack the fortress city of Gangra, but unsuccessfully lay siege to Nicaea (northwestern Anatolia).

title: AD 727

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

section: Deaths

text: c. July 3 – 8-year-old William I becomes duke of Normandy after his father Robert I ("the Magnificent") dies on a pilgrimage at Nicaea (modern Turkey). Robert's death leads to a period of instability in Normandy, as William is too young to take his father's place. The Norman nobles in the region take the opportunity to settle old feuds and to increase their private wealth.

title: 1035

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Battle of Hades: Rebel forces under Isaac Komnenos defeat the Byzantines on the plains of Hades (near Nicaea). General Katakalon Kekaumenos routs the imperial right flank, and reaches the enemy's camp. He destroys the tents and supplies, which leaves the way open to Constantinople.

title: 1057

date: September

text: September – French forces (7,000 infantry and 300 knights) led by Geoffrey Burel raid around Nicaea (the capital of the Rum Seljuk Turks), plundering livestock and villages in the suburbs. They commit atrocities against local Christian peasants. Children are tortured and dismembered by the crusaders.

title: 1096

section: Events › By place › First Crusade

date: May 14

text: May 14 – Siege of Nicaea: The Crusaders begin their campaign with the siege of Nicaea (the capital of the Sultanate of Rum), assigning their forces to different sections of the walls, which are well-defended with 200 towers. Towards the end, an advance party of the Seljuk Turks is defeated by troops of Raymond IV of Toulouse ("Saint-Gilles") and Robert II.

title: 1097

text: Spring – Siege of Nicaea: Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, sends an expedition through Bithynia to the very walls of Nicaea. Seljuk forces raid Abydos on the Hellespont, with its rich custom-houses. Malik Shah attacks and captures Pergamum. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sets out to meet the Seljuk invaders. He lifts the siege at Nicaea and wins a complete victory near Cotyaeum (modern Turkey).

title: 1113

text: Theodore I Laskaris flees to Nicaea after the capture of Constantinople, and establishes the Empire of Nicaea; Byzantine successor states are also established in Epirus and Trebizond.

title: 1204

section: Events

section: Religion & Belief

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Germanus II takes office as Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, after moving the patriarchate's capital 56 mi from Constantinople (now Istanbul) to Nicaea (now Iznik in Turkey), as the guest of John III Doukas Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea.

title: 1223

text: Spring – Sultan Osman I calls for a military campaign to strike deep into Byzantine Bithynia. During the campaign, Ottoman forces capture the towns of İnegöl and Yenişehir. The later town will be transformed into a capital city, as Osman moves his administration and personal household within its walls. By the end of the year, Ottoman forces begin blockading the major Byzantine city of Nicaea.

title: 1301

section: Events › By place › Middle East

text: Autumn – Battle of Dimbos: The Byzantine governors (tekfurs) of Prusa, Adranos, Kestel, and Ulubat begin a military campaign against the Ottoman-Turkish forces of Sultan Osman I. They attack the Ottoman capital city of Yenişehir and proceed to relieve Nicaea, which is under an Ottoman blockade. Osman musters a 5,000-strong army and defeats the Byzantine forces at a mountain pass near Yenişehir.

title: 1303

section: By place › Byzantine Empire

date: November 27

text: November 27–30 – An ecumenical meeting of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Catholic Church at Nicaea is held to mark the 1,700th anniversary of the First Council of Nicaea.

title: 2025

section: Events › November


slug: nicaragua

label: Nicaragua

description: sovereign state in Central America

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Spanish conquistador and founder of Panama City, Gaspar de Espinosa, sails up the Pacific coast from Panama to Nicaragua, landing at the Gulf of Nicoya.

title: 1519

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 27

text: February 27 – Captain Antón Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now Nicaragua, after he arrives with Andrés Niño and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at El Realejo.

title: 1523

section: Events › January–March

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Spanish conquest of Nicaragua: An agreement is made for an expedition by conquistadores into Nicaragua organized by Pedrarias Dávila.

title: 1523

section: Events › July–September

date: March 16

text: March 16 – King Edward of the Miskito Indians signs a treaty making his kingdom, located on the coast of modern-day Nicaragua, a protectorate of Great Britain.

title: 1740

date: April 30

text: April 30 – Nicaragua declares independence from the Federal Republic of Central America.

title: 1838

section: Events › April–June

date: November 5

text: November 5 – Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America: Honduras and Costa Rica follow the example of Nicaragua and secede from the federation.

title: 1838

section: Events › October–December

date: May 3

text: May 3 – American adventurer William Walker and a group of armed mercenaries (filibusters) sail from San Francisco in California south to Central America to attempt to conquer Nicaragua.

title: 1855

date: October 13

text: October 13 – American mercenary William Walker effectively takes control of Nicaragua.

title: 1856

date: June 12

text: June 12 – U.S. mercenary William Walker is overthrown as ruler of Nicaragua by Honduran general Florencio Xatruch.

title: 1857

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Liberal general and politician José Santos Zelaya leads a successful revolt in Nicaragua.

title: 1893

section: Events › July

date: June 20

text: June 20 – The Treaty of Amapala establishes the union of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador (which ends in 1898).

title: 1895

text: November 10 – The new United Central American States, a merger of El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, places its capital in the Nicaraguan city of Chinandega.

title: 1898

date: November 30

text: November 30 – The United Central American States, a merger of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador, is formally dissolved after the government was unable to suppress a revolution in San Salvador.

title: 1898

date: February 5

text: February 5 – The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal across Central America in Nicaragua.

title: 1900

date: March 5

text: March 5 – Two U.S. Navy cruisers are sent to Central America to protect American interests in a dispute between Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

title: 1900

section: Events › March

date: November 18

text: November 18 – In Nicaragua, 500 revolutionaries (including 2 Americans) are executed by order of dictator José Santos Zelaya. The United States responds by sending 2 warships.

title: 1909

section: Events › November–December

date: August 4

text: August 4 – United States occupation of Nicaragua: U.S. Marines land from the USS Annapolis in Nicaragua, to support the conservative government at its request.

title: 1912

section: Events › August

section: Climate & Environment

date: March 31

text: March 31 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people.

title: 1931

date: December 13

text: December 13 – The countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua announce the formation of the Central American Common Market.

title: 1960

section: Events › December

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Under pressure from the Carter Administration, President of Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza Debayle lifts the state of siege in Nicaragua.

title: 1977

section: Events › September

date: July 21

text: July 21 – Nicaraguan Revolution: The Sandinista National Liberation Front concludes a successful revolutionary campaign against the Somoza dynasty and assumes power in Nicaragua.

title: 1979

section: Crime & Justice

text: June 20 – A Nicaraguan National Guard soldier kills ABC TV news correspondent Bill Stewart and his interpreter Juan Espinosa. Other members of the news crew capture the killing on tape.

title: 1979

date: November 23

text: November 23 – Iran–Contra affair: U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the top secret National Security Decision Directive 17 (NSDD-17), authorizing the Central Intelligence Agency to recruit and support Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

title: 1981

date: November 4

text: November 4 – The Sandinista Front wins the Nicaraguan general elections.

title: 1984

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Iran-Contra Affair: National Security Council member Oliver North and his secretary, Fawn Hall, start shredding documents implicating them in selling weapons to Iran and channeling the proceeds to help fund the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

title: 1986

date: August 7

text: August 7 – The presidents of five Central American countries agree that the U.S.-backed contras fighting the government of Nicaragua should be disbanded and evicted from their bases in Honduras by December 5.

title: 1989

date: February 25

text: February 25 – The Sandinistas are defeated in the Nicaraguan elections, with Violeta Chamorro elected as the new president of Nicaragua (the first elected woman president in the Americas), replacing Daniel Ortega.

title: 1990

date: April 18

text: April 18 – In Nicaragua, protests begin against announced reforms of Social Security which would decrease retirement pension benefits. An estimated number of 34 protesters are killed by police.

title: 2018

section: Events › April

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Hurricane Iota makes landfall in Nicaragua as a Category 4 hurricane just two weeks after Hurricane Eta made landfall, devastating the same areas.

title: 2020

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Hurricane Eta makes landfall in Nicaragua, killing over 100 people in Central America as a category 4.

title: 2020

section: Culture & Society

date: February 18

text: February 18 – Following a constitutional reform, Nicaragua becomes a diarchy with spouses Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo as co-presidents.

title: 2025


slug: nice

label: Nice

description: city and commune in Alpes-Maritimes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Ramon Berenguer III ("the Great"), count of Barcelona, obtains the county of Provence through his marriage to the heiress, Douce I. Ramon's dominion stretches as far east as Nice (modern France).

title: 1112

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Conflict & Security

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Three days after the arrival of the peacekeeping team in Lyon, and 15 days after the legation had met with the Holy Roman Emperor to avoid war, troops of the Holy Roman Empire invade France, crossing over the Var river from Nizza in Italy (now Nice in France) as well as invading Picardie with a second force.

title: 1536

date: August 22

text: August 22– The city of Nice is captured by the Ottomans and Barbarossa after a long bombardment. The Ottomans pillage the city and take away 2,500 captives to be sold into slavery.

title: 1543

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Napoleon is arrested and put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres during their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction. He is later taken to Antibes and detained in a military fort.

title: 1794

date: March 26

text: March 26 – Napoleon Bonaparte arrives at Nice to take command of the Army of Italy (37,000 men and 60 guns), which is scattered in detachments as far as Genoa.

title: 1796

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: April 13

text: April 13 – A new land speed record of 74 mph km/h is set in Nice, France, by Léon Serpollet driving a steam car.

title: 1902

date: August 28

text: August 28 – WWII: Operation Dragoon – The Free French Army liberates the cities of Marseille and Nice.

title: 1944

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: September 7

text: September 7 – The crash of Air France Flight 1611 kills 95 people, including French Army General René Cogny, as the Caravelle jetliner plunges into the Mediterranean Sea following a fire while making its approach to Nice following its departure from the island of Corsica.

title: 1968

section: Events › September–October

date: July 16

text: July 16–20 – Albert Spaggiari and his gang break into the vault of the Société Generale Bank in Nice, France.

title: 1976

date: July 14

text: July 14 – 2016 Nice truck attack: 86 people are killed and more than 400 others injured in a truck attack in Nice, France, during Bastille Day celebrations.

title: 2016