slug: united-states-navy

label: United States Navy

description: maritime branch of the United States military

section: Births

date: March 25

text: March 25 – John Barry, officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War and later in the United States Navy (d. 1803)

title: 1745

date: October 13

text: October 13 – American Revolution: The Continental Congress orders the establishment of the Continental Navy (later the United States Navy).

title: 1775

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: March 27

text: March 27 – The United States Government authorizes the building of the first six United States Navy vessels; in 1797 the first three frigates, , and will go into service (not to be confused with October 13, 1775, which is observed as the Navy's Birthday).

title: 1794

section: Events › January–March

date: May 10

text: May 10 – The first ship of the United States Navy, the frigate USS United States, is commissioned.

title: 1797

section: Events › April–June

date: July 7

text: July 7 – In the action of USS Delaware vs La Croyable, the newly-formed United States Navy makes its first capture.

title: 1798

date: August 1

text: August 1 – First Barbary War: Action of 1 August 1801 – United States Navy schooner captures the 14-gun Tripolitan corsair polacca Tripoli off the north African coast, in a single-ship action.

title: 1801

section: Events › July–September

section: Deaths

date: September 13

text: September 13 – John Barry, officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War, later in the United States Navy (b. 1745)

title: 1803

section: Deaths › July–December

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Chesapeake–Leopard affair: British Royal Navy fourth rate attacks and boards United States Navy frigate USS Chesapeake off Norfolk, Virginia, seeking deserters. This act of British aggression plays a role in the run-up to the War of 1812.

title: 1807

date: December 2

text: December 2 – The first United States Navy hospital ships enter service.

title: 1862

section: Events › December

date: February 8

text: February 8 – William Michael Crose, United States Navy Commander and the seventh Naval Governor of American Samoa (d. 1929)

title: 1867

section: Births › January–February

date: January 20

text: January 20 – The United States Senate allows the United States Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base.

title: 1887

section: Religion & Belief

date: April 1

text: April 1 – The rank of Chief Petty Officer is established in the United States Navy.

title: 1893

section: Events › April

section: Science & Discovery

date: February 28

text: February 28 – USS Indiana, the first battleship in the United States Navy comparable to other nation's battleships of the time, is launched.

title: 1893

date: July 3

text: July 3 – Spanish–American War: Battle of Santiago de Cuba – The United States Navy destroys the Spanish Navy's Caribbean Squadron.

title: 1898

section: Events › July

text: The Port of Orange, Texas, is dredged for the fabrication of vessels for the United States Navy.

title: 1914

section: Events › Date unknown

date: May 8

text: May 8–27 – United States Navy Curtiss flying boat NC-4, commanded by Albert Cushing Read, makes the first transatlantic flight, from Naval Air Station Rockaway to Lisbon via Trepassey, Newfoundland (departs May 16) and the Azores (arrives May 17). (On May 30–31 it flies on to Plymouth in England.)

title: 1919

section: Events › May

date: March 20

text: March 20 – The USS Langley is commissioned as the first United States Navy aircraft carrier.

title: 1922

section: Events › March

date: September 4

text: September 4 – The United States Navy's first home-built rigid airship makes her first flight at Naval Air Station Lakehurst (New Jersey); she contains most of the world's extracted reserves of helium at this time.

title: 1923

section: Events › September–October

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: December 17

text: December 17 – United States Navy submarine is accidentally rammed and sunk by United States Coast Guard cutter John Paulding off Provincetown, Massachusetts, killing everyone aboard despite several unsuccessful attempts to raise the submarine.

title: 1927

date: October 31

text: October 31 – WWII: Destroyer , on convoy escort, is accidentally torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors.

title: 1941

text: The USS Langley, first aircraft carrier of the United States Navy, is attacked by 9 Japanese bombers while ferrying a cargo of USAAF P-40 fighters to Java. Langley is so badly damaged that she has to be scuttled to avoid falling into Japanese hands.

title: 1942

date: May 20

text: May 20 – The first African-American seamen are taken into the United States Navy.

title: 1942

date: November

text: The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal ends: Although the United States Navy suffers heavy losses, it retains control of Guadalcanal.

title: 1942

section: Events › November

date: November 30

text: November 30 – WWII: Battle of Tassafaronga – In a nighttime naval battle as part of the Guadalcanal campaign, ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy defeat those of the United States Navy.

title: 1942

date: June

text: A hunter-killer group of the United States Navy captures the , marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel has captured an enemy vessel at sea since the War of 1812. Some significant intelligence data is acquired.

title: 1944

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Two K-class blimps of the United States Navy complete the first transatlantic crossing by non-rigid airships, from the U.S. to French Morocco, with two stops.

title: 1944

text: December 5 – Flight 19 of United States Navy Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers disappears on a training exercise from Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale.

title: 1945

date: September 30

text: September 30 – The , the first nuclear-powered submarine in the world, is commissioned into the United States Navy.

title: 1954

section: Events › September

text: October 31 – A United States Navy team becomes the third group to reach the South Pole (arriving by air), and commences construction of the first permanent Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station.

title: 1956

date: February 17

text: February 17 – Vanguard 2, the first weather satellite, is launched to measure cloud cover for the United States Navy.

title: 1959

date: March 2

text: March 2 – Vietnam War: Operation Rolling Thunder – The United States Air Force 2nd Air Division, United States Navy and South Vietnamese air force begin a 3-year aerial bombardment campaign against North Vietnam.

title: 1965

section: Events › March–April

text: January 17 – 1966 Palomares B-52 crash: A U.S. Air Force B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 Stratotanker over Spain, dropping three 70-kiloton hydrogen bombs near the town of Palomares, and one into the sea. Carl Brashear, the first African-American United States Navy diver, is involved in an accident during the recovery of the latter, which results in the amputation of his leg.

title: 1966

date: June 8

text: June 8 – USS Liberty incident: a United States Navy spy ship is attacked by Israeli forces, allegedly in error, killing 34 crew.

title: 1967

text: March 9 – United States Navy divers find the largely intact but heavily damaged crew compartment of the Space Shuttle Challenger; the bodies of all seven astronauts are still inside.

title: 1986

text: October 12 – In Aden, Yemen, USS Cole is badly damaged by two Al-Qaeda suicide bombers, who place a small boat laden with explosives alongside the United States Navy destroyer, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.

title: 2000

text: November 20 – A Boeing P-8A Poseidon operated by the United States Navy overshot the runway at Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay, Kaneohe, Hawaii. No one died.

title: 2023


slug: united-states-secretary-of-state

label: United States Secretary of State

description: head of the United States Department of State

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: March 21

text: March 21 – Thomas Jefferson reports to President George Washington in New York, as the new United States Secretary of State.

title: 1790

section: Events › January–March

section: Births

date: May 16

text: May 16 – William H. Seward, 24th United States Secretary of State (d. 1872)

title: 1801

section: Births › January–June

date: August 4

text: August 4 – Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, 29th United States Secretary of State (d. 1885)

title: 1817

section: Births › July–December

date: January 31

text: January 31 – James G. Blaine, 28th and 31st United States Secretary of State (d. 1893)

title: 1830

date: October 8

text: October 8 – John Hay, diplomat, private secretary to Abraham Lincoln, 37th United States Secretary of State (d. 1905)

title: 1838

section: Births › October–December

date: April 22

text: April 22 – Lewis Powell, attempted assassin of United States Secretary of State William H. Seward, conspirator with John Wilkes Booth (d. 1865)

title: 1844

section: Births › April–June

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Frank B. Kellogg, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937)

title: 1856

section: Conflict & Security

date: April 14

text: April 14 – United States Secretary of State William H. Seward and his family are attacked in his home, by Lewis Powell.

title: 1865

date: December 18

text: December 18 – Secretary of State William H. Seward declares the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ratified by three-quarters of the states, including those in secession. As of December 6, slavery is legally outlawed in the last two slave states of Kentucky and Delaware, and the remaining 45,000 slaves are freed.

title: 1865

date: March 30

text: March 30 – Alaska Purchase: Alaska is purchased for US$7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cents/acre ($4.19/km 2 ), by United States Secretary of State William H. Seward. Newspapers call this Seward's Folly.

title: 1867

date: October 10

text: October 10 – William H. Seward, 24th United States Secretary of State (b. 1801)

title: 1872

date: December 31

text: December 31 – George C. Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1959)

title: 1880

section: Births › November–December

text: May 20 – Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, 29th United States Secretary of State (b. 1817)

title: 1885

section: Deaths › January–June

date: February 25

text: February 25 – John Foster Dulles, United States Secretary of State (d. 1959)

title: 1888

date: April 11

text: April 11 – Dean Acheson, 51st United States Secretary of State (d. 1971)

title: 1893

date: January 27

text: January 27 – James G. Blaine, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator, and U.S. Secretary of State (b. 1830)

title: 1893

date: December 13

text: December 13 – George P. Shultz, American economist, politician and 60th United States secretary of state (d. 2021)

title: 1920

section: Births › December

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Henry Kissinger, German-born United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2023)

title: 1923

section: Births › May

date: April 28

text: April 28 – James Baker, former United States Secretary of State and United States Secretary of the Treasury

title: 1930

section: Births › April

date: December 21

text: December 21 – Frank B. Kellogg, United States Secretary of State, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (b. 1856)

title: 1937

section: Deaths › December

text: The Hull note (Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan), named for Secretary of State Cordell Hull, is delivered to the Empire of Japan by the United States.

title: 1941

date: December 1

text: December 1 – Edward Stettinius, Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, filling the seat left by Cordell Hull.

title: 1944

date: October 26

text: October 26 – Hillary Clinton, American politician, First Lady, US Senator (D-Ny.), Secretary of State, and 2016 Democratic presidential candidate

title: 1947

section: Births › October

date: October 20

text: October 20 – Henry L. Stimson, United States Secretary of State (b. 1867)

title: 1950

section: Deaths › October

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Rex Tillerson, United States Secretary of State

title: 1952

section: Births › March

date: November 14

text: November 14 – Condoleezza Rice, American politician, 66th United States Secretary of State

title: 1954

section: Births › November

date: May 24

text: May 24 – John Foster Dulles, 52nd United States Secretary of State (b. 1888)

title: 1959

section: Deaths › May

date: October 16

text: October 16 – George C. Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1880)

title: 1959

date: April 16

text: April 16 – Antony Blinken, American diplomat, 71st United States Secretary of State

title: 1962

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Dean Acheson, 51st United States Secretary of State (b. 1893)

title: 1971

date: April 9

text: April 9 – James F. Byrnes, United States Secretary of State and Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1882)

title: 1972

section: Deaths › April

date: November 8

text: November 8 – 2016 United States presidential election: Businessman and television personality Donald Trump is elected the 45th President of the United States in a surprise upset against his opponent, former Secretary of State and First Lady Hillary Clinton.

title: 2016


slug: united-states-secretary-of-the-treasury

label: United States Secretary of the Treasury

description: head of the United States Department of the Treasury

section: Births

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Richard Rush, United States Attorney General under James Madison, United States Secretary of the Treasury under President John Quincy Adams (d. 1859)

title: 1780

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: September 11

text: September 11 – Alexander Hamilton is appointed as the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.

title: 1789

section: Events › July–September

section: Deaths

date: May 4

text: May 4 – Samuel Dexter, American lawyer, politician, 4th United States Secretary of War, 3rd United States Secretary of the Treasury (b. 1761)

title: 1816

date: June 1

text: June 1 – Oliver Wolcott Jr., American lawyer, politician, 2nd United States Secretary of the Treasury, 24th Governor of Connecticut (b. 1760)

title: 1833

date: July 30

text: July 30 – Richard Rush, United States Attorney General under James Madison, United States Secretary of the Treasury under President John Quincy Adams (b. 1780)

title: 1859

section: Deaths › July–December

title: 1930

date: December 4

text: December 4 – Paul H. O'Neill, 72nd US Treasury Secretary (d. 2020)

title: 1935

date: November 30

text: November 30 – Lawrence Summers, US economist, 71st US Treasury Secretary

title: 1954

text: December 21 – Steven Mnuchin, 77th United States Secretary of the Treasury

title: 1962

date: February 6

text: February 6 – Henry Morgenthau Jr., United States Secretary of the Treasury during World War II (b. 1891)

title: 1967

section: Deaths › February


slug: united-states-senate

label: United States Senate

description: upper house of the United States Congress

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: April 6

text: April 6 – At Federal Hall, the United States Senate attains its first quorum, and elects John Langdon of Pennsylvania as its first president pro tempore. Later that day, the Senate and the House of Representatives meet in joint session for the first time, and the electoral votes of the first U.S. presidential election are counted. General George Washington is certified as president-elect, and John Adams is certified as vice-president elect.

title: 1789

section: Events › April–June

date: February 11

text: February 11 – The first session of the United States Senate is open to the public.

title: 1794

section: Events › January–March

section: Crime & Justice

text: November 30 – The Democratic-Republican-controlled United States Senate begins an impeachment trial against Federalist-partisan Supreme Court of the United States Justice Samuel Chase, on charges of political bias (he is acquitted by the United States Senate of all charges on March 1, 1805).

title: 1804

section: Events › October–December

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted of impeachment charges by the United States Senate.

title: 1805

date: February 18

text: February 18 – The first ongoing filibuster in the United States Senate begins, and lasts until March 11.

title: 1841

date: March 7

text: March 7 – United States Senator Daniel Webster gives his "Seventh of March" speech, in which he endorses the Compromise of 1850, in order to prevent a possible civil war.

title: 1850

section: Health & Medicine

date: May 22

text: May 22 – Caning of Charles Sumner: United States Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina beats Senator Charles Sumner with a cane in the hall of the United States Senate for a speech Sumner had made attacking pro-slavery Southerners, especially elderly South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler, a relative of Brooks. Sumner is unable to return to duty for three years while he recovers; Brooks becomes a hero across the South.

title: 1856

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Abraham Lincoln accepts the Republican Party nomination for a seat in the United States Senate, delivering his House Divided speech in Springfield, Illinois.

title: 1858

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Three days after his action to dismiss United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, the United States House of Representatives votes 126–47 in favor of a resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, the first of three Presidents to be impeached by the full House. Johnson is later acquitted by the United States Senate.

title: 1868

section: Events › February

date: May 16

text: May 16, May 26 – President Andrew Johnson is twice acquitted during his impeachment trial, by one vote in the United States Senate.

title: 1868

section: Events › May

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American to sit in the U.S. Congress.

title: 1870

date: May 19

text: May 19 – After a three-month legislative battle in the Illinois General Assembly, John A. Logan is re-elected to the United States Senate.

title: 1885

date: January 20

text: January 20 – The United States Senate allows the United States Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base.

title: 1887

section: Events › January

date: January 27

text: January 27 – James G. Blaine, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator, and U.S. Secretary of State (b. 1830)

title: 1893

section: Deaths › January–June

text: February 6 – By a vote of 57 to 27, a peace treaty between the United States and Spain is ratified by the United States Senate to end the Spanish–American War.

title: 1899

date: March 14

text: March 14 – The Hay–Herrán Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate. The Colombian senate later rejects the treaty.

title: 1903

section: Events › March

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Rebecca Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, formally becoming the first woman United States Senator.

title: 1922

section: Events › November

date: November 4

text: November 4 – 1924 United States presidential election: Republican Calvin Coolidge defeats Democrat John W. Davis and Progressive Wisconsin Senator, Robert M. La Follette Sr.

title: 1924

date: January 12

text: January 12 – Hattie W. Caraway of Arkansas becomes the first woman to be elected to the United States Senate, succeeding her late husband, Thaddeus Caraway, in a special election,

title: 1932

date: February 17

text: February 17 – Repeal of Prohibition in the United States: The Blaine Act passes the United States Senate, submitting the proposed Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution to the states for ratification. The amendment is ratified on December 5, ending prohibition in the United States.

title: 1933

date: July 22

text: July 22 – New Deal: The United States Senate votes down President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court of the United States.

title: 1937

section: Events › July

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Bernie Sanders, American politician, U.S. Senator (D-Vt.) and 2016 presidential candidate

title: 1941

section: Births › September

date: February 3

text: February 3 – P.L. Prattis becomes the first African American news correspondent allowed in the United States House of Representatives and Senate press galleries.

title: 1947

date: June 23

text: June 23 – The United States Senate follows the House of Representatives, in overriding President Harry S. Truman's veto of the Taft–Hartley Act.

title: 1947

section: Events › June

date: March 12

text: March 12 – Mitt Romney, American businessman, politician, Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 presidential candidate, and US Senator (R-UT)

title: 1947

date: October 26

text: October 26 – Hillary Clinton, American politician, First Lady, US Senator (D-Ny.), Secretary of State, and 2016 Democratic presidential candidate

title: 1947

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Margaret Chase Smith of Maine is elected United States Senator, becoming the first woman to serve in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the United States Senate.

title: 1948

section: Events › September

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Elizabeth Warren, American academic and politician, U.S. Senator (D-Mass.) since 2013

title: 1949

section: Births › June

date: March 20

text: March 20 – The United States Senate ratifies a peace treaty with Japan.

title: 1952

section: Events › March–April

section: Conflict & Security

date: April 22

text: April 22 – Senator Joseph McCarthy begins hearings investigating the United States Army for being "soft" on Communism.

title: 1954

section: Events › April

date: December 2

text: December 2 – Red Scare: The United States Senate votes 67–22 to censure Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy, for "conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute."

title: 1954

section: Events › December

date: June 9

text: June 9 – McCarthyism: Joseph N. Welch, special counsel for the United States Army, lashes out at Senator Joseph McCarthy, during hearings on whether Communism has infiltrated the Army, saying, "Have you, at long last, no decency?" The exchange results in the decline of McCarthy's popularity.

title: 1954

date: July 9

text: July 9 – Lindsey Graham, American politician, lawyer, U.S. Army soldier, U.S. Senator (R-Sc.) and unsuccessful 2016 presidential candidate (d. 2026)

title: 1955

text: September 24 – The United States Senate ratifies the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

title: 1963

text: January 28 – 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill: A blowout on Union Oil's Platform A spills 80,000 to 100,000 barrels of crude oil into a channel and onto the beaches of Santa Barbara County in Southern California; on February 5 the oil spill closes Santa Barbara's harbor. The incident inspires Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson to organize the first Earth Day in 1970.

title: 1969

text: December 22 – Ted Cruz, Canadian-American politician, U.S. Senator (R-Tx.) from 2013 and 2016 presidential candidate

title: 1970

text: July 16 – Watergate scandal: Former White House aide Alexander Butterfield informs the United States Senate Watergate Committee that President Richard Nixon had secretly recorded potentially incriminating conversations.

title: 1973

text: November 27 – The United States Senate votes 92–3 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States.

title: 1973

text: February 8 – United States Senate proceedings are broadcast on radio for the first time.

title: 1978

text: December 31 – Josh Hawley, American politician, U.S. Senator (R-MO) from 2019

title: 1979

text: November 7 – 1983 U.S. Senate bombing: A bomb explodes in the United States Senate with the intent to kill Republican senators; no one is injured. The perpetrators are members of the May 19th Communist Organization.

title: 1983

text: February 27 – The United States Senate allows its debates to be televised on a trial basis.

title: 1986

text: October 23 – On a vote of 58–42, the United States Senate rejects President Ronald Reagan's nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court.

title: 1987

text: October 6 – White supremacist David Duke receives 44% of the vote in the Louisiana Senate race, but ultimately loses the vote to Bennett Johnson.

title: 1990

text: March 11 – Janet Reno is confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn in the next day, becoming the first female Attorney General of the United States.

title: 1993

text: November 8 – "Republican Revolution": Georgia Representative Newt Gingrich leads the United States Republican Party in taking control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate in midterm congressional elections, the first time in 40 years the Republicans secure control of both houses of Congress. George W. Bush is elected Governor of Texas.

title: 1994

text: January 23 – Madeleine Albright becomes the first female Secretary of State of the United States, after confirmation by the United States Senate.

title: 1997

text: February 12 – U.S. President Bill Clinton is acquitted in impeachment proceedings in the United States Senate.

title: 1999

text: January 16 – The first impeachment trial of the President of the United States, Donald Trump, begins in the U.S. Senate. He was acquitted on February 5.

title: 2020


slug: united-states-senator

label: United States Senator

section: Births

date: November 20

text: November 20 – Philip Schuyler, general in the American Revolution, United States Senator from New York, father of Angelica Schuyler Church and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (d. 1804)

title: 1733

section: Deaths

date: November 18

text: November 18 – Philip Schuyler, general in the American Revolution, a United States senator from New York, father of Angelica Schuyler Church and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, father-in-law of Alexander Hamilton (b. 1733)

title: 1804

section: Deaths › July–December

date: September 5

text: September 5 – William Alexander Graham, United States Senator from North Carolina (1840–1843), Confederate States Senator (1864–1865) (d. 1875)

title: 1804

section: Births › July–December

date: February 11

text: February 11 – DeWitt Clinton, 6th Governor of New York, United States Senator (b. 1769)

title: 1828

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: April 14

text: April 14 – The Whig Party is officially named by United States Senator Henry Clay.

title: 1834

section: Events › April–June

date: September 24

text: September 24 – Mark Hanna, United States Senator from Ohio (d. 1904)

title: 1837

section: Births › July–September

date: August 11

text: August 11 – William Alexander Graham, United States Senator from North Carolina, (1840–1843), Confederate States Senator (1864–1865) (b. 1804)

title: 1875

date: February 15

text: February 15 – Mark Hanna, United States Senator from Ohio (born 1837)

title: 1904

section: Deaths › February

date: November 2

text: November 2 – 1920 United States presidential election: Republican U.S. senator Warren G. Harding defeats Democratic governor of Ohio James M. Cox and Socialist Eugene V. Debs, in the first national U.S. election in which women have the right to vote.

title: 1920

text: December 2 – Red Scare: The United States Senate votes 67–22 to censure Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy, for "conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute."

title: 1954

date: June 6

text: June 6 – Robert F. Kennedy, American lawyer, politician (United States Senator, U.S. Attorney General) and a leading 1968 Democratic presidential candidate (b. 1925)

title: 1968

section: Deaths › June

text: July 22 – Wayne Morse, American lawyer, politician, and United States Senator from Oregon (1945–1969) (b. 1900)

title: 1974

section: Deaths › July


slug: united-states

label: United States

description: country located primarily in North America

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Oraibi, a Hopi village in Navajo County, becomes the oldest populated settlement in modern-day Arizona (modern-day United States).

title: 1100

section: Events › By place › Americas

section: Climate & Environment

text: In the modern-day United States, a period of drought (up until 1299) begins in the Four Corners Region, putting an end to the ancient Puebloans Civilization.

title: 1266

section: Events › By place › America

section: Religion & Belief

date: February 18

text: February 18 – Lord Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is born in the town of Nadia, West Bengal, India, just after sunset. He is regarded as an incarnation, or avatar, of Lord Krsna, and later comes to inaugurate the sankirtana movement, or the chanting of the Holy Names of the Lord. This chanting, or mantra meditation, is first brought to the United States in 1965, by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.

title: 1486

section: Events › January–March

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón of Spain founded the failed colony, San Miguel de Gualdape in present-day Winyah Bay, Georgetown County, South Carolina. It was the first European settlement, as well as the first documented occurrence of enslavement of African peoples in what would later become the continental United States.

title: 1526

section: Events › July–September

section: Culture & Society

date: September 18

text: September 18 (September 8 Old Style) – A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes New College (Harvard University), as the first college founded in the United States.

title: 1636

date: April 20

text: April 20 – Cornelius Harnett, American Continental Congressman (d. 1781)

title: 1723

date: July 23

text: July 23 – Seventeen Ursuline Sisters from France land in New Orleans, in the Louisiana territory of New France, after a journey that began on February 22. They later create the orphanage which is the predecessor of Catholic Charities and the Ursuline Academy, the oldest Catholic school in the United States.

title: 1727

date: March 19

text: March 19 – Thomas McKean, American lawyer, signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1817)

title: 1734

text: July 23 – Bernardo de Gálvez, Spanish military leader, aids the United States in its quest for independence in the American Revolutionary War (d. 1786)

title: 1746

date: June 19

text: June 19 – The Albany Congress of seven northern colonies proposes an American Union.

title: 1754

date: September 9

text: September 9 – The Continental Congress officially names its union of states the United States (previously the United Colonies).

title: 1776

section: Events › September–October

date: April 3

text: April 3 – A Peace and Commercial Treaty is signed between the newly-formed United States and Sweden in Paris, among the first acts of state concluded between the U.S. and a foreign power.

title: 1783

date: December 23

text: December 23 – General George Washington resigns his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army to the Congress of the Confederation in the Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland, and retires to his home at Mount Vernon. Washington's resignation, described by historian Thomas Fleming as "the most important moment in American history," affirms the United States' commitment to the principle of civilian control of the military, and prompts King George III to call Washington "the greatest character of the age."

title: 1783

section: Events › October–December

date: February 28

text: February 28 – John Wesley ordains ministers for the Methodist Church in the United States.

title: 1784

date: September 10

text: September 10 – The United States and the Kingdom of Prussia sign a Treaty of Amity and Commerce.

title: 1785

date: January 3

text: January 3 – The third Treaty of Hopewell is signed between the United States and the Choctaw.

title: 1786

section: Science & Discovery

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fly in a gas balloon in the United States.

title: 1793

section: Events › January–June

text: January 3 – The Treaty of Tripoli, a peace treaty between the United States and Ottoman Tripolitania, is signed at Algiers (see also 1796).

title: 1797

section: Economy & Finance

date: January 2

text: January 2 – The Panic of 1819, the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States, begins.

title: 1819

date: January 7

text: January 7 – The first freed slaves from the United States arrive on the west coast of Africa, founding Monrovia on April 25.

title: 1822

date: August 21

text: August 21 - Nat Turner's slave rebellion in the United States breaks out in Southampton County, Virginia.

title: 1831

date: September 28

text: September 28– The first national presidential nominating convention in the United States concludes after three days as the Anti-Masonic Party selects its nominee for president in Baltimore, Maryland.

title: 1831

text: American healthcare brand McKesson Corporation established as a partnership.

title: 1833

section: Events › Date unknown

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: In the United States, the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in Jackson, Mississippi.

title: 1839

text: American medical student William E. Clarke of Berkshire Medical College becomes the first person to administer an inhaled anesthetic, to facilitate a surgical procedure. After Clarke uses a towel and ether to anesthetize a patient identified as "Miss Hobbie", Dr. Elijah Pope pulls her tooth.

title: 1842

date: May 3

text: May 3 – American adventurer William Walker and a group of armed mercenaries (filibusters) sail from San Francisco in California south to Central America to attempt to conquer Nicaragua.

title: 1855

date: May

text: North Carolina secedes from the Union.

title: 1861

section: Events › May

date: May 23

text: May 23 – American Civil War: The state of Virginia's ordinance of secession from the United States is ratified in a referendum.

title: 1861

date: October 21

text: October 21 – American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff – Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops, in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is also killed in the fighting.

title: 1861

section: Events › October

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Second Battle of Winchester – A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia.

title: 1863

section: Events › June

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.

title: 1866

section: Events › July

date: July 1

text: July 1 – The Philadelphia Zoo opens, the first public zoo in the United States.

title: 1874

date: May 4

text: May 4 – The Panic of 1884 creates a credit shortage that accelerates the current United States economic recession into the Depression of 1882–1885.

title: 1884

text: Emerson Electric, an American electronics industry giant, is founded in Missouri.

title: 1890

date: December 10

text: December 10 – The New York World Building is completed in New York City, the tallest building in the United States for 10 years at a height of 110 meters.

title: 1890

text: January 5 – A fight between the United States and Lakota people breaks out near Pine Ridge agency.

title: 1891

text: American retail pharmacy Walgreens is founded in Chicago.

title: 1901

text: American motorcycle brand Harley-Davidson is founded in Wisconsin.

title: 1903

text: October 24 – A major United States financial crisis is averted when J. P. Morgan, E. H. Harriman, James Stillman, Henry Clay Frick and other Wall Street financiers create a $25,000,000 pool to invest in the shares on the plunging New York Stock Exchange, ending the bank panic of 1907.

title: 1907

text: October 1 – Penny Post is established between the United Kingdom and United States.

title: 1908

text: January 28 – The last United States troops leave Cuba, after being there since the Spanish–American War of 1898.

title: 1909

text: March 1 – The Wellington, Washington avalanche sweeps away two Great Northern Railway (U.S.) passenger trains in the Cascade Mountains, killing 96, making it the worst snowslide accident in United States history.

title: 1910

text: October 20 – Black Friday (1916): A violent and deadly storm hits Lake Erie in the United States.

title: 1916

text: April 22 – Austria, the UK, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United States recognize the Spanish Republic.

title: 1931

text: March 4 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is sworn in as the 32nd president of the United States.

title: 1933

text: September 26 – Edward Filene, American businessman, philanthropist (b. 1860)

title: 1937

text: December 24 – Leading Korean dancer Choi Seung-hee arrives in Le Havre, France after her tour in the United States. This is to begin her European tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. She is the first Korean Wave entertainer.

title: 1938

text: June 5 – WWII: The United States declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania.

title: 1942

text: April 25 – The United Negro College Fund is incorporated in the United States.

title: 1944

text: January 11 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposes a Second Bill of Rights for social and economic security, in his State of the Union address.

title: 1944

text: August 28 – The American-led Allied Occupation of Japan effectively begins with General Douglas MacArthur's arrival at Atsugi Air Base.

title: 1945

text: October 24 – The United Nations is founded by ratification of its Charter, by 29 nations including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Canada, Egypt, Brazil, Haiti, Luxembourg, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and others.

title: 1945

text: March 8 – The Bell 47 becomes the first helicopter certified for civilian use in the United States

title: 1946

text: July 1 – The United States begins the National Malaria Eradication Program, successfully eradicating malaria in 1951.

title: 1947

text: January 11 – The first "networked" television broadcasts take place, as KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, goes on the air, connecting east coast and mid-west programming in the United States.

title: 1949

text: January 17 – The first VW Type 1 to arrive in the United States, a 1948 model, is brought to New York by Dutch businessman Ben Pon. Unable to interest dealers or importers in the Volkswagen, Pon sells the sample car to pay his travel expenses. Only two 1949 models are sold in America that year, convincing Volkswagen chairman Heinrich Nordhoff the car has no future in the U.S. (The Type 1 goes on to become an automotive phenomenon.)

title: 1949

text: June 14 – Freedom Summer, a volunteer Civil Rights project in the United States intended to promote voter registration for as many African Americans as possible in Mississippi, begins with orientation sessions for the 300 volunteers at Western College for Women, Oxford, Ohio.

title: 1964

text: June 8 – Egypt severs diplomatic relations with the United States.

title: 1967

text: November 17 – Cold War: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in Helsinki, to begin the SALT I negotiations aimed at limiting the number of strategic weapons on both sides.

title: 1969

text: November 29 – Kasey Keller, American Major League Soccer player

title: 1969

text: October 15 – Vietnam War: Hundreds of thousands of people take part in Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam demonstrations across the United States.

title: 1969

text: The first Cuban forces arrive in Angola to join Soviet personnel who are there to assist the MPLA that controls less than a quarter of Angolan territory. The United States, Zaire and Zambia request South Africa to provide training and support for the FNLA and UNITA forces.

title: 1975

text: January 9 – Van Halen releases their sixth studio album 1984 (MCMLXXXIV), which debuts at number 2 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, and will go to sell over 10 million copies in the United States.

title: 1984

text: October 30 – The National Park Passport Stamps program begins in the United States.

title: 1986

text: May 29–June 3 – The Moscow Summit meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev takes place, where the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was finalized.

title: 1988

text: June 17 – The 1994 FIFA World Cup starts in the United States.

title: 1994

text: March 8 – Third Taiwan Strait Crisis: China begins surface-to-surface missile testing and military exercises off Taiwanese coastal areas. The United States government condemns the act as provocation, and the Taiwanese government warns of retaliation.

title: 1996

text: January 1 – The Emergency Alert System is introduced in the United States.

title: 1997

text: June 29 – The iPhone, the first modern smartphone, is released in the United States. It is later released in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, and Austria, in November 2007.

title: 2007

text: August 8 – A small plane and a tour helicopter collide over the Hudson River in the United States. (CNN)

title: 2009

text: July 20 – Cuba and the United States end 54 years of hostility between the nations, reestablish full diplomatic relations.

title: 2015

text: December 24 – Guatemala follows in the footsteps of the United States by announcing that they will also move their Israeli embassy to Jerusalem, followed by Honduras and Panama two days later.

title: 2017

text: September 1 – Russian President Vladimir Putin expels 755 diplomats in response to United States sanctions.

title: 2017

text: April 14 – Syrian Civil War: The United States, the United Kingdom and France order the bombing of Syrian military bases in response to the sarin attack allegedly by the Bashar al-Assad regime on civilians in Ghouta.

title: 2018

text: June 13 – FIFA awards hosting rights for the 2026 World Cup to a joint bid from Canada, Mexico and the United States.

title: 2018

text: May 20 – The 2018 Venezuelan presidential election was held with incumbent President Nicolás Maduro reelected with 67.8% of the vote and the lowest turnout in Venezuela's modern democratic history since the 1958 coup d'état. The elections were denounced as a "sham" by several Latin American countries, the United States, Canada, the Organization of American States and the European Union.

title: 2018

text: May 8 – U.S. President Donald Trump announces his intention to withdraw the United States from the Iranian nuclear agreement.

title: 2018

text: April 14 – U.S. president Donald Trump announces that the U.S. will suspend funding towards the World Health Organization (WHO) pending an investigation of its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with China.

title: 2020

text: April 6 – The United States designates the Russian Imperial Movement as a terrorist organization and imposes sanctions on its leaders; it is the first white supremacist group the U.S. has designated as a terrorist organization.

title: 2020

text: February 29 – A conditional peace agreement is signed between the United States and the Taliban. The U.S. begins gradually withdrawing combat troops from Afghanistan on March 10.

title: 2020

text: March 12 – Global stock markets crashed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the United States travel ban on the Schengen Area. The DJIA goes into free fall, closing at over −2,300 points, the worst loss for the index since 1987.

title: 2020

text: May 19 – Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas announces the termination of all agreements, including security ones, with Israel and the United States in response to Israel's plans to annex the Jordan Valley.

title: 2020

text: December 6 – The United States announces a diplomatic boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing in response to China's human rights record. Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia join shortly after.

title: 2021

text: February 13–February 17 – A major winter storm kills at least 136 people and causes over 9.9 million power outages in the U.S.

title: 2021

text: July 31 – Ayman al-Zawahiri, the Egyptian terrorist who became the 2nd Emir of al-Qaeda after Osama bin Laden's death in 2011, is killed in an airstrike in Kabul, Afghanistan conducted by the United States' Central Intelligence Agency.

title: 2022

text: September 27–September 30 – Hurricane Ian impacts Cuba and the United States, causing catastrophic damage to both nations, killing at least 157 people, 16 missing, and leaving millions without power, including the entire nation of Cuba.

title: 2022

text: August 1 – 2024 American–Russian prisoner exchange: 26 individuals are released from Ankara Esenboğa Airport in the largest prisoner exchange between the United States and Russia since the Cold War.

title: 2024

text: June 1–29 – The 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup is co-hosted by the West Indies and the United States, and is won by India.

title: 2024

text: June 20 – July 14 – The 2024 Copa América is held in the United States, and is won by Argentina.

title: 2024

text: February 18 – Vladimir Putin announces that Russia and the United States have officially agreed to restore diplomatic relations. A four-hour summit between the US and Russia is held in Saudi Arabia.

title: 2025

text: June 14 – July 13 – The 2025 FIFA Club World Cup is held in the United States, and is won by Chelsea.

title: 2025

text: June 22 – Iran–Israel war: The United States carries out B-2 bomber airstrikes on three Iranian nuclear sites in Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan.

title: 2025


slug: university-of-cambridge

label: University of Cambridge

description: collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, United Kingdom

text: In England, an exodus of scholars from Oxford leads to foundation of the University of Cambridge.

title: 1209

section: Events › By topic › Education

text: The University of Cambridge is recognised by a writ of authority over its townspeople from Henry III.

title: 1231

section: Events › By place › Britain

text: Early – Following disputes, northern academics from the University of Cambridge in England set up a University of Northampton by royal charter but it is suppressed by the Crown in 1265.

title: 1261

date: February 20

text: February 20 – The foundation of Clare College (as University Hall), the University of Cambridge's second oldest (still surviving) college, by royal charter.

title: 1326

section: Events › January – March

date: December 24

text: December 24 – Pembroke College in the University of Cambridge, England, is founded by Marie de St Pol, Countess of Pembroke, as the Hall of Valence Marie.

title: 1347

section: Events › January–December

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Corpus Christi College is founded as a College of the University of Cambridge in England, by the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary.

title: 1352

date: February 22

text: February 22 – At the University of Cambridge in England, Henry Abyngdon becomes the first person in the world to receive a degree of Bachelor of Music

title: 1463

date: March 25

text: March 25 – Queens' College, Cambridge, dormant since 1447, is re-established on the campus of the University of Cambridge by the queen consort of England, Elizabeth Woodville, with the official name of "the College of St. Margaret and St. Bernard in the University of Cambridge."

title: 1465

text: A professorship in Arabic studies is founded at the University of Cambridge in England.

title: 1633

section: Health & Medicine

date: August 8

text: August 8 – The Great Plague forces the closure of the University of Cambridge, where Isaac Newton is a student. Newton retires to his home in Lincolnshire for safety, and stays there for two years. During this time alone, Newton will make groundbreaking discoveries in mathematics, calculus, mechanics and optics, and lay the foundations for his books Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica and Optiks.

title: 1665

text: The first written examinations in Europe are held at the University of Cambridge in England.

title: 1792

date: June 18

text: June 18 – The Universities Tests Act 1871 removes restrictions which have previously limited access to Oxford, Cambridge and Durham universities to members of the Church of England.

title: 1871

section: Events › April–June

date: March 24

text: March 24 – For the only time in history, The Boat Race between the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge is declared a "dead heat" (i.e., a draw).

title: 1877

section: Events › March

date: March 20

text: March 20 – For the first and last time in its history, the annual side-by-side rowing race between the 8-member teams of University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge on the River Thames is postponed. The call comes because of a thick fog that makes visibility impossible. Two days later, Oxford wins the race by 3+3⁄4 lengths.

title: 1880

date: May 6

text: May 6 – EDSAC, the first practicable stored-program computer, runs its first program at Cambridge University.

title: 1949

date: February 28

text: February 28 – James Watson and Francis Crick of Britain's University of Cambridge announce their discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule.

title: 1953

section: Events › February


slug: university-of-oxford

label: University of Oxford

description: collegiate research university in Oxford, England

section: Science & Discovery

text: The first documented teaching at the University of Oxford in England occurs.

title: 1096

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Culture & Society

text: King Henry II prohibits English students from attending the University of Paris; many settle at the University of Oxford.

title: 1167

section: Events › By place › England

text: Emo of Friesland, a Frisian scholar and abbot, commences his study at what will become the University of Oxford.

title: 1190

title: 1209

section: Religion & Belief

date: June 20

text: June 20 – A papal ordinance defines the rights of the scholars at the University of Oxford in England.

title: 1214

text: Presumed date – Balliol College is established in the University of Oxford (England) by John I de Balliol on its modern-day site.

title: 1263

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Walter de Merton formally completes the foundation of the House of Scholars of Merton (later Merton College, Oxford), to provide education in Malden and the University of Oxford.

title: 1264

section: Crime & Justice

text: Roger Bacon, Franciscan friar and University of Oxford lecturer, is arrested for spreading anti-Church views; specifically, the Church's stance on Greek philosopher Galen.

title: 1277

text: Hertford College is founded, at the University of Oxford.

title: 1282

date: January 21

text: January 21 – The foundation of Oriel College (as King's College), the University of Oxford's fifth oldest (still surviving) college, is confirmed by royal charter.

title: 1326

date: January 18

text: January 18 – The Queen's College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England, is founded.

title: 1341

section: Events

date: October 13

text: October 13 – Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England, is founded by the Bishop of Lincoln.

title: 1427

section: Events › October–December

text: The first baccalaureate service is believed to have originated at the University of Oxford.

title: 1432

date: February 10

text: February 10 – All Souls' College is founded in the University of Oxford by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Henry VI of England as a graduate institution.

title: 1438

section: Events › January–March

text: Magdalen College was founded in the University of Oxford, England.

title: 1458

date: November 8

text: November 8 – The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford in England is opened.

title: 1602

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Master seafarer Henry Mainwaring, Oxford graduate and lawyer turned successful Newfoundland pirate, returns to England, is pardoned after rescuing a Newfoundland trading fleet near Gibraltar, and begins to write a revealing treatise on piracy.

title: 1616

date: March 13

text: March 13 (March 3 Old Style) – A "great charter" to the University of Oxford establishes the Oxford University Press, as the second of the privileged presses in England.

title: 1636

text: Elias Ashmole gifts the collection that begins the Ashmolean Museum to the University of Oxford in England.

title: 1677

text: Humphrey Hody is appointed regius professor of Greek at Oxford.

title: 1698

text: Worcester College, University of Oxford is founded (formerly Gloucester College, closed during the Dissolution of the monasteries).

title: 1714

date: July 8

text: July 8 – Austrian composer Joseph Haydn, on his visit to England, is awarded an honorary doctorate of music at the University of Oxford.

title: 1791

section: Events › July–September

date: August 27

text: August 27 – The University of Oxford wins the first international boat race held on the River Thames, against Harvard University.

title: 1869

section: Events › August

title: 1871

title: 1877

text: October 13 – The first female students are admitted to study for degrees of the University of Oxford in England, at the new Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville Hall, and with the Society of Oxford Home-Students.

title: 1879

title: 1880

date: August 24

text: August 24 – Howard Florey and a team including Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, publish their laboratory results showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin. They have also purified the drug.

title: 1940


slug: university-of-paris

label: University of Paris

description: French university (c. 1150–1970)

text: The University of Paris (known as the Sorbonne) is founded. The first doctorate degree is awarded in Paris.

title: 1150

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: King Henry II prohibits English students from attending the University of Paris; many settle at the University of Oxford.

title: 1167

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The University of Paris receives its charter, from Philip II. He issues a diploma "for the security of the scholars of Paris", which affirms that students are subject only to ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

title: 1200

section: Events › By topic › Education

text: The writings of French theologian Amalric of Bena are condemned by the University of Paris and Pope Innocent III.

title: 1204

date: April 13

text: April 13 – Pope Gregory IX issues Parens scientiarum. The bull assures the independence and self-governance of the University of Paris.

title: 1231

text: Thomas Aquinas travels to the University of Paris, to begin his studies there for a master's degree.

title: 1252

text: Louis IX of France ("the Saint") confirms the foundation by his chaplain Robert de Sorbon of the College of Sorbonne in Paris, giving a formal college (and still-common name) to the already existing University of Paris.

title: 1257

date: December

text: December – Crucial aspects of the philosophy of Averroism (itself based on Aristotle's works) are banned by the Roman Catholic Church, in a condemnation enacted by papal authority at the University of Paris.

title: 1270

section: Events › Europe

date: March 7

text: March 7 – Condemnation of 1277: Pope John XXI instructs Étienne Tempier, bishop of Paris, to investigate the complaints of theologians in France. By order 219 propositions of philosophical and theological doctrines such as Averroism are prohibited from discussion in the University of Paris, under a decree promulgated by Tempier.

title: 1277

section: Births

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Jean Gerson, chancellor of the University of Paris (d. 1429)

title: 1363

section: Deaths

date: July 12

text: July 12 – Jean Gerson, chancellor of the University of Paris (b. 1363)

title: 1429

date: June 23

text: June 23 – The International Olympic Committee is founded at the Sorbonne, Paris, at the initiative of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.

title: 1894

section: Events › June


slug: upper-canada

label: Upper Canada

description: former British colony in North America

date: January 25

text: January 25 – The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act 1791, splitting the old province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada.

title: 1791

date: July 9

text: July 9 – The Act Against Slavery is passed in Upper Canada.

title: 1793

section: Events › July–December

date: February 1

text: February 1 – The capital of Upper Canada is moved from Newark to York.

title: 1796

section: Conflict & Security

date: April 27

text: April 27 – War of 1812: Battle of York – United States troops raid and destroy but do not hold the capital of Upper Canada, York (modern-day Toronto).

title: 1813

section: Events › April–June

date: October 5

text: October 5 – War of 1812 – Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada: William Henry Harrison defeats the British, and native leader Tecumseh is killed in battle.

title: 1813

text: British expedition up the St. Clair River; site of Corunna surveyed as a potential capital for Upper Canada.

title: 1823

section: Events › Undated

date: April 23

text: April 23 – Scottish-born novelist John Galt founds the town of Guelph in Upper Canada.

title: 1827

section: Culture & Society

date: March 15

text: March 15 – The University of Toronto is established by royal charter as King's College at York. It is the first institution of higher education in Upper Canada.

title: 1827

text: Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada, to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the Durham Report to Britain.

title: 1838

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Upper Canada and Lower Canada are merged to create the United Province of Canada.

title: 1841


slug: upper-egypt

label: Upper Egypt

description: strip of land that spans from the first cataract at Aswan to Mephis latitudinally, and longitudinally along the Ro Henu corridor, the terrestrial gateway of the Mu-qed conduit

section: Religion & Belief

text: 1550 BC—Ahmose I becomes Pharaoh of Egypt (although only de facto ruler of Upper Egypt) according to the Low Chronology.

title: 1550s BC

section: Events and trends

year_label: 667 BCE

text: King Ashurbanipal of Assyria resumes his late father's attack on Egypt (see 671 BC), recapturing Memphis and beginning an offensive into Upper Egypt.

title: 667 BC

section: Events › By place › Middle East

year_label: 400 BCE

text: Amyrtaeus of Sais successfully completes a revolt against Persian control by gaining control of all of Upper Egypt.

title: 400 BC

section: Events › By place

year_label: 276 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: The Egyptian King Ptolemy II's first wife, Arsinoe I (daughter of the late King Lysimachus of Thrace) is accused, probably at instigation of Ptolemy II's sister (who also has the name Arsinoe), of plotting his murder and is exiled by the King. Arsinoe then marries her own brother, a customary practice in Egypt, but scandalous to the Greeks. The suffix "Philadelphoi" ("Brother-Loving") consequently is added to the names of King Ptolemy II and Queen Arsinoe II. The former queen, Arsinoe I, is banished to Coptos, a city of Upper Egypt near the Wadi Hammamat, while her rival adopts her children.

title: 276 BC

section: Events › By place › Egypt

year_label: 205 BCE

text: The native Egyptian population rises in rebellion against their Greek rulers. The revolt spreads to Upper Egypt.

title: 205 BC

year_label: 199 BCE

text: Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ankhwennefer succeeds Horwennefer in Upper Egypt, Egypt.

title: 199 BC

year_label: 23 BCE

text: In response to Meroë's incursions into Upper Egypt, the Roman legions move south and raze Napata. (History of Sudan).

title: 23 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: The Upper Egypt revolts of (292–293) outbreak in Egypt, centralized in the city of Thebes, primarily involving other Egyptian cities such as Busiris and Coptos. A precursor to the much larger national Egyptian rebellion that followed a few years later.

title: 292

date: February 19

text: February 19 – Emperor Constantius II issues a decree closing all pagan temples in the Roman Empire, and ordering the banishment once again of the anti-Arian patriarch of Alexandria, Athanasius. He tries to have him arrested during a vigil service, but Athanasius flees to the Nitrian desert in Upper Egypt.

title: 356

date: February 21

text: February 21 – Athanasius returns to Alexandria and convenes a council, at which he appeals for unity among Christians who differ in terminology, but Emperor Julian orders Athanasius to leave Alexandria. He will remain in exile in Upper Egypt, until after Julian's death the next year.

title: 362

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Benjamin I, Coptic patriarch of Alexandria, escapes during the persecutions of his fellow Christians and hides in the monastery of St. Macarius (Upper Egypt).

title: 631

date: December 21

text: December 21 – Muslim Arabs capture Babylon after a seven-month siege; during a night assault Arab warriors open the city gates. The Thebaid region (Upper Egypt) is annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate.

title: 640

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: Amr ibn al-'As builds fortifications in Alexandria and quarters a strong garrison in the vicinity, which twice a year is relieved from Upper Egypt.

title: 646

text: Abdullah ibn Sa'ad, governor of Upper Egypt, dies after a 12-year regime in which he has defeated neighboring Nubia.

title: 656

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: Winter – The Nubians are engaged in a series of skirmishes along the frontier in Upper Egypt. A force of Kurdish troops under Turan-Shah, a brother of Saladin, attack the Nubians. He installs a garrison in Qasr Ibrim.

title: 1172

text: Pro-Fatimid rising in Upper Egypt led by Kanz al-Dawla, governor of Aswan, is crushed by Saladin's brother Al-Adil.

title: 1173


slug: upper-mesopotamia

label: Upper Mesopotamia

description: northern portion of region between Tigris and Euphrates rivers, now part of Iraq, Syria and Turkey

text: Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II launches an offensive against Constantinople, to avenge Maurice's death, his "friend and father", and tries to reconquer Byzantine territory. Narses, governor of Upper Mesopotamia, rebels against Phocas at the city of Edessa and requests aid from the Persians. Khosrau sends an expeditionary force to Armenia and crosses the Euphrates.

title: 602

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

date: August

text: August or September – Battle of Kafartuta: Caliph Marwan II defeats and kills Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani, leader of the Kharijites, in Upper Mesopotamia. The rebels withdraw across the River Tigris, escaping destruction.

title: 746

section: Events › By place › Umayyad Caliphate

text: The Kharijite revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate begins in Al-Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), which will last for 30 years.

title: 866

section: Events › Italy › Abbasid Caliphate

text: Spring – Caliph Al-Mu'tadid recognizes Khumarawayh as autonomous emir over Egypt and Syria, in exchange for an annual tribute of 300,000 dinars. The Jazira provinces of Diyar Rabi'a and Diyar Mudar are returned to the Abbasid Caliphate. Muslim forces recover direct control of Mosul (modern Iraq) from the Shayban.

title: 893

text: Kharijite Rebellion: The Kharijite uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate in Jazira is ended. Caliph Al-Mu'tadid reunifies the entire province under central government, and installs his son and heir, Al-Muktafi, as governor.

title: 896

text: Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shaybani, Muslim ruler of Diyar Bakr, surrenders at the besieged capital of Amid (modern Turkey) to Caliph Al-Mu'tadid in exchange for clemency. Al-Muktafi, the son of Al-Mu'tadid, is installed as governor of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), ending the semi-independent Shaybanid Dynasty, which has ruled in Diyar Bakr since the 870s.

title: 899

text: Arab–Byzantine wars: Emperor Leo VI ("the Wise") begins an offensive against the Abbasid army in Cilicia, Upper Mesopotamia and Armenia. He also continues the war against the Muslims in Sicily and southern Italy.

title: 900

section: Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate

text: Arab–Byzantine War: Byzantine forces are defeated by Sayf al-Dawla. He captures the city of Aleppo, and extends his control over the Al-Jazira–Upper Mesopotamia region. Al-Dawla's rule is recognized by the Ikhshidids. With the recovery of Edessa, the Greeks also obtain the fabled Image of Edessa.

title: 944

text: Spring – Emperor John I Tzimiskes divides the Bulgarian territories, recently held by the Kievan Rus', into six new themes. He turns his attention to the East against the Abbasid Caliphate and its vassals, beginning with an invasion of Upper Mesopotamia. John transfers Byzantine troops to Macedonia, and the region of Philippopolis in Thrace, to dilute the Slavs.

title: 972

text: Spring – The Byzantine army, led by General Melias (Domestic of the Schools in the East), continues the operations in Upper Mesopotamia.

title: 973

date: September

text: September – Saladin invades the Jazira Region, ending the truce between him and the Zangids. After a feint attack on Aleppo, he crosses the Euphrates. The towns of the Jazira fall before him; the cities of Edessa, Saruj and Nisibin are captured in October. Saladin presses on to Mosul, and begins the siege of the city on November 10.

title: 1182

section: Events › By place › Levant

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: February 17

text: February 17 – Al-Adil I, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, Jerusalem, and parts of the Jazira takes control of Egypt, and is recognized as sultan of the Ayyubid Empire. During his reign, he promotes trade and good relations with the Crusader States. His son Al-Kamil becomes the effective ruler (viceroy) of Egypt.

title: 1200


slug: uruguay

label: Uruguay

description: sovereign state in South America

section: Science & Discovery

date: July 20

text: July 20 – A partial solar eclipse, part of the Solar Saros 120 cycle, is visible to the natives of southern South America in what are now Brazil, Uruguay and Chile.

title: 1023

section: Events › July–September

date: October 8

text: October 8 – Portuguese explorer Juan Díaz de Solís departs from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain with three ships and 70 men on a disastrous expedition toward the southern part of the continent of South America. Soon after landing at what is now Uruguay, Díaz and most of his crew are killed by the Charrúa people shortly after their arrival in January.

title: 1515

section: Events › October–December

date: January 20

text: January 20 – Juan Díaz de Solís arrives in what is now Punta del Este in Uruguay, where he becomes the first European to sail into the Río de la Plata (in future Argentina). Díaz and nine of his men are attacked and killed by the local Charrúa people shortly after their arrival. although there was likely an expedition earlier in 1511-1512 by João de Lisboa and Estevão de Fróis.

title: 1516

section: Events › January–March

section: Conflict & Security

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, Spanish Captain general of the Río de la Plata, forces the Portuguese to abandon their fortified settlement at what will become the city of Montevideo in Uruguay.

title: 1724

date: August 15

text: August 15 – The Portuguese frigate Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem arrives at Maldonado (now in Uruguay) as Captain Duarte Pereira brings the news that the Spanish–Portuguese War ended by an agreement signed on March 16.

title: 1737

date: March 16

text: March 16 – In Paris, representatives of Spain and Portugal sign an armistice bringing an end to the Spanish–Portuguese War over the area now occupied by the nation of Uruguay and the area now occupied by the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. The news does not reach the fighting parties until five months later.

title: 1737

date: May 18

text: May 18 – Battle of Las Piedras near Las Piedras, Banda Oriental: The independentists of Uruguay gain their first victory.

title: 1811

section: Events › April–June

section: Health & Medicine

date: October 23

text: October 23 – José Gervasio Artigas and 16,000 orientales leave the Banda Oriental del Uruguay, to go into exile.

title: 1811

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: July 9 – The United Provinces of South America (today Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil) declares independence from Spain.

title: 1816

date: August 25

text: August 25 – Uruguay is declared independent of the Empire of Brazil by the Thirty-Three Orientals, a militant revolutionary group led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja.

title: 1825

date: February 20

text: February 20 – Battle of Ituzaingó (Passo do Rosário): A Brazilian Imperial Army force is tactically defeated on the border of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata by Argentine and Uruguayan troops.

title: 1827

date: October 4

text: October 4 – Uruguay gains independence from Brazil.

title: 1828

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Uruguay adopts its first constitution.

title: 1830

section: Climate & Environment

text: Civil war erupts in Uruguay, between supporters of the Blanco and Colorado parties.

title: 1835

section: Events › Date unknown

date: February 3

text: February 3 – Uruguayan Civil War: Argentina supports Oribe of Uruguay, and begins a siege of Montevideo.

title: 1843

text: In Buenos Aires, leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts the Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores.

title: 1860

date: August 10

text: August 10 – An undeclared Uruguayan War begins, when Uruguay refuses an ultimatum from the Empire of Brazil.

title: 1864

section: Events › August

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Uruguayan War: Forces of the Empire of Brazil invade Uruguay, in support of Venancio Flores' Colorado Party.

title: 1864

section: Events › October

date: May 1

text: May 1 – The Treaty of the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay is formally signed, following the outbreak of the Paraguayan War.

title: 1865

section: Events › May

text: Liebig's Extract of Meat Company begins producing tinned corned beef, sold under the label Fray Bentos, from the town in Uruguay where it is processed.

title: 1873

text: A peace treaty is signed between Paraguay and Uruguay.

title: 1882

text: February 21 – The British freighter SS Jumna is last seen passing Rathlin Island off Northern Ireland. Bound from Scotland to deliver a shipment of coal to Uruguay with minimal crew, it never arrives and is never seen again.

title: 1899

section: Events › February

section: Culture & Society

date: May 14

text: May 14 – The three time world champion Club Nacional de Football is founded in Montevideo, Uruguay.

title: 1899

date: October 28

text: October 28 – Panama and Uruguay establish diplomatic relations.

title: 1904

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Uruguay abolishes capital punishment.

title: 1907

section: Events › September

date: December 13

text: December 13 – WWII – Battle of the River Plate: The German heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee is trapped by cruisers , HMNZS Achilles, and after a running battle off the coast of Uruguay. Graf Spee is scuttled by its crew off Montevideo Harbor, on December 17.

title: 1939

section: Events › December

date: March 1

text: March 1 – Arturo Lezama becomes President of the National Council of Government of Uruguay.

title: 1957

section: Events › March

date: January 8

text: January 8 – Tupamaros kidnap Geoffrey Jackson, British ambassador to Uruguay, in Montevideo, keeping him captive until September.

title: 1971

section: Events › January

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Uruguayan president Jorge Pacheco Areco demands emergency powers for 90 days due to kidnappings, and receives them the next day.

title: 1971

date: February 8

text: February 8 – A military insurrection in Uruguay poses an institutional challenge to President Juan María Bordaberry.

title: 1973

date: June 27

text: June 27 – Coup d'état in Uruguay: pressed by the military, President Juan María Bordaberry dissolves Parliament; a 12-year-long civic-military dictatorship begins.

title: 1973

section: Events › June

date: August 24

text: August 24 – In Uruguay, the army captures Marcelo Gelman and his pregnant wife. Gelman is later killed and his wife disappears.

title: 1976

date: August 9

text: August 9 – The military-controlled government of Uruguay announces that it will return the nation to civilian rule through general elections in 1981 for a president and Congress.

title: 1977

date: March 26

text: March 26 – Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunción, establishing Mercosur.

title: 1991


slug: uskudar

label: Üsküdar

description: district of İstanbul, northwestern Turkey

year_label: 410 BCE

text: Alcibiades installs a garrison at Chrysopolis under Theramenes to exact a tithe from all shipping that comes from the Black Sea. This revenue enables the Athenians to put an end to the regime of the Five Thousand and restore their traditional institutions in full. Democracy is restored in Athens. The new demagogue Cleophon dismisses peace overtures made by Sparta.

title: 410 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

date: September 18

text: September 18 – Battle of Chrysopolis: Constantine I definitively defeats Licinius at Chrysopolis, and becomes sole Emperor, thus ending the period of the Tetrarchy. Licinius escapes and gathers around 30,000 of his surviving troops at Nicomedia. Thus, the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy, which began in 306, end with Constantine ruling as sole Emperor.

title: 324

section: Events › Roman Empire

text: Autumn – A military revolt breaks out in the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey). The Byzantine army marches to Chrysopolis, and sends a delegation across the straits of the Hellespont to Constantinople, demanding that the two brothers should remain co-emperors alongside Constantine IV.

title: 681

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

text: Summer – Harun al-Rashid reaches as far as Chrysopolis, across the Bosporus Straits from the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. After the defection of the Armenian general Tatzates, Empress Irene accepts a three-year truce, including the annual payment of a tribute of 70,000 or 90,000 gold dinars, and the handing over of 10,000 silk garments. Harun releases all his captives (5,600 men), including chief minister Staurakios and other hostages.

title: 782

section: Events › By place › Abbasid Empire

text: Summer – Bardanes Tourkos, Byzantine general (strategos), is proclaimed emperor by the troops of the Anatolic, Opsikion, Thracian and Bucellarian themes. The 'rebel' army marches to Chrysopolis, a suburb of Constantinople. After the defection of two of his trusted aides, future emperors Leo the Armenian and Michael the Amorian, Bardanes negotiates peace.

title: 803

text: Fall – Emperor Basil II, supported by a contingent of 6,000 Varangians (the future Varangian Guard), organizes the defences of Constantinople to meet a threat from the insurgents, Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros. Basil crosses the Bosphorus, and leads a surprise attack on the rebel camp of Kalokyros Delphinas, at Chrysopolis. Delphinas is captured and executed, either by crucifixion or by impalement (approximate date).

title: 988

date: June 23

text: June 23 – The Crusader fleet comes within sight of Constantinople, and enters the Bosporus. The Byzantine capital is defended by a garrison of 15,000 soldiers (including 5,000 men of the Varangian Guard), and a fleet of 20 galleys. On June 26, the Byzantine troops skirmish with the Crusader forces, who attack, without success, the cities of Chalcedon and Chrysopolis.

title: 1203

section: Events › By place › Fourth Crusade

text: Florence Nightingale and her team of 38 trained volunteer nurses, having set out on October 21 from England, arrive at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari in the Ottoman Empire, to care for British Army troops wounded in the Crimean War.

title: 1854

section: Events › October–December


slug: utah

label: Utah

description: state of the United States of America

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Led by Brigham Young, many Mormons in the U.S. begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Great Salt Lake in what becomes Utah.

title: 1846

section: Events › January–March

section: Conflict & Security

text: The Tintic War breaks out in Utah.

title: 1856

date: September 11

text: September 11 – The Mountain Meadows massacre occurs in Utah.

title: 1857

section: Events › July–September

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: January 4

text: January 4 – Utah is admitted as the 45th U.S. state.

title: 1896

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: September 3

text: September 3 – English driver Sir Malcolm Campbell becomes the first person to drive an automobile at 300 miles per hour in Blue Bird, establishing a new absolute land speed record of 301.337 mph on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah.

title: 1935

section: Births

date: March 12

text: March 12 – Mitt Romney, American businessman, politician, Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 presidential candidate, and US Senator (R-UT)

title: 1947

section: Births › March

date: December 5

text: December 5 – Ben McAdams, American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from 2019 to 2021 in Utah

title: 1974

section: Births › December

date: December

text: Mia Love, American political commentator and politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from 2015 to 2019 in Utah, the first and to date only black woman elected to congress as a republican

title: 1975

section: Science & Discovery

date: September 8

text: September 8 – The Genesis space probe crash-lands in Utah after a three-year study of the Sun.

title: 2004

date: September 10

text: September 10 – Charlie Kirk, an American right-wing activist and influential ally of President Trump, is assassinated at a campus event in Utah, prompting widespread reactions and reprisals both domestically and internationally.

title: 2025


slug: utrecht

label: Utrecht

description: municipality in the Netherlands and capital city of the province of Utrecht

year_label: 47 CE

text: Romans build the Traiectum fortification near the mouth of the Rhine, which will later grow to be the city of Utrecht.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 47

year_label: 50 CE

text: Utrecht is founded, and a Roman fortification (castellum) is constructed at the Rhine border in the present-day Netherlands.

title: 50s

section: Events › 50 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 69 CE

text: The Batavians attack Roman forts on the Rhine frontier; Fectio and Traiectum (modern Utrecht) are destroyed.

title: AD 69

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Battle of Dorestad: The Frisians under King Radbod are defeated by the Frankish mayor of the palace, Pippin of Herstal. The Rhine delta and Dorestad (modern Netherlands) become Frankish again, as well as the castles of Utrecht and Fechten (approximate date).

title: 689

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Danish Vikings raid the trading settlement of Dorestad (present-day Wijk bij Duurstede), located in the southeast of the province of Utrecht (modern Netherlands).

title: 834

text: Danish Viking raiders, led by King Rorik, conquer Dorestad and Utrecht (modern-day Netherlands). Emperor Lothair I recognizes him as ruler of most of Friesland.

title: 850

section: Religion & Belief

text: Henry I conquers Utrecht (modern-day Netherlands), which has been in possession of the Vikings for 70 years. Balderic, bishop of Utrecht, moves his seat back from Deventer to Utrecht (approximate date).

title: 920

section: Deaths

date: June 4

text: June 4 – Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, ("the Elder") dies of gout in Utrecht after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his 21-year-old son, Henry III ("the Black"), who also becomes king of Italy and Burgundy.

title: 1039

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, dies of cancer in Utrecht after leading an expedition against King Louis VI ("the Fat") of France and then against the citizens of Worms. Having no legitimate children, Henry leaves his possessions to his nephew, Frederick II ("the One-Eyed"), duke of Swabia. At the Hoftag diet in Regensburg, Lothair, duke of Saxony, is elected King of Germany and crowned at Aachen on September 13.

title: 1125

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: A big fire in the city of Utrecht starts near the Jacobikerk.

title: 1402

section: Events › Date unknown

text: June 4 – Squire Francis War: The Battle of the Lek is fought between ships on the Lek river in the Burgundian Netherlands, near Utrecht, between the Hoek rebels (led by Jan van Naaldwijk) and the Cods, the ruling nobility of Burgundian Holland. The 1,400 Hoek warriors suffer 250 deaths, with 400 taken prisoner and van Nalldwijk and the remaining warriors retreating.

title: 1489

section: Events › April–June

date: November 15

text: November 15 – The lands of the Bishopric of Utrecht, now in the Netherlands, are ceded to control of the Habsburgs in return for assistance in suppressing a rebellion by the citizens of Utrecht.

title: 1527

date: June 12

text: June 12 – Battle of Tolhuis: French forces under King Louis XIV cross the Rhine into the Netherlands; the city of Utrecht is occupied by the French Army.

title: 1672

date: August 1

text: August 1 – The 1674 derecho causes a catastrophic impact in Western Europe. In the Netherlands, the derecho causes over 1,050 deaths and devastates cities such as Utrecht and Amsterdam.

title: 1674

date: January 16

text: January 16 – War of the First Coalition: Flanders campaign: The French occupy Utrecht, Netherlands.

title: 1795

section: Events › January–June

date: June 14

text: June 14 – Napoleon Bonaparte orders the establishment of five military camps to defend the coast of France, located at Bayonne, Ghent, Saint-Omer, Compiègne, Saint-Malo, and one in the occupied Netherlands, at Utrecht. Each one has 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry to defend it.

title: 1803


slug: uttar-pradesh

label: Uttar Pradesh

description: state in northern India

year_label: 250 BCE

section: Culture & Society

text: The Mauryan Lion Capital of Ashoka, is erected as part of a pillar at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh in India (approximate date). It is now preserved at the Sarnath Museum in Sarnath.

title: 250 BC

section: Events › By place › India

text: A statue of a Standing Buddha from Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, (during the Gupta period) is made. It is now kept at the Sarnath Museum in India (source states the creation date as 1st to 2nd century BCE).

title: 474

section: Events › By topic › Art

section: Conflict & Security

date: July 2

text: July 2 In India, the Mughal Emperor Akbar departs from the capital, Agra

title: 1564

section: Events › July–September

date: January 27

text: January 27 – At Agra, Bhagwant Das becomes the new Maharaja of the Kingdom of Amber in what is now India's state of Uttar Pradesh, upon the death of his grandfather, the Raja Bharmal.

title: 1574

section: Events › January–March

date: November 13

text: November 13 – In India, the city of Allahabad (modern-day Prayagraj in the state of Uttar Pradesh) is founded as a strategic fortress by Akbar, Emperor of the Mughal Empire.Surendra Nath Sinha (1974).

title: 1583

section: Events › October–December

date: December 7

text: December 7 – The Moti Masjid, an Islamic mosque made completely of white marble and within the walls of the Agra Fort in what is now the city of Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, is dedicated by the Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan, on 16 Muharram 1064.

title: 1653

text: November 13 – India's Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah defeats his brother, pretender Muhammad Ibrahim, in a battle at Hasanpur (in Uttar Pradesh). Ibrahim is returned to incarceration at the citadel of Shahjahanabad, part of modern-day Delhi.

title: 1720

date: December 21

text: December 21 – The Maharaja Chhatrasal, monarch of Bundelkhand in India (part of the modern-day states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh) dies at the age of 82. His kingdom is divided into four parts, with one part going to Baji Rao I of the Marathas and the other three going to his three sons: Harde Sah gets the Panna State, Jagat Rai gets the Jaitpur State and Bharti Chand gets the Jaso State.

title: 1731

date: January 22

text: January 22 – Ram Mandir Pran Pratishtha: The Ram Mandir is inaugurated by Prime Minister, Narendra Modi in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh.

title: 2024

section: Events › January


slug: uzbekistan

label: Uzbekistan

description: sovereign state in Central Asia

text: Arab invaders cross the Oxus River, in what later will be Uzbekistan. Nomadic Turkic tribes continue to control Central Asia.

title: 654

section: Events › By place › Arabian Caliphate

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Arab forces gain power in Central Asia, as Qutayba ibn Muslim becomes governor of Khorasan. The region has grown rich from trade with China and Eastern Europe, its merchants dealing in silk, furs, amber, honey, and walrus ivory. During his rule, Qutayba subjugates the mercantile cities of Bukhara and Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), as well as the Oxus delta area of Khwarezm, south of the Aral Sea.

title: 705

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: After two years of failed efforts, Qutayba ibn Muslim captures Bukhara (Uzbekistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate. The Hephthalite princes of Tokharistan rebel against the Arabs, but are swiftly subdued by Qutayba.

title: 709

text: Arab forces under Qutayba ibn Muslim conquer Khwarezm and Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan).

title: 712

text: Battle of the Defile: An Umayyad relief army (28,000 men) is sent to Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), which is besieged by the Turgesh. The Muslims are ambushed near the Zarafshan Range, at the Tashtakaracha Pass. The battle results in a Pyrrhic victory, with heavy casualties for the Umayyad army, halting Muslim expansion in Central Asia for almost two decades.

title: 731

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: The Samanid Dynasty establishes a court at Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan), which becomes a rival city to Baghdad on the strategic Silk Road.

title: 875

section: Crime & Justice

date: January 12

text: January 12 – Ahmad Samani, emir of the Samanid Empire, is murdered (decapitation) while sleeping in his tent at Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan) by some of his slaves. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son, Nasr II, under the regency of Vizier Abu Abdallah al-Jayhani. The Abbasids try, in vain, to benefit from the turmoil to reconquer Sistan.

title: 914

date: June 21

text: June 21 – A diplomatic delegation is sent from Baghdad to establish trade routes between the Abbasid Caliphate towards Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan). Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab diplomat and traveller, makes contact with Almış, the İltäbär (vassal-king under the Khazars) of Volga Bulgaria, on behalf of Caliph al-Muqtadir.

title: 921

text: The Karakhanids invade from north of the Syr Darya river, ending the Samanid Empire (modern Uzbekistan). The Samanid domains are split between the Ghaznavid Dynasty and the Karakhanids.

title: AD 999

text: The Kalyan minaret (as part of the Po-i-Kalyan mosque complex) is completed in Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan).

title: 1127

section: Events › By topic › Religion

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Timur ascends the throne of Samarkand (in modern-day Uzbekistan).

title: 1368

date: March 18

text: March 18 – News reaches the Timurid Empire that Timur has died, and a period of mourning begins as he is interred at the Gur-e-Amir mausoleum in Samarkand, now in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

title: 1405

text: Abbas I ends the Uzbek raids on his lands.

title: 1597

date: February 16

text: February 16 – In Uzbekistan, an apparent assassination attempt against President Islam Karimov takes place at government headquarters.

title: 1999

section: Events › February

date: May 13

text: May 13 – Uzbek Interior Ministry and National Security Service troops massacre at least 200 protesters in the city of Andijan.

title: 2005

section: Events › May


slug: valdemar-ii-of-denmark

label: Valdemar II of Denmark

description: King of Denmark from 1202 to 1241

section: Births

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Valdemar II (the Conqueror), king of Denmark (d. 1241)

title: 1170

text: Battle of Stellau: Count Adolf III of Holstein is defeated by the Danish army under King Canute VI. Adolf retreats with his forces to Hamburg, where he is besieged and later captured by Duke Valdemar of Schleswig.

title: 1201

section: Events › By place › Europe

section: Culture & Society

text: Valdemar II of Denmark is recognized as king in Norway.

title: 1204

section: Events

date: November 21

text: November 21 – Eric X is crowned – which is the first known coronation of a Swedish king. He strengthens his relationship with his brother-in-law, King Valdemar II of Denmark ("the Conqueror"). Shortly after, Valdemar conquers Danzig (modern-day Gdańsk) on the Baltic coast, and Eastern Pomerania from the Slavonic Wends.

title: 1210

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Livonian Crusade: Danish Crusaders led by King King Valdemar II (the Victorious), conquer Tallinn in the Battle of Lyndanisse. What is to become the flag of Denmark (Dannebrog) allegedly falls from the sky during that battle. Their stronghold in Tallinn will help the Danes conquer the entirety of Danish Estonia.

title: 1219

date: May 7

text: May 7 – Henry I, Count of Schwerin, kidnaps the King of Denmark, Valdemar II and the king's 14-year-old son, Valdemar the Young, after landing with a group of soldiers on the island of Lyø, where King Valdemar had been hunting. King Valdemar will be held captive for three years until Easter Sunday of 1226, and released after payment of 44,000 silver marks and the surrendering of lands taken 20 years earlier in Holstein.

title: 1223

section: Events › April–June

date: November 17

text: November 17 – After being taken prisoner of war at the Battle of Mölln in January, the Danish governor Albrecht signs the Peace of Bardowick in order to obtain his freedom, ceding Holstein to Adolf of Schauenberg, in addition to releasing King Valdemar II of Denmark and his son Valdemar the Younger, who both had been kidnapped in 1223 and held as prisoners.

title: 1225

section: Events › October – December

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Battle of Bornhöved: Count Adolf IV of Holstein – leading a coalition army from the cities of Lübeck and Hamburg, defeats the Danish-German forces of King Valdemar II, and the Welf nobleman Otto I (the Child). Adolf shakes off Danish supremacy and accepts an overlordship by the Archbishopric of Bremen under Archbishop Gerhard II of Lippe. Adolf expands his power and establishes new frontiers within the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1227

date: June 8

text: June 8 – Treaty of Stensby: The Teutonic Knights sign an agreement with King Valdemar II of Denmark ("the Conqueror"). William of Modena, Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master Hermann Balk and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with Denmark. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and become known as the Livonian Order.

title: 1238


slug: valencia

label: Valencia

description: capital city of the Valencian Community, Spain

year_label: 138 BCE

text: Valencia in Spain is founded as a Roman colony.

title: 138 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

section: Conflict & Security

text: Summer – The Taifa of Valencia falls under the domination of El Cid. He stabilizes the region around Valencia, which has revolted against the Moorish puppet ruler Al-Qadir.

title: 1087

text: Summer – Almoravid forces under Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin besiege Valencia, which is defended by Jimena Díaz, widow of Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar. The city holds out until May 1102.

title: 1101

date: May 5

text: May 5 – The short-lived principality created by Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar ends: Valencia is captured by Almoravid forces under Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin. It is later recaptured, evacuated and burned by King Alfonso VI.

title: 1102

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Battle of the Puig: Aragonese forces under Bernat Guillem de Montpeller defeat the Muslim army (some 12,000 men) of the Taifa of Valencia at El Puig. The Almohad forces are routed, and many of the soldiers are slain in the action. Zayyan ibn Mardanish, Almohad ruler and governor of Valencia, is forced to go into exile to Tunisia, while offering the surrender of all castles from the Turia River to Tortosa and Teruel.

title: 1237

text: Peter III, king of Aragon and Valencia (d. 1285)

title: 1239

date: December 1

text: December 1 – A rebellion arises among the Muslim subjects in the region of Valencia. As a punishment, King James I of Aragon ("the Conqueror"), issues an order of expulsion of the Muslims from his realm, leading numerous people into exile in Andalusia and North Africa.

title: 1247

section: Health & Medicine

date: February 24

text: February 24 – Traveling in Valencia in Aragon, Father Joan Gilabert Jofré, known as "Padre Jofré", witnesses a mentally ill man being beaten by two young attackers. After rescuing the victim, Jofré resolves to create the Hospital dels Ignoscents, the world's first psychiatric hospital.

title: 1409

section: Events › January–March

date: August 29

text: August 29 – The brotherhood of the "Sancta dels Folls Dona Nostra i Desamparats Innocents" (Our Lady of the Insane and the Forsaken Innocents) is founded in Valencia to help the mentally ill, but soon extends its mission to take care of homeless and abandoned children.

title: 1414

section: Events › July–September

section: Religion & Belief

date: May 11

text: May 11 – From Valencia in Spain, the Antipope Benedict XIII issues a papal bull with eleven prohibitions against Jews, including a ban on teaching, reading or possessing the Talmud; prohibition of Jewish possession of Christian artifacts or Christian books; limiting each town to only one synagogue; barring Jews from serving specific jobs or making contracts; segregating Jews from Christians in all public places; and requiring all Jews to wear "a red and yellow sign" on their clothes. Jews who convert to the Roman Catholic faith become exempt from the restrictions

title: 1415

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: March 16

text: March 16 – A major fire destroys the centre of Valencia.

title: 1447

date: November 20

text: November 20 – The first edition of the chivalric romance Tirant lo Blanch, by Joanot Martorell, is printed in Valencia.

title: 1490

section: Events › October–December

date: July 20

text: July 20 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon returns to Valencia to resume his rule of his Spanish kingdom.

title: 1507

section: Events › July—September

date: August 24

text: August 24 – Siege of Cádiz: Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult abandons the two-and-a-half-year siege at Cádiz. He withdraws eastward with his forces to join King Joseph Bonaparte and Louis-Gabriel Suchet in Valencia.

title: 1812

date: July 26

text: July 26 – Cayetano Ripoll becomes the last person to be executed by the Spanish Inquisition's successor at its last auto-da-fé, held in Valencia.

title: 1826


slug: valens

label: Valens

description: Roman emperor from 364 to 378

text: Flavius Julius Valens, Roman emperor (d. 378)

title: 328

date: March 28

text: March 28 – Valens, brother of Valentinian I, is appointed co-emperor (Augustus) in the palace of Hebdomon (Turkey). He rules the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire, from the Danube to the Persian border, and begins the first anti-pagan persecutions.

title: 364

text: Emperor Valens orders the expulsion of the Alexandrian bishop Athanasius from his see, but instead of going into exile Athanasius, now about 67, moves to the outskirts of Alexandria.

title: AD 365

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: April

text: April – Battle of Thyatira: Emperor Valens defeats the troops of Procopius, bringing an end to his revolt; Serenianus and Marcellus are killed. Procopius flees the battlefield, but is executed by Valens.

title: 366

text: Emperor Valens is baptized by Eudoxius of Antioch.

title: 367

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Spring – Emperor Valens crosses the Danube, and attacks the Gothic tribes (Greuthungi and Tervingi). Valens and Athanaric, the Gothic king, eventually sign a treaty.

title: 369

text: A law of Valentinian I and Valens bans marriages between Romans and barbarians under penalty of death.

title: 370

text: Emperor Valens is converted to Arianism, and orders the persecution of Trinitarian Christians in the Roman East.

title: 373

text: Gothic War: Emperor Valens permits the Visigothic chieftain Fritigern and his people to cross the Danube from Thrace (later Romania), and settle on Roman soil in Lower Moesia, on the condition that they provide soldiers to the legions. The Visigoths embark by troops on boats and rafts, and canoes made from hollowed tree trunks. The river is swollen by frequent rains; a large number try to swim and are drowned in their struggle against the force of the stream.

title: 376

text: Emperor Valens requests his nephew Gratian to send Roman troops against the Goths. He responds by sending the ageing General Frigeridus with elite reinforcements that Ammianus calls ‘Pannonian and Transalpine auxiliaries (Pannonicis et Transalpinis auxiliis).’ Gratian also sends Richomeres, his Frankish commander of household troops (comes domesticorum), at the head of a number of troops drawn from the Gallic field army.

title: 377

text: Spring – Emperor Valens returns to Constantinople and mobilises an army (40,000 men). He appoints Sebastianus, newly arrived from Italy, as magister militum to reorganize the Roman armies in Thrace.

title: 378

section: Deaths

date: August 9

text: August 9 – Valens, Roman consul and emperor (b. 328)

title: 378