slug: robert-menzies

label: Robert Menzies

description: Australian politician, 12th Prime Minister of Australia (1894-1978)

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: April 18

text: April 18 – Robert Menzies is elected leader of the United Australia Party, and consequently becomes the 12th Prime Minister of Australia, defeating former Prime Minister Billy Hughes. However, he will not be sworn in until April 26, because of the refusal of Earle Page and his Country Party to serve under him.

title: 1939

section: Events › April

date: September 21

text: September 21 – 1940 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' UAP/Country Coalition Government is re-elected as a minority government, narrowly defeating the Labor Party led by John Curtin. It is the last federal election to result in a minority government until 2010.

title: 1940

section: Events › September

date: August 29

text: August 29 – Robert Menzies resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, after losing the support of his party. He will not return to the Prime Ministership until 1949. Arthur Fadden, leader of the Country Party, consequently becomes Prime Minister, while former Prime Minister Billy Hughes replaces Menzies as UAP leader.

title: 1941

section: Events › August

date: December 10

text: December 10 – 1949 Australian federal election: The Liberal/Country Coalition led by Robert Menzies defeats the Labor government, led by Prime Minister Ben Chifley. Menzies is sworn in on December 19, his second stint as prime minister; he will hold the office for over 16 years until his retirement in 1966 and Labor will not win office again until 1972, under Gough Whitlam.

title: 1949

section: Events › December

date: May 9

text: May 9 – Australian Senate election, 1953: The Liberal/Country Coalition Government, led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies, holds their Senate majority, despite gains made by the Labor Party, led by H. V. Evatt. This is the first occasion where a Senate election is held without an accompanying House of Representatives election.

title: 1953

section: Events › May

date: May 29

text: May 29 – 1954 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by H.V. Evatt. The election has come shortly after the Petrov Affair, arguably helping the Government survive what was initially predicted to be a defeat.

title: 1954

text: December 10 – 1955 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a substantially increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by H. V. Evatt. This election comes in the immediate aftermath of the devastating split in the Labor Party, which leads to the formation of the Democratic Labor Party. The DLP will preference against Labor, and keep the Coalition in office until 1972.

title: 1955

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: November 22

text: November 22 – 1958 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by H.V. Evatt. This is the first election where television is used as a medium for communicating with voters. Evatt will eventually resign as Labor leader and will be replaced by his deputy Arthur Calwell.

title: 1958

section: Events › November

date: December 9

text: December 9 – 1961 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a one-seat majority, narrowly defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell. One of the closest election results in Australian history, such a result will not be replicated again until 2016. Notably, former Prime Minister Earle Page loses his seat, although he dies a few days later, never knowing the result.

title: 1961

date: November 30

text: November 30 – 1963 Australian federal election: Robert Menzies' Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with an increased majority to an unprecedented eighth term in office, defeating the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell. (This would be the final lower house election won by Menzies, who would retire from office during the term as the longest-serving Prime Minister in Australian history; he would be replaced by Harold Holt.)

title: 1963

date: December 5

text: December 5 – Australian Senate election, 1964: The Liberal/Country Coalition Government led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies hold their status quo, while the Labor Party led by Arthur Calwell lose one seat to the Democratic Labor Party, who hold the balance of power in the Senate alongside independent Reg Turnbull.

title: 1964


slug: robert-the-bruce

label: Robert the Bruce

description: King of Scotland (1306–1329)

section: Births

date: July 11

text: July 11 – Robert the Bruce, king of Scotland (d. 1329)

title: 1274

text: Isabella of Mar, Scottish noblewoman, wife of Robert the Bruce (d. 1296)

title: 1277

section: Deaths

text: Isabella of Mar, Scottish countess, spouse of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland

title: 1296

section: Religion & Belief

date: July

text: July – In Scotland, a group of nobles forms a confederacy (organized by Robert Wishart, bishop of Glasgow), but are defeated by English troops at Irvine. An agreement of submission to Edward I of England is signed by the future Scottish king Robert the Bruce and other Scottish leaders.

title: 1297

section: Events › By place › British Isles

date: January 26

text: January 26 – At the suggestion of France, and pursuant to the treaty signed between England and France at Asnières, King Edward I of England ("Edward Longshanks") and the Scottish nobles led by Robert the Bruce agree to a nine-month peace treaty at Linlithgow, to last until St. Andrew's Day, November 30, 1302.

title: 1302

section: Events › January–March

section: Crime & Justice

date: February 10

text: February 10 – Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn III, Scottish nobleman and political rival, before the high altar of the Greyfriars Church at Dumfries. Bruce and Comyn meet to discuss their differences at the church (without their swords). An argument between the two ensues, and Bruce draws his dagger in anger and stabs Comyn. He flees the church, telling his followers outside what has occurred. Roger de Kirkpatrick, cousin of Bruce, goes back inside and finishes off the seriously wounded Comyn. In response, Bruce is excommunicated by Pope Clement V.

title: 1306

section: Events › January – March

section: Conflict & Security

text: Spring – King Robert the Bruce, King of Scots crosses with a small force (some 600 men) from the Isle of Arran in the Firth of Clyde to his earldom of Carrick in Ayrshire. He attacks the English garrison at Turnberry Castle, plundering and destroying the stronghold. Meanwhile, The Black Douglas attacks the English garrison in Douglas Castle at Palm Sunday – while they are slaughtered during a church mass (known as the "Douglas Larder").

title: 1307

section: Events › By place › Britain

date: December 25

text: December 25 – On Christmas Day, the 3-day Battle of Slioch begins in Scotland, with King Robert the Bruce and his men turning back the forces of John Comyn.

title: 1307

section: Events › October – December

date: May 23

text: May 23 – Battle of Inverurie: Scottish forces led by King Robert the Bruce defeat the rival Scots under John Comyn at Oldmeldrum. During the battle, Robert repulses a surprise attack on his camp, and counter-attacks the Scots of Clan Comyn. John flees to seek refuge at the English court and is well received by Edward II, who appoints him as Lord Warden of the Marches. Meanwhile, Robert orders his forces to burn the farms, houses and strongholds associated with Clan Cumming in north-east Scotland. The Earldom of Buchan will never again rise for Clan Cumming.

title: 1308

section: Events › April – June

date: February 24

text: February 24 – A group of 12 Scottish Catholic bishops, including William Sinclair, Bishop of Dunkeld, swear fealty to Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland.

title: 1310

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Writing from Kildrum, King Robert the Bruce of Scotland attempts to establish peace talks with King Edward II of England (who is encamped in Scotland at Biggar) but Edward refuses to negotiate.

title: 1310

date: January 13

text: January 13 – English royal favourite Piers Gaveston, having returned secretly from two months exile on the continent, is reunited, probably at Knaresborough Castle, with King Edward II, who on January 18 restores all Gaveston's confiscated lands to him. They plan to travel to Scotland to seek help from King Robert the Bruce.

title: 1312

date: January 8

text: January 8 – King Robert the Bruce of Scotland recaptures Perth Castle from the English, then orders the walls and the building to be destroyed in order to prevent it from ever being used by the English again as a garrison.

title: 1313

date: May 17

text: May 17 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland, leads an invasion of the Isle of Man, landing at Ramsey with a multitude of ships and captures it within five days. The only resistance is presented by the lord of Castle Rushen, and King Robert concentrates his efforts on a siege of the castle starting on May 22.

title: 1313

date: October 21

text: October 21 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland delivers an ultimatum at a meeting of the Scottish nobles at an assembly in Dundee, giving Scots who have not yet come into his peace agreement a year to swear fealty to him or lose all their estates. The Scottish nobles of Lothian appeal to Edward II for protection, who promises to bring an English expeditionary force by midsummer in 1314.

title: 1313

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Battle of Bannockburn begins: English forces approach the Scottish positions at Torwood, mounted troops under Gilbert de Clare are confronted by Scottish forces and repulsed. During the fierce fighting, Henry de Bohun is killed in a duel by King Robert the Bruce. Edward II and forward elements, mainly cavalry, encamp at Bannockburn near Stirling in central Scotland. The baggage train and the majority of the forces arrive in the evening.

title: 1314

date: June 24

text: June 24 – Battle of Bannockburn (First War of Scottish Independence): Scottish forces (some 8,000 men) led by Robert the Bruce defeat the English army at Bannockburn, securing de facto independence for Scotland. During the battle, the Scottish pikemen formed in schiltrons (or phalanx) repulses the English cavalry (some 2,000 men). Edward II flees with his bodyguard (some 500 men), while panic spreads among the remaining forces, turning their defeat into a rout. Stirling Castle is surrendered to the Scots.

title: 1314

date: September 29

text: September 29 – In exchange for captured English nobles, Edward II releases Elizabeth de Burgh, wife of Robert the Bruce, his sister Mary Bruce, and his daughter Marjorie Bruce.

title: 1314

section: Events › July – September

date: April 26

text: April 26 – The Scottish parliament is convened at Ayr, and proclaims Edward Bruce as the legal heir to the throne to succeed if his brother, King Robert the Bruce, dies.

title: 1315

date: July 22

text: July 22 – Siege of Carlisle: Scottish forces led by King Robert the Bruce besiege Carlisle Castle in England, but the stronghold holds out, due to a well-conducted defense organized by Andrew Harclay and the siege is abandoned by August 1.

title: 1315

date: May 2

text: May 2 – In an attempt to stir the Irish nobles into rebellion against English rule, Edward Bruce, brother of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland is crowned High King of Ireland.

title: 1316

date: December 3

text: December 3 – The Parliament of Scotland meets at Scone and votes to designate Robert Stewart, grandson of King Robert the Bruce as the heir presumptive. Robert Stewart is the son of Robert the Bruce's late daughter Marjorie Bruce and of Walter Stewart. On the birth of David as Robert the Bruce's son in 1324, Robert Stewart will become second in line for the throne, eventually becoming King Robert II in 1371.

title: 1318

date: May

text: May – Having captured Berwick-upon-Tweed, Scottish forces under King Robert the Bruce raid Yorkshire and burn Northallerton, Boroughbridge and Knaresborough (where some 140 houses are destroyed). They also terrorize the citizens of Ripon, who are spared destruction, on payment of 1,000 marks.

title: 1318

date: December 21

text: December 21 – Representatives of England's King Edward II and Scotland's King Robert the Bruce sign a two-year truce. Hostilities are to cease until Christmas Day, 1321, with the Scots to build no new castles in the sheriffdoms of Berwick, Roxburgh, and Dumfries, and the English were to either transfer the Harbottle garrison in Northumberland to Scotland, or to destroy it. A long-term peace is still far off because of Edward's arrogant refusal to relinquish his claims of sovereignty over the Scots.

title: 1319

date: April 6

text: April 6 – Declaration of Arbroath: King Robert the Bruce sends a letter to Pope John XXII. He asks him to recognize Scottish sovereignty, and Robert's right to be ruler of Scotland, hoping that he will lift the excommunication order under which Robert is being held for the death of John Comyn III.

title: 1320

date: November 2

text: November 2 – Scotland's King Robert the Bruce ends his "Great Raid" campaign after six weeks, and withdraws his troops from northern England.

title: 1322

date: October 14

text: October 14 – "Great Raid": Battle of Old Byland – Scottish forces led by King Robert the Bruce defeat the English army in Yorkshire. During the battle, Robert and his highlanders charge themselves in a flanking position, from where the English troops are overrun, the most significant Scots victory over the English since Bannockburn in 1314. Edward II narrowly escapes capture and is forced to abandon his personal equipment, silver plate, jewelry and horse trappings. He flees with his retinue to Bridlington.

title: 1322

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Scotland's King Robert the Bruce begins the "Great Raid" on sites in northern England, leading troops across the River Tweed and starting with an attack on Norham Castle. England's King Edward II responds with an order directing the English Army to assemble at Newcastle upon Tyne to make a counterattack.

title: 1322

date: January 3

text: January 3 – Englishman Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, who had recently defeated rebel Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge, commits treason by signing a peace treaty with Scotland's King Robert the Bruce.

title: 1323

date: May 30

text: May 30 – King Edward II of England makes a 13-year truce with Scotland at York. Despite the truce, Edward refuses to accept Robert the Bruce as ruler of an independent Scottish kingdom.

title: 1323

date: October 27

text: October 27 – Elizabeth de Burgh, queen of Robert the Bruce

title: 1327

date: June 7

text: June 7 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (b. 1274)

title: 1329

text: Matilda, daughter of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland

title: 1353


slug: robert-walpole

label: Robert Walpole

description: British statesman and art collector, 1st Earl of Orford (1676–1745)

date: August 26

text: August 26 – Robert Walpole, first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1745)

title: 1676

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: February 17

text: February 17 (February 6, 1700 O.S.) – The 5th Parliament of William III in England assembles. Future British Prime Minister Robert Walpole enters the House of Commons for the first time and soon makes his name as a spokesman for Whig policy.

title: 1701

section: Events › January–June

date: October 12

text: October 12 – Baron Onslow resigns as Great Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer and is replaced by future Prime Minister Robert Walpole.

title: 1715

section: Events › October–December

date: April 4

text: April 4 – Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (although this is more a term of disparagement at this time).

title: 1721

section: Events › April–June

date: May 9

text: May 9 – The 1722 British general election (began March 19) closes with Prime Minister Robert Walpole's Whig Party increasing its majority in the House of Commons of Great Britain, capturing 48 additional seats from the Tory Party and having a 389 to 169 advantage.

title: 1722

date: October 17

text: October 17 – With voting for the British House of Commons concluding, the Whigs, led by Sir Robert Walpole, increase their supermajority, winning 415 of the 558 seats. The Tories share of Commons decreases from 169 to 128.

title: 1727

date: May 15

text: May 15 – Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, retires from his role in the government of Great Britain, leaving Robert Walpole as sole and undisputed leader of the Cabinet (i.e., prime minister). In the new Walpole ministry, Sir William Strickland, 4th Baronet, becomes Secretary at War, and Henry Pelham is Paymaster of the Forces; Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington briefly becomes Lord Privy Seal.

title: 1730

section: Economy & Finance

text: April 6 – After British Prime Minister Robert Walpole's proposed excise tax bill results in rioting over the imposition of additional taxes and the use of government agents to collect them, Walpole informs the House of Commons that he will withdraw the legislation.

title: 1733

date: June 6

text: June 6 – With the conclusion of the British general election (voting having begun in some constituencies on April 22), the Whigs, led by Prime Minister Robert Walpole, lose 85 seats but retain their majority.

title: 1734

date: September 22

text: September 22 – Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, becomes the first British premier to move into London's 10 Downing Street.

title: 1735

section: Events › July–September

date: February 13

text: February 13 – Sir Robert Walpole, the prime minister of Great Britain, popularizes the term "the balance of power" in a speech in Parliament.

title: 1741

date: June 11

text: June 11 – 1741 British general election, begun on April 30, concludes with Prime Minister Robert Walpole's Whigs retaining their majority in the House of Commons but losing 44 seats to candidates who have defected to the new Patriot Whigs to oppose his policies.

title: 1741

date: January 28

text: January 28? – The House of Commons of Great Britain votes on the alleged rigging of the Chippenham by-election. It becomes a motion of no confidence, which leads to the resignation of Robert Walpole.

title: 1742

date: January 9

text: January 9 – Robert Walpole is made Earl of Orford, and resigns as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, effectively ending his period as Prime Minister of Great Britain. On his formally relinquishing office five days later, he will have served 20 years and 314 days as Prime Minister, the longest single term ever, and also longer than the accumulated terms of any other British Prime Minister.

title: 1742


slug: roger-i-of-sicily

label: Roger I of Sicily

description: Grand Count of Sicily from 1071 to 1101

section: Births

text: Roger I (the Great Count), Norman nobleman (d. 1101)

title: 1031

text: Summer – Norman forces under Duke Robert Guiscard invade Apulia, and capture the cities of Taranto and Brindisi (under control of the Byzantine Empire). Guiscard prepares a Sicilian expedition against the Saracens and returns to Calabria (Southern Italy), where his brother Roger Bosso waits with siege engines.

title: 1060

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Spring – Robert de Grandmesnil, his nephew Berengar, half-sister Judith (future wife of Roger I), and eleven monks of the Abbey of Saint-Evroul, are banished by Duke William II ("the Bastard") of Normandy for violence, and travel to Southern Italy.

title: 1061

text: Battle of Cerami: Duke Roger I leads a small Norman force (supported by 136 mounted knights), and defeats a much larger Saracen army (35,000 men) at Cerami (near Troina) in Sicily.

title: 1063

date: January 10

text: January 10 – The Normans under Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger I ("Boso") conquer Palermo (after a one year siege). Roger receives the keys of the city, and Robert invests him with the title of Count of Sicily. The Emirate of Sicily rules only the southern part of the island, with Syracuse as the capital (until 1091).

title: 1072

text: Siege of Syracuse (1086) – Norman forces under Count Roger I ("Bosso") conquer Syracuse, the last Muslim stronghold in Sicily.

title: 1086

text: Summer – The Norman invasion of Malta: A Norman fleet led by Count Roger I of Sicily ("Bosso") arrives in Malta. Roger disembarks his army, and besieges the island's capital Medina (modern-day Mdina). The inhabitants negotiate peace terms (by promising to pay an annual tribute) and swear an oath of loyalty to Roger. On the way back, the Normans sack the island Gozo.

title: 1091

section: Deaths

date: June 22

text: June 22 – Roger I, count of Sicily, dies at Mileto in Calabria after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Simon of Hauteville, while his mother, Adelaide del Vasto, acts as his regent.

title: 1101

section: Culture & Society

date: September

text: September – King Baldwin I of Jerusalem marries Adelaide del Vasto, the wealthy widow of Count Roger I of Sicily ('Bosso') in Acre. She lands in Palestine accompanied by Arab soldiers (her personal bodyguard) and travels to Jerusalem. Their marriage is bigamous, because Baldwin is legally still married to his second wife Arda of Armenia.

title: 1113

section: Events › By place › Levant


slug: roger-ii-of-sicily

label: Roger II of Sicily

description: King of Sicily from 1130 to 1154

date: December 22

text: December 22 – Roger II, king of Sicily (d. 1154)

title: 1095

section: Religion & Belief

text: Bohemond I, Norman prince of Antioch, arrives in Apulia (Southern Italy) after an absence of 9 years. He travels to Rome and meets Pope Paschal II. His cousin, Roger II becomes count of Sicily.

title: 1105

text: Conflict between the de facto independent Muslim republics of Gabès and Mahdia (modern Tunisia) in Ifriqiya. Madhia is supported by the Zirid Dynasty while Gabes receives the aid of Roger II, count of Sicily.

title: 1117

section: Events › By place › Africa

text: Summer – King Roger II of Sicily claims the Hauteville possessions in Italy as well the overlordship of Capua. However, a coalition of Norman noblemen in Apulia and Calabria resist (supported by Pope Honorius II) against Sicilian rule. The same year, Roger regains control over Malta after a rebellion. Roger II also establishes a pact with the maritime Republic of Savona to guarantee the security of the Mediterranean Sea, probably following an Almoravid raid against the Sicilian realm.

title: 1127

date: August

text: August – Pope Honorius II invests Roger II of Sicily as duke of Apulia at Benevento, after his failure to form a coalition against Roger.

title: 1128

text: September – Roger II of Sicily gains recognition as duke at Melfi from the Norman nobles of Naples, Bari, Capua, Salerno and other cities that have resisted him.

title: 1129

date: December 25

text: December 25 – Antipope Anacletus crowns Roger II of Sicily king.

title: 1130

section: Events

date: February 14

text: February 14 – Pope Innocent II succeeds Pope Honorius II, as the 164th pope. Other factions (including Roger II of Sicily), however, support Anacletus II as pope, leading to the papal schism of 1130, and Innocent flees to France.

title: 1130

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Battle of Nocera: Rebel Normans under Count Ranulf II defeat the Sicilian forces, led by King Roger II. Seven hundred knights are captured, and Roger is forced to retreat to Salerno.

title: 1132

text: Roger II of Sicily defeats a revolt in Naples.

title: 1134

section: Events › By place › Mediterranean

text: Count Hugh II (du Puiset), in alliance with the Egyptian city of Ascalon, revolts against King Fulk V of Jerusalem, attempting to take Jaffa. Hugh submits to Fulk and is exiled for three years. While awaiting for a boat to Italy he is attacked by a Breton knight, but survives the attempted murder. Hugh retires to the Sicilian court of his cousin, King Roger II, who appoints him to the lordship of Gargano, where he dies soon afterwards.

title: 1134

section: Events › By place › Asia

text: Summer – King Roger II lands with a Sicilian expeditionary force in Salerno. He splits his army, and conquers the cities of Aversa and Alife. Roger besieges Naples – but despite poor health conditions within the city, he is not able to take it, and returns again to Messina.

title: 1135

text: Summer – Emperor Lothair III invades southern Italy in response to the appeal of Emperor John II Komnenos (see 1135) and conquers Apulia from King Roger II of Sicily. Duke Grimoald of Bari, supported by Lothair III, rebels against Roger.

title: 1136

date: October 30

text: October 30 – Battle of Rignano: Sergius VII, duke (magister militum) of Naples, is defeated by the Sicilian forces under King Roger II of Sicily. Sergius is killed and Roger establishes direct control over Naples – nominating his 17-year-old son Alfonso of Capua as the new duke.

title: 1137

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Second Council of the Lateran: Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated by Pope Innocent II.

title: 1139

section: Events › By region › Europe

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Treaty of Mignano: Pope Innocent II proclaims Roger II of Sicily as King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia and Prince of Capua.

title: 1139

text: Summer – King Roger II promulgates the Assizes of Ariano (a series of laws to rule the Norman Kingdom of Sicily) after the pacification of southern Italy.

title: 1140

text: Spring – Italo-Norman forces under King Roger II of Sicily invade the Papal States to force Pope Lucius II to accept his truce, but the patrician Giordano Pierleoni, brother of the late Antipope Anacletus II, leads the Roman populace to proclaim a constitutional republic free of papal authority with regard to civil rule. Pierleoni takes over the papal capital, and establishes the Commune of Rome in the style of the old Roman Republic.

title: 1144

text: Summer – King Roger II launches a full scale invasion into North Africa, seizing lands from Emir Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali in what is now parts of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya – thereby opening up more of the mercantile wealth of the Muslim world to Sicilian merchants. On June 18, George of Antioch conquers Tripoli and establishes more Sicilian authority.

title: 1146

text: A Sicilian fleet (some 70 ships) under George of Antioch attacks Corfu, the island surrenders and welcomes the Normans as their liberators. Leaving a garrison of 1,000 men, George sails to the Peloponnesus. He pillages the cities of Corinth, Athens and Thebes. King Roger II begins an 11-year war between Sicily and the Byzantine Empire.

title: 1147

date: September 8

text: September 8 – Conrad III sails from Acre to Thessaloniki and forms an alliance with Manuel I against King Roger II of Sicily. During his visit Henry II, Duke of Austria ('Jasomirgott') marries Manuel's niece, Theodora Komnene.

title: 1148

section: Events › By place › Second Crusade

section: Crime & Justice

text: Spring – Emperor Manuel I Komnenos recovers Corfu with the help of the Venetians, who defeat the Sicilian fleet. During the three-month siege, Byzantine admiral Stephen Kontostephanos is killed by a stone thrown by a catapult. Manuel prepares an offensive against the Normans; King Roger II sends a fleet (some 40 ships) under George of Antioch, to pillage the suburbs of Constantinople.

title: 1149

section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: King Roger II sends a Sicilian expedition under Admiral Philip of Mahdia to conquer Ifriqiya. With the support of Muslim troops, the Siculo-Normans suppress a rebellion on Djerba and invade the Kerkennah Islands.

title: 1153

date: February 26

text: February 26 – King Roger II dies at Palermo after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his fourth son William I ("the Bad"') as ruler of Sicily. William appoints Maio of Bari, a man of low birth, to chancellor and his adviser. He pursues his father's policy of strengthening authority over the towns and the Italian nobles, who rally around his cousin Robert III, count of Loritello, in Apulia and Calabria.

title: 1154

date: November 11

text: November 11 – King William II of Sicily ("the Good"), having made peace with Emperor Isaac II and abandoned Thessalonika and other conquests, dies childless at Palermo. The Sicilian nobles elect Tancred of Lecce (illegitimate son of Roger II) as the new ruler of Sicily, instead of Princess Constance and her husband Henry VI, to avoid German rule.

title: 1189

section: Events › By place › Continental Europe

date: June 19

text: June 19 – King Roger, an opera about Roger II of Sicily by Karol Szymanowski, is premiered at the Grand Theatre in Warsaw.

title: 1926

section: Events › June


slug: roman-aqueduct

label: Roman aqueduct

description: type of aqueduct built by the Romans

year_label: 33 BCE

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa is self demoted to Aedile, and builds the Aqua Julia, one of the aqueducts on which Rome's water supply depends, as well as cleaning the Cloaca Maxima sewerage system.

title: 33 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 2 BCE

text: c. 2 BC: The Aqua Alsietina (or Aqua Augusta), which was a Roman aqueduct in Rome, is constructed during the reign of Augustus.

title: 0s BC

section: Events › Year unknown › Roman Empire

year_label: 34 CE

text: The Roman aqueduct Pont du Gard is constructed, running for 50 km, ending at Nîmes.

title: 30s

section: Events › 34 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 40 CE

text: Construction begins on the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Gallia Narbonensis (approximate date).

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 40

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: June 24

text: June 24 – The Aqua Traiana is inaugurated by Emperor Trajan; the aqueduct channels water from Lake Bracciano, 40 km mi northwest of Rome.

title: AD 109

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: The Aqueduct of Valens is inaugurated near Constantinople (modern Istanbul); the aqueduct has a length of 971 meters.

title: 373

text: Valens completes the aqueduct of Constantinople begun by Constantine I.

title: 378

section: Events › By topic › Architecture

section: Conflict & Security

date: November

text: November – Siege of Naples: Belisarius captures Naples after a month's siege, by sending troops into the city through an abandoned Roman aqueduct.

title: 536

section: Events › By place › Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire

text: Vitiges sets up seven camps, overlooking the main gates and access routes to the city, in order to starve it out. He blocks the Roman aqueducts that are supplying Rome with water, necessary both for drinking and for operating the corn mills.

title: 537


slug: roman-army

label: Roman army

description: terrestrial forces of Roman governments

year_label: 122 BCE

text: Gracchus passes a law requiring the state to provide weapons and equipment for the soldiers in the Roman army.

title: 122 BC

year_label: 105 BCE

text: Gaius Marius, together with the consul Publius Rutilius Rufus, initiates sweeping reforms of the Roman army.

title: 105 BC

year_label: 90 BCE

text: Cicero starts to serve in the Roman army.

title: 90 BC

year_label: 89 BCE

text: Cicero ends his service in the Roman army.

title: 89 BC

year_label: 80 BCE

text: Battle of the Baetis River: A force of Populares exiles under Sertorius defeat the legal Roman army of Lucius Fulfidias in Hispania, starting the Sertorian War; Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius takes command on behalf of Sulla.

title: 80 BC

year_label: 29 BCE

text: Start of the Cantabrian Wars against Roman occupation in Hispania.

title: 29 BC

year_label: 28 BCE

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Roman Senate grants Octavian Caesar imperium maius (supreme command) of the Roman armed forces (Around 28 legions).

title: 28 BC

year_label: 16 CE

text: A Roman army of 50,000 men commanded by Germanicus gains a great victory at Idistaviso, defeating the German war chief Arminius, and recovering the lost eagles of Varus' legions.

title: 10s

section: Events › 16 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 17 CE

text: Tacfarinas, Numidian deserter from the Roman army, begins a guerrilla war against the Romans. He leads his own Musulamii tribe and a coalition of Berbers, attacking the Limes Tripolitanus, a fortified zone (limes) of the Roman Empire in Africa.

title: 10s

section: Events › 17 AD › Africa

year_label: 47 CE

text: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is made commander of the Roman army in Germania Inferior. He conquers the Chauci and fights against the Cherusci and Frisians.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 47

year_label: 66 CE

text: Mid–late October – Cestius Gallus, legate of Syria, marches into Judea and leads a Roman army of 30,000 men to put down the Jewish rebellion. At its core is Legio XII Fulminata, plus 2,000 selected men from the other three Syrian legions, six more cohorts of infantry and four alae of cavalry, plus over 14,000 auxiliaries furnished by Rome's eastern allies, including Herod Agrippa II and two other client kings, Antiochus IV of Commagene and Sohaemus of Emesa, who lead their forces (largely archers and cavalry) in person.

title: AD 66

year_label: 67 CE

text: Vespasian is joined by his son Titus, who brings Legio XV Apollinaris from Alexandria. By late spring the Roman army numbers more than 60,000 soldiers, including auxilia and troops of King Herod Agrippa II.

title: AD 67

year_label: 70 CE

text: About April 21 – Titus opens a full-scale assault on Jerusalem, concentrating his attack on the city's Third Wall (HaHoma HaShlishit) to the northwest. The Roman army begins trying to breach the wall using testudos, mantlets, siege towers, and battering rams.

title: AD 70

year_label: 72 CE

text: First Jewish–Roman War: The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) under Sextus Lucilius Bassus lays siege to the Jewish garrison of Machaerus at the Dead Sea. After they capitulate, the Zealots are allowed to leave the fortress before it is destroyed.

title: AD 72

year_label: 73 CE

text: Spring – The Roman governor Lucius Flavius Silva lays siege to Masada, the last outpost of the Jewish rebels following the end, in AD 70, of the First Jewish-Roman War (Jewish Revolt). The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) surrounds the mountain fortress with a 7-mile long siege wall (circumvallation) and builds a rampart of stones and beaten earth against the western approach. After the citadel is conquered, 960 Zealots under the leadership of Eleazar ben Ya'ir commit mass suicide when defeat becomes imminent.

title: AD 73

year_label: 77 CE

text: Winter – Agricola conquers Anglesey, and disperses his army to their winter quarters.

title: AD 77

year_label: 92 CE

text: The Roman army moves into Mesopotamia (modern Syria).

title: AD 92

date: August 11

text: August 11 – The south-eastern part of Dacia (modern Romania) becomes a Roman province: Roman Dacia. The veterans of the legions are given land in the new province for their service in the Roman army.

title: AD 106

text: Trajan makes Syria a province of Rome and crosses the Tigris to annex Adiabene. He proceeds with his army to the Persian Gulf and conquers territory that becomes the province of Parthia.

title: AD 116

section: Health & Medicine

text: Antonine Plague: A pandemic breaks out in Rome, after the Roman army returns from Parthia. The plague significantly depopulates the Roman Empire and China.

title: AD 165

text: The Lombards invade Pannonia (modern Hungary). They are quickly dispatched by the Roman Army.

title: AD 166

text: The Roman army crosses the Alps into Pannonia, and subdues the Marcomanni at Carnuntum, north of the Danube.

title: AD 168

text: The Suebian tribes of the Marcomanni cross the Danube and invade Northern Italy. The Roman army (20,000 men) is destroyed near Carnuntum in Pannonia.

title: AD 170

text: Miracle in Moravia: As the Roman army is encircled by the Quadi under intense heat, a violent thunderstorm sweeps away the Quadi in a torrent of water and mud, and refreshes the parched legionaries.

title: AD 172

text: Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, suppresses an agrarian revolt in Egypt and is made supreme commander of the Roman army in the East.

title: AD 172

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Year of the Five Emperors: The Roman Senate chooses Publius Helvius Pertinax, against his will, to succeed the late Commodus as Emperor. Pertinax is forced to reorganize the handling of finances, which were wrecked under Commodus, to reestablish discipline in the Roman army, and to suspend the food programs established by Trajan, provoking the ire of the Praetorian Guard.

title: AD 193

text: In order to assure the support of the Roman legion in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul.

title: AD 196

text: The Roman army marches east to repel a Parthian invasion of Mesopotamia; they loot the royal palace at Ctesiphon and capture an enormous number of its inhabitants as slaves.

title: AD 197

section: Culture & Society

text: Emperor Septimius Severus returns to Rome after a five-year absence. Festivals are held to celebrate his six-year reign. Severus undertakes changes in the imperial government, giving the Roman army a dominant role, raising pay in the legions and permitting legionaries to marry in order to secure their loyalty.

title: 202

text: Emperor Septimius Severus leads an expedition (20,000 men) into Britannia, crosses Hadrian's Wall and moves through eastern Scotland. The Roman army pushes the Caledonians back to the River Tay and Severus signs a peace treaty. He repairs the Antonine Wall (his repairs are sometimes called the Severan Wall).

title: 208

text: Septimius Severus makes plans to subdue the land to the north of Scotland, ravaging it severely. Road-building and forest-clearing, the Roman army reaches Aber; Scottish tribes begin guerrilla warfare.

title: 209

text: Caracalla quiets the objections of the Roman army to Geta's murder, by huge donations.

title: 212

text: Caracalla's victories in Germany ensure his popularity within the Roman army.

title: 214

text: Caracalla provokes a war with Artabanus V (of Parthia) to imitate his idol Alexander the Great. He crosses the Tigris, destroys towns and spoils the tombs of Arbela. The Roman army annexes Armenia.

title: 216

text: Alexander Severus assembles the Roman army, and establishes his headquarters at Antioch. He attempts a diplomatic solution, but the Persians decline and choose war.

title: 230

section: Events › By place › Persian Empire

text: Roman–Persian Wars: Emperor Alexander Severus launches a three-pronged counterattack against the Persian forces of King Ardashir I, who have invaded Mesopotamia. However, the Roman army advancing through Armenia is halted. Alexander gives the order to march to the capital at Ctesiphon, but the Romans are defeated, and withdraw to Syria. The result is an acceptance of the status quo, and after heavy losses on both sides, a truce is signed.

title: 232

text: Around February 11 – Battle of Misiche: King Shapur I and his Iranian army defeats the Roman army.

title: 244

text: King Shapur I sends Valerian to Bishapur and uses the captured Roman army for engineering plans. They construct the Band-e Kaisar ("Bridge of Valerian").

title: 260

text: The Goths sack several cities of southern Greece including Athens, Corinth, Argos and Sparta. After the Sack of Athens, an Athenian militia force (2,000 men), under the historian Dexippus, pushes the invaders to the north where they are intercepted by the Roman army under emperor Gallienus. He wins an important victory near the Nestos River, on the boundary between Macedonia and Thrace.

title: 267

text: November – Battle of Lake Benacus: A Roman army (35,000 men) under emperor Claudius II defeats the Germanic tribes of the Alamanni along the banks of Lake Garda.

title: 268

text: Diocletian expels Christians from the Roman army.

title: 299

text: Landowners dominate the Roman Empire, and enjoy the title of senator, which exempts them from the crushing taxes imposed on the rest of the population. The Senate has lost all its power and the landowners almost never attend Senate sessions. Members of municipal senates (curiales or decuriones) are charged with the responsibility of collecting taxes and paying arrears; smaller landowners are held responsible for providing recruits for the Roman army, and with keeping wastelands under cultivation.

title: 305


slug: roman-britain

label: Roman Britain

description: Britain under Roman rule (43 AD - c.410 AD)

year_label: 29 CE

text: Aulus Plautius, later military leader of the invasion of Britain under Emperor Claudius, becomes suffect consul alongside Lucius Nonius Asprenas.

title: 20s

section: Events › 29 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 44 CE

text: Emperor Claudius returns from his British campaign in triumph, the south-east part of Britannia now held by the Roman Empire, but the war will rage for another decade and a half.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 44

text: Publius Ostorius Scapula replaces Aulus Plautius as governor of Britain. The south-east of the island is now a Roman province, while certain states on the south coast are ruled as a nominally independent client kingdom by Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, whose seat is probably at Fishbourne near Chichester. Ostorius immediately faces incursions from unconquered areas, which he puts down.

title: 40s

year_label: 48 CE

text: Publius Ostorius Scapula, governor of Britain, announces his intention to disarm all Britons south and east of the Trent and Severn. The Iceni, an independent, allied kingdom within that area, revolt but are defeated. Ostorius then moves against the Deceangli in north Wales, but is forced to abandon the campaign to deal with a revolt among the allied Brigantes.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 48

year_label: 49 CE

text: In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula founds a colonia for Roman veterans at Camulodunum (Colchester). Verulamium (St Albans) is probably established as a municipium the same year. A legion is stationed on the borders of the Silures of South Wales in preparation for invasion.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 49

year_label: 50 CE

text: In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula begins his campaign against the recalcitrant Silures of south Wales, who are led by the former Catuvellaunian prince Caratacus. London (Londinium), Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum), Tripontium (near modern Rugby) and the fort of Manduessedum (near modern Atherstone) are founded (approximate date).

title: 50s

section: Events › 50 AD › Britain

year_label: 52 CE

section: Deaths

text: In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula dies while campaigning against the Silures of south Wales. Following his death, the Roman Second Legion are heavily defeated by the Silures. His replacement is Aulus Didius Gallus, who quells the rebellion and consolidates the gains the Romans have so far made, but does not seek new ones.

title: 50s

section: Events › 52 AD › Britain

year_label: 54 CE

text: In Britain, Venutius leads a revolt against his ex-wife Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes and a Roman ally. Governor Aulus Didius Gallus sends her military aid, and after some indecisive fighting a legion commanded by Caesius Nasica defeats the rebels (approximate date – some time between 52 and 57).

title: 50s

section: Events › 54 AD › Britain

year_label: 58 CE

text: Gnaeus Julius Agricola, 18 years old, is serving as a military tribune in Britain under Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and is attached to Legio II Augusta.

title: 50s

section: Events › 58 AD › Britain

year_label: 60 CE

text: The following events in Roman Britain (Britannia) take place in AD 60 or 61:

title: AD 60

text: Battle of Watling Street: Paulinus defeats the rebels, using a flying wedge formation, imposes wide-ranging punishments on native Britons, and the Romanization of Britain continues. Boudica either poisons herself, or falls sick and dies.

title: AD 60

year_label: 61 CE

title: AD 61

text: Battle of Watling Street: Paulinus defeats the rebels, using a flying wedge formation, and imposes wide-ranging punishments on native Britons, but is removed from office after an enquiry instituted by Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus (appointed procurator 61) and the Romanisation of Britain continues. Boudica either poisons herself or falls sick and dies.

title: AD 61

text: Suetonius Paullinus, governor of Britannia, becomes a Roman Consul.

title: AD 66

section: Events › By place › Britannia

year_label: 69 CE

text: Marcus Trebellius Maximus, governor of Britannia, is forced to flee to Gaul after a mutiny of Legio XX Valeria Victrix at Deva Victrix (Chester).

title: AD 69

year_label: 75 CE

text: Sextus Julius Frontinus becomes governor of Britannia and makes his headquarters in Isca Augusta (Wales).

title: AD 75

year_label: 78 CE

text: Gnaeus Julius Agricola replaces Sextus Julius Frontinus as governor of Roman Britain, which leads to the conquering of portions of Wales and northern England.

title: AD 78

year_label: 79 CE

text: Roman conquest of Britain: Gnaeus Julius Agricola campaigns in Britain:

title: AD 79

text: Titus Avidius Quietus' rule as governor of Roman Britain ends.

title: AD 100

text: Emperor Hadrian stations Legio VI Victrix in Roman Britain, to assist in quelling the resistance of a local rebellion. The legion is key in securing the victory, and eventually replaces Legio IX Hispana at Eboracum.

title: AD 119

text: Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.

title: AD 120

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Emperor Hadrian fixes the border between Roman Britain and Caledonia, on a line running from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth.

title: AD 121

text: Bar Kokhba Revolt: Sextus Julius Severus, Roman governor of Britain, is sent to Judea (in 136 renamed Syria Palaestina) to quell the revolt. Jewish rebels, led by Simon bar Kokhba and Eleazar, cut off the vital supply lines and Roman garrisons in Palestine. Despite Roman reinforcements from Syria and Egypt, they establish an independent state in Judea.

title: AD 133

section: Crime & Justice

text: The Antonine Wall is overrun by the Picts in Britannia (approximate date).

title: AD 181

text: Publius Helvius Pertinax is made governor of Britain and quells a mutiny of the British Roman legions who wanted him to become emperor. The disgruntled usurpers go on to attempt to assassinate the governor.

title: AD 185

date: March 28

text: March 28 – Pertinax is assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard, who storm the imperial palace. The Empire is auctioned off; Marcus Didius Julianus the highest bidder, offers 300 million sesterces for the throne. Roman governors Clodius Albinus (Britannia) and Pescennius Niger (Syria) claim, with support of their troops, the imperial throne.

title: AD 193

text: Hadrian's Wall is restored, after heavy raids by Caledonian tribes had overrun much of northern Britain.

title: 205

title: 208

date: February 4

text: February 4 – Emperor Septimius Severus, having fallen ill, dies in Eboracum (modern-day York) while on campaign in Britain after an 18-year reign. He is later deified by the Senate. His sons Caracalla and Geta succeed him as joint Roman emperors.

title: 211

section: Climate & Environment

text: In Britain, many thousands of acres of modern-day Lincolnshire are inundated by a great flood.

title: 245

text: The prosperity of Roman Britain declines during this period, as the Germanic tribes of the Franks and Saxons, whose homelands are in Friesland and the Low Countries, make raids around the southeast coast.

title: 251

text: Postumus revolts against Gallienus in Gaul. The western provinces of Britain and Spain join his independent realm—which is called in modern times the Gallic Empire.

title: 259

text: Postumus wins over all the Roman provinces west of the Alps, including Gaul, Britain and Hispania.

title: 260

text: Victorinus is declared emperor of the Gallic Empire by the legions at Augusta Treverorum (Trier), following the murders of his predecessors. He is recognized by the provinces of Gaul and Britain, but Hispania might have reunited with the Roman Empire.

title: 268

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: Florianus becomes Roman Emperor with the support of the Senate, but a general in the east, Marcus Aurelius Probus, usurps power against him. Florianus breaks off his campaign against the Goths and marches east from the Bosporus with support from the Roman legions in Britain, Gaul, Spain and Italy.

title: 276

text: Spring – Emperor Carinus marches from Britain to northern Italy, and defeats the army of usurper Sabinus Julianus at Verona.

title: 285

text: Around this time, an army loyal to Maximian, probably led by the future emperor Constantius, defeats the usurper Carausius or his Frankish allies in northern Gaul. In this or the following year, Carausius withdraws his military forces and administrative presence from Gaul, confining himself to Roman Britain.

title: 288

text: In this or the following year, Maximian attempts to reconquer Britain from the usurper Carausius but is defeated at sea.

title: 289

text: Towards the end of the year, Carausius is murdered by his finance minister Allectus, who proclaims himself the new emperor of Britain.

title: 293

text: Summer – Constantine joins his father at Bononia (Boulogne) in Gaul; they cross the Channel to Britain and make their way to Eboracum (York), capital of Britannia Secunda and home to a large military base. They campaign with success against the Picts.

title: 305

text: Christianity is established in Roman Britain. British bishops participate in the councils of Arles (314), Nicaea (325) and Arminum (349).

title: 306

text: A large Pictish raid southwards in Roman Britain is attempted.

title: 314

text: Constantine the Great is given the title Brittanicus Maximus, for successful engagements in Britain.

title: 318

text: Emperor Constantine the Great pulls Roman troops out of Britain, and abandons work on Hadrian's Wall.

title: 333

text: Emperor Constans I campaigns in Britain against the Picts.

title: 342

text: The Western Roman Emperor Constans I is in Britain, possibly in a military campaign against the Picts and Scots (the last visit to Britain by a legitimate emperor).

title: 343

text: Constantius II sends his official Paulus Catena to Britain, to hunt down the opponents supporting Magnentius. Flavius Martinus, vicarius of Britain and supporter of Constantius, opposes the persecutions; he is then accused by Catena of being a traitor. In response, Martinus tries to kill Catena with a sword; he fails and then commits suicide.

title: 353

text: Flavius Martinus, vicarius of Roman Britain

title: 353

text: Roman authorities in Britain export wheat to supply the legions on the Rhine; they have encouraged production of wheat for that purpose.

title: AD 360

text: Britain is forced to endure fierce barbarian raids.

title: 364

text: Great Conspiracy: The Roman garrison on Hadrian's Wall revolts and allows Picts from Caledonia to devastate Britain. Simultaneously Attacotti, the Scotti from Hibernia (Ireland), and the Saxons from Germania invade the island's mid-western and south-eastern borders. They sack the cities and murder, rape or enslave Romano-British civilians.

title: 367

text: Battle of Solicinium: Emperor Valentinian I launches a punitive expedition against the Alamanni, due to the crises in Britannia and Gaul. The Alamanni re-cross the Rhine and plunder Moguntiacum (modern Mainz).

title: 367

text: Great Conspiracy: Picts, Scotti and Saxons reach Roman London and plunder the city. Theodosius, a general (Comes Britanniarum), is sent with a relief force to Britannia. He marches from Richborough, Kent, to deal with the invaders.

title: 368

text: Theodosius the Elder brings Britain fully back to the Empire after the Great Conspiracy of 367.

title: 369

text: Emperor Valentinian I is engaged in operations against the Alamanni, Quadi and Sarmatians, while his subordinates are dealing with the Roman usurper Firmus in Africa and the Picts in Britain.

title: 372

text: Britain is forced to endure fierce Barbarian raids.

title: 379

text: Roman troops in Britannia proclaim Magnus Maximus as their Emperor. He crosses over to the continent and makes Trier his capital. Gaul, the Italian provinces and Hispania proclaim loyalty to him.

title: AD 383

text: The old Legio II Adiutrix, part of which had always been stationed at Aquincum (modern Budapest), is divided into two comitatenses, and shipped to Britannia.

title: 401

text: April 6 – Battle of Pollentia: Stilicho recalls troops from Britain and the Rhine frontier to defend Italy. He decides to attack the Goths on Easter Sunday, and manages to capture Alaric's wife and children.

title: 402

text: Autumn – The remaining Roman legions in Britain decide to mutiny. The usurper Marcus is proclaimed emperor.

title: 406

text: Roman Civil war of 407–415:Constantine III, a general (magister militum), declares himself Roman emperor. To extend his dominion over Gaul and Spain, he takes practically all the Roman garrisons from Britain and crosses the English Channel. Constantine occupies Arles and establishes tenuous authority over Gaul, sharing control with marauding "barbarians". This is generally seen as the beginning of Rome's withdrawal from Britain.

title: 407

text: Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, makes his second visit to Britain.

title: 447

text: King Cerdic of Wessex and his son Cynric defeat the Britons at Cerdicesleah (modern Chearsley).

title: 527


slug: roman-catholic-archdiocese-of-cambrai

label: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai

section: Births

text: Gaugericus, bishop of Cambrai (approximate date)

title: 550

title: 626

text: Vindicianus, bishop of Cambrai (approximate date)

title: 632

title: 712

text: Hildoard, archbishop of Cambrai

title: 816

text: Gerard I, bishop of Cambrai (approximate date)

title: 975

date: March 14

text: March 14 – Gerard I, bishop of Cambrai

title: 1051

text: Odo of Tournai, bishop of Cambrai (b. 1060)

title: 1113


slug: roman-catholic-archdiocese-of-cologne

label: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne

date: April 11

text: April 11 – Herman I, archbishop of Cologne

title: 924

section: Conflict & Security

text: Summer – Liudolf, duke of Swabia, and his brother-in-law Conrad the Red rebel against King Otto I. Otto and his army fail to capture the cities of Mainz and Augsburg. He declares Liudolf and Conrad as outlaws in absentia. His brother Bruno I, archbishop of Cologne, restores royal authority in Lorraine, but some of the rebellious dukes receive support from the Hungarians. They seize the opportunity to invade Bavaria.

title: 953

date: September 9

text: September 9 – Warin, archbishop of Cologne

title: 984

text: Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)

title: 985

text: Herman II, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)

title: 995

date: June 11

text: June 11 – Ebergar (or Everger), archbishop of Cologne (b. c.940)

title: AD 999

section: Religion & Belief

text: Heribert, archbishop of Cologne, founds Deutz Abbey at Deutz (Germany).

title: 1003

section: Events › By topic › Religion

text: Anno II, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)

title: 1010

text: Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, marches with his army down the Tyrrhenian coast to lay siege to Capua. The citizens open the gates and surrender the city to the imperial army.

title: 1022

date: April 14

text: April 14 – The 10-year-old Henry III (the Black), son of Emperor Conrad II (the Elder), is elected and crowned king of Germany in Aachen Cathedral by Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne.

title: 1028

date: August 25

text: August 25 – Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne

title: 1036

date: February 11

text: February 11 – Herman II (or Heriman), archbishop of Cologne

title: 1056

text: Spring – Coup of Kaiserswerth: The 11-year-old King Henry IV is abducted, as a result of a conspiracy of German nobles led by Anno II, archbishop of Cologne. Henry's education and training is supervised by Anno, who acts as his regent and is called his magister (his "master" or "teacher"). Empress Agnes of Poitou (Henry's mother) resigns the throne, and Anno with the archbishops Siegfried I and Adalbert of Hamburg takes her place.

title: 1062

text: Michaelsberg Abbey at Siegburg (modern Germany) is founded by Anno II, archbishop of Cologne.

title: 1064

date: December 4

text: December 4 – Anno II, archbishop of Cologne

title: 1075

text: Frederick II of Berg, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1158)

title: 1120

text: Rainald of Dassel, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1167)

title: 1120

text: Engelbert II, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)

title: 1185

date: August 13

text: August 13 – Philip I, archbishop of Cologne (b. 1130)

title: 1191

date: April 15

text: April 15 – Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne (b. 1157)

title: 1220

date: November 7

text: November 7 – Engelbert II of Berg, archbishop of Cologne

title: 1225

text: Heinrich II of Virneburg, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1332)

title: 1244


slug: roman-catholic-archdiocese-of-lyon

label: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon

year_label: 87 CE

text: Pothinus, bishop of Lyon (approximate date)

title: AD 87

text: Eucherius, bishop of Lyon (approximate date)

title: 449

text: Rusticus, archbishop of Lyon (approximate date)

title: 455

text: Lupicinus becomes bishop of Lyon. He is the founder of the abbeys of Saint Claude (Jura Mountains).

title: 491

date: April 25

text: April 25 – Rusticus, archbishop of Lyon

title: 501

text: Agobard, archbishop of Lyon (approximate date)

title: 779

text: Agobard, archbishop of Lyon (b. 779)

title: 840

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: April 10

text: April 10 – The threat of a takeover by the Kingdom of France against the sovereign French Archdiocese of Lyon is ended when the Archbishop Pierre de Savoie signs a treaty granting King Philip the Fair the authority to administer the Lyon courts and law enforcement system.

title: 1312

section: Events › April – June


slug: roman-catholic-archdiocese-of-milan

label: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan

text: Barnabas, Cypriot Jew and bishop of Milan (approximate date)

title: AD 61

text: Aurelius Ambrose, bishop of Milan (approximate date)

title: 340

text: Augustine is baptized on Easter Vigil by Saint Ambrose, Bishop of Milan.

title: 387

date: April 4

text: April 4 – Aurelius Ambrosius, bishop of Milan

title: 397

date: February 5

text: February 5 – Dacius, archbishop of Milan

title: 552

date: December 13

text: December 13 – Angilbert II, archbishop of Milan

title: 859

date: December 7

text: December 7 – Anspert, archbishop of Milan

title: 881

text: Spring – The Italian nobles turn against King Rudolph II of Burgundy and request that Hugh of Provence, the effective ruler of Lower Burgundy, be elected as king of Italy. Rudolph's father-in-law Duke Burchard II of Swabia is ambushed and killed near Novara, by the henchmen of Archbishop Lambert of Milan. Rudolph, disillusioned by the news, returns to Burgundy to protect himself. Hugh has himself crowned King of Italy. and appoints Giselbert I as count palatine of Bergamo (Northern Italy).

title: 926

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Gotofredo I, archbishop of Milan

title: 979

date: February 15

text: February 15 – At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles and secondi milites (the minor nobles), Arduin of Ivrea (grandson of former King Berengar II) is restored to his domains and crowned as King of Italy in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore. Arduin is supported by Arnulf II, archbishop of Milan.

title: 1002

date: February 25

text: February 25 – Arnulf II, archbishop of Milan

title: 1018

text: Spring – A revolt in northern Italy is started by Archbishop Aribert of Milan. King Henry III (eldest son of Emperor Conrad II) travels south of the Alps to quell it.

title: 1037

text: Autumn – King Henry III ("the Black") travels to Italy to secure the imposition of Guido da Velate, archbishop of Milan, and other similarly loyal candidates in other sees (like Ravenna, Verona and Modena).

title: 1046

text: Galdino della Sala (or Galdinus), Archbishop of Milan (d. 1176)

title: 1096

date: September 30

text: September 30 – Anselm IV, archbishop of Milan

title: 1101


slug: roman-catholic-archdiocese-of-paris

label: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris

text: Germain, bishop of Paris (d. 576)

title: 496

date: December 23

text: December 23 – The Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés is dedicated by Germain, bishop of Paris.

title: 558

date: May 28

text: May 28 – Saint Germain, bishop of Paris

title: 576

text: Approximate date – Landry, bishop of Paris

title: 661

text: Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon abbot, refuses to be consecrated in Northumbria as bishop, and travels to Compiègne (France) to be consecrated by Agilbert, archbishop of Paris.

title: 665

text: Hilduin, bishop of Paris (d. 840)

title: 775

text: Askericus, archbishop of Paris (approximate date)

title: 890

date: August 27

text: August 27 – Guillaume de Montfort, bishop of Paris

title: 1101

date: September 11

text: September 11 – Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris

title: 1196

date: March 7

text: March 7 – Condemnation of 1277: Pope John XXI instructs Étienne Tempier, bishop of Paris, to investigate the complaints of theologians in France. By order 219 propositions of philosophical and theological doctrines such as Averroism are prohibited from discussion in the University of Paris, under a decree promulgated by Tempier.

title: 1277


slug: roman-catholic-archdiocese-of-reims

label: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims

text: Remigius, bishop of Reims (approximate date)

title: 437

text: Remigius, age 22, is elected bishop of Reims (approximate date).

title: 459

date: January 13

text: January 13 – Remigius, bishop of Reims

title: 533

text: Rieul, bishop of Reims (approximate date)

title: 698

text: Charles Martel consolidates his power, proclaims Clotaire IV king of Austrasia in opposition to Chilperic, and deposes Rigobert, bishop of Reims, replacing him with Milo. He marches against Radbod, king (or duke) of the Frisians, and pushes him back into his territory (later part of the Netherlands). Charles sends the Saxons back over the Weser River, and secures the Rhine border—in the name of Clotaire.

title: 717

section: Events › By place › Western Europe

text: Summer – Charles Martel restores the authority of the Austrasian palace throughout the Frankish Kingdom, including against Frankish-claimed Aquitaine and Provence (Southern France). He exiles Rigobert, bishop of Reims, to Gascony.

title: 721

date: June

text: June – Pope Zachary gives his approval by sending Abel, Grimo and Hartbert their palliums for the metropolitan sees of Reims, Rouen and Sens.

title: 744

text: Ebbo, archbishop of Reims (d. 851)

title: 775

text: Hincmar, archbishop of Reims (d. 882)

title: 806

date: March 20

text: March 20 – Ebbo, archbishop of Reims

title: 851

date: October 1

text: October 1 – King Æthelwulf of Wessex marries the 12- or 13-year-old Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, at Verberie (Northern France). She is crowned queen and anointed by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims. The marriage is a diplomatic alliance between Wessex and the West Frankish Kingdom.

title: 856

section: Events › By place › Britain

date: December 21

text: December 21 – Hincmar, archbishop of Reims (b. 806)

title: 882

date: June 17

text: June 17 – Fulk, archbishop of Reims

title: 900

text: October 1 – Artald, archbishop of Reims

title: 961

date: January 23

text: January 23 – Adalbero, archbishop of Reims

title: 989

date: March 29

text: March 29: Bishop Adalberon imprisons the treasonous Duke Charles of Lorraine and his nephew Arnulf, the Archbishop of Reims. Adalberon delivers the two men to King Hugh Capet, who imprisons them and their family in Orléans. The cities of Reims and Laon are returned to Capet.

title: 991

section: Events

date: September 17

text: September 17 – Manasses II, archbishop of Reims

title: 1106

text: Henry of France, archbishop of Reims (d. 1175)

title: 1121

date: November 13

text: November 13 – Henry of France, archbishop of Reims (b. 1121)

title: 1175


slug: roman-catholic-archdiocese-of-rouen

label: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen

section: Deaths

text: Victricius, missionary and bishop of Rouen (approximate date)

title: 407

text: Prætextatus, bishop of Rouen (or 589)

title: 586

text: Audoin, bishop of Rouen (d. 686)

title: 609

text: Romanus, bishop of Rouen (approximate date)

title: 640

date: August 24

text: August 24 – Audoin, bishop of Rouen (b. 609)

title: 684

title: 744

text: Mauger (or Malger), archbishop of Rouen (d. 1055)

title: 1019

text: William Bona Anima, archbishop of Rouen

title: 1110

date: November 26

text: November 26 or 28 – Geoffrey Brito (or le Breton), archbishop of Rouen

title: 1128

text: Spring – William de Longchamp, Chief Justiciar and regent, besieges Lincoln Castle accusing the castellan Gerard de Canville of corruption. In response, Prince John captures Nottingham and Tickhill castles from William. News of the dispute reaches Richard I, who sends Walter de Coutances, archbishop of Rouen, with orders to lead negotiations, for a peace between John and William.

title: 1191

section: Events › By place › England


slug: roman-catholic-archdiocese-of-salzburg

label: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg

text: Vergilius, bishop of Salzburg (approximate date)

title: 700

text: Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary who has been Christianizing Bavaria, founds the bishoprics of Salzburg, Regensburg, Freising, and Passau.

title: 739

text: Arno, archbishop of Salzburg (approximate date)

title: 750

text: At the instigation of Adalram, archbishop of Salzburg, the first Christian church in Central and Eastern Europe is built in Nitra, Pannonia.

title: 828

text: Adalram, archbishop of Salzburg

title: 836

date: July 4

text: July 4 – Dietmar I, archbishop of Salzburg

title: 907

date: October 8

text: October 8 – Pilgrim I, archbishop of Salzburg

title: 923

text: Gebhard, archbishop of Salzburg (approximate date)

title: 1010

date: December 5

text: December 5 – Hartwig, archbishop of Salzburg

title: 1023

text: Conrad I, archbishop of Salzburg (approximate date)

title: 1075


slug: roman-catholic-church

label: Roman Catholic Church

text: Anastasius I succeeds Siricius as the 39th pope. He seeks to reconcile the churches of Rome and Antioch. Anastasius also condemns the doctrine of Origen.

title: 399

text: Summer – Afonso I (the Conqueror) is recognized as King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III – bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Leonese monarchy.

title: 1179

text: The Maronite Church reestablishes its affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church.

title: 1182

date: April 8

text: April 8 – Congress of Bilino Polje: Ban Kulin, ruler of Bosnia, officially declares his allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church and denounces heresy.

title: 1203

text: Probable date – The doctrines of Joachim of Fiore, French hermit and theologian, are condemned as heresy by the Catholic Church Synod of Arles.

title: 1263

date: October 29

text: October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed, along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic Church.

title: 1268

section: Events › By topic › War and politics

date: December

text: December – Crucial aspects of the philosophy of Averroism (itself based on Aristotle's works) are banned by the Roman Catholic Church, in a condemnation enacted by papal authority at the University of Paris.

title: 1270

section: Events › Europe

date: October 27

text: October 27 – The coronation of Cardinal Boccasini as Pope Benedict XI, 194th pope of the Roman Catholic Church, is performed at St. Peter's Basilica by Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini.

title: 1303

section: Events › October–December

date: September 5

text: September 5 – The coronation of Jacques Deuze as Pope John XXII takes place at Avignon in France, as he becomes the 196th pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. His papacy will last until 1334.

title: 1316

section: Events › July – September

text: Johannes Abezier (1375–1424), Roman Catholic religious and political leader of the Teutonic Knights, over Polish territory

title: 1375

section: Culture & Society

date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Union of Krewo establishes the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania, through the proposed marriage of Queen regnant Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, and sees the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite, and an end to the Greater Poland Civil War.

title: 1385

section: Events › July–September

date: March 11

text: March 11 – Cardinal Gabriele Condulmer is elected as the successor to Pope Martin V and takes the name of Pope Eugene IV as the 207th leader of the Roman Catholic Church.

title: 1431

section: Events › January–March

date: August 7

text: August 7 – A papal bull is issued by Pope Eugene IV declaring that the Chaldean Christians and the Maronites of Cyprus are in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church.

title: 1445

date: September 1

text: September 1 – King Ferdinand I of Naples is excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church and declared deposed from office by a bull issued by Pope Innocent VIII. King Ferdinand, who had been punished for refusing to pay dues to the Pope, disregards the papal order and rules over Naples for the rest of his life.

title: 1489

section: Events › September–December

text: September 1 – After being dispatched by Pope Julius II with command of a Spanish Army, General Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici recaptures the city of Florence (Firenze), capital of the Florentine Republic in Italy and ousts Piero Soderini as the ruling Gonfaloniere. The success at Florence spares the city of Rome from a French invasion. Within a year, Medici becomes leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the Papal States as Pope Leo X.

title: 1512

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Sir Thomas More, author of Utopia and one time Lord Chancellor of England, is executed for treason, after refusing to recognize King Henry VIII as head of the English Church, and separate from the Roman Catholic Church.

title: 1535

date: January 16

text: January 16 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, is tried for treason, for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. He is executed on June 2.

title: 1572

date: December 2

text: December 2 – The proposal for the Union of Brest (moving the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus from the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Church to the Roman Catholic Church) is made in a petition by the Metropolitan Michael Rohoza in a petition to Sigismund, monarch of Poland, Lithuania, Sweden and Finland. After a similar petition to Pope Clement VIII on June 12, 1595, the Union will be proclaimed on October 8, 1596.

title: 1594

date: April 13

text: April 13 – Edict of Nantes (promulgated April 30): Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics; this is considered the end of the French Wars of Religion.

title: 1598

section: Events › April–June

date: March 5

text: March 5 – De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, written by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books, by the Congregation of the Index of the Roman Catholic Church "until corrected".

title: 1616

section: Events › March-April

text: Albertus Magnus is beatified, and Teresa of Ávila is canonized, by the Roman Catholic Church.

title: 1622

section: Events › Date unknown

date: April 12

text: April 12 – Galileo Galilei is convicted of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church.

title: 1633

date: June 22

text: June 22 – the Roman Catholic Church forces Galileo Galilei to recant his heliocentric view of the Solar System. According to legend, he claims Eppur si muove.

title: 1633

date: June 16

text: June 16 (June 6 Old Style) – Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.

title: 1654

date: January 7

text: January 7 – Pope Innocent X, leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the Papal States, dies after more than 10 years of rule.

title: 1655

date: September 21

text: September 21 – Pope Innocent XI succeeds Pope Clement X, as the 240th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.

title: 1676

date: March 22

text: March 22 – The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty issues the Edict of Toleration, recognizing all the members of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Jesuits, and legalizing missions and their conversion of Chinese people to the Christian Faith.

title: 1692

section: Science & Discovery

date: April 16

text: April 16 – The works of astronomer Galileo Galilei espousing heliocentrism are removed (with the approval of Pope Benedict XIV) from the Index Librorum Prohibitorum list of books banned by Roman Catholic Church, along with "all books teaching the earth's motion and the sun's immobility". Other works of heliocentrists Galileo, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Diego de Zúñiga and Paolo Foscarini remain on the list.

title: 1757

date: September 11

text: September 11 – The Roman Catholic Church first permits the publication of Galileo Galilei's 1632 treatise, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.)

title: 1822

date: May 11

text: May 11 – Matua, High Priest (taura tupua) of the Polynesian island of Mangareva, is baptized into the Roman Catholic Church.

title: 1835

date: October 9

text: October 9 – The eminent and controversial Anglican, John Henry Newman, is received into the Roman Catholic Church.

title: 1845

date: October 11

text: October 11 – Second Vatican Council: Pope John XXIII convenes the first ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church in 92 years.

title: 1962

section: Events › October

date: April 27

text: April 27 – Pope Paul VI and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko meet in the Vatican (the first meeting between leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Soviet Union).

title: 1966

section: Events › April

date: October 19

text: October 19 – The Roman Catholic Church beatifies Pope Paul VI.

title: 2014


label: Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen

section: Religion & Belief

text: Otto I founds the Archbishopric of Magdeburg at the synod of Ravenna. He appoints Adalbert as the archbishop of Magdeburg. The archbishopric under Adalbert includes the bishoprics of Brandenburg and Havelberg — as well as the newly erected sees of Meissen, Merseburg and Naumburg-Zeitz.

title: 968

section: Events › By topic › Religion

date: September 25

text: September 25 – Burchard, bishop of Meissen (approximate date)

title: 969

date: August 23

text: August 23 – Volkold, bishop of Meissen

title: 992

section: Births

text: Benno, bishop of Meissen (approximate date)

title: 1010

date: December 20

text: December 20 – Eido I, bishop of Meissen (b. 955)

title: 1015

date: November 24

text: November 24 – Eilward, bishop of Dresden-Meissen

title: 1023

text: Hugbert (or Hukbrecht), bishop of Meissen

title: 1024

text: June 16 – Benno, bishop of Meissen (b. 1010)

title: 1106

date: August 31

text: August 31 – Godebold, bishop of Meissen

title: 1140

date: August 1

text: August 1 – Albrecht I, German bishop of Meissen

title: 1152


slug: roman-catholic-diocese-of-metz

label: Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz

text: Agilulf, bishop of Metz (approximate date)

title: 537

section: Deaths

text: Arnoald, Bishop of Metz (approximate date)

title: 611

text: Arnulf, counselor of Theudebert II, becomes bishop of Metz.

title: 612

date: September 19

text: September 19 – Goeric, bishop of Metz

title: 643

text: Chlodulf, bishop of Metz (b. 605)

title: 696

section: Deaths › Disputed

text: Abbo II, bishop of Metz (approximate date)

title: AD 707

text: Chrodegang, chancellor of Charles Martel, is appointed bishop of Metz and embarks on a reorganisation of the Frankish church.

title: 742

date: April 26

text: April 26 – Adalbero I, bishop of Metz

title: 962

section: Conflict & Security

text: Fall – Otto II invades the West Frankish Kingdom accompanied by Charles and ravages the cities of Reims, Soissons (where he halts at the Abbey of Saint Médard for devotions) and Laon. Lothair III escapes and flees to Paris, where he is besieged by imperial forces. Charles is proclaimed 'King of the Franks' by Dietrich I, bishop of Metz, at Laon.

title: 977

section: Events › By place › Europe

date: July 18

text: July 18 – Dietrich I, bishop of Metz

title: 984

date: December 14

text: December 14 – Adalbero II, bishop of Verdun and Metz

title: 1005


slug: roman-catholic-diocese-of-trier

label: Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier

date: September 14

text: September 14 – Maternus of Cologne, bishop of Trier

title: 315

text: Hidulf, bishop of Trier (approximate date)

title: AD 707

text: Amalarius, archbishop of Trier (approximate date)

title: 775

date: October 1

text: October 1 – Richbod, archbishop of Trier

title: 804

text: Theotgaud, archbishop of Trier

title: 868

date: January 27

text: January 27 – Ruotger, archbishop of Trier

title: 931

date: May 19

text: May 19 – Robert, archbishop of Trier

title: 956

text: Poppo, archbishop of Trier (approximate date)

title: 986

date: December 9

text: December 9 – Egbert, archbishop of Trier

title: 993

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Ludolf (or Liudolf), archbishop of Trier

title: 1008

text: Eberhard, archbishop of Trier (approximate date)

title: 1010

date: June 16

text: June 16 – Poppo, archbishop of Trier

title: 1047

date: November 11

text: November 11 – Udo, archbishop of Trier

title: 1078

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Henry V marries 8-year-old Matilda (daughter of King Henry I of England). She is crowned Queen of the Romans in a ceremony at Mainz. After the betrothal Matilda is placed into custody of Bruno, archbishop of Trier, who is tasked with educating her in German culture, manners and government.

title: 1110

text: Arnold I of Vaucourt, archbishop of Trier (d. 1183)

title: 1120

date: July 9

text: July 9 – Rudolf of Wied, archbishop of Trier

title: 1197

text: Diether of Nassau, archbishop of Trier (d. 1307)

title: 1250

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Henry VII Count of Luxemburg, is elected the new Holy Roman Emperor at Frankfurt. The election comes with the support of his brother Baldwin, Archbishop of Trier, who wins over most of the electors, in exchange for some substantial concessions. The only elector who does not support Henry of Luxemburg is Henry of Bohemia.

title: 1308

section: Events › October – December


slug: roman-censor

label: Roman censor

description: Roman magistrate responsible for the census and monitoring public morality

year_label: 351 BCE

section: Health & Medicine

text: Gaius Marcius Rutilus becomes the first Roman plebeian to be elected to the office of censor.

title: 351 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 312 BCE

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The Roman censor, Appius Claudius Caecus, a patrician, enters office and begins construction of the Appian Way (the Via Appia) between Rome and Capua. He also embarks on a program of political reform, including the distribution of the landless citizens of Rome among the tribes, which at this time constitute basic political units. Appius also admits sons of freedmen into the Roman Senate. He also asserts the right of freed slaves to hold office.

title: 312 BC

section: Events › By place › Italy

year_label: 258 BCE

text: Gaius Duilius Nepos, the Roman commander who has won a major naval victory over the Carthaginians is made censor with Lucius Cornelius Scipio. The election of a novus homo (i.e. the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or be elected as consul) to the censorship is a very rare honor.

title: 258 BC

year_label: 199 BCE

text: Scipio Africanus becomes censor and princeps Senatus (the titular head of the Roman Senate).

title: 199 BC

year_label: 196 BCE

text: Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, Roman consul and censor

title: 196 BC

year_label: 184 BCE

text: Cato the Elder, along with his colleague, Lucius Valerius Flaccus, are elected censors in Rome. Already the champion of the ancient, austere Roman way of life, Cato inaugurates a puritanical campaign. He aims at preserving the mos maiorum ("ancestral custom") and combating all Greek influences, which he believes are undermining the older Roman standards of morality. He passes measures taxing luxury and strictly revises the list of persons eligible for the Senate. Abuses by tax gatherers are brought under control, and public building is promoted as a worthy cause.

title: 184 BC

year_label: 179 BCE

text: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus is appointed both censor and princeps senatus.

title: 179 BC

year_label: 174 BCE

text: Publius Aelius Paetus, Roman consul and censor

title: 174 BC

year_label: 164 BCE

text: Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus is elected censor in Rome.

title: 164 BC

year_label: 157 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The Carthaginians, prevented by their treaty with Rome from engaging in armed resistance, but equally guaranteed against any loss of territory, appeal to Rome against the depredations of King Masinissa of Numidia. The Roman censor Marcus Porcius Cato heads a commission which arbitrates a truce between Carthage and her former ally, Masinissa.

title: 157 BC

year_label: 152 BCE

text: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman statesman, consul, Pontifex Maximus and censor; as a praetor, he has been governor of Sicily in 191 BC.

title: 152 BC

year_label: 150 BCE

text: The Roman Senate shows displeasure with Carthage's decision to wage war against its neighbour without Roman consent, and tells Carthage that in order to avoid a war it has to "satisfy the Roman People". The Roman censor, Cato the Elder, urges the destruction of Carthage and the Roman Senate orders the gathering of an army.

title: 150 BC

year_label: 136 BCE

text: Censorship of Appius Claudius Pulcher and Quintus Fulvius Nobilior.

title: 136 BC

section: Events › By place › Rome

year_label: 70 BCE

text: The office of censor is reinstated.

title: 70 BC

year_label: 73 CE

text: Vespasian and Titus are appointed to be Roman censors.

title: AD 73

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

year_label: 85 CE

text: Domitian appoints himself censor for life, which gives him the right to control the Senate. His totalitarian tendencies put the senatorial aristocracy firmly in opposition to him.

title: AD 85