slug: puerto-rico

label: Puerto Rico

description: unincorporated territory of the United States of America

text: The Taíno have become the dominant culture of modern day Puerto Rico.

title: AD 1000

section: Events › Americas

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: November 19

text: November 19 – Christopher Columbus lands on the coast of the island of Borinquen, which he renames San Juan (modern-day Puerto Rico).

title: 1493

section: Events › October–December

date: August 12

text: August 12 – The Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico begins when Juan Ponce de León lands on the island. Upon his arrival, Ponce is welcomed by Agüeybaná I, the island's leader a Cacique of the Taíno people. The Spanish explorer soon settles and founds the city of Caparra, near what is now the town of Guaynabo.

title: 1508

section: Events › July–September

date: May 2

text: May 2 – Juan Ponce de León obtains authorization to bring his family from Spain to his home in the Casa de Contratación in Caparra, Puerto Rico.

title: 1509

section: Events › April–June

text: The indigenous Taíno people revolt against the Spanish in southwestern Puerto Rico near Guánica.

title: 1511

section: Events › Date unknown

date: March 11

text: March 11 – On the island of Puerto Rico, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León leads an incursion at Yahuecas against the local Taino warriors, commanded by Chief Urayoán.

title: 1511

section: Events › January–March

date: March 15

text: March 15 – In the Taino Rebellion on the island of Puerto Rico, Spanish conquistador Diego Guilarte de Salazar attacks the Taino towns of Yauco and Coxiguex.

title: 1513

date: July 15

text: July 15 — San Juan Bautista is founded as the new capital of the archipelago of Puerto Rico.

title: 1521

date: September 27

text: September 27 – Juan Damián López de Haro, Spanish Catholic bishop of Puerto Rico (d. 1648)

title: 1581

date: November 22

text: November 22 – The Battle of San Juan is fought off of the island of Puerto Rico as an English fleet of 27 ships and 2,500 men, led by Francis Drake, attempts to invade the Spanish colony. In a three-day battle, the English lose at least eight ships and 400 men, including Admiral John Hawkins. Drake's fleet withdraws and attempts to conquer Panama.

title: 1595

date: November 8

text: November 8 – The Battle of Guadalupe Island is fought between nine English Navy warships (led by Sir Francis Drake) and eight Spanish frigates off in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Spanish force wins the battle, capturing one ship and killing 45 English sailors. Both sets of ships proceed toward Puerto Rico.

title: 1595

date: August 24

text: August 24 – Juan Damián López de Haro, Spanish Catholic bishop of Puerto Rico (b. 1581)

title: 1648

text: August 12 – The city of Ponce is founded in Puerto Rico.

title: 1692

date: September 23

text: September 23 – Grito de Lares: Rebels (some 400–600 led by Ramón Emeterio Betances) in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent; the local militia easily defeats them a week later.

title: 1868

section: Events › September

date: March 22

text: March 22 – Emancipation Day for Puerto Rico: Most slaves are freed.

title: 1873

section: Events › March

date: November 25

text: November 25 – Spain grants Puerto Rico autonomy.

title: 1897

section: Events › November

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Spanish–American War: The United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins, with a landing at Guánica Bay.

title: 1898

section: Events › July

date: October 16

text: October 16 – The island of Puerto Rico is turned over by Spain to the United States. Ángel Rivero Méndez, the 149th and last Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, yields the office and turns over the keys to all military installations in the capital, San Juan to U.S. Army Captain Henry A. Reed, and General John R. Brooke becomes the new American military governor.

title: 1898

section: Events › October

date: April 11

text: April 11 – U.S. President William McKinley declares the Spanish–American War to be at an end as the Treaty of Paris between the U.S. and Spain goes into effect. Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam are ceded to the U.S. and Cuba becomes an American protectorate.

title: 1899

section: Events › April

section: Climate & Environment

date: August 8

text: August 8 – The San Ciriaco hurricane strikes Puerto Rico and leaves 250,000 people homeless. The official death toll is later listed as 3,369 people.

title: 1899

section: Events › August

date: June 18

text: June 18 – The Federación Libre de Trabajadores is created in Puerto Rico as a resistance movement against the United States.

title: 1899

section: Events › June

date: March 2

text: March 2 – The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship.

title: 1917

section: Science & Discovery

date: November 1

text: November 1 – Arecibo Observatory, a radio telescope, officially begins operation in Puerto Rico.

title: 1963

date: November 16

text: November 16 – Arecibo message: The radio telescope at the Arecibo Observatory on Puerto Rico sends an interstellar radio message towards Messier 13, the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules. The message will reach its destination around the year 27,000.

title: 1974

section: Events › November–December

date: October 13

text: October 13 – The United States Commission on Civil Rights releases the report, Puerto Ricans in the Continental United States: An Uncertain Future, that documents that Puerto Ricans in the United States have a poverty rate of 33 percent in 1974 (up from 29 percent in 1970), the highest of all major racial-ethnic groups in the country (not including Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory).

title: 1976

date: September 19

text: September 19–20 – Just two weeks after Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean, Hurricane Maria strikes similar areas, making landfall on Dominica as a Category 5 hurricane, and Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane. Maria caused over 3,000 deaths and damages estimated in excess of $91.6 billion (2017 USD).

title: 2017

date: September 14

text: September 14–September 25 – The Atlantic hurricane Fiona hits Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, the Lucayan Archipelago, Bermuda, and Eastern Canada.

title: 2022


slug: punjab-region

label: Punjab region

year_label: 100 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Gandhara and Punjab are ruled by the Indo-Greek king Demetrius III Aniketos.

title: 100 BC

section: Events › By place › India

section: Conflict & Security

text: The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujarat and a portion of central India.

title: AD 120

section: Events › By place › Asia

section: Religion & Belief

text: The Hephthalites (White Huns) move from the Hindu Kush into the Punjab region, and eastward across the Ganges Delta, ravaging cities and Buddhist monasteries.

title: 528

text: King Harsha of Thanesar establishes a northern Indian Empire, and unites the small monarchical states, from Punjab to the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan).

title: 606

text: Muslim Conquest: Arab forces under Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra begin launching raids from Persia, striking at Multan in the southern Punjab (modern Pakistan). Muslims conquer the city of Kabul, invading from eastern Afghanistan.

title: 664

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

date: February 5

text: February 5 – The Great Holocaust of the Sikhs is carried out by the forces of Ahmed Shah Abdali in Punjab. In all, around 30,000 men, women and children perish in this campaign of slaughter.

title: 1762

date: July 12

text: July 12 – Ranjit Singh captures Lahore from the Bhangi Misl, a key step in establishing the Sikh Empire, and becoming Maharaja of the Punjab.

title: 1799

date: December

text: December – First Anglo-Afghan War: British and Presidency armies set out from Punjab in support of Shah Shujah Durrani's claim to the throne of Afghanistan.

title: 1838

date: December 11

text: December 11 – First Anglo-Sikh War: Sikh army crosses the Sutlej in the Punjab.

title: 1845

date: April 18

text: April 18 – The Second Anglo-Sikh War breaks out in the Punjab.

title: 1848

date: February 12

text: February 12 – Viceroy of India Lord Curzon creates the new North-West Frontier Province in the north of the Punjab region, bordering Afghanistan.

title: 1901

section: Events › February

date: March 15

text: March 15 – Hindus and Muslims clash in Punjab.

title: 1947


slug: pyay

label: Pyay

description: human settlement in Myanmar

date: January

text: January – In what is now Myanmar Ma Sein of Toungoo, the Viceroy of Taungoo who had been appointed by the King of Binnya U of Hanthawaddy to replace the assassinated Viceroy Pyanchi, is murdered near Pyay while trying to forment a rebellion against the Kingdom of Ava.

title: 1376

section: Events › January–March

date: December 26

text: December 26 – (3rd waxing of Tabodwe 764 ME) Ava–Hanthawaddy War: In what is now Myanmar, the forces of the Ava Kingdom, led by King Minkhaung I defeat King Razadarit of the Kingdom of Hanthawaddy in the Battle of Nawin, forcing Razadarit to abandon the siege of Prome.

title: 1402

section: Events › October–December

date: November 8

text: November 8 (5th waxing of Nadaw 774 ME) – Ava–Hanthawaddy War: In modern-day Myanmar, King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy leads the invasion of the city of Prome with 4,000 troops.

title: 1412

section: Deaths

date: July 24

text: July 24 – (5th waxing of Wagaung, 830 ME) At Pyay (now in Myanmar) Thihathura of Ava becomes the new Burmese King of Ava upon the death of his father, Narapati I of Ava.

title: 1468

section: Events › July–September

date: November 19

text: November 19 – (1st waxing of Tazaungmon 903 ME) King Tabinshwehti of Burma, having concluded the Buddhist Lent, leads the attack on the Kingdom of Prome with 17,000 troops and 1,400 boats.

title: 1541

date: December 7

text: December 7 (11 waxing of Natdaw 905 ME) – The land and naval forces of the Confederation of Shan States (consisting of the principalities of Mohnyin, Mogaung, Bhamo, Momeik and Kale), led by Prince Sawlon of Mohnyin and King Hkonmaing, depart from the Shan capital, Awa, to start an invasion of the Toungoo Empire in upper Myanmar. The invaders easily overrun Toungoo and its capital at Prome a week later.

title: 1543

date: August 30

text: August 30 (1st waxing of Thadingyut 913 ME)– King Bayinnaung of Burma conquers the rebellious Kingdom of Prome (with a capital at Pyay) and kills the rebel Thado Thu, a former servant who had proclaimed himself as King Thado Dhamma Yaza after the 1550 assassination of King Tabinshwehti.

title: 1551

date: January 11

text: January 11 (5th waxing of Tabodwe 912 ME) – King Bayinnaung of Burma is successful in capturing his ancestral city of Toungoo from his rebellious half-brother Minkhaung II, and sets about to make Toungoo the capital for the first time since 1539. Minkhaung is forgiven by King Bayinnaung rather than being executed, and assists in the King's campaign to capture the neighboring Kingdom of Prome.

title: 1551

date: March 26

text: March 26 – Thado Dhamma Yaza III, who has served since 1589 for the Kingdom of Pegu as the Burmese Viceroy of Prome (now in the Bago Region of Myanmar), declares himself to be the King of Prome during the invasion by the Kingdom of Siam and breaks relations with his father King Nanda Bayin of Pegu.

title: 1595


slug: pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky

label: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

description: Russian composer (1840–1893)

section: Culture & Society

date: December 19

text: December 19 (December 7 OS) – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's fantasia The Tempest, composed between August and October, is premiered, in Moscow.

title: 1873

section: Events › December

date: October 25

text: October 25 – The first performance of the Piano Concerto No. 1 by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is given in Boston, Massachusetts, with Hans von Bülow as soloist.

title: 1875

section: Events › October

date: March 4

text: March 4 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake debuts in Moscow.

title: 1877

section: Events › March

date: August 20

text: August 20 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture debuts in Moscow.

title: 1882

date: March 23

text: March 23 – Tchaikovsky’s Manfred symphony premieres in Moscow, Russia.

title: 1886

date: January 15

text: January 15 – Ballet The Sleeping Beauty, with music by Tchaikovsky, is premiered at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia.

title: 1890

section: Events › January

date: December 18

text: December 18 – The Nutcracker ballet, with music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, is premiered at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

title: 1892

date: October 28

text: October 28 (October 16 O.S.) – In Saint Petersburg (Russia), Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducts the first performance of his Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Pathétique, nine days before his death.

title: 1893

date: December 24

text: December 24 – The first complete U.S. production of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker is presented in San Francisco, choreographed by Willam Christensen. It will become an annual tradition there, and for the next ten years, the San Francisco Ballet will be the only company in the United States performing the complete work.

title: 1944


slug: pyrenees

label: Pyrenees

description: range of mountains in southwest Europe

year_label: 208 BCE

text: The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy.

title: 208 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 77 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Pompeius marches along the Via Domitia through Gallia Narbonensis crossing the Pyrenees to Spain. He joins with Quintus Metellus Pius to suppress the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but is at first unsuccessful.

title: 77 BC

year_label: 49 BCE

date: June

text: June – Caesar arrives in Spain; seizes the Pyrenees passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and Marcus Petreius.

title: 49 BC

section: Events › By place and Date › Roman Republic

date: October 13

text: October 13 – The Vandals, led by King Gunderic, cross the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula. They receive land from the Romans, as foederati, in Baetica (Southern Spain). The Alans occupy lands in Lusitania and the Suebi control parts of Gallaecia.

title: 409

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: In the Gothic War (436-439) besieges king Theodoric I the city of Narbonne; the Visigoths obtain access to the Mediterranean Sea and the roads to the Pyrenees.

title: 436

section: Events › By place › Europe

text: King Childebert II, age 15, takes up his sole rule of Austrasia. A Frankish army under King Guntram marches to Comminges (Pyrenees), and besieges the citadel of Saint-Bertrand.

title: 585

text: A Muslim expedition under Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi cross the Pyrenees into Aquitanian territory, leading a small raiding party into Septimania (Southern France).

title: 717

text: Duke Eudes of Aquitaine seeks an alliance with Munuza, governor of Cerdagne (eastern Pyrenees), currently in rebellion against the central Umayyad government at Córdoba in Andalusia (probably not cemented until 729).

title: 725

text: Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Munuza, Moorish governor of Cerdagne (eastern Pyrenees), rebels against Umayyad authority. He is defeated and executed by Muslim forces under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi at Urgell (Catalonia). Muslim garrisons in Septimania raid the cities Millau and Arles.

title: 731

text: Battle of the River Garonne: A Umayyad Muslim army (40,000 men) under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, governor of Al-Andalus, crosses the Pyrenees through the Roncesvalles Pass and raids widely, ravaging the cities of Oloron, Lescar and Bayonne, and burning the abbey of Saint-Sever. Umayyad forces destroy the monastery of Saint-Émilion, and defeat the 'Count of Libourne'. Abdul Rahman sacks and captures Bordeaux, and nearly wipes out the army of Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, at the Garonne River.

title: 732

text: Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, cross the Pyrenees and ravage both sides of the mountains. He establishes colonies along the Ebro Valley, and within Basque territory. The Moorish main military efforts are in Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre and Septimania (Southern France), strengthening the towns already in their hands.

title: 733

text: Moors under Uqba ibn Al-Hajjaj cross the Pyrenees into France. Uqba fortifies Narbonne and reconquers Avignon, Arles, Nimes. He then advances into Provence, and penetrates as far as Piedmont; he then heads North, and conquers Dauphiné, destroying the city of Saint-Paul, taking Valence, Vienne and Lyon, which he uses as a base to attack Bourgogne.

title: 738

text: Siege of Narbonne: The Franks under King Pepin III ("the Short") retake Narbonne from the Muslims, after a 7-year siege. He pushes them back across the Pyrenees, and the Muslims retreat to the Andalusian heartland after 40 years of occupation. The government of the city is assigned to the Visigothic count Miló.

title: 759

date: August 15

text: August 15 – Battle of Roncevaux Pass (Pyrenees): Charlemagne is defeated by the Basques. Among those killed is Roland, governor of the Breton March, who will be immortalized in the 11th century epic The Song of Roland. This marks the beginning of medieval French literature.

title: 778

text: Winter – The Basques, supported by the Moors, cross the Garonne River and revolt against the Franks in Gascony (north of the Pyrenees).

title: 816

text: Battle of Roncevaux Pass: The Basques and Banu Qasi defeat a Frankish expedition, led by Counts Aznar and Ebles, in the Pyrenees.

title: 824

text: Galindo Aznárez I, Frankish count, usurps the Catalan counties (pagi) of Pallars and Ribagorza, in the Spanish March (modern Spain), a buffer zone between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River.

title: 833

text: Viking raiders invade the Kingdom of Pamplona (Western Pyrenees), and capture King García Íñiguez I, somewhere in the Andalusian heartland. They extort a ransom, rising to around 70,000 gold dinars.

title: 859

text: Muhammad I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, invades Pamplona (Pyrenees), and captures Crown Prince Fortún Garcés in Milagro, along with his daughter Onneca Fortúnez, and takes them as hostages to Córdoba.

title: 860

section: Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula

date: February 12

text: February 12 – (1 Dhu al-Qi'dah 311 A.H.) Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh is removed from office as the Abbasid Governor of Egypt by the Caliph al-Muqtadir after less than six months in office and is replaced by Takin al-Khazari. who, following his death, sack and burn the city of Pavia. They Hungarian forces penetrate as far as the Pyrenees.

title: 924

section: Events › January—March

text: Ramiro II expands the border eastwards (nearly to the Pyrenees) and captures Burgos and the surrounding land. This land would soon be known as the County of Castile (approximate date).

title: 931

text: King Sancho Ramírez of Pamplona and Aragon, conquers Graus (located in the Pyrenees).

title: 1083

text: Ramon Berenguer III ("the Great"), count of Barcelona, inherits Cerdanya (located between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River) which becomes part of the Principality of Catalonia.

title: 1117

date: July 25

text: July 25 – Louis VI sends his 16-year-old son Louis Capet with an escort of 500 knights to Bordeaux, along with Abbot Suger in charge of the wedding arrangements. Louis and Eleanor are married in the Cathedral of Saint-André. France unites Aquitaine and its territories to the Pyrenees.

title: 1137

date: March 20

text: March 20 – In a meeting at Dax in what is now the département of Landes, Gaston III of Foix, overlord in France of multiple territories in the Pyrenees as Count of Foix and Viscount of Béarn forms an alliance with England's John of Gaunt

title: 1374

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The Vielha Tunnel is opened, giving access to the Val d'Aran in the Spanish Pyrenees; at this time it is the longest road tunnel in the world.

title: 1948

section: Events › Date unknown


slug: pyrrhus-of-epirus

label: Pyrrhus of Epirus

description: king of Epirus from 307 to 302 and 297 to 272 BC

year_label: 319 BCE

section: Births

text: Pyrrhus of Epirus, King of the Molossians, Epirus and Macedonia (d. 272 BC)

title: 319 BC

year_label: 315 BCE

section: Crime & Justice

text: The King of Epirus, Aeacides, faces a revolt from his people and they drive him from the kingdom. His son, Phyrrhus, who is then only two years old, is saved from being killed by some faithful servants. Cassander takes control of Epirus.

title: 315 BC

section: Events › By place › Greece

year_label: 307 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Upon becoming ruler of Epirus, Pyrrhus allies himself with his brother-in-law, Demetrius and through him with Antigonus.

title: 307 BC

year_label: 302 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: Pyrrhus is dethroned as King of Epirus by an uprising and joins Demetrius while in exile.

title: 302 BC

year_label: 300 BCE

text: Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, is taken as a hostage to Egypt after the Battle of Ipsus and makes a diplomatic marriage with the princess Antigone, daughter of Ptolemy and Berenice.

title: 300 BC

section: Events › By place › Egypt

year_label: 297 BCE

text: Ptolemy decides to support Pyrrhus of Epirus and restores him to his kingdom. At first, Pyrrhus reigns with a kinsman, Neoptolemus II of Epirus (who is a son of Cleopatra of Macedonia and a nephew of Alexander the Great), but soon he has him assassinated.

title: 297 BC

year_label: 295 BCE

text: Ptolemy, son of Pyrrhus of Epirus (d. 272 BC)

title: 295 BC

year_label: 294 BCE

text: Pyrrhus of Epirus exploits the dynastic quarrel in Macedonia involving Alexander V of Macedon, his brother, Antipater II and Demetrius Poliorcetes to take over the frontier areas of Parauaea and Tymphaea, along with Acarnania, Ampholochia, and Ambracia.

title: 294 BC

year_label: 288 BCE

text: The Macedonian King, Demetrius Poliorcetes, faces a combined attack from Lysimachus and Phyrrhus, king of Epirus, after Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus form a coalition to block plans by Demetrius to invade Asia Minor.

title: 288 BC

year_label: 287 BCE

text: The Macedonians resent the extravagance and arrogance of Demetrius Poliorcetes and are not prepared to fight a difficult campaign for him. When Pyrrhus of Epirus takes the Macedonian city of Verroia, Demetrius' army promptly deserts and goes over to Pyrrhus' side as he is much admired by the Macedonians for his bravery. At this change of fortune, Phila, the mother of Antigonus, kills herself with poison.

title: 287 BC

year_label: 286 BCE

text: After allowing Pyrrhus of Epirus to remain in possession of Macedonia with the title of king, he is expelled by Lysimachus who declares himself its king in the place of Pyrrhus.

title: 286 BC

year_label: 282 BCE

text: Rome declares war on Tarentum. King Pyrrhus of Epirus declares his willingness to come to the aid of Tarentum. Tarentum also looks for support from the Samnites and other Italian tribes in southern Italy.

title: 282 BC

year_label: 281 BCE

text: Cineas, a Thessalian serving as chief adviser to King Pyrrhus of Epirus, after visiting Rome attempts, without success, to dissuade Pyrrhus from invading southern Italy.

title: 281 BC

year_label: 280 BCE

text: Pyrrhus makes an alliance with Ptolemy Keraunos, King of Macedon. This allows him to go to southern Italy with his army.

title: 280 BC

year_label: 279 BCE

text: The Carthaginians and the Romans agree to support each other against a common foe. The Carthaginians give Rome money and ships in their fight against Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus.

title: 279 BC

year_label: 278 BCE

text: The Carthaginians seize an opportunity to interfere in a quarrel between Syracuse and Agrigentum and besiege Syracuse. The Syracusans ask for help from Pyrrhus and Pyrrhus transfers his army there.

title: 278 BC

section: Events › By place › Sicily

year_label: 277 BCE

text: Pyrrhus captures Eryx, the strongest Carthaginian fortress in Sicily. This prompts the rest of the Carthaginian-controlled cities in Sicily to defect to Pyrrhus.

title: 277 BC

year_label: 275 BCE

text: When Pyrrhus returns from Sicily, he finds himself vastly outnumbered by a superior Roman army under the command of consul Manius Curius Dentatus. After the inconclusive Battle of Beneventum, Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, negotiates a peace with Pyrrhus, after which Pyrrhus decides to end his campaign in Italy and return to Epirus, which results in the loss of all his Italian holdings.

title: 275 BC

year_label: 274 BCE

text: Pyrrhus returns from Italy and Sicily and invades Macedonia defeating Antigonus II Gonatas at the Battle of the Aous and conquering Upper Macedonia and Thessaly while Antigonus holds onto the coastal Macedonian towns. Antigonus' troops desert him and Pyrrhus is declared King of Macedonia.

title: 274 BC

year_label: 273 BCE

text: Impressed by Rome's defeat of Pyrrhus of Epirus, Pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus sends a friendly embassy. The visit is reciprocated.

title: 273 BC

year_label: 272 BCE

text: Pyrrhus' departure from southern Italy three years earlier leads to the Samnites finally being conquered by the Romans. With the surrender of Tarentum, the cities of Magna Graecia in southern Italy come under Roman influence and become Roman allies. Rome now effectively dominates all of the Italian peninsula.

title: 272 BC

text: Pyrrhus of Epirus, king of the Molossians (from c. 297 BC), Epirus (306–301 and 297–272 BC) and Macedon (288–284 and 273–272 BC); involved in disputes in southern Italy against Rome and in Sicily (b. 318 BC)

title: 272 BC

year_label: 271 BCE

text: With the restoration of the territories captured by Pyrrhus, and with grateful allies in Sparta and Argos, and garrisons in Corinth and other Greek key cities, Antigonus II securely controls Macedonia and the other states of Greece. Antigonus becomes the chief of the Thessalian League and is on good terms with neighbouring Illyria and Thrace. He secures his position in central and south Greece by keeping Macedonian occupation forces in the cities of Corinth, Chalcis on the island of Euboea, and Demetrias in Thessaly, the three "shackles" of Hellas.

title: 271 BC

year_label: 241 BCE

text: Tiberius Coruncanius, Roman consul and military commander for the battles against Pyrrhus of Epirus

title: 241 BC


slug: qarmatians

label: Qarmatians

description: religious group

text: The Qarmatians, led by Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, capture Bahrain's capital of Hajr and Al-Hasa (Eastern Arabia). Abu Sa'id makes it his residence and establishes a religious utopian republic.

title: 899

section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire

text: The Qarmatians of al-Bahrayn, under Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, score a major victory over the Abbasid army led by al-Abbas ibn Amr al-Ghanawi.

title: 900

section: Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate

date: November 29

text: November 29 – Battle of Hama: Abbasid forces under Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib defeat the Qarmatians near Hama, on the banks of the Orontes River (modern Syria). The Qarmatian army is scattered and pursued by Abbasid troops; Al-Husayn ibn Zikrawayh and other Qarmatian leaders are captured.

title: 903

date: August 11

text: August 11 – The Qarmatians of Bahrayn capture and pillage the city of Basra.

title: 923

section: Events › By place › Asia

section: Religion & Belief

date: June 15

text: June 15 – Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, the Grand Vizier of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir since returning to power in August 923, is removed from office by the Caliph, and is replaced by Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Khaqani. On July 24, he is executed along with his son, al-Muhassin, for his brutality during his rule and for failing to prevent the March attack by the Qarmatians on Iraqi Muslim pilgrims.

title: 924

section: Events › April—June

date: March

text: March – A group of 1,800 warriors of the Qarmatians of Bahrayn attack and destroy the returning Hajj caravans at al-Habir. Some of the more prominent pilgrims, who were returning to Baghdad from Mecca, are taken to Al-Ahsa Oasis to be held for ransom. The event leads to the downfall and execution of the Abbasid Caliphate's vizier, Ibn al-Furat.

title: 924

date: December 7

text: 7 December – The Sajid emir of Adharbayjan, Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj is defeated and captured by the Qarmatians near Kufa.

title: 927

date: January 11

text: January 11 – Sack of Mecca: The Qarmatians, led by Abu Tahir al-Jannabi, sack Mecca, desecrating the Zamzam Well and carrying off the Black Stone to their homeland in Eastern Arabia.

title: 930

text: Battle of Alexandretta: The Byzantines defeat a Fatimid force (4,000 men) near Alexandretta (modern Turkey), while the main Fatimid army is besieging the fortress city of Antioch. Coupled with news of an advance against Damascus of the Qarmatians, the Fatimids are forced to lift the siege and withdraw to Egypt.

title: 971

section: Events › By place › Middle East

text: First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt: The Qarmatians under al-Hasan al-A'sam invade Syria, recently conquered by the Fatimid Caliphate, capturing Damascus and Ramla, defeating a major Fatimid army and blockading another in Jaffa. A subsequent invasion of Egypt leads to widespread anti-Fatimid revolts in the Nile Delta, but the delay allows the Fatimid general Jawhar to prepare his defences, leading to the decisive Qarmatian at Ayn Shams on 24 December and the collapse of the invasion.

title: 971

text: The Qarmatians are defeated north of Cairo by Fatimid forces under General Jawhar al-Siqilli. He consolidates Fatimid rule and sends a legation to the Christian land of Nubia to secure the southern border of Egypt. Arab traders introduce Islam to the population, which gradually supplants Christianity.

title: 974

section: Events › By place › Africa


slug: qatar

label: Qatar

description: country in West Asia

section: Culture & Society

date: April 1

text: April 1 – Al Arabi sports and association football club is founded in Qatar.

title: 1952

section: Events › March–April

date: May 25

text: May 25 – In Riyadh, the Gulf Cooperation Council is created among Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

title: 1981

section: Events › May

date: December 8

text: December 8 – The UN Climate Change Conference in Qatar agrees to extend the Kyoto Protocol until 2020.

title: 2012

section: Events › December

section: Economy & Finance

date: January 1

text: January 1 – Qatar withdraws from OPEC.

title: 2019

section: Events › January

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: January 4

text: January 4 – The border between Qatar and Saudi Arabia reopens.

title: 2021

date: November 30

text: November 30–December 18 – The 2021 FIFA Arab Cup is held in Qatar, and is won by Algeria.

title: 2021

section: Events › November

date: November 20

text: November 20–December 18 – The 2022 FIFA World Cup is held in Qatar and won by Argentina.

title: 2022

date: June 19

text: June 19 – Qatar and the United Arab Emirates announce that they will restore diplomatic relations after relations were suspended during the Qatar diplomatic crisis.

title: 2023

section: Events › June

date: June 23

text: June 23 – Iran launches missiles at US bases in Qatar and Iraq in response to the previous day's strikes.

title: 2025


slug: qi-state

label: Qi (state)

description: Zhou dynasty Chinese state (1046–221 BCE)

year_label: 720 BCE

section: Science & Discovery

text: 720 BC—Birth of Guan Zhong, political adviser of Qi in eastern ancient China.

title: 720s BC

section: Significant people

year_label: 698 BCE

section: Deaths

text: 698 BC—Death of Duke Xi of Qi, ruler of the state of Qi

title: 690s BC

section: Events and trends

year_label: 694 BCE

text: 694 BC—Duke Xiang of Qi and Duke Huan of Lu meet at Luo(濼). Duke Huan of Lu and his wife, Wen Jiang goes to Qi.

title: 690s BC

year_label: 690 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

text: 690 BC—Marquis of Ji(紀) does not surrender to Qi, and passes the throne to his younger brother, Ji Ji(紀季).

title: 690s BC

year_label: 645 BCE

text: Guan Zhong, prime minister of Qi

title: 645 BC

year_label: 613 BCE

text: She (Qi), temporary ruler of the state of Qi

title: 613 BC

year_label: 609 BCE

text: Duke Yi of Qi, ruler of the state of Qi

title: 609 BC

year_label: 599 BCE

text: 599 BC—Duke Hui of Qi, ruler of the Chinese state of Qi

title: 590s BC

year_label: 364 BCE

text: The Chinese astronomer Gan De from the State of Qi reportedly discovers the moon Ganymede, belonging to Jupiter, and makes the earliest known sunspot observations.

title: 364 BC

section: Events › By place › China

year_label: 354 BCE

text: The State of Qi is victorious over the State of Wei in the Battle of Guiling, a conflict which involves the military strategy of Sun Bin.

title: 354 BC

year_label: 342 BCE

text: In the course of the Warring States period, the army of the state of Qi defeats the army of the state of Wei in the Battle of Maling. This battle involves the military strategy of the general Sun Bin (descendant of Sun Tzu), and is the first battle in recorded history to give a reliable account of the handheld crossbow with trigger mechanism.

title: 342 BC

year_label: 316 BCE

text: Sun Bin, Chinese military strategist and general from the State of Qi

title: 316 BC

text: Shen Dao, Chinese philosopher from Zhao who also served at the Jixia academy in Qi. He is known for his blend of Legalism and Taoism (approximate date)

title: 275 BC

year_label: 265 BCE

text: Xiang of Qi, Chinese king of Qi (Warring States Period)

title: 265 BC

year_label: 221 BCE

section: Births

text: Liu Fei, Chinese prince and proclaimed king of the former Qi State (d. 189 BC)

title: 221 BC

year_label: 209 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: The rebels restore the monarchies of Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Wei and (in 208) Han.

title: 209 BC

year_label: 206 BCE

text: Xiang Yu campaigns against a rebellion in Qi.

title: 206 BC

year_label: 203 BCE

text: Han Xin completes the conquest of Qi, and Liu Bang appoints him as its king.

title: 203 BC

year_label: 189 BCE

text: Liu Fei, Chinese prince and proclaimed king of the former Qi State (Zhou dynasty) (b. 221 BC)

title: 189 BC


slug: qianlong-emperor

label: Qianlong Emperor

description: emperor of the Qing Dynasty (1711–1799)

date: October 18

text: October 18 – In China, Qianlong succeeds his father, Yongzheng, as Emperor and begins a 60-year-long reign within the Qing dynasty.

title: 1735

section: Events › October –December

section: Culture & Society

date: April 19

text: April 19 – The Qianlong Emperor of China visits the southern capital of Nanjing for the first time, bringing with him 3,000 staff and 6,690 horses and stays for four days.

title: 1751

section: Events › April–June

date: January 18

text: January 18 – In the aftermath of the Lhasa riot of 1750, Chinese General Ban Di arrives at the capital of Tibet on behalf of the Qianlong Emperor and the seven imprisoned leaders of the rebellion are turned over to his custody by the 7th Dalai Lama, Keizang Gyatzo. General Ban Di guides the interrogation under torture of rebel leader Lobsang Trashi and, after five days orders the beheading and dismemberment of the seven rebels.

title: 1751

section: Events › January–March

date: October 24

text: October 24 – China's Qianlong Emperor reverses a longstanding policy that barred Chinese subjects from ever returning to China if they remained out of the country for more than three years.

title: 1754

section: Events › October–December

section: Religion & Belief

text: Construction of the Puning Temple complex in Chengde, China is completed, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.

title: 1755

section: Events › Date unknown

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Qianlong, the Emperor of China issues a decree that copper engravings be made to depict all of his victories in battle. In the interest of amity with the Chinese, King George III of Great Britain gives priority to the sale of British copper, and King Louis XV of France assents to the use of French artisans.

title: 1765

section: Events › July–December

date: July 25

text: July 25 – The Imperial Court of China's Emperor Qianlong and his three senior grand councilors, Fuheng, Yenjisan and Liu T'ung-hsun, issues a directive to officials in the Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Shandong provinces warning them about the need to respond to rumors of sorcery.

title: 1768

section: Events › July–September

text: Construction of the Putuo Zongcheng Temple complex in Chengde, China is completed during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.

title: 1771

date: March 2

text: March 2 – Empress Xiaoshengxian, mother of the Chinese Qianlong Emperor of China (b. 1692)

title: 1777

section: Deaths › January–March

date: September 25

text: September 25 – The Peking Opera is born, when the Four Great Anhui Troupes introduce Anhui opera to Beijing, in honor of the Qianlong Emperor's 80th birthday.

title: 1790

date: June

text: June – The Macartney Embassy, a British diplomatic mission to China led by George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, reaches Canton, but will be rebuffed by the Qianlong Emperor.

title: 1793

section: Events › January–June

date: February 9

text: February 9 – The Qianlong Emperor of China abdicates at age 84 to make way for his son, the Jiaqing Emperor.

title: 1796

date: February 7

text: February 7 – The Jiaqing Emperor of China comes into his full powers on the death of his father, the Qianlong Emperor. He prosecutes corrupt court official Heshen and issues a decree prohibiting the import of opium to China.

title: 1799


slug: qin-dynasty

label: Qin dynasty

description: dynasty that ruled in China from 221 to 206 BC

year_label: 314 BCE

text: The city of Guilin is founded by the Qin dynasty.

title: 314 BC

year_label: 246 BCE

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The Zhengguo Canal, approximately one hundred miles long, is built across the current-day province of Shaanxi in China, greatly adding to the agricultural productivity of the area and to the military potency of the Qin dynasty.

title: 246 BC

year_label: 232 BCE

text: Xiang Yu, Chinese rebel general against the Qin dynasty, as well as the later nemesis of Liu Bang in the civil war of the Chu-Han contention (d. 202 BC)

title: 232 BC

year_label: 229 BCE

text: Qin Er Shi, Chinese emperor of the Qin Dynasty (d. 207 BC)

title: 229 BC

text: The state of Qi – by now the only other independent state in China –, is invaded by the Qin generals Wang Ben, Li Xin and Meng Tian and surrenders after offering minimal resistance. Ying Zheng, the king of Qin unifies China and proclaims himself the First Emperor, as he is the first Chinese sovereign able to rule the whole country, thus ending the Warring States period. He is known by historians as Qin Shi Huang.

title: 221 BC

year_label: 215 BCE

text: In what is claimed to be a preemptive strike, Qin forces under Meng Tian drive the Xiongnu and other northern peoples from their homeland on the Ordos Plateau.

title: 215 BC

year_label: 210 BCE

text: Qin Er Shi becomes Emperor of the Qin dynasty of China. His advisors Zhao Gao and Prime Minister Li Si forge a decree by the late Emperor Qin Shi Huang that orders the execution of Qin Er Shi's elder brother Fusu and Fusu's ally, the general Meng Tian.

title: 210 BC

section: Deaths

text: Meng Tian, Chinese general of the Qin dynasty

title: 210 BC

text: Modun khaan inherits Teoman's Hunnu confederations and founds the Xiongnu Empire in Mongolia proper. Modu's forces push into Northern China, threatening the Qin Empire and forcing them to further fortify the Great Wall.

title: 209 BC

section: Events › By place › Central Asia

text: Having helped to conquer Baiyue in northern Vietnam and southern China for the Qin dynasty, the general Zhao Tuo uses the rebellions against the Qin to establish his own independent kingdom in Nanyue, and conquers the neighboring provinces of Guilin and Xiang. He declares himself King Wu of Nanyue.

title: 209 BC

text: In August, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang begin an uprising to oppose Qin

title: 209 BC

year_label: 207 BCE

text: The Chu rebel Xiang Yu defeats the Qin general Zhang Han in the Battle of Julu and becomes the leader of the rebellion against the Qin dynasty.

title: 207 BC

text: Zhao Gao, Chief eunuch in the service of the Emperors of the Qin dynasty of China (assassinated)

title: 207 BC

text: Qin Er Shi, Emperor of the Qin dynasty of China (assassinated) (b. 229 BC)

title: 207 BC

text: Ziying, Chinese ruler of the Qin Dynasty

title: 206 BC

year_label: 205 BCE

text: Zhang Han, Chinese general of the Qin dynasty

title: 205 BC

year_label: 204 BCE

text: Dong Yi, Chinese general of the Qin Dynasty and conferred with the title of "King of Di"

title: 204 BC

year_label: 202 BCE

text: Xiang Yu, rebel leader against the Qin dynasty and nemesis of Liu Bang in the Chu–Han Contention (b. 232 BC)

title: 202 BC

year_label: 193 BCE

text: Xiao He, prime minister of the early Han dynasty in China who has been a key figure in Liu Bang's rise to power after the fall of the Qin dynasty

title: 193 BC

year_label: 127 BCE

text: Wei Qing defeats a Xiongnu army near Gaoque. He then invades the Ordos Plateau, defeats the Xiongnu and their Baiyang and Loufan allies in the battles of Puni and Fuli, and then defeats the main Xiongnu force. The conquered territory becomes Shuofang Commandery. Wu orders the foundation of Shuofang City, and the system of defenses that had been built by the Qin dynasty general Meng Tian are repaired.

title: 127 BC


slug: qin-shi-huang

label: Qin Shi Huang

description: first emperor of Qin Dynasty

year_label: 260 BCE

text: Zheng, who will later become king of the State of Qin, and then later the First Emperor of China (d. 210 BC)

title: 260 BC

year_label: 259 BCE

date: February 18

text: February 18 – Qin Shi Huang, first emperor of China (d. 210 BC)

title: 259 BC

year_label: 247 BCE

text: The 13-year-old Ying Zheng, later called Qin Shi Huang, succeeds his father Zhuangxiang of Qin (Zichu) on the throne. Prime Minister Lü Buwei becomes the regent of the king.

title: 247 BC

section: Events › By place › China

year_label: 221 BCE

section: Conflict & Security

title: 221 BC

year_label: 220 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Qin Shi Huang begins a system of tree-lined roads to interconnect all parts of China, and begins to join regional walls to form the beginnings of the Great Wall (Wan li chang cheng).

title: 220 BC

year_label: 219 BCE

text: Qin Shi Huang orders his generals to capture present-day Guangdong and Guangxi.

title: 219 BC

text: Emperor Qin Shi Huang orders the construction of his mausoleum to begin(source?), including the famous Terracotta Army.

title: 215 BC

year_label: 214 BCE

text: Qin Shi Huang orders general Ren Xiao (任囂), commanding 200,000 troops, to conquer the kingdoms in present-day northern Vietnam.

title: 214 BC

text: Qin Shi Huang orders the construction of Lingqu, the oldest contour canal.

title: 214 BC

year_label: 213 BCE

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: Emperor Qin Shi Huang and Prime Minister Li Si order all Confucian writings destroyed in the burning of books and burying of scholars.

title: 213 BC

title: 210 BC

text: Qin Shi Huang, first emperor of China (b. 259 BC)

title: 210 BC

date: March 29

text: March 29 – The Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang is discovered at Xi'an, China.

title: 1974

section: Events › March–April


slug: qin-state

label: Qin (state)

description: Chinese state from the 9th century BC to 207 BC

year_label: 698 BCE

text: 698 BC—Death of Chuzi I, ruler of the state of Qin

title: 690s BC

section: Events and trends

year_label: 627 BCE

text: Battle of Xiao, between the states of Jin and Qin in China.

title: 627 BC

section: Events

year_label: 621 BCE

text: Duke Mu of Qin, ruler of Qin (state)

title: 621 BC

year_label: 604 BCE

text: Duke Gong of Qin, ruler of the Chinese state of Qin

title: 604 BC

year_label: 537 BCE

text: Duke Jing of Qin, ruler of the Chinese state of Qin from 576 to 537 BC

title: 537 BC

year_label: 501 BCE

text: Duke Ai of Qin, ruler of the State of Qin from 537 to 501 BC

title: 501 BC

year_label: 477 BCE

text: Duke Dao of Qin, ruler of the state of Qin

title: 477 BC

year_label: 381 BCE

section: Births

text: Duke Xiao of Qin, Chinese ruler of the Qin state. (died in 338 BC)

title: 381 BC

year_label: 362 BCE

text: The states of Qin, Han and Zhao defeat the state of Wei and Qin captures the prince of Wei. The Battle of Shaoliang is then fought between Qin and Wei, which Wei loses, whereupon Qin captures the prime minister of Wei.

title: 362 BC

text: Duke Xian of Qin, ruler of the Zhou dynasty state of Qin

title: 362 BC

year_label: 356 BCE

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: With his reforms initiated in this year, the Chinese prime minister Shang Yang starts to transform the once marginal and frontier State of Qin to become the most dominant military force amongst the Warring States of China by the 3rd century BC.

title: 356 BC

year_label: 338 BCE

text: Shang Yang, Chinese statesman of Qin (b. 390 BC)

title: 338 BC

year_label: 325 BCE

text: Going against his loyalty to the figurehead monarch of the Zhou dynasty, the Qin ruler, Duke Huiwen, takes on the title of King Huiwen, claiming royal title and sparking a trend amongst other Warring States rulers to do the same.

title: 325 BC

text: Zhaoxiang of Qin, Chinese king of the Qin State (d. 250 BC)

title: 325 BC

year_label: 318 BCE

text: The state of Qin moves into the Sichuan basin, giving them control of that great food-producing plain.

title: 318 BC

year_label: 316 BCE

text: King Hui of Qin decides, on the advice of General Sima Cuo, to invade and annex the ancient states of Ba and Shu in Sichuan, in order to increase Qin's agricultural output and obtain a strategic platform from which to defeat the state of Chu.

title: 316 BC

year_label: 309 BCE

text: Soon after the State of Qin has conquered the State of Shu (in modern-day Sichuan province), they employ the Shu engineer Bi Ling to create the Guanxian irrigation system, which will eventually provide for over five million people in an area of 40 to 50 sqmi km2, still in use today.

title: 309 BC

text: Zhang Yi, strategist of the Chinese state of Qin

title: 309 BC

year_label: 303 BCE

text: Xiaowen of Qin, 34th Ruler of Qin (d. 251 BC)

title: 303 BC

year_label: 302 BCE

text: Xiaowen of Qin, Chinese king of the Qin State (d. 250 BC)

title: 302 BC

year_label: 293 BCE

text: The State of Qin, led by commander Bai Qi, wins a decisive victory over the States of Wei and Han in the Battle of Yique. He then captures territories in Han before invading and capturing further territories in Wei.

title: 293 BC

year_label: 291 BCE

text: Lü Buwei, Chinese politician and chancellor of the Qin State (d. 235 BC)

title: 291 BC

year_label: 281 BCE

text: Zhuangxiang of Qin, Chinese king of the Qin State (d. 247 BC)

title: 281 BC

year_label: 278 BCE

text: The heartland of the State of Chu in the modern Hubei province is overrun by the powerful state of Qin from the west under Bai Qi's leadership. Sailing down the Han river from Bashu, Bai Qi captures Ying - the capital of Chu - as well as Yiling, and his army reaches as far as Jingling. Bai Qi is honoured as Lord Wu'an (武安君; literally: Lord of Martial Peace). The Chu government moves to the east, occupying various temporary capitals until settling in Shouchun in 241 BC.

title: 278 BC

title: 260 BC

year_label: 257 BCE

text: Bai Qi, Chinese general of the Qin State (Warring States Period)

title: 257 BC

year_label: 256 BCE

text: Luoyang falls without much resistance to the armies of the Qin, ending the reign of the emperor Zhou Nan Wang. Although a successor was appointed as Dong Zhou Hui Wang, traditionally in Chinese history this is considered the end of the Zhou dynasty.

title: 256 BC

year_label: 250 BCE

text: Xiaowen of Qin, Chinese king of the Qin State (b. 302 BC)

title: 250 BC

text: Zhuangxiang of Qin, Chinese king of the Qin State (b. 281 BC)

title: 247 BC

year_label: 241 BCE

text: Five of the seven major warring states: Chu, Zhao, Wei, Yan, and Han, form an alliance to fight the rising power of Qin. King Kaolie of Chu is named the leader of the alliance, and Lord Chunshen the military commander, with Pang Nuan of Zhao also serving as a general. The coalition penetrates as far as the Qin town of Zui, west of the strategic Hangu Pass and in the Qin heartland of Guanzhong, but they are defeated. Afterwards, Chu moves its capital east to Shouchun, further away from the threat of Qin. Qin counterattacks, sacking the Wei city of Chaoge.

title: 241 BC

year_label: 239 BCE

text: Cheng Jiao, the half-brother of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, is sent to attack the State of Zhao, but he attempts to usurp power and is defeated and executed.

title: 239 BC

year_label: 238 BCE

section: Culture & Society

text: Ying Zheng, having reached adulthood, celebrates his capping ceremony as the king of Qin.

title: 238 BC

year_label: 237 BCE

text: Lü Buwei is deposed as the Prime Minister of Qin.

title: 237 BC

text: The Qin general Huan Yi wins a major victory over the Zhao general Hu Zhe in the Battle of Pingyang, and captures Pingyang and Wucheng.

title: 234 BC

text: The Zhao general Li Mu defeats the Qin army, led by Huan Yi, in the Battle of Fei.

title: 233 BC

text: The king of Qin, Ying Zheng, invites Prince Han Fei, a legalist philosopher and member of the Han royal family, to the Qin court. However, at the instigation of Li Si, he then has him imprisoned and executed as a threat to the state.

title: 232 BC

text: The Qin generals Wang Jian, Li Xin and Wang Ben invade the State of Yan in vengeance for an assassination attempt against the king of Qin, Ying Zheng, that had been organized by Crown Prince Dan.

title: 227 BC

text: Huan Yi, Chinese general of the Qin State (Warring States Period)

title: 227 BC

text: The Qin generals Wang Jian, Li Xin and Wang Ben conquer western Yan and its capital Ji. To secure peace, king Xi of Yan executes his son Crown Prince Dan, who is wanted for the attempted assassination of the king of Qin, Ying Zheng.

title: 226 BC

text: Qin begins the invasion of Chu. Initially, the Qin generals Li Xin and Meng Tian capture several cities and defeat the Chu army.

title: 224 BC

text: The Qin generals Wang Jian and Meng Wu defeat the Chu general Xiang Yan and the king of Chu, Lord Changping. Lord Changping is killed, and Xiang Yan commits suicide soon afterwards.

title: 223 BC

text: The Qin general Wang Jian conquers Wuyue, forcing the capitulation of its ruler. The conquered region becomes the province of Kuaiji. This campaign completes the subjugation of the lands formerly held by the State of Chu, and it also serves as a precursor for the Qin campaign against the Yue tribes.

title: 222 BC

text: The state of Qi – by now the only other independent state in China –, is invaded by the Qin generals Wang Ben, Li Xin and Meng Tian and surrenders after offering minimal resistance. Ying Zheng, the king of Qin unifies China and proclaims himself the First Emperor, as he is the first Chinese sovereign able to rule the whole country, thus ending the Warring States period. He is known by historians as Qin Shi Huang.

title: 221 BC

text: The Qin armies under Meng Tian campaign against the Xiongnu and other northern peoples and expand their territories along the north basin of the Yellow River. They subjugate the Luliang region, drive back the Xiongnu tribes to the northwest of the Ordos Plateau, and seize Gaoque, Mt. Tao and Beijia.

title: 214 BC

text: The Chu rebel Xiang Yu defeats the Qin general Zhang Han in the Battle of Julu and becomes the leader of the rebellion against the Qin dynasty.

title: 207 BC


slug: qing-dynasty

label: Qing dynasty

description: Manchu-led dynasty of China (1644–1912)

date: April 5

text: April 5 – Invasion of Ryukyu in Japan: Soldiers of the Shimazu clan capture the castle on Ryukyu Island, beginning to make the Ryukyu Kingdom a vassal of Satsuma Han, but Ryukyu is still allowed to keep itself a tribute state of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

title: 1609

section: Events › April–June

text: The Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci breaks his relations with the Ming dynasty of China, at this time under the aloof and growingly negligent Wanli Emperor; Nurhaci's line later becomes the emperors of the Qing dynasty, which overthrows the short-lived Shun dynasty in 1644, and the remnants of the Ming throne in 1662.

title: 1610

section: Events › Date unknown

date: September 30

text: September 30 – Nurhaci, chief of the Jurchens and founder of the Qing dynasty, dies and is succeeded by his son Hong Taiji.

title: 1626

text: Manchus occupy the Liaoning region in north China, select Shenyang (Mukden) as their capital, and proclaim the new Qing dynasty (pure).

title: 1636

date: April 25

text: April 25 – The Battle of Songjin begins in the modern-day North Korean city of Kimch'aek, at the time part of the Chinese Empire controlled by the Ming dynasty. The Ming, led by General Wu Sangui, defeat the Qing rebels.

title: 1641

date: November 27

text: November 27 – Hong Taiji (known in the West as Abatai) begins a 60-day march of Manchu warriors southwards from the Great Wall through Ming Chinese provinces of Zhili and Shandong, before returning northward on January 27. (Two years later Beijing falls to rebels, the Chongzhen Emperor commits suicide, and the Shunzhi Emperor becomes the first Qing Emperor to rule over China proper.)

title: 1642

section: Events › October–December

date: June 6

text: June 6 – The invading Qing army, with the help of Ming general Wu Sangui, captures Beijing in China, marking the beginning of Manchu rule over China proper, which will last until 1912.

title: 1644

date: May 27

text: May 27 – Battle of Shanhai Pass: The Manchu Qing dynasty and Wu Sangui gain a decisive victory over Li Zicheng's Shun dynasty.

title: 1644

date: November 8

text: November 8 – The Shunzhi Emperor, the second emperor of the Qing dynasty, is enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the Ming dynasty as the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper.

title: 1644

section: Health & Medicine

date: July 21

text: July 21 – Qing dynasty regent Dorgon issues a queue order ordering all Han Chinese men to shave their forehead, and braid the rest of their hair into a queue, identical to those of the Manchus.

title: 1645

date: December 30

text: December 30 – Chinese General Geng Zhongming, having reported to the Qing dynasty commanders to face charges of harboring runaway slaves during his fight against the Southern Ming dynasty troops, commits suicide while waiting for a verdict in his court-martial. (1943). His son, Geng Jimao, continues to fight against the Southern Ming.

title: 1649

date: November 24

text: November 24 – In China, Qing dynasty forces led by Shang Kexi capture the city of Guangzhou from the Southern Ming and then carry out a massacre of the population, killing as many as 70,000 people over 11 days ending on December 5.

title: 1651

date: July

text: July – Šarhūda's Manchu fleet annihilates Onufriy Stepanov's Russian flotilla, on the Amur River.

title: 1658

date: December 21

text: December 21 – General Wu Sangui of China arrives in Burma with 20,000 troops and demands that the Burmese surrender Yongli, the last of the Ming dynasty rulers of Southern China before the Qing dynasty consolidated its rule. Burma's King Pye Min hands Yongli over to General Wu on January 15, and Yongli is subsequently executed.

title: 1661

date: February 5

text: February 5 – The Shunzhi Emperor of the Chinese Qing Dynasty dies, and is succeeded by his 7-year-old son the Kangxi Emperor.

title: 1661

section: Events › January–March

date: February 1

text: February 1 – Chinese general Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) captures the Dutch East India Company's settlement at Fort Zeelandia (now Tainan) on the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege, ending the company's rule on the island, then establishes the Kingdom of Tungning. In response, the Kangxi Emperor of the mainland Qing dynasty relocates all residents along the southern coast, by 50 miles.

title: 1662

date: December 28

text: December 28 – In China, General Wu Sangui begins the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, a rebellion against the Qing dynasty by killing the Governor of the Yunnan province, Zhu Guozhi. Within 10 days, he leads troops on an expedition to take over the neighboring Guizhou province and by 1676 controls 11 of China's provinces.

title: 1673

date: December 7

text: December 7 – Wu Shifan, grandson of Chinese general Wu Sangui, commits suicide at Kunming in Yunnan province, ending the 8-year Revolt of the Three Feudatories against the Kangxi Emperor and the Qing dynasty in China.

title: 1681

date: July 8

text: July 8 – Admiral Shi Lang of Qing dynasty China leads 300 ships with 20,000 troops out of Tongshan, Fujian, and sails towards the Kingdom of Tungning, in modern-day Taiwan and Penghu, in order to quell the kingdom in the name of the Qing.

title: 1683

text: The Chinese army of the Qing dynasty attacks a Russian post at Albazin, during the reigns of the Kangxi Emperor and the dual Russian rulers Ivan V and Peter I. The event leads to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689.

title: 1685

date: August 27

text: August 27 – China and Russia sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk.

title: 1689

text: The Khalkha submit to the Manchu invaders, bringing most of modern-day Mongolia under the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

title: 1691

section: Religion & Belief

date: March 22

text: March 22 – The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty issues the Edict of Toleration, recognizing all the members of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Jesuits, and legalizing missions and their conversion of Chinese people to the Christian Faith.

title: 1692

date: June 12

text: June 12 – China's Kangxi Emperor leads troops in the Battle of Jao Modo, about 37 mi from the modern Mongolian capital, Ulan Bator, and defeats 5,000 Mongolian troops of the Dzungar Khanate under the command of Galdan Boshugtu Khan.

title: 1696

text: The Manchus of the Qing dynasty conquer Outer Mongolia.

title: 1697

date: September

text: September – In Tibet, forces of the Tibetan Dzungar Khanate destroys an advancing expedition of the Chinese Imperial Army, under the command of General Erentei, in the Battle of the Salween River.

title: 1718

date: February 4

text: February 4 – The Kangxi Era ends in Qing dynasty China, and the Yongzheng Era begins, with the coronation of Yinzhen, the Yongzheng Emperor.

title: 1723

section: Science & Discovery

text: China expels foreign missionaries.

title: 1724

text: In Qing dynasty China, 66 copies of a 5,020 volume-long encyclopedia, the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China are printed, necessitating the crafting of 250,000 movable type characters cast in bronze.

title: 1725

text: October 18 – In China, Qianlong succeeds his father, Yongzheng, as Emperor and begins a 60-year-long reign within the Qing dynasty.

title: 1735

section: Events › October –December

date: June 25

text: June 25 – The 1755 rebellion against the Chinese Empire by Mongolian Oirat Prince Amursana is met by a Chinese army of 10,000 attackers against Amursana's 2,500 man force at their capital at Bor Tal. The rebels hold out until July 17.

title: 1757

date: January 5

text: January 5 – The Great Kalmyk (Torghut Migration) is led by Ubashi Khan, from the east bank of the Lower Volga River back to the homeland of Dzungaria, at this time under Qing dynasty rule.

title: 1771

section: Events › January– March

date: September 2

text: September 2 – The Daoguang Emperor succeeds to the throne of Qing dynasty China.

title: 1820

section: Economy & Finance

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Global conglomerate Jardine Matheson is founded in Canton (modern day Guangzhou) in Qing dynasty China by Scottish merchants.

title: 1832

date: June 3

text: June 3 – Destruction of opium at Humen begins, casus belli for Britain to open the 3-year First Opium War against Qing dynasty China. A rapid rise in the sale of opium in China to over 40,000 chests (~56,000 kg per annum) has caused the Chinese government to dispatch scholar-official Lin Zexu to Guangzhou to deal with the growing problem of opium addiction.

title: 1839

text: January 20 – Charles Elliot of the United Kingdom and Qishan of the Qing dynasty agree to the Convention of Chuenpi.

title: 1841

text: August 29 – The Treaty of Nanking, an unequal treaty between the United Kingdom and Qing dynasty China, ends the First Opium War, and establishes Hong Kong as a British colony (later a British dependent territory until 1997).

title: 1842

text: January 1 – The Philippines began reckoning Asian dates by hopping the International Date Line through skipping Tuesday, December 31, 1844. That time zone shift was a reform made by Governor–General Narciso Claveria on August 16, 1844, in order to align the local calendars in the country with the rest of Asia as trade interests with Imperial China, Dutch East Indies and neighboring countries increased, after Mexico became independent in 1821. The reform also applied to Caroline Islands, Guam, Marianas Islands, Marshall Islands, and Palau as part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines.

title: 1845

text: Taiping Rebellion: The first clashes of the Taiping Rebellion occur, between the Imperialist militia and the Heavenly Army.

title: 1850

text: February 25 – Daoguang Emperor of the Qing dynasty of China (b. 1782)

title: 1850

text: May 28 - The Treaty of Aigun is signed by Yishan and Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky on behalf of the Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire.

title: 1858

text: March–August – The second rout of the Jiangnan Daying destroys the Qing dynasty's army of 180,000.

title: 1860

text: August 22 – Xianfeng Emperor, 9th emperor of the Qing dynasty (b. 1831)

title: 1861

text: February 19 – Battle of Inlon River: The Qing dynasty defeats the Nien rebels in Hubei, China.

title: 1867

text: October 15 – Tongzhi, The 8th Emperor of the Qing dynasty marries Lady Alute (Empress Jiashun)

title: 1872

text: January 12 – Guangxu becomes the 11th Qing dynasty Emperor of China at the age of 3. He succeeds his cousin, the Tongzhi Emperor, who had no sons of his own.

title: 1875

text: October 2 – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Livadia with the Russian Empire.

title: 1879

text: February 24 (February 12 Old Style) – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire providing for the return to China of the eastern part of the Ili Basin.

title: 1881

text: January 3–4 – Sino-French War: Battle of Núi Bop – French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force, in northern Vietnam.

title: 1885

text: Taiwan becomes a Chinese province

title: 1887

text: May 24 – Anti-Japanese officials, led by Tang Jingsong in Taiwan, declare independence from the Qing dynasty, forming the short-lived Republic of Formosa.

title: 1895

text: October 2 – Peiyang University, predecessor of Tianjin University, is founded as an institution of higher education in Qing dynasty China.

title: 1895

text: May 26 – Coronation of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna in the Dormition Cathedral, Moscow; this will be the last coronation of the Russian monarch. The Qing dynasty is represented at the coronation by Chinese official Li Hongzhang who through September goes on to visit Germany, Britain, Canada and the United States.

title: 1896

text: December 24 – Boxer Rebellion Demands: The foreign powers present their 12 conditions for reform to the Chinese Imperial government, including the payment of a large indemnity.

title: 1900

text: January 27 – Boxer Rebellion: Foreign diplomats in Peking, Qing dynasty China, demand that the Boxer rebels (who oppose foreign interests in the country) be disciplined.

title: 1900

text: March 1 – The United Kingdom, Germany and Japan protest the Sino-Russian agreement on Manchuria.

title: 1901

text: September 7 – The Boxer Rebellion in Qing dynasty China officially ends with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.

title: 1901

text: April 11 – Ronglu, Manchu political and military leader of the late Qing dynasty (b. 1836)

title: 1903

text: September 2 – The millennia-old imperial examination system for the civil service is abolished in Qing dynasty China.

title: 1905

text: September 4 – Japan and China sign the Gando Convention, which gives Japan a way to receive railroad concessions in Manchuria.

title: 1909

text: June 5 – The Nanyang industrial exposition ("Nanking Exposition"), an official world's fair, opens in Qing dynasty China.

title: 1910

text: December 1 – Outer Mongolia, the predecessor of modern-day Mongolia, is declared independent from the Chinese Empire.

title: 1911

text: October 4 – China adopts "Cup of Solid Gold" as its first national anthem. However, it is never performed publicly and is replaced a few months later with a new composition.

title: 1911

text: February 12 – The Manchu Qing dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor Puyi and the establishment of the Republic of China.

title: 1912

text: February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China.

title: 1913


slug: quadi

label: Quadi

description: Germanic tribe

year_label: 21 CE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The Romans create a buffer state in the territory of the Quadi, in southern Slovakia.

title: 20s

section: Events › 21 AD › Roman Empire

year_label: 40 CE

text: The Germanic Quadi tribe begins settling in present-day Moravia and Slovakia.

title: 40s

section: Timeline › AD 40

year_label: 92 CE

section: Conflict & Security

text: In spring, several tribes (probably Marcomanni, Quadi, Jazyges) cross the Danube and attack Pannonia, probably destroying Legio XXI Rapax. These tribes are defeated from May to December 92, and chased back over the river. The Romans do not pursue the retreating tribes.

title: AD 92

section: Events › By place › Roman Empire

text: Antoninus Pius recognizes the king of the Quadi, who becomes an ally of Rome.

title: AD 140

text: Marcus Aurelius signs a peace treaty with the Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges. The Germanic tribes of the Hasdingi (Vandals) and the Lacringi become Roman allies.

title: AD 171

text: Miracle in Moravia: As the Roman army is encircled by the Quadi under intense heat, a violent thunderstorm sweeps away the Quadi in a torrent of water and mud, and refreshes the parched legionaries.

title: AD 172

text: Second Marcomannic War: Marcus Aurelius and Commodus begin war against the Quadi and the Marcomanni.

title: AD 177

text: The Quadi are chased westwards, deeper into Germania. The Praetorian prefect, Tarutenius Paternus, achieves a decisive victory against the Germanic tribes.

title: AD 180

text: Carus defeats the Quadi and Sarmatians on the Danube; for his victories he is given the title Germanicus Maximus.

title: 282

text: An invasion of Pannonia by the Quadi and the Sarmates is repulsed by Constantius II.

title: 358

text: The fortified cities of the Danube, with Sirmium (Pannonia) at the forefront, contribute to stop an invasion of the Quadi.

title: 371

text: Emperor Valentinian I is engaged in operations against the Alamanni, Quadi and Sarmatians, while his subordinates are dealing with the Roman usurper Firmus in Africa and the Picts in Britain.

title: 372

text: The Quadi cross the Danube and begin ravaging Pannonia. They avoid the fortified cities and plunder the unprotected countryside.

title: 374

section: Deaths

date: November 17

text: November 17 – Emperor Valentinian I concludes an enduring peace with the Alamanni in Germany, then marches into Illyricum to repel an invasion of the Quadi and the Sarmatians on the Danube frontier. While negotiating with the Quadi, Valentinian, age 54, becomes so enraged that he dies in a fit of apoplexy at Brigetio (Hungary). Extreme cruelty has marked his 11-year reign, but he has also founded schools and provided physicians to serve the poor of Constantinople.

title: 375

text: Stilicho crushes a coalition of Asding Vandals, Ostrogoths and Quadi with an army raised from forces of the Rhine frontier, leaving this sector dangerously weakened.

title: 405


slug: quebec-city

label: Quebec City

description: capital city of the province of Quebec, Canada

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: July 3

text: July 3 – The settlement of Quebec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain.

title: 1608

section: Events › July–September

date: June 2

text: June 2 – The first Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France.

title: 1615

text: June 3 – The oldest stone church in French North America, Notre-Dame-des-Anges, is begun at Quebec City in modern-day Canada.

title: 1620

text: Between 1702 and 1703 – An epidemic of smallpox breaks out in Quebec, in which 2,000-3,000 people die (300-400 in Quebec City).

title: 1703

date: August 22

text: August 22 – The Quebec Expedition, a British attempt to attack Quebec as part of Queen Anne's War, fails when 8 of its ships are wrecked in the Saint Lawrence River and 890 people, mostly soldiers, drown.

title: 1711

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Quebec: Construction begins on the Chemin du roy between Quebec and Montreal.

title: 1735

date: June 26

text: June 26 – After their fleet finishes navigation of the St. Lawrence and arriving at the Île d'Orléans, British troops go ashore on France's North American territory and begin the siege of Quebec City.

title: 1759

date: April 20

text: April 20 – France's Marshal François Gaston de Lévis departs from Montreal up the St. Lawrence River with 7,000 troops on a plan to retake Quebec City from the British.

title: 1760

date: April 26

text: April 26 – Marshal Lévis and his troops land at Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures, adjacent to Quebec City, and prepares to lay siege to the British occupying force.

title: 1760

section: Culture & Society

date: June 21

text: June 21 – The English-language Quebec Gazette is established in Quebec City, Canada (the oldest surviving newspaper in North America).

title: 1764

section: Events › January–June

date: July 24

text: July 24 – Governor General Lord Dorchester, by proclamation issued from the Chateau St. Louis in Quebec City, divides the British Province of Quebec into five Districts, namely: Gaspé, Nassau, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, and Hesse.

title: 1788

section: Disasters & Accidents

date: June 29

text: June 29 – St-Hilaire train disaster, a passenger train operated by Grand Trunk Railway and travelling from Quebec City to Montreal is derailed at a swung open bridge after a signal passed at danger. The train also collapses onto a ship, sinking both ship and train. 99 people are killed and 100 injured making this the deadliest train accident in Canada's history.

title: 1864

section: Events › June

date: May 17

text: May 17 – King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom arrive in Quebec City, to begin the first-ever tour of Canada by Canada's monarch.

title: 1939

section: Events › May

date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Quadrant Conference begins in Quebec City; Canadian Prime Minister MacKenzie King meets with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

title: 1943

section: Events › August

date: October 16

text: October 16 – The Food and Agriculture Organization is established at a meeting in Quebec City as a specialized agency of the United Nations.

title: 1945

section: Events › October

date: January 29

text: January 29 – A gunman opens fire at a mosque in Quebec City, Canada, killing 6 and injuring 19 others.

title: 2017

section: Events › January


slug: quebec

label: Quebec

description: province of Canada

date: May 29

text: May 29 – A tabagie feast is held in Tadoussac in the modern-day Canadian province of Quebec, as representatives of France

title: 1603

section: Events › April–June

section: Exploration & Expansion

date: May 27

text: May 27 – After getting an official proclamation that he is the French Governor of New France, explorer Samuel de Champlain begins exploration of the area westward from Quebec, traveling along the Ottawa River.

title: 1613

section: Climate & Environment

text: Samuel de Champlain decides to build Cap tourmente (Kap toor-mont) Farm to raise livestock to provide food for settlers in Quebec, rather than depending on supplies sent from France.

title: 1626

section: Events › Date unknown

date: July 19

text: July 19 – Anglo-French War (1627–1629): New France's Samuel de Champlain surrenders the city of Quebec to an English force led by David Kirke.

title: 1629

date: March 29

text: March 29 – The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, returning Quebec to French control, after the English had seized it in 1629.

title: 1632

section: Events › January–March

date: July 4

text: July 4 – The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France, in what is the modern-day Canadian province of Quebec.

title: 1634

section: Religion & Belief

text: French nobleman Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière obtains the seigneurial title to the island of Montreal in New France (modern-day Quebec) in the name of the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal to establish a Roman Catholic mission to evangelize indigenous peoples.

title: 1639

section: Births

date: April 10

text: April 10 – René Lepage de Sainte-Claire, lord-founder of Rimouski in eastern Quebec, Canada (d. 1718)

title: 1656

date: August 20

text: August 20 – The ship Les Armes d'Amsterdam arrives at Quebec, New France. Among the passengers is Michel Mathieu Brunet dit Lestang (1638–1708), colonist, explorer and co-discoverer of modern-day Green Bay, Wisconsin, and ancestor of the Brunet, Lestang and Carisse families of North America.

title: 1657

date: September 20

text: September 20 – Louis-François Duplessis de Mornay, Catholic bishop of Quebec (d. 1741)

title: 1663

date: May 2

text: May 2 – The Hudson's Bay Company is granted a royal charter in England with the jurisdiction to control administration and commerce in "Rupert's Land", governed for the crown by Rupert, Duke of Cumberland, the cousin of King Charles II. The land is a 1.5 million square mile area of what is now Canada around Hudson Bay. The area controlled covers all of the modern province of Manitoba, most of Saskatchewan, and significant portions of Alberta and Nunavut, as well as parts of what are now Ontario and Quebec, and parts of the U.S. states of Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana.

title: 1670

text: The construction of Fort Longueuil, a stone fort in Longueuil, in Quebec, Canada, is completed. It is one of the only buildings in Canada that could ever be considered a castle (fortified residence for a noble), and out of those buildings it most resembles the castles of Europe.

title: 1690

date: October 6

text: October 6 – Massachusetts Puritans, led by Sir William Phips, besiege the city of Quebec; the siege ends in failure after six days.

title: 1690

section: Events › October–December

section: Health & Medicine

title: 1703

date: August 4

text: August 4 – René Lepage de Sainte-Claire, lord-founder of Rimouski in eastern Quebec, Canada (b. 1656)

title: 1718

date: September 16

text: September 16 – The magnitude 5.8 Montreal earthquake occurs in Quebec (New France).

title: 1732

text: May 29 – The right of Canadians to keep Indian slaves is upheld at Quebec.

title: 1733

date: May 3

text: May 3 – France dispatches 3,600 troops to protect its Canadian colonies in Quebec from a British invasion, dispatching 2,400 to Quebec city and 1,200 to Louisbourg in Nova Scotia, unaware that a squadron of 11 fully armed warships from Britain's Royal Navy had sailed toward Canada on April 27.

title: 1755

date: February 17

text: February 17 – "The greatest fleet that had ever put out for America" departs from Portsmouth with 250 ships

title: 1759

date: September 13

text: September 13 – Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) – Battle of the Plains of Abraham: Quebec falls to British forces, following General James Wolfe's victory just outside the city. Both the French Commander (the Marquis de Montcalm) and the British General Wolfe are fatally wounded.

title: 1759

date: April 28

text: April 28 – British defenders and the French Army clash at the Battle of Sainte-Foy to determine the future control of Quebec. General Murray is forced to retreat after the British suffer 259 deaths and 845 wounded, while the French under Marshal Lévis suffer 193 deaths and 640 wounded.

title: 1760

date: May 18

text: May 18 – Not long after British rule has started over the formerly French colony of Quebec, an accidental fire destroys one quarter of the town of Montreal.

title: 1765

date: June 22

text: June 22 – The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Quebec Act, setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America, enlarging its territory as far south as the Ohio River and west to the Mississippi River, in the area now occupied by the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio and granting freedom of religion for Roman Catholics.

title: 1774

date: December 31

text: December 31 – American Revolution: Battle of Quebec – British forces repulse an attack by Continental Army generals Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold at Quebec; Montgomery is killed.

title: 1775

section: Events › July–December

date: November 13

text: November 13 – American Revolution: Battle of Montreal – American forces under Brigadier General Richard Montgomery capture Montreal. British General Guy Carleton escapes to Quebec.

title: 1775

date: November 6

text: November 6 Louis-Joseph Papineau begins the Lower Canada Rebellion in the Quebec city of Montreal.

title: 1837

date: April 25

text: April 25 – The , carrying Irish emigrants from Derry bound for Quebec, is wrecked off Islay, with only three survivors from more than 250 on board.

title: 1847

text: March 29 – The British North America Act receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada, in an event known as the Confederation. This unites the Province of Canada (Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia on July 1. Ottawa will become the capital.

title: 1867

section: Events › March

date: October 20

text: October 20 – A 6.6 earthquake shakes the Canadian province of Quebec, killing 6 people.

title: 1870

date: May 24

text: May 24 – Women in Canada, excluding residents of Quebec, are granted the right to vote in federal elections.

title: 1918

date: September 3

text: September 3 – Armand Vaillancourt, Québécois Canadian sculptor, painter and performance artist

title: 1929

section: Births › September

date: September 9

text: September 9 – Albert Guay affair: A dynamite bomb destroys Canadian Pacific Airlines Douglas DC-3, in Quebec.

title: 1949

section: Events › September

date: September 6

text: September 6 – The CBC in Montreal, Quebec, goes on air launching television in Canada.

title: 1952

section: Events › September–October

section: Crime & Justice

text: April 20 – In Quebec, Canada, members of the terrorist group Front de libération du Québec bomb a Canadian Army recruitment center, killing night watchman Wilfred V. O'Neill.

title: 1963

section: Events › April

text: April 27 – Montreal, Quebec, Expo 67, a World's Fair to coincide with the Canadian Confederation centennial, officially opens with Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson igniting the Expo Flame in the Place des Nations.

title: 1967

text: May 26–June 2 – John Lennon and Yoko Ono conduct their second bed-in. The follow-up to the Amsterdam event is held at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Quebec. Lennon composes and records the song "Give Peace a Chance" during the event.

title: 1969

text: October 10 – October Crisis: In Montreal, Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte becomes the second statesman kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group.

title: 1970

text: October 5 – The Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnaps British trade commissioner James Cross in Montreal and demands release of all imprisoned FLQ members, beginning Quebec's October Crisis. The next day the Canadian government announces that it will not meet the demand.

title: 1970

text: March 4 – The southern part of Quebec, and especially Montreal, receives " (42 cm) of snow in what becomes known as the Century's Snowstorm (la tempête du siècle).

title: 1971

text: August 26 – The National Assembly of Quebec passes the Charter of the French Language (Law 101, La charte de la langue française) making French the official language of the Canadian province of Quebec.

title: 1977

text: May 20 – 1980 Quebec referendum: Voters in Quebec reject, by a vote of 60%, a proposal to seek independence from Canada.

title: 1980

text: April 30 – Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the Provincial Premiers agree in principle to the Meech Lake Accord which would bring Quebec into the constitution.

title: 1987

text: August 24 – Concordia University massacre: Valery Fabrikant murders four colleagues and seriously wounds another in a shooting at Concordia University, in Montreal, Quebec.

title: 1992

text: March 13–15 – The 1993 Storm of the Century strikes the eastern U.S., bringing record snowfall and other severe weather all the way from Cuba to Quebec; it reportedly kills 184 people.

title: 1993

text: October 30 – Quebec independentists narrowly lose a referendum for a mandate to negotiate independence from Canada.

title: 1995

text: July 21 – The Saguenay Flood, one of Canada's most costly natural disasters, is caused by flooding on the Saguenay River in Quebec.

title: 1996

text: July 6 – A runaway train carrying crude oil derails in Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, catching fire and exploding, killing 47 people.

title: 2013

text: July 5 – The 2018 North American heat wave takes place, killing 33 people in the Canadian province of Quebec.

title: 2018


slug: queen-consort

label: Queen consort

description: wife of a reigning king

section: Culture & Society

text: 1398 BC—Birth of Tiy to Egyptian nobleman Yuya and his wife Tjuyu. She later becomes the Chief Queen of Pharaoh Amenhotep III of Egypt and the matriarch of the Amarna family (approximate date).

title: 1390s BC

section: Significant people

text: Aelia Eudoxia, empress and wife of Arcadius (approximate date)

title: 380

section: Deaths

text: Maria, empress consort and wife of Honorius

title: 407

text: Ino Anastasia, Byzantine empress consort

title: 593

text: Gayatri Rajapatni, Queen consort of Majapahit

title: 1350

date: April 18

text: April 18 – The widowed Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, marries Milanese noblewoman Bona Sforza in Wawel Cathedral and she is crowned as Queen consort of Poland.

title: 1518

date: January 6

text: January 6 – King Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort; the marriage lasts six months.

title: 1540

date: July 9

text: July 9 – English King Henry VIII's marriage to Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort, is annulled.

title: 1540

section: Events › July–September

date: January 28

text: January 28 – Rules are established for the Ōoku, the section of Edo Castle that housed the Shōgun's consort and his concubines.

title: 1618


slug: queen-victoria

label: Queen Victoria

description: Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901 (1819-1901)

date: August 17

text: August 17 – Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, mother of Queen Victoria (d. 1861)

title: 1786

date: January 23

text: January 23 – Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, member of British Royal Family and father of Queen Victoria (b. 1767)

title: 1820

section: Deaths › January–June

date: July 13

text: July 13 – Queen Victoria moves from Kensington Palace into Buckingham Palace, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than St James's Palace, as her London home.

title: 1837

date: June 20

text: June 20 – Queen Victoria, 18, accedes to the throne of the United Kingdom, on the death of her uncle King William IV without legitimate heirs (she will reign for more than 63 years). Under Salic law, the Kingdom of Hanover passes to William's brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, ending the personal union of Britain and Hanover which has persisted since 1714.

title: 1837

section: Events › April–June

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

date: May 7

text: May 7–11 – The Bedchamber Crisis in the United Kingdom: Following the announcement by Prime Minister Lord Melbourne that he intends to resign, Robert Peel asks (for political reasons) that Queen Victoria dismiss some of her personal attendants, Ladies of the Bedchamber, as a condition for his forming a government. Victoria refuses to accept the condition and Melbourne is persuaded to stay on as Prime Minister.

title: 1839

date: February 10

text: February 10 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom marries her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

title: 1840

date: October 16

text: October 16 – Queen's University is founded in Kingston, Ontario, by Rev. Thomas Liddell, who carries a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria, and becomes the school's first principal.

title: 1841

section: Technology & Infrastructure

date: June 13

text: June 13 – Queen Victoria becomes the first reigning British monarch to travel by train, on the Great Western Railway between Slough and London Paddington station.

title: 1842

text: April 25 – Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, third child of Queen Victoria (d. 1878)

title: 1843

section: Births › April

date: March 9

text: March 9 – The First Anglo-Sikh war ends with the signing of the Treaty of Lahore. Kashmir is ceded to the British East India Company, and the Koh-i-Noor diamond is surrendered to Queen Victoria.

title: 1846

date: May 1

text: May 1 – The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London is opened by Queen Victoria.

title: 1851

section: Economy & Finance

text: The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China is incorporated in London by Scotsman James Wilson, under a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria.

title: 1853

section: Events › Date unknown

date: April 7

text: April 7 – Prince Leopold, the youngest son and the eighth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, is born in Buckingham Palace; he has inherited haemophilia. During the labour, Victoria chooses to use chloroform, thereby encouraging the use of anesthesia in childbirth.

title: 1853

date: August 18

text: August 18 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, with Prince Albert, begins a 10-day state visit to Paris, the first visit of a reigning British monarch to France since 1413. While there, she visits the Exposition Universelle.

title: 1855

date: May 22

text: May 22 – In Australia, the province of Victoria (named for then reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria) to the southeast is separated administratively from the earlier larger province of New South Wales to the north.

title: 1855

date: January 29

text: January 29 – Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross as a British military decoration.

title: 1856

section: Conflict & Security

date: May 3

text: May 3 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom gives Norfolk Island to the population of the colony at Pitcairn Island, most being descendants of the Mutiny on the Bounty. They first settle on Norfolk Island on June 8. Women's suffrage, as practiced on Pitcairn, is extended to Norfolk Island.

title: 1856

date: April 14

text: April 14 – Princess Beatrice, the fifth daughter and the youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, is born.

title: 1857

text: April 14 – Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom, youngest child of Queen Victoria (d. 1944)

title: 1857

section: Births › April–June

text: December 31 – Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as the capital of Canada.

title: 1857

text: June 20 – The Victoria and Albert Museum in London is officially opened by Queen Victoria.

title: 1857

date: June 26

text: June 26 – At a ceremony in London, Queen Victoria awards the first 66 Victoria Crosses to British troops, for actions during the Crimean War.

title: 1857

text: Queen Victoria announces her choice of Ottawa as capital of the Province of Canada.

title: 1858

date: August 16

text: August 16 – U.S. President James Buchanan inaugurates the new trans-Atlantic telegraph cable, by exchanging greetings with Queen Victoria. However, a weak signal forces a shutdown of the service in a few weeks.

title: 1858

date: January 25

text: January 25 – The Wedding March by Felix Mendelssohn becomes a popular wedding recessional, after it is played on this day at the marriage of Queen Victoria's daughter Victoria, Princess Royal, to Prince Friedrich of Prussia in St James's Palace, London.

title: 1858

date: March 16

text: March 16 – Princess Victoria, Duchess of Kent and Strathearn, mother of Queen Victoria (b. 1786)

title: 1861

date: May 13

text: May 13 – American Civil War: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of neutrality", which recognizes the breakaway states as having belligerent rights.

title: 1861

section: Events › May

date: July 1

text: July 1 – Princess Alice, the second daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine.

title: 1862

section: Events › July

date: July 6

text: July 6 – Queen Victoria issues Letters Patent, annexing to South Australia the part of the colony of New South Wales that will later become the Northern Territory.

title: 1863

date: March 14

text: March 14 – Queen Victoria issues Letters Patent granting Goulburn city status, making it Australia's first inland city.

title: 1863

date: July 5

text: July 5 – Princess Helena, third daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.

title: 1866

date: May 29

text: May 29 – Canadian Confederation: Queen Victoria signs the British North America Act, creating the Dominion of Canada, effective July 1.

title: 1867

date: July 26

text: July 26 – The Irish Church Act 1869 is given royal assent by Queen Victoria, disestablishing the Church of Ireland effective January 1, 1871.

title: 1869

text: March 29 – The Royal Albert Hall in London is opened by Queen Victoria; it incorporates a grand organ by Henry Willis & Sons, the world's largest at this time.

title: 1871

text: January 23 – Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, second son of Queen Victoria, marries Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, only daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, in the Grand Church of the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg.

title: 1874

text: May 1 – The Royal Titles Act 1876 in the UK Parliament confers the title 'Empress of India' upon Queen Victoria from 1877.

title: 1876

text: January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act 1876, introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the prime minister of the United Kingdom .

title: 1877

text: March 2 – Roderick Maclean fails in an attempt to assassinate Queen Victoria, at Windsor.

title: 1882

text: September 13 – Selwyn College, Cambridge, is founded after Queen Victoria grants a Charter of Incorporation.

title: 1882

text: March 28 – Prince Leopold, the youngest son and eighth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, dies, aged 30 in Cannes (France) following a fall complicated by his haemophilia. His son, Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, is born nearly 4 months later.

title: 1884

text: March 28 – Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, youngest son of Queen Victoria (b. 1853)

title: 1884

text: June 30 – The Royal Holloway College for women is opened by Queen Victoria, near London, England.

title: 1886

text: June 20 – The British Empire celebrates Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, marking the 50th year of her reign.

title: 1887

text: July 16 – Liberian freed slave Martha Ann Ricks meets Queen Victoria.

title: 1892

text: March 13 – Ernest Louis, a grandson of Queen Victoria, becomes Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine on the death of his father, Grand Duke Louis IV.

title: 1892

text: May 21 – The Manchester Ship Canal and Docks are officially opened by Queen Victoria, linking the previously landlocked industrial city of Manchester, in north-west England, to the Irish Sea.

title: 1894

text: September 22 – Queen Victoria surpasses her grandfather King George III as the longest-reigning monarch in British history up to this time.

title: 1896

text: June 22 – The British Empire celebrates Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, marking the 60th year of her reign. No other British monarch will celebrate such a jubilee until Victoria's great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II in 2012.

title: 1897

text: January 22 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom dies at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. She is 81 years old and, having ruled for nearly 64 years, will be the second longest-reigning monarch in British history. Her eldest son, Prince Albert Edward, "Bertie", the longest-serving Prince of Wales to this time, succeeds his mother at the age of 59, reigning as King Edward VII, of the United Kingdom and in innovation the British Dominions and also becoming Emperor of India.

title: 1901

text: June 9 – Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, third daughter of Queen Victoria (b. 1846)

title: 1923

text: January 16 – Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, 2nd youngest son of Queen Victoria (b. 1850)

title: 1942

text: October 26 – Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom, youngest and last surviving child of Queen Victoria (b. 1857)

title: 1944

text: December 1 – At the age of , Queen Elizabeth II becomes the oldest ever reigning British monarch, surpassing Queen Victoria who was aged upon her death on January 22, 1901.

title: 2007

text: September 9 – Queen Elizabeth II, having been on the throne for , becomes the longest-reigning British monarch in history and the longest-serving head of state of any nation in modern history, surpassing Queen Victoria who had reigned for upon her death on January 22, 1901.

title: 2015


slug: quintus-sertorius

label: Quintus Sertorius

description: Roman rebel leader (Sertorian War)

year_label: 125 BCE

section: Births

text: Quintus Sertorius, Roman statesman and general (d. 73 BC)

title: 125 BC

year_label: 121 BCE

text: Quintus Sertorius, Roman general (d. 72 BC)

title: 121 BC

year_label: 80 BCE

text: Quintus Sertorius re-enters Iberia with a tiny army (2,600 men) and opens a successful campaign against the Sullan forces.

title: 80 BC

section: Events › By place › Roman Republic

year_label: 77 BCE

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Pompeius marches along the Via Domitia through Gallia Narbonensis crossing the Pyrenees to Spain. He joins with Quintus Metellus Pius to suppress the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but is at first unsuccessful.

title: 77 BC

year_label: 76 BCE

text: On the Iberian Peninsula, in the Roman province of Hispania Citerior, the rebel forces of Quintus Sertorius defeat the republican army of Pompey the Great at the Battle of Lauron.

title: 76 BC

year_label: 75 BCE

text: At the Battle of Saguntum the republican forces on the Iberian Peninsula and the Sertorian rebels fight each other to a draw. Quintus Sertorius is forced to withdraw leaving the battlefield to Pompey and Metellus (the republican commanders).

title: 75 BC

text: In the Roman province of Hispania Citerior an army of Sertorian rebels under Quintus Sertorius himself defeats a republican army under Pompey the Great at the Battle of Sucro.

title: 75 BC

text: Gaius Herennius, tribune of the plebs in 80 BC and legate to Quintus Sertorius during the Sertorian War, killed at the Battle of Valentia.

title: 75 BC

text: Lucius Hirtuleius, right-hand-man of Quintus Sertorius during the Sertorian War, killed at the Battle of Saguntum.

title: 75 BC

year_label: 73 BCE

text: Quintus Sertorius, leader of the Sertorian rebels during the Sertorian War

title: 73 BC

year_label: 72 BCE

text: Marcus Perperna Vento, lieutenant of Quintus Sertorius during the Sertorian War

title: 72 BC

title: 72 BC