date: June 2

text: June 2 – Bavarian and Spanish troops capture the town of Bad Kreuznach during the Thirty Years' War, 17 months after it had been taken in a French and Saxon attack.


date: June 12

section: Conflict & Security

text: June 12 – In India, in the modern-day Rajasthan state, the Mughal Grand Vizier Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan is killed in a battle in Bundi against the armies of Nurpur, commanded by the Raja Jagat Singh. The elaborate Tomb of Asif Khan is constructed at Lahore (modern Pakistan) on orders of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: June 29

text: June 29 – The Battle of Wolfenbüttel takes place between a combined Swedish and French force against the Holy Roman Empire, with the Swedish-French Army driving back an Imperial assault.


date: September 18

text: September 18 – In France, the siege of Bapaume ends with the surrender of the fortress by its Spanish occupiers.

source_section: Events › July–September


text: September 18 – In Germany, the Siege of Dorsten by the Holy Roman Empire ends after nine weeks with the surrender of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel after the Hessians suffer 1,350 casualties.


date: October 23

text: October 23 – Irish Rebellion of 1641 breaks out: Irish Catholic gentry, chiefly in Ulster, revolt against the English administration and Scottish settlers in Ireland.

source_section: Events › October–December


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Battle of Cape St Vincent: A Dutch fleet, with Michiel de Ruyter as third in command, beats back a Spanish-Dunkirker fleet off the coast of Portugal.


date: May 24

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: May 24 – Providence Island in the Caribbean, settled by English Puritans and a haven for English pirates off the coast of modern-day Colombia, is captured in a joint operation of the Spanish Navy in an attack led by Don Francisco Díaz Pimienta, and the Portuguese Navy led by the Count of Castel-Melhor Sousa. The expedition takes 770 prisoners, 380 slaves and a fortune in plundered gold and silver.


text: The Dutch found a trading colony on Dejima, near Nagasaki, Japan.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


text: The Norwegian city of Kristiansand is founded by King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway.


date: January 18

section: Religion & Belief

text: January 18 – The Junta de Braços (council of Estates) of the Principality of Catalonia, led by Pau Claris, accepts the proposal to establish the Catalan Republic under French protection.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: March 7

text: March 7 – King Charles I of England decrees that all Roman Catholic priests must leave England by April 7 or face being arrested and treated as traitors.


date: March 22

text: March 22 – The trial for high treason begins for Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, director of England's Council of the North.


date: April 7

text: April 7 – The deadline for Catholic priests to leave England expires. Among those who refuse to leave, Ambrose Barlow and William Ward become martyrs. Barlow surrenders on Easter Sunday, April 25, and is hanged on September 10; he will be canonized as a saint in 1970. Ward is caught on July 15 and executed on July 26.


date: April 15

text: April 15 – Aegidius Ursinus de Vivere is appointed by Pope Urban VIII to be the Roman Catholic Church's Patriarch of Jerusalem.


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, former director of England's Council of the North, is publicly beheaded in London in front of a crowd of thousands of people.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – By a vote of 159 to 148, the Long Parliament of England passes the Grand Remonstrance, with 204 specific objections to King Charles I's absolutist tendencies, and calling for the King to expel all Anglican bishops from the House of Lords.


date: December 16

text: December 16 – Pope Urban VIII announces the creation of 12 new cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church.


date: December 23

text: December 23 – King Charles replies to the Grand Remonstrance and refuses the demand for the removal of bishops from the House of Lords. Rioting breaks out in Westminster after the King's refusal is announced, and the 12 Anglican bishops stop attending meetings of the Lords.


date: December 27

text: December 27 – According to a journalist who witnesses the events, John Rushworth, the term "roundhead" is first used to describe supporters of the English Parliament who have challenged the authority of the monarchy. Rushworth writes later that during a riot on the 27th, one of the rioters, David Hide, draws his sword and, describing the short haircuts of the anti-monarchists, says that he would "cut the throat of those round-headed dogs that bawled against bishops."


date: December 30

text: December 30 – At the request of King Charles, John Williams, the Anglican Archbishop of York joins with 11 other bishops in disputing the legality of any legislation passed by the House of Lords during the time that the bishops were excluded. The House of Commons passes a resolution to have the 12 bishops arrested. King Charles, in turn, issues an order on January 3 to have five members of the House of Commons arrested for treason.


section: Science & Discovery

text: René Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy is originally published.


section: Health & Medicine

text: A massive epidemic breaks out in northern and central China, just three years before the fall of the Ming dynasty. It races south down along the Grand Canal of China and the densely populated settlements there, from the northern terminus at Beijing, to the fertile Jiangnan region. In some local areas and towns it wipes out 90% of the local populace.


date: September 23

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: September 23 – The English ship Merchant Royal sinks off Cornwall along with its cargo of 100000 lb of gold and 18 of its 58 crew. More than 380 years later, treasure seekers will still not have located the wreckage.


date: January 4

section: Climate & Environment

text: January 4 – The stratovolcano Mount Parker in the Philippines has a major eruption.


section: Culture & Society

text: Moses Amyraut's De l'elevation de la foy et de l'abaissement de la raison en la creance des mysteres de la religion is published.


date: January 13

section: Births

text: January 13 – Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of Marchmont, Scottish statesman (d. 1724)

source_section: Births › January–March


text: January 18 – François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, French war minister (d. 1691)


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Claude de la Colombière, French Jesuit priest and saint (d. 1682)


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Robert Knox, English sea captain in the service of the British East India Company (d. 1720)


text: February 8 – Richard Jones, 1st Earl of Ranelagh, Irish politician (d. 1712)


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Hyeonjong of Joseon, 18th monarch of the Korean Joseon Dynasty (d. 1674)


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English politician and army officer (d. 1704)

source_section: Births › April–June


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien, French-born Polish consort to King John III Sobieski (d. 1716)


date: June 30

text: June 30 – Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, English general (d. 1719)


date: September 5

text: September 5 – Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, English diplomat (d. 1702)

source_section: Births › July–September


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Nehemiah Grew, English plant anatomist and physiologist (d. 1712)


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, mistress of Louis XIV (d. 1707)

source_section: Births › October–December


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Philip Skippon, English naturalist and Member of Parliament (d. 1691)


date: November 23

text: November 23 – Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (d. 1720)


date: January 3

section: Deaths

text: January 3 – Jeremiah Horrocks, English astronomer (b. c. 1618)

source_section: Deaths


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Pau Claris i Casademunt, Catalan ecclesiastic (b. 1586)


date: April 6

text: April 6 – Domenico Zampieri (Domenichino), Italian painter (b. 1581)


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, English statesman (b. 1593)


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Emirgûneoğlu Yusuf Paşa, Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1605)


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Giovanni Francesco Guidi di Bagno, Italian cardinal (b. 1578)


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Thomas Heywood, English playwright (b. c. 1573)


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Ambrose Barlow, English Catholic martyr (b. 1585) (executed)


date: October 3

text: October 3 – Étienne Martellange, French architect (b. 1569)


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Cornelis Jol, Dutch naval commander and privateer (b. 1597)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Maren Spliid, Danish alleged witch (b. c. 1600) (executed)


text: November 9 – Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria, Governor of the Netherlands and Bishop of Toledo (b. c. 1609)


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Sir Anthony van Dyck, Flemish painter (b. 1599)


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, 2nd Prime Minister of France (b. 1560)


date: January 4

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: January 4 – King Charles I of England, accompanied by soldiers, arrives at a session of the Long Parliament and attempts to arrest his chief opponents, the Five Members, John Hampden, Arthur Haselrig, Denzil Holles, John Pym and William Strode, for what he regards as treason but they escape and are protected by the Lord Mayor of London. This is the last time any monarch enters the House of Commons.


date: February 15

text: February 15 – Royalist Endymion Porter is voted to be a "dangerous counsellor" by the English parliament.


date: February 17

text: February 17 – The Treaty of Axim is signed between the Dutch West India Company and the chiefs of the Nzema people in the modern-day African nation of Ghana.


date: February 20

text: February 20 – The Treaty of The Hague (1641), between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Portugal, is ratified by the Republic's States-General.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Georgeana, Massachusetts (later known as York, Maine) becomes the first incorporated city in the British colonies of North America.


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Honours and titles granted by Charles I of England from this date onward will in 1646 be retrospectively annulled by Parliament.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – "Nineteen Propositions" are sent by the English House of Lords and House of Commons to Charles I, asking the King to consent to parliamentary approval for the members of his privy council, his chief officers, and new seats created for the House of Lords, as well as regulating the education and choice of marital partners of the King's children, and barring Roman Catholics from the Lords. The King's Answer, rejecting the Propositions, is read in Parliament on June 21.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – The Committee of Safety is created by the English Parliament as a challenge to the authority of King Charles I. Five members of the House of Lords (Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, and William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele) and ten members of the House of Commons (Nathaniel Fiennes, John Glynn, John Hampden, Denzil Holles, Henry Marten, John Merrick, William Pierrepoint, John Pym, Philip Stapleton and William Waller) are appointed to the Committee.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – The English Parliament votes to raise its own Army, under the command of the Earl of Essex.


date: October 30

text: October 30 – King Charles I of England enters Oxford and establishes his court there.


text: The village of Bro (Broo), Sweden is granted city rights for the second time and takes the name Kristinehamn (literally "Christina's port") after the Swedish monarch at this time, Queen Christina.


date: February 18

text: February 18 – A group of Protestant English settlers in Ireland surrender to Irish authorities at Castlebar in County Mayo in hopes of having their lives spared, but are killed one week later at Shrule on orders of Edmond Bourke.


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Irish Rebellion of 1641: The citizens of Galway seize an English naval ship and close the town gates in support of the rebellion.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – The month-long Siege of Limerick in Ireland begins.


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Irish Confederate Wars: The Battle of Glenmaquin takes place in County Donegal, with the Protestant Laggan Army decisively defeating Confederate Ireland soldiers.


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Siege of Limerick: the English Protestant garrison of King John's Castle (Limerick) is forced to surrender by the Confederate Ireland Munster army led by General Garret Barry.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – The Battle of Barcelona begins at sea as a French Navy fleet of 75 ships, commanded by Admiral Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé clashes off the coast of Spain with a Spanish fleet of 52 ships under the Duke of Ciudad Real.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – Hundreds of sailors are killed when the French warship Galion de Guise and the Spanish galley Magdalena become entangled during the Battle of Barcelona. A French fireship attempts to burn the Magdalena and accidentally sets fire to the Galion de Guise, killing 500 of the 540 crew.


date: July 3

text: July 3 – The French Navy wins the Battle of Barcelona.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – In a prelude to the First English Civil War, King Charles I of England besieges Hull in an attempt to gain control of its arsenal. The siege lasts until July 27, with Charles's Royalist Army failing to take the city from the Parliamentarians commanded by Governor John Hotham and General John Meldrum.


date: August 3

text: August 3 – A Dutch Navy fleet of 14 warships, led by Hendric Harouse, begins a campaign to drive Spaniards from the island of Formosa (modern-day Taiwan) off of the coast of mainland China. After disembarking at Tamsui, the Dutch begin a siege of Fort Domingo, which falls on Saint Bartolomeo Day (August 24).


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Irish Confederate Wars: Lord Forbes relieves Forthill, and besieges Galway.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – First English Civil War begins when King Charles I raises the royal battle standard over Nottingham Castle, so declaring war on his own Parliament.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Irish Confederate Wars: Lord Forbes raises his unsuccessful siege of Galway.


text: September 7 – First English Civil War: The Siege of Portsmouth (begun on 10 August) ends with the Royalist garrison surrendering the port to Parliament.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – First English Civil War: Royalist victory at the Battle of Powick Bridge, a skirmish near Worcester which is the first engagement between elements of the principal field armies of the War.


date: October 23

text: October 23 – First English Civil War: Battle of Edgehill (Warwickshire) – Royalists and Parliamentarians battle to a draw in the first pitched battle of the War.


date: October 24

text: October 24 – The first Confederate Assembly of Ireland is held in Kilkenny where it sets up a provisional government, largely Catholic Royalist; start of the Irish Confederate Wars.


date: November 13

text: November 13 – First English Civil War: Battle of Turnham Green – The Royalist forces withdraw in face of the Parliamentarian army, and fail to take London.


date: November 15

text: November 15 – First English Civil War: Sir Edward Ford, High Sheriff of Sussex, captures Chichester from the Parliamentarians without resistance. The Parliamentarians send Sir William Waller to recapture the city.


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Hong Taiji (known in the West as Abatai) begins a 60-day march of Manchu warriors southwards from the Great Wall through Ming Chinese provinces of Zhili and Shandong, before returning northward on January 27. (Two years later Beijing falls to rebels, the Chongzhen Emperor commits suicide, and the Shunzhi Emperor becomes the first Qing Emperor to rule over China proper.)


date: December 21

text: December 21 – First English Civil War: After routing Edward Ford's royalist troops at the Battle of Muster Green, William Waller follows Ford's retreating force to Chichester as the Parliamentarians besiege the city, which falls on December 29 after eight days. The inhabitants of Chichester agree to pay the Parliamentarians an additional month's pay to prevent the town from being plundered.


text: Rembrandt finishes his painting The Night Watch (Militia Company of District II under the Command of Captain Frans Banninck Cocq) in Amsterdam.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Abel Tasman and his crew become the first Europeans to discover "Van Diemen's Land", later the Australian island and state of Tasmania, and the island is claimed for the Netherlands on December 3 at what becomes Prince of Wales Bay.


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Abel Tasman and his crew become the first recorded Europeans to sight New Zealand, arriving at its South Island. In a battle between the Europeans and the Island's Maori inhabitants, four crew members are killed.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – The Bishops Exclusion Act is passed in England to prevent any member of the clergy from holding political office.


date: May 10

text: May 10 – In a Catholic synod at Kilkenny, bishops draft the Confederate Oath of Association, calling on Catholics to swear allegiance to King Charles I and to obey orders and decrees made by a "Supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics", hence the Irish rebels of 1641 become known as Confederate Ireland.


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Ville-Marie (later Montreal) is founded as a permanent settlement.


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Archbishop of Mexico, dismisses the Viceroy of New Spain, Diego López Pacheco, allegedly on orders of King Philip IV, and takes office as the new Viceroy. Palafox is in office for only five months before being recalled to Spain.


text: Isaac Aboab da Fonseca is appointed rabbi in Pernambuco, Brazil, thus becoming the first rabbi of the Americas.


date: April

text: April – Hannibal Sehested is appointed Governor-General of Norway.


date: April 8

section: Crime & Justice

text: April 8 – Execution of George Spencer: the first hanging of a settler in the New Haven Colony takes place, on a wrongful conviction of bestiality.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Thomas Granger is executed by hanging in the Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts) following confessions to numerous acts of bestiality.


date: September 2

text: September 2 – London theatre closure 1642: England's Long Parliament orders the theatres of London closed, effectively ending the era of English Renaissance theatre.


date: October 8

text: October 8 – 1642 Yellow River flood: Some 300,000 people die in the intentional breaking of the dams and dykes of the Yellow River, done by the Ming dynasty defenders of Kaifeng to break the siege by the large rebel force of Li Zicheng.


date: February 22

text: February 22 – The Italian opera Il palazzo incantato (The Enchanted Palace), by Luigi Rossi with libretto by Giulion Rospigliosi (the future Pope Clement IX), is given its first performance at the Teatro delle Quattro Fontane (Palazzo Barberini) in Rome.


date: February 23

text: February 23–March 11 – Henrietta Maria, queen consort of England, and her eldest daughter Mary, newly created Princess Royal, leave Falmouth, Cornwall, to go into exile at the Dutch court in The Hague.


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón, Spanish-born Peruvian Catholic bishop (d. 1730)


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Mary Carleton, Englishwoman who used false identities (d. 1673)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Anna Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury, English countess (d. 1702)


date: April 15

text: April 15 – Suleiman II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1691)


date: April 30

text: April 30 – Christian Weise, German writer, dramatist, poet, pedagogue and librarian (d. 1708)


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Jacob de Graeff, member of the De Graeff-family from the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1690)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet, of Whitehaven, English politician (d. 1706)


date: November 11

text: November 11 – André Charles Boulle, French cabinet-maker (d. 1732)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest, Dutch admiral (d. 1706)


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Anne Hilarion de Tourville, French naval commander under King Louis XIV (d. 1701)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Andrea Pozzo, Jesuit Brother, architect and painter (d. 1709)


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Francisco Castillo Fajardo, Marquis of Villadarias, Spanish general (d. 1716)


date: December 23

text: December 23 (O.S.) – John Holt, English lawyer (d. 1710)


date: December 30

text: December 30 – François Roger de Gaignières, French genealogist, antiquary, collector (d. 1715)


date: January 12

text: January 12 – Johann Ernst, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1641–1642) (b. 1613)


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noblewoman (b. 1592)


text: April 30 – Dmitry Pozharsky, Russian prince (b. 1578)


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Saskia van Uylenburgh, wife and painter's model of Rembrandt (b. 1612)


date: July 17

text: July 17 – William, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count (b. 1592)


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Guido Reni, Italian painter (b. 1575)


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars, French conspirator, executed (b. 1620)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – René Goupil, French Jesuit missionary, first of the Canadian Martyrs (b. 1608)


date: October 23

text: October 23 – George Stewart, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny, Scottish nobleman and military commander (b. 1618)


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, English Fen drainage adventurer and soldier (b. 1583)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester, English politician (b. c. 1563)


text: November 24 – Walatta Petros, saint in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (b. 1592)


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman (b. 1585)


date: December 27

text: December 27 – Herman op den Graeff, Dutch bishop (b. 1585)


date: May 14

text: May 14 – Louis XIV succeeds his father Louis XIII as King of France at age 4. His rule will last until his death at age 76 in 1715, a total of 72 years, which will be the longest reign of any European monarch in recorded history.


date: May 19

text: May 19 – The New England Confederation is formed as a military alliance between Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Saybrook Colony (Connecticut), and New Haven Colony.


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Empress Meishō abdicates and Emperor Go-Kōmyō accedes to the throne of Japan.


text: An Calbhach mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, The Ó Conchubhair Donn, Chief of the Name of the Clan Ó Conchubhair, is popularly inaugurated as the last King of Connacht in Ireland.


date: March 13

text: March 13 – First English Civil War: First Battle of Middlewich – Roundheads (Parliamentarians) rout the Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I) at Middlewich in Cheshire.


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Irish Confederate Wars: Battle of New Ross – English troops defeat those of Confederate Ireland.


text: May 19 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rocroi: The French defeat the Spanish at Rocroi in France.


date: June 30

text: June 30 – First English Civil War: Battle of Adwalton Moor – Royalists gain control of Yorkshire.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – First English Civil War: Battle of Lansdowne – Royalists gain a pyrrhic victory over the Parliamentarians near Bath, Somerset.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – First English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – Henry Wilmot, newly created Baron Wilmot, commanding Royalist cavalry, wins a crushing victory over Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Battle of Mongiovino: The forces of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, led by Mattias de' Medici, defeated the Papal forces commanded by Taddeo Barberini.


date: September 20

text: September 20 – First English Civil War: First Battle of Newbury – A strategic Parliamentarian victory is made over Royalist forces who are led personally by King Charles.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Tuttlingen – France is defeated by forces of the Holy Roman Empire.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson's forces enter Danish territory in Holstein, beginning the Torstenson War.


date: December 13

text: December 13 – First English Civil War: At the Battle of Alton in Hampshire, the Parliamentarians defeat the Royalists.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Abel Tasman sights the island of Tonga.


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Abel Tasman sights the Fiji Islands.


date: May 20

text: May 20 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch fleet (led by Hendrik Brouwer) is spotted off Carelmapu in Chile, soon afterwards landing nearby and plundering the fort and village.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: A Dutch fleet establishes a new colony in the ruins of Valdivia in southern Chile.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch end their occupation of Valdivia in Chile.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean is sighted and named by Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company ship Royal Mary.


date: December 28

text: December 28 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The failed Dutch expedition arrives back at Recife in Dutch Brazil.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – The Westminster Assembly of theologians ("divines") and parliamentarians is convened at Westminster Abbey with the aim of restructuring the Church of England.


text: Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, places the first Mount Royal Cross atop Mount Royal above Montreal.


text: Jean Bolland publishes the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum (in Antwerp). This is the beginning of the Bollandists' work.


date: April 1

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: April 1 – Åmål, Sweden, is granted its city charter.


text: Roger Williams, co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key into the Language of America.


text: Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer.


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Francisco de Lucena, former Portuguese Secretary of State, is beheaded after being convicted of treason.


text: Baden-Baden is pillaged by the French.


text: The first professional book publisher to use printing press in Norway is established in Oslo.


text: Miyamoto Musashi begins to dictate The Book of Five Rings (Go Rin No Sho) to his student; he will complete it in 1645, just before his death.


date: January 7

text: January 7 (O.S.) – Sir Samuel Grimston, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1700)


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier (d. 1706)


date: February 15

text: February 15 – García Felipe de Legazpi y Velasco Altamirano y Albornoz, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tlaxcala (d. 1706)


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Fran Krsto Frankopan, Croatian baroque poet, nobleman and politician (d. 1671)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, Spanish Dominican lay sister and mystic (d. 1731)


date: May 7

text: May 7 – Stephanus Van Cortlandt, first native-born mayor of New York City (d. 1700)


date: July 29

text: July 29 – Henri Jules, Prince of Condé (d. 1709)


date: September 5

text: September 5 – Sir William Portman, 6th Baronet, English politician (d. 1690)


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Jeremiah Dummer, American silversmith (d. 1718)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham, English peer (d. 1694)


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Gilbert Burnet, Scottish philosopher and historian (d. 1715)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts (d. 1729)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Jean Chardin, French jeweller, traveller (d. 1713)


date: December 28

text: December 28 – Salomon van Til, theologian of the Dutch Reformed Church (d. 1713)


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble (b. 1573)


date: February 6

text: February 6 – (17 Dhu al-Qadah 1052 AH) In India, the first ceremony at the nearly-complete Taj Mahal in Agra, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan observes the 12th anniversary of the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and opens the structure to thousands of mourners.


text: February 15 – Countess Juliane of Nassau-Siegen, Landgravine of Hesse-kassel (b. 1587)


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer (b. 1583)


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Margherita Farnese, Benedictine nun (b. 1567)


date: July 12

text: July 12 – François Duquesnoy, Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome (b. 1597)


date: August

text: August – Anne Hutchinson, English Puritan preacher (b. 1591)


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (b. 1566)


date: October 8

text: October 8 – The Shunzhi Emperor of China is crowned at five years old, 17 days after the death of his father and the decision of the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (b. 1577)


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon, English noble (b. 1586)


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Tachibana Muneshige, Japanese samurai and soldier (b. 1567)


date: December 8

text: December 8 – John Pym, English statesman (b. 1583)


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (b. 1566)


date: January 22

text: January 22 – The Royalist Oxford Parliament is first assembled by King Charles I of England.


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Roger Williams is granted an official grant for his Rhode Island Colony from the Parliament of England, allowing the establishment of a general assembly.


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Johan Mauritius resigns as Governor of Brazil.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Li Zicheng proclaims himself emperor of China.


date: January 26

text: January 26 – First English Civil War: Battle of Nantwich – The Parliamentarians defeat the Royalists, allowing them to end the 6-week siege of the Cheshire town.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – Battle of Ochmatów: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski secure a substantial victory over the army of the Crimean Khanate under Tugay Bey.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Prince of Transylvania George I Rákóczi invades Hungary to aid Sweden against the Habsburgs.


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Opchanacanough leads the Powhatan Indians in an unsuccessful uprising against the English at Jamestown. Although 300 of the English colonists are slain, the settlers pursue Opchanacanough, who is imprisoned in Jamestown for the rest of his life. This is the last such Indian rebellion in the region.


date: April 25

text: April 25 – A popular Chinese rebellion led by Li Zicheng sacks Beijing, prompting Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming dynasty, to commit suicide.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Ming general Wu Sangui forms an alliance with the invading Manchus and opens the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhaiguan Pass, letting the Manchus through towards the capital Beijing.


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Battle of Montijo: The Kingdom of Portugal is victorious over Habsburg Spain, in the first major action between the two nations during the Portuguese Restoration War.


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Battle of Shanhai Pass: The Manchu Qing dynasty and Wu Sangui gain a decisive victory over Li Zicheng's Shun dynasty.


date: June 6

text: June 6 – The invading Qing army, with the help of Ming general Wu Sangui, captures Beijing in China, marking the beginning of Manchu rule over China proper, which will last until 1912.


date: June 11

text: June 11 – During the English Civil War, Prince Rupert and his men take Liverpool Castle. Liverpool is later reclaimed by Sir John Moore.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Torstenson War: Battle of Colberger Heide – The Dano-Norwegian and Swedish fleets fight a naval battle off the coast of Schleswig-Holstein. The battle is indecisive but represents a minor success for the Dano-Norwegian fleet.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – English Civil War: Battle of Marston Moor – The Parliamentarians crush the Royalists in Yorkshire, ending Charles I's hold on the north of England.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – English Civil War: Battle of Tippermuir – Montrose defeats Lord Elcho's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause in Scotland.


date: September 2

text: September 2 – English Civil War: Second Battle of Lostwithiel (in Cornwall) – Charles I and the Royalists gain their last major victory.


date: October 1

text: October 1 – The Jews of Mogilev, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, are attacked during Tashlikh.


date: November 8

text: November 8 – The Shunzhi Emperor, the second emperor of the Qing dynasty, is enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the Ming dynasty as the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper.


date: November 23

text: November 23 – Battle of Jüterbog (December 3 New Style): Sweden's forces defeat those of the Holy Roman Empire.


date: November

text: November – The Castle of Elvas in Portugal resists a 9-day siege by the Spanish during the Portuguese Restoration War.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – Dutch explorer Abel Tasman departs from Batavia in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Jakarta in Indonesia) on his second major expedition for the Dutch East India Company, to map the north coast of Australia. Tasman commands three ships, Limmen, Zeemeeuw and Braek, and returns to Batavia at the beginning of August with no major discoveries.


text: The Dutch West India Company displays greater interest in profit than in colonization.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Pope Innocent X succeeds Pope Urban VIII, becoming the 236th pope.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – The first livestock branding law in America is passed in Connecticut.


text: Philosopher René Descartes publishes Principia Philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy) in Amsterdam.


date: December

text: December – Bubonic plague breaks out in Edinburgh (Scotland).


text: A Spanish officer is murdered in St. Dominic's Church, Macau during mass by colonists loyal to Portugal during the Portuguese Restoration War.


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Li Zicheng declares the founding of the Shun dynasty in China, with himself as emperor.


text: November 23 – Areopagitica, an appeal for freedom of speech written by John Milton, is published in London.


date: December 8

text: December 8 (December 18 New Style) – As Christina comes of age, she is made ruling queen of Sweden.


text: The opera Ormindo is first performed in Venice (music by Francesco Cavalli, and libretto by Giovanni Faustini).


text: Sigismund's Column is erected in Warsaw to commemorate King Sigismund III Vasa, who moved the capital of Poland from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Robert Gibbes, English-born landgrave in South Carolina (d. 1715)


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Louis François, duc de Boufflers, Marshal of France (d. 1711)


date: April 6

text: April 6 – António Luís de Sousa, 2nd Marquis of Minas, Portuguese general, governor-general of Brazil (d. 1721)


date: April 11

text: April 11 – Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1724)


date: May 5

text: May 5 – Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet, English landowner (d. 1710)


date: June 2

text: June 2 – William Salmon, English medical writer (d. 1713)


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Henrietta Anne Stuart, Princess of Scotland, England and Ireland and Duchess of Orléans (d. 1670)


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (d. 1670)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1655–1712) (d. 1712)


text: August 6 – Louise de La Vallière, French mistress of Louis XIV (d. 1710)


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber, Bohemian composer and violinist (d. 1704)


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet, English politician (d. 1729)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (d. 1710)


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Robert Kirk, Scottish folklorist, Bible translator, Gaelic scholar (d. 1692)


date: January 30

text: January 30 – William Chillingworth, controversial English churchman (b. 1602)


date: January 31

text: January 31 – Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl, German nobleman (b. 1588)


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Guru Har Gobind, the Sixth Sikh Guru (b. 1595)


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau, Regent of Bohemia (b. 1576)


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Reverend William Brewster, English Pilgrim leader (b. 1567)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Chongzhen, last Ming Emperor of China (suicide) (b. 1611)


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Anne de Montafié, Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, French countess (b. 1577)


text: July 4 – Brian Twyne, English archivist (b. 1581)


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Amar Singh Rathore, Rajput nobleman affiliated with the royal house of Marwar (b. 1613)


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Guido Bentivoglio, Italian statesman and historian (b. 1579)


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Elisabeth of France, queen of Philip IV of Spain (b. 1602)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1609)


date: December 28

text: December 28 – John Bankes, Attorney General and Chief Justice to King Charles I of England (b. 1589)


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Jan Baptist van Helmont, Flemish chemist (b. 1577)


date: February 15

text: February 15 – English Civil War: The New Model Army is officially founded.


date: April 3

text: April 3 – The House of Lords passes the Self-denying Ordinance, requiring members of the Parliament of England to resign commissions in the armed services.


date: August 23

text: August 23 (August 13 Old Style) – The Treaty of Brömsebro is signed between Sweden and Denmark–Norway, ending the Torstenson War and ceding Jemtland, Herjedalen, Gotland and Ösel (Saaremaa) to Sweden, which also holds the province of Halland for a period of 30 years, as a guarantee.


date: January 14

text: January 14 – English Civil War: Thomas Fairfax is appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Parliamentarians.


date: January 29

text: January 29 – English Civil War: Armistice talks open at Uxbridge.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Battle of Inverlochy: The Scottish Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.


date: February 28

text: February 28 – English Civil War: The Uxbridge armistice talks fail.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert leaves Oxford for Bristol.


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Jankau: The armies of Sweden decisively defeat the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, in one of the bloodiest battles of the war, in southern Bohemia, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Prague.


date: April 23

text: April 23 (St George's Day) – English Civil War: One hundred and fifty Irish soldiers bound for service with King Charles I of England are captured at sea by Parliamentarians and killed at Pembroke in Wales.


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Herbsthausen (or Mergentheim): The Bavarian army, led by Franz von Mercy, catches French forces led by Marshal Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne unawares, and heavily defeats them.


date: May 9

text: May 9 – Battle of Auldearn: Scottish Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert's army sacks Leicester.


date: June 10

text: June 10 – English Civil War: Oliver Cromwell is confirmed as the Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – English Civil War – Battle of Naseby: 12,000 Royalist forces are beaten by 15,000 Parliamentarian soldiers.


date: June 28

text: June 28 – English Civil War: The Royalists lose Carlisle.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – English Civil War: Battle of Alford – Alford, Aberdeenshire.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – English Civil War: Battle of Langport – Cromwell wins in Somerset.


date: July 30

text: July 30 – English Civil War: Scottish Covenanters under Lord Leven begin the Siege of Hereford, a Royalist stronghold.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – English Civil War: Scottish Covenanters abandon the Siege of Hereford and retreat northwards


date: September 10

text: September 10 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert surrenders Bristol.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Battle of Philiphaugh – The Covenanters under Sir David Leslie defeat the Royalists under Montrose near Selkirk in the Scottish Borders, restoring the power of the Committee of Estates. After the battle, prisoners and 300 camp followers (many of them women and children) are slaughtered by Covenanters in cold blood.


date: September 24

text: September 24 – English Civil War: Battle of Rowton Heath – Parliamentarians defeat the Royalist cavalry.


date: October 8

text: October 8–14 – English Civil War: The Third siege of Basing House by Oliver Cromwell results in its destruction.


date: October 11

text: October 11 – English Civil War: Re-fortification of Bourne Castle in Lincolnshire against a threatened Royalist attack begins.


date: December 18

text: December 18 – English Civil War: The Royalist stronghold of Hereford is seized in a swift attack by Parliamentary forces under John Birch.


text: Bamana forces from Ségou invade the Mali heartland, destroying the Mali Empire after its 400 years as a unified state.


text: The Stolberg-Wernigerode branch of the family of the counts of Stolberg and Wernigerode is founded in Germany.


date: January 3

text: January 3 – The Long Parliament adopts the Directory for Public Worship in England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, replacing the Book of Common Prayer (1559). Holy Days (other than Sundays) are not to be observed.


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud is executed for treason on Tower Hill, London.


date: November 20

text: November 20 – The Colegio de Santo Tomas is elevated by Pope Innocent X into the University of Santo Tomas, in his brief In Supreminenti. It has the oldest extant University Charter in the Philippines, as well as the whole of Asia.


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Fearing the spread of the Black Death (plague), Edinburgh Town Council prohibits all gatherings except weddings and funerals.


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Because of the plague, the Edinburgh town council orders that the college graduation ceremony should be moved forward, so that students can leave the city (on November 19, teaching resumes in Linlithgow).


date: July 21

text: July 21 – Qing dynasty regent Dorgon issues a queue order ordering all Han Chinese men to shave their forehead, and braid the rest of their hair into a queue, identical to those of the Manchus.


text: October 8 – Jeanne Mance founds the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, the first hospital in North America.


text: Wallpaper begins to replace tapestries, as a wall decoration.


text: The Solar cycle enters the 70-year Maunder Minimum, during which sunspots will be rare.


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia comes to the throne.


text: The Roxbury Latin School is founded.


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Gottfried Vopelius, German academic (d. 1715)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – John Sharp, English Archbishop of York (d. 1714)


date: March

text: March – Alexander Chalmers Polish-Scottish merchant, jurist, and politician, mayor of Old Warsaw (d. 1703)


date: May 15

text: May 15 – George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, British judge (d. 1689)


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, English politician (d. 1712)


date: July 28

text: July 28 – Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, French princess (d. 1721)


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Eusebio Kino, Italian Catholic missionary (d. 1711)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Mexican academic (d. 1700)


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Romeyn de Hooghe, Dutch Golden Age painter, engraver, and sculptor (d. 1708)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Louis Jolliet, French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America (d. 1700)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Naitō Kiyokazu, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Takatō Domain (d. 1714)


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Christine Charlotte of Württemberg, Regent of East Frisia (d. 1699)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Andreas Werckmeister, German organist, music theorist, and composer (d. 1706)


date: December 14

text: December 14 – Jacob de Wilde, Dutch civil servant, art collector (d. 1721)


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Henry Gage, Royalist officer in the English Civil War (b. 1597)


date: January 30

text: January 30 – Mary Ward, English Roman Catholic Religious Sister and Venerable (b. 1585)


date: January 31

text: January 31 – Hans Ulrik Gyldenløve, illegitimate son of King Christian IV of Denmark and his mistress (b. 1615)


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Philip VII, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1638–1645) (b. 1613)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Daniel Featley, English theologian and controversialist (b. 1582)


date: April 29

text: April 29 – Maximilian of Liechtenstein, Austrian nobleman and Imperial General (b. 1578)


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Mariana de Jesús de Paredes, Ecuadorian Roman Catholic hermit and saint (b. 1618)


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Miyamoto Musashi, Japanese swordsman (b. c. 1584)


date: July 17

text: July 17 – Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset, Scottish politician (b. c. 1590)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, Spanish statesman (b. 1587)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex, English merchant (b. 1575)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish writer (b. 1580)


date: September 16

text: September 16 – John Macias, Spanish Dominican friar and saint (b. 1585)


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Nur Jahan, empress consort of the Mughal Empire (b. 1577)


date: January 5

text: January 5 – The English House of Commons approves a bill to provide for Ireland to be governed by a single Englishman.


date: May 6

text: May 6 – American colonial poet Anne Bradstreet becomes a founding mother of Andover Parish (modern-day North Andover), Massachusetts.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Eighty Years' War: Habsburg Spain and the Dutch Republic sign a temporary cease-fire.


date: July 30

text: July 30 – Commissioners of the Parliament of England and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals ("Newcastle Propositions") demanding that King Charles I gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement.


date: October 10

text: October 10 – France takes Dunkirk from the Spanish Netherlands for the first time.


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Massachusetts Bay Colony enacts the death penalty as punishment for denying Biblical inspiration.


date: December 23

text: December 23 – The Covenanters hand over King Charles I of England to the Parliamentarians.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Battle of Bovey Heath in Devonshire: Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army surprises and routs the Royalist camp of Lord Wentworth.


date: January 19

text: January 19 – Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet, a Royalist fighting for Prince Charles against Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth, is imprisoned for insubordination after proposing to make Cornwall self-governing in order to win Cornish support for the Royalists. After being incarcerated at the tidal island of St Michael's Mount off of the coast of Cornwall, he is allowed to escape in March to avoid capture by Cromwell's troops.


date: February 16

text: February 16 – First English Civil War – Battle of Torrington: A decisive Parliamentary victory is gained over the Royalists.


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Start of the Battles of La Naval de Manila, a series of five naval battles fought between the Dutch Republic and Spain in the waters of the Philippines.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – King Charles I of England flees from Oxford (where he has been overwintering) in disguise and begins his journey to the Scottish army camp near Newark.


date: May 5

text: May 5 – King Charles I of England surrenders his forces to a Scottish army at Southwell, Nottinghamshire.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Third Siege of Oxford concludes with signing of the surrender of the Royalist garrison at Oxford to General Thomas Fairfax's Parliamentary New Model Army; on the 24th of June the main force marches out, ending the First English Civil War.


date: August 19

text: August 19 – First English Civil War: Raglan Castle in Wales surrenders to General Fairfax after a 2-month siege; it is later destroyed.


date: March 2

text: March 2 – The future Charles II of England escapes from Cornwall into exile across the English Channel.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Francesco Molin is elected as the 99th Doge of Venice after 23 ballots, and governs the Venetian Republic for nine years until his death in 1655.


date: April 24

text: April 24 – The Union of Uzhorod brings the Ruthenian Greek Orthodox Church into the fold of the Catholic Church while allowing it to retain its Eastern and Rusyn character.


text: August 19 – The Westminster Assembly of Divines, meeting in London, approves a resolution to begin the drawing up of the Westminster Confession of Faith, declaring that "These heads of Faith, Repentance, and Good Works shall be referred to the three Committees in their order to prepare something upon them for the Confession of Faith."; the draft is printed and sent to the Parliament of England in December.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – The Anglican episcopacy is formally abolished by an act of England's Parliament.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – The first Protestant church assembly for Native Americans (specifically, the Waban people) is held in Massachusetts.


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Following up on the abolition of the episcopacy, Parliament passes an act to sell the bishops' lands across the Commonwealth.


date: March 6

text: March 6 – Joseph Jenkes obtains the first colonial machine patent, in Massachusetts.


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Roger Scott is tried in Massachusetts for sleeping in church.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – Lightning strikes the gunpowder tower of the castle of Bredevoort in the Netherlands, causing an explosion that destroys parts of the castle and the town, killing Lord Haersolte of Bredevoort and his family, as well as others. Only one son, Anthonie, who is not home that day, survives.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Philip Sidney, 3rd Earl of Leicester is approved by England's House of Commons as the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – The populist political movement called the Levellers appears in England with the publication of the Levellers manifesto, A Remonstrance of Many Thousand Citizens by Richard Overton and William Walwyn.


date: September 16

text: September 16 – The new Orange College of Breda opens at Breda in the Dutch Republic.


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Countess Louise Henriette of Nassau marries Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, on her 19th birthday at The Hague.


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Antoine Galland, French orientalist and archaeologist (d. 1715)


date: April 16

text: April 16 – Jules Hardouin-Mansart, French Baroque architect (d. 1708)


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Venetian philosopher of noble descent (d. 1684)


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Hortense Mancini, favourite Italian niece of Cardinal Mazarin (d. 1699)


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, German philosopher, scientist, and mathematician (d. 1716)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1675–1691) (d. 1691)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Jean-Baptiste du Casse, French admiral and buccaneer (d. 1715)


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Godfrey Kneller, German-born painter (d. 1723)


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Charles Honoré d'Albert, duc de Luynes, French noble (d. 1712)


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Françoise-Marguerite de Sévigné, French countess (d. 1705)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater, English politician (d. 1701)


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Edward Howard, 2nd Earl of Carlisle, English politician (d. 1692)


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Alain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon, Marshal of France in the reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV (d. 1730)


date: December 26

text: December 26 – Robert Bolling, wealthy early American settler, planter and merchant (d. 1709)


date: March 11

text: March 11 – Stanisław Koniecpolski, Polish soldier and statesman (b. c. 1592)


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Maria Anna of Spain (b. 1606)


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Margherita Aldobrandini, Parmesan regent (b. 1588)


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Alexander Henderson, Scottish theologian (b. c. 1583)


date: September 11

text: September 11 – Antonio Marcello Barberini, Italian cardinal and the younger brother of Maffeo Barberini (b. 1569)


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, English Civil War general (b. 1591)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English statesman (b. 1586)


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias (b. 1629)


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Isaac Jogues, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1607)


date: October 28

text: October 28 – William Dobson, English painter (b. 1610)


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Louis Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (b. 1581)


date: November 29

text: November 29 – Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (b. 1565)


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Peter Mohyla, Moldavian Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (b. 1596)


text: December 26 – Henri, Prince of Condé (b. 1588)


date: February 5

text: February 5 – The Yongli era is proclaimed as Zhu Youlang is declared the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming.


date: March

text: March – Following the Treaty of Ulm that removed Bavaria from the Thirty Years War, the Bavarian troops' commander, Holy Roman Imperial General Johann von Werth, defies Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, and von Werth attempts to move the Bavarian troops out of Bavaria and into Austria to come under Imperial jurisdiction. The troops refuse, and von Werth flees to Austria.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – The "Remonstrance of The Army" is presented to the English parliament by former Royal Army supporters of King Charles I, pledging their loyalty to the new English Commonwealth.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – The New Model Army marches into London, "fulfilling the worst nightmares of Presbyterian MPs," and restores the members of Parliament who were deposed on July 27.


date: August 17

text: August 17 – Peter Stuyvesant is appointed Director of New Netherlands, the Dutch colony in what is later the U.S. state of New York, by the Dutch West India Company to replace Willem Kieft, who departs New Amsterdam on the ship Princess Amelia.


text: October 28 – The Putney Debates, a series of discussions between officers of the New Model Army following Parliament's military defeat of the absolutist monarchy of King Charles, begin at the St. Mary's Church, Putney about what form of government would replace the monarchy in the new republican Commonwealth of England.


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Henry of Guise lands in Naples, to become the leader of the Neapolitan Republic.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Citizens of Dublin declare their support for Rinuccini, and refuse to support the army of the Marquis of Ormond.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – A small Qing force led by Li Chengdong captures Guangzhou and kills the Zhu Yuyue, the Shaowu Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty in China.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Thomas Bushell surrenders the Bristol Channel island of Lundy, the last remaining Royalist territory of England, to the Parliamentarians.


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.


date: April 3

text: April 3 – In England, a letter from the Agitators of the New Model Army, protesting delay of pay, is read in the House of Commons.


date: May 24

text: May 24 – The Marquis of Argyll and David Leslie join forces to defeat Alasdair MacColla, at Rhunahoarine Point in Kintyre. MacColla flees to Ireland; his followers are massacred.


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Michael Jones, named Governor of Dublin by England's Parliamentarians, lands with 2,000 troops and begins the expulsion of Catholics and the arrest of Protestant royalists.


date: June 10

text: June 10 – The Battle of Puerto de Cavite begins in the Spanish Philippines when an armada of 12 large warships from the Dutch Republic sails into Manila Bay, with cannon fire hitting many of the roofs of the city. The Spanish defending fleet drives off the Dutch after a two day battle.


date: June 19

text: June 19 – The Duke of Ormond, the royalist governor of Dublin, concludes a treaty with the English Commonwealth's Earl of Anglesey, handing over control of Dublin to the Commonwealth in return for the English promise to protect the interests of royalists, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, who had not joined in the Irish Rebellion.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Masaniello launches rebellion in Naples against Spanish rule.


date: July 27

text: July 27 – A mob invades both Houses of the English Parliament at Westminster, and forces the Speakers of the House of Commons and the House of Lords to flee, along with other MPs and Peers.


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Battle of Dungan's Hill: Irish forces are defeated by English Parliamentary forces.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Battle of Triebl: Imperial forces defeat the Swedes in a surprise attack in Bohemia.


date: November 13

text: November 13 – Battle of Knocknanuss: An Irish confederate force is destroyed by the army of Parliament; Alasdair MacColla is killed.


text: Aberystwyth Castle in Wales, a former Royalist stronghold, is razed to the ground after "a battery of cannon erected on the top of Pendinas hill by Cromwell" and the Parliamentarian troops.


text: Dutch artist Salomon van Ruysdael completes the oil painting, The Crossing at Nijmegen.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – The Westminster Assembly begins debating the biblical proof texts, to support the new Confession of Faith.


date: December 28

text: December 28 – King Charles of England promises a church reform. This agreement leads to the Second English Civil War.


text: The word Geysir is first used in Iceland, by Bishop Sveinsson.


date: January 2

text: January 2 – Chinese bandit leader Zhang Xianzhong, who has ruled the Sichuan province since 1644, is killed at Xichong by a Qing archer, after having been betrayed by one of his officers, Liu Jinzhong.


date: September 27

text: September 27 – The Dutch merchant ship Princess Amelia runs aground off of the coast of Mumbles Point, Wales and sinks, killing 86 of the 107 people aboard, including former New Netherlands Governor Willem Kieft.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – The 1647 Santiago earthquake rattles Chile.


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Posten Norge is founded as Postvesenet.


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans, is crowned as the King of Hungary and Croatia at Pressburg, now the Slovakian capital of Bratislava


text: January 2 – Nathaniel Bacon, Virginia colonist, rebel (d. 1676)


date: March 1

text: March 1 – John de Brito, Portuguese Jesuit missionary and martyr (d. 1693)


date: April 1

text: April 1 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet and courtier of King Charles II's Restoration court (d. 1680)


date: April 2

text: April 2 – Maria Sibylla Merian, German-born naturalist and scientific illustrator (d. 1717)


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Sir Thomas Littleton, 3rd Baronet, English statesman (d. 1709)


date: April 26

text: April 26 – William Ashhurst, Lord Mayor of London (1693–1694) (d. 1720)


date: July 2

text: July 2 – Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, English privy councillor (d. 1730)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Frances Stewart, Duchess of Richmond, member of the Court of the Restoration, famous for refusing to become a mistress of Charles II of England (d. 1702)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Margaret Mary Alacoque, French Catholic nun, mystic and saint (d. 1690)


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark (d. 1717)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach from 1677 until his death (d. 1709)


text: September 23 – Joseph Dudley, colonial Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1720)


date: November 18

text: November 18 – Pierre Bayle, French philosopher (d. 1706)


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Francesco del Giudice, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1725)


date: January 2

text: January 2 – Zhang Xianzhong, Chinese rebel (b. 1606)


date: March 29

text: March 29 – Charles Butler, English beekeeper and philologist (b. 1560)


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch poet and historian (b. 1581)


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Leonard Calvert, Colonial governor of Maryland (b. 1606)


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (b. 1586)


date: July 16

text: July 16 – Masaniello, Italian rebel (b. 1622)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Nicholas Stone, English sculptor and architect (b. 1586)


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Sir Edward Osborne, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1596)


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Christian Sørensen Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (b. 1562)


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt, Archbishop of Mainz (b. 1582)


date: October 25

text: October 25 – Evangelista Torricelli, Italian mathematician and physicist (b. 1608)


date: November 5

text: November 5 – Vincentio Reinieri, Italian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1606)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Giovanni Lanfranco, Italian painter (b. 1582)


text: November 30 – Bonaventura Cavalieri, Italian mathematician (b. 1598)


date: January 17

text: January 17 – By a vote of 141 to 91, England's Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Addresses, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I, and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – France's Royal Council votes to create the Académie royale after accepting the proposal of Martin de Charmois.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Peace of Münster, ending the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the States General), which was previously a province of the Spanish Empire. The treaty is ratified by the Netherlands on May 15.


date: May 15

text: May 15 – The Peace of Münster is ratified by both the United Netherlands and the Spanish Empire.


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Mehmed IV (1648–1687) succeeds Ibrahim I (1640–1648), as Ottoman Emperor.


date: October 31

text: October 31 – A treaty is signed between the Arabs and the Portuguese. The terms include a provision that the Portuguese should build fortresses at Kuriyat, Dibba Al-Hisn (Sharjah) and Muttrah (Oman).


date: November 11

text: November 11 – France and the Netherlands agree to divide the Caribbean island of Saint Martin between them.


date: January 26

text: January 26 – The Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, at the time part of the Republic of Both Nations (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), begins as Bohdan Khmelnytsky becomes Hetman of the Cossacks.


date: April 19

text: April 19 – First Battle of Guararapes: The Portuguese army defeats the Dutch army, in the north of Brazil.


date: May 16

text: May 16 – England's Commonwealth Army massacres 70 Cornish royalists at Penzance, leading to a rebellion against England's Parliamentarians.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War.


date: July 19

text: July 19 – The last major battle of the Thirty Years' War, the Battle of Prague ends in a Swedish victory after three days of fighting over the army of Bohemia. The troops loot the Prague Castle and steal many of Bohemia's most valuable artifacts.


date: August 16

text: August 16 – The Imam of Oman, Nasir bin Murshid, dispatches an army to recapture Muscat from Portuguese occupiers, who eventually surrender the town on January 23, 1650.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – The French Army, under the command of the Prince of Condé, defeats the Spaniards at the Battle of Lens. Upon learning of the victory, Cardinal Mazarin orders the arrest of the members of the Fronde Parlementaire, leading to an insurrection in Paris.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – At the Battle of Stirling in Scotland, the "Engagers" achieve victory over the Kirk Party.


date: December 6

text: December 6 – "Pride's Purge" in England: Elements of the New Model Army, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell invade London and expel a majority of the Long Parliament, resulting in the creation of the Rump Parliament.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnyov departs from Srednekolymsk to begin the first recorded voyage through the Bering Strait, between Asia and North America, and arrives in September.


date: January 15

text: January 15 – Manchu invaders of China's Fujian province capture Spanish Dominican priest Francisco Fernández de Capillas, torture him and then behead him. Capillas will be canonized more than 350 years later in 2000 in the Roman Catholic Church as one of the Martyr Saints of China.


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Construction of the Kaunghmudaw Pagoda is completed in the Kingdom of Burma on the 6th waning of Kason, 1010, near the end of the reign of King Thalun. Hmannan Yazawin


date: August

text: August – The Cambridge Platform, a new, localized system of Christian church governance, is agreed upon and written down in New England.


text: The epic poem Padmavati is written by Alaol.


text: George Fox founds the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in England.


text: In India, building of the Red Fort in Shahjahanabad is completed.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – England's parliament passes stricter laws against performance of stage plays, providing for demolition of seats in theatres, imprisonment for actors and fines for spectators. The vote comes six days after the King's Men Players are arrested at the Cockpit Theatre during an illegal performance of Rollo Duke of Normandy.


text: The Dutch artist Rembrandt produces the works Rembrandt drawing at a window and Beggars at the Door.


date: March 31

text: March 31 – A major earthquake strikes Van in Ottoman Armenia.


text: January 15 – Alexis, Tsar of Russia, marries Maria Miloslavskaya, who later gives birth to two future tsars (Feodor III and Ivan V) as well as Princess Sophia Alekseyevna, the regent for Peter I.


text: Sabbatai Zevi declares himself the Messiah at Smyrna.


text: Giacomo Carissimi composes Historia di Jephte, one of the first significant Latin oratorios.


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England (d. 1730)


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-British sculptor and wood carver known for his work in England (d. 1721)


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Nicolas Pasquin, early pioneer in New France (now Quebec) (d. 1708)


date: April 7

text: April 7 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (d. 1721)


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon, French mystic (d. 1717)


date: May 14

text: May 14 – René de Froulay de Tessé, French Marshal and diplomat (d. 1725)


date: July 21

text: July 21 – John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, Scottish general (d. 1689)


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Nicolas Desmarets, Controller-General of Finances under Louis XIV of France (d. 1721)


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston, English politician (d. 1695)


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Juana Inés de la Cruz, Mexican Hieronymite nun and polymath (d. 1695)


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Juan María de Salvatierra, Italian Jesuit priest and missionary (d. 1717)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Charles Duncombe, English banker and politician (d. 1711)


date: December 20

text: December 20 – Tommaso Ceva, Italian Jesuit mathematician from Milan (d. 1737)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Robert Barclay, Scottish Quaker (d. 1690)


date: January 15

text: January 15 – St. Francisco Fernandez de Capillas, Spanish saint (b. 1607)


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English general (b. 1584)


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel, Protestant military leader (b. 1589)


date: May 20

text: May 20 – Wladyslaw IV Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, dies after a reign of 15 years. The throne remains vacant for six months until Wladyslaw's younger half-brother, John II Casimir Vasa, is elected by Poland's Parliament.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Antoine Daniel, Jesuit missionary at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons (b. 1601)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Claude Françoise de Lorraine, Princess of Lorraine (b. 1612)


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Ivan III Drašković, Croatian nobleman and soldier (b. 1603)


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Peter Sainthill, English politician (b. 1593)


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Ibrahim, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1615)


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (b. 1583)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Juan Damián López de Haro, Spanish Catholic bishop of Puerto Rico (b. 1581)


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Joseph Calasanz, Spanish priest and founder of Piarists (b. 1557)


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Marin Mersenne, French mathematician (b. 1588)


date: October 11

text: October 11 – George I Rákóczi, Hungarian prince of Transylvania (b. 1593)


date: January 4

text: January 4 – In England, the Rump Parliament passes an ordinance to set up a High Court of Justice, to try Charles I for high treason.


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Serfdom in Russia begins legally as the Sobornoye Ulozheniye (Соборное уложение, "Code of Law") is signed by members of the Zemsky Sobor, the parliament of the estates of the realm in the Tsardom of Russia. Slaves and free peasants are consolidated by law into the new hereditary class of "serfs", and the Russian nobility are given the exclusive privilege of owning the serfs.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – The deposed King Charles I is beheaded outside the Banquet Hall in the Palace of Whitehall, London. The Commonwealth of England, with a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England and members of the Long Parliament serve as government. Charles, Prince of Wales declares himself as King of England, Scotland and Ireland pending restoration of the monarchy.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – In Edinburgh, the Scottish Parliament declares Prince Charles, son of the recently executed King Charles I, as King Charles II of Scotland. Prince Charles, at the time, is at sea in charge of royalist forces fighting to drive Oliver Cromwell from the British Isles. Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.


date: February 7

text: February 7 – The English Parliament rejects a proposal to continue the English monarchy after Oliver Cromwell makes clear that he does not wish to be crowned as King of England.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – The first ever set of rules and regulations for England's Parliamentary Navy, Robert Blake's The Laws of War and Ordinances of the Sea, is adopted by the House of Commons, and Blake is promoted to the position of General at Sea of the English fleet.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – The English Parliament, having voted February 7 against a proposal to continue the monarchy under Oliver Cromwell, passes the "Act Abolishing the Kingship" with the goal of creating a republic under a Lord Protector selected by an elected Parliament.


date: March 19

text: March 19 – The House of Commons of England passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, which it describes in the act as "useless and dangerous to the people of England".


date: April 21

text: April 21 – The Maryland Toleration Act is passed in the American colony, allowing all freedom of worship.


date: May 19

text: May 19 – "An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth" is passed by the Rump Parliament.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – After news reaches the Western Hemisphere that King Charles I has been deposed and executed, the English colonial government of the Somers Isles, now called Bermuda, proclaims its recognition of Charles II as the rightful ruler of the islands.


date: August 17

text: August 17 – The Treaty of Zboriv is signed by representatives of King John II Casimir of Poland and the representatives of the Cossacks and Crimean Khanate to partially settle the Khmelnytsky Uprising.


date: January 17

text: January 17 – The Second Ormonde Peace concludes an alliance between the Irish Royalists and the Irish Confederates during the War of the Three Kingdoms. Later in the year the alliance is decisively defeated during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.


date: February 22

text: February 22 – The Mughal–Safavid War begins when Shah Abbas II of the Safavid Empire in Persia captures the Afghan city of Kandahar from the Mughal Empire of India after a six-week siege. The Mughals, led by Shah Jahan, fail to recapture Kandahar after three sieges in four years.


date: March 11

text: March 11 – The rebel Frondeurs and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil.


date: March 16

text: March 16 – An over 1,000 strong war party of Haudenosaunee Iroquois invade and burn the Huron mission villages of St. Ignace and St. Louis in present-day Simcoe County, Ontario, killing about 300 people.


date: May 1

text: May 1 – The Wendat people Indian tribe complete the burning of 15 of their own villages, to prevent their stores from being taken by the Haudenasaunee Iroquois. Almost all the remaining people (approximately 10,000) become refugees, on a path that eventually brings them to Wendake.


date: May 17

text: May 17 – The Banbury mutiny in England ends – leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged.


date: May 22

text: May 22–October – Robert Blake blockades Prince Rupert's fleet in Kinsale, Ireland.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Alexis, Tsar of the Russian Empire orders all English merchants to leave Moscow.


text: June 1 – The Sumuroy Revolt begins in Northern Samar as Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his followers rebel against the polo y servicio (forced labor system).


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin, unopposed and with thousands of English troops, to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Oliver Cromwell leads England's New Model Army to start the Siege of Drogheda in Ireland, and breaks through on September 11, executing the last of the original 2,550 Irish Catholic defenders and their leader, the English Royalist Sir Arthur Aston.


date: September 30

text: September 30 – The last of Sweden's troops vacate Prague.


date: October 11

text: October 11 – The Sack of Wexford in Ireland ends after having started on October 2, with Cromwell's New Model Army breaking through, killing more than 1,500 Irish Catholic defenders and civilians, while losing only 20 of the English soldiers. The capture of Wexford ends the remaining chance that Charles II, heir to the English throne, can land troops in Ireland, and Charles and the royalist fleet flee to Portugal.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – The first phase of the Siege of Waterford begins as Cromwell's New Model Army attempts to take on the strategically-located Irish city's defenders with his own exhausted army. Cromwell is forced to call off the siege after eight days and his army retreats to its winter quarters at Dungarvan on December 2.


date: December 6

text: December 6 – The Scottish defenders of Ireland are defeated by Cromwell's forces in the Battle of Lisnagarvey in County Antrim, with 1,500 Scots killed or captured, and New Model Army battalion of Colonel Robert Venables suffering minimal losses. The battle ends the Scottish presence in Ireland and settlers are expelled from the island in the days that follow.


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Chinese General Geng Zhongming, having reported to the Qing dynasty commanders to face charges of harboring runaway slaves during his fight against the Southern Ming dynasty troops, commits suicide while waiting for a verdict in his court-martial. (1943). His son, Geng Jimao, continues to fight against the Southern Ming.


text: Qing armies reconquer Jiangxi province during the Manchu conquest of China.

source_section: Events › Undated


date: March 17

text: March 17 – French colonists from Martinique, led by former Martinique Governor Jacques Dyel du Parquet, land at St. Georges Harbour on the island of Grenada for the founding of Fort Annunciation. The fort is soon abandoned and the colonists cross the harbour for the founding of Fort Royal which eventually becomes the city of St. George's, Grenada


date: August 26

text: August 26 – After his "True Levellers", commonly called "The Diggers", abandon their last major colony at St. George's Hill at Weybridge in England, their leader, Gerrard Winstanley, publishes the pamphlet "A Watch-Word to The City of London, and the Armie", recounting the experience.


text: The town of Kristinestad, named after Queen Christina of Sweden, is founded in Ostrobothnia by Count Per Brahe the Younger.


date: September 2

text: September 2 – The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.


date: July 27

section: Economy & Finance

text: July 27 – The Commonwealth of England Parliament passes the "Act for the promoting and propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ in New England" to create the "Company for Propagation of the Gospel in New England and the parts adjacent in America" for Christian missionary ministries to Native American tribes. The New England Company will continue to operate more than three and a half centuries later.


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh completes Book VIII of Leabhar na nGenealach, in Galway, within days of an outbreak of the plague.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Charles I of England goes on trial, for treason and other "high crimes".


date: January 27

text: January 27 – King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is found guilty of high treason in a public session.


text: Dutch artist Frans Hals paints a portrait of René Descartes.


date: December 20

text: December 20 – The Puritan law enforcers of the Commonwealth of England raid the Red Bull Theatre in London for violations of the laws against performance of plays and arrest the actors, as well as confiscating their property.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1679–1691) (d. 1691)


date: January 30

text: January 30 – Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Earl of Dysart, British politician and nobleman (d. 1727)


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Johann Philipp Krieger, German Baroque composer (d. 1725)


date: March 12

text: March 12 – Govert Bidloo, Dutch physician, anatomist, poet and playwright (d. 1713)


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University (d. 1721)


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley, English diplomat (d. 1710)


date: April 9

text: April 9 – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland (d. 1685)


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Joseph Ball, American settler, public servant, and maternal grandfather of George Washington (d. 1711)


date: July 20

text: July 20 – William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (d. 1709)


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1664)


date: September 5

text: September 5 – Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, French-born mistress of Charles II of England (d. 1734)


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen since 1675 (d. 1706)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Johann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, German duke (d. 1697)


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Samuel Carpenter, Deputy Governor of colonial Pennsylvania (d. 1714)


date: March 9

text: March 9 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman (b. 1606)

source_section: Deaths › January–March


text: March 9 – Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (executed) (b. 1590)


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1593)


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Agostinho Barbosa, Portuguese bishop in Italy and writer on canon law (b. 1589)


date: April 22

text: April 22 – Marcos de Torres y Rueda, interim viceroy of New Spain (b. 1591)

source_section: Deaths › April–June


date: April 24

text: April 24 – Gaston Jean Baptiste de Renty, French aristocrat and philanthropist (b. 1611)


date: June 30

text: June 30 – Simon Vouet, French painter (b. 1590)


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Susanna Hall, oldest child of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway (b. 1582)

source_section: Deaths › July–September


date: July 31

text: July 31 – Ukrainian Cossack troops under the command of Mykhailo Krychevsky and Stepan Pobodailo are overwhelmed in the Battle of Loyew (in what is now Belarus) by a smaller force of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth soldiers led by Lithuania's Janusz Radziwiłł, with the Cossacks losing more than 3,000 fighters. Krychevsky is mortally wounded and dies on August 3.


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Richard Crashaw, English poet (b. c. 1613)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Catherine of Brandenburg, Princess of Transylvania (1629–1630) (b. 1604)


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer (b. 1574)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Owen Roe O'Neill (b. c. 1585)

source_section: Deaths › October–December


date: December 4

text: December 4 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (b. 1585)


text: Marcus Aurelius creates 4 legal districts (iuridici) in Italy (5 if Rome is included).

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Sindae becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: Legio II Italica is levied by Emperor Marcus Aurelius.


text: The Romans establish a garrison at Doura Europos on the Euphrates, a control point for the commercial route to the Persian Gulf.


text: A Roman military expedition under Avidius Cassius is successful against Parthia, capturing Artaxata, Seleucia on the Tigris, and Ctesiphon. The Parthians sue for peace.


text: Avidius Cassius takes Nisibis, and conquers the north of Mesopotamia.


text: Discourse to the Greek (Oratio ad Graecos), by the Syrian Tatian, is the first treatise on the evils of paganism in Christian literature.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: The philosopher Justin of Nablus is executed in Rome as a Christian.


text: Antonine Plague: A pandemic breaks out in Rome, after the Roman army returns from Parthia. The plague significantly depopulates the Roman Empire and China.


text: Dura-Europos is taken by the Romans.


text: Tiberius Claudius Cleobulus, Roman politician (d. 213)

source_section: Births


text: Mi Zhu (or Zizhong), Chinese official and advisor (d. 221)


text: Annia Faustina, Roman noblewoman (d. 218)


text: Shi Hui, Chinese official and statesman (d. 227)


text: Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus, Roman emperor (d. 218)


text: Deng Mengnü (or Bo Mengnü), Chinese empress


text: Justin Martyr, Christian apologist (b. AD 100)


text: Peregrinus Proteus, Greek philosopher (b. AD 95)


text: Chadea, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (b. AD 71)


text: Taejodae, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (b. AD 47)


text: Claudius Ptolemaeus, Greek astronomer (approximate date)


text: Appian, Greek historian and writer (approximate date)


text: Elpinice, daughter of Herodes Atticus (b. AD 142)


date: March 10

text: March 10 – João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos, Portuguese Count of Castelo Melhor, becomes the new Governor of Brazil.


date: September 19

text: September 19 – Treaty of Hartford: the English Commonwealth's Connecticut Colony and the Dutch Republic's colony of New Netherland establish their frontiers in North America.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: October 17

text: October 17 – The Western Remonstrance is signed by members of the Parliament of Scotland who condemn the recognition of Charles II being crowned King of Scotland, and pledging allegiance to England's General Oliver Cromwell.

source_section: Events › October–December


date: October 30

text: October 30 – The Commonwealth of England government passes a law prohibiting trade between English merchants and English colonies that had sided with Charles II over Oliver Cromwell. Specifically labeled as rebel colonies for purposes of the ban are the North American colonies of Virginia and the Somers Isles (alias Bermuda), as well as the Caribbean islands of Barbados and Antigua.


text: The town of Sharon, Massachusetts is founded.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


text: Jews are allowed to return to France.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Cardinal Jules Mazarin, the Chief Minister of France and head of its government since 1642, learns of a plot against him and has the Prince de Condé, the Prince de Conti and the Duc de Longueville arrested, prompting a rebellion by parliament against the Crown.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: January 28

text: January 28 – The Sultan bin Saif of Oman expels the Portuguese colonial government from Muscat, forcing the surrender of the port of Muttrah and of Fort Capitan, and captures two warships, ending 35 years of Portuguese occupation.


date: February 13

text: February 13 – Oliver Cromwell's troops sweep through Ireland and bombard the Kiltinan Castle in County Tipperary.


text: March 10 – The Commonwealth of England's navy Robert Blake blockades a surviving English Royalist fleet commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine in the Tagus estuary at Lisbon. Rupert breaks out on October 12.


date: March 28

text: March 28 – The Siege of Kilkenny in Ireland by Oliver Cromwell ends in after six days as royalist Sir Walter Butler turns over control of the city to the Commonwealth of England forces.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – The Battle of Carbisdale begins when a Royalist army invades mainland Scotland from the Orkney Islands. The Royalists are defeated by a Covenanter army.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: May 17

text: May 17 – A quarter of the New Model Army at the Siege of Clonmel in Ireland is trapped and killed.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Having completed his invasion of Ireland, England's General Oliver Cromwell begins the war against the Kingdom of Scotland, crossing from Northumberland at Berwick-upon-Tweed into Berwickshire, and leads troops toward Edinburgh.


date: July 29

text: July 29 – William II, Prince of Orange, stadtholder of Holland, attempts to conquer the rest of the Netherlands and attempts a coup d'état against the Dutch Republic.


date: August 13

text: August 13 – Colonel George Monck forms Monck's Regiment of Foot, forerunner of the Coldstream Guards.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Third English Civil War: Battle of Dunbar (1650) – Parliamentarian forces under Oliver Cromwell defeat a Scottish army, commanded by David Leslie.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Thomas Cooper, former Usher of Gresham's School, England, is hanged as a Royalist rebel.


text: Estimation – Istanbul becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Beijing.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Henry Robinson opens his Office of Addresses and Encounters, a form of employment exchange, in Threadneedle Street, London.


text: English highwayman and Captain James Hind campaigns for the Royalist cause (according to his own account).


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Italian priest and astronomer Gerolamo Sersale of Naples takes advantage of a full moon and draws an extremely detailed lunar map, which is then engraved and reproduced for other astronomers.


text: Three-wheeled wheelchairs are invented in Nuremberg by watchmaker Stephan Farffler.


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Jacob van Kittensteyn succeeds Joan Maetsuycker as the Dutch Governor of Zeylan (now the nation of Sri Lanka).


text: Ethiopia deports Portuguese diplomats and missionaries.


date: January 25

text: January 25 – As part of the purges following the Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 Francisco Gómez de la Rocha, a rich former corregidor of Potosí, is executed.


date: December 14

text: December 14 – Anne Greene is hanged at Oxford Castle in England for infanticide, having concealed an illegitimate stillbirth. The following day she revives in the dissection room and, being pardoned, lives until 1659.


text: Puritans chop down the original Glastonbury Thorn in England.


date: September 27

text: September 27 – The Kolumbo volcano on Santorini experiences a massive eruption (VEI 6).


date: February 1

text: February 1 – The French verse play Andromède, commissioned by Cardinal Mazarin, written by Pierre Corneille and with elaborate sets designed by Giacomo Torelli, premieres before the royal family at the Théâtre Royal de Bourbon.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – The Harvard Corporation, the more powerful of the two administrative boards of Harvard, is established (the first legal corporation in the Americas).


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland (at Garmouth), the only one of the three kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Einkommende Zeitungen, the first daily printed newspaper, begins publication in Leipzig (ceases 1918).


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Christina, Queen of Sweden, who has been the legal ruler of Sweden for almost 18 years, has an elaborate coronation ceremony at the castle of Jacobsdal near Stockholm. The coronation had originally been planned for her 18th birthday in 1644 but was delayed by a war with Denmark-Norway.


text: The first modern Palio di Siena horserace is held in Italy.


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Countess Sophie Amalie of Nassau-Siegen, Duchess consort of Courland (1682–1688) (d. 1688)


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Nell Gwyn, English actress and royal mistress (d. 1687)


text: February 26 – Tomás Marín de Poveda, 1st Marquis of Cañada Hermosa, Royal Governor of Chile (d. 1703)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 3rd Baronet, British bishop (d. 1721)


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel, Queen Consort of Denmark (1670–1699) (d. 1714)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Cornelis HrR Ridder de Graeff, Dutch nobleman and chief landholder of the Zijpe and Haze Polder (d. 1678)


date: July 6

text: July 6 – Frederick Casimir Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia (d. 1698)


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Vincenzo Coronelli, Franciscan friar, Italian cartographer, encyclopedist (d. 1718)


date: September 20

text: September 20 – Adrian Beverland, Dutch philosopher and jurist who settled in England (d. 1716)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Jeremy Collier, English theatre critic, non-juror bishop and theologian (d. 1726)


text: October 20 – Robert Shirley, 1st Earl Ferrers, English peer and courtier (d. 1717)


date: November 18

text: November 18 – Robert Walpole (1650–1700), English politician (d. 1700)


date: December 6

text: December 6 – Johann Friedrich Mayer (theologian), German Lutheran theologian (d. 1712)


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon (d. 1701)


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, dies after a reign of more than 63 years. The area is now part of the northeastern German state of Saxony-Anhalt.


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke (b. 1584)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – John Williams, Welsh clergyman and political advisor to King James I (b. 1582)


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Christian Gueintz, German teacher and writer-grammarian (b. 1592)


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Simonds d'Ewes, English antiquarian and politician (b. 1602)


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff, Austrian diplomat (b. 1584)


text: August 16 – Cesare Monti, Italian cardinal, Archbishop of Milan (b. 1593)


date: August

text: August – John Parkinson, English herbalist and botanist (b. 1567)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Elizabeth Stuart, second daughter of King Charles I of England (b. 1635)


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême, son of Charles IX of France (b. 1573)


date: October 25

text: October 25 – Franciscus Quaresmius, Italian writer and orientalist (b. 1583)


date: October 29

text: October 29 – David Calderwood, Scottish historian (b. 1575)


date: November 4

text: November 4 – William III of Orange becomes Prince of the House of Orange at the moment of his birth, succeeding his father, who had died a few days earlier. He does not become stadtholder, so the United Provinces becomes a true republic.


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Dorgon, Manchu prince (b. 1612)


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Parliament of Boroa in Chile: Spanish and Mapuche authorities meet at Boroa, renewing the fragile peace established at the parliaments of Quillín, in 1641 and 1647.


date: October

text: October – An English diplomatic team, headed by Oliver St John, goes to The Hague to negotiate an alliance between the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic.


date: May 12

text: May 12 – General Marcin Kalinowski of Poland wins the Battle of Kopychyntsi against Zaporozhian Cossacks forces under the command of Asand Demka during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in what is now Ukraine.


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659); A squadron of Spanish galleys under John Joseph of Austria capture the French galleon Lion Couronné off Formentera, Balearic Islands, Spain.


date: June 30

text: June 30 – After three days of fighting in the Battle of Berestechko in Ukraine, one of the biggest land battles of the 17th century, with some 205,000 troops in the field, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army defeats the Zaporozhian Cossacks.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – At the Battle of Inverkeithing in Scotland, the English Parliamentarian New Model Army, under Major-General John Lambert, defeats a Scottish Covenanter army acting on behalf of Charles II, led by Sir John Brown of Fordell.


date: August 13

text: August 13 – The troops of King Charles II of Scotland force the retreat of English Commonwealth troops at the Battle of Warrington Bridge, the last victory of Scotland over England in battle.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – The "Onfall of Alyth takes place in the Scottish town of the same name when most of the members of Scotland's governing body, the Committee of States, are betrayed to English invaders. The Earl of Leven, the Earl of Crawford, the Earl Marischal, Lord Nairne and other prominent people are captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London.


text: August 28 – The Battle of Upton is fought at Upton-upon-Severn in England, where Scottish invaders commanded by Major General Edward Massey are defeated by the English Parliamentarians led by John Lambert. The retreat of the Scots clears the way for the successful English attack at Worcester.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – The siege of Dundee ends with the English Parliamentarian army, under General Monck, decisively defeating Covenanters in the last battle of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in Scotland.


date: September 2

text: September 2 – Kösem Sultan is assassinated by her daughter-in-law, Turhan Sultan.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Charles II of England is defeated in the Battle of Worcester, the last major battle of the English Civil War, and forced to flee.


date: October 16

text: October 16 – Prince Charles of the House of Stuart escapes from England to find refuge in France.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – The Manx Rebellion of 1651 comes to an end as the Countess of Derby surrenders the Isle of Man to the forces of Oliver Cromwell in return for a guarantee of safe passage for herself, her family and her servants, off of the island.