text: Vettore Cappello, merchant, statesman and military commander of the Republic of Venice (d. 1467)


section: Births

text: Pietru Caxaro, Maltese philosopher and poet (d. 1485)

source_section: Births


text: Thomas Boleyn, Master of Gonville Hall, Cambridge and English priest (d. 1472)


text: Alexander of Masovia, Polish prince member of the House of Piast and Bishop of Trento (d. 1444)


text: Andronikos V Palaiologos, Byzantine ruler of Thessalonica and surrounding territories alongside his father John VII Palaiologos (d. 1407)


text: Ausiàs March, medieval Valencian poet and knight (d. 1459)


date: January 4

section: Deaths

text: January 4 – The Epiphany Rising begins in England against King Henry IV by nobles planning to restore King Richard II to the throne, and is quickly crushed. Baron Lumley dies after attempting to seize Cirencester. The Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of Kent are captured and beheaded on January 7. Sir Thomas Blount is hanged, drawn and quartered at Oxford on January 12. Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester is captured and executed by a mob in Bristol on January 13. The Earl of Huntingdon is beheaded at Pleshey on January 16.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: January 7

text: January 7 – John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English earl (executed) (b. 1350)

source_section: Deaths


text: January 7 – Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, English politician (executed) (b. 1374)


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester, English politician (executed) (b. 1373)


date: January 16

text: January 16 – John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, English politician (executed)


date: February 14

text: February 14 – The deposed Richard II of England dies by means unknown in Pontefract Castle. It is likely that King Henry IV ordered his death by starvation, to prevent further uprisings.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Aubrey de Vere, 10th Earl of Oxford, third son of John de Vere (b. 1338)


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Baldus de Ubaldis, Italian jurist (b. 1327)


date: April

text: April – King Swa Saw Ke, of Ava, the largest kingdom in Burma, dies after a reign of 33 years and is succeeded by his son, King Tarabya, who reigns less than seven months before being assassinated.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, rival King of the Romans


date: July 26

text: July 26 – Jagiellonian University is re-established in Kraków by order of King Władysław II, with the creation of the Faculty of Theology at what is then called the Kraków Academy. The restoration is partially financed by the sale of jewelry owned by the King's late wife, Queen Jadwiga, who had died in 1399.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: November 20

text: November 20 – Elizabeth of Moravia, Margravine of Meissen (b. 1355)


date: November

text: November – Tarabya of Ava (b. 1368)


date: December

text: December – Archibald the Grim, Scottish magnate (b. 1328)


date: January 12

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: January 12 – Emperor Hồ Quý Ly of Dai Ngu (now Vietnam) passes the throne to his son, Hồ Hán Thương.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – The Parliament of England is opened at Westminster by King Henry IV.


date: February 3

text: February 3 – The Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, who has spent almost two months in England as the guest of King Henry IV, accepts a payment of 3,000 English gold marks in support of an alliance between the two nations, then makes plans to depart England for France.


date: June

text: June – The English Pale in Ireland is reduced to Dublin, County Kildare, County Louth, and County Meath.


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of Delhi is restored to power.

source_section: Events › October–December


text: Japan re-enters into a tributary relationship with China.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


text: Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day northern India.


text: The Joseon dynasty in present-day Korea officially enters into a tributary relationship with Ming dynasty China.


section: Conflict & Security

text: January 16 – After their disastrous defeat on December 25 in the Battle of Dongchang in the Jingnan campaign, the forces of the Principality of Yan within China return to Beiping (located at the site of present-day Beijing).


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Jingnan campaign: After a month's recovery from defeat in battle in China, Prince Zhu Di mobilizes his troops at Beijing and marches south to fight the Ming dynasty Emperor Huizong.


date: March 13

text: March 13 – The Samogitians, supported by Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, rebel against the Teutonic knights and burn two castles. Vytautas is granted increased autonomy by King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania union.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Turko-Mongol Emperor Timur sacks Damascus.


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Jingnan campaign: Prince Zhu Di of Yan leads his troops across the Jia River into the Heibei province. China's Ming dynasty Emperor Huizong directs that Zhu Di is not to be killed.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Conwy Castle in English-ruled North Wales, is captured on Good Friday by trickery by two Welsh brothers, Rhys ap Tudur and Gwilym ap Tudur of the Island of Anglesey, in support of the anti-English rebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Jingnan campaign: The rebel Yan forces destroy the food supplies of the Ming Chinese government at Dezhou.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – (27 Dhu al-Qadah 803 A.H.) Timur raids the city of Baghdad, in the Jalayirid Empire, then carries out a massacre of its inhabitants, including women and children, as punishment for resisting his rule. According to accounts later, "90,000 human heads were piled up on the public places of the town." The only persons spared death are "theologians, shaikhs and dervishes", and the only buildings not demolished are "mosques, universities and hostels."


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Jingnan campaign: Chinese Empire troops, led by Fang Zhao, launch a raid on the Yan principality capital at Beiping, forcing Yan PrinceZhu Di to bring his troops back north.


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Jingnan campaign: The Yan principality defeats the Chinese imperial forces at Beiping after a siege of more than two months.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – The Battle of Tuthill takes place at Caernarfon in Wales as Owain Glyndŵr loses 300 soldiers in an attack by the English Army.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – Jingnan campaign: Rebel General Zhu Di adopts a new approach in his war against the Chinese Imperial troops and departs from Beiping to drive troops southward to the Yangtze River, capturing Dong'e, Dongping, Wenshang, and Pei over the next two months.


date: June 24

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: June 24 – (13th day of 5th month Ōei 8) The shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu dispatches a mission to Ming Dynasty China as the first step of opening trade between the two nations.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – The County of Geneva, located in southeastern France in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, comes to an end after more than 300 years when it is sold to Amadeus VIII, Count of Savoy for 45,000 gold francs


date: March 2

section: Religion & Belief

text: March 2 – William Sawtrey, a Roman Catholic priest and adherent to the Lollard faith becomes the first person in England to be burned at the stake under the new De heretico comburendo law (officially the Suppression of Heresy Act 1400), dying at Smithfield, London after being convicted of heresy against the Roman Catholic faith.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – As the English Parliament session closes, King Henry IV gives royal assent to the Suppression of Heresy Act, permitting secular authorities to carry out punishment for religious crimes. The assent comes after the Archbishop of Canterbury pressures King Henry to outlaw the Lollards, followers of John Wycliffe, and criminalizes possession of a copy of Wycliffe's translation of the Bible.


date: April 28

text: April 28 – King Zsigmond of Hungary refuses to comply with demands of the Archbishop John Kanizsai and the Palatine Derek Bebek, he is taken prisoner. Sigismund remains captive until October 29.


date: May 6

text: May 6 – The council of the Republic of Venice passes a law prohibiting the Republic's executive, the Doge, from using the state owned official ship, the bucentaur, from being used for private purposes.


date: September 24

text: September 24 – The late English cleric John Twenge (1320-1379) is canonized as Saint John of Bridlington by Pope Boniface IX


date: May 31

section: Economy & Finance

text: May 31 – Laurence Allerthorp becomes the new Lord High Treasurer of England, succeeding Sir John Norbury.


date: February 16

section: Crime & Justice

text: February 16 – John Barry is appointed as the new Attorney-General for Ireland.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – The Schaffhausen massacre of 30 Jewish residents, by burning, of the town of Schaffhausen takes place in Switzerland after the April 3 murder of 4-year-old Konrad Lori.


date: October 29

text: October 29 – King Zsigmond of Hungary is released from imprisonment by order of the Royal Council.


date: January 6

section: Culture & Society

text: January 6 – Rupert, King of Germany, is crowned King of the Romans at Cologne.


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (d. 1460)


date: May 10

text: May 10 – Thomas Tuddenham, Landowner (d. 1462)


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Emperor Shōkō of Japan (d. 1428)


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Francesco I Sforza, Italian condottiero (d. 1466)


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon, Queen consort of Aragon and Naples (d. 1458)


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Catherine of Valois, queen consort of England from 1420 until 1422 (d. 1437)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (d. 1418)


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Tommaso Masaccio, Italian painter (d. 1428)


text: Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut (d. 1436)


text: probable – Nicholas of Cusa, German philosopher, mathematician and astronomer (d. 1464)


text: Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (d. 1456)


date: January 19

text: January 19 – Robert Bealknap, British justice


date: March

text: March – William Sawtrey, English Lollard martyr (burned at the stake)


date: April 8

text: April 8 or August 8 – Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick (b. 1338)


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Maria, Queen of Sicily since 1377 since succeeding her father, King Frederick the Simple, dies after a reign of almost 34 years.


text: May 25 – Queen Maria of Sicily (b. 1363)


text: September 14 – Dobrogost of Nowy Dwór, Polish bishop (b. 1355)


date: October 19

text: October 19 – John Charleton, 4th Baron Cherleton (b. 1362)


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Klaus Störtebeker, German pirate


date: October

text: October – Anabella Drummond, queen of Scotland


date: November 25

text: November 25 – King Tarabya of Ava (b. 1368)


text: date unknown – Andronikos Asen Zaccaria, Baron of Chalandritsa and Arcadia, Grand Constable of Achaea


date: August 15

text: August 15 – King Enrique III of Castile and León (comprising most of Spain) signs a peace treaty with his brother-in-law, King João I of Portugal, ending fighting that began in 1396. The wives of the two kings, Catherine of Lancaster and Philippa of Lancaster respectively, are sisters.


date: September 30

text: September 30 – The new session of the English Parliament is opened by King Henry IV and lasts for almost two months.


date: October 1

text: October 1 – The House of Commons of England is opened at Coventry by King Henry IV, whose Lord Chancellor asks the members to pass a tax to support an offensive war against Scotland, enemies of Wales, Ireland and for defending the Marches of Guienne and Calais. Henry Redford is elected Speaker of the House.


date: November 5

text: November 5 – The Republic of Genoa resumes control of Monaco, deposing Louis Grimaldi. Genoese control lasts for more than 16 years.


text: November 25 – The fourth parliament of King Henry IV of England closes at Westminster after two months and the passage of new laws, including the penal Laws against Wales which stop the Welsh from gathering together, obtaining office, carrying arms and living in English towns. The laws apply to any Englishman who marries a Welsh woman.


text: Conchobar an Abaidh mac Maelsechlainn O Cellaigh succeeds Maelsechlainn mac William Buidhe O Cellaigh, as King of Uí Maine in modern-day County Galway and County Roscommon in Ireland.


text: The Republic of Genoa regains control of Monaco.


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Sigismund of Křižanov, Prokop of Luxemburg and King Wenceslas IV of Bohemia carry out an unsuccessful raid on the military garrison of Jihlava in an attack against the Kingdom of Croatia, led by Sigismund of Luxembourg. The Bohemians are routed, and Wenceslas is captured.


date: April 2

text: April 2 – Jingnan campaign: In China, the Yan Army, led by Prince Zhu Di reaches Suishui, west of Huaibei, in what is now the Anhui province.


date: April 29

text: April 29 – Jingnan campaign: The Yan Army overwhelms the Imperial Army of Southern China at Linghi, capturing General Ping An.


date: May 7

text: May 7 – Jingnan campaign: The Yan Army continues its march, capturing Sixian and reaching the north bank of the Huai River.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Jingnan campaign: After crossing the Huai River into what is now Jiangsu province, and taking Yangzhou (May 18) and Luhe (May 19), the Yan Army of Zhu Di crosses the Yangtze River at Guazhou and is within striking distance of the Imperial Chinese capital at Nanjing by June 8, forcing Emperor Zhu Yun Wen to prepare terms of surrender that include granting the Yan Kingdom areas north of the Yangtze. Zhu Di refuses.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Jingnan campaign: The Army of Yan arrives at the walls of Nanjing, capital of Imperial China and surrounds the city. The defenders on the north side open the Jinchuan Gate and let the invaders in. China's Emperor Zhu Yun Wen then orders for the palace to be set on fire with himself and his followers burned to death inside before the Yan King Zhu Di arrives. Zhu Di orders the execution of 29 palace officials.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Zhu Di, King of the Yan State at Beijing, becomes the new Ming Dynasty Emperor of China at Nanjing, uniting north and south China.


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Battle of Bryn Glas: Welsh rebels under Owain Glyndŵr defeat the English on the England/Wales border. The Welsh capture Edmund Mortimer, son of the 3rd Earl, who defects to the Welsh cause, on 30 November marrying Owain's daughter Catrin.


text: June 22 – Battle of Nesbit Moor: An English force decisively defeats a returning Scottish raiding party.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Battle of Ankara: An invading Timurid Empire force defeats the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I, who is captured. A period of interregnum begins in the Ottoman Empire, with the future Mehmed I as one of the leading claimants to the throne. After Serbia is freed from Ottoman rule, Stefan Lazarević is crowned Despot of Serbia.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Battle of Homildon Hill: Northern English nobles, led by Sir Henry Percy (Hotspur), and using longbows, decisively defeat a Scottish raiding army and capture their leader, the Earl of Douglas.


date: November 21

text: November 21 – Stefan Lazarević leads the Serbian Despotate to victory over the Ottoman Governor Durad Brankovic at the Battle of Tripolje.


date: November 23

text: November 23 – The Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos leaves France after a stay of almost two years.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – (6 Jumada al-Awwal 805 A.H.) With 4,000 troops, Tamerlane, Amir of the Timurid Empire covering much of what is now Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan begins the Siege of Smyrna (now Izmir in Turkey). Smyrna is captured after two days of attacks on its outer walls. After the Christian Knights of Saint John, who are ruling Smyrna, refuse to convert to Islam or pay tribute, Timur has the entire Christian population massacred. The Knights subsequently begin building Bodrum Castle in Bodrum, to defend against future attacks.


date: December 26

text: December 26 – (3rd waxing of Tabodwe 764 ME) Ava–Hanthawaddy War: In what is now Myanmar, the forces of the Ava Kingdom, led by King Minkhaung I defeat King Razadarit of the Kingdom of Hanthawaddy in the Battle of Nawin, forcing Razadarit to abandon the siege of Prome.


text: Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland in order to protect itself from an invasion by Hungary.


text: The Aq Qoyunlu ("White Sheep Turkmen") tribal confederation, in modern-day northern Iraq and Iran, moves its capital from Amida to Diyarbakır.


text: Conquest of the Canary Islands: King Henry III of Castile sends French explorer Jean de Béthencourt to colonize the Canary Islands. Béthencourt receives the title King of the Canary Islands but recognizes Henry as his overlord.


date: October 10

text: October 10 – A rare conference begins in England between the House of Commons and the House of Lords takes place with the permission of the King, and results in a 3-shilling tax on wine and a 14-pence tax on other merchandise.


text: The Malacca Sultanate is established at Melaka Darul Azim (modern-day Melaka Darul Azim, Malaysia).


date: February 8

section: Science & Discovery

text: February 8 – The Great Comet of 1402 is first observed by people living in the Northern Hemisphere of Earth. The comet, visible for eight days even in daylight, makes its closest approach to Earth on February 20. It is last seen on March 27.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – The "False Olaf", a Bohemian immigrant who bore a resemblance to the late King Olaf of Denmark and Norway and impersonated the late monarch earlier in the year, is burned at the stake as punishment.


section: Disasters & Accidents

text: A big fire in the city of Utrecht starts near the Jacobikerk.


date: January 29

text: January 29 – King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania Union answers the rumblings against his rule of Poland, by marrying Anna of Celje, a granddaughter of Casimir III of Poland.


date: April 3

text: April 3 – King Henry IV of England is married by proxy to Joan of Navarre in a ceremony at the Eltham Palace near London.


date: July 17

text: July 17 – The Ming dynasty prince Zhu Di of Yan is formally crowned as the Emperor Cheng Zu of Ming at Nanjing, marking the end of the Jingnan campaign.


text: The University of Würzburg is founded.


text: Maria II Zaccaria succeeds her husband, Pedro de San Superano, as regent of the Principality of Achaea (modern-day southern Greece).


text: The Gangnido map of the world is completed in Joseon dynasty Korea.


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse, Landgrave of Hesse (1413-1458) (d. 1458)


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Nezahualcoyotl, Acolhuan philosopher, warrior, poet and tlatoani of Texcoco (d. 1472)


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (d. 1445)


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Ichijō Kaneyoshi, Japanese court noble (d. 1481)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Ferdinand the Holy Prince of Portugal (d. 1443)


text: November 23 – Jean de Dunois, French nobleman and soldier, illegitimate son of Louis I (d. 1468)


text: date unknown – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English nobleman (d. 1460)


date: March 26

text: March 26 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland, dies while being held captive by his uncle, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany.


text: March 26 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland (b. 1378)


date: May 3

text: May 3 – João Anes, Archbishop of Lisbon


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Following the death of Queen Maria of Sicily, her husband Martin I of Sicily, now sole ruler, marries Blanche of Navarre by proxy. They marry in person on December 26.


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Battle of Casalecchio: Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, crushes the forces of Bologna and Florence. He dies from a fever less than three months later.


text: June 26 – Giovanni I Bentivoglio, Ruler of Bologna (b. 1358)


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Jianwen Emperor of China (b. 1377)


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Edward of Norwich becomes the second Duke of York in England upon the death of his father, Edmund of Langley. He will serve until his death in 1415 in the Battle of Agincourt.


text: August 1 – Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, English nobleman, last surviving son of King Edward III (b. 1341)


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Gian Maria Visconti becomes the second Duke of Milan upon the death of his father, Gian Galeazzo Visconti.


text: September 3 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan (b. 1351)


text: Empress Ma (Jianwen) of China (b. 1378)


date: January 23

text: January 23 – The Yongle Era in China begins with the first day of the Chinese New Year, six months after King Zhu Di of the Yan State arrived at Nanjing, deposed the southern Chinese Emperor Zhu Yun Wen, and proclaimed himself as the Emperor Cheng Zu.


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Signing of the Treaty of Gallipoli is completed as Süleyman Çelebi makes wide-ranging concessions to the Byzantine Empire and other Christian powers, in the southern Balkans.


text: Jan Hus begins preaching Wycliffite ideas in Bohemia.


text: Maolmhordha mac Con Connacht succeeds Giolla Iosa mac Pilib, as King of East Breifne, in present-day counties Leitrim and Cavan.


text: Tadhg Ruadh mac Maelsechlainn O Cellaigh succeeds Conchobar an Abaidh mac Maelsechlainn O Cellaigh, as King of Hy-Many, in present-day counties Galway and Roscommon.


text: Georgia makes peace with Timur, but has to recognise him as a suzerain and pay him tribute.


text: Stefan Lazarević establishes Belgrade, as the capital of the Serbian Despotate.


date: January 5

text: January 5 – In what is now Myanmar, peace negotiations begin between King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy at his capital Pegu, with the emissaries of Minkhaung I, ruler of the Kingdom of Ava, 10 days after the Ava forces defeated Razadarit's army at the Battle of Nawin.


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Stříbrná Skalice in Central Bohemia is razed by Sigismund of Luxembourg.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Prince Henry of England, son of King Henry IV, is appointed by his father to serve for one year as the Royal Lieutenant of Wales, with command over English toops to fight the Welsh rebels.


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Jean II Le Maingre of France, also known as Boucicaut, the French Governor of Genoa, leads a fleet of 18 ships, 600 horses and 700 infantry to stop an attack by Muslims on the island of Cyprus and the city of Famagusta. Boucicaut besieges the Muslim city of Candelore on June 24.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – The Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos returns to Constantinople after an absence for more than two years in Western Europe.


date: July 21

text: July 21 – Battle of Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeats a rebel army led by "Hotspur" Percy, who had allied with the Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr. Percy is killed in the battle.


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Battle of Modon: The Genoese fleet under Jean Le Maingre (Marshal Boucicaut) is defeated by the Republic of Venice, at Modon in the Peloponnese.


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Waleran III, Count of Ligny, a relative in France of the late King Richard II of England, informs King Henry IV (who killed King Richard) of plans to lead an attack on England.


date: November

text: November – An English revenge raid on Brittany by Sir William Wilford captures 40 ships and causes considerable damage ashore.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Local English forces defeat an attempted French raid on the Isle of Wight under Waleran III, Count of Ligny.


text: probable – Ououso becomes King of Nanzan, in present-day south Okinawa, Japan.


text: Grand Duke Vytautas ends his alliance with Muscovy, and captures Vyazma and Smolensk.


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, an ambassador from the king of Castile to Timur, leaves Cadiz; he arrives in Samarkand over a year later.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – John III of Soltaniyeh, a Dominican friar of the Roman Catholic Church, arrives in Paris as an emissary of the conqueror Timur, Emir of Transoxiana, in order to secure an agreement with King Charles VI of France in order to open trade relations between the two nations.


date: September 4

text: September 4 – The first 200 Chinese treasure ships are ordered by the new Ming dynasty Emperor Cheng Zu from the Capital Guards at Nanjing.


date: October 18

text: October 18 – An English fleet organised by John Hawley of Dartmouth and Thomas Norton of Bristol seizes seven French merchant vessels in the English Channel.


text: In China, the Emperor Cheng Zu moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, commissions the Yongle Encyclopedia, one of the world's earliest and largest known general encyclopedias, and orders his coastal provinces to build a vast fleet of ships, with construction centered at Longjiang near Nanjing; the inland provinces are to provide wood and float it down the Yangtze River.


date: February 7

text: February 7 – King Henry IV of England marries as his second wife Joan of Navarre, the daughter of King Charles II of Navarre and widow of Duke John IV of Brittany, at Winchester Cathedral.


date: March 12

text: March 12 – As King Martin I of Aragon helps to end the siege by the French of the papal palace in Avignon, Antipope Benedict XIII flees to the Crown of Aragon.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – The Emperor Manuel II restores Matthew I as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. Matthew had been deposed the previous autumn during the Emperor's absence from Byzantium.


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Pope Boniface IX annuls and revokes numerous indulgences previously paid to the Roman Catholic Church in return for a reduction of time in purgatory.


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: A guild of stationers is founded in the City of London. As the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers (the "Stationers' Company"), it continues to be a livery company in the 21st century.


text: The Temple of a City God is constructed in Shanghai.


section: Health & Medicine

text: The world's first quarantine station, the Lazzaretto Vecchio, is built in Venice, to protect against the Black Death.


date: April

text: April – Balša III succeeds his father Đurađ II as ruler of the Principality of Zeta (now Montenegro).


date: June 3

text: June 3 – The coronation of Eleanor of Castile, wife of King Carlos III of Navarre, as Queen of Navarre takes place in Pamplona, now in Spain.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – The coronation of Ladislaus of Naples as King of Hungary and Croatia takes place in Zara (now Zadar in Croatia), where Ladislaus had arrived on July 19. His reign lasts less than four months before he is deposed.


date: January 2

text: January 2 – Basilios Bessarion, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1472)


date: February 22

text: February 22 – King Charles VII of France, monarch of the House of Valois, King of France from 1422 to his death (d. 1461)


date: June 11

text: June 11 – John IV of Brabant, son of Antoine (d. 1427)


date: August 11

text: August 11 – Ravenna Petrova, Princess of Amara Palace, daughter of William Hamilton and Anita Petrova. (d. 1423)


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria, German noble (d. 1445)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Louis III of Anjou (d. 1434)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brzeg-Legnica and Cieszyn, German princess (d. 1449)


text: Robert Wingfield, English politician (d. 1454)


text: John IV, Emperor of Trebizond (d. 1459)


date: March 8

text: March 8 – Beyazid, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1354)


date: March 13

text: March 13 – Muhammad Sultan Mirza, the favorite grandson and heir to the throne of the Emperor Tamerlane, Emperor of Transoxiana (comprising modern Afghanistan and parts of Iran, Tadzikstan and Kazakhstan), dies from injuries sustained in the Battle of Ankara.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Maria of Bosnia, Countess of Helfenstein (b. 1335)


text: April – Đurađ II Stracimirović, Serbian nobleman from the House of Balšić in Zeta


date: May 10

text: May 10 – Katherine Swynford, Duchess of Lancaster, spouse of John of Gaunt


date: May 12

text: May 12 – William de Lode, English prior


date: July 21

text: July 21 (at the Battle of Shrewsbury)


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, English rebel (executed) (b. 1343)


text: Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford, English soldier (in battle)


text: Henry Percy (Hotspur), English rebel (in battle)


text: probable date – Hajji Zayn al-Attar, Persian physician


text: Sir Walter Blount, English soldier, standard-bearer of Henry IV (in battle)


text: The Gur-e Amir Mausoleum is built in Samarkand by Timur, after the death of his grandson Muhammad Sultan, and eventually becomes the family mausoleum of the Timurid dynasty.


text: date unknown – Vukosav Nikolić, Bosnian nobleman (in battle)


date: January 14

text: January 14 – The fourth Parliament of King Henry IV of England opens for a session of two months.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – As the English Parliament adjourns, King Henry IV gives royal assent to acts that have passed, including the Multipliers Act, which declares "It shall be felony to use the craft of multiplication of gold or silver.", prohibiting any alchemists who has actually may have discovered how to perform transmutation of other substances into precious metals. The law remains in force until repealed 284 years later.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Peace of Raciążek treaty is signed by the representatives of King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland, by the Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, and by the Teutonic Knights.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr enters an alliance with the French against the English. He has begun to hold parliamentary assemblies (first on May 10 at Dolgellau).


date: July 27

text: July 27 – In Southern India, Bukka Raya II becomes the new ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in what are the modern-day Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.


date: October 16

text: October 16 – The 5th Parliament of King Henry IV of England (summoned August 25), nicknamed "The Unlearned Parliament" because Henry refuses to allow lawyers to sit, opens for a four week session in Coventry, closing on November 13.


text: Jean de Béthencourt becomes the first ruler of the Kingdom of the Canary Islands.


text: Ruaidri Caech MacDermot succeeds Conchobair Óg MacDermot as King of Magh Luirg, in what later becomes northeast Connacht, Ireland.


text: Wallachia reaches its maximum extent under Mircea cel Bătrân.


text: Stephan Tvrtko II succeeds Stefan Ostoja as King of Bosnia.


text: Peace is declared between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights, after they agree to exchange land and form an alliance against Muscovy.


text: Narayana Ramadhipati succeeds Ponthea Yat as King of Cambodia.


date: February 27

text: February 27 – King Guadarfia of the Canary Islands surrenders to the French explorer Jean de Béthencourt, who declares himself to be the new king, but subservient to the sponsor of the expedition, King Enrique III of Castile (part of modern-day Spain)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – The War of Padua begins in the Veneto region of northeastern Italy as the army of the Republic of Venice, led by General Malatesta dei Sonetti, leads an attack on Padua, led by the Lord Francesco Novello da Carrara. The city of Vicenza surrenders to the Venetian troops on the same day, while the war against Padua last 19 months.


date: April

text: April or May – Battle of Blackpool Sands: Local English forces defeat an attempted raid from Saint-Malo on the port of Dartmouth, Devon; the French commander, William du Chastel, is killed.


text: Virupaksha Raya succeeds Harihara Raya II, as ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in modern-day southern India.


text: A civil war, lasting two years, breaks out in the Majapahit Empire in modern-day Indonesia.


text: Timur is hit by a fever, while preparing to invade China.


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Centurione II Zaccaria buys the Principality of Achaea, located on the Peloponnese peninsula in modern-day Greece, from King Ladislaus of Naples.


date: October 17

text: October 17 – Cosimo de' Migliorati, Cardinal of the Basilica Cross in Jerusalem, is elected unanimously by eight cardinals to succeed the late Pope Boniface IX. Migliorati takes the papal name Innocent VII as the 204th pope of the Roman Catholic Church.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Under the Emperor Cheng Zu, China continues to build its fleet, ordering the construction of 50 new seagoing ships from the Capital Guards in Nanjing.


date: November 19

section: Climate & Environment

text: November 19 – The St. Elizabeth's flood of the North Sea devastates parts of Flanders, Zeeland and Holland.


date: February 10

text: February 10 – Thomas of Lancaster, the second son of King Henry IV of England, becomes Admiral of the North and South succeeding Admiral Thomas Beaufort.


date: June 21

text: June 21 – The formal coronation of Owain Glyndŵr as Prince of Wales takes place at Harlech.


text: The University of Turin is founded.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Sir Philip Courtenay, British noble (d. 1463)


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian painter, poet, and philosopher (d. 1472)


date: March 25

text: March 25 (bapt.) – John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, English military leader (d. 1444)


date: June

text: June – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1451)


date: July 6

text: July 6 – Yamana Sōzen, Japanese warlord and monk (d. 1473)


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (d. 1430)


date: September 30

text: September 30 – Anne of Burgundy (d. 1432)


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Marie of Anjou, queen of Charles VII of France (d. 1463)


text: Date unknown – Eom Heung-do, local official of Joseon (d. 1474)


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1342)


text: April 27 – At Dijon, in France's Burgundian State, John the Fearless (Jean sans Peur), nephew of Charles VI of France, becomes the new Duke of Burgundy upon the death of his father, Philip the Bold.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Albert IV, Duke of Austria, dies at the age of 26 from an illness contracted while he was fighting against Bohemia and Moravia for control of the city of Znaim (modern Znojmo in the Czech Republic). He is succeeded as Duke by his 6-year old son, Albert.


text: September 14 – Albert IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1377)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – William of Wykeham, English bishop and statesman (b. 1320)


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Pope Boniface IX (b. 1356)


date: October 15

text: October 15 – Marie Valois, French princess (b. 1344)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1336)


date: December 16

text: December 16 – Willem VI becomes the new Count of Holland upon the death of his father, Albrecht I, Duke of Lower Bavaria.


text: date unknown – Eleanor of Arborea, ruler of Sardinia (b. 1350)


date: April 11

text: April 11 – The three sons of Philip the Bold—John the Fearless, Philip II, and Anthony— agree at Arras to partition the Burgundian lands of their father between themselves, with John to retain Flanders, Philip to take the County of Nevers, and Anthony to retain Rethel as well to purchase the Duchy of Brabant from John.


date: November 17

text: November 17 – The Sultanate of Sulu is established on the Sulu Archipelago, off the coast of Mindanao in the Philippines.


date: December 21

text: December 21 – King Henry IV of England summons the members of the "Long Parliament", the sixth session of the English House of Commons and the House of Lords, to assemble at Westminster on "March 1, 1405", the "old style" date for March 1, 1406.


date: May 5

text: May 5 – At the Battle of Pwll Melyn, fought in Wales, Baron Grey of Codnor routs the Welsh rebels commanded by two sons and the brother of the rebel leader Owain Glyndwr. Owain's eldest son, Gruffud, is taken as a prisoner of war by the English, while the brother, Tudur ap Gruffudd, is killed in action.


date: September 20

text: September 20 – An-Nasir Faraj, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, flees Cairo and names his brother Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz as the regent during his absence. Faraj returns two months later and reclaims the throne.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Christine de Pizan writes a letter to Queen Isabeau, urging her to intervene in the political struggle between the dukes of Burgundy and Orléans.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – The War of Padua in Italy comes to an end as Padua and Ferrara surrender to the armies of the Venetian Republic, commanded by General Malatesta IV. The Republic of Venice then annexes the territory of the defeated lordships.


date: November

text: November – As an aftermath to the War in Gotland (1403-1404), Queen Margaret I buys the rights to Visby for 8000 marks from Albrecht of Mecklenburg during negotiations in Flensburg. This strengthens the Kalmar Union and pushes out the Teutonic Order, angering grand master Konrad von Jungingen.


date: December 27

text: December 27 – The Imperial Chinese Army invades the Lan Na kingdom, covering an area now divided between Myanmar, Thailand and China's Yunnan province.


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Ming Dynasty fleet commander Zheng He sets sail from Suzhou, to explore the world for the first time.


date: May 29

text: May 29 – In England, Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, meets Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York and Earl of Norfolk Thomas Mowbray in Shipton Moor, tricks them to send their rebellious army home, and then imprisons them.


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York and Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk, are executed in York on Henry IV's orders.


text: The first record is written of whiskey being consumed in Ireland, where it is distilled by Catholic monks.


text: Christine de Pizan writes The Book of the City of Ladies.


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Antonio I Acciaioli, Duke of Athens, reaches an agreement with the Venetian Senate and with Michele Steno, Doge of Venice, for payment of reparations to Venice in return for being able to continue ruling Athens.


date: December 6

text: December 6 – King Zsigmond of Hungary marries for the second time, in a wedding to Barbara of Cilli.


text: Bellifortis, a book on military technology, is published by Konrad Kyeser.


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Constantine XI, last Byzantine Emperor (d. 1453)


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy, Scottish noble (d. 1489)


date: March 6

text: March 6 – King John II of Castile (d. 1454)


date: May 6

text: May 6 – George Kastrioti, better known as Skanderbeg, Albanian national hero (d. 1468) (probable date)


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Pope Pius II (d. 1464)


text: Cecilia of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1449)


text: date unknown – Louis I, Count of Montpensier (d. 1486)


date: January 12

text: January 12 – Eleanor Maltravers, English noblewoman (b. 1345)


date: January 19

text: January 19 – Upon the death of Prince Sigismund of Anhalt-Dessau (now within the federal state of Saxony-Anhalt in southeastern Germany), his four sons Waldemar IV, George, Albert V and Sigismund II become the joint rulers of the principality. Upon the death of Waldemar in 1417, Sigismund in 1452, and Albert in 1469, George I will reign alone for five more years until his death in 1474.


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Timur (aka Tamerlane), Turco-Mongol monarch and conqueror (b. 1336)


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Khalil Sultan becomes the new ruler of the western side of the Timurid Empire upon the death of his grandfather, the Mongol conqueror Timur, while the son of Timur, Shah Rukh, becomes the ruler of the eastern side.


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (b. 1350)


date: March 18

text: March 18 – News reaches the Timurid Empire that Timur has died, and a period of mourning begins as he is interred at the Gur-e-Amir mausoleum in Samarkand, now in the Republic of Uzbekistan.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – John the Fearless, already Duke of Burgundy, becomes the Count of Flanders upon the death of his mother, Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, bringing the French speakers of Burgundy and the Flemish speaking citizens of Flanders under common rule in what will later become the Kingdom of Belgium.


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Thomas West, 1st Baron West (b. 1335)


date: May 29

text: May 29 – Philippe de Mézières, advisor to Charles V of France


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York, executed in York (b. c.1350)


text: June 8 – Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk, English rebel, executed in York (b. 1385)


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Cardinal Angelo Acciaioli is appointed by Pope Innocent VII to be the Grand Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, filling a vacancy that has existed since the death of Francesco Moricotti Prignani in 1394.


text: probable – Jean Froissart, French chronicler (b. 1337)


text: c. July 20 – Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, the "Wolf of Badenoch", fourth son of King Robert II of Scotland (b. 1343)


date: February 26

text: February 26 – The Scottish Parliament issues a proclamation that during meetings of the body "a lighted lantern is to be hung outsideeach house every night in the high streets and lanes."


text: February 14 – Scottish nobles Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and David Fleming of Biggar are assigned by King Robert III to transport the Crown Prince James to Bass Rock at the Firth of Forth to be evacuated to France. The group is ambushed by Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany at Long Hermiston Moor. Fleming is killed in battle, but Orkney is able to escape with Prince James and, after rescue, to board a ship to cross the English Channel.


date: May 11

text: May 11 – Ming conquest of Đại Ngu: China's Emperor Chengzu sends two battalions to invade the Kingdom of Dai Ngu (now Vietnam) under the command of the Duke Zhu Neng.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – In China's invasion of Vietnam, the Chinese imperial court issues the "Edict to Invade Annam", listing "20 formal reasons" for preparing to conquer the Kingdoms of Annam and Dai Ngu.


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Chen Yanxiang and his crew of 121 people, sailing to Korea for trading, come under attack by 15 ships of Japanese pirates (Wokou) off of the coast of Gunsan. After a two day battle, 80 of the crew are dead and the ship is looted, but remains with Chen. The 40 survivors are able to reach the Korean shore.


date: August 25

text: August 25 – China's Imperial Court sends a delegation to Inwa, capital of the Kingdom of Ava (now part of Myanmar) to persuade King Minkhaung I to cease attacking the Shan States, particularly Mohnyin.


date: September 11

text: September 11 – At Appenzell in what is now Switzerland, a group of nobles create the "Order of St. George's Shield" at Hegau in the Duchy of Swabia.


date: October 7

text: October 7 – French troops comprising 1,000 men at arms land on the Channel Island of Jersey, and fight a battle against 3,000 defenders.


date: November 19

text: November 19 – Chinese troops commanded by General Zhang Fu cross into Vietnam from Guanxi while those of Mu Sheng cross from Yunnan.


text: Pisa is subjugated by Florence.


date: June 4

text: June 4 – The Chinese merchant Chen Yanxiang and his crew of 121 people depart from Java to Korea on the pretext of being Java's ambassador to Korea. His djong ship carries with it with various Southeast Asian products, including parrots, peacocks, agarwood, camphor, and black pepper.


date: October 27

text: October 27 – In gratitude to the King of Korea, Chinese merchant Chen Yanxiang trades his ship to Korea for a smaller vessel, then departs Korea, but runs into a storm while approaching Japan's Seto Inland Sea.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Pope Innocent VII declares that Ladislaus is deposed as King of Naples, but refuses to acknowledge the order.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – After the Venetian Republic is victorious in the War of Padua against Francesco Novello da Carrara, the Venetian Consejo de i Diexe (Council of Ten) concludes that Novello and his sons are too dangerous to be left alive. Novello is taken from his cell at the Doge's Palace, where he has been held since November 23, and is strangled to death. His sons Francesco and Giacomo are executed the next day.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – Abū al-Faḍl Al-Musta'in becomes the new Abbasid caliph of Cairo, spiritual leader of the Muslim faith in the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, succeeding his father, Al-Mutawakkil I.


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Pope Innocent VII issues the bull Piae Postulatio to protect the charity and hospice of Santa Maria dell'Anima (Saint Mary of the Soul), located in Rome and serving the German-speaking community.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – In Germany, troops under the command of Johann von Paderborn, Bishop of Hildesheim, use cannons to destroy the walls of Gebhardshagen Castle in Salzgitter in what is now Lower Saxony.


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Erik of Pomerania, ruler of the Kalmar Union, marries Philippa, daughter of Henry IV of England, in Lund Cathedral.


text: Construction of the Forbidden City begins in Beijing during the Chinese Ming dynasty.


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Tran Thien Binh, pretender to the throne of Vietnam (at the time, Dai Ngu) arrives from China, accompanied by an emissary from China, at the invitation of the Emperor Hồ Hán Thương. After crossing into Lang Son, Tran Thien Binh and the Chinese ambassador are killed by King Ho Han Thuong's troops, triggering a war with China.


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Richard Whittington is elected Lord Mayor of London for a second full term. He holds this office simultaneously, with that of Mayor of the Calais Staple.


date: October 12

text: October 12 – Chen Yanxiang and his surviving crew are hosted by King Taejong of Korea at Seoul. The State Council (Uijongbu) verifies in a letter to the rulers of Java confirming that the Korean ship had been attacked.


date: March 22

text: March 22 – On "Monday before the Annunciation", Prince James, the 10-year-old son of King Robert III of Scotland, is captured while being taken across the English Channel from Scotland to France when the ship he is on, Maryenknyght, by privateers Hugh atte Fen, William Oxeney, John Hacon and Nicholas Steyward of Cley. The crown prince is delivered to London where he is held hostage by King Henry IV of England for the next 18 years.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Ernst der Eiserne of the Habsburg line becomes the new Duke of Austria, specifically for Inner Austria comprising the duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, succeeding his father, the late Wilhelm the Courteous.


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Guy XIV de Laval, French noble (d. 1486)


date: July 11

text: July 11 – William, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1428-1441) (d. 1482)


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (d. 1430)


text: John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (d. 1464)


text: Martin of Aragon, Aragon infante (d. 1407)


text: Ulrich II, Count of Celje (d. 1456)


text: Iancu de Hunedoara – governor of Hungary (d. 1456)


text: Margaret, Countess of Vertus, French countess (d. 1466)


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Roger Walden, English bishop


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Ibn Khaldun, African Arab historian (b. 1332)


text: April 4 – King Robert III of Scotland (b. 1337)


text: April 4 – James I becomes King of Scotland on the death of his father. He has been detained by Henry IV of England since March 30 and will remain at the English court for 18 years. With James absent, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany administers the kingdom as "Governor of Scotland".


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Coluccio Salutati, Chancellor of Florence (b. 1331)


text: July 15 – William, Duke of Austria


date: August 28

text: August 28 – John de Sutton V (b. 1380)


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (b. 1322)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Pope Innocent VII (b. 1339)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Cardinal Angelo Correr of is elected as Pope after a 12-day conclave in Rome to select a successor to Pope Innocent VII, who died on November 6. Correr, the Patriarch of Constantinople takes the regnal name of Pope Gregory XII as the 205th pope of the Roman Catholic Church.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – John II becomes King of Castile aged 21 months on the death of his father.


text: December 25 – King Henry III of Castile (b. 1379)


text: probable date – Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde


date: May 8

text: May 8 – The Earl of Somerset resigns as Admiral of the North and West of the English Navy. The office will remain vacant until assumed by Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter on September 21, 1408.*


date: October 20

text: October 20 – The English Parliament is opened at Gloucester after being summoned on August 26 by King Henry IV, and is marked by arguments between the House of Lords and the House of Commons over primacy and initiation of money bills.

source_section: Events › July–December


date: November 20

text: November 20 – A solemn truce is agreed upon between John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and Louis I, Duke of Orléans under the auspices of John, Duke of Berry.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – The English Parliament closes after having met for six weeks.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Ming–Việt War: China conquers Dong Do, the eastern capital of Dai Ngu (now Hanoi, capital of Vietnam, and follows six days later by conquering the western capital, Tay Do (now Thanh Hóa) on January 26.


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Ming–Việt War: Hồ Nguyên Trừng, commander of the Vietnamese armada of 500 ships, launches a counterattack on invading Chinese ships on the Thai Binh River, but the Chinese forces use cannons to destroy the Viet fleet, killing as many as 10,000 of the defending forces.


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Ming–Việt War: In Vietnam's Phung Hoa prefecture, the invading Chinese troops use a larger weapon, the da jiangjun chong cannon, to destroy more of the Viet ships.


text: May 4 – Ming–Việt War: A Vietnamese force of 70,000 troops attempts to stop the advance of the Chinese at the Hong River at the Ham Tu pass in what is now Vietnam's Hưng Yên province. With superior firepower, the Chinese kill over 10,000 Viet troops and capture hundreds of warships.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Ming–Việt War: In a last ditch effort to stop the Chinese invasion, the Vietnamese forces fight a final battle at Thanh Hóa, where the Emperor Hon Han Thuong had moved his capital. The Viet force loses 10,000 additional soldiers and the Vietnamese royal family flees during the retreat.


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Ming–Hồ War: Ho Han Thuong, Emperor of Vietnam (Dai Ngu) is captured by the Imperial Chinese Army along with his father, the former Emperor Hồ Quý Ly, completing the conquest of Vietnam by the Chinese Empire.


date: November 23

text: November 23 – The Duke of Orleans is assassinated, and war breaks out again between the Burgundians and the Duke's followers.


text: December 2 – China's Emperor Cheng Zu sends an order to Marquis Zhang Fu, who had recently conquered Vietnam and executed many of its officials, to avoid harming any innocent Vietnamese civilians.


text: Rudolfo Belenzani leads a revolt against Bishop Georg von Liechtenstein in Trento, Bishopric of Trent.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – The Banco di San Giorgio is founded by the government of the Republic of Genoa in Italy.


text: Mateu Texidor finishes the Puente de la Trinidad bridge in Valencia, Spain.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Persian astronomer and mathematician Jamshid al-Kashi completes his treatise Sullam al-sama ("The Ladder of the Sky")


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Pir Muhammad Mirza, co-ruler of the Timurid Empire (Transoxiana) that encompasses what is now Iran and most of the Near East of Asia, is murdered by his vizier, Pir Ali Taz. He is succeeded by his cousin, Khalil Sultan, who becomes the sole ruler of Transoxiana until being overthrown in 1409.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – A group of high officials of the former Vietnamese government are put on trial before China's Emperor Cheng Zu at Nanjing, and charged with treason for killing the previous Vietnamese ruler. Most of the prisoners are executed.


date: December

text: December – The Yongle Encyclopedia, until the 21st century the largest encyclopedia of history, is completed in China after four years of work by 2,169 scholars at the Hanlin Academy and the Imperial University.


text: David Holbache founds Oswestry School, in the Welsh Marches.


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1431-1453) (d. 1453)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1425)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1450)


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Alain de Coëtivy, Catholic cardinal (d. 1474)


text: Demetrios Palaiologos, Byzantine prince (d. 1470)


text: Lorenzo Valla, Italian humanist, philosopher, literary critic (d. 1457)


text: Marguerite, bâtarde de France, French noble, illegitimate daughter of the King of France (d. 1458)


text: Thomas de Littleton, English judge (d. 1481)


date: February 9

text: February 9 – William I, Margrave of Meissen (b. 1343)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Abdallah Fakhr al-Din, religious leader


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Francesco I Gonzaga, ruler of Mantua


text: March 7 – At 12 years old, Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga becomes the new Marquis of Mantua, and area encompassing much of the Lombardy region of Italy, upon the death of his father, Francesco I Gonzaga.


text: April 23 – Olivier V de Clisson, French soldier (b. 1336)


date: July

text: July – Empress Xu (Ming dynasty), Chinese Empress (b. 1362)


text: November 23 – Louis I, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI of France (murdered) (b. 1372)


text: Pero López de Ayala, Spanish soldier (b. 1332)


text: Kolgrim, Norse Greenlander and alleged sorcerer


text: Gotland passes under Danish rule.


text: Mihail I becomes co-ruler of Wallachia, with his father Mircea cel Bătrân.


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Appenzell Wars: In the Appenzell region of Switzerland, the alliance of the region with St. Gallen, the Bund ob dem See "alliance over the lake", referring to the nearby Lake Constance fails in its attempt to liberate the city of Bregenz from Austrian rule. The Bund is dissolved less than three months later.


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Battle of Bramham Moor: A royalist army defeats the last remnants of the Percy Rebellion.


date: March

text: March – (late in the month of Tagu, which ended March 28, 769 ME) Ava–Hanthawaddy War: In Burma (now Myanmar), King Razdarit leads the invasion of the Kingdom of North Arakan and overthrows its ruler, Anawrahta of Launggyet, then has him executed.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Appenzell Wars: In the Appenzell region of Switzerland, the alliance of the region with St. Gallen, the


date: May 28

text: May 28 – A representative of Burma's Kingdom of Ava apologizes to the Ming dynasty Emperor of China for the kingdom's occupation of China's vassals, the Shan States, particularly the Mongyang State, whose monarch was killed in 1406.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – The Battle of Othée is fought between the citizens of Liège and a professional army under command of John the Fearless. The militia of Liège suffers a heavy defeat.


text: September 23 – Henry, Prince of Wales (later Henry V of England) retakes Aberystwyth from Owain Glyndŵr.


text: December – Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas meet with Polish King Wladyslaw Jagiello in Navahrudak Castle, where they agree to support the Samogitians uprising to provoke the Teutonic Knights into declaring war against Poland.


text: Zheng He delivers 300 virgins from Korea to the Chinese Emperor Cheng Zu.


date: January 12

text: January 12 – Western Schism: King Charles VI of France sends a letter to the Antipope Benedict XIII at Avignon, giving an ultimatum to Benedict and the other Avignon Papacy proponents to end the schism in the Roman Catholic Church against the Roman Obedience, headed by Pope Gregory XII. King Charles VI threatens that unless the schism ends by Ascension Day, 40 days after Easter (in 1408, April 24, with Ascension Day on June 3), France will end its support of the Avignon Obedience.


date: March 14

text: March 14 – John of Bourbon, son of Louis II, Duke of Bourbon, is appointed as the Grand Chamberlain of France by King Charles VI.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – After receiving the news that France will no longer support his Avignon Obedience, the Antipope Benedict XIII issues the Bull Celestis altitudo, summoning the a council to meet on November 1 at the French city of Perpignan, and then flees from the French-controlled Italian region of Genoa to avoid arrest.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – From Livorno, a group of 13 Roman Catholic Cardinals allied with Pope Gregory begins sending encyclical letters "to the princes and prelates of the Christian world" summoning them to the Council of Pisa, to take place on March 25, 1409, in order to end the Western Schism.


date: November 15

text: November 15 – The Antipope Benedict XIII convenes the Council of Perpignan.


text: The Moldavian town of Iaşi is first mentioned.


date: December 5

text: December 5 – Emir Edigu of the Golden Horde reaches Moscow.


text: The Yongle Encyclopedia is completed.


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Thorstein Olafssøn marries Sigrid Bjørnsdatter in Hvalsey Church, in the last recorded event of the Norse history of Greenland.


date: December 13

text: December 13 – The Order of the Dragon is founded under King Sigismund of Hungary.


date: January 25

text: January 25 – Katharina of Hanau, German countess regent (d. 1460)


date: February 14

text: February 14 – John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel (d. 1435)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Agnes of Baden, Countess of Holstein-Rendsburg, German noble (d. 1473)


text: April 8 – Jadwiga of Lithuania, Polish princess (d. 1431)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, English noble (d. 1462)


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Annamacharya, Indian mystic saint composer (d. 1503)


date: October 1

text: October 1 or 1409 – Karl Knutsson, King of Sweden (d. 1470)


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Coptic Pope Matthew I of Alexandria


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Thomas Bardolf, 5th Baron Bardolf, English rebel (in battle)


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, English rebel (in battle) (b. 1341)


date: April 10

text: April 10 or April 11 – Elizabeth le Despenser, English noblewoman


date: April

text: April – Miran Shah, son of Timur the Lame (b. 1366)


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Taejo of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b. 1335)


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1358)


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Abdul Majid Hassan, the Sultan of Brunei, sets off on a voyage to China at the invitation of the Emperor Cheng Zu and arrives in the capital, Nanjing, by September, becoming the first foreign monarch to make a peaceful visit to the Chinese Empire. While visiting, the Sultan becomes ill and dies on October 19.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent (b. 1384)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Andronikos Palaiologos becomes the new Byzantine Emperor of Thessalonica after the death of his brother, John VIII Palaiologos.


text: September 22 – John VII Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1370)


date: October 19

text: October 19 – Awang Pateh Berbai, in Nanjing in China as part of the family accompanying his nephew, the Sultan Abdul Majid Hassan, becomes the new Sultan of Brunei when Abdul dies from an illness.


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans by marriage to Louis I, Duke of Orléans


date: July 9

text: July 9 – The Republic of Venice, led by the Doge Michele Steno, gains control of both sides of the Adriatic Sea by purchasing the Dalmatian coast (bordered in modern times by Slovenia and Croatia) from King Ladislaus the Magnanimous, ruler of the Kingdom of Naples for 100,000 ducats, or 350 kilograms of gold.


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Representatives of the Venetian Republic (in modern-day Italy) and the Principality of Zeta (part of modern-day Serbia) sign a peace treaty to halt the First Scutari War for one year.


text: October 26 – King Henry IV of England summons the English Parliament to assemble, starting on January 27.


text: Ulugh Beg becomes governor of Samarkand.


text: Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen of the Teutonic Knights guarantees peace with the Kalmar Union of Scandinavia by selling the Baltic Sea island of Gotland to Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – The Welsh surrender Harlech Castle to the English.


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Hussite Wars: King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia decides to stop fighting the war against the rebel Jan Žižka in Budějovice.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – The Timurid War of Succession comes to an end as Khalil Sultan surrenders Samarkand to Shah Rukh, ruler of the Timurid Empire since 1405. Shah Rukh installs his son Ulugh Beg as Governor of Transoxiana. Shah Rukh then appoints Khalil as Governor of Shahr-e Rey in modern-day Iran.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – The Timurid prince Pir Muhammad is assassinated by his own soldiers.


date: May 26

text: May 26 – The second Samogitian Uprising begins in modern-day Lithuania against the Teutonic Knights who had been granted the rights to the Duchy of Samogita by the Peace of Raciążek in 1402.


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Bohemia's King Wenceslaus pardons rebel leader Jan Zizka, and orders the city of Budejovice to do so as well.


date: June 30

text: June 30 – The Battle of Sanluri is fought at Sardinia between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Judicate of Arborea.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War breaks out between the Teutonic Knights and the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


date: November 23

text: November 23 – King Henry IV of England sends a letter to all leading nobles, including a warning to them to have no further communication or entreaty with the Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr.


text: Mircea cel Bătrân of Wallachia successfully defends Silistra against the Ottomans


text: The Republic of Venice purchases the port of Zadar from Hungary.


text: Cheng Ho (or Zheng He), admiral of the Ming empire fleet, deposes the king of Sri Lanka.


date: February 15

text: February 15 – The Galle Trilingual Inscription, with inscriptions in three languages (Chinese, Tamil and Persian) is installed by the Chinese admiral Zheng He at Galle in Sri Lanka, where he has stopped while on his way home during the second of his treasure voyages.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – On the day of the Feast of the Annunciation, the Council of Pisa opens at the Cathedral of Pisa with 22 cardinals, four patriarchs and 80 bishops to seek an end to the Western Schism and resolve the conflict between Pope Gregory XII of the Rome and Antipope Benedict XIII of Avignon.


date: May 10

text: May 10 – The Council of Pisa votes on the matter of whether to remove the warring popes Gregory XII and Benedict XIII. All but two of the clerics present vote for them to be deposed, with the exception of Cardinal Gui de Maillesec and Cardinal Niccolò Brancaccio, who ask for more time to consider.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – The Council of Pisa issues the order deposing both Gregory XII and Benedict XIII who are responsible for the Western Schism.


date: June 26

text: June 26 – By order of the Council of Pisa, Pietro Filargo is crowned as Pope Alexander V, producing the anomaly of three different popes of the Roman Catholic church.


date: August 7

text: August 7 – The Council of Pisa closes.


date: September 9

text: September 9 – The new Pope Alexander V issues a papal bull granting a charter to the University of Leipzig.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Traveling in Valencia in Aragon, Father Joan Gilabert Jofré, known as "Padre Jofré", witnesses a mentally ill man being beaten by two young attackers. After rescuing the victim, Jofré resolves to create the Hospital dels Ignoscents, the world's first psychiatric hospital.


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Jean de Montagu, Grand Master of France and a leading advisor to the mentally unstable King Charles VI of France, is arrested on orders of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy. Montagu is publicly beheaded 10 days later at the Gibbet of Montfaucon in Paris.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – The Decree of Kutná Hora strengthens the Bohemian nation at the cost of foreign, mostly German speaking students at the University of Prague. Over a thousand students leave Prague as a consequence, choosing instead the universities of Heidelberg and the new University of Leipzig established later in the year.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – The University of Leipzig opens.


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Louis II of Anjou founds the University of Aix-en-Provence.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – René of Anjou, king of Naples (d. 1480)


date: March 2

text: March 2 – John II, Duke of Alençon, son of John I of Alençon and Marie of Brittany (d. 1476)


date: March 12

text: March 12 – Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra, Portuguese Duchess (d. 1459)


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Joan of Valois, Duchess of Alençon, French duchess (d. 1432)


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Karl Knutsson Bonde, King of Sweden (d. 1470)


text: October 7 – Elizabeth of Luxembourg (d. 1442)


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Alessandro Sforza, Italian condottiero (d. 1473)


text: date unknown – Bernardo Rossellino, Florentine sculptor and architect


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Jan of Tarnów, Polish nobleman


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Blanche of England, sister of King Henry V (b. 1392)


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Martin I, King of Aragon, becomes King Martin II of Sicily upon the death of his son, Martin I of Sicily.


text: July 25 – King Martin I of Sicily (b. 1374)


text: September 13 – Isabella of Valois, French princess and queen of England (b. 1387)


text: probable – Edmund Mortimer, English rebel (b. 1376)


text: date unknown – Thomas Merke, English bishop


text: Last (6th) year of Yonghe era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is constructed in Rome; the temple is dedicated to Empress Faustina the Elder.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Felix of Byzantium to Polycarpus II of Byzantium.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: 6th recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.

source_section: Events › By topic › Arts and Science


text: The 141 Lycia earthquake affects most of the Roman provinces of Lycia and Caria and the islands of Rhodes, Kos, Simi and Serifos. It triggers a severe tsunami, which causes major inundation.


text: Ummidia Cornificia Faustina, Roman noblewoman (d. 182)


text: Cheng Yu, Chinese politician and court advisor (d. 220)


text: Faustina the Elder, Roman empress (b. c. AD 100)


text: Philo of Byblos, Phoenician historical writer (b. AD 64)


date: January 27

text: January 27 – The 8th Parliament of King Henry IV of England is opened, with Thomas Chaucer as Speaker of the House of Commons.


date: May 9

text: May 9 – The English Parliament closes its session for the year, and royal assent is given by King Henry IV to various acts, including the Sealing of Cloths Act 1409 and the Unlawful Games Act.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – The Duchy of Pomerania-Stargard is submitted by Bogislaw VIII, the Duke of Pomerania, to become a fiefdom within the Kingdom of Poland, led by King Wladyslaw II. In return, Bogislaw receives Lauenburg and Bütow Land as well as Człuchów, Biały Bór, Debrzno, Świdwin and Czarne.


text: October 1 – A different set of electors— Friedrich III. von Saarwerden, Elector of Cologne; Johann II von Nassau, Elector of Mainz and Rudolf III, Elector of Saxony elects Jobst of Moravia as their choice for the King of the Romans. The conflict will remain unresolved for another four years.


date: December 10

text: December 10 – The Teutonic Council, led by the Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen, and King Jogalia of Poland and Duke of Lithuania enter into a 32-day truce.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – The first of the Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols is launched by the Emperor Cheng Zu, as at least 100,000 soldiers depart from Beijing on a mission to depose Öljei Temür Khan.


date: March 29

text: March 29 – The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the Giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – At the Onon River, the Chinese Army, under the command of the Emperor Cheng Zu, annihilates the Mongol forces of the Khagan Öljei Temür Khan, also known as Bunyashiri. The Khagan escapes and the Chinese troops pursue Arughtai, chingsang of another branch of the Northern Yuan.


text: June 15 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, defeats his brother Musa Çelebi, at the Battle of Kosmidion outside of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (Žalgiris), also known as Battle of Tannenberg: Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken.


date: July 26

text: July 26 – The Siege of Marienburg (now Malbork in Poland), capital of the State of the Teutonic Order of the Teutonic Knights, begins with an attack by Poland and Lithuania with an army of 26,000 men against less than 5,000 Teutons.


date: September 16

text: September 16 – After a siege of almost four months, the Muslim city of Antequera, located in what is now Andalusia in Spain, surrenders to the Crown of Castile and its army, commanded by Prince Ferdinand of Aragon.


date: September 19

text: September 19 – After nearly two months of no progress against the defending Teutonic Knights, and the dissatisfaction of the Lithuanians and Poles in continuing a long-term conflict, the siege of Marienburg is lifted.


date: October 10

text: October 10 – The Polish-Lithuanian alliance defeats the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Koronowo.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – A temporary halt to the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War in France is reached with the signing of a truce at Bicêtre, near Paris.


date: May 19

text: May 19 – During his campaign against the Eastern Mongols, China's Emperor Cheng Zu stops with his troops at Minluanshu and orders the carving of an inscription on rocks at the north bank of the Kerulen river, declaring "In the eighth year of the Yongle geng yin, fourth month ding you, sixteenth day ren zi, the Emperor of the Great Ming passed here with six armies during the punitive expedition against the barbarian robbers."


text: October 10 – Euthymius II becomes the new Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church among Christians, after the death in August of the Patriarch Matthew I.


date: November

text: November – For his services during the defense of Marienburg and Prussia, Heinrich von Plauen is chosen as the 27th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.


text: Jan Hus is excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague.


text: Construction begins on Castle Woerden in the Netherlands.


text: The Prague Astronomical Clock (also known as Prague Orloj) is built by Mikuláš of Kadaň and Jan Šindel in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.


date: February 26

text: February 26 – A papal bull is issued from Avignon by the Antipope Benedict XIII for Joan Gilabert Jofré to create the Hospital dels Ignoscents, the world's first hospital for the treatment of mental illness.


date: January 31

text: January 31 – Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter becomes the new Lord Chancellor of England.


date: April 15

text: April 15 – At the wedding in Gien of Charles, Duke of Orléans to Bonne of Armagnac, the most powerful nobles of France form the League of Gien, joining forces to fight the Duke of Burgundy, John the Fearless, beginning a civil war that will last for 30 years.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – William Calthorpe, English knight (d. 1494)


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Arnold, Duke of Guelders, Duke of Guelders (1423–1465 and 1471–1473) (d. 1473)


date: August 1

text: August 1 – John IV, Count of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1475) (d. 1475)


text: Vecchietta, Sienese painter, sculptor and architect (d. 1480)


text: Ólöf Loftsdóttir, politically active Icelandic woman (d. 1479)


text: William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness (d. 1484)


text: Johannes Ockeghem, Dutch composer (d. 1497)


text: Conrad Paumann, German organist and composer (d. 1473)


text: Masuccio Salernitano, Italian poet (d. 1475)


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Matthew of Kraków, Polish reformer (b. 1335)


date: March 16

text: March 16 – John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (b. 1373)


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Antipope Alexander V, (b. 1339)


date: May 17

text: May 17 – At Pisa, Cardinal Baldasare Cossa is elected by members of the Council of Pisa as the successor to the "antipope" Alexander V, who had died on May 4. On May 25, Cossa takes the name "John XXIII", a name that will be used more than 500 years later in 1958 when Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli is crowned as Pope John XXIII.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (b. 1352)


text: May 18 – The death of Rupert, King of the Romans, Elector of Palatine and ruler of Germany, creates a conflict over who will be the successor to the German throne. Rupert's son becomes the new Louis III, Elector Palatine as Ludwig III.


date: May 31

text: May 31 – King Martin I of Aragon (who is also King Martin II of Sicily) dies at the age of 53, leaving a question of who his successor will be, and five contenders for the thrones of both nations argue until the crown is awarded to Martin's nephew, Ferdiand, in 1412.


text: May 31 – Martin of Aragon (b. 1356)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Ulrich von Jungingen, German Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (in battle) (b. 1360)


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1337)


date: August

text: August – Matthew I of Constantinople


date: September 20

text: September 20 – Following the death of Rupert, King of the Romans, on May 18, a council of three electors— Louis III, Elector Palatine; Werner von Falkenstein, Elector of Trier and Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg, Burgrave of Nuremberg votes to elect King Sigismund of Hungary as the new King of the Romans and the informal "King of Germany". The rest of the electors of the Holy Roman Empire refuse to accept Sigismund.


text: Margareta Dume, influential Swedish-Finnish noble


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Gujarat Sultan Ahmen Shah I declares the new city of Ahmedabad to be the new Gujarat capital.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Carlo I Tocco arrives at Ioannina in Greece to become the new ruler of the former Byzantine state, the Despotate of Epirus.


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Sandalj Hranić, Duke of Bosnia, sells the Croatian coastal town of Ostrovica to the Republic of Venice, giving the Venetians further control of the Dalmatian Coast and both sides of the Adriatic Sea.


date: July 21

text: July 21 – Sigismund is formally elected unanimously as King of the Romans by the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire present.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.


date: September 21

text: September 21 – King Henry IV of England calls his ninth parliament.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – The English Parliament is assembled after being summoned by King Henry IV, and again elects Thomas Chaucer as Speaker of the House of Commons.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – The Swiss canton of Appenzell enters into an alliance with most of the cantons of the Swiss Confederacy.


date: February 1

text: February 1 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed at Thorn (modern-day Torun in Poland) in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The Knights cede the region of Dobrzyń Land to the Kingdom of Poland. Thus, the Teutonic Order suffered virtually no territorial losses – a great diplomatic achievement after the crushing defeat in the Battle of Grunwald the previous year.


date: February 17

text: February 17 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, is strangled to death after being forced by his brother Musa Çelebi, to flee the Ottoman capital, Edirne. Rule of the Ottoman domains in Europe (Rumelia) passes to Musa.


date: February 26

text: February 26 (2 Dhu al-Qi'dah 813 A.H.) – At 1:20 in the afternoon, Ahmad Shah I formally lays the foundation of the new city of Ahmedabad at the site of Asawal, where he had defeated the warlord Asha Bhil,) at Manek Burj.


text: March 4 – Friso-Hollandic Wars: Friesland soldiers capture the Netherlands city of Staveren, the last Netherlands stronghold in Friesland, after a bitter winter prevents ships from both sides from crossing the Zuiderzee and freezes the moat around the city walls.


date: May 19

text: May 19 – At the order of Louis II of Anjou, General Muzio Attendolo, leader of the Neapolitan Army, defeats the army of King Ladislaus of Naples in a battle at the Battle of Roccasecca in the Lazio region of Italy.


date: July 6

text: July 6 – Ming dynasty Chinese Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after his third voyage, and presents the ruler Vira Alakesvara, captured during the Ming–Kotte War, to China's Emperor Cheng Zu.


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Battle of Harlaw in Scotland: Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles, and an army commanded by Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, battle to a bloody draw.


date: October 22

text: October 22 – The Duke of Burgundy and his troops capture Paris with the help of English mercenaries.


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Henry IV dismisses Prince Henry and his supporters from the government. The next day, the leader of the Armagnacs, the Duke of Orleans, finds that the gates to the walled city of Paris have been locked and are closely guarded.


date: December 19

text: December 19 – Royal assent is given by King Henry IV to many of the acts passed by the English Parliament, including the Riot Act 1411, which provides that "The justices of peace and the sheriffs shall arrest those which commit any riot... and inquire of them, and record their offences.


date: December 21

text: December 21 – King Henry IV of England issues pardons to all but two of the Welsh rebels in the Glyndŵr rebellion except for the leaders, Owain Glyndŵr and Thomas of Trumpington


text: (possibly early 1412) The Battle of İnceğiz between the rival brothers Mehmed Çelebi and Musa Çelebi, during the Ottoman Interregnum.


text: Constantinople is briefly besieged by the Ottoman pretender Musa Çelebi, due to Byzantine support for Süleyman Çelebi during the Ottoman Interregnum.


date: October 3

text: October 3 – At the Abbey of St Vaast in Arras in France, John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy hosts English Bishop Henry Chichele and several envoys who are ready to negotiate terms for English support of Burgundy in the ongoing French civil war with the Armagnacs. The negotiations fail to attract much support other than to hire some of the English soldiers as mercentaries.


text: Under the reign of Emperor Cheng Zu of Ming China, work begins to reinstate the ancient Grand Canal of China, which fell into disuse and dilapidation during the previous Yuan dynasty. Between 1411 and 1415, a total of 165,000 laborers dredge the canal bed in Shandong, build new channels, embankments, and canal locks. Four large reservoirs in Shandong are also dug, in order to regulate water levels, instead of resorting to pumping water from local tables. A large dam is also constructed, to divert water from the Wen River southwest into the Grand Canal.


date: June 4

text: June 4 – The French city of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon is given exclusive rights by King Charles VI to the ripening and marketing of Roquefort cheese.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Parameswara of Malacca (also identified as Bai-li-mi-su-la or Iskandar Shah), Sultan of Malacca in modern-day Malaysia, is hosted by the Ming court in China for the first of three banquets to honor his visit.


text: September 21 – Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (d. 1460)


text: Margareta of Celje, Polish Duchess (d. 1480)


text: date unknown – Juan de Mena, Spanish poet (d. 1456)


date: January 10

text: January 10 – At Anhilpur Patan in the modern-day state of Gujarat in India, Ahmad Shah I becomes the new Sultan of Gujarat upon the death of his grandfather, Muzaffar Shah I.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Jobst, King of the Romans and Elector of Brandenburg, a member of the House of Luxembourg who had been elected to rule as the German monarch on October 1, dies suddenly at the age of 35 following a suspected poisoning. His death clears the way for Jobst's cousin and rival, Sigismund of Hungary, to become the new King of the Romans, and for control of the Electorate of Brandenburg to pass from the House of Luxembourg to the House of Hohenzollern, with Frederick of Hohenzollern becoming the new Elector in return for supporting the election of Sigismund.


text: January 18 – Jobst of Moravia, ruler of Moravia, King of the Romans


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Esau de' Buondelmonti, ruler of Epirus


date: February 8

text: February 8 – In Spain, a parliament of representatives from Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia is opened at Calatayud to elect a successor to King Martin of Aragon, who had died eight months earlier on May 31. Although James II is nominated by the castellan of Aragon to be the new King, the parliament declines to support him or any other candidate.


date: June 3

text: June 3 –Leopold IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1371)


text: June 3 – In Vienna, Friedrich IV, nicknamed "Friedrich of the Empty Pockets", becomes the new Duke of Further Austria upon the death of his older brother, Leopold the Fat.


date: September

text: September – Anne de Mortimer, Countess of Cambridge (b. 1390)


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Khalil Sultan, ruler of Transoxiana (b. 1384)


text: probable – Hasdai Crescas, Jewish philosopher


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Treaty of Lubowla: After the Peace of Thorn (1411), Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Heinrich von Plauen asks Sigismund of Hungary for economic aid. Sigismund agrees to mediate reduction to the third installment, demarcation of the Samogitian border, and other matters, with a grand tournament. Hunts and lavish feasts are also organized. Sigismund invites, among others, Polish king Wladyslaw Jagiello, Heinrich von Plauen and Bosnian king Tvrtko II. There are people from 17 countries and languages - 40,000 nobles and 2000 knights are present from all over Europe, including England.


date: March 29

text: March 29 – Compromise of Caspe: Nine delegates are chosen in Spain in the town of Caspe to arrive at an agreement to resolve the question of which of six relatives of the late King Martin on May 31, 1410 should be the new King of Aragon.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – The Treaty of Bourges is signed between King Henry IV of England and Charles, Duke of Orléans, as the Armagnacs offer England full sovereignty over Aquitaine and Gascony in return for 4,000 troops and military aid against the Burgundians and John the Fearless.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon is declared Count of Barcelona.


date: October 5

text: October 5 (29th day of 8th month Ōei 19) – Emperor Go-Komatsu abdicates, and Emperor Shoko accedes to the throne of Japan.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – King Henry IV of England issues a summons of the English Parliament for his final time, directing the members of Commons and the House of Lords to assemble on February 3.


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Battle of Morvedre: In the Spanish Kingdom of Valencia, supporters of Ferdinand of Antequera defeat those of James II, Count of Urgell.


date: May 16

text: May 16 – Gian Maria Visconti, the Duke of Milan since 1402, is assassinated in front of the church of San Gottardo in Milan by a party of Milanese Ghibellines on the orders of his terminally ill rival, Facino Cane. Visconti is stabbed in the leg and then in his head. Filippo Maria Visconti, Gian Maria's son, becomes the new Duke of Milan.


date: May 23

text: May 23 – An-Nasir Faraj, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, is stabbed to death in Damascus after surrendering to the Emirs of Syria. Nawruz al-Hafizi becomes ruler of the Syrian provinces and Faraj's son Al-Musta'in is confirmed as ruler of the Egyptian territory.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – The Battle of Motta is fought when the Republic of Venice is forced to defend an invasion by an invading army of Hungarians, Germans and Croats. The invading force suffers a heavy defeat, losing 1,300 killed and 400 captured.


date: November 8

text: November 8 (5th waxing of Nadaw 774 ME) – Ava–Hanthawaddy War: In modern-day Myanmar, King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy leads the invasion of the city of Prome with 4,000 troops.


date: December

text: December – Battle of Chalagan: The Kara Koyunlu Turkomans defeat the Georgians under Constantine I of Georgia, and their ally Ibrahim I of Shirvan.


text: Years after its publication in the 14th century, the Ming dynasty Chinese artillery officer Jiao Yu adds the preface to his classic book on gunpowder warfare, the Huolongjing.


date: December 18

text: December 18 – China's Emperor Cheng Zu orders the fourth of the Ming treasure voyages, to be led by Admiral Zheng He.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – The Medici family are made official bankers of the Papacy.


date: February 15

text: February 15 – The Alcañiz Concord is reached in the Spanish Aragonese city of Alcañiz to have a group of nine delegates choose an undisputed King of Aragon.


date: February 28

text: February 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is granted a charter of privilege by the local bishop.


date: May 7

text: May 7 – In Cairo, Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in, the Caliph of Cairo, is installed by rebels as the new Sultan of Egypt as a temporary replacement for his father, the Sultan An-Nasir Faraj. Al-Musta'in serves as the puppet ruler for six months before he returns to full time duty as the Caliph.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Antipope John XXIII signs an agreement with King Ladislaus of Naples, paying him 75,000 florins (262.5 kg or 9,375 oz. of gold), investing Ladislaus with the Neapolitan crown, and naming him as Gonfalonier of the Church within the Papal States. In return, King Ladislaus agrees to expel Pope Benedict XII from Naples and to recognize John as the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.


date: June 28

text: June 28 – As the Compromise of Carpe is read aloud by Friar Vicent Ferrer before a crowd, Ferdinand I is proclaimed as the King of Aragon by the deleagates at Caspe.


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Behnam Hadloyo becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin.


date: November 6

text: November 6 – The rebel Emir Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh becomes the new Mamluk Sultan of Egypt by forcing the reigning Sultan Al-Musta'in to abdicate. Shaykh allows Al-Musta'in to continue as Caliph of Cairo.


date: January 29

text: January 29 – The "Mining Code" (Zakon o Rudnishma) is enacted in Serbia by the Despot Stefan Lazarević to regulate the extraction of minerals.


text: The Black Death sweeps England for a final time, in a 60-year period.


text: John II of Castile declares the Valladolid laws, that restrict the social rights of Jews. Among many other restrictions, the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes, and deny them administrative positions.


date: January 25

text: January 25 – Ernest, Duke of Austria, marries Cymburgis of Masovia.


date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Peace of Auxerre is signed between the Duchy of Burgundy and the Armagnacs, betrothing Philip, Count of Vertus, younger brother of the late Louis I, Duke of Orléans to marry Catherine of Burgundy, the daughter of John the Fearless. The marriage never takes place.


text: The first mention is made of Wallachian knights competing in a jousting tournament, in Buda.


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Joan of Arc, French soldier and patron saint of France (tradition holds that she was born on the Feast of the Epiphany, but there is no documentary evidence) (d. 1431)


date: January 26

text: January 26 – William IV, Lord of Egmont, IJsselstein, Schoonderwoerd and Haastrecht and Stadtholder of Guelders (d. 1483)


date: April 22

text: April 22 – Reinhard III, Count of Hanau (1451–1452) (d. 1452)


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (d. 1478)


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and Margrave of Meissen (1428–1464) and Landgrave of Thuringia (1440–1445) (d. 1464)


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Zanobi Strozzi, Italian painter (d. 1468)


date: December 8

text: December 8 – Astorre II Manfredi, Italian noble (d. 1468)


date: March

text: March – Albrekt of Mecklenburg, king of Sweden 1364–1389 (b. 1336)


date: April 2

text: April 2 – Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, Castilian traveller and writer


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Albert V, son of the former King of Sweden, Duke Albert IV, becomes the Duke of Mecklenburg (part of modern-day Germany) upon the death of his father.


date: May 16

text: May 16 – Gian Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Compromise of Caspe: By a vote of nine delegates (three each from the Kingdom of Aragon, the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia), Ferdinand of Antequera is selected as the new King of Aragon and King of Sicily, after a two year succession crisis that arose from 1410 death of King Martin.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Margherita of Durazzo, Queen consort of Charles III of Naples (b. 1347)


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Ingegerd Knutsdotter, Swedish abbess (b. 1356)


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Erik of Pomerania becomes sole ruler of the Kalmar Union (Sweden, Denmark and Norway) on the death of Queen Margaret.


text: October 28 – Margaret I of Denmark, queen regnant of Denmark of Norway since 1387 and of Sweden since 1389 (b. 1353)


text: date unknown – Ignatius Abraham bar Garib, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin


text: date unknown – Jalal ad-Din khan, khan of the Golden Horde


date: March 22

text: March 22 – King Henry V summons the English Parliament to meet at Westminster beginning on May 14.


date: March 27

text: March 27 – The Republic of Genoa regains its independence after having been a territory of the Kingdom of France since 1396, and Giorgio Adorno is elected as the Doge for life. He will die after slightly less than two years in office.


date: May 14

text: May 14 – The first Parliament of King Henry V assembles at Westminster.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Parliament closes in England as royal assent is given by King Henry V to acts passed during the session, including the Corn Measure Act 1413 and the Parliamentary Elections Act 1413 that sets regulations for the qualification of men to be elected to the House of Commons.


date: September 5

text: September 5 – The "Ordonnance cabochienne" is repealed by the French government and King Charles's powers are restored.


date: October 2

text: October 2 – The Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło.


date: November 19

text: November 19 – The alliance between the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast against the Duchy of Pomerania-Stettin is renewed.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – King Henry V of England summons the English Parliament to assemble on April 30 at Westminster.


text: The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty begin in Korea.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – The First Scutari War between the Kingdom of Zeta (part of modern-day Albania and Montenegro) and the Venetian Republic comes to an end.


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Trùng Quang Đế, Emperor of Vietnam (at the time Đại Việt), surrenders the Kingdom to the control of China. The Chinese occupying force installs Trần Cảo as the figurehead king.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – The Cabochien revolt begins in Paris as a group of people, led by Simon Caboche, seize the Bastille prison and take as a hostage the Provost of Paris, Pierre des Essarts. The Cabochiens will control the city for the next four months.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – During the confusion of the Cabochien revolt, King Charles VI of France signs into law the “Ordonnance cabochienne" that limits his power.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – Battle of Çamurlu: Mehmed I defeats his brother Musa, ending the Ottoman Interregnum.


date: August 3

text: August 3 – The Cabochien revolt comes to an end as the citizenry and nobles of Paris rise up against rebel control. The Cabochiens who fail to flee the city are executed, although Simon Caboche and the Duke of Burgundy escape.


date: April 9

text: April 9 – The coronation of Henry V as King of England takes place at Westminster Abbey.


date: June 8

text: June 8 – King Ladislaus of Naples and his troops conquer and sack the city of Rome and drive out the Antipope John XXIII.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is chartered by papal bull issued by Antipope Benedict XIII.


date: December 4

text: December 4 – By order of King Henry V of England, the remains of King Richard II (whom Henry V's father had overthrown and imprisoned in 1399) are moved from the grounds of King's Langley Priory in Hertfordshire and reinterred at Westminster Abbey, the traditional final resting place of English monarchs.


date: December 26

text: December 26 – The rule of Michele Steno as the Doge of the Republic of Venice ends after 26 years upon his death. Tommaso Mocenigo is elected to replace him as Doge.


text: Samogitia becomes the last region in Europe to be Christianized.


date: December 18

text: December 18 – The betrothal ceremony of Prince Charles of France (age 10), son of King Charles VI, to Marie of Anjou (age 9), daughter of Louis, Duke of Anjou, takes place at the Palais du Louvre in Paris. The two will marry in 1422.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Louis, Duke of Savoy (d. 1465)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Catherine of Bologna, Italian cloistered nun (d. 1463)


text: November 19 – Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1471)


text: date unknown – Joanot Martorell, Spanish writer (d. 1468)


date: January 25

text: January 25 – Maud de Ufford, Countess of Oxford (b. 1345)


date: February 3

text: February 3 – The 10th and final English Parliament of King Henry IV opens its session, but closes abruptly after six weeks because of the death of the King.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – King Henry IV of England dies at Westminster Abbey, where the English Parliament has been meeting, in the Jerusalem Chamber of the house of the Abbot, William de Colchester.


text: March 20 – Henry IV of England (b. 1367)


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Henry, Prince of Wales becomes King Henry V of England the day after the death of his father Henry IV.


date: May 31

text: May 31 – At Srinagar, Ali Shah Miri becomes the new Sultan of Kashmir in modern-day India, succeeding upon the death of his father, the Sultan Sikandar Shah Miri.


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Ludwig becomes the new monarch of the German principality of Hesse upon the death of his father, Hermann II, Landgrave of Hesse.


text: July 5 – Musa Çelebi, Ottoman prince and co-ruler of the Ottoman Empire


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1337)


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Dawit I, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1382)


date: October 12

text: October 12 – Tewodros I ascends the throne as Emperor of Ethiopia following the death of his father Dawit I


text: December 26 – Michele Steno, Doge of Venice (b. 1331)


date: April 30

text: April 30 – The second English Parliament of King Henry V opens at Westminster and Walter Hungerford is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.


date: May 29

text: May 29 – The English Parliament closes its session after 29 days, and King Henry V gives royal assent to numerous laws.


date: November 19

text: November 19 – The Third Parliament of King Henry V of England opens at Westminster and passes numerous laws, including the Suppression of Heresy Act 1414, the Riot Act 1414, and the Safe Conducts Act 1414.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – After the Battle of Grunwald, the Teutonic Order can’t sustain the warmongering politics of Heinrich von Plauen and thus Michael Küchmesier becomes the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, succeeding Heinrich von Plauen.