date: July 22

text: July 22 – Johan Nieuhof, Dutch traveler who wrote about his journeys to Brazil (d. 1672)


date: September 29

section: Births

text: September 29 – Michiel Sweerts, Flemish painter (d. 1664)

source_section: Births › July–September


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Claude Lamoral, 3rd Prince of Ligne, Spanish general and prince (d. 1679)

source_section: Births › October–December


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Mariana de Jesús de Paredes, Catholic saint, the first person to be canonized from Ecuador (d. 1645)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Sir John Wittewrong, 1st Baronet, English parliamentarian (d. 1693)


date: November

text: November – Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne, French diplomat and minister of Louis XIV (d. 1699)


date: December 26

text: December 26 – Elisabeth of the Palatinate, German princess, philosopher, and Calvinist (d. 1680)


date: December 28

text: December 28 – Catharina Hooft, noblewoman of the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1691)


date: January 6

section: Deaths

text: January 6 – Margherita Gonzaga, Duchess of Ferrara (b. 1564)

source_section: Deaths › January–March


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Paolo Emilio Sfondrati, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1560)


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Philip William, Prince of Orange, eldest son of William the Silent, by his first wife Anna van Egmont (b. 1554)


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Elizabeth Spencer, Baroness Hunsdon, English baroness (b. 1552)


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Anne Lyon, Countess of Kinghorne, Scottish countess (b. 1579)


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Countess Palatine Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburg and by marriage Countess of Oettingen-Oettingen (b. 1559)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, Scottish politician (b. c. 1575)


date: April

text: April – Powhatan (proper name Wahunsenacawh), Algonquin (indigenous American) leader, father of Pocahontas (b. c. 1547)

source_section: Deaths › April–June


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, English Governor of Virginia (b. 1577)


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Princess Maria Elizabeth of Sweden, Swedish princess (b. 1596)

source_section: Deaths › July–September


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Frederik van den Bergh, Dutch soldier in the Eighty Years' War (b. 1559)


date: December 6

text: December 6 – Jacques Davy Duperron, French cardinal (b. 1556)

source_section: Deaths › October–December


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas, Spanish Catholic cardinal, Grand Inquisitor (b. 1546)


date: December 14

text: December 14 – Anna of Tyrol, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1585)


date: April 30

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: April 30 – The Treaty of Angoulême ends the French civil war between Louis XIII and his mother, Marie de' Medici.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, conquers Jayakarta, and renames it Batavia.


date: July 30

text: July 30 – In Jamestown, Virginia, the first English-speaking representative assembly in the Americas, the Virginia General Assembly (later named House of Burgesses), convenes for the first time.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: August 20

text: August 20 – A group of "twenty and odd" enslaved Africans, onboard the privateer ship White Lion (the first in the state of Virginia), are landed at Point Comfort in colonial Virginia.


date: August 26

text: August 26 – Frederick V of the Palatinate is elected King of Bohemia by the states of the Bohemian Confederacy.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Gaj Singh Rathore becomes the new Raja of Marwar (within the Mughal Empire) at Jodhpur in what is now the Indian state of Rajasthan, succeeding his father, Sur Singh.


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Thirty Years' War – The Treaty of Munich is signed by Ferdinand II and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria.

source_section: Events › October–December


text: Salé Rovers declare the port of Salé on the Barbary Coast to be the Republic of Salé, independent of the Sultan of Morocco, with the Dutch-born corsair Jan Janszoon as president.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: April 18

section: Conflict & Security

text: April 18 – Battle of Sarhu: Manchu leader Nurhaci is victorious over the Ming forces.


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Sablat: Protestant forces are defeated.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Věstonice – Bohemian forces defeat the Austrians.


date: September 5

text: September 5 – In the course of a revolt against the Habsburg Empire, Prince Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania (now in Romania) conquers Kassa (now Košice in Slovakia) with the help of George I Rákóczi.


date: November 23

text: November 23 – Thirty Years' War– Battle of Humenné: Polish Lisowczycy troops assist the Holy Roman Emperor by defeating a Transylvanian force, forcing Gabor Bethlen to raise his siege of Vienna.


date: December 4

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: December 4 – Thirty-eight colonists from England disembark in Berkeley Hundred, Virginia from the Margaret of Bristol and have a day of celebration to give thanks to God, in what is considered by some historians to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas.


text: Jahangir grants a British mission important commercial concessions at Surat, on the west coast of India.


text: An expedition in Sri Lanka, led by Filipe de Oliveira, deposes and executes the last Jaffna king (Cankili II), putting an end to the Jaffna Kingdom.


text: The Danish–Dutch whaling settlement of Smeerenburg is founded in Svalbard.


text: A Spanish expedition sails around Tierra del Fuego, mapping the coast and discovering the Diego Ramírez Islands.


date: May 8

section: Religion & Belief

text: May 8 – The Synod of Dort has its final meeting.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Anne of Denmark, queen consort of England, is buried at Westminster Abbey.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria and King of Bohemia, is elected Holy Roman Emperor unanimously by the prince-electors.


date: November 10

section: Science & Discovery

text: November 10 – While stationed along the Danube river with Bavarian troops, René Descartes, according to his biographer Adrien Baillet, has a series of dreams giving him the idea of applying the mathematical method to philosophy.


section: Crime & Justice

text: May 13 – Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague, after having been convicted of treason.


date: January 12

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: January 12 – James I of England's Banqueting House, Whitehall in London is destroyed by fire. Inigo Jones is commissioned to design a replacement.

source_section: Events › January– March


date: February 14

section: Climate & Environment

text: February 14 – Earthquake flattens the town of Trujillo, Peru, killing hundreds in the town and causing landslides in the surrounding countryside killing hundreds more.


date: June 21

section: Culture & Society

text: June 21 – Dulwich College founded by Edward Alleyn, in Dulwich, London.


date: September 9

text: September 9 – The coronation of Ferdinand II takes place in Vienna.


date: November 16

text: November 16 – William Parker School, Hastings, England, is founded by the will of Reverend William Parker.


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Philip Sidney, 3rd Earl of Leicester, English politician (d. 1698)

source_section: Births › January–March


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Yamazaki Ansai, Japanese philosopher (d. 1682)


date: January 30

text: January 30 – Michelangelo Ricci, Roman Catholic cardinal, mathematician (d. 1682)


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Queen Inseon, Korean royal consort (d. 1674)


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Charles Le Brun, French painter and art theorist (d. 1690)


date: March 6

text: March 6 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French soldier and poet (d. 1655)


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Jean Le Vacher, French Lazarist missionary and French consul (d. 1683)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Peter Mews, English Royalist theologian and bishop (d. 1706)


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Hyojong of Joseon, 17th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (1649–1659) (d. 1659)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Barbara Strozzi, Italian singer and composer (d. 1677)


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Anna Catherine Constance Vasa, Polish princess, daughter of King Sigismund III Vasa (d. 1651)


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Anne Geneviève de Bourbon, French princess who is remembered for her beauty and amours (d. 1679)


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French minister of finance (d. 1683)


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Princess Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg, German princess (d. 1680)


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Nicholas Hilliard, English miniature painter (b. c. 1547)


text: February 9 – Lucilio Vanini, Italian philosopher (b. 1585)


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Alexander Home, 1st Earl of Home, Scottish nobleman (b. 1566)


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani, Mughal empress (b. 1573)


date: April

text: April/May – William Larkin, English court portrait painter (b. early 1580s)


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Dutch statesman (b. 1547)


date: May 23

text: May 23 – Stephen Soame, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1540)


date: May

text: May – John Overall, English bishop (b. 1559)


date: August 3

text: August 3 – Dorothy Percy, Countess of Northumberland, younger daughter of Walter Devereux (b. c. 1564)


date: September 3

text: September 3 – John Gordon, Scottish bishop (b. 1544)


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Marko Krizin, Croatian Catholic priest (martyred) (b. 1585)


date: September

text: September – Hans Lippershey, Dutch lensmaker (b. 1570)


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Samuel Daniel, English poet (b. 1562)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg from the House of Hohenzollern (b. 1572)


text: Lucius Verus begins a war with the Parthians, due to the invasion of Syria and Armenia by King Vologases IV of Parthia.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Arrian, Greek historian and writer, publishes Indica, a work on India and its people.

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and Science


text: Marcus Annius Verus Caesar, one of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius's thirteen children (d. 169)

source_section: Births


text: Marcus Annius Libo, the second child and first son to Roman consul Marcus Annius Verus and Rupilia Faustina

source_section: Deaths


date: January 22

text: January 22 – In France, Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, and his wife, the Duchess Marie de Rohan, sign a marriage contract on behalf of their one-year-old daughter to be engaged to the year-old son of Charles, Duke of Guise.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: February 4

text: February 4 – Prince Bethlen Gabor secures a peace treaty with Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Mian Shahul Mouhammed Kalhoro begins his reign at Karachi as the king of Sindh, in modern-day Pakistan, and rules until 1657.


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Under the terms of the Treaty of Ulm, the Protestant Union declares neutrality and ceases to support Frederick V of the Palatinate's claim to the throne of Bohemia.


date: November 21

text: November 21 (November 11 OS) – The Mayflower arrives inside the tip of Cape Cod (named from the Concord voyage of 1602), at what becomes known as Provincetown Harbor, with the Pilgrims and Planters; 41 Plymouth Colony settlers sign the Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the colony, on board the ship.


text: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas and Origin and progress of the disturbances in the Netherlands by Johannes Gysius are re-published in the Netherlands.


text: "A Dutch Ship, putting in this Year [of 1620, before June], sold 20 Negroes to the Colony [as slaves], which were the first of that Generation, that were ever brought to Virginia."


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and former King of Bohemia, sends a two-month ultimatum directing King Frederick of Bohemia (who has usurped the throne in the modern-day Czech Republic) to leave Bohemia by June 1. Frederick refuses to depart his capital at Prague.


date: August 7

text: August 7 – In a battle at Les Ponts-de-Cé in France, King Louis XIII defeats troops led by his mother, Marie de' Medici.


date: September 17

text: September 17–October 7 – Battle of Cecora: The Ottoman Empire defeats Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth–Moldavian troops.


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Battle of Amedamit in Gojjam, Ethiopia: The Roman Catholic Ras Sela Kristos, half-brother of Emperor Susenyos, crushes a group of rebels, who are opposed to Susenyos' pro-Catholic beliefs.


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of White Mountain – Catholic Habsburg forces are victorious over Bohemian rebels two hours from Prague.


text: The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) continues (principally on the territory of modern-day Germany).

source_section: Events › Ongoing


text: Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada begins restoring Osaka Castle in Japan. Its modern-day appearance dates from this remodeling.


text: July 3 – Captain Andrew Shilling, on behalf of the English Honourable East India Company, lays claim to Table Bay in Africa.


date: July 25

text: July 25 (July 15 OS) – The armed merchant ship Mayflower embarks about 65 emigrants for New England at or near her home port of Rotherhithe on the Thames east of London; about July 29 (July 19 OS) she anchors in Southampton Water.


date: August 1

text: August 1 (July 22 OS) – The ship Speedwell departs Delfshaven with English separatist Puritans from Leiden bound to rendezvous with the Mayflower; on August 5 (July 26 OS) she anchors in Southampton Water.


date: September 2

text: September 2 (August 23 OS) – Mayflower and Speedwell depart together from Dartmouth; they are well out into the Atlantic when the Speedwell is again found to be leaking.


date: September 16

text: September 16 (September 6 OS) – Mayflower departs from Plymouth in England on her third attempt to cross the Atlantic. The Pilgrims on board comprise 41 "saints" (English separatists largely from Holland), 40 "strangers" (largely secular planters from London), 23 servants and hired workers, together with c. 30 crew.


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Plymouth Colony: William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims land near what becomes known as Plymouth Rock, in Plymouth, Massachusetts.


text: Mayflower and Speedwell return again to England, anchoring at Plymouth; the latter ship is given up as a participant in the voyage and on September 12 (September 2 OS) departs for London, most of her passengers and stores having been transferred to the Mayflower.


text: History of submarines: Cornelis Drebbel demonstrates the first navigable undersea boat in the Thames in England.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – The oldest stone church in French North America, Notre-Dame-des-Anges, is begun at Quebec City in modern-day Canada.


text: Juan Pablo Bonet, teacher of deaf children in the Spanish court, creates a sign alphabet.


date: November 3

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: November 3 – The Great Patent is granted to Plymouth Colony.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Ben Jonson's play News from the New World Discovered in the Moon is given its first performance, a presentation to King James VI and I. In addition to dialogue about actual observations made by telescope of the Moon, the play includes a fanciful discussion of a lunar civilisation, featuring a dance by the "Volatees", the lunar race.


text: Francis Bacon publishes the Novum Organum (beyond Aristotle's Organon) on logical thinking. 1.


date: March 24

text: March 24 – English sailor Owen Fitzpen is captured by Turkish pirates while on a trading voyage in the Mediterranean Sea and sold into slavery. He remains a slave in North Africa for seven years until he and 10 other slaves are able to take over a Turkish ship and sail back to Europe.


text: August 7 – The mother of astronomer Johannes Kepler is arrested for witchcraft.


date: August 15

text: August 15 (probable date; August 5 OS) – Mayflower and Speedwell depart together from Southampton, but are forced to put back into Dartmouth, Devon, for repairs to a leak in the latter ship on August 22 or 23 (August 12 or 13 OS).


date: April 7

text: April 7 – The earliest recorded earthquake in South Africa occurs at Robben Island.


text: A severe frost in England freezes the River Thames; 13 continuous days of snow blanket Scotland. On Eskdale Moor, only 35 of a flock of 20,000 sheep survive.


date: May 17

text: May 17 – The first merry-go-round is seen at a fair in Philippapolis, Turkey.


date: November 25

text: November 25 – The wedding of Gustav II Adolf and Maria Eleonora takes place in Sweden.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Robert Morison, Scottish botanist and taxonomist (d. 1683)


text: January 1 – William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker of England (d. 1684)


date: January 5

text: January 5 – Miklós Zrínyi, Croatian military commander (d. 1664)


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Francis Newport, 1st Earl of Bradford, English politician (d. 1708)


date: March 29

text: March 29 – Edward Digges, English barrister and colonist, Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1674)


date: April 15

text: April 15 – Edward Villiers, English politician and military officer (d. 1689)

source_section: Births › April–June


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Marguerite Bourgeoys, French Catholic nun, founder of the Congregation of Notre Dame (d. 1700)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – William Hiseland, English (later British) soldier, reputed supercentenarian (d. 1732)

source_section: Births › July–September


date: September 25

text: September 25 – François Bernier, French physician and traveller (d. 1688)


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem, Dutch Golden Age painter of pastoral landscapes (d. 1683)

source_section: Births › October–December


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Aelbert Cuyp, Dutch painter (d. 1691)


date: October 31

text: October 31 – John Evelyn, English diarist and writer (d. 1706)


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Maurice of the Palatinate, 4th son of Elector Frederick V of the Palatinate (d. 1652)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Heinrich Roth, German Jesuit missionary, pioneering Sanskrit scholar (d. 1668)


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Karan Singh II becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Mewar (in the modern-day state of Rajasthan in India) upon the death of his father, the Maharana Amar Singh I.


text: January 26 – Amar Singh I, ruler of Mewar (b. 1559)

source_section: Deaths › January–March


date: February 15

text: February 15 – James Archer, Irish Jesuit; played a controversial role in the Nine Years' War (b. 1550)


text: February 23 – Nicholas Fuller, English politician (b. 1543)


date: March 17

text: March 17 – St. John Sarkander, Moravian priest (injuries caused by torturing) (b. 1576)


date: March 22

text: March 22 – King Karma Phuntsok Namgyal of Tibet dies of smallpox after a reign of less than two years, after Ngawang Namgyal of Bhutan casts a tantric spell over him.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Hayyim ben Joseph Vital, Palestinian-born Kabbalist (b. 1543)

source_section: Deaths › April–June


date: May 16

text: May 16 – William Adams, English navigator and samurai (b. 1564)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Katherine Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, wife of Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon (b. 1540)

source_section: Deaths › July–September


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Taichang Emperor, fourteenth emperor of the Ming dynasty of China (b. 1582)


date: September

text: September – Sidonia von Borcke, German noble and alleged witch (b. 1548)


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Stanisław Żółkiewski, Polish nobleman of the Lubicz coat of arms (b. 1547)

source_section: Deaths › October–December


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Louise de Coligny, daughter of Gaspard II de Coligny; fourth and last spouse of William the Silent (b. 1555)


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Francis, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin, Bishop of Cammin (b. 1577)


date: February 17

text: February 17 – Myles Standish is appointed as the first commander of Plymouth Colony.


text: March 22 – The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags.


date: March 31

text: March 31 – King Philip IV of Spain begins his 44-year rule.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – The Treaty of Khotyn is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ending the First Polish-Ottoman War.

source_section: Events › October–December


date: November 11

text: November 11 – The ship Fortune arrives at Plymouth Colony, with 35 more settlers.


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Thirty Years' War: The Peace of Nikolsburg is signed between Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Gabor Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania. Bethlen agrees to renounce his claims to Hungary. In return Bethlen receives several counties and lands along the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, and Moravia is granted religious freedom.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – The Dutch East India Company formally names its fortress at Jayakarta in Indonesia, calling it Batavia. Upon the independence of the Dutch East Indies as Indonesia in 1945, Batavia will be renamed Jakarta.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – The Tianqi era begins in Ming Dynasty China, six months after Zhu Changluo becomes the Taichang Emperor.


date: April 9

text: April 9 – The Twelve Years' Truce between the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire expires, and both sides prepare to resume the Eighty Years' War.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Thirty Years' War: Twenty-seven Czech lords are executed on the Old Town Square in Prague, as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Huguenot rebellions: Saint-Jean-d'Angély is taken, after a 26-day siege by Royal forces.


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Neu Titschein: Remnants of the Bohemian army temporarily hold off the Imperial advance in Silesia.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Huguenot rebellions: The French Protestant city of La Rochelle joins in the revolt by Benjamin, Duke of Soubise.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Huguenot rebellions: Louis XIII besieges the city of Montauban, but is forced to abandon the battle by November 9.


date: September 2

text: September 2 – The Battle of Khotyn begins as a force of more than 120,000 Ottoman troops attacks the Moldavian city of Khotyn. Despite the Ottomans' numerical superiority, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth wins the battle and forces a surrender five weeks later.


text: The Swedish city of Gothenburg is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. The king also grants city rights to Luleå, Piteå and Torneå (Tornio). Riga falls under the rule of Sweden.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


text: The Dutch East India Company sends 2,000 soldiers, under the command of Jan Pieterszoon Coen, to the Banda Islands, in order to force the local inhabitants to accept the Dutch trade monopoly on the lucrative nutmeg, grown almost exclusively on those islands. The soldiers proceed to massacre most of the 15,000 indigenous inhabitants.


text: Tamblot rallies an unknown, large number of people in Bohol, Captaincy General of the Philippines to revolt against the Spanish Empire.


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Samoset, a Mohegan, visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them: "Welcome, Englishmen! My name is Samoset."


date: April 1

text: April 1 – The Plymouth, Massachusetts colonists create the first treaty with native Americans.


date: April 5

text: April 5 – The Mayflower sets sail from Plymouth, on a return trip to England.


date: May 12

text: May 12 – The city of Tornio in Lapland is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, becoming the northernmost city in the world at the time.


text: The Venezuelan city of Petare is founded by Spanish conquistadors, as San Jose de Guanarito.


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares the Elector of the Palatinate, Frederick V, to be a traitor to the Empire.


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Papal Conclave of 1621: Pope Gregory XV succeeds Pope Paul V, as the 234th pope.


date: May 24

text: May 24 – The Protestant Union is formally dissolved.


date: June 3

section: Economy & Finance

text: June 3 – The Dutch West India Company is founded.


date: December

text: December – The Dutch mathematician and astronomer, Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580–1626), reveals he has rediscovered the law of refraction, also known as Snellius' law.


date: January 12

text: January 12 – Şehzade Mehmed, the 15-year old half-brother of Ottoman Sultan Osman II, is put to death by hanging on Osman's orders. Before dying, Mehmed prays aloud that Osman's reign as Sultan be ruined.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Twelve days after the murder of Prince Mehmed on orders of Sultan Osman II, Constantinople is hit by bitter winter weather, leading to rioting by persons who believe that the punishment of Osman is the will of Allah.


date: May 2

text: May 2 – The Panama earthquake affects the Isthmus of Panama, with an estimated magnitude of 6.9, and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII.


date: October 9

text: October 9 (September 29 O.S.) – The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony and Wampanoags celebrate a harvest feast (three days), later regarded as the First Thanksgiving, noted for the temporary peace between the English and the local Indians. The celebration is believed by later historians to have coincided with Michaelmas, observed on September 29 by the Anglican Communion on the calendar used in England at the time.


date: January 27

text: January 27 – Thomas Willis, English doctor who played an important part in the history of anatomy (d. 1675)

source_section: Births › January–March


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Rebecca Nurse, Massachusetts colonist, executed as a witch (d. 1692)


date: February

text: February – Lamoral II Claudius Franz, Count of Thurn and Taxis, Postmaster General of the Holy Roman Empire (1646–1676) (d. 1676)


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Andrew Marvell, English metaphysical poet and politician (d. 1678)


text: April 1 – Guru Tegh Bahadur, 9th Sikh Guru (d. 1675)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, Anglo-Irish soldier, statesman and dramatist (d. 1679)


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Rutger von Ascheberg, Courland-born soldier in Swedish service (d. 1693)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Jean de La Fontaine, French writer (d. 1695)


text: July 8 – Leonora Christina Ulfeldt, Danish countess and author (d. 1698)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Thomas Hanford, New England settler, Puritan minister (d. 1693)


date: October 29

text: October 29 – The London Pageant of 1621 celebrates the inauguration of Edward Barkham (Lord Mayor).


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough, English diplomat (d. 1697)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Edmund Berry Godfrey, English magistrate whose mysterious death caused anti-Catholic uproar in England (d. 1678)


text: December 23 – Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English politician (d. 1682)


date: February 10

text: February 10 – Pietro Aldobrandini, Italian cardinal, patron of the arts (b. 1571)


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Ana de Jesús, Spanish Discalced Carmelite nun, spiritual writer and Servant of God (b. 1545)


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Anne de Xainctonge, French Roman Catholic nun (b. 1567)


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Kryštof Harant z Polžic a Bezdružic, Bohemian composer, soldier and author (executed) (b. 1564)


date: July 2

text: July 2 – Thomas Harriot, English astronomer and mathematician (b. c. 1560)


date: August 3

text: August 3 – Anna Juliana Gonzaga, Archduchess of Austria and nun (b. 1566)


date: August 13

text: August 13 – John Berchmans, Belgian Jesuit scholastic and saint (b. 1599)


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, one of the main co-founders of Isfahan School of Islamic Philosophy (b. 1547)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Robert Bellarmine, Italian Roman Catholic bishop, saint, proponent of futurism (b. 1542)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Mary Sidney, English writer, patroness and translator (b. 1561)


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Antoine de Montchrestien, French dramatist and economist (b. c. 1575)


date: October 16

text: October 16 – Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch composer (b. 1562)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1535)


date: December 15

text: December 15 – Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, Constable of France (b. 1578)


date: February 8

text: February 8 – King James I of England dissolves the English Parliament.

source_section: Events › January–May


date: November 25

text: November 25 – King Christian IV of Denmark invites the Sephardic Jews of Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic to settle in the newly-built Danish town of Lykstad, promising them the free exercise of their religion without persecution. The city remains part of Denmark until 1864 until it is captured in the Second Schleswig War and is now part of Germany as Glückstadt.


text: Portugal loses control of the island of Ormus, after 107 years.


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (one third of the colony's population), and burn the Henricus settlement. This begins the American Indian Wars.


date: April 22

text: April 22 – Hormuz is captured from the Portuguese, by an Anglo-Persian force.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Thirty Years' War – Skirmish at Mingolsheim: Protestant forces under Mansfeld and Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach defeat the Imperial forces under Tilly. The Protestants win, but afterwards Tilly links up with a Spanish army under Gonzalo de Córdoba, greatly increasing his strength.


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Thirty Years' War: While waiting for the Protestant forces of Christian the Younger of Brunswick to join them, Mansfeld and Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach split up their forces as a diversion for the Imperial army of Tilly. Their plan fails, as Tilly manages to cut off Georg Friedrich at Wimpfen. At the ensuing Battle of Wimpfen, Georg Friedrich's army is almost completely destroyed.


date: May 20

text: May 20 – Ottoman Sultan Osman II is strangled by rebelling Janissaries, who revolted when they heard rumours that Osman II was planning to move against them.


date: May

text: May – Huguenot rebellions: The Huguenot city of Royan is taken by royal forces, after a short siege.


date: June 11

text: June 11 – Huguenot rebellions: The Huguenot city of Nègrepelisse is taken, after a short siege by royal forces. The entire population of the city is subsequently massacred, and the city is burned to the ground.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Thirty Years' War: Imperial forces under Tilly attempt to prevent Christian the Younger of Brunswick from moving his army across the Main River, to link up with Mansfeld. At the Battle of Höchst, Tilly manages to inflict considerable casualties on the Protestant forces, as well as seizing Brunswick's baggage train. Nonetheless, the bulk of Brunswick's forces manage to unite with Mansfeld.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Dutch–Portuguese War – Battle of Macau: The outnumbered Portuguese forces successfully defend Macau from the Dutch fleet, keeping a Portuguese foothold in the Far East.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Thirty Years' War: After Mansfeld fails to relieve the siege of Heidelberg, Frederick V of the Palatinate cancels Mansfeld's contract and disbands his army. The unemployed army of Mansfeld and Christian the Younger of Brunswick is subsequently hired by the Dutch.


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Eighty Years' War: Bergen op Zoom is besieged by a Spanish army, under the command of Ambrogio Spinola.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Thirty Years' War: While on their way to relieve the Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom in the Netherlands, the army of Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick is blocked by a Spanish army, led by Gonzalo de Córdoba. In the Battle of Fleurus, Cordoba manages to fight off the Protestant assault. The next day, Cordoba surprises the retreating Protestant army with his cavalry, resulting in the destruction of most of the Protestant army.


date: September 10

text: September 10 – 55 Christians are executed in Nagasaki during the Great Genna Martyrdom.


date: September 19

text: September 19 – Thirty Years' War: Heidelberg, the capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate, is taken by the Imperial army of Tilly' after a three-month siege.


date: October 2

text: October 2 – Eighty Years' War: After a siege of 86 days, Bergen op Zoom is relieved by a Dutch army led by Maurice of Nassau and Ernst von Mansfeld.


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Huguenot rebellions: The first Huguenot rebellion ends, with the signing of the Treaty of Montpellier.


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Huguenot rebellions: The inconclusive Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré is fought between the Huguenot fleet of La Rochelle, commanded by Jean Guiton, and a royal fleet under the command of Charles of Guise.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – After a siege of 13 days, the German city of Mannheim is captured from England by a force of Spanish and Imperial Holy Roman troops led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly.


date: November 30

text: November 30 – A fleet of 43 Dutch ships from Suriname attacks the Araya Peninsula in Venezuela in an attempt to halt construction of a Spanish fortress. The Spanish drive the Dutch away after six weeks of fighting, ending January 13, 1623.


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Portuguese forces with Imbangala allies score a military victory over the Kingdom of Kongo at the Battle of Mbumbi in modern-day Angola as part of the First Kongo-Portuguese War.


text: War between the Netherlands and Spain recommences, after the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621).


text: Rosicrucianism furor breaks out in Paris.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – The Eendracht, a VOC ship and the second recorded European ship to make landfall on Australian soil, is wrecked off the western coast of Ambon Island, Dutch East Indies.


text: July 13 or July 14 – English and Dutch ships defeat the Portuguese, near Portuguese East Africa.


date: December 22

text: December 22 – The Spanish colonial city of Bucaramanga is founded in the colony of Nueva Grandada in what is now Colombia.


text: Dutch ships under Jochem Swartenhont, while escorting a convoy, repel a Spanish squadron near Gibraltar.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – The Holy Roman Empire and Transylvania sign the Peace of Nikolsburg.


date: March 12

text: March 12 – Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Ávila, Isidore the Farmer and Philip Neri are canonized by Pope Gregory XV.


date: September 5

text: September 5 – Armand Jean du Plessis becomes Cardinal Richelieu.


text: Albertus Magnus is beatified, and Teresa of Ávila is canonized, by the Roman Catholic Church.


text: First record of bottled spring water in England at Holy Well, Malvern.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – The English ship Tryall, which left Plymouth, England for Batavia (now Jakarta), wrecks on the Tryal Rocks, nine months later (the wreck is discovered in 1969).


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Spanish treasure fleet sinks off Marquesas Keys in the straits of Florida. Atocha, Margarita, and Rosario are the most heavily laden treasure ships found in the 20th century.


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Sir Humphrey Winch, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1703)


date: February 7

text: February 7 – Vittoria della Rovere, Italian noble (d. 1694)


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1666)


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (d. 1665)


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Vincenzo Viviani, Italian mathematician and scientist (d. 1703)


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Samuel Wilbur, Jr., American colonial settler of Rhode Island (d. 1697)


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate, German artist (d. 1709)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Sir Arthur Onslow, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1688)


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Louis de Buade de Frontenac, Governor of New France (d. 1698)


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Claude-Jean Allouez, French Jesuit missionary and explorer of North America (d. 1689)


date: August 19

text: August 19 – James Compton, 3rd Earl of Northampton, English politician (d. 1681)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Samuel Lincoln, American colonial ancestor of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1690)


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1691)


date: October 15

text: October 15 – Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, Swedish statesman and military man (d. 1686)


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Alix Le Clerc, French Roman Catholic Canoness Regular, foundress and blessed (b. 1576)


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Khusrau Mirza, Mughal prince (b. 1587)


date: January 31

text: January 31 – Francis Norris, 1st Earl of Berkshire, English noble (b. 1579)


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Gonzalo Méndez de Canço, Royal Governor of La Florida (b. 1554)


date: April 24

text: April 24 – Fidelis of Sigmaringen, German Roman Catholic and Capuchin friar, missionary and saint (b. 1577)


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Petrus Plancius, Dutch-Flemish astronomer and cartographer (b. 1552)


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Pedro Páez, Spanish Jesuit missionary in Ethiopia (b. 1564)


date: July 1

text: July 1 – William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, British politician (b. 1575)


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Charles Spinola, Italian Jesuit missionary, martyr and blessed (b. 1564)


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Alof de Wignacourt, French 54th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1547)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Conrad Vorstius, German-Dutch Remonstrant theologian (b. 1569)


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Pierre Biard, French settler, Jesuit missionary (b. 1567)


date: December 28

text: December 28 – Francis de Sales, Bishop of Geneva and saint (b. 1567)


text: Late November – Squanto (Tisquantum), Native American, last survivor of the Patuxet


date: February 7

text: February 7 – France, Savoy and Venice sign the Treaty of Paris, agreeing to cooperate in removing Spanish forces from the strategic Alpine pass of Valtelline.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – The English ship Little James arrives at Plymouth Colony, 26 days after the Anne.


text: September 10 – Murat IV, age 11, succeeds his deposed uncle Mustafa I as Ottoman Emperor. Because Murat is a minor, his mother, Kösem Sultan, serves as regent until 1632.


date: January

text: January – Battle of Mbanda Kasi: Forces from the Kingdom of Kongo defeat the Portuguese.


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Thirty Years' War: Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria becomes Elector of the Electorate of the Palatinate.


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Amboyna massacre: Ten English merchants in the service of the British East India Company, together with nine Japanese and one Portuguese, are executed by agents of the Dutch East India Company in Ambon, Maluku (Amboyna).


date: April 11

text: April 11 – King Gwanghaegun of Joseon (in Korea) is deposed in the Injo coup and succeeded by King Injo.


date: May 5

text: May 5 – Raja Gaj Singh of Marwar, along with Mahabat Khan and Parviz Mirza, is deputized by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir in India to hunt down Jahangir's rebel son, Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram. The search fails, and Khurram will become the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan after Jahangir's death in 1627.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – After negotiations for the release of English women taken from Jamestown in the British North American colony of Virginia, conducted between Captain William Tucker of the English settlers and Chief Opchanacanough of the Powhatan Confederacy (Tsenacommacah), the English arrange a banquet with the Powhatan, and the drinking of wine. The wine is poisoned and many of the Powhatan Indians die, while 50 more are killed while ill. This follows the massacre of 347 English colonists of March 22, 1622, in the Powhatan uprising. Opchanacanough escapes, and the 20 women never return home.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Trịnh Tùng is deposed as ruler of the kingdom of Đại Việt in northern Vietnam after more than 50 years. His son, Trịnh Xuan, burns the palace. Trinh Tung is carried away by his servants in a sedan chair and abandoned in the road to die. Another son, Trịnh Tráng, succeeds to the throne of Đại Việt.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Thirty Years' War: Pursued by the army of the Catholic League (German) led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, the army of the Protestant Electoral Palatinate led by Christian the Younger of Brunswick attempts to flee to the Dutch Republic. Tilly's army catches Brunswick five miles from the border. In the resulting Battle of Stadtlohn, Christian's army is destroyed. This brings the Palatinate campaign to an end.


date: November 1

text: November 1 – The Battle of Anjar is fought in modern-day Lebanon as the Druze emir Fakhr al-Din II defeats an invasion by Mustafa Pasha al-Hannaq, the Ottoman Governor of Damascus, and takes him prisoner.


date: December 4

text: December 4 – 50 Christians are executed in Edo, Japan, during the Great Martyrdom of Edo.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Voyage of the Pera and Arnhem to Australia: Captains Jan Carstenszoon of the Arnhem and Willem Joosten van Coolsteerdt of the Pera depart on an expedition for the Dutch East India Company from Ambon, Maluku (Amboyna) to explore the Australian coast.


date: April 29

text: April 29 – A fleet of 11 Dutch ships depart for the coast of Peru, seeking to seize Spanish treasure.


date: May 8

text: May 8 – A Dutch East India Company party, led by explorer Jan Carstenszoon, fights a skirmish with 200 indigenous Australian Wik peoples.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – The English ship Anne becomes the third vessel to bring settlers to Plymouth Colony, the Puritan settlement in modern-day Massachusetts, carrying more settlers, after the Mayflower on November 21, 1620, and the Fortune on November 9, 1621.


text: Zildjian begins the commercial manufacture of cymbals in Turkey. The company will still be operating, from Massachusetts, in the 21st century.


text: Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania, issues an order, dated at Kolozsvár/Klausenburg/Cluj, that allows Jews to settle, trade freely and practice religion in Transylvania, and exempts them from wearing the usual Jewish sign.


text: On the coast of Massachusetts Bay, the settlement that will become the City of Gloucester, Massachusetts, is first inhabited by men from Dorchester, Dorset, England.


text: On the coast of New Hampshire, the settlement of Hilton's Point, which will become Dover, New Hampshire, is established by men from London, England, the first European settlers in the state.


text: January 21 – Viscount Falkland, England's Lord Deputy of Ireland, issues a proclamation ordering all Roman Catholic priests to leave Ireland, affecting negotiations over the "Spanish match" (which resume in March).


text: August 6 – 1623 papal conclave: Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) succeeds Pope Gregory XV, as the 235th pope.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Kara Mustafa Pasha is replaced as the Ottoman Governor of Egypt on orders of Sultan Murad IV.


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Cardinal Antonio Marcello Barberini informs Galileo Galilei that his brother, the newly-enthroned Pope Urban VIII, wishes to receive a visit from Galileo.


text: Procopius' long-lost Secret History is rediscovered, in the Vatican Library.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Richard Frethorne begins writing a letter to his parents from Jamestown, Virginia.


text: Wilhelm Schickard devizes a Calculating Clock, an early mechanical calculator.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – A great conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, with the planets only 5 arc minutes apart, the closest between 1226 and 2874. This conjunction likely goes unobserved, as it occurs near the Sun and the telescope has been invented only recently.


date: March 5

section: Health & Medicine

text: March 5 – The first American temperance law is enacted, in Virginia.


text: Erotomania, a delusional disorder, is first mentioned, in a psychiatric treatise.


text: The 1623 Malta plague outbreak is contained after killing around 40 people on the island of Malta.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – The first breach-of-promise lawsuit: Rev. Gerville Pooley, in Virginia, files against Cicely Jordan, but loses.


date: October 26

text: October 26 – "Fatal Vespers": 95 people are killed when an upper floor of the French ambassador's house in London collapses under the weight of a congregation attending a mass.


text: November 1 – Fire at Plymouth Colony destroys several buildings.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Charles, Prince of Wales, the future King Charles I of England, travelling incognito with royal favourite George Villiers, arrives in Madrid to pursue negotiations over the "Spanish match", the Protestant Charles's proposed marriage with the Catholic Habsburg Infanta Maria Anna of Spain.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Première of Pedro Calderón de la Barca's first play, Amor, honor y poder (Love, Honor and Power), at the Court of Habsburg Spain.


date: July 30

text: July 30 (probable date) – The second Thanksgiving is celebrated in Plymouth Colony.


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Negotiations, resumed in March, of the planned "Spanish match" break down. On October 5, Prince Charles returns to England from Spain without a bride.


date: November 8

text: November 8–December 5 – Publication between these dates in London of the "First Folio" (Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies), a collection of 36 of the plays of Shakespeare, half of which have not previously been printed.


text: Johannes Rudbeck founds Rudbeckianska gymnasiet, the first gymnasium in Sweden.


text: Imprisoned Italian Dominican philosopher Tommaso Campanella's utopian The City of the Sun is published in Latin (as Civitas Solis) in Frankfurt.


text: Italian poet Giambattista Marini's epic L'Adone is published in Paris.


date: January 15

text: January 15 – Algernon Sidney, British philosopher (d. 1683)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Deane Winthrop, English-born colonist of British America, 6th son of Governor John Winthrop (d. 1704)


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Wilhelmus Beekman, Dutch politician (d. 1707)


date: April 30

text: April 30 – François de Laval, French-born priest, first Catholic bishop of Quebec (d. 1708)


date: May 26

text: May 26 – William Petty, English scientist, philosopher and economist (d. 1687)


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Wallerant Vaillant, painter of the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1677)


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1698)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Friedrich Casimir, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1641–1680) and Hanau-Münzenberg (1642–1680) (d. 1685)


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Caspar Schamberger, German surgeon and merchant (d. 1706)


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Ferdinand Verbiest, Flemish Jesuit missionary in China during the Qing dynasty (d. 1688)


date: October 17

text: October 17 – Francis Turretin, Swiss-Italian Reformed scholastic theologian (d. 1687)


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Johann Grueber, Austrian Jesuit missionary and astronomer in China (d. 1680)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui, the Yongli Emperor, the 4th and last emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty of China (d. 1662)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson, French politician and diplomat (d. 1700)


text: January 15 – Paolo Sarpi, Italian theologian (b. 1552)


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter, English politician (b. 1546)


date: February

text: February – Malcolm Macfie, last chief of the Scottish clan Clan Macfie


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Luís Mendes de Vasconcellos, Portuguese 55th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c. 1542)


date: March 14

text: March 14 – In the Korean kingdom of Joseon, Crown Prince Yi Ji is deposed and exiled to Ganghwa Island, where he dies soon after.


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Mariam-uz-Zamani, Empress of the Mughal Empire (b. 1542)


date: July 4

text: July 4 – William Byrd, English composer (b. 1543)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Anne Hathaway, wife of English dramatist William Shakespeare (b. 1555)


date: August 9

text: August 9 – George, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, Count of Nassau-Beilstein (1607–1620), then Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1620–1623) (b. 1562)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b. 1561)


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Deposed Queen Yu, consort of Yi Hon, King Gwanghae of Joseon (b. 1576)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – William Camden, English antiquarian (b. 1551)


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Josaphat Kuncevyc, Lithuanian archbishop (b. c. 1582)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Michiel Coignet, Flemish mathematician, astronomer, engineer and scientific instrument maker (b. 1549)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Kara Mustafa Pasha becomes the Ottoman Governor of Egypt for the second time.


date: February 19

text: February 19 – The last parliament of King James I of England begins its session.


text: February 19 – King Filipe III of Portugal issues a decree prohibiting the enslavement of Chinese people in Portugal or in its colonies.


date: March 2

text: March 2 – The English House of Commons passes a resolution making it illegal for a Member of Parliament (MP) to quit or willfully give up his seat. Afterward, MPs who wish to quit are appointed to an "office of profit", a legal fiction to allow a resignation.


date: May 24

text: May 24 – After years of unprofitable operation, Virginia's charter is revoked, and it becomes a royal colony.


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Treaty of Compiègne is signed between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.


text: A confrontation between Swedish and Danish councillors ends with a Swedish diplomatic victory due to Sweden's ability to mobilize quickly.


text: Queen Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba starts to rule.


date: January 14

text: January 14 – After 90 years of Ottoman occupation, Baghdad is recaptured by the Safavid Empire.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – Korean General Yi Gwal leads an uprising of 12,000 soldiers against King Injo in what is called then the Joseon Kingdom, and occupies Hanseong.


date: February 15

text: February 15 – Yi Gwal's Rebellion ends as the rebels murder Yi Gwal at the town of Mukbang-ri.


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Capture of Bahia: A Dutch West India Company fleet captures the Brazilian city of Salvador, Bahia from the Portuguese Empire (at this time in the Iberian Union).


date: July 30

text: July 30 – A contingent of 5,000 Chinese troops and 50 warships under the command of Admiral Yu Zigao and General Wang Mengxiong attacks the Dutch fortress at the island of Magong, the largest of the Penghu islands under the command of Martinus Sonck. Outnumbered, the Dutch surrender in five days.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – The Dutch East India Company agrees to Chinese demands to withdraw its operations from the Penghu islands, and relocates its trading post to Fort Zeelandia and the Dutch-controlled island of Formosa, now Tainan on Taiwan.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – The Siege of Breda begins, and will continue for just over 9 months until June 5, 1625.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Rodrigo Pacheco becomes the Viceroy of New Spain after arriving in Mexico City.


text: The Japanese shōgun expels the Spanish from Japan, and severs trade with the Philippines.


date: February 7

text: February 7 – (January 28, 1623/4 old style) England first colonizes Saint Kitts and Nevis.


date: May

text: May – The first Dutch settlers arrive in New Netherland; they disembark at Governors Island.


date: August

text: August – Portuguese Jesuit priest António de Andrade becomes the first European to enter Tibet, arriving at Tsaparang.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Afonso Mendes, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa.


date: February 28

text: February 28 – A decree is issued in Norway making it illegal for Jesuits or Roman Catholic monks to be harbored in the country.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – In a ceremony, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, renews his oath to restore Catholicism in Germany, Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia.


date: April 29

text: April 29 – Louis XIII of France appoints Cardinal Richelieu to the Conseil du Roi (Royal Council).


date: May 25

text: May 25 – The Scottish city of Dunfermline is destroyed by fire, but The Abbey, The Palace, the Abbot House and many other buildings survive.


date: August 13

text: August 13 – Cardinal Richelieu is appointed by Louis XIII of France to be his chief minister, having intrigued against Charles de La Vieuville, Superintendent of Finances, arrested for corruption the previous day.


date: September 4

text: September 4 – The Parlement of Paris registers a decree forbidding the publication of criticism of "anciently approved authors" without prior approval from the Faculty of Theology of the University of Paris, on pain of death.


date: September 21

text: September 21 – The Roman Catholic church's Dicastery for the Clergy issues a decree that no monk may be expelled from his order "unless he be truly incorrigible."


date: October 3

text: October 3 – A combined squadron of fifteen Neapolitan (Spain), Tuscan, and Papal galleys defeat a squadron of six Algerian ships on the island of San Pietro, near Sardinia. (details)


text: The German-language Luther Bible is publicly burned, by order of the Pope.


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Denmark's first postal service is launched by order of King Christian IV.


text: Henry Briggs publishes Arithmetica Logarithmica.


text: Jakob Bartsch first publishes a chart, showing the constellation Camelopardalis around the North Star.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – The King's Men perform Thomas Middleton's satire A Game at Chess at the Globe Theatre in London. The performances are suppressed on August 14 in view of the play's allusions to the Spanish Match.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Jasper Vinall becomes the first person to die while playing the sport of cricket, after being struck on the head with a bat during a game at Horsted Keynes in England.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Ketevan, former queen consort of Kakheti (located around Gremi in what is now the Republic of Georgia), is tortured and killed in the Persian city of Shiraz after refusing to renounce Christianity to convert to Islam.


text: Frans Hals produces the painting later known as the Laughing Cavalier.


date: May 24

text: May 24 – The city of Oslo, Norway, is destroyed by fire for the fourteenth time. King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway decrees its rebuilding on a new site, where it will be renamed Christiania.


date: May 11

text: May 11 – a major earthquake in Fez, Morocco, estimated magnitude 6.0 , causes severe damage and thousands of casualties.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Yi Gwal installs Prince Heungan, son of the late King Seongjo, to the Korean throne.


date: April 15

text: April 15 – The University of Saint Francis Xavier is founded in Bolivia.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Guarino Guarini, Italian architect of the Piedmontese Baroque (d. 1683)


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Thyrsus González de Santalla, Spanish theologian elected Superior General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1705)


date: March 20

text: March 20 – William Jones, English lawyer, Deputy Governor of Connecticut (d. 1706)


date: March

text: March – Jane Leade, English esotericist (d. 1704)


date: April 4

text: April 4 – François Marie, Prince of Lillebonne, French nobleman and member of the House of Lorraine (d. 1694)


date: June 11

text: June 11 – Jean-Baptiste du Hamel, French cleric and natural philosopher (d. 1706)


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Francis Pemberton, English judge, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench (d. 1697)


date: July

text: July – George Fox, English founder of the Quakers (d. 1691)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Koxinga, Chinese military leader (d. 1662)


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Thomas Sydenham, English physician (d. 1689)


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Murad Bakhsh, Mughal prince (d. 1661)


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Edward Harley, English politician (d. 1700)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – John Hull, American colonial merchant and politician (d. 1683)


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Angelus Silesius, German writer (d. 1677)


date: February 12

text: February 12 – George Heriot, Scottish goldsmith and philanthropist (b. 1563)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, Scottish nobleman and politician (b. 1574)


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (b. 1578)


date: April 13

text: April 13 – William Bishop, first Roman Catholic bishop after the English Reformation (b. 1553)


text: April 13 – Garcia Mvemba a Nkanga is enthroned as King Garcia I of the southern African nation of Kongo (now in Angola), upon the death of his father, King Pedro II.


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Diego Ramírez de Arellano, Spanish sailor and cosmographer (b. c. 1580)


text: July – Alonso Fajardo de Entenza, governor of the Philippines


date: September 19

text: September 19 – Michael I, the Tsar of Russia, is married at Moscow, making Maria Dolgorukova the Tsaritsa. Maria becomes ill shortly afterward and dies five months after the marriage, on January 17.


date: September

text: September – Marco Antonio de Dominis, Dalmatian archbishop and apostate (b. 1560)


date: November 10

text: November 10 – Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, English patron of the theatre (b. 1573)


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Jakob Böhme, German mystic (b. 1575)


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Flaminio Scala, Italian playwright and stage actor (b. 1552)


date: December 14

text: December 14 – Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English statesman (b. 1536)


date: December 28

text: December 28 – Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw, Prince-bishop of Wroclaw (b. 1590)


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Prince Frederick Henry is sworn in as the stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland.


date: June 18

text: June 18 – The English Parliament refuses to vote Charles I the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, restricting him to one year instead.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – The Treaty of Southampton makes an alliance between England and the Dutch Republic, against Spain.


text: December 9 – Thirty Years' War: The Netherlands and England sign the Treaty of The Hague, a military peace treaty for providing economical aid to King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway, during his military campaigns in Germany.


text: Approximate date – Shyaam a-Mbul begins to unify the Kuba Kingdom in Central Africa.


text: An English colony is established in Barbados.


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Led by the Duke of Soubise, the Huguenots launch a second rebellion against King Louis XIII, with a surprise naval assault on a French fleet being prepared in Blavet.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Dutch–Portuguese War: The Battle of Hormuz, one of the largest naval battles ever fought in the Persian Gulf takes place in the Straits of Hormuz as fleets of the Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company defend Persia against an attack by ships from the colony of Portuguese India.


date: February

text: February – Huguenot forces under the Duke of Soubise capture the Island of Ré.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Battle of Martqopi: The Safavids are defeated in Georgia.


date: March 28

text: March 28–April 24 – First Savoine War – Relief of Genoa: The Spanish fleet aids the Republic of Genoa, by overcoming the Franco-Savoyard occupation of the city of Genoa.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Eighty Years' War: Spanish troops under Ambrogio Spinola conquer Breda, after a nine-month siege.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – The Safavid Empire in Iran defeats an invasion from the Kingdom of Georgia in the Battle of Marabda with heavy losses on both sides, including the Georgian commander, Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani. when the Iranian Safavid army defeated a Georgian force.


date: July

text: July – The Barbary pirates first attack south-western England. In August they enslave about 60 people from Mount's Bay in Cornwall.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed as stadtholder of Groningen.


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed stadtholder of Drenthe.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – After several skirmishes in the preceding days, troops under the Marquis of Toiras successfully recapture the island of Ré, forcing the Duke of Soubise to flee to England, and ending the second Huguenot rebellion.


date: September 24

text: September 24 – A Dutch fleet attacks San Juan, Puerto Rico.


date: October 25

text: October 25 – A Dutch fleet attacks the Portuguese garrison at Elmina castle at modern-day Elmina, Ghana, but is defeated with heavy casualties. This defeat, along with the defeats at Bahia and Puerto Rico, causes a five-year-long lull in Dutch attacks on Spanish and Portuguese colonies.


date: May 1

text: May 1 – A Portuguese-Spanish expedition recaptures Salvador, Bahia (Bahia) from the Dutch.


date: November 1

text: November 1–7 – Cádiz Expedition: English forces commanded by Admiral George Villiers (which set out from Plymouth on October 8) are decisively defeated by the Spanish at Cádiz.


text: The Dutch settle Manhattan, founding the town of New Amsterdam. The town will transform into a piece of New York City.


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Bogislaw XIV becomes the final Duke of Pomerania, an office that becomes extinct after his death in 1637.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – James Ussher is appointed Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland) and Primate of All Ireland.


date: April 7

text: April 7 – Albrecht von Wallenstein is appointed German supreme commander of the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.


text: The first members of the Society of Jesus move to Quebec, Canada.


text: The capital of Madagascar, Antananarivo, is founded by King Andrianjaka.


date: May 15

text: May 15–16 – Rebellious farmers are hanged in Vocklamarkt, Upper Austria.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – A total of 16 rabbis (including Isaiah Horowitz) are imprisoned in Jerusalem.


text: In England, a very high tide occurs, the highest ever known in the Thames, and the sea walls in Kent, Essex, and Lincolnshire are overthrown, thus great desolation is caused to the lands near the sea.


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Francesca Caccini's opera La liberazione di Ruggiero has its premiere, stated in Florence in Italy. The opera will continue to be staged almost 400 years later, as late as the year 2018.


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Frederick Henry of Nassau marries Amalia, Countess von Solms-Braunfels.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – King Charles I of England marries Catholic princess Henrietta Maria of France and Navarre, at Canterbury.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Ann, Lady Fanshawe, English memoirist (d. 1680)


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Carlo Maratta, Italian painter (d. 1713)


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Gaspar Téllez-Girón, 5th Duke de Osuna, Spanish duke (d. 1694)


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Sarah Rapelje, the "first white child" born in New Netherland (d. 1685)


date: June 23

text: June 23 – John Fell, English churchman and influential academic (d. 1686)


date: July 27

text: July 27 – Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (d. 1672)


date: August 21

text: August 21 – John Claypole, English politician (d. 1688)


date: October 2

text: October 2 – Vere Essex Cromwell, 4th Earl of Ardglass, English noble (d. 1687)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Jacqueline Pascal, French child prodigy and sister of Blaise Pascal (d. 1661)


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Francis Small, English trader and landowner residing primarily in Kittery, Maine (d. 1714)


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Erik Dahlbergh, Swedish engineer, soldier and field marshal (d. 1703)


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick, 7th daughter of Richard Boyle (d. 1678)


date: December 16

text: December 16 – Erhard Weigel, German mathematician, astronomer and philosopher (d. 1699)


date: December 20

text: December 20 – David Gregory, Scottish physician and inventor (d. 1720)


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Maria Dolgorukova, first spouse of Tsar Michael I of Russia (b. c. 1601)


date: January

text: January/February – Robert Cushman, English Plymouth Colony settler (b. 1577)


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Hafız Ahmed Pasha is designated as the new grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Murad IV, 11 days after the death of Çerkes Mehmed Pasha.


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester, English peer (b. 1563)


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Jeremiah of Wallachia, Romanian-born Capuchin lay brother, who spent his entire adult life serving as an infirmarian of the Order in Italy (b. 1556)


text: February 26 – Anna Vasa of Sweden, Polish and Swedish princess (b. 1568)


date: March 28

text: March 28 or March 29 – Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, Spanish historian (b. 1549)


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Mōri Terumoto, Japanese warrior (b. 1553)


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer and organist (b. 1583)


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche, English diplomat (b. 1556)


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Enno III, Count of East Frisia, Count of Ostfriesland (1599-1625) from the Cirksena Family (b. 1563)


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Duchess Anna of Prussia, daughter of Albert Frederick (b. 1576)


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Thomas Dempster, Scottish historian (b. 1579)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Sofonisba Anguissola, Italian painter (b. c. 1532)


date: February 5

text: February 5 – The Huguenot rebels and the French government sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the second Huguenot rebellion.


date: March 5

text: March 5 – The Treaty of Monzón is signed between France and Spain to end the Valtellina War and the First Genoese-Savoyard War.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga becomes the new monarch of Kongo (in what is now Angola) after the overthrow of Garcia I Mvemba a Nkanga, restoring the Kwilu dynasty to power.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – King Charles I of England dissolves the English Parliament.


date: November 6

text: November 6 (O.S.) – The ship Arms of Amsterdam arrives in Europe from New Netherland (left September 23) with the news: "They have purchased the Island Manhattes [Manhattan] from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders."


date: December 20

text: December 20 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Transylvanian monarch Bethlen Gabor sign the Peace of Pressburg.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Polish-Swedish War: Battle of Wallhof in Latvia – Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, defeats a Polish army.


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Portugal declares war on Queen Nzinga of the Kingdom of Ndongo, located in what is now Angola.


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Dessau Bridge – Albrecht von Wallenstein defeats Ernst von Mansfelds army.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Nine Jesuit Christian missionaries, six of them Japanese and three from Spain, are executed in Japan, followed by eight Japanese converts to Christianity on July 12.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – The Ottoman Army halts its attempt to retake Baghdad from the Persians, after having lost it in 1624.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Eighty Years' War: Ernst Casimir of Nassau-Dietz retakes Oldenzaal, forcing the Army of Flanders to withdraw from Overijssel.


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lutter – Tilly defeats King Christian IV of Denmark's army.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Pasha Muhammad ibn Farukh, tyrannical Governor of Jerusalem, is forced out.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Peter Minuit sails from Texel Island for America's New Netherland colony, with two ships of Dutch emigrants.


text: Establishment of the coastal settlement of Salem, Massachusetts.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia and Patriarch Afonso Mendes declare the primacy of the Roman See over the Ethiopian Church, and Roman Catholicism the state religion of Ethiopia.


date: November 18

text: November 18 – The new St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is consecrated, on the 1,300th anniversary of the previous church in 326.


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Peter Minuit becomes director-general of New Netherland, for the Dutch West India Company.


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Peter Minuit buys Manhattan from a Native American tribe (Lenape or Shinnecock) for trade goods, valued at 60 guilders ($1,143 U.S. dollars as of 2020).


text: 1626 influenza pandemic begins in Asia, then spreads into Europe, Africa, North America, and South America.


text: The Würzburg and Bamberg witch trials, which will lead to the mass executions of hundreds of people until 1630/31, begin.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Wanggongchang Explosion in Beijing, China: a gunpowder factory explosion destroys part of the city and kills 20,000 people.


date: June 28

text: June 28 – A 7.0 magnitude earthquake strikes Lingqiu County, in China, killing 5,200 residents.


text: Samuel de Champlain decides to build Cap tourmente (Kap toor-mont) Farm to raise livestock to provide food for settlers in Quebec, rather than depending on supplies sent from France.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – King Charles I of England is crowned, but without his wife, Henrietta Maria, who declines to participate in a non-Catholic ceremony.


text: January 9 – Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, French founder of the Trappist Order (d. 1700)


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné, French aristocrat and writer (d. 1696)


date: February 18

text: February 18 – Francesco Redi, Italian physician (d. 1697)


date: March 12

text: March 12 – John Aubrey, English antiquary and writer (d. 1697)


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur, Spanish Catholic saint, missionary to Guatemala (d. 1667)


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, German count in the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1682)


date: May 10

text: May 10 – Jan Jacobszoon Hinlopen, Dutch art collector and merchant (d. 1666)


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Louis Hennepin, Roman Catholic priest, missionary of the Franciscan Recollet Order (French (d. 1704)


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Countess Palatine Eleonora Catherine of Zweibrücken, sister of King Charles X of Sweden (d. 1692)


date: June 8

text: June 8 – William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford, member of England's House of Lords (d. 1695)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Christiane Sehested, daughter of King Christian IV of Denmark, and his morganatic spouse Kirsten Munk (d. 1670)


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Richard Ottley, English politician (d. 1670)


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Elizabeth Maitland, Duchess of Lauderdale, influential British noblewoman (d. 1698)


date: December 8

text: December 8 – Queen Christina of Sweden (d. 1689)


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Samuel Argall, English adventurer and naval officer (b. 1580)


date: February 10

text: February 10 – Battle of Ningyuan: In Xingcheng in China, after an 8-day battle, Ming dynasty commander Yuan Chonghuan defeats the much larger force of Manchu leader Nurhaci, who dies soon after and is succeeded by Huang Taiji.


date: February 20

text: February 20 – John Dowland, English composer and lutenist (b. 1563)


date: May 28

text: May 28 – Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (b. 1561)


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Anne of Saint Bartholomew, Spanish Discalced Carmelite nun (b. 1550)


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, German Protestant military leader (b. 1599)


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (b. 1563)


date: July 27

text: July 27 – George II becomes the new Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt upon the death of his father, Louis V.


date: September 21

text: September 21 – François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières, Constable of France (b. 1543)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Aodh Mac Cathmhaoil, Irish Franciscan theologian and Archbishop of Armagh (b. 1571)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Lancelot Andrewes, English scholar (b. 1555)


date: September 30

text: September 30 – Nurhaci, chief of the Jurchens and founder of the Qing dynasty, dies and is succeeded by his son Hong Taiji.


date: October 2

text: October 2 – Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar, Spanish diplomat (b. 1567)


date: October 30

text: October 30 – Willebrord Snell, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (b. 1580)


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, is forced to abdicate after his spending brings Hesse-Kassel to bankruptcy. His son takes over as William V and cedes much of the landgravate in September to bring peace in its war against Hesse-Darmstadt.


date: May 10

text: May 10 – The Kingdom of England reaches an agreement with Sidi Al-Ayyashi, a Moroccan Mujahidin leader to obtain his help in releasing English captives seized by Barbary corsairs.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – France and England sign an agreement on dividing the island of Saint Kitts.


date: May 23

text: May 23 – Ngarolamo becomes the new Sultan of Tidore in the Maluku Islands in modern-day Indonesia.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – The States of Friesland promulgate the Resolution on the April 17 appeal about abuses.


date: September 24

text: September 24 – William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, landgrave of the German state Hesse-Kassel, signs the Hauptakkord with George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, ceding much of its territory.


text: September 30 – The reign of China's 21-year old ruler, the Ming dynasty Tianqi Emperor, Zhu Youjiao, ends after seven years.


date: December 27

text: December 27 – In Madrid, ministers of King Philip IV of Spain, draw up proposals for a "Kingdom and Republic of Ireland" that would break with England, to have two Captains General to be executives of the Republic.


date: March 3

text: March 3 – After the First Manchu invasion of Korea, the Joseon dynasty of Korea becomes a tributary state of the Manchus, but still pays respects to the Ming dynasty of China. After rejecting a Manchu alteration to the original diplomatic terms in 1636, the Manchus invade again in 1637.


date: March

text: March – Start of the Trịnh–Nguyễn War in modern-day Vietnam: Trịnh Tráng leads an army of 200,000 troops southward to attack the Đàng Trong governed by Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Eighty Years' War: Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, begins the Siege of Grol, the last Spanish stronghold in the eastern Netherlands, and captures it after 30 days.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – The English, under the Duke of Buckingham, invade the Île de Ré off the coast of France in support of the Huguenots in La Rochelle; the invasion fails.


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Eighty Years' War: Grol, in the Spanish Netherlands, is captured after the siege started on July 20 by Prince Frederick Henry.


date: September 10

text: September 10 – The Siege of La Rochelle begins as the Roman Catholic nations of France and Spain move to suppress the revolt of Protestant Huguenots in the western French city.


date: November 20

text: November 20 – Thirty Years' War: Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, signs the Capitulation of Franzburg, in which Pomerania is forced to pay for the Imperial army that Wallenstein sent to occupy it. Nonetheless, despite the treaty, Pomerania is devastated by the Imperial troops.


date: November 28

text: November 28 – Polish-Swedish War: Battle of Oliwa – A Polish-Lithuanian fleet defeats a Swedish fleet.


date: December 30

text: December 30 (Jumada-l awwal 2, 1037 AH) – Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram, son of the later Emperor Jahangir, enters Lahore after defeating his brother Shahryar Mirza. He is proclaimed as Shah Jahan.


date: January 26

text: January 26 – The Dutch ship t Gulden Zeepaert, skippered by François Thijssen, makes the first recorded European sighting of the coast of South Australia.


date: February 17

text: February 17 – England lands the first European settlers on Barbados.


date: April 10

text: April 10 – The t Gulden Zeepaert reaches Batavia in the Dutch East Indies.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Turkish Abductions: Barbary corsairs from Salé raid the fishing village of Grindavík in Iceland and take captives into slavery, the first of several raids.


date: July 5

text: July 5–13 – Turkish Abductions: Barbary corsairs from Algiers raid the East Fjords of Iceland and take captives into slavery.


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Shahryar Mirza, the 22-year-old son of Jahangir and son-in-law of Jahangir's widow Nur Jahan, is installed as the new Mughal Emperor at Lahore.


text: Habsburg Spain suffers an economic collapse.


text: Rock blasting is invented: Black gunpowder is first used in mining, in a mineshaft under Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia.


date: April 17

text: April 17 – The States of Friesland agree on the 28-point Appeal about Abuses after allowing the citizens to voice their complaints.


text: June 20 – Hinchingbrooke House in the east of England is sold by Sir Oliver Cromwell, to Sidney Montagu.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – Turkish Abductions: the Barbary corsairs from Algiers raid the island of Heimaey off Iceland, take captives into slavery and kill others.


date: August 16

text: August 16 – In a persecution of Christians in Japan, 14 Franciscan missionaries and converts are killed.


date: July 27

text: July 27 – An earthquake destroys the cities of San Severo and Torremaggiore in southern Italy.


text: The last recorded aurochs die in the Jaktorów Forest of Poland.


date: October 2

text: October 2 – The Tianqi Emperor's 16-year-old brother, Zhu Youjian, is enthroned as the Chongzhen Emperor.


date: December 18

text: December 18 – La selva sin amor (The Forest without Love), written by Lope de Vega and with music by Alessandro Piccinini, premieres as the first Spanish opera.


date: February 15

text: February 15 – Charles Morton, Cornish nonconformist minister (d. 1698)


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Sir Stephen Fox, English politician (d. 1716)


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Johann Caspar Kerll, German baroque composer and organist (d. 1693)


date: May 29

text: May 29 – Anne, Duchess of Montpensier, French princess and duchess (d. 1693)


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, consort of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (d. 1669)


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Juan Ortega y Montañés, Spanish Catholic bishop, colonial administrator in Guatemala and New Spain (d. 1708)


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Thomas Wynne, English personal physician of William Penn (d. 1691)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten, Dutch painter of the Golden Age (d. 1678)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, French bishop and theologian (d. 1704)


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Diego Luis de San Vitores, Spanish Jesuit missionary to Guam (d. 1672)


date: November 17

text: November 17 – John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1660–1693) (d. 1693)


date: November 20

text: November 20 – Charlotte, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel, German noble (d. 1686)


date: November 29

text: November 29 – John Ray, English biologist (d. 1705)


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Countess Louise Henriette of Nassau, Electress Consort of Brandenburg (1646–1667) (d. 1667)


date: January 27

text: January 27 – Princess Cecilia of Sweden (b. 1540)


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Elizabeth de Vere, Countess of Derby, British businessman (b. 1575)


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Johann Jacob Grasser, Swiss poet, historian and theologian (b. 1579)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Lodovico Zacconi, Italian composer and music theorist (b. 1555)


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford, son of Sir Francis Russell (b. 1572)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Katharina Henot, German General Postmaster, alleged witch (b. 1570)


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Luis de Góngora, Spanish poet (b. 1561)


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, French princess (b. 1605)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Francesco Maria del Monte, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1549)


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Mohammed Adil Shah begins his reign as the new Sultan of Bijapur in south India, after the death of his father, Ibrahim Adil Shah II.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – The Mughal Emperor Jahangir dies of a respiratory illness near Bhimber while attempting to return to his palace at Lahore.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, dies of poor health at the age of 33. Charles I Gonzaga becomes the Duke over the objections of Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy, leading to the War of the Mantuan Succession.


text: December 25 – Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, Italian duke and Catholic cardinal (b. 1594)


date: December

text: December – Madame Ke, influential nanny of the Tianqi Emperor of China (b. c. 1588)


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Writs issued in February, by King Charles I, require every county in England (not just seaport towns) to pay ship tax by this date.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Oliver Cromwell makes his first appearance in the English Parliament, as Member for Huntingdon.


date: June 7

text: June 7 – King Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament, and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.


date: December 11

text: December 11 – Muhammad Imaduddin I becomes the Sultan of Maldives and reigns for the next 29 years.


date: December 16

text: December 16 – In the Joseon Kingdom of Korea, O Yun-gyeom becomes the new Yeonguijeong (Chief of the State Council, similar to Prime Minister) during the reign of King Injo.


date: February 3

text: February 3 – In what is now the South American nation of Chile, the indigenous Mapuche lay siege to the Spanish colonial settlement of Nacimiento. The Spanish captain and a force of 40 men are able to hold out until reinforcements arrive two days later, but the attackers take muskets and two cannons.


date: April 6

text: April 6 – Damat Halil Pasha is fired from his position as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Murad IV after failing again to suppress the rebellion started by Abaza Mehmed Pasha or to win the war of the Ottomans against Persia. Halil is replaced by Gazi Hüsrev Pasha.


date: May 5

text: May 5 – Catholic League Field Marshal Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, succeeds in taking control of the German city of Stade after a long siege. Tilly allows the remaining 3,500 Danish and English defenders safe passage out of Germany, and captures most of the Duchy of Bremen except for the city of Bremen itself, which he turns to next.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Thirty Years' War: As a result of its refusal to accept the capitulation of Franzburg, the siege of Stralsund is begun by Field Marshals Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg and Wallenstein's of the Holy Roman Imperial Army, and lasts until August 4.


date: May 21

text: May 21 – (17 Ramadan 1037 AH) Muhsin ibn Husayn, Emir of Mecca and King of Hejaz, surrenders control to Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib.


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Mehmed III Giray, the Khan of Crimea, is forced to leave after an invasion of 4,000 Cossacks and a four week siege of the capital Bakhchysarai. The attack is led by Mykhailo Doroshenko, who is killed in the battle.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Thirty Years' War: With the help of Danish and Swedish reinforcements, Stralsund is able to resist Wallenstein's siege until the landing of a Danish army, led by Christian IV of Denmark, forces Wallenstein to raise the siege, and move his army to confront the new threat.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Sultan Agung of Mataram (located on the island of Java sends a fleet of ships to besiege the Dutch fort at Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia). The siege fails after four months.


date: August 23

text: August 23 – English courtier George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham, is assassinated by John Felton.


date: September 2

text: September 2 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Wolgast: Wallenstein defeats Christian IV of Denmark's army.


date: September 7

text: September 7–8 – Eighty Years' War – Battle in the Bay of Matanzas: Dutch admiral Piet Hein captures 16 ships of the Spanish treasure fleet. The immense booty taken brings in over 11 million guilders, part of which is used to fund the entire army of the Dutch Republic for eight months.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – In a persecution of Christians in Japan, 21 Christian converts are executed on the same day.


date: October 22

text: October 22 – Abaza Mehmed Pasha surrenders to Ottoman forces, ending the Abaza rebellion.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – The siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.


text: The War of the Mantuan Succession breaks out over Mantua and Montferrat. The war is fought between the Duke of Savoy, who is supported by Spain, and the Duke of Nevers, who is supported by France.


date: April 21

text: April 21 – Generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein of the Holy Roman Empire is made Admiral of the Baltic Sea by Emperor Ferdinand II.


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Puritans settle Salem, which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.


text: The first black slaves arrive in Dutch Manhattan.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – A decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites of the Roman Catholic Church is made to prohibit the veneration of saints whose sanctity has not been declared by the Holy See.


date: April 26

text: April 26 – Cardinal Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni is appointed as the Governor of Rome by Pope Urban VIII.


text: Publication of Sir Edward Coke's Institutes of the Lawes of England begins with A Commentary upon Littleton. This will remain an influential legal text on both sides of the Atlantic for three centuries.


text: May 13 – In North America, Matthew Cradock is elected by shareholders as the first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – The attempt by the Mataram Sultanate to drive the Dutch East India Company from the western part of the island of Java fails after 103 days.


text: William Harvey publishes Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in Frankfurt, containing his findings about blood circulation.


date: February 10

text: February 10 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden issues an order bringing an end to the "foolishness and insanity" ("dårskap och galenskap") of religious visionary Margareta i Kumla, prohibiting Swedes from making pilgrimages to see her on pain of imprisonment, and threatening her with incarceration if she continues to preach about her visions from the angels.


date: January 23

text: January 23 – After being incarcerated and blinded on orders of his brother, former Mughal Emperor Shahryar Mirza is put to death, along with his nephews, co-ruler Dawar Bakhsh, and Princes Garshasp, Tahmuras and Hoshang.


date: November 29

text: November 29 – English Army Lieutenant John Felton, who stabbed the Duke of Buckingham to death on August 23, is hanged at Tyburn prison.


date: August 10

text: August 10 – The Swedish 64-gun sailing ship Vasa sinks 20 minutes into her maiden voyage, in Stockholm Harbor.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – The Chongzhen Era begins in Ming dynasty China after the October 2 ascension of Zhu Youjian, the Chongzhen Emperor, on the first day of the Chinese New Year, and the Tianqi era formally ends.


date: February 14

text: February 14 – The coronation of Shah Jahan as ruler of the Mughal Empire takes place in Agra.


text: The Collegiate School, the oldest surviving educational institution in the United States, is established.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, French general (d. 1695)


date: January 12

text: January 12 – Charles Perrault, French folklorist (d. 1703)


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Henry Cromwell, 4th son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier (d. 1674)


date: January 30

text: January 30 – George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (d. 1687)


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé, French noblewoman (d. 1694)


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Marcello Malpighi, Italian biologist and physician (d. 1694)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1685)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet, English statesman and essayist (d. 1699)


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Carlo Cignani, Italian painter of the Bolognese and the Forlivese school (d. 1719)


date: June 30

text: June 30 – Miguel de Molinos, Spanish mystic (d. 1696)


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano, Prince of Savoy (d. 1709)


date: August 29

text: August 29 – John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English royalist statesman (d. 1701)


date: November 30

text: November 30 (baptised) – John Bunyan, English writer best known for The Pilgrim's Progress (d. 1688)


date: December 19

text: December 19 – Charlotte of the Palatinate, German noble (d. 1631)


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Gregor Aichinger, German composer (b. c. 1565)


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Shahryar, fifth son of the Mughal emperor Jahangir (b. 1605)


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Philip Ernest, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1610–1628) (b. 1584)


date: March 12

text: March 12 – John Bull, English composer (b. c. 1562)


date: March 29

text: March 29 – Tobias Matthew, English Archbishop of York (b. 1546)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Rudolf Christian, Count of East Frisia, ruler of East Frisia (b. 1602)


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Rudolph Goclenius, German philosopher (b. 1547)


date: July 9

text: July 9 – Prince Minyedeippa assassinates his father, Anaukpetlun, King of Burma and takes over the throne upon the death of his father. Minyedeippa is arrested by the palace guards a year later and turned over to Anaukpetlun's brother, Thalun, for execution.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Johannes Junius, Mayor of Bamberg, Germany (b. 1573)


text: August 20 – Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet, Member of the Parliament of England (b. 1587)


date: August 23

text: August 23 – George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (b. 1592)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Magdalene of Bavaria, Consort of Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg (b. 1587)


date: September 30

text: September 30 – Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, English writer (b. 1554)


date: December 12

text: December 12 – At the age of 15, Chetthathirat is crowned as the new King of Thailand upon the death of his father, Intharacha III. Prince Chetthathirat takes the regnal name of Borommaracha II and is killed less than a year later.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a royal charter, and the colony is the first to be created in what will become the United States 150 years later, covering almost all of what will be the U.S. state of Massachusetts.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Charles I of England dissolves Parliament, starting the Eleven Years' Tyranny


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Thirty Years' War: Christian IV of Denmark and Albrecht von Wallenstein sign the Treaty of Lübeck, ending Denmark's involvement in the Thirty Years' War.


date: June 7

text: June 7 – The Dutch States-General ratifies the Dutch West India Company's Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, making it more attractive to invest in the colony of New Netherland in North America.


date: August 26

text: August 26 – The Cambridge Agreement is signed in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America, providing for the colony to be under the control of stockholders who actually emigrate to New England.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – As a result of the Cambridge Agreement, the Massachusetts Bay Colony becomes a self-governing entity.


text: September 25 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629): Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth sign the Truce of Altmark, ending the war in highly favourable terms for Sweden.


date: November 30

text: November 30 – The St Etienne baronets British nobility title is created.


date: December 22

text: December 22 – (Kan'ei 6, 8th day of the 11th month) Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan abdicates the throne in favor of his daughter, Princess Okiko, who becomes Empress Meishō.


text: New Hampshire is established as a British colony.

source_section: Events › Undated


date: April 30

text: April 30 – Eighty Years' War: Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange lays siege to 's-Hertogenbosch, one of Spain's most important fortresses along the Spanish–Dutch border.


date: May 14

text: May 14–28 – Huguenot rebellions: After a 15-day siege, Louis XIII of France captures Privas.


date: May 29

text: May 29 – Thirty Years' War: Prince Frederick of Denmark, the Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, is expelled by the Catholic League as a result of the Edict of Restitution. He is replaced by the staunch catholic Francis of Wartenberg.


date: June 4

text: June 4 – The Dutch East India Company ship Batavia is wrecked on a reef near Beacon Island, off Western Australia, on her maiden voyage to the Indies. Following mutiny among the survivors, two exiled murderers become the first Europeans to settle in Australia. Their subsequent fate is unknown.


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Huguenot rebellions: Alès surrenders after an intense siege. As a result, the leader of the Huguenot Rebellions, the Duke of Rohan, surrenders.


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Huguenot rebellions: Louis XIII of France signs in his camp at Lédignan the Peace of Alès, ending the Huguenot rebellions. The Huguenots are allowed religious freedom, but lose their political, territorial and military rights.


date: July 19

text: July 19 – Anglo-French War (1627–1629): New France's Samuel de Champlain surrenders the city of Quebec to an English force led by David Kirke.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – In Morocco, the city of Salé is bombarded by French Admiral Isaac de Razilly with a fleet composed of the ships Licorne, Saint-Louis, Griffon, Catherine, Hambourg, Sainte-Anne, Saint-Jean; his forces destroyed three corsair ships


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Later Jin invasion of Joseon: In the Kingdom of Joseon (now Korea), Mao Wenlong is executed for smuggling and other crimes after being captured by Ming Chinese general Yuan Chonghuan.


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Eighty Years' War: The Spanish garrison of Wesel is surprised by a small Dutch army, and the city is taken by the Dutch Republic. As Wesel functioned as the principal supply base of Hendrik van den Bergh's army, the loss of supply forces him to retreat to the Spanish Netherlands, leaving him unable to intervene in the ongoing siege of 's-Hertogenbosch.


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Huguenot rebellions: Montauban, one of the last Huguenot strongholds, surrenders without a fight to Richelieu's troops.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Eighty Years' War: After a five-month-long siege, 's-Hertogenbosch surrenders to Frederick Henry. As a result of the capture of this key fortress, Spain's situation along the Spanish–Dutch border worsens greatly.


date: September 22

text: September 22 – (5 Safar 1039 AH) Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib, who had become Emir of Mecca and King of the Hejaz by force 16 months earlier, is assassinated by order of Kansuh Pasha, Governor of Yemen.


date: October 2

text: October 2 – In what is now the state of Western Australia, administered at the time by the Dutch East India Company, seven members of the crew of the Batavia are hanged on the Abrolhos Islands for their massacre of 125 passengers and crew.


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Portuguese Navy Captain Pedro Teixeira leads 2,000 men in the capture of Fort Taurege from England in what is now Brazil.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640): Around 350 English Puritans on six ships, led by Francis Higginson in the Lyon's Whelp, sail from Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, heading to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America. They arrive on June 19.


text: June 17 – Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630): A Spanish expedition, led by Fadrique de Toledo, wipes out the English colony on Nevis.


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640): The six ships of Puritans, led by Francis Higginson in the Lyon's Whelp, arrive in America at Salem, to settle in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630): A Spanish expedition, led by Fadrique de Toledo, wipes out the English colony on St. Kitts.


text: William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling briefly establishes a Scottish colony at Port Royal, Nova Scotia.