date: February 7

text: February 7 – Ann Radcliffe, English writer (b. 1764)


date: March 14

section: Deaths

text: March 14 – Charles François Dumouriez, French general (b. 1739)

source_section: Deaths › January–June


text: March 14 – John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1735)


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Henry Brockholst Livingston, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1757)


date: June 19

text: June 19 – William Combe, English writer, poet and adventurer (b. 1742)


date: August 18

text: August 18 – John Treadwell, the fourth Governor of Connecticut (b. 1745)

source_section: Deaths › July–December


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Pope Pius VII dies after a reign of more than 23 years that began on March 14, 1800; he is remembered for crowning Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor of France.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Lazare Carnot, French general, politician and mathematician (b. 1753)


date: September 11

text: September 11 – David Ricardo, English economist (b. 1772)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Abraham-Louis Breguet, Swiss horologist, inventor (b. 1747)


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Charlotte Melmoth, English-born American actress (b. 1749)


date: December 3

text: December 3 – Giovanni Battista Belzoni, Italian explorer, pioneer archaeologist of Egypt (b. 1778)


date: March 7

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: March 7 – In the Florida Territory, the announcement is made from St. Augustine that the capital will be moved to Tallahassee.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: March 17

text: March 17 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 is signed to resolve territorial disputes between the British Empire and the Netherlands over control of the Malay Peninsula and the Dutch East Indies (now Malaysia and Indonesia)


date: July 2

text: July 2 – The Confederation of the Equator begins in Pernambuco, Brazil: Wealthy landowners against the government of Emperor Pedro I initiate a secessionist movement for the independence of Pernambuco.


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Charles X succeeds his brother Louis XVIII as King of France.


date: October 4

text: October 4 – The First Constitution of Mexico is ratified, declaring the country to be a federal republic called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos).

source_section: Events › October–December


text: The name Australia, recommended by Matthew Flinders in 1804, is adopted by the British Admiralty as the official name of the country once known as New Holland.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


text: The Dutch sign the Masang Agreement, temporarily ending hostilities in the Padri War.


date: January 21

section: Conflict & Security

text: January 21 – First Anglo-Ashanti War: Battle of Nsamankow – forces of the Ashanti Empire crush British forces in the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana), killing the British governor Sir Charles MacCarthy.


date: February 21

text: February 21 – The Chumash Revolt of 1824 begins against the Spanish presence in Alta California (now the U.S. state of California) as an uprising by the Chumash people at Mission Santa Inés


date: March 5

text: March 5 – The First Anglo-Burmese War begins in much of what is now Bangladesh, and lasts for almost two years until the surrender of territories by the Kingdom of Burma on February 24, 1826.


date: March 11

text: March 11 – The United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – The April Revolt (La Abrilada) in Portugal begins when Prince Miguel acts against his Liberal opponents in defiance of his father John VI.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: May 24

text: May 24 – First Anglo-Burmese War: The British take Rangoon, capital of the Kingdom of Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar), in a surprise attack.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette and a beloved hero of the American Revolution, departs from the port of Le Havre in France on the ship Cadmus for a triumphant return to the United States; he arrives in New York on August 15.


date: July 19

text: July 19 – Don Agustín de Iturbide, who had formerly been President of Mexico and then proclaimed himself Emperor Agustin the First, until being overthrown on March 19, 1823, is executed by a firing squad in the city of Padilla, five days after returning from exile in England.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Peruvian War of Independence: Battle of Junín – Pro-independence forces defeat the Spanish in the highlands of the Junín region.


date: August 7

text: August 7 – The First Anglo-Ashanti War ends when forces of the Ashanti Empire flee the field.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – The visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States begins at Staten Island. He will remain for more than a year before departing on September 7, 1825.


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Peruvian War of Independence: Battle of Ayacucho – Colombian and Peruvian forces led by Antonio José de Sucre defeat the Spanish. The commander, Viceroy de la Serna, surrenders, ending Spain's domination of South America.


date: December 28

text: December 28 – In Australia, in what is now New South Wales, the Bathurst War comes to an end, with the defeat of the Wiradjuri indigenous nation and the peaceful surrender of their leader, Chief Windradyne, at a feast at Parramatta.


text: Egyptian and Albanian troops of the Ottoman Empire overturn the Greek revolt on Crete.


date: March 19

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: March 19 – American explorer Benjamin Morrell departs Antarctica after a voyage later plagued by claims of fraud.


date: April 9

text: April 9 – The first permanent settlers arrive to construct the new city of Tallahassee, Florida, selected to be the capital of the Florida Territory newly acquired from the Kingdom of Spain; the area has been selected because it is roughly equidistant from the territory's main cities, Pensacola and St. Augustine.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – With his crew and 29 convicts aboard the Amity, John Oxley arrives at and founds the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement at what becomes Brisbane, Queensland, in Australia, after leaving Sydney.


date: September 26

text: September 26 – The earliest reference by the British government to an official renaming of its South Pacific Ocean territory as "Australia" comes in a dispatch titled "Taking Possession of Melville and Bathurst Islands", as the Admiral Sir Gordon Bremer refers to "the North Coast of New Holland or Australia".


date: February 10

section: Religion & Belief

text: February 10 – Simón Bolívar is proclaimed dictator of Peru.


date: March 9

section: Economy & Finance

text: March 9 – The Netherlands Trading Society (Netherlandsche Handel-Maatschappij), predecessor of the Dutch bank ABN AMRO, is founded.


date: July 25

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: July 25 – The Montparnasse Cemetery opens in Paris, France.


date: October 10

text: October 10 – The Edinburgh Town Council founds the Edinburgh Municipal Fire Brigade, the first fire brigade in Britain, under the leadership of James Braidwood.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement, receiving BP 5,022 for An Improvement in the Mode of Producing an Artificial Stone.


date: November 30

text: November 30 – The first sod is turned in Ontario for the first of four Welland Canals. The canal opens for a trial run five years later to the day, on November 30, 1829.


date: February 20

section: Science & Discovery

text: February 20 — William Buckland formally announces the name Megalosaurus, the first scientifically validly named non-avian dinosaur species.


text: The Colorado potato beetle is first described, by Thomas Say.


text: The Panoramagram is invented as the first stereoscopic viewer.


date: January 8

section: Culture & Society

text: January 8 – After much controversy, Michael Faraday is finally elected as a member of the Royal Society in London, with only one vote against him.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – The Royal National Lifeboat Institution is founded in the British Isles.


date: April 7

text: April 7 – The Mechanics' Institution is established in Manchester, England at the Bridgewater Arms hotel, as part of a national movement for the education of working men. The institute is the precursor to two Universities in the city: the University of Manchester and the Metropolitan University of Manchester (MMU).


date: May 7

text: May 7 – Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony (the "Choral") premieres at the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna. The deaf composer has to be turned around on the stage to witness the enthusiastic audience reaction.


date: June 16

text: June 16 – The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is established in Great Britain.


date: November 5

text: November 5 – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the first technological university in the English-speaking world, is founded in Troy, New York.


date: December 24

text: December 24 – The first American social fraternity, Chi Phi (ΧΦ), is founded at Princeton University.


date: January 21

section: Births

text: January 21 – Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson, American Confederate general (d. 1863)

source_section: Births › January–June


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Dayananda Saraswati, Hindu religious leader, Vedic scholar who founded the reform movement Arya Samaj (d. 1883)


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Winfield Scott Hancock, American Civil War Union general, Democratic presidential candidate (d. 1886)


date: March 2

text: March 2 – Bedřich Smetana, Czech composer (d. 1884)


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Amasa Leland Stanford, American tycoon, industrialist and politician, 8th Governor of California (d. 1893)


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Charles Pfizer, German-American chemist, co-founder of Pfizer (d. 1906)


text: April 7 – Edward Jones, trespasser who continually broke into Buckingham Palace (d. 1895)


date: June 26

text: June 26 – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Irish-born physicist, engineer (d. 1907)


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney, American writer, reformer, philanthropist (d. 1904)


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Paul Broca, French physician, anthropologist (d. 1880)


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Casto Méndez Núñez, Spanish admiral (d. 1869)

source_section: Births › July–December


date: July 21

text: July 21 – Stanley Matthews, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1889)


date: August 3

text: August 3 – William Burnham Woods, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1887)


date: September 4

text: September 4 – Anton Bruckner, Austrian composer (d. 1896)


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern, wife of Charles Edward Stuart (b. 1752)


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Anne Catherine Emmerich, German Augustinian Canoness, mystic, Marian visionary, ecstatic and stigmatist (b. 1774)


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Eugène de Beauharnais, son of Joséphine de Beauharnais (b. 1781)


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Lord Byron (George Gordon Byron), the British poet, dies at the age of 36 in the Greek city of Missolonghi, where he had taken ill while making plans to liberate the Greeks from Ottoman rule, "not in combat, but of a fever caught in the unhealthy conditions at Missolonghi... exacerbated, it is generally agreed, by the over-zealous actions of his doctors, who bled him excessively."


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, Third Consul of France (b. 1739)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Queen Kamāmalu of Hawaii dies of measles, while accompanying her husband during a visit to the United Kingdom.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – King Kamehameha II of Hawaii dies of measles, during a visit to the United Kingdom, before he can meet with King George IV. Because of the slow communications of the era, news of the King's death does not reach Hawaii until the following March; his funeral would then take place on May 11, 1825, and subsequently he is succeeded by his brother Kamehameha III.


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Kamehameha II, King of Hawaii (b. 1797)


date: July 19

text: July 19 – Alexander Pearce, Irish-born criminal transportee to Van Diemen's Land and cannibal, executed (b. 1790)


text: July 21 – Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II), King of Siam (Thailand) (b. 1767)


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Charles Nerinckx, Belgian-born founder of the Sisters of Loretto (b. 1761)


date: December 5

text: December 5 – Anne Louise Boyvin d'Hardancourt Brillon de Jouy, French confidant of Benjamin Franklin (b. 1744)


date: December 21

text: December 21 – James Parkinson, English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist and political activist (b. 1755)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Pushmataha, chief of the Choctaw Nation (b. c. 1764)


text: February 9 – After no presidential candidate receives a majority of United States Electoral College votes following the 1824 United States presidential election, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams President of the United States in a contingent election.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Second Treaty of Indian Springs: The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government and migrate west.


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Charles X of France recognizes Haiti, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful Haitian Revolution, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment.


date: May

text: May – History of Brisbane: The Australian city of Brisbane is founded.


date: June 2

text: June 2 – The United States Senate ratifies the treaties with the Great Osage and the Little Osage tribes.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Kansas tribe.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Poncas tribe.


date: July 6

text: July 6 – A new Combinations of Workmen Act in the United Kingdom makes trade unions legal according to narrowly defined principles.


text: July 6 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Cheyenne tribe.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Hunkpapa tribe.


date: July 18

text: July 18 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Ricara tribes.


date: July 30

text: July 30 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Mandan, Belantae, Eloa and Minnetaree tribes.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Ricara tribes.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Bolivia gains its independence from Spain as a republic, at the instigation of Simón Bolívar.


date: August 11

text: August 11 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Crow tribe.


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Uruguay is declared independent of the Empire of Brazil by the Thirty-Three Orientals, a militant revolutionary group led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja.


date: September 26

text: September 26 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Missouri and Ottoe tribes.


date: September 30

text: September 30 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Pawnee tribe.


date: November 7

text: November 7 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Shawnee tribe.


date: November 15

text: November 15 – King Joao VI of Portugal promulgates a law recognizing his eldest son, Dom Pedro, as the Emperor of Brazil.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – A rebellion is started by 200 slaves in the Guamacaro region of Cuba, and is suppressed after 12 hours; in the ensuing months, most who were not killed in the battle will be hunted down and killed.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – A skirmish takes place between Dutch-Yogyakartan forces and Javanese rebels, triggering the Java War.


date: September 25

text: September 25 – General Hendrik Merkus de Kock lifts the siege of Jogjakarta, the first major action of the Java War.


date: October

text: October–December – Dispute between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil over the Banda Oriental region leads to the Cisplatine War.


date: December 9

text: December 9 – The British began the Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826) in India.


date: December 26

text: December 26 (O.S.)/December 14 (N.S.) – Some Imperial Russian Army officers stage the Decembrist revolt against Nicholas's accession in Saint Petersburg, but it is thoroughly suppressed by the government.


text: London becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Beijing.


text: July 30 – Malden Island (an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean) is discovered by George Byron, 7th Baron Byron.


text: Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan is founded as a mudfort on the Silk Road


date: February 10

text: February 10 – Simón Bolívar gives up his title of dictator of Peru and takes the alternative title of El Libertador.


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Two Unitarian Christian bodies, the American Unitarian Association in the United States and the British and Foreign Unitarian Association in the United Kingdom are founded, coincidentally on the same date.


date: May 29

text: May 29 – The Coronation of Charles X takes place at the historic site of Reims Cathedral, the last coronation of a French monarch.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – The Norfolk & Dedham Group is founded as The Norfolk Mutual Fire Insurance Company in the United States.


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest, through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company, for the fictitious Central American republic of Poyais. His actions led to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market crash, in England.


date: September 27

text: September 27 – The world's first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opens in England.


date: October 26

text: October 26 – The Erie Canal opens, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie.


text: Hans Christian Ørsted reduces aluminium chloride to produce metallic aluminium.


text: The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London.


text: The Fort Vancouver trading post is established on the lower Columbia River by the Hudson's Bay Company.


text: The United States Postal Service starts a dead letter office.


text: February 10 – Gideon Mantell names and describes the second known dinosaur Iguanodon.


date: March 5

section: Crime & Justice

text: March 5 – Capture of the sloop Anne: Roberto Cofresí, one of the last successful pirates in the Caribbean, is defeated by an international naval force.


date: October 21

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: October 21 – PS Comet II sinks off Gourock (Scotland) with the loss of 62 lives.


text: Minh Mạng outlaws the teaching of Christianity in Vietnam.


date: February 3

section: Climate & Environment

text: February 3 – Vendsyssel-Thy, once part of the Jutland peninsula forming westernmost Denmark, becomes an island after a flood drowns its 1 km mi wide isthmus.


date: October 7

text: October 7 – The Miramichi Fire, a forest fire, breaks out in New Brunswick (Canada).


date: August 22

text: August 22 – The National Mexican Rite is created in Mexico City.


date: September

text: September – The Lady Margaret Boat Club is founded by 12 members of St John's College, Cambridge.


date: December 1

text: December 1 (O.S.)/November 19 (N.S.) – Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brother Alexander I.


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Clement V. Rogers, Cherokee politician, father of Will Rogers (d. 1911)


date: January 25

text: January 25 – George Pickett, American Confederate general (d. 1876)


date: March 13

text: March 13 – Hans Gude, Norwegian romanticist landscape painter (d. 1903)


date: April 11

text: April 11 – Ferdinand Lassalle, Prussian-German philosopher, socialist and politician (d. 1864)


date: May 9

text: May 9 – George Davidson, English-born geodesist, astronomer, geographer, surveyor, and engineer in the United States (d. 1911)


date: August 31

text: August 31 – Robert Dunsmuir, Scottish industrialist, politician (d. 1889)


date: September 4

text: September 4 – Dadabhai Naoroji, Indian politician (d. 1917)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1893)


date: October 11

text: October 11 – Maria Firmina dos Reis, Brazilian abolitionist and author (d. 1917)


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Charles Frederick Worth, English-born fashion designer, father of haute couture (d. 1895)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – A. P. Hill, American Confederate general (d. 1865)


date: November 29

text: November 29 – Jean-Martin Charcot, French physician, neurologist (d. 1893)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – William-Adolphe Bouguereau, French painter and educator (d. 1905)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Mariano Ignacio Prado, Peruvian general and statesman, twice President of Peru (d. 1901)


date: January 4

text: January 4 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies dies in Naples and is succeeded by his son, Francis.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – John Brooks (governor), Massachusetts doctor, military officer, governor (b. 1752)


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Hercules Mulligan, tailor, spy during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1740)


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres, British Army general (b. 1752)


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth, British diplomat (b. 1752)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, French politician (b. 1760)


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Laskarina Bouboulina, Greek independence fighter, heroine (shot) (b. 1771)


date: June 11

text: June 11 – Daniel D. Tompkins, 6th Vice President of the United States (b. 1774)


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Pierre Charles L'Enfant, French architect (b. 1754)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – David Ochterlony, Massachusetts-born general with the East India Company (b. 1758)


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, American politician, soldier (b. 1746)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Daniel Shays, American Revolutionary War captain, also the leader of the Shays's Rebellion (b. 1747)


date: December 28

text: December 28 – James Wilkinson, American soldier, statesman (b. 1757)


date: December 29

text: December 29 – Jacques-Louis David, French painter (b. 1748)


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Unitarian Bernardino Rivadavia becomes the first President of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, now Argentina.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – The Treaty of Yandabo ends the First Anglo-Burmese War. Britain gains Assam, Manipur, Rakhine and Tanintharyi.


date: May 28

text: May 28 – The Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicates as King of Portugal.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – The Burney Treaty is signed in Bangkok between the United Kingdom and the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam, securing British power in southeast Asia.


date: June 22

text: June 22 – The Pan-American Congress of Panama is opened in Panama City by Simon Bolivar as an attempt to unify the republics of the Americas that have recently declared independence from Spain, or to at least make a federation to agree on a common defense policy and create a common military. The Congress lasts for 23 days without an agreement.


text: July 15 – The Congress of Panama adjourns after 24 days without an agreement on creating a federation of Latin American nations.


date: December 16

text: December 16 – Benjamin W. Edwards rides into Mexican-controlled Nacogdoches, Texas, and declares himself ruler of the Republic of Fredonia.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Major Edmund Lockyer arrives at King George Sound to take possession of the western part of Australia, establishing a settlement near Albany.


text: The British East India Company colony of the Straits Settlements is established.

source_section: Events › Date unknown or spanning multiple periods


date: January 18

text: January 18 – In India, the Siege of Bharatpur ends in British victory as Lord Combermere and Michael Childers defeat the princely state of Bharatpur, part of the modern-day Indian state of Rajasthan.


date: April 10

text: April 10 – The Third Siege of Missolonghi ends and is followed by the massacre of thousands of Greek defenders by the Ottoman besiegers.


text: June 14–15 – The Auspicious Incident: Mahmud II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, crushes the last mutiny of janissaries in Istanbul.


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Greek War of Independence: The attempted Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani begins.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Former U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.


date: July 25

text: July 25 (O.S.: July 13) – Five leaders of the Decembrist revolt of 1825 in Russia (Pyotr Kakhovsky, Pavel Pestel, poet Kondraty Ryleyev, Sergey Muravyov-Apostol and Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin) are hanged in Senate Square, Saint Petersburg, where they had launched their attempted coup d'état. Other conspirators begin their journey into exile in Siberia.


date: December 21

text: December 21 – American settlers in Mexican Texas begin the Fredonian Rebellion, making the first attempt to secede from Mexico. The Republic of Fredonia will survive for less than six weeks.


text: December 25 – The Eggnog Riot breaks out at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York during the early morning hours.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Swaminarayan writes the Shikshapatri, an important text within Swaminarayan Hinduism.


text: Mahmud II's council orders the janissaries to drill in the European manner.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – The Paris Stock Exchange opens at the Palais de la Bourse.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, built by engineer Thomas Telford as the first major suspension bridge in world history, is opened between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – In the U.S., Samuel Morey patents an internal combustion engine.


date: May 5

text: May 5 – The Liverpool and Manchester Railway, designed by George Stephenson and Joseph Locke, destined to open as the world's first purpose-built passenger railway operated by steam locomotives in 1830, receives authorisation by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Construction of the Rideau Canal begins in Canada.


date: October 1

text: October 1 – The Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway opens in Scotland.


date: October 7

text: October 7 – The first train operates over the Granite Railway in Massachusetts.


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky develops non-Euclidean geometry (independently of János Bolyai).


text: Aniline is first isolated, from the destructive distillation of indigo, by Otto Unverdorben.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – A male Indian elephant, Chunee, which was brought to London in 1811, is killed at a menagerie after running amok the week before, killing one of his keepers. After arsenic and shooting fail, the animal is stabbed to death.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Ellen Turner, a wealthy 15-year-old heiress from Cheshire in England, is kidnapped by Edward Gibbon Wakefield. On May 14, Wakefield, his brother and a servant are sentenced to three years' imprisonment for the crime. Wakefield later becomes politically active in the colonisation of New Zealand.


date: July 26

text: July 26 – Cayetano Ripoll becomes the last person to be executed by the Spanish Inquisition's successor at its last auto-da-fé, held in Valencia.


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Scottish explorer Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach Timbuktu but is murdered there on September 26.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – William Morgan (anti-Mason) of Batavia, New York, disappears mysteriously after being released from the jail in Canandaigua and agreeing to accompany his benefactor, a Mr. Loton Lawson.He is never seen in public again, and a number of witnesses will indicate later that on September 20, a man resembling Morgan was tied up and thrown into the Niagara River following a meeting of the Masonic Society.


date: January 17

text: January 17 – The Ballantyne printing business in Edinburgh (Scotland) crashes, ruining novelist Sir Walter Scott as a principal investor. He undertakes to repay his creditors from his writings. His publisher, Archibald Constable, also fails.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – The town of Crawford Notch, New Hampshire suffers a landslide; those killed include all seven members of the Willey Family, after whom Mount Willey is named.


date: January 15

text: January 15 – The French newspaper Le Figaro begins publication in Paris, initially as a satirical weekly.


date: February 4

text: February 4 – James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Last of the Mohicans is first printed, by a publisher in Philadelphia.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – University College London is founded, under the name University of London.


date: February 13

text: February 13 – The American Temperance Society is founded.


date: March

text: March – Ludwig van Beethoven's String Quartet No. 13 in B♭ major, Op. 130 is first performed and is premiered by the Schuppanzigh Quartet. In its original form, the piece has Grosse Fuge (later Op. 133) as the final movement.


date: July

text: July – Ludwig van Beethoven puts the finishing touches on the String Quartet No. 14 in C♯ minor, Op. 131, the jewel in the crown of his late string quartets.


date: August 6

text: August 6 — The 17 year old composer Felix Mendelssohn completes the overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream.


date: August 10

text: August 10 – The first Cowes Regatta is held in the Isle of Wight, in the U.K.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – William Daniel, American temperance movement leader (d. 1897)


date: January 27

text: January 27 – Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Russian writer (d. 1889)


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Walter Bagehot, English economist and journalist (d. 1877)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Julia Grant, First Lady of the United States (d. 1902)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Matilda Joslyn Gage, American feminist (d. 1898)


date: March 29

text: March 29 – Wilhelm Liebknecht, German journalist, politician (d. 1900)


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Cyrus K. Holliday, cofounder of Topeka, Kansas, first president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (d. 1900)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Victoriano Sánchez Barcáiztegui, Spanish Navy officer and hero (d. 1875)


date: May 7

text: May 7 – Varina Davis, First Lady of the Confederate States of America (d. 1906)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – George Goyder, surveyor-general of South Australia (d. 1898)


date: July 31

text: July 31 – William S. Clark, American chemist, 3rd President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College (d. 1886)


date: August 7

text: August 7 – August Ahlqvist, Finnish professor, poet, scholar of the Finno-Ugric languages, author, and literary critic (d. 1889)


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Zeng Laishun, Chinese interpreter and educator (d. 1895)


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Léopold Victor Delisle, French medievalist and Administrator General of the Bibliothèque Nationale


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Abraham Woodhull, Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1750)


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Dom João VI, King of Portugal and former Emperor of Brazil, dies six days after he had been served dinner while visiting Jerónimos Monastery. An investigative autopsy 174 years later will discover that he had been killed by arsenic poisoning. King João's, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, sails back to Portugal and briefly reigns as King Pedro IV of Portugal, before turning over the Portuguese throne to his daughter, Maria.


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan, Spanish colonial governor in Cuba (b. 1757)


text: May 4 – Thomas Jeffrey, English-born bushranger, serial killer and cannibal in Van Diemen's Land, hanged (b. c.1791)


date: May 16

text: May 16 – Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna, consort of Alexander I of Russia (b. 1779)


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Nikolay Karamzin, Russian language reformer (b. 1766)


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Carl Maria von Weber, German composer (b. 1786)


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Joseph von Fraunhofer, German optician (b. 1787)


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Thomas Jefferson, 83, 3rd President of the United States (b. 1743), at 12:50 p.m. at his home near Charlottesville, Virginia.


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Luther Martin, delegate to the American Constitutional Convention (b. 1746)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea, English cricketer (b. 1752)


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Józef Zajączek, Polish general, politician (b. 1752)


date: October 25

text: October 25 – Philippe Pinel, French physician (b. 1745)


date: December 11

text: December 11 – Queen-Empress Maria Leopoldina, consort of Pedro IV of Portugal & I of Brazil (b. 1797)


date: January 30

text: January 30 – The first public theatre in Norway, the Christiania Offentlige Theater, is inaugurated in Christiania (modern-day Oslo).


date: April 10

text: April 10 – George Canning succeeds Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.


date: May 21

text: May 21 – The Maryland Democratic Party is founded by supporters of Andrew Jackson in Baltimore, and hosts its first meeting at the Baltimore Atheneum.


date: July 6

text: July 6 – Greek War of Independence: The Treaty of London between France, Britain and Russia, demands that the Turks agree to an armistice in Greece.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Voting is completed in elections for France's 430 member Chamber of Deputies. The Ultraroyalistes, supporters of King Charles X, lose their 233-seat majority and finish with 180 seats, the same number as the opposition Doctrinaires.


date: December 20

text: December 20 – Mexico passes its first "expulsion law", providing for citizens of Spain to be expelled within the next six months, and to remain barred from re-entry until the Kingdom of Spain recognizes Mexico's 1810 declaration of independence. Ultimately, because of all the exemptions within the expulsion act, only 1,779 of the 6,610 Spaniards are required to leave.


date: January

text: January – In Laos, King Anouvong of Vientiane leads the Laotian Rebellion against Siam and successfully attacks Nakhon Ratchasima (the Siamese later invade Vientiane and nearly destroy the whole city).


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Battle of Ituzaingó (Passo do Rosário): A Brazilian Imperial Army force is tactically defeated on the border of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata by Argentine and Uruguayan troops.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Brazilian marines sail up the Rio Negro and attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina; they are defeated by the local citizens.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Battle of Monte Santiago: A squadron of the Brazilian Imperial Navy defeats Argentine vessels after a two-day naval battle.


date: April 24

text: April 24 – Greek War of Independence: Battle of Phaleron – Ottoman troops defeat the Greek rebels.


date: April 29

text: April 29 – The Fly Whisk Incident in Ottoman Algeria: Hussein Dey slaps French consul Pierre Deval on the face, eventually leading to the Invasion of Algiers in 1830.


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Greek defenders in Athens surrender to Egyptian forces under the command of General Rashid Pasha.


date: September 30

text: September 30 – Greek War of Independence: Battle of Itea, a naval battle fought in the Gulf of Corinth.


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828: The Russians under Ivan Paskevich storm Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Armenia.


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Greek War of Independence: Battle of Navarino – British, French and Russian naval forces destroy the Turko-Egyptian fleet in Greece. This is the last naval action to be fought under sail alone.


date: January 5

text: January 5 – The first regatta in Australia is held, taking place in Tasmania (called at the time Van Diemen's Land), on the River Derwent at Hobart.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Scottish-born novelist John Galt founds the town of Guelph in Upper Canada.


date: April 26

text: April 26 – The Royal Netherlands Navy's British-built paddle steamer Curaçao sets off on the first transatlantic crossing by steam, departing from Hellevoetsluis in the Netherlands to Paramaribo in the Netherlands South American colony of Dutch Guiana. The ship arrives after a voyage of four weeks.


date: May 20

text: May 20 – Zarafa, the first giraffe to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, arrives in Marseille as a gift from the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha, to King Charles X of France. The giraffe then begins a 50-day journey to Paris, walking with its handlers toward Paris where it will arrive on July 9.


date: May 24

text: May 24 – The Royal Netherlands Navy's British-built paddle steamer Curaçao completes the first transatlantic crossing by steam, arriving in Paramaribo in Dutch Guiana (now Suriname) four weeks after its April 26 departure from the Netherlands.


date: July 14

text: July 14 – The Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu is founded in the Kingdom of Hawaii.


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Joseph Smith will claim in 1838 that on this day he took the golden plates from the place where they had been stored, and that he began writing down the Book of Mormon from them the following December.


text: The missionary ship Messenger of Peace is built on Rarotonga by English Congregationalist John Williams to spread Christianity to Samoa and the Society Islands on behalf of the London Missionary Society.


date: February 28

text: February 28 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is incorporated, becoming the first railroad in the United States offering commercial transportation of both people and freight.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru receives a French patent for the invention of the first fountain pen.


date: September 20

text: September 20 – A petition for a land grant for 215 acres on the north bank of Rio Grande, just across from Paso del Norte (modern-day Ciudad Juárez), is approved; the first residence is built on what is modern-day El Paso, Texas.


date: January 27

text: January 27 – Author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe first elaborates on his vision of Weltliteratur (world literature), in a letter to Johann Peter Eckermann, declaring his belief that "poetry is the universal possession of mankind", and that "the epoch of world literature is at hand, and each must work to hasten its coming."


date: April 7

text: April 7 – John Walker begins selling his invention, the "Lucifer" friction match, in England.


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Georg Ohm publishes Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet (tr., The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically) in which Ohm's law appears for the first time.


date: June 4

text: June 4 – French inventor Joseph Niépce sends a package to Louis Daguerre revealing the existence of his invention, "heliography", where an image can be reproduced onto a pewter plate and then reprinted. In 1829, the two will begin a partnership, and Daguerre will perfect Niépce's photographic process to reproduce images more quickly.


text: Between June 4–July 18 – In Saint-Loup-de-Varennes, France, Nicéphore Niépce makes the first photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras.


text: John James Audubon begins publication of the 10-volume The Birds of America, in the United Kingdom.


date: March 11

section: Health & Medicine

text: March 11 – The predecessor of Qasr El Eyni Hospital and Cairo University School of Medicine is established in Egypt under the direction of Antoine Clot as the first medical school in the region.


date: September 4

text: September 4 – The Great Fire of Turku destroys three-quarters of the city (at this time Finland's largest), with 27 human casualties.


date: January 15

text: January 15 – Furman University, founded in 1826, begins its first classes with 10 students, as the Furman Academy and Theological Institution, located in Edgefield, South Carolina. By the end of 2016, it will have 2,800 students at its main campus in Greenville, South Carolina.


date: March 15

text: March 15 – The University of Toronto is established by royal charter as King's College at York. It is the first institution of higher education in Upper Canada.


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Freedom's Journal, the first African-American owned and published newspaper in the United States, is founded in New York City by John Russwurm.


date: March 29

text: March 29 — Thousands crowd the streets of Vienna to attend the funeral of Beethoven after his March 26 death. His contemporaries Franz Schubert, Johann Nepomuk Hummel and Carl Czerny serve as torchbearers and Chancellor Metternich speaks.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – Zarafa, the giraffe given by the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt to King Charles X of France, arrives at the royal palace in Paris.


date: November

text: November – The term "socialist" is coined by Robert Owen in his London periodical, The Co-operative Magazine and Monthly Herald.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Sir Sandford Fleming, Scottish-Canadian engineer, inventor (d. 1915)


date: April 2

text: April 2 – William Holman Hunt, British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d. 1910)


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Joseph Lister, English surgeon, medical pioneer (d. 1912)


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Ramón Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican politician, medical doctor and diplomat (d. 1898)


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, British general (d. 1905)


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Alberto Henschel, German-Brazilian photographer, businessman (d. 1882)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Louis Brière de l'Isle, French general (d. 1897)


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Amédée Courbet, French admiral (d. 1885)


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Deodoro da Fonseca, 1st President of Brazil (d. 1892)


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia, granddaughter of Tsar Paul I (d. 1894)


date: November 18

text: November 18 – Mehmed Ali Pasha, Prussian-born Ottoman military leader (d. 1878)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Ellen G. White, American religious leader, cofounder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (d. 1915)


date: November 29

text: November 29 – William Crichton, Scottish engineer and shipbuilder (d. 1889)


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Baron Alexander Wassilko von Serecki, Governor of the Duchy of Bucovina, member of the Herrenhaus (d. 1893)


date: January 5

text: January 5 – Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, heir-presumptive to the British throne (b. 1763)


date: February 13

text: February 13 – Caleb Brewster, Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1747)


date: February 17

text: February 17 – Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Swiss pedagogue (b. 1746)


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt, French general, diplomat (b. 1773)


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Pierre-Simon Laplace, French mathematician (b. 1749)


text: March 5 – Alessandro Volta, Italian physicist (b. 1745)


date: April 29

text: April 29 – Deborah Sampson, first American female soldier (b. 1760)


text: April 29 – Rufus King, American lawyer, politician and diplomat (b. 1755)


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Augustin-Jean Fresnel, French physicist (b. 1788)


date: August 8

text: August 8 – George Canning, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1770)


date: August 12

text: August 12 – William Blake, English poet and artist (b. 1757)


date: August 31

text: August 31 – F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom following the death of George Canning.


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Ugo Foscolo, Greek-born Italian writer, revolutionary and poet (b. 1778)


date: November 10

text: November 10 – St. George Tucker, United States federal judge (b. 1752)


date: January 4

text: January 4 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, succeeds the Comte de Villèle as Prime Minister of France.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organized.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, succeeds Lord Goderich as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.


date: February 21

text: February 21 – The Cherokee Phœnix, the earliest newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States and in one of their indigenous languages, Cherokee, is first issued in New Echota.


date: March 3

text: March 3 – Dom Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil and former King of Portugal, signs a document "to complete my abdication of the Portuguese crown" (made in 1826), to renounce all claims in favor of his daughter Queen Maria II, and to declare "indubitable proof" that he wishes Portugal to be "perpetually separated from the Brazilian nation....in such a manner as may render even the idea of reunion impracticable."


date: April 11

text: April 11 – The city of Bahía Blanca in modern-day Argentina is founded.


date: April 26

text: April 26 – The Treaty of Commerce and Navigation is signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries.


date: August 27

text: August 27 – In South America, the Empire of Brazil and United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina) recognize the independence of Uruguay, causing the end of the Cisplatine War. Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Uruguay gains independence from Brazil.


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Greek War of Independence: the London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty encompassing the Morea and the Cyclades.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – 1828 United States presidential election: Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent John Quincy Adams in a landslide.


date: February 10

text: February 10 – Black War: Cape Grim massacre – About 30 Aboriginal Tasmanians gathering food at a beach are probably ambushed, shot with muskets and killed by four indentured "servants" (or convicts) employed as shepherds for the Van Diemen's Land Company as part of a series of reprisal attacks, with the bodies of some of the men thrown from a 60 metre (200 ft) cliff.


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Simón Bolívar, President of Colombia (and former President of Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia), departs from the capital at Bogotá in order to help his ally, General José Antonio Páez, suppress an uprising near the Venezuelan border, but is sidetracked by another rebellion in Cartagena.


text: April 26 – Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Russo-Turkish War.


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Antonio José de Sucre tries to invade Paraguay, reaching the northern city of Fuerte Olimpo, but the planned invasion is immediately cancelled.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Gran Colombia–Peru War: Gran Colombia's President Simón Bolívar declares war on Peru.


date: June 23

text: June 23 – King Miguel I of Portugal overthrows his niece, Queen Maria II, beginning the Liberal Wars.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Russian forces succeed in the Battle of Akhaltsikhe against the Ottomans, capturing the fortress after an 8-day siege.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Varna is taken by the Russian army.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Anouvong, ruler of the Kingdom of Vientiane, is deposed and the kingdom is annexed by Siam. During the war, the city of Vientiane is obliterated by Siamese forces.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Decembrist revolution (Argentina): Juan Lavalle, returning to Buenos Aires with troops that fought in the Cisplatine War, deposes the provincial governor Manuel Dorrego, reigniting the Argentine Civil Wars.


date: December 9

text: December 9 – An attempt to assassinate Gran Colombia's President Simon Bolívar fails while he is visiting Jamaica. Bolivar accepts a last-minute invitation to be elsewhere and his servant, hired by the Spanish royal government to kill Bolivar, kills Bolivar's paymaster by mistake.


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Ornithologist Carl Julian (von) Graba lands in the little-studied Faroe Islands for a three-month visit to research the bird life.


date: April 20

text: April 20 – French explorer René Caillié becomes the first non-Muslim to enter Timbuktu and later return alive.


date: October 26

text: October 26 – English naturalist and explorer William John Burchell collects the only known specimen of Parabouchetia brasiliensis, an exceptionally rare member of the nightshade family Solanaceae, in central Brazil.


text: The Cornwall Bank, earliest constituent of ANZ bank in Australasia, is formed in Launceston, Van Diemens Land.


text: Ányos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor.


text: Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes urea, possibly discrediting a cornerstone of vitalism.


date: February 19

text: February 19 – The Boston Society for Medical Improvement is established in the United States.


date: December 20

text: December 20 – The U.S. State of Georgia legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the Medical College of Georgia, and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the sixth public medical school to be established.


date: May 26

text: May 26 – The supposed feral child Kaspar Hauser is discovered in Nuremberg, Germany.


date: August 11

text: August 11 – William Corder is hanged at Bury St Edmunds, England, for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn a year earlier.


date: September 17

text: September 17 – 1828 Siebold typhoon: A typhoon kills approximately 10,000 people in Kyūshū, Japan.


date: December 28

text: December 28 – The province of Echigo, Japan, is hit by a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, killing more than 1,500 people.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – The London Zoo opens for members of the Zoological Society of London as the first scientific zoo in the United Kingdom.


date: May 9

text: May 9 – The Sacramental Test Act in the United Kingdom removes most prohibitions on nonconformists and Catholics holding public office.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Lord William Bentinck arrives at Calcutta (modern-day Kolkata) to begin his administration as the new Governor-General of India, on behalf of King George IV of the United Kingdom.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – The British weekly The Spectator is founded by Robert Rintoul as a radical magazine.


text: October 26 – The Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria is established in Russia to maintain the charitable institutions previously under the patronage of the late Empress.


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Publication (begun on January 14) of Franz Schubert's song cycle Winterreise is concluded posthumously.


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Saigō Takamori, Japanese samurai (d. 1877)


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Patrick Cleburne, Irish soldier, Confederate general (d. 1864)


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Sir Randal Cremer, English politician, pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1908)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Horace Gray, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1902)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Johanna Mestorf, German prehistoric archaeologist (d. 1909)


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Josephine Butler, British social reformer (d. 1906)


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Henry Dunant, Swiss founder of the Red Cross, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1910)


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet, painter (d. 1882)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Andrew Taylor Still, American father of osteopathy (d. 1917)


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Jane Stanford, American philanthropist, co-founder of Stanford University, first lady of California (d. 1905)


date: August 28

text: August 28 – William A. Hammond, American military physician, neurologist and 11th Surgeon General of the United States Army (1862–1864) (d. 1900)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Joshua Chamberlain, Governor of Maine, President of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine (d. 1914)


date: November 19

text: November 19 – Rani Lakshmibai, queen of the Maratha-ruled princely Indian state of Jhansi (d. 1858)


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Henry Lomb, German-American optician, co-founder of Bausch & Lomb (d. 1908)


date: January 10

text: January 10 – François de Neufchâteau, French politician, intellectual (b. 1750)


date: February 11

text: February 11 – DeWitt Clinton, 6th Governor of New York, United States Senator (b. 1769)


date: April 16

text: April 16 – Francisco Goya, Spanish painter (b. 1746)


text: May 8 – Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (b. 1781)


date: May 16

text: May 16 – William Congreve, British rocket pioneer (b. 1772)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Lyncoya Jackson, second adopted son of American President Andrew Jackson (b. c. 1811)


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Richard W. Meade, American merchant and art collector (b. 1762)


date: July 9

text: July 9 – Gilbert Stuart, American painter from Rhode Island (b. 1755)


date: July 21

text: July 21 – Charles Manners-Sutton, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1755)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Shaka, most influential leader of the Zulu Kingdom (b. 1787)


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Albrecht Thaer, German agronomist (b. 1752)


date: November 5

text: November 5 – Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg), Empress of Paul I of Russia (b. 1759)


text: November 19 – Franz Schubert, Austrian composer and songwriter (b. 1797)


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Rachel Jackson, wife of U.S. President Andrew Jackson (b. 1767)


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Greece receives autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in the London Protocol, signed by Russia, France and Britain, effectively ending the Greek War of Independence. Greece continues to seek full independence through diplomatic negotiations with the three Great Powers.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Vicente Guerrero becomes president of Mexico.


date: April 13

text: April 13 – The Catholic Relief Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, granting a substantial measure of Catholic emancipation in Britain and Ireland.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – The Swan River Colony (later to become the cities of Perth and Fremantle) is founded in Western Australia. This secures the western third of the Australian landmass for the British.


date: August 8

text: August 8 – The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac as Prime Minister of France.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – The Ottoman Empire signs the Treaty of Adrianople with Russia, ending the Russo-Turkish War.


date: October 1

text: October 1 – South African College is inaugurated in Cape Town.


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Battle of Tarqui: Troops of Gran Colombia and Peru battle to a draw.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – The bloodless Wellington–Winchilsea duel takes place at Battersea near London


date: July 2

text: July 2 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Russian Field-Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch launches the Trans-Balkan Offensive, which brings the Russian army within 68 km mi of Istanbul.


date: October 17

text: October 17 – Kaspar Hauser is found wounded.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba.


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Pope Pius VIII succeeds Pope Leo XII as the 253rd pope.


date: April 4

text: April 4 – The Mexican city of Cuautla, Morelos, is founded.


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Joseph Smith claims to have received the Aaronic Priesthood from John the Baptist.


date: April 21

text: April 21– Popular German conductor Felix Mendelssohn begins his first of 10 visits to Britain, touring the island until November 28. This includes the first London performance of his concert overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, and his trip to Fingal's Cave.


date: May 6

text: May 6 – The patent for an instrument called the accordion is applied for by Cyrill Demian (officially approved on May 23).


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Robert Peel establishes the Metropolitan Police Service in London, the first modern police force. The first officers, known by the nickname "bobbies", go on patrol on September 29.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – George Shillibeer begins operating the first bus service in London.


date: July 23

text: July 23 – In the United States, William Burt obtains the first patent for a form of typewriter, the typographer.


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Finsteraarhorn, the highest summit of the Bernese Alps, is first ascended.


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill trials to determine the practicality of steam locomotives to operate the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in England.


date: October 16

text: October 16 – The first modern hotel in the United States, Tremont House (Boston), opens.


date: November 30

text: November 30 – The original Welland Canal opens for a trial run, with a ceremony at Port Dalhousie, Upper Canada.


date: January 19

text: January 19 – August Klingemann's adaptation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres in Braunschweig.


date: March 11

text: March 11 – German composer Felix Mendelssohn conducts the first performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion since the latter's death in 1750, in Berlin; the success of this performance sparks a revival of interest in Bach.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – The Philadelphia Inquirer is founded in the U.S. as The Pennsylvania Inquirer.


date: June 10

text: June 10 – The Oxford University Boat Club wins the first inter-university Boat Race, rowed at Henley-on-Thames.


date: August 3

text: August 3 – Gioacchino Rossini's opera William Tell (Guillaume Tell) is first performed, in Paris.


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Mrs. Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship Sulphur, cuts down a tree to mark the founding day of the town of Perth, Western Australia.


date: August 14

text: August 14 – King's College London is founded by Royal Charter, under the patronage of King George IV and the Prime Minister, The Duke of Wellington.


date: September 28

text: September 28 – African-American abolitionist David Walker publishes his Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, in Boston, Massachusetts.


date: November 5

text: November 5 – The Chalmers University of Technology is founded in Gothenburg, Sweden.


text: November 5 – Technical University of Denmark (DTU) opens.


date: December 4

text: December 4 – In India, Lord William Bentinck, British Governor General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal, pushes through a regulation declaring that all who abet sati (suttee) (the self-immolation of a widow on her husband's funeral pyre) in parts of British India are guilty of culpable homicide. This follows long campaigning by Bengali reformer Ram Mohan Roy.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – William Stanley, British inventor, engineer (d. 1909)


date: March 2

text: March 2 – Carl Schurz, German revolutionary, American statesman (d. 1906)


date: March 16

text: March 16 – George M. Robeson, American politician (d. 1897)


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Allan Octavian Hume, British civil servant (d. 1912)


date: June 5

text: June 5 – George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, Scottish-Canadian businessman, philanthropist (d. 1921)


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Sir John Everett Millais, British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d. 1896)


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Geronimo, indigenous American (Apache) leader (d. 1909)


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1896)


date: July 26

text: July 26 – Auguste Beernaert, Belgian statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1912)


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Sidney Hill, English philanthropist (d. 1908)


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States (d. 1886)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Sir Peter Lumsden, British general in the Indian army (d. 1918)


date: November 10

text: November 10 – Newton Knight, American farmer, soldier and Southern Unionist in Mississippi and Civil War guerrilla (d. 1922)


date: November 28

text: November 28 – Anton Rubinstein, Russian pianist, composer (d. 1894)


date: January 12

text: January 12 – Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, German poet, philosopher, and philologist (b. 1772)


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Alexander Griboyedov, Russian playwright, diplomat (b. 1795)


date: March 5

text: March 5 – John Adams, last surviving Bounty mutineer (b. 1767)


date: May 10

text: May 10 – Thomas Young, English physician, linguist (b. 1773)


date: May 17

text: May 17 – John Jay, first Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1745)


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Shanawdithit, last known pure-blooded member of the Beothuk people (b. c. 1801)


date: June 27

text: June 27 – James Smithson, British mineralogist, chemist, whose fortune eventually went to the United States of America, and was used to initially fund the Smithsonian Institution (b. 1764)


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Hannah Mather Crocker, American essayist, advocate of women's rights in America (b. 1752)


date: September 28

text: September 28 – David Gillespie, American surveyor and politician (b. 1774)


date: October 29

text: October 29 – Maria Anna Mozart ("Nannerl"), Austrian musician and composer, sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1751)


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, French chemist, discoverer of beryllium and chromium (b. 1763)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Bushrod Washington, American Supreme Court justice (b. 1762)


date: December 12

text: December 12 – John Lansing Jr., American statesman (disappeared) (b. 1754)


date: December 28

text: December 28 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French scientist (b. 1744)


text: In Jiaozhi (present-day northern Vietnam), during the Second Era of Northern Domination, the local army launches a coup, captures the governor, and subsequently executes him. After the coup, Emperor Ling appoints a new Jiaozhi governor, who brings peace to the region, and is praised by the residents.

source_section: Events


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Lady Zhen, wife of the Cao Wei state Emperor Cao Pi (d. 221)

source_section: Births


text: Lu Xun, Chinese general and politician of the Eastern Wu state (d. 245)


text: Hu Zong, Chinese general, official and poet of the Eastern Wu state (d. 242)


text: Liu Zan (Zhengming), Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 255)


text: January 12–27 – Webster–Hayne debate: In the United States Congress, Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates against Daniel Webster of Massachusetts about the question of states' rights vs. federal authority.


date: February 3

text: February 3 – The London Protocol establishes the full independence and sovereignty of Greece from the Ottoman Empire, as the result of the Greek War of Independence.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia.


date: May 28

text: May 28 – The Indian Removal Act is signed into law by U.S. President Andrew Jackson, beginning the "Trail of Tears" with the forced relocation of more than 60,000 Indigenous Americans from the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations from the southeastern United States to what is now the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The relocation is accomplished by the end of 1838. In addition to the five tribes, thousands of Indian-owned black slaves are moved as well, and the move has the effect of beginning mass destruction of bison in North America.


date: June 26

text: June 26 – William IV succeeds his brother George IV, as King of the United Kingdom.


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Uruguay adopts its first constitution.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Greece grants citizenship to Romaniote Jews.


date: July 29

text: July 29 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France end with establishment of a provisional government in Paris.


date: August 2

text: August 2 – King Charles X abdicates the throne in favour of his grandson Henri, Count of Chambord, who never takes the throne.


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Louis Philippe, the "Citizen King", becomes King of the French.


date: August 13

text: August 13 – The Duc de Broglie is appointed Prime Minister of France by Louis Philippe.


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Belgian Revolution: The army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands fails to retake Brussels; a National Congress is summoned to draw up a Constitution and a Provisional Government of Belgium is established under Charles Latour Rogier.


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Belgian Revolution: The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium.


date: October

text: October – The Regeneration in Switzerland begins: more liberal constitutions are adopted in most cantons.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France.


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – On what becomes called "the Ustertag", men of the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland gather to demand a new constitution.


text: November 22 – The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.


date: December 20

text: December 20 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers.


date: March 28

text: March 28 – The Java War ends with the capture of Prince Diponegoro during negotiations with Dutch commander Hendrik Merkus de Kock.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – French invasion of Algiers, leading to creation of French Algeria.


date: July 26

text: July 26 – The July Revolution in France begins when people in Paris rebel against the July Ordinances, issued earlier in the day at Saint-Cloud by King Charles X of France.


date: July 27

text: July 27 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France begin. The Paris mob clashes with the National Guard: over the period 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers will die.


date: July 31

text: July 31 – King Charles X of France flees to the Château de Rambouillet.


date: August 25

text: August 25 – The Belgian Revolution begins in Brussels with revolts against King William I of the Netherlands.


date: November 29

text: November 29 – The Polish November Uprising begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.


text: Austins of Derry is established in Northern Ireland. Until closure in 2016, it is the world's oldest independent department store.


date: March 26

text: March 26 – The Book of Mormon, subtitled "An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon, Upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi", is first published, with E. B. Grandin printing the original edition in Palmyra, New York.


date: April 6

text: April 6 – Joseph Smith and five others organize the Church of Christ (later renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), the first formally organized church of the Latter Day Saint movement, in northwestern New York.


text: Sogo, a Japanese department store brand founded in Osaka, Japan, as predecessor part of Seven & I Retail Group.


date: July 17

text: July 17 – Barthélemy Thimonnier is granted a French patent (#7454) for a sewing machine: it chain stitches at 200/minute.


date: August 31

text: August 31 – Edwin Beard Budding is granted an English patent for the invention of the lawn mower.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – The opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the world's first intercity passenger railway operated solely by steam locomotives, takes place in England, UK.


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Thomas Cochrane is granted a patent for the first airlock.


text: 10,000 chests of opium are sold in China.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – A fire destroys the Argyll Rooms in London, where the Philharmonic Society of London presents concerts, but firefighters are able to prevent its further spread by use of their new equipment, steam-powered fire engines.


date: June 12

text: June 12 – 7.5 magnitude earthquake kills more than 7,400 people in the Chinese province of Hebei.


date: January 11

text: January 11 – LaGrange College (later the University of North Alabama) begins operation, becoming the first publicly chartered college in Alabama.


date: May 15

text: May 15 – The Royal Swedish Yacht Club (KSSS) is founded.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – The General Assembly's Institution (later the Scottish Church College), one of the pioneering institutions that ushers in the Bengali Renaissance, is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in Calcutta, India.


date: December 5

text: December 5 – Hector Berlioz's most famous work, Symphonie fantastique, has its world premiere in Paris.


text: The Glyptothek museum of classical sculpture, commissioned by King Ludwig I of Bavaria, is opened as Munich's first public museum.


text: The Entuzjastki society is founded in Poland.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Hans von Bülow, German conductor, pianist and composer (d. 1894)


date: January 31

text: January 31 – James G. Blaine, 28th and 31st United States Secretary of State (d. 1893)


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1903)


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Eadweard Muybridge, English photographer, pioneer of photographic studies of motion (d. 1904)


date: May 9

text: May 9 – Harriet Lane, Acting First Lady of the United States (d. 1903)


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Camille Pissarro, French painter (d. 1903)


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Clements Markham, English explorer (d. 1916)


date: July 25

text: July 25 – John Jacob Bausch, German-American optician who co-founded Bausch & Lomb (d. 1926)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Frédéric Mistral, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1914)


date: September 12

text: September 12 – William Sprague IV, American politician from Rhode Island (d. 1915)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Maria Theresia Bonzel, German Roman Catholic nun and saint (d. 1905)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Caroline Webster Schermerhorn Astor, prominent American socialite (d. 1908)


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Emily Dickinson, American poet (d. 1886)


date: December 19

text: December 19 – Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson, American writer and publisher (d. 1913)


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Carlota Joaquina of Spain, Queen consort of Portugal (b. 1775)


text: January 7 – Thomas Lawrence, English painter (b. 1769)


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Sir Robert Farquhar, British merchant, colonial governor and politician (b. 1776)


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, French marshal (b. 1764)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Swaminarayan (Sahajanand Swami), Indian yogi, central figure in Swaminarayan Hinduism (b. 1781)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – David Walker, African-American abolitionist (b. 1796)


date: September 18

text: September 18 – William Hazlitt, English essayist (b. 1778)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Alice Flowerdew, British teacher, poet, and hymnwriter, (b. 1759)


text: September 23 – Elizabeth Monroe, First Lady of the United States (b. 1768)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg, Prussian military leader (b. 1759)


date: October 11

text: October 11 – José de La Mar, military leader, President of Peru (b. 1776)


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Petar I Petrović-Njegoš, ruler of Montenegro (b. 1747)


date: December 6

text: December 6 – Morton Eden, 1st Baron Henley, British diplomat (b. 1752)


date: December 8

text: December 8 – Benjamin Constant, Swiss writer (b. 1767)


date: February 7

text: February 7 – The Belgian Constitution of 1831 is approved by the National Congress.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – The French Foreign Legion is founded.


date: April 7

text: April 7 – Pedro I abdicates as Emperor of Brazil in favor of his 5-year-old son Pedro II, who will reign for almost 59 years.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Russian imperial officials in Wallachia adopt Regulamentul Organic, introducing a period of unprecedented reforms that provide for Westernization of this region of Romania.


date: July 21

text: July 21 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is inaugurated as the first King of the Belgians, in Brussels.


date: September 22

text: September 22 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Great Reform Bill to expand the franchise, but this is later defeated in the House of Lords.


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Ecuador and Venezuela are separated from Gran Colombia.


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Dutch naval lieutenant Jan van Speyk blows up his own gunboat in Antwerp rather than strike his colours on the demand of supporters of the Belgian Revolution.


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Battle of Debre Abbay: Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray, and defeats and kills the warlord Sabagadis.


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Battle of Olszynka Grochowska (Grochów): Polish rebel forces divide a Russian army.


date: March 29

text: March 29 – The Bosnian uprising (1831–32) against the Ottoman Empire begins.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Ending of the First Anglo-Ashanti War (1823–1831).


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Battle of Ostrołęka: The Poles fight another indecisive battle.


date: August 2

text: August 2 – The Dutch Ten Days' Campaign against Belgium is halted by a French army.


date: August 21

text: August 21 - Nat Turner's slave rebellion in the United States breaks out in Southampton County, Virginia.


date: September 8

text: September 8– Battle of Warsaw: The Army of Russia takes the Polish capital after a two-day battle to crush the Polish uprising.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Ioannis Kapodistrias, Greek head of state and founder of Greek independence, is assassinated in Nafplion.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – The November Uprising ends in the defeat of Polish forces.


date: October 29

text: October 29 – The 1831 Bristol riots ("Queen Square riots") in Bristol (England) begin, in connection with the Great Reform Bill controversy. Quelled by the authorities and the military on October 31, 100 city centre properties are destroyed, at least 120 are estimated to have been killed, 31 of the rioters will be sentenced to death and a colonel facing court-martial for failure to control the riot commits suicide.


date: October 30

text: October 30 – In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave rebellion in United States history.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – First Canut Revolt: After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 deaths, rebellious silk workers seize Lyon, France.


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833): The start of the one year Siege of Akka by Egyptian forces.


date: December 27

text: December 27 – The Baptist War (Christmas Rebellion) begins in Jamaica, with the setting afire of the Kensington House in St James Parish, inspiring thousands of black slaves to revolt against their British masters. At its peak, more than 20,000 people will be involved, and more than 500 killed.


text: Scholar Rifa'a at-Tahtawi returns from study in Paris to Egypt, where he will participate in the Nahda.


text: Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833): Egyptian forces under Muhammad Ali occupy Ottoman Syria.


date: February 8

text: February 8 – French-born botanical explorer Aimé Bonpland leaves Paraguay for Argentina.


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Auxiliary paddle steamer Sophia Jane arrives at Sydney from London, becoming the first steamboat to operate in the coastal waters of New South Wales.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – British Royal Navy officer James Clark Ross locates the position of the North Magnetic Pole, at this time on the Boothia Peninsula.


text: December 27 – Charles Darwin embarks from Plymouth on the second voyage of HMS Beagle which will be the foundation for his life of scientific study.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Pope Gregory XVI succeeds Pope Pius VIII, as the 254th pope.


date: February

text: February–March – Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops.


date: August 7

text: August 7 – American Baptist minister William Miller preaches his first sermon on the Second Advent of Christ in Dresden, New York, launching the Advent Movement in the United States.


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Japanese department store, Takashimaya in Kyoto established.


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Slave trading is forbidden in Brazil.


date: December 26

text: December 26 – Global financial services business Assicurazioni Generali is founded in Trieste (at this time in the Austrian Empire) as Imperial Regia Privilegiata Compagnia di Assicurazioni Generali Austro-Italiche.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Michael Faraday constructs an early form of dynamo.


date: August 29

text: August 29 - Michael Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction at the Royal Society of London. Joseph Henry recognises it at about the same time.


date: May

text: May–June – Merthyr Rising: Coal miners and others riot in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, for improved working conditions.


date: June 21

text: June 21 – The North Carolina State House and Canova's George Washington are destroyed by fire in Raleigh, North Carolina.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – The volcanic Graham Island briefly emerges in the Mediterranean.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper, in Boston, Massachusetts.


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Victor Hugo's historical romantic Gothic novel Notre-Dame de Paris, known in English as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, is published in Paris.


date: April 18

text: April 18 – The University of Alabama is founded.


text: April 18 – The Sydney Morning Herald newspaper is first published, as the Sydney Herald.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Coronation of King William IV of the United Kingdom (he will reign until 1837).


date: September 28

text: September 28– The first national presidential nominating convention in the United States concludes after three days as the Anti-Masonic Party selects its nominee for president in Baltimore, Maryland.


date: November 8

text: November 8 – The Kings School (Parramatta) was approved to be established.


text: New York University in New York City


text: Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut


text: Founding of educational establishments:


text: Wallinska skolan, the first secondary school for girls in the Swedish capital of Stockholm.


text: Xavier University in Cincinnati (as "The Athenaeum")


text: Denison University in Granville, Ohio


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Savitribai Jyotirao Phule, Indian social reformer, poet (d. 1897)


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Leo von Caprivi, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1899)


date: March 3

text: March 3 – Gioacchino La Lomia, Italian Roman Catholic priest and venerable (d. 1905)


text: March 3 – George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist (d. 1897)


date: March 6

text: March 6 – Philip Sheridan, American general (d. 1888)


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Helena Blavatsky, Russian-born author, theosophist (d. 1891)


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Ebenezer Cobb Morley, English sportsman and the father of modern football (d. 1924)


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Lucy Webb Hayes, First Lady of the United States (d. 1889)


date: September 3

text: September 3 – States Rights Gist, Confederate Brigadier General in the American Civil War (d. 1864)


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Frederick III, German Emperor (d. 1888)


date: November 5

text: November 5 – Anna Leonowens, Anglo-Indian educator (Anna of The King and I) (d. 1915)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Mélanie Calvat, French Roman Catholic nun, Marian Visionary, canonized (d. 1904)


date: November 19

text: November 19 – James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (d. 1881)


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (d. 1853)


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Vicente Guerrero, 2nd President of Mexico, Independence War hero (b. 1782)


text: February 14 – Sabagadis, Ethiopian warlord (b. c. 1770)


date: February 17

text: February 17 – Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b. 1785)


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Charles Felix of Sardinia, King of Sardinia (b. 1765)


text: April 27 – Charles Albert becomes king of Sardinia after the death of King Charles Felix.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – Collet Barker, British military officer, explorer (b. 1784)


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Sarah Siddons, English actress (b. 1755)


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Sophie Germain, French mathematician (b. 1776)


date: July 16

text: July 16 – Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron, Russian general (b. 1763)


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Nat Turner, American slave rebel (b. 1800)


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Georg Hegel, German philosopher (b. 1770)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Carl von Clausewitz, German military strategist (b. 1780)


date: December 15

text: December 15 – Hannah Adams, American author (b. 1755)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Emilia Plater, Polish heroine (b. 1806)


date: February 6

text: February 6 – The Swan River Colony is renamed Western Australia.


date: February 9

text: February 9 – The Florida Legislative Council grants a city charter for Jacksonville, Florida.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands.


date: May 7

text: May 7 – The Treaty of London creates an independent Kingdom of Greece. Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria, is chosen King; thus begins the history of modern Greece.


date: May 11

text: May 11 – Greece is recognized as a sovereign nation; the Treaty of Constantinople ends the Greek War of Independence in July.


date: June 7

text: June 7 – The Reform Act receives royal assent after passage by the British Parliament, reforming the electoral system and setting uniform law for voting rights in England and Wales, though not in Scotland or Ireland.


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Principal Chief Levi Colbert (Itawamba Mingo) and other leaders of the Chickasaw Nation of American Indians sign the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek with the United States, ceding their remaining 9,400 square miles of land to the U.S., in return for a promise that they will receive all proceeds of sales of the land by the federal government to private owners, along with expenses for relocation and food and supplies for one year. The area ceded includes the entire northern one-sixth of the state of Mississippi.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – 1832 United States presidential election: Andrew Jackson is re-elected president.


date: December 28

text: December 28 – John C. Calhoun becomes the first Vice President of the United States to resign.


text: George Catlin starts to live among the Sioux in the Dakota Territory.


date: January 13

text: January 13 – The Christmas Rebellion of slaves is brought to an end in Jamaica, after the island's white planters organize militias and the British Army sends companies of the 84th regiment to enforce martial law. More than 300 of the slave rebels will be publicly hanged for their part in the destruction.


date: March 24

text: March 24 – In Hiram, Ohio, a group of men beat, tar and feather Mormon leader Joseph Smith.


date: April 6

text: April 6 – The Black Hawk War begins in the United States.


date: May 10

text: May 10 – The Egyptians, aided by Maronites, seize Acre from the Ottoman Empire after a 7-month siege.


date: June 5

text: June 5–6 – The June Rebellion in France, anti-monarchist riots led chiefly by local students and workers, breaks out in Paris.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – The Commissioner of Indian Affairs post is created within the United States Department of War.


date: August 2

text: August 2 – The Bad Axe Massacre ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the United States.


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Black Hawk (Sauk leader) surrenders to the United States authorities, ending the Black Hawk War.


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Qasim al-Ahmad is appointed as the new Ottoman Governor (mutasallim) of Jerusalem (Kudüs), after Sultan Mahmud II dismisses Muhammad Said Agha.


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Siege of Antwerp: The last remaining Dutch stronghold, Antwerp Citadel, comes under French attack in the aftermath of the Belgian Revolution.


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Battle of Konya: The Egyptians defeat the main Ottoman army in central Anatolia.


date: December 23

text: December 23 – The Siege of Antwerp ends with the Dutch garrison losing the citadel.


text: Publication begins (posthumously) of Carl von Clausewitz's Vom Kriege ("On War").


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Charles Darwin and the crew of arrive at South America for the first time.


date: May 16

text: May 16 – Juan Godoy discovers the rich silver outcrops of Chañarcillo sparking the Chilean silver rush.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – The United States Survey of the Coast is revived within the Department of the Treasury.


text: A local guide working for British explorer B. H. Hodgson during a Himalayan expedition claimed to have spotted a large bipedal creature running away in fear. It would become the first sighting of the so-called Yeti.


date: August 7

text: August 7 – William Howley, Archbishop of Canterbury, has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit to Canterbury because of his opposition to the Reform Act in the United Kingdom.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Global conglomerate Jardine Matheson is founded in Canton (modern day Guangzhou) in Qing dynasty China by Scottish merchants.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Nullification Crisis: The U.S. state of South Carolina passes the Ordinance of Nullification, challenging the power of the U.S. federal government, by declaring that it will not enforce national tariffs signed into law in 1828 and 1832.


date: December 10

text: December 10 – U.S. President Andrew Jackson responds to the Nullification Crisis by threatening to send the U.S. Army and Navy into South Carolina if it does not comply.


text: The City of Buffalo in New York is incorporated.


text: Global watch brand Longines is founded in Switzerland.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – The Rideau Canal in eastern Ontario (Canada) is opened.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – The Strasburg Rail Road is incorporated by the Pennsylvania State Legislature, making it the oldest continuously operating railroad in the Western Hemisphere.


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Prince Otto of Bavaria, the second oldest son of King Ludwig I, is selected by Europe's major powers to become Othon, the first King of Greece, after the Hellenic nation's reacquisition of independence.


text: The Cumberland and Oxford Canal connects the largest lakes of southern Maine with the seaport of Portland, Maine.


text: The first commutator DC electric motor, capable of turning machinery, is demonstrated by William Sturgeon in London.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – André-Michel Guerry presents his Essay on moral statistics of France to the French Academy of Sciences, a significant step in the founding of empirical social science.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – A cholera epidemic in London claims at least 3,000 lives; the contagion spreads to France and North America later this year.


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison founds the New-England Anti-Slavery Society.


date: February 26

text: February 26 — Frédéric Chopin made his highly anticipated Paris debut on at the Salle Pleyel. The concert featured his own Piano Concerto in E Minor and Variations on 'Là ci darem la mano', and was attended by the city's musical and cultural elite, including Franz Liszt and Felix Mendelssohn. The concert would catapult him as one of the most popular composers in not only Paris but all of Europe.


text: May 30 – The Hambacher Fest, a demonstration for civil liberties and national unity in Germany, ends with no result.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Durham University is founded in the north of England by an act of Parliament given royal assent by King William IV.


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Leopold I of Belgium marries the daughter of the French king Louise of Orléans in a dynastic marriage at the Château de Compiègne


date: October 29

text: October 29 - Alpha Delta Phi, the sixth-oldest college fraternity, is founded as a literary society by Samuel Eells at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York.


date: November 21

text: November 21 – Wabash College, a small, private, liberal arts college for men, is founded.


text: The first Baedeker guidebook, Voyage du Rhin de Mayence à Cologne, is published in Koblenz.


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Louis Maurer, German-American lithographer, and the father of painter Alfred Henry Maurer (d. 1932)

source_section: Births › January–February


date: March 10

text: March 10 – John Owen Dominis, prince consort of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi as the husband of Queen Liliʻuokalani (d. 1891)

source_section: Births › March–April


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Howell Edmunds Jackson, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1895)


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Lucretia Garfield, First Lady of the United States (d. 1918)


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Joseph Rainey, American politician, first black person in the House of Representatives (d. 1887)

source_section: Births › May–June


text: August 9 – Alexander von Monts, officer in the Prussian Navy and later the German Imperial Navy (d. 1889)

source_section: Births › July–August


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Wilhelm Wundt, German physiologist, philosopher, and professor, and pioneer of modern psychology (d. 1920)


date: August 26

text: August 26 – Charles DeRudio, Italian aristocrat and U.S. Army officer (d. 1910)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – John Smith, nephew of Joseph Smith, the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and the fifth Presiding Patriarch of LDS Church (d. 1911)

source_section: Births › September–October


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Caroline Harrison, First Lady of the United States (d. 1892)


text: October 1 – Henry Clay Work, American composer and songwriter (d. 1884)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Émile Gaboriau, French writer, novelist, journalist, and a pioneer of detective fiction (d. 1873)

source_section: Births › November–December


date: December 8

text: December 8 – Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Norwegian author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1910)


date: December 27

text: December 27 – Thomas Blakiston, English explorer, zoologist, and naturalist. (d. 1891)


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Ignacio López Rayón, leader of the Mexican War of Independence (b. 1773)

source_section: Deaths › January–June


date: February 3

text: February 3 – George Crabbe, English poet and naturalist (b. 1754)


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Jean-François Champollion, French Egyptologist (b. 1790)


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Georges Cuvier, French zoologist (b. 1769)


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Évariste Galois, French mathematician (b. 1811)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Jean Maximilien Lamarque, French general and politician (b. 1770)


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher (b. 1748)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, French military engineer and physicist (b. 1796)

source_section: Deaths › July–December


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Karl Christian Friedrich Krause, German philosopher (b. 1781)


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Marie-Jeanne de Lalande, French astronomer and mathematician (b. 1768)


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Henry Eckford, Scottish-born American shipbuilder, naval architect, industrial engineer, and entrepreneur (b. 1775)


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and U.S. Senator (b. 1737)


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Jean-Baptiste Say, French economist, originator of Say's law (b. 1767)


date: December 29

text: December 29 – James Hillhouse, American politician and congressman from Connecticut, 1791 until 1810 (b. 1754)


date: January 3

text: January 3 – The United Kingdom reasserts British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: April 1

text: April 1 – General Antonio López de Santa Anna is elected President of Mexico by the legislatures of 16 of the 18 Mexican states. During his frequent absences from office to fight on the battlefield, Santa Anna turns the duties of government over to his vice president, Valentín Gómez Farías.


date: May 6

text: May 6 – The Ottoman Empire promulgates a firman ratifying the Peace Agreement of Kütahya, bringing an end to the Egyptian-Ottoman War.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – The Chilean Constitution of 1833 is promulgated.


date: July 8

text: July 8 – The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi creates an alliance between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: August 26

text: August 26 – The Canton of Basel is partitioned by the Swiss Tagsatzung to create the two half-cantons of Basel-City and Basel-Country.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – The British Slavery Abolition Act 1833, beginning the process of giving slaves in much of the British Empire their freedom, receives royal assent, with an effective date of August 1, 1834. A £20 million fund is established to compensate slaveowners.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom votes to pass the Factory Acts, limiting child labour.


text: Greece recaptures the Acropolis of Athens.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Prince Otto Friedrich Ludwig of Bavaria arrives at the port of Nafplio to assume the title King Othon the First of Greece.


text: May 6 – In Alexandria, Virginia, an attack is made on U.S. President Andrew Jackson.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: May 10

text: May 10 – The Le Van Khoi revolt breaks out in southern Vietnam against Emperor Minh Mang, who has desecrated the deceased mandarin Le Van Duyet.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Dubai secedes from Abu Dhabi.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – Liberal Wars: The forces of Queen Maria II of Portugal win the Battle of Cape St. Vincent, defeating the supporters of her uncle, King Miguel, who usurped the throne in 1828.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Three-year-old Isabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. Her uncle Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the First Carlist War.


date: November 12

text: November 12–13 – A very spectacular occurrence of the Leonid meteor shower is observed all over North America, and is the inspiration for the song "Stars Fell on Alabama".

source_section: Events › October–December


date: August 12

text: August 12 – The settlement of Chicago is established by 350 settlers at the estuary of the Chicago River in the U.S. state of Illinois.


date: August 18

text: August 18 – The Canadian ship sets out from Pictou, Nova Scotia on a 25-day passage of the Atlantic Ocean, primarily under steam, to Gravesend in England.


date: February 16

text: February 16 – The United States Supreme Court hands down its landmark decision of Barron v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore.


date: July 14

text: July 14 – At Oxford University, John Keble preaches a sermon against the Church Temporalities (Ireland) Act 1833. Keble's sermon, published afterwards published as National Apostasy, is traditionally considered as the beginning of the Oxford Movement of High Church Anglicans.


text: Madras College in St Andrews, Scotland.


text: American healthcare brand McKesson Corporation established as a partnership.


text: May 6 – In Germany, Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber obtain permission to build an electromagnetic telegraph in Göttingen.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage, both pioneers in developing a computer, are introduced to each other by Mary Somerville.


text: The dawn of biochemistry: The first enzyme, diastase, is discovered by Anselme Payen.


date: May 11

text: May 11 – At least 170 people—and perhaps as many as 265—are killed when the British brig Lady of the Lake sinks off Cape St. Francis at Newfoundland. Only 15 people survive.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – A mob in Jackson County, Missouri, destroys the printing office of the early Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints containing what becomes known as The Doctrine and Covenants.


date: August 31

text: August 31 – The chartered ship Amphitrite sinks off Boulogne-sur-Mer while transporting 108 British female convicts and 12 children from Woolwich in England to New South Wales in what is now Australia. All of the passengers die, along with 13 of the 16 crew, leaving 3 survivors.