text: Lady Zhang, wife of Zhu Quanzhong


section: Deaths

text: Kurszán, ruler (gyula) of the Magyars

source_section: Deaths


text: Du Xunhe, Chinese poet (b. 846)


text: Li Shenfu, general of the Tang dynasty


section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Sancho I succeeds Fortún I as King of Pamplona, and creates a Basque kingdom centered in Navarre (modern-day Spain).

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


date: July 21

section: Conflict & Security

text: July 21 – Berengar I and a hired Hungarian army defeat the Frankish force at Verona. They take Louis III as prisoner and Berengar blinds him for breaking his oath.


text: Louis III, Holy Roman Emperor, launches another attempt to invade Italy. A Frankish expeditionary force, led by Adalbert I of Ivrea, captures Pavia, and Berengar I retires to Verona.


text: China loses control over Annam (Northern Vietnam). The village notable Khuc Thua Du leads a rebellion against the Tang Dynasty. The Chinese garrison at Tong Binh (modern Hanoi) is destroyed. Khuc Thua Du declares Annam autonomous.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh, an Abbasid military officer, is appointed governor of the provinces of Damascus and Jordan. He is sent to confront a pro-Tulunid rebellion in Egypt under Egyptian general Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalanji. The latter manages to capture Fustat and proclaims the restoration of the Tulunids, while the local Abbasid commander withdraws to Alexandria.

source_section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire


text: Cadell ap Rhodri, king of Seisyllwg (Wales), makes his 25-year-old son Hywel ap Cadell ruler of Dyfed, having conquered that territory. Rhodri ap Hyfaidd, nominally king of Dyfed, is caught and executed, at Arwystli.

source_section: Events › By place › Britain


text: Spring – King Berengar I of Italy arranges a truce with the Hungarians, on payment of a tribute. Grand Prince Árpád withdraws from Italy, and begins raiding in Bavaria.


text: Norse settlers under the Viking warlord Ingimundr, revolt against the Mercians and try to capture the city of Chester. They are beaten off.


text: Louis III returns to Provence. Unable to govern properly, he relinquishes the government of Lower Burgundy to his cousin Hugh, Count of Arles.


text: Abaoji, a Khitan tribal leader, leads 70,000 cavalry into Shanxi (Northern China) to create a 'brotherhood' with Li Keyong, a Shatuo governor (jiedushi) of the Tang Dynasty.


section: Religion & Belief

text: Summer – Caliph Al-Muktafi sends an Abbasid army (10,000 men) led by Muhammad ibn Sulayman to re-establish control over Syria and Egypt. The campaign is supported from the sea by a fleet from the frontier districts of Cilicia under Damian of Tarsus. He leads his ships up the Nile River, raids the coast, and intercepts the supplies for the Tulunids.


text: Naum of Preslav, a Bulgarian missionary, founds a monastery on the shores of Lake Ohrid (modern-day North Macedonia), which later receives his name.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: Emperor Daigo of Japan orders the selection of four court poets, led by Ki no Tsurayuki, to compile the Kokin Wakashū, an early anthology of Waka poetry.


section: Births

text: Godfrey, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)

source_section: Births


text: Constantine VII, Byzantine emperor (d. 959)


text: Abu al-Misk Kafur, Muslim vizier (d. 968)


text: Fulk II, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)


text: Al-Mustakfi, Abbasid caliph (d. 949)


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Li Yu, Prince of De, prince of the Tang Dynasty


date: July 5

text: July 5 – Cui Yuan, Chinese chancellor


text: July 5 – Lu Yi, Chinese chancellor (b. 847)


text: July 5 – Pei Shu, Chinese chancellor (b. 841)


text: July 5 – Wang Pu, Chinese chancellor


text: Yahya ibn al-Qasim, Idrisid emir of Morocco


text: Rhodri ap Hyfaidd, king of Dyfed


text: Tribhuvana Mahadevi III, Indian Queen Regnant


text: Yang Xingmi, Chinese governor (b. 852)


date: January 22

text: January 22 – The warlord Zhu Quanzhong secretly puts Empress Dowager He, the wife of the late Emperor Zhaozong and mother of the reigning Emperor Ai, to death (by strangulation) and has her defamed and posthumously demoted to commoner rank.


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Battle of Fritzlar: The Conradines defeat the Babenberg counts, to establish themselves as dukes of Franconia (modern-day Bavaria). Count Conrad the Elder is killed in the battle; his son Conrad the Younger becomes duke of Franconia.


date: October 22

text: October 22 – Abbasid commander Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh leads a raid against the Byzantine Empire from Tarsus, joined by the governor Rustam ibn Baradu. He reaches the Halys River and takes 4,000–5,000 captives.


text: King Constantine II of Scotland calls for an assembly to meet at Scone. Scottish Christian clergy under Bishop Cellach pledges that the laws and disciplines of the faith, and the laws of churches and gospels, should be kept pariter cum Scottis.


section: Crime & Justice

text: Summer – Duke Mojmir II halts the advance of the plundering Hungarians under Grand Prince Árpád in Great Moravia (approximate date).


section: Climate & Environment

text: 906 K'argop' earthquake: It takes place in the monastery K'argop', Armenia. The monastery is also known as Xotakerk', the monastery of the Vegetarians. The earthquake occurs approximately 150 years following the 735 Vayots Dzor Province earthquake, and affects the same region.

source_section: Events › By place › Armenia


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Saffarid emir (d. 963)


text: Liu Congxiao, Chinese general (d. 962)


text: Abu Tahir al-Jannabi, Qarmatian ruler (d. 944)


text: Guan Tong, Chinese landscape painter (approximate date)


text: Sherira Gaon, Jewish spiritual leader (d. 1006)


text: Majolus of Cluny, Frankish abbot (approximate date)


text: Nasr II, Samanid emir (d. 943)


text: Fujiwara no Atsutada, Japanese nobleman (d. 943)


text: January 22 – He, empress of the Tang dynasty


date: January 27

text: January 27 – Liu Can, chancellor of the Tang dynasty


text: February 27 – Conrad the Elder, Frankish nobleman


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Adalbert von Babenberg, Frankish nobleman


text: Acfred I, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)


text: Tughj ibn Juff, Abbasid governor


text: Dae Wihae, king of Balhae (Korea)


text: February 27 – Abaoji, ruler (khagan) of the confederation of Khitans, proclaims himself emperor and establishes the Liao dynasty, killing most of the other Khitan chieftains. He occupies territories along China's northern border including parts of Hebei and Shanxi provinces.

source_section: Events › By place › China


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) usurps the throne and proclaims himself the first emperor of Later Liang. China is controlled by successive short-lived kingdoms (until 960).


date: June 8

text: June 8 – The Chu Kingdom is founded by the warlord Ma Yin (Prince of Chu) in Changsha. Present-day Hunan and Guangxi provinces (Southern China) are under his control.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – The Former Shu Kingdom is founded by the warlord Wang Jian (Prince of Shu) in Chengdu. His power is centered in Sichuan province, in Southwest China.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – The Wuyue Kingdom is founded by the warlord Qian Liu in Hangzhou. His proclaims himself king, his power is centered in Jiangsu province (Eastern China).


text: The short-lived Qi Kingdom is founded by the warlord Li Maozhen (Prince of Qi). His power is centered in Shaanxi province, in Northwest China. The Tang dynasty comes to an end after 289 years as Emperor Ai is forced to abdicate by chancellor Zhu Quanzhong.


text: The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period begins in China.


date: July 4

text: July 4–6 – Battle of Pressburg: At "Brezalauspurc" (probably modern-day Bratislava in Slovakia), the advancing East Frankish army (60,000 men) is annihilated by the Hungarians led by Grand Prince Árpád. Duke Luitpold and Archbishop Dietmar I are killed, together with 19 dukes, 2 bishops and 3 abbots. The East Frankish Kingdom loses control of the March of Pannonia.


text: Summer – The Hungarians invade Bavaria, causing great destruction, occupying many towns and, on their way home, defeating a Bavarian army at Lengenfeld. The Hungarian-Bavarian border is fixed on the Enns River.


text: Rus'–Byzantine War: Varangian prince Oleg of Novgorod leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople, concluded by the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (in which the city of Chernihiv in Ukraine is first mentioned). He lays siege to the Byzantine capital with some 2,000 ships (dugout boats), and secures trading rights from the world's leading center of commerce.

source_section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


section: Exploration & Expansion

text: The short-lived Wu Kingdom is founded by Yang Wo (Prince of Hongnong) in Jiangdu (South Central China). He refuses to acknowledge the rule of Zhu Quanzhong.


date: February 1

text: February 1 – Nicholas I Mystikos is deposed as Patriarch of Constanstinople, (having fallen out with the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI), and is replaced by Euthymius I Syncellus.


text: Lady Æthelflæd of Mercia refortifies Chester against Viking attacks. King Edward the Elder founds Romsey Abbey (Hampshire).


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Rudesind, Galician bishop (d. 977)


text: Wenceslaus I, duke of Bohemia (approximate date) (k. 935)


text: Bertha of Swabia, Frankish queen (approximate date)


text: Robert of Vermandois, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Boris I, ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire


text: July 4 – Dietmar I, archbishop of Salzburg


text: July 4 – Luitpold, margrave of Bavaria


text: Alan I, duke ('king') of Brittany


text: Isma'il ibn Ahmad, emir of the Samanid Empire


text: Rudesind I, bishop of Dumium (Spain)


text: Emir Isma'il ibn Ahmad dies after a 15-year reign in which he has extended his borders to Tabaristan and Khorasan. He establishes independence throughout the eastern part of his empire from his capital at Bukhara. Isma'il is succeeded by his son Ahmad Samani as ruler of the Samanid Empire.


text: Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians (approximate date)


date: June 9

text: June 9 – The generals Zhang Hao and Xu Wen assassinate Yang Wo (Prince of Hongnong). He is succeeded by his 11-year-old brother Yang Longyan as ruler of the Wu Kingdom.


date: August 3

text: August 3 – Battle of Eisenach: An invading Hungarian force defeats the East Frankish army under Duke Burchard, killing him, together with Duke Egino and Rudolf I, bishop of Würzburg. The Hungarians devastate Thuringia and Saxony as far north as Bremen, returning home with many spoils.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Battle of Belach Mugna: In an alliance with the kings Cerball mac Muirecáin of Leinster, Cathal mac Conchobair of Connacht, and Cellach mac Cerbaill of Osraige, High King Flann Sinna defeats the forces of King Cormac mac Cuilennáin of Munster near Castledermot (County Kildare).

source_section: Events › By place › Ireland


text: Winter – Snow falls in Baghdad. According to Arabic writings, even rivers are frozen.


text: Duke Atenulf I (the Great) of Benevento attacks the Saracens at the Garigliano River, with the assistance of Naples and Amalfi. Crossing the river, Atenulf defeats an Arab army and reaches the walls of their fortified camp. However, the sudden withdrawal of the Neapolitans renders the siege useless.


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Emperor Taizu (Zhu Wen) of Later Liang has the 15-year-old Li Zhu, the last Tang Dynasty emperor, poisoned. Li Zhu receives the posthumous name of Ai ("lamentable").


date: May 15

text: May 15 – The three-year-old Constantine VII, the son of Emperor Leo VI (the Wise), is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire by Patriarch Euthymius I at Constantinople. The ceremony is held in the Hagia Sophia. After the rituals, Constantine is crowned (symbolically) and becomes Leo's successor.


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Husayn ibn Hamdan leads a revolt to depose the newly-appointed Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadir in Baghdad. He installs his uncle Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz and kills vizier Al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i, but fails to murder Al-Muqtadir. This leads, finally, to the coup's collapse.


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Emperor Wang Jian of Former Shu puts his adoptive son (and a potential successor) Wang Zongji (Prince of Shu) to death. He orders Wang Zongji's associates to be exiled.


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Xu Wen murders Zhang Hao and takes over as Yang Longyan's regent, and sole commander of the imperial guard. He becomes de facto ruler of the Wu Kingdom.


text: Ibrahim ibn Sinan, Abbasid mathematician (d. 946)


text: Thankmar, Frankish prince (approximate date)


text: Kiyohara no Motosuke, Japanese nobleman (d. 990)


text: Guo Chong, Chinese general (approximate date)


text: Al-Muttaqi, Abbasid caliph (d. 968)


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Li Keyong, Shatuo governor (b. 856)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Li Kening, Chinese general


text: March 26 – Ai, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 892)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Zhang Wenwei, Chinese chancellor


text: May 1 – Wang Zongji, Chinese prince and pretender


text: June 9 – Yang Wo, emperor of Wu (b. 886)


text: June 18 – Zhang Hao, Chinese general


text: August 3 – Burchard, duke of Thuringia


text: August 3 – Rudolf I, bishop of Würzburg


date: August 13

text: August 13 – Al-Muktafi, Abbasid caliph


text: August 13 – Abbasid caliph al-Muktafi died and he was succeeded by his nominated heir, his younger brother Jafar (Al-Muqtadir).


text: September 13 – Cormac mac Cuilennáin, king of Munster (Ireland)


text: December 17 – Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz, Abbasid poet (b. 861)


text: December 17 – Al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i, Abbasid vizier


date: March 18

text: March 18 – The Fatimid Dynasty founded by Shiite Muslims in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) gains suzerainty over the Aghlabid Dynasty in North Africa. Emir Ziyadat Allah III escapes to the Near East, unable to secure any help from the Abbasid Caliphate to regain his emirate.

source_section: Events › By place › Africa


text: Battle of Jisu: The warlord brothers Liu Shouguang and Liu Shouwen fight with Liu Shouguang, emerging victorious.


text: The Berber Kutama tribesmen under Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah capture the cities of Kairouan and Raqqada. The capital city of the Rustamid imamate, Tihert is destroyed. The remaining Ibadi are forced into the desert.


text: Edward the Elder despatches an Anglo-Saxon army to attack the Northumbrian Vikings, and ravages Scandinavian York.


text: Winter – Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah takes up the leadership of the Fatimid state and proclaims himself Caliph Abdullah (al-Mahdi).


section: Science & Discovery

text: The last Long Count date is inscribed on a monument at the Mayan site of Toniná (modern-day Chiapas, Mexico), marking the end of the Classic Maya Period.

source_section: Events › By place › Mesoamerica


text: King Edward the Elder and his sister, Princess Æthelflæd of Mercia, raid Danish East Anglia and bring back the relics of St. Oswald in triumph. Æthelflæd translates them to the new minster in Gloucester, which is renamed St. Oswald's Priory in his honour.


date: April 27

section: Culture & Society

text: April 27 – The Min Kingdom (modern-day Fujian province) is established by governor Wang Shenzhi (Prince of Langye), with Fuzhou (known as Changle) as its capital. Wang Shenzhi tries to attract scholars who will help to construct an efficient bureaucracy and tax system.


date: December

text: December – Ar-Radi, Abbasid caliph (d. 940)


text: Fujiwara no Morosuke, Japanese statesman (d. 960)


text: Thomais of Lesbos, Byzantine saint (d. ca. 947)


text: Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester (or 904)


text: Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 988)


text: Shen Lun, Chinese scholar-official (d. 987)


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Dionysius II, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch


date: May 9

text: May 9 – Adalgar, archbishop of Bremen


text: Asser, bishop of Sherborne, dies. His See is divided, there are new Bishoprics created at Wells, Crediton, Ramsbury and Sonning.


text: Gerald of Aurillac, Frankish nobleman (b. 855)


text: Sochlachan mac Diarmata, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)


text: Asser, bishop of Sherborne (approximate date)


text: Cadell ap Rhodri, king of Seisyllwg (Wales)


text: Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet (b. 833)


text: Cerball mac Muirecáin, king of Leinster (Ireland)


text: Fujiwara no Tokihira, Japanese statesman (b. 871)


text: Muhammad ibn Dawud al-Zahiri, Muslim theologian (b. 868)


text: Aribo of Austria, Frankish margrave


year_label: 91 CE

text: Ban Chao is made protector-general of the Western Regions.

source_title: AD 91


text: Manius Acilius Glabrio and Marcus Ulpius Traianus become Roman Consuls.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Rome is described by Statius in his poems.

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and Science


text: Pliny the Younger is named a tribunus plebis.


text: Julia Flavia, daughter of Titus, lover of his brother Domitian (b. AD 64)


text: Gaius Vipstanus Apronianus, Roman politician, governor


text: Publius Valerius Patruinus, Roman politician, governor


text: Summer – King Alfonso III of Asturias is forced to abdicate the throne and partitions the kingdom among his three sons. The eldest son, García I, becomes king of León. The second son, Ordoño II, reigns in Galicia, while the third, Fruela II, receives Asturias with Oviedo as his capital.


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis IV (the Child), using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Battle of Tettenhall: King Edward the Elder attacks the joint-Kings Eowils and Halfdan of Norse York. All three Viking monarchs are killed in battle (one chronicle mentions a third brother) and the Viking army is decisively defeated by allied forces of Mercia and Wessex. The co-Kings are succeeded by Ragnall ua Ímair.


text: William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.


text: Gabriel I becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria (Egypt).


text: John XI, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 935)


text: Sahl ben Matzliah, Jewish philosopher (d. 990)


text: Hedwig of Saxony, Frankish noblewoman and regent (d. 965)


text: Helena Lekapene, Byzantine empress (approximate date)


text: Eadgyth, Anglo-Saxon princess and queen of Germany (d. 946)


text: Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburg (approximate date)


text: Herbert III, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)


text: Gunnhild, Norwegian Viking queen (approximate date)


text: Gamle Eirikssen, Norwegian Viking ruler (d. 955)


text: Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (d. 1005)


text: Fujiwara no Asatada, Japanese nobleman (d. 966)


text: Ma Yize, Muslim astronomer (approximate date)


text: Yan Xu, Chinese chancellor (d. 967)


text: Fernán González, count of Castile (approximate date)


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Richilde of Provence, Frankish empress


text: June 22 – Gebhard, Frankish nobleman


text: June 22 – Gerhard I, Frankish nobleman


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (b. 877)


date: July 31

text: July 31 – Feng Xingxi, Chinese warlord


text: August 5 – Eowils and Halfdan, kings of Northumbria


date: December 20

text: December 20 – Alfonso III, king of Asturias


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer


text: Yasovarman I, ruler of the Angkor Empire


text: Liu Shouwen, Chinese warlord and governor


text: Adelin, bishop of Séez (approximate date)


text: Mahendrapala I, king of Gurjara-Pratihara (India)


text: Junayd Baghdadi, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 835)


text: Autumn – King Charles III (the Simple) and Rollo, leader of the Vikings, sign a peace agreement (Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte). In return for his homage and conversion to Christianity, Rollo becomes a vassal and is made Count of Rouen; this is the beginning of the duchy of Normandy. He divides the lands between the rivers Epte and Risle among his chieftains, and prevents any other Vikings sailing up the Seine to attack the West Frankish Kingdom.


text: A rebellion of the Kutama Berbers against the Fatimid Caliphate occurs. The Kutama tribesmen were previously the main supporters of the Shia regime.


text: The Hungarians cross Bavaria, and invade Swabia and Franconia. They plunder the territories from Minfeld to Aargau. After that, they cross the Rhine, and attack Burgundy for the first time.


text: The Fatimids begin the conquest of Sicily, over their Aghlabid archrivals. Fatimid Sicilian governor Ibn al-Khinzir raids the south Italian coast (approximate date).


text: Minamoto no Shitagō, Japanese waka poet (d. 983)


text: Yelü Lihu, prince of the Khitan Empire (d. 960)


text: Willa of Tuscany, queen consort of Italy (or 912)


text: Fan Zhi, chancellor of the Song dynasty (d. 964)


text: Hassan ibn Ali Kalbi, Fatimid emir (d. 964)


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, Muslim Shia missionary


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Liu Yin, governor of Southern Han (b. 874)


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Pope Sergius III dies at Rome after a 7-year reign. He is succeeded by Anastasius III as the 120th pope of the Catholic Church.


text: April 14 – Sergius III, pope of the Catholic Church


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, first Zaydi Imam of Yemen (b. 859)


date: September 24

text: September 24 – King Louis IV (the Child), the last Carolingian ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom, dies at Frankfurt am Main after an 11-year reign. The East Frankish dukes elect Conrad I at Forchheim as the king of the East Frankish Kingdom. Charles III is elected as king of Lotharingia. Conrad is chosen through the influence of Louis' guardian and regent, Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz.


text: Louis IV, king of the East Frankish Kingdom (b. 893)


text: Æthelred, lord of Mercia and husband of Æthelflæd


text: Tecpancaltzin Iztaccaltzin, ruler of the Toltec Empire


text: Lord Æthelred of Mercia dies. He is buried in St. Oswald's Priory at Gloucester and is succeeded by his wife, Princess Æthelflæd, as Lady of the Mercians. Her brother, King Edward the Elder, insists on taking control of London and Oxford.


text: Lu Yanchang, Chinese governor (jiedushi)


text: Ibn al-Rawandi, Muslim scholar and writer (b. 827)


text: Lady Æthelflæd expands her policy by building defensive burghs at Shrewsbury and Bridgnorth. The fortifications are needed to protect Mercia against plundering Vikings from the Danelaw (Danish territory in England).


text: German dukes Henry the Fowler of Saxony and Arnulf I (the Bad) of Bavaria claim themselves to be sovereign princes, not recognizing the authority of their overlord, King Conrad I of the East Frankish Kingdom, as he is not a Carolingian. Duke Erchanger II of Swabia and Conrad's brother, Duke Eberhard III of Franconia, support the Conradines.


text: The second rebellion in two years, of the Kutama tribesmen against the Fatimid Caliphate, occurs.


text: King Ordoño II of Galicia continues his expansion of the Christian polity. He sacks the cities of Mérida and Évora.


text: Orso II Participazio becomes the doge of Venice. He sends his son Pietro to Constantinople in order to re-establish the relationship with Alexander III.


date: October 16

text: October 16 – Abd al-Rahman III succeeds his grandfather Abdullah ibn Muhammad (after his execution) and becomes emir of Córdoba (Al-Andalus).


text: Euthymius I is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople, and Nicholas Mystikos is restored.


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Emperor Taizu (Zhu Wen) is murdered in the imperial palace at Kaifeng by his eldest living son Zhu Yougui after a 5-year reign. He succeeds his father as the ruler of Later Liang.


date: November 23

text: November 23 – Otto I, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 973)


text: Xue Juzheng, Chinese scholar-official and historian (d. 981)


text: Hyejong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 945)


text: Ryōgen, Japanese monk and abbot (d. 985)


text: Willa of Tuscany, queen consort of Italy (or 911)


text: Alberic II, princeps and duke of Spoleto (d. 954)


text: Ma Xichong, governor and ruler of Chu (d. 951)


text: Frederick I, duke of Upper Lorraine (approximate date)


text: Nakatsukasa, Japanese waka poet (d. 991)


text: Minamoto no Mitsunaka, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 997)


text: Pelagius of Córdoba, Christian martyr (d. 926)


text: Nikephoros II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 969)


date: May 11

text: May 11 – Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) dies after a 26-year reign, in which he has completed the Byzantine code of laws (Basilika). He is succeeded by his brother Alexander III as emperor (basileus) alongside Leo's 6-year-old son Constantine VII. Alexander becomes de facto ruler of the Byzantine Empire and expels Empress Zoe Karbonopsina, the mother of Constantine, from the palace and exiles her to a nunnery.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Xue Yiju, chancellor of Later Liang


text: July 18 – Zhu Wen, emperor of Later Liang (b. 852)


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Han Jian, Chinese warlord (b. 855)


date: October 15

text: October 15 – Abdullah ibn Muhammad, Muslim emir (b. 844)


date: October 25

text: October 25 – Rudolph I, king of Burgundy (b. 859)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Otto I, duke of Saxony


text: Notker the Stammerer, Benedictine monk


text: Hyogong, king of Silla (Korea) (b. 885)


text: Ibn Khordadbeh, Persian geographer


text: Smbat I, king of Armenia (approximate date)


text: Pietro Tribuno, doge of Venice (approximate date)


text: Qusta ibn Luqa, Syrian Melkite physician (b. 820)


text: Guanxiu, Chinese Buddhist monk and poet (b. 832)


date: August

text: August – Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Simeon I (the Great), ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire, launches a campaign at the head of a large Bulgarian army, and reaches Constantinople unopposed. The Bulgarians besiege the Byzantine capital and construct ditches from the Golden Horn to the Golden Gate at the Marmara Sea.


text: Battle of the Inn: The Hungarians invade Bavaria, Swabia and Northern Burgundy. At their return they face the combined armies of Arnulf (duke of Bavaria), Erchanger and Burchard II (dukes of Swabia), who defeat them at Aschbach near the Inn River (modern Germany).


text: Caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid Caliphate replaces the unpopular governor Ibn Abi Khinzir with Ali ibn Umar al-Balawi. But the Sicilian lords find this unacceptable and decide to declare independence of Sicily. They acknowledge allegiance to the Abbasid caliph Al-Muqtadir and acclaim an Aghlabid prince, Ahmed ibn Khorob, as emir of Sicily. The Sicilians re-launch their conquest of Byzantine Calabria, while Ahmed ibn Khorob in Sicily leads a successful assault against the North African cities of Sfax and Tripoli.


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: San Miguel de Escalada is built in León (Northern Spain) by orders of King García I (approximate date).


text: Summer – Constantine Doukas, a Byzantine general (magister militum), tries, unsuccessfully, with the support of several aristocrats to usurp the throne from the young Constantine VII. He is killed in a clash by the soldiers of the Hetaireia guard, assembled by John Eladas. His head is cut off and presented to Constantine.


text: Wu Hanyue, Chinese noblewoman (d. 952)


text: Theobald I, Frankish nobleman (d. 975)


text: Shabbethai Donnolo, Jewish physician (d. 982)


text: Gerberga, Frankish queen and regent (approximate date)


text: al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, Fatimid caliph (d. 953)


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Du Xiao, chancellor of Later Liang


text: March 27 – Zhang, empress of Later Liang


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Emperor Alexander III dies of exhaustion while playing the game tzykanion (Byzantine name for polo). He is succeeded by his 8-year-old nephew Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos ("born in the purple"), a son of the late emperor Leo VI (the Wise). The government is administered by a regency council composed of Constantine's mother, Empress Zoe Karbonopsina, Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos and his guardian John Eladas.


text: June 6 – Alexander III, Byzantine emperor (b. 870)


date: June

text: June/July – Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, founder of the Qarmatian state in Bahrayn (assassinated)


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Tang Daoxi, Chinese general


text: Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah, Tahirid governor


text: Anastasius III, pope of the Catholic Church


text: Zhu Yougui, emperor of Later Liang


text: Summer – Pope Anastasius III dies at Rome after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by Lando as the 121st pope of the Catholic Church.


text: Constantine Doukas, Byzantine general


text: King Edward the Elder begins with the 'reconquest' of the Danelaw and occupies Essex. Death of High-Reeve Eadwulf II. He is succeeded by his son Ealdred I, who is almost immediately driven out by King Ragnall ua Ímair of Norse York. Ealdred flees to the court of King Constantine II of Scotland.


text: Eadwulf II, ruler (high-reeve) of Northumbria


text: Hasan al-Utrush re-establishes Zaydid rule over the province Tabaristan (Northern Iran), after 14 years of Samanid occupation. He becomes the new ruler (emir) and Zaydid noblemen accept his authority.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – The Fatimid general, Hubasa ibn Yusuf of the Kutama Berber tribe, marches out with his troops to invade Egypt. He follows the coastline, and takes possession of the only two towns of any size Syrte and Ajdabiya, without a struggle. The garrisons of the two towns—the westernmost outposts of the Abbasid Caliphate—have already fled.


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Hubasa takes Barqah (modern-day Benghazi), the ancient capital of Cyrenaica. The Abbasid governor withdraws to Egypt, before the superior strength of the Fatimids. With this rich, fertile province fallen into his hands, it provides Hubāsa with 24,000 gold dinars in annual revenues from taxes, as well as 15,000 dinars paid by Christians.


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Hubasa captures Alexandria, after a victorious encounter with Egyptian troops near al-Hanniyya (modern-day El Alamein). The Abbasid governor Takin al-Khazari refuses to surrender and asks for reinforcements, which reach him in September. Shortly after al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah enters Alexandria, with the rest of his army.


date: December

text: December – The Fatimid army under Hubasa leaves Alexandria, followed by al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah. The Abbasid troops hold Fustat and begin a counter-offensive against the invaders. The Kutama cavalry suffers heavy losses to the Turkish archers.


text: Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, a daughter of King Alfred the Great, builds a burh or fortified dwelling at Warwick and repairs Eddisbury hill fort. She leads the Mercians in their fight against the Danish invaders.


text: Summer – Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Simeon I, with the Bulgarian army, invades the themes of Thrace and Macedonia. Simultaneously, the Bulgarian troops penetrate into the regions of Dyrrhachium and Thessalonica to the west. Thrace's largest and most important city, Adrianople (modern Turkey), is besieged and captured. However, the Byzantines promptly regain the city in exchange for a huge ransom.


text: Sajid invasion of Georgia: A Muslim army under Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj campaigns in the Georgian principalities. He makes Tiflis his base for operations, and invades Kakheti. Yusuf proceeds to Kartli, where the fortifications of Uplistsikhe are demolished. He besieges and captures the fortress of Q'ueli, putting its defender Gobron to death.


text: Viking raiders establish a settlement near Waterford (Ireland) led by Ottir (the Black). The Dublin Vikings are forced to pay tribute to the Irish kings of Meath and Leinster as the price to keeping their independence.


date: February 4

text: February 4 – The Belanjong pillar is established on Bali.


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, son of the Fatimid caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, leaves Raqqada at the head of an army, which is composed of Kutama warriors and the Arab jund (personal guard) in an attempt to conquer Egypt. He sends orders to Hubāsa to wait for him, but driven by ambition Hubāsa is already on his way to Alexandria.


text: Spring – Empress Zoe Karbonopsina leads a palace coup at Constantinople and, with the support of the magistros John Eladas, overthrows Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos as regent over her son, Emperor Constantine VII. She allows Nicholas to remain as patriarch, repudiates the title granted to Simeon I of Bulgaria (see 913) and nullifies the marriage plans (with a Bulgarian princess) made for her son by Nicholas.


text: Vikings devastate the Welsh coast and move up the Severn River. They capture Bishop Cyfeilliog of Ergyng, and he is ransomed by King Edward the Elder. The Vikings are defeated by levies from Hereford and Gloucester.


text: Summer – Saracens from Garigliano establish advanced strongholds in Lazio at Trevi (in the Sabine Hills, near Palestrina) and Sutri. From here, they encroach on the papal cities of Orte, Narni and Nepi with impunity.


date: January 12

text: January 12 – Ahmad Samani, emir of the Samanid Empire, is murdered (decapitation) while sleeping in his tent at Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan) by some of his slaves. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son, Nasr II, under the regency of Vizier Abu Abdallah al-Jayhani. The Abbasids try, in vain, to benefit from the turmoil to reconquer Sistan.


text: In Al-Andalus a drought leads to a terrible famine in the Iberian Peninsula, which continues in 915. In his centralization effort, the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Rahman III, reconquers Seville from the Banu Hajjaj clan.


text: In India Emperor Indra III of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty, a grandson of Krishna II, begins his rule (until 929).


text: Al-Muti, Abbasid caliph (d. 974)


text: Valtoke Gormsson, Viking nobleman (d. 985)


text: Luitgarde, duchess consort of Normandy (d. 978)


text: Shi Chonggui, emperor of Later Jin (d. 974)


text: Chen Hongjin, Chinese warlord (d. 985)


text: Li Conghou, emperor of Later Tang (d. 934)


text: January 12 – Ahmad Samani, Samanid emir


date: January 19

text: January 19 – King García I dies at Zamora (Spain) after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Ordoño II, who becomes king of Galicia and León. Ordoño continues his expansion and settles his court in León.


text: January 19 – García I, king of León (Spain)


date: March

text: March or April – Pope Lando dies at Rome after a reign of less than a year. He is succeeded by John X, archbishop of Ravenna, as the 122nd pope of the Catholic Church.


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Ibn Hawshab, founder of the Isma'ili community in Yemen


text: Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury (or 923)


text: Lando, pope of the Catholic Church


text: Liu Shouguang, Chinese warlord


text: Mu'nis al-Fahl, Abbasid general


text: Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, founder of Bahrain (or 913)


text: Aedh mac Ailell, abbot of Clonfert


text: Bárid mac Oitir, Viking leader


text: Gobron, Georgian military commander


date: July

text: July – The Magyars (Hungarians), led by Zoltán, only son of the late Grand Prince Árpád, attack Swabia, Franconia and Saxony. Small units penetrate as far as Bremen, burning the city.


text: Summer – Battle of Garigliano: The Christian League, personally led by Pope John X, lays siege to Garigliano (a fortified Arab camp in the area of Minturno), which is blockaded from the sea by the Byzantine navy. After three months of siege, plagued by hunger, the Saracens decide to break out of Garigliano and find their way back to Sicily by any means possible. Christian hunting parties fall on the fleeing Arabs, and all are captured and executed.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – John X crowns the Italian sovereign Berengar I as the Holy Roman Emperor in Rome. Berengar returns to northern Italy, where Friuli is threatened by the Hungarians.


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Al-Hakam II, Umayyad caliph (d. 976)


text: Burchard III, Frankish nobleman (d. 973)


text: Boleslaus I, duke of Bohemia (approximate date)


text: Sunifred II, Frankish nobleman (d. 968)


text: Al-Mutanabbi, Muslim poet (d. 965)


text: Abu Shakur Balkhi, Persian poet


text: William III, Frankish nobleman (d. 963)


text: Adalbert I, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)


text: Hasdai ibn Shaprut, Jewish diplomat (d. 970)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Yang Shihou, Chinese general


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Zhang, Chinese empress (b. 892)


text: Bi'dah al-Kabirah, was a songstress, and had been a slave of Arib. She died on 10 July 915. Abu Bakr ibn al-Muhtadi led the funeral prayers. She was also concubine of Abbasid caliph Al-Mamūn (r. 813–833)


text: Domnall mac Áeda, king of Ailech (Ireland)


text: Al-Nasa'i, Muslim scholar and hadith compiler


text: Abu Salih Mansur, Samanid governor


text: Tuotilo, German composer (approximate date)


text: Bertila of Spoleto, queen of Italy


text: Leoluca, Sicilian abbot (approximate date)


text: Cutheard, bishop of Lindisfarne


text: Gonzalo Fernandez, count of Castile


text: Abaoji, Khitan ruler and founder of the Liao Dynasty, adopts Chinese court formalities in which he declares himself emperor in the Chinese style and adopts an era name, Taizu of Liao. He names his eldest son Yelü Bei as heir apparent, a first in the history of the Khitan. Abaoji leads a campaign in the west, conquering much of the Mongolian Plains.


text: Sicilian Berbers in Agrigento revolt and depose the independent Emir Ahmed ibn Khorob. They offer Sicily to the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia). Caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah welcomes this turn of events, but refuses to grant the Berber rulers their autonomy. He sends a Fatimid expeditionary force under Abu Said Musa which lands in Sicily and, with some difficulty, takes control of the island. Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah appoints Salam ibn Rashid as the emir of Sicily. Ahmed ibn Khorob is dispatched to Raqqada and executed.


text: Lady Æthelflæd, daughter of the late King Alfred the Great and the widow of Earl Æthelred of Mercia, sends an army into Brycheiniog to avenge the murder of the Mercian abbot Ecbryht and his companions. They seize and burn the royal fort of King Tewdr of Brycheiniog at Llangorse Lake (Wales), and take the queen and thirty-three others captive.


date: June 22

text: June 22 – ySayf al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir (d. 967)


text: Yuan Zong, emperor of Southern Tang (d. 961)


text: Theodoric I, German nobleman (approximate date)


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Alduin I, Frankish nobleman


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Flann Sinna, king of Meath


text: Mór ingen Cearbhaill, queen of Laigin


text: Clement of Ohrid, Bulgarian scholar, writer and enlightener of the Slavs, dies. He is regarded as the first bishop of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the founder of the first Slavic Literary School. Clement is buried in his monastery, Saint Panteleimon, in Ohrid (modern North Macedonia).


text: Ziyadat Allah III, Aghlabid emir


text: Tighearnach ua Cleirigh, king of Aidhne


text: Anarawd ap Rhodri, king of Gwynedd


text: Clement of Ohrid, Bulgarian scholar


text: Theodoric I, bishop of Paderborn


date: September 5

text: September 5 – The Great Yue Kingdom, later renamed Southern Han, is founded by Liu Yan, former governor and military advisor, in Panyu (modern Guangdong) and Guangxi. Liu Yan declares himself emperor, and gives his niece Liu Hua in marriage to Wang Yanjun, a son of his rival Wang Shenzhi (Prince of Min), to cement a relationship between the two states.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Battle of Achelous: A Byzantine expeditionary force (62,000 men) under General Leo Phokas (the Elder) is routed by the Bulgarians at the Achelous River near the fortress of Anchialos (modern Pomorie) on the Black Sea coast. Phokas flees to Mesembria (modern Nesebar) and escapes by boarding a ship. Tsar Simeon I (the Great) becomes de facto ruler of the whole Balkan Peninsula, except the well-protected Byzantine capital of Constantinople and the Peloponnese.


text: Summer – Lady Æthelflæd of Mercia cements an alliance with King Constantine II of Scotland against Norse York. She captures the fortress at Derby (belonging to the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw), while her brother, King Edward the Elder, takes Towcester. Æthelflæd's armies also ravage Brycheiniog (Wales) in revenge for killing the Mercian abbot Ecbryht (see 916).


text: The Hungarians, after attacking Swabia, sack and burn Basel (modern Switzerland). They invade Lorraine in Lotharingia, destroying Verdun and Moyenmoutier, and many monasteries in Alsace. Duke Arnulf I (the Bad) with Hungarian military aid, reconquers his land from King Conrad I of the East Frankish Kingdom. After this event, Bavaria and Swabia agree to pay tribute to the Hungarians.


text: Battle of Confey: The Norse Vikings under Sigtrygg Caech defeat and kill King Augaire mac Ailella of Leinster in battle. Sigtrygg re-captures Dublin and establishes himself as king, while his kinsman Ragnall ua Ímair returns to England to become King of Northumbria.


text: Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz: Umayyad forces under Abi-Abda besiege the repoblación of San Esteban de Gormaz (Northern Spain). King Ordoño II of León (supported by his brother Fruela II of Asturias) allies himself with Sancho I, king of Pamplona, and defeats the Moors. Abi-Abda is captured and executed by decapitation.

source_section: Events › By place › Islamic Empire


text: Fall – Battle of Katasyrtai: The Bulgarian army under Simeon I marches southwards to Constantinople. Leo Phokas, who survived at Anchelous, gathers the last Byzantine troops to intercept the Bulgarians before they reach the capital. The two armies meet near the village of Katasyrtai, just outside Constantinople. After a surprise night attack, the Byzantines are completely routed from the battlefield.


text: Battle of Tempsford: The English army led by Edward the Elder defeats the Danish Vikings at Tempsford. They storm the fortified burh and kill King Guthrum II of East Anglia, along with the Danish Jarls Toglos and Manna.


date: September 20

text: September 20 – Kyunyeo, Korean poet (d. 973)


text: Theophylactus, patriarch of Constantinople (d. 956)


text: Ibn Battah al-Ukbari, Arab theologian (d. 997)


text: Kamo no Yasunori, Japanese spiritual advisor (d. 977)


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Erchanger, East Frankish nobleman


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Euthymius I, patriarch of Constantinople


text: August 20 – Constantine Lips, Byzantine admiral


text: Radboud, archbishop of Utrecht


text: Augaire mac Ailella, king of Leinster (Ireland)


text: Bulgarian–Serbian War: Simeon I sends a Bulgarian expeditionary force under Theodore Sigritsa and Marmais to Serbia. The two persuade Petar Gojniković, a Serbian prince who formed an anti-Bulgarian coalition, to meet for a peace agreement. They seize him and send the rebellious prince to the Bulgarian capital of Preslav, where he dies in prison. Simeon replaces Petar with Pavle Branović, a grandson of prince Mutimir, who lives in Preslav. Serbia becomes a puppet state until 921.


text: Hasan al-Utrush, emir of Tabaristan (Iran)


text: Frederuna, West Frankish queen (b. 887)


text: Al-'Abbas ibn 'Amr al-Ghanawi, Abbasid governor


text: Nicholas Picingli, Byzantine general


text: Guthrum II, king of East Anglia (England)


text: Sindeok, king of Silla (Korea)


text: Petar Gojniković, Serbian prince


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Wang Kon, a Korean general, overthrows the government of the short-lived state Ho Goguryeo and ascends the throne at Cheorwon. He founds the Goryeo dynasty and makes Song'ak his capital.


text: Emperor Taizu of the Khitan Empire occupies a newly walled city called Shangjing (modern-day Inner Mongolia), meaning Supreme Capital. It becomes the residence of the Chinese Liao dynasty.


text: Summer – Lady Æthelflæd of Mercia begins to intrigue with disaffected factions within the Norse Kingdom of York (also referred to as Jórvik). Mercian troops ravage the local countryside and peacefully overrun the fortress of Leicester (belonging to the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw), while her brother, King Edward the Elder, takes Stamford.


text: Kings Idwal Foel of Gwynedd and Hywel ap Cadell, and Prince Clydog of Deheubarth (Wales) submit to the overlordship of Edward the Elder. The Vikings raid Anglesey.


text: Battle of Corbridge: High-Reeve Ealdred I persuades King Constantine II of Scotland to help him reclaim his position in Bernicia. They mount an invasion of his now Norse controlled lands. The Vikings under Ragnall ua Ímair (or Rægnald) defeat the Scots and their allies at Corbridge (Northern Northumbria), but take heavy casualties themselves.


text: Minamoto no Hiromasa, Japanese nobleman (d. 980)


text: January 21 – Liu Zhijun, Chinese general


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Æthelflæd, lady of Mercia (b. c.870)


text: June 12 – Æthelflæd dies at Tamworth while campaigning against the Vikings. She is buried with her husband Æthelred in St. Oswald's Priory at Gloucester. Æthelflæd is succeeded by her only daughter Ælfwynn.


date: July 6

text: July 6 – William I, duke of Aquitaine (b. 875)


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Baldwin II, Frankish margrave


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Zhou, empress of Former Shu


date: December 23

text: December 23 – King Conrad I, injured at one of his battles with Arnulf I (the Bad), dies at his residence in Weilburg Castle after a 7-year reign. On his deathbed Conrad persuades his younger brother Eberhard III to offer the East Frankish crown to Henry the Fowler, the duke of Saxony. Conrad is buried in Fulda Cathedral (also the burial place of Boniface) in Germany.


text: December 23 – Conrad I, Frankish king


text: Xu Zhixun, Chinese governor and regent


text: Zhu Jin, Chinese warlord (b. 867)


text: Gung Ye, king of Hu Goguryeo (Korea)


text: Ottir (the Black), Norse Viking chieftain


text: Tan Quanbo, Chinese warlord (approximate date)


text: Wang Jian, emperor of Former Shu (b. 847)


date: May 24

text: May 24 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. He recognizes the stem duchies (uniting them in a German confederation) and all their sovereign privileges. Two of the four most influential duchies, Bavaria and Swabia, do not accept his rule. Henry fortifies Magdeburg against the Magyars.

source_section: Events › By Place › Europe


text: Lady Ælfwynn of the Mercians is brought to the court of her uncle, King Edward the Elder, and deprived of her authority in Mercia. Edward formally annexes the kingdom, ending independent Mercian rule.

source_section: Events › By Place › Britain


text: Ragnall ua Ímair, a Viking chief from Ireland, takes control of the Norse Kingdom of York (also referred to as Jórvik) and the English-ruled Earldom of Northumbria. He establishes himself as king at York.


date: April 5

text: April 5 – The Fatimid Caliphate of Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia) launch the second Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921) in an attempt to seize Egypt from its Abbasid rulers. The expedition fails and the Fatimids will be forced to retreat.

source_section: Events › By Place › Africa


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Battle of Islandbridge: High King Niall Glúndub is killed while leading an Irish coalition against the Dublin-based Vikings of Uí Ímair, led by King Sitric Cáech.


text: Battle of Langshan Jiang: The Wuyue navy (500 dragon ships) under Prince Qian Yuanguan who is preparing an invasion to attack the Wu Kingdom, defeats the naval forces of General Peng Yanzhang on the Yangtze River. Due to the use of flamethrower ships (using gunpowder to ignite petrol, like Greek fire) Qian Yuanguan manages to destroy 400 enemy ships and captures 7,000 prisoners.

source_section: Events › By Place › China


text: Summer – Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria ("the Bad"), is elected as anti-king by the East-Frankish nobles in opposition to Henry I. Burchard II, duke of Swabia, submits to Henry's rule — allowing him to retain administrative control over his duchy. After an absence of nearly 15 years, the Magyars raid Bavaria and Northern Italy again, sacking the Po Valley (see Hungarian invasions of Europe).


text: The Ancestral Puebloans, living in the Four Corners, begin construction at Pueblo Bonito, in modern-day New Mexico's Chaco Canyon (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By Place › Mesoamerica


text: The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is declared as autocephalous and elevated to the rank of patriarchate at an ecclesiastical council.


section: Health & Medicine

text: Following his death, Mara Takla Haymanot is succeeded by his eldest son Tatadim as ruler (negus) of the Zagwe Dynasty in Ethiopia.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Romanos Lekapenos, admiral (droungarios) of the Byzantine navy, seizes the Boukoleon Palace in Constantinople. He is named megas hetaireiarches (head of the imperial guard). Lekapenos consolidates his position and becomes regent of Emperor Constantine VII. He marries his 9-year-old daughter Helena Lekapene to Constantine and assumes the new title of basileopator (one of the highest offices in the Byzantine Empire).

source_section: Events › By Place › Byzantine Empire


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Shi Zong, emperor of the Liao Dynasty (d. 951)


text: Theinhko, king of the Pagan dynasty (d. 956)


text: García I, king of Pamplona (d. 970)


text: Xu Jingqian, official and regent of Wu (d. 937)


text: Meng Chang, emperor of Later Shu (d. 965)


text: Li Cheng, Chinese painter (d. 967)


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Zhou Dewei, Chinese general

source_section: Deaths


date: August 11

text: August 11 – Dhuka al-Rumi, Abbasid governor of Egypt


date: August 28

text: August 28 – He Gui, Chinese general (b. 858)


text: September 14 – Niall Glúndub, High King of Ireland


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Lady Wu, wife of Qian Liu (b. 858)


text: Mara Takla Haymanot, ruler of Ethiopia


text: Khusrau Firuz, ruler of the Justanid Dynasty


text: Solomon III, bishop of Constance


text: Justan III, ruler of the Justanid Dynasty (Iran)


year_label: 92 CE

text: Emperor Domitian becomes a Roman Consul.

source_title: AD 92


text: In spring, several tribes (probably Marcomanni, Quadi, Jazyges) cross the Danube and attack Pannonia, probably destroying Legio XXI Rapax. These tribes are defeated from May to December 92, and chased back over the river. The Romans do not pursue the retreating tribes.


text: The Roman army moves into Mesopotamia (modern Syria).


text: The Flavian Palace is completed on the Palatine.


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Yuan An, Chinese administrator, scholar and statesman


text: Ban Gu, Chinese historian, poet and writer (b. AD 32)


text: Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes, prince of Commagene (b. AD 38)


text: Antipas of Pergamum, Roman bishop, martyr


text: Dou Xian, Chinese general and statesman of the Eastern Han dynasty


text: The Welsh ruler Hywel Dda ("the Good") merges Dyfed and Seisyllwg, establishing a new kingdom known as Deheubarth.

source_section: Events › By place › Britain


text: The Golden Age of the Ghana Empire begins in Africa (approximate date).


date: July 26

text: July 26 — At the Battle of Valdejunquera, the Muslim forces of the Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III of Córdoba, defeat the Christian armies of King Ordoño II of León and King Sancho I of Pamplona. The decisive battle at the Val de Junquera takes place following the Emir's pre-emptive strike and his invasion of the upper Douro valley and the capture of Osma. The Arab army proceeds on to the upper Ebro, restoring and replenishing Umayyad garrisons in the region.

source_section: Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula


text: High-Reeve Ealdred I, ruler of the former kingdom of Bernicia (Northumbria), and his brother Uhtred, submit to the overlordship of King Edward the Elder (approximate date).


text: The nobles of Lotharingia under Gilbert, duke of Lorraine, revolt against King Charles III ("the Simple"). They recognize King Henry I ("the Fowler") as their sovereign. Charles invades Lotharingia as far as Pfeddersheim (near Worms), but retreats when he learns that Henry is mobilizing an army to attack the West Frankish Kingdom.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Romanos I has himself crowned co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He shares the throne with the 15-year-old Constantine VII (his son-in-law), and constructs an alternative palace at Constantinople with an adjoining monastery near the Great Palace. Though Constantine retains his formal position as first on the protocol list, Romanos becomes sole ruler.

source_section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


text: Emperor Taizu of the Khitan Empire orders the adoption of a written script by the Khitan, resulting in the creation of Khitan "Large Script."

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: Henry I conquers Utrecht (modern-day Netherlands), which has been in possession of the Vikings for 70 years. Balderic, bishop of Utrecht, moves his seat back from Deventer to Utrecht (approximate date).


text: Muslim chroniclers in Baghdad record an unusually cold summer.

source_section: Events › By topic › Climate


text: Li Jingsui, prince of Southern Tang (d. 958)

source_section: Births


text: Menahem ben Saruq, Spanish Jewish philologist (d. 970)


text: Ratna Pala, king of Kamarupa (India) (d. 960)


text: Haakon I, king of Norway (approximate date)


text: Liu Sheng, emperor of Southern Han (d. 958)


text: Guntram the Rich, founder of the House of Habsburg (d. 973)


text: Athanasius the Athonite, Byzantine monk (approximate date)


text: Liu Bin, emperor of Southern Han (d. 943)


text: Goltregoda, Frankish countess and regent (d. 963)


text: Dunash ben Labrat, Spanish Jewish commentator (d. 990)


text: Liutprand of Cremona, Lombard bishop (d. 972)


text: Hugh of Vermandois, Frankish archbishop (d. 962)


text: Minamoto no Masanobu, Japanese nobleman (d. 993)


text: Adso of Montier-en-Der, Frankish Benedictine abbot (d. 992)


text: Mael Macduach, king of Hy Fiachrach (Ireland)


text: Ahmad ibn Sahl, Samanid governor


text: Harumichi no Tsuraki, Japanese poet


text: Georgios I, ruler of Makuria (Egypt)


text: Æthelweard, son of Alfred the Great (or 922)


text: Stephen of Liège, Frankish bishop


text: Abd-Allah Mikali, Abbasid governor


text: Raymond I, count of Pallars and Ribagorza (Spain)


text: Abu Sa'id al-Janadi, Arab scholar


text: Yang Longyan, king of Wu (b. 897)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Treaty of Bonn: King Charles III (the Simple) and Henry I sign a peace treaty or 'pact of friendship' (amicitia) at a ceremony aboard a ship in the middle of the Rhine, recognising the border between their two Frankish kingdoms.


text: The Later Liang Dynasty reports that all "barbarian" tribes have been pacified by the Khitan Empire.

source_section: Events › By place › China


date: March

text: March – Battle of Pegae: Bulgarian forces under kavhan (first minister) Theodore Sigritsa defeat the Byzantine army at the outskirts of Constantinople. After the battle, the Bulgarians burn the palaces in Pegae ("the Spring"), and devastate the area north of the Golden Horn.


text: A Hungarian mercenary force led by Dursac and Bogát defeats an army of insurgents, who plans to overthrow their ally, Emperor Berengar I, at Brescia.


text: Summer – King Henry I (the Fowler) defeats his rival Arnulf I (the Bad), duke of Bavaria, in two campaigns. Arnulf is besieged at Regensburg and forced to accept peace negotiations, recognising Henry as sole sovereign of the East Frankish Kingdom (Germany).


text: Battle of Sevan: Sajid forces under Yusuf Beshir invade Armenia and besiege King Ashot II near Lake Sevan. After gathering a small force he attacks Beshir's camps and drives the enemy out of the country. Ashot starts a counter-offensive to rebuild the ruined cities and fortresses.

source_section: Events › By place › Arabian Empire


text: Landulf I, prince of Benevento, supports an anti-Greek Apulian rebellion, ravaging several Byzantine strongpoints as far as Ascoli. The Apulian nobility, professing loyalty to the Byzantine Empire, appoints Landulf as stratego of the Theme of Longobardia.


text: The Fatimid Caliphate crushes Idrisid forces in battle, capturing the cities of Tlemcen and Fez.

source_section: Events › By place › Africa


text: The Fatimid Caliphate creates a new capital in Ifriqiya, al-Mahdiya on the Tunisian coast.


date: June 21

text: June 21 – A diplomatic delegation is sent from Baghdad to establish trade routes between the Abbasid Caliphate towards Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan). Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab diplomat and traveller, makes contact with Almış, the İltäbär (vassal-king under the Khazars) of Volga Bulgaria, on behalf of Caliph al-Muqtadir.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Ludmila, Bohemian duchess and widow of Bořivoj I, is murdered by her daughter-in-law Drahomíra at Tetín (modern Czech Republic). Ludmila will be canonised and become the patron saint of Bohemia and is venerated in the Orthodox and the Catholic Churches.


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Abe no Seimei, Japanese astrologer (d. 1005)


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Li Chun'an, Chinese merchant (d. 999)


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Chai Rong, emperor of Later Zhou (d. 959)


text: Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu, Japanese nobleman (d. 991)


text: Ja'far ibn al-Furat, Ikhshidid and Fatimid vizier (d. 1001)


text: Louis IV, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 920)


text: Edmund I (the Magnificent), king of England (d. 946)


date: February 13

text: February 13 – Vratislaus I, duke of Bohemia


text: September 15 – Ludmila, Bohemian duchess


text: Alexios Mosele, Byzantine admiral


text: Ragnall ua Ímair, Viking king of Northumbria


text: Lili ibn al-Nu'man, ruler of the Gilites


text: Harusindan, ruler of the Gilites (Iran)


text: Elvira Menéndez, queen of Galicia and León


text: Wang Rong, Chinese warlord (b. 877)


text: Liu Xun, general of Later Liang (b. 858)


text: Richard, duke of Burgundy (b. 858)


text: Summer – Battle of Constantinople: Emperor Romanos I sends Byzantine troops to repel another Bulgarian raid at the outskirts of Constantinople. The Byzantines storm the Bulgarian camp, but are defeated when they are confronted by the main Bulgarian forces. Having won the battle, the Bulgarians lack the maritime power to conduct a successful siege of Constantinople.


text: Adalbert I, margrave of Ivrea, leads a rebellion with the support of the Italian nobles against King Berengar I. He crosses the Alps into Burgundy and invites Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy to invade Italy. Berengar flees again to Verona and Rudolph is crowned King of Italy at Pavia.


text: Summer – The West Frankish nobles revolt and depose King Charles III (the Simple) after a 24-year reign. He seeks refuge in Lotharingia and is replaced by Robert I, a brother of the late King Odo, who is crowned king of the West Frankish Kingdom in the cathedral at Rheims.


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Mansur al-Hallaj, a Persian mystic writer, is sentenced to death for heresy after a long trial at Baghdad. Having supported reform in the Abbasid Caliphate, he has been seen as a rabble-rouser, and is flogged, mutilated and executed (by beheading).

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: Ki no Tokibumi, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 996)


text: Ibn Abi Zayd, Muslim imam and scholar (d. 996)


text: Sigfried, founder of Luxemburg (approximate date)


text: Hedwig of Nordgau, countess of Luxemburg (approximate date)


text: Wang Pu, Chinese chancellor and writer (d. 982)


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Theodora, Byzantine empress


text: March 26 – Mansur al-Hallaj, Persian mystic writer


date: May 23

text: May 23 – Li Sizhao, Chinese general and governor


text: Wang Chuzhi, Chinese warlord (b. 862)


text: Lucídio Vimaranes, count of Portugal


text: Al-Nayrizi, Persian mathematician and astronomer (b. 865)


text: Ma Chuo, general and official of Wuyue (or 923)


text: Li Cunjin, general of the Tang dynasty (b. 857)


text: Zhang Chujin, Chinese governor (jiedushi)


text: Fortún Garcés ("the Monk"), king of Pamplona


text: Galindo II Aznárez, count of Aragon (Spain)


text: Æthelweard, son of Alfred the Great of England (or 920)


text: Li Cunzhang, general of the Tang dynasty


text: Zhang Chengye, Chinese eunuch official (b. 846)


date: May 13

text: May 13 – The Later Liang, one of the Five Dynasties in China, falls to Later Tang (founded by Li Cunxu). Li proclaims himself emperor and moves his residence back to the old Tang capital of Luoyang.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Battle of Soissons: King Robert I is killed; the Frankish army, led by Charles the Simple, is defeated and routed near Soissons. Charles is captured and imprisoned at Péronne. The nobles elect Robert's son-in-law Rudolph, duke of Burgundy, as king of the West Frankish Kingdom (until 936).


date: July 29

text: July 29 – Battle of Fiorenzuola: Lombard forces led by King Rudolph II and Adalbert I, margrave of Ivrea, defeat the deposed Emperor Berengar I at Firenzuola (Tuscany). A pact is reached between Rudolph and Berengar, who abdicates the imperial throne and cedes sovereignty over the rest of Italy.


date: August 11

text: August 11 – The Qarmatians of Bahrayn capture and pillage the city of Basra.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Suzaku, emperor of Japan (d. 952)


text: Fujiwara no Nakafumi, Japanese waka poet (d. 992)


text: Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muslim scholar (approximate date)


text: Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī, Muslim intellectual (d. 1023)


text: Eadred (or Edred), king of England (d. 955)


text: Jeongjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 949)


text: Liu Honggao, Chinese chancellor (d. 943)


text: June 15 – Robert I, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (b. 860)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury (or 914)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Ageltrude, queen of Italy and Holy Roman Empress


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Pilgrim I, archbishop of Salzburg


date: November 20

text: November 20 – Li Zhen, official of Later Liang


text: November 20 – Jing Xiang, Chinese strategist


text: Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Persian scholar (b. 839)


text: Ricwin (or Ricuin), Frankish nobleman


text: Ibn Khuzaymah, Muslim hadith and scholar (b. 837)


text: Wang Yanzhang, general of Later Liang (b. 863)


text: Harshavarman I, king of Angkor (Cambodia)


text: Zhao Yan, military prefect and official of Later Liang


text: Zhu Youzhen, emperor of Later Liang (b. 888)


text: Adarnase IV, prince of Iberia/Kartli (Georgia)


date: July 17

text: July 17 – Edward the Elder, King of the Anglo-Saxons, is killed in battle at Farndon-Upon-Dee while leading an army against a revolt by some of the Cambrians and Mercians. During his 25-year reign, he gained direct control over Mercia, including some of the Danelaw, the Danish-occupied areas. Edward's oldest son, Æthelstan, is proclaimed the new King of England, while some supporters among the West Saxons support Ælfweard, to be Edward's successor as King of Wessex.

source_section: Events › July—September


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Byzantine co-Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos concludes a treaty with the Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria and provides the Bulgarian monarch with "gold and silver shields and lances."

source_section: Events › October—December


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Stephen Lekapenos and Constantine Lekapenos are promoted to the position of co-Emperors of Byzantium, joining Constantine VII, Romanos I and Christopher, creating a pentarchy with five monarchs.


text: Emperor Zhuang Zong of Later Tang bestows the chancellor title on Gao Jixing (Prince of Nanping) and creates the Nanping State (Central China). The Qi State falls to Later Tang.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – China's Emperor Zhuangzong reverses an initial decision to spare the life of General Li Jitao after discovering that Li is continuing to plot the overthrow of the government, and has Li executed.

source_section: Events › January—March


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Hungarian Magyar forces led by General Szalárd, capture Pavia, capital of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, at the request of the Holy Roman Emperor Berengar. Later, after crossing the Alps via the St. Bernard Pass, the Magyars pillage Provence, Septimania and Nismes in southern France).


date: March

text: March – A group of 1,800 warriors of the Qarmatians of Bahrayn attack and destroy the returning Hajj caravans at al-Habir. Some of the more prominent pilgrims, who were returning to Baghdad from Mecca, are taken to Al-Ahsa Oasis to be held for ransom. The event leads to the downfall and execution of the Abbasid Caliphate's vizier, Ibn al-Furat.


date: April 7

text: April 7 – After having made a new alliance with the Hungarians, the Holy Roman Emperor Berengar I, King of Italy, is assassinated in Verona by one of his guards. Rudolph II, King of Burgundy and a claimant to the throne, takes full control of the Kingdom of Italy, while the office of the Holy Roman Emperor will not be re-created until 38 years later.

source_section: Events › April—June


text: September 7 – Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Tsar Simeon I, ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire, leads the burning of the Church of St. Mary of the Spring in Constantinople.


date: September 9

text: September 9 – After pillaging the suburbs of Constantinople, Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria meets with the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos on the Golden Horn to arrange a truce, according to which Byzantium will pay the Bulgarians an annual tribute in exchangefor the return of some cities on the Black Sea coast.


date: November

text: November – (Shaban 312 AH) Hamd bin Khazar, leader of the Zenata Berber nomads in the high plateau of central Algeria, sets an ambush that kills Massala ibn Habus, the Fatimid Governor of Tahert.


text: Winter – The Hungarians invade Saxony and force King Henry I (the Fowler) to retreat into the Castle of Werla. He makes a pact and agrees to pay them tribute for 9 years. They return to the Po Valley and sack the cities of Bergamo, Brescia and Mantua (Northern Italy).


text: Emperor Taizu of the Liao Dynasty leads a campaign to the West. He reaches the former capital of the Uyghur Khaganate, Ordu-Baliq, on the Orkhon River. The Zubu begin to pay tribute to the Khitan Empire.


text: Fall – Bulgarian–Serbian War: Tsar Simeon I sends a punitive expedition force against Serbia, led by Theodore Sigritsa and Marmais, but they are ambushed and defeated. Zaharija, prince of the Serbs, sends their heads and armour later to Constantinople (approximate date).


date: January 5

text: January 5 – The monastery of San Martín de Albelda is founded in the Kingdom of Navarre in what is now the city of Albelda de Iregua in Spain, by orders of King Sancho Garcés I and Toda Aznárez, monarchs of Navarre, to celebrate the previous year's recapture of the cities of Nájera and Viguera.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – (1 Dhu al-Qi'dah 311 A.H.) Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh is removed from office as the Abbasid Governor of Egypt by the Caliph al-Muqtadir after less than six months in office and is replaced by Takin al-Khazari. who, following his death, sack and burn the city of Pavia. They Hungarian forces penetrate as far as the Pyrenees.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, the Grand Vizier of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir since returning to power in August 923, is removed from office by the Caliph, and is replaced by Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Khaqani. On July 24, he is executed along with his son, al-Muhassin, for his brutality during his rule and for failing to prevent the March attack by the Qarmatians on Iraqi Muslim pilgrims.


text: Fujiwara no Yoritada, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 989)


text: Li Jingda, prince of Southern Tang (d. 971)


text: Gao Baoxu, king of Nanping (Ten Kingdoms) (d. 962)


text: Nyaung-u Sawrahan, king of the Pagan dynasty (d. 1001)


text: Fujiwara no Koretada, Japanese statesman and waka poet (d. 972)


text: Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, Emperor of Viet Nam (d.979)


text: January 20 – Li Jitao, general of Later Tang


text: April 7 – Berengar I, king of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor


date: April 11

text: April 11 – Herman I, archbishop of Cologne


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Li Maozhen, Chinese warlord and king (b. 856)


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Li Cunshen, general of Later Tang (b. 862)


date: June

text: June – Fruela II, King of Asturias in what is now Portugal, becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Galicia in Spain upon the death of his younger brother, King Ordoño II, who dies after a 14-year reign. The ascent of Fruela reunites Asturias, Galicia and Leon. Fruela, who is not popular with the nobles, orders the assassination of the sons of Olmundo.


text: July 17 – Edward the Elder, king of Wessex


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, Abbasid vizier (b. 855)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Ælfweard of Wessex, briefly a claimant for the throne of England and favored by the nobility of Wessex, dies at the age of 23 only sixteen days after the death of his father.


text: August 2 – Ælfweard, son of Edward the Elder


date: August

text: August – In what is now South Korea, at Seorabeo (now Gyeongju in South Korea), Gyeongae becomes the new monarch of the Kingdom of Silla upon the death of his older brother, King Gyeongmyeong.


text: Yuan Xiangxian, Chinese general


text: Gyeongmyeong, king of Silla (Korea)


text: Zaharija, prince of Serbia (approximate date)


text: Tomislav, duke of the Croatian duchies of Pannonia and Dalmatia, is crowned as king of Croatia. He forges an alliance with the Byzantines during the struggle with the Bulgarian Empire (approximate date).


date: September

text: September — The Chamberlain Ja'far ibn Ubayd of the Fatimid Caliphate returns to the Fatimid capital of Mahdiya (now in Tunisia) after a successful 17-month campaign to pillage the Byzantine-ruled island of Sicily.

source_section: Events › By date › July – December


text: November — In Baghdad (now in Iraq), Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Khaqani is dismissed from his position as the Grand Vizier of the Abbasid Caliphate upon the insistence of the Abbasid commander Mu'nis al-Muzaffar.


date: December 15

text: December 15 — At Chengdu, capital of the Former Shu dynasty state in China, the Later Tang dynasty generals Li Jiji and Guo Chongtao accept the surrender of the surviving Shu official, Li Yan, representative of the Shu Emperor Wang Zongyan.


date: December 28

text: December 28 — In China, Guo Chongtao, military commander of the Later Tang dynasty that rules from what is now the Henan province, has his deputy commanders Wang Zongbi, Wang Zongxun and Wang Zongwo arreted and executed on accusations of disloyalty, after receiving permission from Prince Li Jiji, 13 days after their victory over the Former Shu kingdom.


text: King Rudolph II of Burgundy (who also rules Italy) and his father-in-law, Burchard II of Swabia, lead a Burgundian expeditionary force over the Great St. Bernard Pass to confront Hugh of Provence. They head to the city of Ivrea where Rudolph's forces begin a civil war against Lombard partisans.


text: Winter – Former Shu, one of the Ten Kingdoms in China, is invaded by Later Tang forces of Emperor Zhuang Zong, who incorporates the kingdom into his domains.


text: January 5 – Gabellus becomes the first abbot of the monsastery of San Martín de Albelda in the Spanish kingdom of Navarre.

source_section: Events › By date › January – June


date: June 29

text: June 29 — Stephen II becomes the new Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, succeeding Nicholas I.


date: October

text: October — In Byzantium, John Mystikos, chief minister (paradynasteuon), is deposed by the Emperor Romanos I, flogged, and sent into exile in a monastery. He is replaced by the chamberlain (protovestiarios) Theophanes, who becomes the closest adviser of Emperor Romanos I. At this time the Byzantine Empire has been embroiled in a protracted and disastrous war with Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria.


text: Ha-Mim proclaims himself a prophet and a messenger of Islam, among the Ghomara Berbers near the city of Tétouan (modern Morocco).


text: A visiting Uyghur delegation spurs the development of Khitan small script, based on alphabetic principles (approximate date).


date: July 4

text: July 4 — At the age of 12, Shabbethai Donnolo, who will become one of the most prominent physicians in Italy and the doctor to the Byzantine court, is kidnapped by Arab slavers as a Fatimid expeditionary force, led by Jafar ibn Obeid, lands in Abruzzo in southern Italy and overruns Apulia and the city of Otranto. After defeating the Byzantine garrisons, the Arabs lay siege to the castle of Oria and destroy it, killing the defenders and taking the women and children as slaves back to North Africa. Donnolo's family pays a ransom and the Fatimid Amir Abu Ahmad Ja'far ibn 'Ubaid sets him free.


text: Alberic I, duke of Spoleto, attempts to seize Rome on his own account. Pope John X organizes an uprising and expels him. Alberic flees to Orte, where he sends out messengers calling on the Magyars for assistance. But a mob in Orte, informed by papal agents, rises up and murders Alberic (approximate date).


date: September 4

text: September 4 — The coronation of Æthelstan as King of the Anglo-Saxons (comprising the united kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia) takes place on the island of Britain at Kingston upon Thames.


date: May

text: May – Bruno I, archbishop and duke of Lotharingia (d. 965)


text: Conrad I, king of Burgundy (approximate date)


text: Judith, duchess regent of Bavaria (d. 985)


text: Li Fang, Chinese scholar and official (d. 996)


text: Pan Mei, general of the Song dynasty (d. 991) (approximate date)


text: Fujiwara no Kanemichi, Japanese statesman (d. 977)


text: Gerberga, Frankish noblewoman (approximate date)


text: Qian Hongzun, heir apparent of Wuyue (d. 940)


text: John I Tzimiskes, Byzantine emperor (approximate date)


text: Widukind of Corvey, Saxon chronicler (approximate date)


text: Thietmar, Margrave of Meissen (approximate date)


text: Gwangjong (personal name: Wang So), king of Goryeo (d. 975)


text: Basil Lekapenos, Byzantine chief minister (d. 985) (approximate date)


date: January

text: January – Hashim ibn Muhammad becomes the new ruler of the Banu Tujib, an Arab state in Spain, upon the death of his father, Muhammad al-Anqar al-Tujibi.


date: March

text: March – Bertha, duchess regent of Lucca and Tuscany (b. 863)

source_section: Deaths


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Nicholas I Mystikos, twice the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and having reigned a second time since 912, dies at the age of 73.


text: May 15 – Nicholas I Mystikos, Byzantine patriarch (b. 852)


date: May 23

text: May 23 – At Luoyang, Zhao Guangyin, the Grand Chancellor (equivalent to a Prime Minister) of the Emperor Li Cunxu of Later Tang dynasty China, dies. Zhao's duties are assumed by Li Cunxu's son, Prince Li Siyuan.


text: May 23 – Zhao Guangyin, chancellor of Later Tang


date: August 3

text: August 3 – Cao, Chinese empress dowager


text: August — In Spain, Fruela II, King of León and King of Galicia, dies and is temporarily succeeded by his son, Alfonso Fróilaz.


date: December 10

text: December 10 — In Pamplona in Spain, Jimeno II becomes the new King of Navarre in Spain upon the death of his brother, King Sancho I.


text: December 10 – Sancho I, king of Pamplona


text: December 28 – Wang Zongbi, general of Former Shu


date: December 30

text: December 30 — Wang Shenzhi, the Chinese ruler of the Min Kingdom (now part of the Fujian province, with a capital of Fuzhou), dies after a long illness and is succeeded by his eldest son, Wang Yanhan.


text: December 30 – Wang Shenzhi, founder of Min (b. 862)


text: Abu Bakr al-Razi, Persian philosopher (approximate date)


text: King Æthelstan of Wessex and Mercia annexes Northumbria, and forces Wales and Strathclyde to accept his sovereignty along with the Picts and the Scots (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By place › Britain


text: May 15 – Emperor Zhuang Zong is killed during an officer's rebellion led by Guo Congqian at the old Tang capital of Luoyang. He is succeeded by his adoptive brother Li Siyuan (Ming Zong) as ruler of Later Tang. Li sends Yao Kun, as an emissary, to create a friendly relationship with the Khitan Empire.


text: Battle of the Bosnian Highlands: Bulgarian forces under Duke Alogobotur are ambushed and defeated by a Croatian army of King Tomislav, in the mountainous area of Eastern Bosnia. Tsar Simeon I meets his first defeat against Croatia, but overruns the Western Balkans several times.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


text: Spring – The Italian nobles turn against King Rudolph II of Burgundy and request that Hugh of Provence, the effective ruler of Lower Burgundy, be elected as king of Italy. Rudolph's father-in-law Duke Burchard II of Swabia is ambushed and killed near Novara, by the henchmen of Archbishop Lambert of Milan. Rudolph, disillusioned by the news, returns to Burgundy to protect himself. Hugh has himself crowned King of Italy. and appoints Giselbert I as count palatine of Bergamo (Northern Italy).


text: The Hungarians besiege Augsburg in Bavaria, then conquer the monastery of St. Gallen (modern Switzerland). After an unsuccessful battle with the locals, they burn the suburbs of Konstanz, then they cross westwards and defeat a Frankish army led by Duke Liutfred of Alsace.


text: Pope John X allies himself with Hugh of Provence provoking the ire of Marozia, daughter of the Roman consul Theophylact I, who is married to Hugh's rival Guy of Tuscany.


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Murakami, emperor of Japan (d. 967)


text: Ordoño III, king of León (approximate date)


text: Phạm Thị Trân, Vietnamese opera singer and Mandarin (d. 976)


text: Liu Jun, emperor of Northern Han (d. 968)


text: Ordoño IV, king of León (approximate date)


text: Gao Huaide, Chinese general (approximate date)


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Athelm, archbishop of Canterbury


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Zhu Youqian, Chinese warlord


date: April 29

text: April 29 – Burchard II, duke of Swabia


text: May 15 – Zhuang Zong, emperor of Later Tang (b. 885)


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Yuan Xingqin, Chinese general


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Emperor Taizu dies after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his second son Tai Zong (Yaogu) as ruler of the Chinese Liao Dynasty. Taizu's eldest son Yelü Bei (designated heir apparent) becomes ruler of the Dongdan Kingdom (former Balhae), a puppet state of the Khitan Empire.


text: September 6 – Abaoji (Taizu), emperor of the Khitan Empire


date: December 12

text: December 12, William II, duke of Aquitaine


text: Alogobotur, Bulgarian nobleman (approximate date)


text: Wang Zongyan, emperor of Former Shu (b. 899)


text: Pelagius of Córdoba, Christian martyr


text: Ero Fernández, Galician magnate (approximate date)


text: Guo Chongtao, general of Later Tang


text: Zhang Quanyi, Chinese warlord (b. 852)


date: October

text: October/November - Treaty of Constantinople. The Bulgarian Empire solidifies its status as a great power.


text: October/November – The Qarmatian invasion of Iraq begins.


date: December 7

text: 7 December – The Sajid emir of Adharbayjan, Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj is defeated and captured by the Qarmatians near Kufa.


text: Later Baekje, one of the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea, sacks the Silla capital at Gyeongju. King Gyeongae commits suicide and Gyeongsun is placed on the throne by the Later Baekje king Kyŏn Hwŏn.


text: The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is recognised as autocephalous, by the Patriarchate of Constantinople.


text: Summer – The Hungarians fight in Rome, helping Margrave Peter against Pope John X. They then go to southern Italy, and conquer the cities of Taranto and Oria.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – King Æthelstan of Wessex receives the submission of High-Reeve Ealdred I of Bamburgh and probably also of Owain ap Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde, at Eamont Bridge. He also secures a pledge from King Constantine II of Scotland, that he will not ally with the Viking kings. This summer also Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth and Owain of Glywysing and Gwent submit to the overlordship of Æthelstan at Hereford. The borders between England and Wales are set at the River Wye.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Led by the Slavic Sabir, the Fatimids from Sicily, capture and destroy Taranto. They enslave much of the population.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Taizu, emperor of the Song dynasty (d. 976)


text: Fantinus, Italian hermit and abbot (approximate date)


text: Fujiwara no Anshi, empress consort of Japan (d. 964)


text: Ch'oe Sung-no, Korean politician and poet (d. 989)


text: Amlaíb Cuarán, Viking king of Scandinavian York (d. 981)


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Berno of Cluny, Frankish monk and abbot


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Wang Yanhan, king of Min (Ten Kingdoms)


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Simeon I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies of heart failure in his palace at Preslav after a 34-year reign. He is survived by four sons and succeeded by his second son Peter I, who signs a peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire. The peace is confirmed by Peter's marrying Maria Lekapene (the daughter of Christopher Lekapenos, son and co-emperor of Romanos I). The treaty restores the borders to those established by several treaties (thus recognizing Bulgaria's possession of Macedonia).


text: May 27 – Simeon I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Doulu Ge, chancellor of Later Tang


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Cele Dabhaill mac Scannal, Irish preacher and abbot, dies on his pilgrimage at Rome.


text: September 14 – Cele Dabhaill mac Scannal, Irish abbot


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Zhu Shouyin, general of Later Tang


date: November 20

text: November 20 – Xu Wen, general and regent of Wu (b. 862)


text: Miró II, count of Cerdanya and Besalú (Spain)


text: Gyeongae, king (55th ruler) of Silla (Korea)


text: Sigtrygg Cáech, Viking king of Scandinavian York


text: Zhang Ge, politician and chancellor of Former Shu


text: Ren Huan, general and chancellor of Later Tang


text: King Rudolph I loses the support of Herbert II, count of Vermandois, who controls the prison at Péronne in which former King Charles III (the Simple) is imprisoned. Herbert brings him before William I (Longsword), count of Rouen, for homage and then to Rheims as leverage to blackmail Rudolph to make him cede sovereignty over Laon (Northern France).


text: Winter – King Henry I (the Fowler) subdues the Polabian Slavs who live on the eastern borders. He then marches against the Slavic Hevelli tribes and seizes their capital, Brandenburg. Henry invades the Glomacze lands in the middle Elbe valley, where he besieges and destroys the main castle called Gana (the later Albrechtsburg) at Meissen (Saxony).


text: Summer – A Fatimid fleet under Sabir al-Fata raids Byzantine southern Italy. It captures a locality named al-Ghiran ('the caves') in Apulia and sacks the cities of Taranto and Otranto. The inhabitants are carried off to North Africa as slaves.

source_section: Events › By place › Italy


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Tryphon succeeds Stephen II as patriarch of Constantinople (until 931).


text: Summer – Pope John X is deposed and imprisoned in Castel Sant'Angelo at Rome by order of the Roman senatrix Marozia after a 14-year reign. He is succeeded by Leo VI as the 123rd pope of the Catholic Church.


section: Economy & Finance

text: King Hywel Dda (the Good) of Deheubarth makes a pilgrimage to Rome, he becomes the first Welsh ruler to undertake such a trip. Hywel begins the codification of medieval Welsh law and mints his own coinage.


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Qian Hongzuo, king of Wuyue (d. 947)


text: Shi Shouxin, Chinese general (d. 984)


text: Dub mac Maíl Coluīm, king of Scotland (d. 967)


text: Pietro I Orseolo, doge of Venice (d. 987)


text: Qian Hongzong, king of Wuyue (d. 971)


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Zhao Guangfeng, Chinese official and chancellor


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Louis the Blind, Frankish king and Holy Roman Emperor


text: June 5 – Louis III (the Blind), former king of Provence (Lower Burgundy), dies at Arles after a 27-year reign (of which 23 are sightless). He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Hugh I who is King of Italy. With the approval of his kinsman Rudolph I, Hugh strips Louis's son and heir, Charles Constantine, of his inheritance and proclaims himself as ruler of Provence.


text: July 18 – Stephen II, patriarch of Constantinople


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Duan Ning, Chinese general


text: Ishanavarman II, king of the Khmer Empire


text: Diogo Fernandes, count of Portugal


text: Ishanavarman II dies after a 5-year reign and is succeeded by his uncle Jayavarman IV as king of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia). He moves the capital north from Angkor to Koh Ker.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj, Sajid emir


text: Huo Yanwei, Chinese general (b. 872)


text: Tomislav, duke and king of Croatia


text: Zhang Juhan, Chinese official (b. 858)


text: Siyahchashm, Justanid ruler (mahdi)


text: Al-Layth ibn Ali ibn al-Layth, Saffarid emir


date: September 4

text: September 4 – Battle of Lenzen: Slavic forces (the Redarii and the Obotrites) are defeated by a Saxon army near the fortified stronghold of Lenzen (modern Germany).


text: Early 929 – Siege of Gana: German king Henry the Fowler besieges Gana with an East Frankish army and conquers the stronghold. He establishes the fort of Meissen nearby.


text: Early 929 – Henry the Fowler invades Bohemia from the north and marches on Prague. Duke Arnulf I of Bavaria invades Bohemia from the south. The Bohemians capitulate.


text: Summer – The Slavic-Arab leader Sabir defeats a small Byzantine fleet and seizes Termoli (in Molise, on the Adriatic coast). He returns to Africa laden with booty and slaves.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Emir Abd al-Rahman III of Córdoba, Spain, proclaims himself caliph and creates the Caliphate of Córdoba. He breaks his allegiance to, and ties with, the Fatimid and Abbasid caliphs.


text: Mpu Sindok, ruler of the Mataram kingdom, moves his court from Central to East Java (modern Indonesia), probably after the eruption of Mount Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Qian Chu, king of Wuyue (d. 988)


text: Fujiwara no Kaneie, Japanese statesman (d. 990)


text: al-Ta'i', Abbasid caliph of Baghdad (d. 1003)


text: Guo Zhongshu, Chinese painter (approximate date)


text: William, archbishop of Mainz (d. 968)


text: Saigū no Nyōgo (Princess Kishi), Japanese waka poet (d. 985)


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Gao Jixing, founder of Chinese Jingnan (b. 858)


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Guy, Margrave of Tuscany, second husband (third lover) of the Roman noblewoman Marozia, dies. He is succeeded by his brother Lambert as margrave of Tuscany.


text: February 3 – Guy ("the Philosopher"), margrave of Tuscany (Italy)


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Leo VI, pope of the Catholic Church


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Wang Du, Chinese warlord and governor (jiedushi)


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Cui Xie, Chinese official and chancellor


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Ælthryth, English princess and countess of Flanders (b. 877)


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Charles the Simple, former king of West Francia, dies in prison at Péronne, leaving Rudolph with no opposition except that of Count Herbert II of Vermandois.


text: Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath, Sajid emir of Azerbaijan (Iran)


text: Indra III, ruler of Rashtrakuta (India)


text: Al-Batani, Muslim astronomer and mathematician


text: Before August 16 – Sancho Ordóñez, king of Galicia (Spain)


text: Ashot II, king of Armenia (approximate date)


text: Pope Leo VI dies at Rome after a 7-month reign. He is succeeded (probably handpicked–by Marozia from the Tusculani family) by Stephen VII as the 124th pope of the Catholic Church.


year_label: 93 CE

text: The Xianbei incorporates 100,000 Xiongnu, and establishes the Xianbei State in Mongolia (approximate date).

source_title: AD 93


text: Emperor Domitian persecutes the Christians.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Josephus completes his Jewish Antiquities (or in AD 94).

source_section: Events › By topic › Literature


text: Pliny the Younger is named a praetor.


date: August 23

text: August 23 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general and governor (b. AD 40)


text: Lucius Antistius Rusticus, Roman politician and governor


text: Arulenus Rusticus, Roman politician and Stoic philosopher (executed)


text: Herennius Senecio, Roman Stoic philosopher and writer (executed)


text: The independent Korean island state of Usan-guk becomes a protectorate of Goryeo.


text: The Althing, the parliament of Iceland, is established at þingvellir ("Thing Fields"). Chieftains from various tribes gather for 2 weeks at a thing (assembly) to settle disputes, arrange marriages, etc.; it continues in existence into the 21st century, as the world's oldest parliament of the Icelandic Commonwealth.


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Sack of Mecca: The Qarmatians, led by Abu Tahir al-Jannabi, sack Mecca, desecrating the Zamzam Well and carrying off the Black Stone to their homeland in Eastern Arabia.


text: Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine, besieges Douai in West Francia.


text: Mardavij ibn Ziyar is sent by Asfar ibn Shiruya along with his brother Shirzad, to capture the fortress of Shamiran in Tarom (Northern Iran), the capital of the Sallarid ruler Muhammad ibn Musafir. During the siege Mardavij is persuaded to revolt against Asfar, by letters from Makan ibn Kaki. With the help of the sons of the Sallarid, he kills other members of his tribe, including Shirzad. Mardavij founds the Ziyarid Dynasty and becomes the ruler of Asfar's former territories, which include Rey, Qazvin, Zanjan, Abhar, Qom and Karaj.


text: Bishopwearmouth is formed and settled in the north-east of England, after Æthelstan grants the lands to the Bishop of Durham.


text: Yelü Bei, prince and elder brother of the Liao dynasty (Khitan) Emperor Taizong, leaves for China.


text: Alferius, Italian abbot and saint (d. 1050)

source_section: Births


text: Nikon the Metanoeite, Byzantine monk (d. 998)


text: Odo I, German nobleman (approximate date) (d. 993)


text: Liudolf, Swabia (approximate date) (d. 957)


text: Zhang Mi, Chinese Ci lyric poet (d. unknown)


text: Mieszko I, prince of Poland (approximate date) (d. 992)


text: Boleslaus II, duke of Bohemia (d. 999)


text: Gisulf I, prince of Salerno (d. 977)


text: Lambert of Chalon, Frankish nobleman (d. 978)


text: Herbert of Wetterau, German nobleman (d. 992)


text: Ya'qub ibn Killis, Fatimid vizier (d. 991)


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Liu Hua, princess of Southern Han (b. 896)


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Xiao Qing, chancellor of Later Liang (b. 862)


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Hucbald, Frankish monk and music theorist


date: October 16

text: October 16 – Emperor Daigo of Japan, being fatally ill, abdicates in favor of his 7-year-old son Suzaku, after a 33-year reign. He enters the Buddhist priesthood, but dies shortly after. Former Emperor Uda (Daigo's father), remains the power behind the Japanese throne (until 931).


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Li Qi, chancellor of Later Liang (b. 871)


date: November 19

text: November 19 – Yan Keqiu, Chinese chief strategist


date: December 2

text: December 2 – Ma Yin, Chinese warlord and king (b. 853)


text: Sharwin II, ruler of the Bavand Dynasty (Iran)


text: Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam, Egyptian mathematician (b. c. 850)


text: Amoghavarsha II, ruler of Rashtrakuta (India)


text: Óengus mac Óengusa, Irish poet and Chief Ollam of Ireland


text: Xia Luqi, general of Later Tang (b. 882)


text: García II Sánchez, duke of Gascony (approximate date)


text: Ramiro II forces the abdication of his brother Alfonso IV and becomes king of León (Northern Spain). He has Alfonso and Fruela's three sons blinded in order to make them incapable of ruling.


text: Spring – Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, cedes Lower Burgundy to Rudolph II, in return for Rudolf's renunciation of all claims to the Italian crown. He receives the imperial crown, and induces the Italian nobility to recognize his son Lothair II as the co-ruler of Lombardia (Regnum Italiae).


text: King Morgan Hen of Glywysing and Gwent (Wales) submits to the overlordship of King Æthelstan, and attends his court with Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth and Idwal Foel of Gwynedd.

source_section: Events › By place › England


text: Ramiro II expands the border eastwards (nearly to the Pyrenees) and captures Burgos and the surrounding land. This land would soon be known as the County of Castile (approximate date).


text: The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba invades and conquers the city of Ceuta, which was ruled by the Berber dynasty Banu Isam.

source_section: Events › By place › North Africa


text: Emir Mardavij ibn Ziyar defeats and kills his rival Asfar ibn Shiruya. He conquers in rapid succession the Abbasid cities of Hamadan, Dinavar, and Kashan, and finally the entire region of Isfahan, which becomes his capital. Mardavij appoints his brother Vushmgir as the governor of Amol (modern Iran).


text: Nómina Leonesa, an account of the kings of Asturias and León, is published (approximate date).


date: March 28

text: March 28 – Liu Chengyou, emperor of Later Han (d. 951)


date: September 19

text: September 19 – Mu Zong, emperor of the Liao dynasty (d. 969)


text: Li Congyi (Prince of Xu), prince of Later Tang (d. 947)


text: Yang Guangmei, Chinese general (approximate date)


text: Fu (the Elder), empress consort of Later Zhou (d. 956)


text: Cao Bin, general of the Song dynasty (d. 999)


text: Taksony, Grand Prince of Hungary (approximate date)


text: Boris II, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire (d. 977)


text: Liutgard of Saxony, duchess consort of Lorraine (d. 953)


text: Adelaide, empress regent of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 999)


date: January 27

text: January 27 – Ruotger, archbishop of Trier


date: March

text: March – Pope Stephen VII dies after a three-year reign. He is succeeded by John XI (at the age of 20) as the 125th pope of the Catholic Church. His mother Marozia is the powerful senatrix and patricia of Rome.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Kong Xun, Chinese governor (b. 884)


date: May 29

text: May 29 – Jimeno Garcés, king of Pamplona


date: June 25

text: June 25 – An Chonghui, general of Later Tang


text: Robert II, bishop of Tours (approximate date)


text: Rollo, Viking leader and count (approximate date)


text: Wang Yanbing, prince of Min (Ten Kingdoms)


text: Rollo, duke of Normandy, dies at Rouen after an 11-year reign. He is the first leader of the Viking settlers to establish an independent dukedom (a vassal of the West Frankish Kingdom). His eldest son, William Longsword, becomes the second ruler of Normandy (approximate date).


text: Gu Quanwu, general of the Tang dynasty (b. 864)


text: King Harald Fairhair of Norway dies after a 59-year reign as the Scandinavian nation's first ruler. He divides the kingdom among his many sons (about 25 years ago) to bring peace. Unable to travel through the country - and perform his royal duties, Harald hands over power to his favorite son Eric Bloodaxe, who allegedly kills at least two of his brothers to gain the Norwegian throne that he will hold (approximate date).


text: Ibn Masarra, Muslim ascetic and scholar (b. 883)


text: Stephen VII, pope of the Catholic Church


text: Christopher Lekapenos, Byzantine co-emperor


text: Summer – Alberic II leads an uprising at Rome against his stepfather Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, after he is insulted at the wedding of his mother, Marozia. Alberic seizes the Lateran Palace, and Hugh escapes with an escort out of the city. Marozia is captured and put in prison. Alberic takes control of the city and appoints himself as the ruler (princeps) of Rome.


text: Emir Mardavij ibn Ziyar invades Tabaristan and captures the city of Gorgan. The Daylamite military leader Makan ibn Kaki tries to reclaim his territories, but fails. He seeks refuge among the Samanids and enters the service of their ruler Nasr II. He appoints him as governor of Kirman (modern Iran).


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir is killed while fighting against the forces of general Mu'nis al-Muzaffar. Al-Muqtadir's brother al-Qahir is chosen to succeed him.


text: Summer – Pope John XI is forced to grant power over Rome to his half-brother Alberic II, who is invested as "Prince and Senator of all Romans". John is to resign himself to spiritual leadership of the Catholic Church.


text: Doge Orso II Participazio retires voluntarily to a monastery, marking the end of the Participazio dominance of the Venetian dogeship. He is succeeded by Pietro II Candiano, the son and namesake of the earlier doge Pietro I.