date: May 25

text: May 25 – King Sancho IV of Navarre and Ahmad al-Muqtadir, Muslim ruler of the Taifa of Zaragoza, conclude an alliance by treaty.


section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Egyptian official Abu'l-Ala Abd al-Ghani ibn Nasr ibn Sa'id al-Dayf appointed Vizier in Egypt.

source_section: Events › By place › Africa


section: Conflict & Security

text: Ebles II of Roucy leads a French army in Spain, to support King Sancho V of Aragon in his struggle against his Muslim neighbors.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


text: Sviatoslav II and Vsevolod I unite the Kievan forces and expel their brother Iziaslav I. Sviatoslav II becomes Grand Prince of Kiev.


date: October 14

section: Religion & Belief

text: October 14 – The Judicate of Arborea (one of the four independent kingdoms in Sardinia) is recognised by Pope Gregory VII.


text: John IX bar Shushan ends his term as Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: Rabbi Yitchaki Alfassi finishes writing the Rif, an important work of Jewish law.


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Wang Anshi, Chinese chief chancellor of the Song dynasty, creates a new bureau of the central government (called the Directorate of Weapons), which supervises the manufacture of military armaments and ensures quality control.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


section: Culture & Society

text: Edgar Ætheling, last male member of the House of Wessex, joins forces with Kings Malcolm III of Scotland and Philip I of France in an attempt to take the English throne.

source_section: Events › By place › Britain


section: Births

text: Philippa of Toulouse, French noblewoman (d. 1118)

source_section: Births


text: Lady Six Monkey, queen of the Mixtec city State of Huachino and queen of Jaltepec (d. 1101)


text: Leopold III ("the Good"), margrave of Austria (d. 1136)


text: Shaykh Tabarsi, Persian Shia scholar (d. 1153)


text: Thomas of Marle, lord of Coucy (d. 1130)


text: Meng, Chinese empress consort of the Song dynasty (d. 1131)


text: Agnes of Waiblingen, daughter of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1143)


text: Alfonso the Battler, king of Aragon (d. 1134)


text: Al-Tighnari, Moorish botanist and physician (d. 1118)


text: David IV ("the Builder"), king of Georgia (d. 1125)


text: Zbigniew, duke of Poland (d. 1113?)


text: Magnus Barefoot, king of Norway (d. 1103)


text: Anastatius IV, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1154)


date: February 21

section: Deaths

text: February 21 (approximate date) – Peter Damian, cardinal-bishop of Ostia (b. c. 1007)

source_section: Deaths


date: April 21

text: April 21 – Alexander II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1010/15)


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Emperor Go-Sanjō dies after a 5-year reign and is succeeded by his 19-year-old son Shirakawa as the 72nd emperor of Japan.


text: June 15 – Go-Sanjō, emperor of Japan (b. 1032)


date: June 30

text: June 30 – Badis ibn Habus, Berber king of the Taifa of Granada (b. 1002)


date: July 12

text: July 12 – John Gualbert, Italian monk, abbot and saint (b. c. 985)


date: December 20

text: December 20 – Dominic of Silos, Spanish abbot (b. 1000)


text: Pope Alexander II dies after a 11½-year pontificate at Rome. He is succeeded by Gregory VII as the 157th pope of the Catholic Church.


text: Zhou Dunyi, Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (b. 1017)


text: Approximate date – Barisone I of Torres, Sardinian ruler (judge) of Arborea


text: Anthony of Kiev, Russian monk and saint (b. 983)


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Treaty of Gerstungen: King Henry IV is forced to restore the peace with Duke Otto of Nordheim (one of the Saxon leaders of the Saxon Rebellion). He signs a treaty in Gerstungen Castle, on the River Werra in Thuringia (modern Germany).


date: February 7

text: February 7 – Battle of Montesarchio: Prince Pandulf IV, co-ruler of Benevento, is killed while fighting the Normans in southern Italy.


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Battle of Kemej: King Solomon, King of Hungary routs the army of his cousin Duke Géza with the assistance of German troops.


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Battle of Mogyoród: King Solomon is defeated by his cousins, Duke Géza I and Ladislaus I. He is dethroned and Géza becomes the new ruler of Hungary.


text: Spring – Norman mercenaries, led by Roussel de Bailleul, proclaim John Doukas emperor of the Byzantine Empire. His nephew, Emperor Michael VII Doukas, forms an alliance with Seljuk chieftain Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, who is raiding in the eastern regions of Anatolia. The Seljuk Turks ambush the Norman forces; Roussel and John are defeated and captured; but a ransom, raised by Roussel's wife, allows him to return to Amaseia.

source_section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Emperor Shenzong of Song establishes a Marine Office and a Goods Control Bureau north-west of Shanghai, allowing for the loading and unloading of freight.

source_section: Events › By place › China


text: Pope Gregory VII temporarily excommunicates the Norman nobleman Robert Guiscard.


text: Spring – Badr al-Jamali becomes Chief Wazir (Grand Vizier) and effectively military dictator of the Fatimid Caliphate under Caliph Al-Mustansir Billah in Egypt.


date: October 21

section: Economy & Finance

text: October 21 – The Belgium beer brand Affligem is founded.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Conrad II of Italy, king of Germany (d. 1101)


date: April

text: April – Abu Mansur Mauhub al-Jawaliqi, Arab philologist (d. 1144)


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Al-Musta'li, Fatimid caliph (d. 1101)


text: Maud, Countess of Huntingdon, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1130)


text: Edgar ("the Valliant"), king of Scotland (d. 1107)


text: Ibn al-Tilmidh, Syriac physician and poet (d. 1165)


text: February 7 – Pandulf IV of Benevento, Lombard prince


text: March 14 – Ernyei, Hungarian lord and courtier


text: March 14 – Vid Gutkeled, Hungarian lord and courtier (b. c. 1010)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Herman I, margrave of Baden


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Dúnán (or Donat(us)), 1st bishop of Dublin


date: October 25

text: October 25 – Shōshi, empress of Japan (b. 988)


text: Joseph Tarchaneiotes, Byzantine general


text: Yang Wenguang, Chinese general


text: Ralph IV of Valois (or Raoul), French nobleman


text: Wugunai, Chinese chieftain (b. 1021)


text: Ibn al-Wafid, Andalusian pharmacologist


text: Peter Krešimir IV, king of Croatia (or 1075)


text: Summer – Shen Kuo, Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, solves a border dispute with the Liao dynasty by dredging up old diplomatic records. He refutes Emperor Dao Zong's bluffs point for point during a meeting at Mt. Yongan (near modern-day Pingquan), reestablishing the rightful borders of the Song dynasty.


text: The Kingdom of Mapungubwe is established, in modern-day South Africa.


text: Anund Gårdske is deposed as king of Svealand (also called Sweden proper). King Håkan the Red of Götaland proclaims himself ruler of all Sweden.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – First Battle of Langensalza: Emperor Henry IV defeats the Saxon nobles on the River Unstrut near Langensalza in Thuringia (modern Germany). He subjugates Saxony, and immediately tries to reassert his rights as the sovereign of northern Italy.


text: The future Emperor Alexios Komnenos captures the Norman rebel Roussel de Bailleul in Amaseia. Roussel had established a principality in eastern Anatolia in 1073 after rebelling against Emperor Michael VII Doukas, basing his power on his western mercenaries and local support in exchange for protection against invading Turkmen.


text: Revolt of the Earls: The Earls Ralph de Gael, Roger de Breteuil and Waltheof, begin a revolt against King William I (the Conqueror) in the last serious act of resistance to the Norman Conquest.

source_section: Events › By place › England


text: Vietnamese forces under General Lý Thường Kiệt defend Vietnam against a Chinese invasion.


date: February

text: February – Pope Gregory VII holds a council in the Lateran Palace at Rome. He publishes a decree against laymen investiture (an act which will later cause the Investiture Controversy).


text: April – The Dictatus papae (a compilation of 27 statements of powers) are included in the registry of Gregory VII, in which he asserts papal authority over earthly as well as spiritual rulers.


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Council of London: Archbishop Lanfranc instigates the movement of English bishoprics. One of these is the bishopric of Sherborne and Wilton which is moved to Old Sarum.


date: December 8

text: December 8 – Gregory VII writes a letter of reprimand to Henry IV. He accuses him of breaching his word and continued support of excommunicated councilors.


date: December 25

section: Crime & Justice

text: December 25 – Gregory VII is kidnapped in the church during Christmas night in Rome and briefly imprisoned by the Roman nobleman Cencio I Frangipane.


text: Roger de Breteuil is brought before the Great Council. He is deprived of his lands and sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. Ralph de Gael and Waltheof are charged as co-conspirators.


text: The Liao dynasty version of the Buddhist Tripiṭaka is completed (approximate date).


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Al-Zamakhshari, Persian philosopher (d. 1144)


date: April 16

text: April 16 – Orderic Vitalis, English Benedictine chronicler


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Tianzuo (Yanning), last emperor of the Liao dynasty


date: November 25

text: November 25 – Taizong, emperor of the Jin dynasty (d. 1135)


text: Gerald de Windsor, English nobleman (approximate date) (d. 1135)


text: Henry IX "the Black", duke of Bavaria (d. 1126)


text: Raymond Pilet d'Alès, French nobleman (d. 1120)


text: Tancred, Italo-Norman leader of the First Crusade (d. 1112)


text: Soběslav I (Sobeslaus), duke of Bohemia (d. 1140)


text: Conrad I, archbishop of Salzburg (approximate date)


text: Gisela of Burgundy, Marchioness of Montferrat, French noblewoman (d. 1135)


text: Kim Pusik, Korean statesman and general (d. 1151)


text: Norbert of Xanten, archbishop of Magdeburg (d. 1134)


text: Adelaide del Vasto, countess and regent of Sicily (d. 1118)


date: March 29

text: March 29 – Ottokar I (or Otakar), German nobleman


date: April 2

text: April 2 – Al-Qa'im, Abbasid caliph in Baghdad (b. 1001)


date: April 15

text: April 15 – Erlembald Cotta, Italian military leader


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Richeza (or Adelaide), Hungarian queen


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Ernest (the Brave), margrave of Austria (b. 1027)


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Theodwin, prince-bishop of Liège


date: August 2

text: August 2 – John VIII, patriarch of Constantinople


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Minamoto no Yoriyoshi, Japanese nobleman (b. 988)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Fujiwara no Norimichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 996)


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Anno II, archbishop of Cologne


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Xiao Guanyin, Chinese empress (b. 1040)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Edith of Wessex, English queen


text: Ibn Butlan, Arab Nestorian Christian physician (b. 1038)


text: Domnall mac Murchada, king of Leinster and Dublin


text: December 13 – Norman conquest of southern Italy: Italo-Norman forces under Robert Guiscard de Hauteville and Richard I of Capua, conquer the fortress city of Salerno after a short siege.


text: Approximate date – Koumbi Saleh, an important mercantile and political center of the Ghana Empire (modern Mauritania), is besieged by the Almoravids.


text: Vikramaditya VI deposes his older brother Someshvara II to become king of the Western Chalukya Empire (modern India).


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Synod of Worms: Emperor Henry IV, holds a synod in Worms (modern Germany). The assembly declares Pope Gregory VII deposed, and the bishops abandon their allegiance to him.


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Gregory VII pronounces a sentence of excommunication against Henry IV at Rome. He is excluded from the Catholic Church, and all the bishops named by Henry are excommunicated.


date: December 26

text: December 26 – Bolesław II the Bold (or "the Generous") is crowned as King of Poland by Archbishop Bogumił in Gniezno Cathedral. Bolesław supports Gregory VII in his conflict against Henry IV.


text: Summer – Dirk V, count of Holland, re-conquers West Frisia (modern Netherlands) from the Archdiocese of Utrecht. He besieges Bishop Conrad at the castle of IJsselmonde, taking him prisoner.


text: Anselm of Aosta, an Italian Benedictine abbot, completes his Monologion at the request of his fellow monks.

source_section: Events › By topic › Literature


text: Demetrius Zvonimir donates the Benedictine monastery of St. Gregory in Vrana to Gregory VII.


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, a participant in the Revolt of the Earls against King William the Conqueror, is beheaded near Winchester.


date: November 1

section: Climate & Environment

text: November 1 – A frost begins that lasts until April 1077.


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Demetrius Zvonimir is crowned as king of Croatia in Solin (near Split), in the Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses (known later as the Hollow Church) by a representative of Gregory VII.


text: Approximate date – The Trial of Penenden Heath is held, with an important ruling regarding land rights subsequent to the Norman Conquest.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Mstislav I "the Great"), Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1132)


text: Hualani, Hawaiian queen and regent


text: Fujiwara no Sadazane, Japanese calligrapher (d. 1120)


text: Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi, Moorish scholar and judge (d. 1148)


text: Urban (or Gwrgan), bishop of Llandaff (d. 1134)


date: February 26

text: February 26 or 27 – Godfrey the Hunchback, duke of Lower Lorraine


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Ermengarde of Anjou, duchess of Burgundy


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Robert I ("the Old"), duke of Burgundy (b. 1011)


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Beatrice of Bar, French duchess and regent


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Sweyn II Estridsson, king of Denmark


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Nasr ibn Mahmud, Mirdasid emir of Aleppo


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Ramon Berenguer I, count of Barcelona (b. 1023)


text: May 31 – Waltheof, earl of Northumbria (executed)


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Sancho IV, king of Pamplona (or Navarre)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Arnost (or Arnošt), bishop of Rochester


text: Ramihrdus of Cambrai, French heretic priest and martyr (or 1077)


text: William Busac, French nobleman (jure uxoris) (b. 1020)


text: Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, a cousin of late Sultan Alp Arslan, consolidates his leadership over the Oghuz Turks and founds the Sultanate of Rum (modern Turkey).

source_section: Events › By place › Seljuk Empire


text: King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") reaches an agreement with his cousin Sancho Ramírez, who is elected as king of Navarre. Alfonso annexes the territories of Álava, part of Gipuzkoa and La Bureba, he is crowned and adopts the title of Imperator totius Hispaniae ("Emperor of all Spain").


text: King Mihailo I is given the title "King of the Slavs" by Gregory VII. He becomes the first recognized ruler of the kingdom of Duklja (modern Montenegro).


text: The Almoravids complete the conquest of the Ghana Empire, and reach Spain (approximate date).


date: March 14

text: March 14 – German nobles opposing king Henry IV elected an antiking, Rudolf of Rheinfelden, despite king Henry having been absolved.


text: Hugh I, duke of Burgundy, supports Sancho Ramírez (or Sancho V) in his conquest of the Castle of Muñones from Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir, who rules the Taifa of Zaragoza.


text: Fall – Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder, governor (doux) of the Theme of Dyrrhachium in the western Balkans, and Nikephoros Botaneiates, a general (strategos) of the Theme of Anatolics (modern Turkey), are proclaimed emperors by their troops. Emperor Michael VII Doukas offers Bryennios the title of caesar (co-emperor) if he submits to his rule, but Bryennios refuses. He sets out from Dyrrhachium, and marches towards Constantinople.


text: Robert Curthose instigates his first insurrection against his father, King William the Conqueror in the Normandy.


text: Anushtegin Gharchai becomes governor (shihna) of Khwarezm and a vassal of the Seljuk Empire (until 1097).


date: January 25

text: January 25 – Walk to Canossa: Emperor Henry IV travels to the Castle of Canossa near Reggio Emilia (Northern Italy), to visit Pope Gregory VII. He waits (with his wife Bertha of Savoy and son Conrad) at the gates for three days, for absolution of his excommunication. Gregory lifts the sentence, imposing on Henry a vow to comply with certain conditions (see Investiture Controversy).


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Henry IV grants the County of Friuli (with ducal status) to Sigaerd of Beilstein, patriarch of Aquileia. He creates the first Parliament, representing the communes as well the nobility and clergy.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Pope Gregory VII appoints Landulf as bishop of Pisa. He makes him permanent legate of the Holy See in Corsica.


text: Paul of Caen is installed as abbot of St. Albans in England. He commences the building of St. Albans Abbey Church.


text: The Bayeux Tapestry (embroidery) is completed, probably in England, possibly to unveil at the dedication of Bayeux Cathedral this year.

source_section: Events › By topic › Arts


text: Pope Christodolos ends his reign as leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (modern Egypt).


text: The first recorded trial by combat is held between Wulfstan and Walter.


date: August 14

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: August 14 – A fire destroys much of London.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Zhezong, Chinese emperor of the Song dynasty (d. 1100)


text: approximate date – Alexios Komnenos, Byzantine aristocrat and governor


text: Joseph ibn Migash, Spanish scholar and rabbi (d. 1141)


text: Ye Mengde, Chinese scholar, minister and poet (d. 1148)


date: April 11

text: April 11 – Anawrahta, founder of the Pagan Empire (b. 1014)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Géza I ("Magnus"), king of Hungary


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Andronikos Doukas, Byzantine nobleman


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Landulf VI, prince of Benevento


date: December 14

text: December 14 – Agnes of Poitou, Holy Roman Empress


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, Persian historian (b. 995)


date: December 27

text: December 27 – Sviatoslav II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1027)


text: Zhang Zai, Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (b. 1020)


text: Eleanor of Normandy, countess of Flanders (b. 1010)


text: Shao Yong, Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (b. 1011)


text: Minamoto no Takakuni, Japanese nobleman (b. 1004)


text: Roussel de Bailleul, Norman warrior and military leader


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Battle of Mellrichstadt: Emperor Henry IV defeats the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia, near Mellrichstadt (modern Germany).


text: Philaretos Brachamios abandons his claim to the Byzantine throne, on being appointed governor of Antioch, a foundation of the later Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.


text: The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, besieges Ceuta. Since the city can receive help from the sea, the siege will last until 1083.


text: Spring – Nikephoros Botaneiates, a Byzantine general (strategos) of the Theme of the Anatolics, revolts against Emperor Michael VII Doukas. With the support of the Seljuk Turks who provide him with troops, Nikephoros marches upon Nicaea (modern Turkey). He defeats the imperial army and proclaims himself emperor.


text: Battle of Kalavrye: The imperial forces of General Alexios Komnenos are victorious over the rebellious army (12,000 men) under Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder, governor (doux) of the Theme of Dyrrhachium. Bryennios is captured and later blinded.


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Nikephoros Botaneiates enters Constantinople in triumph and is crowned by Patriarch Cosmas I as emperor Nikephoros III of the Byzantine Empire. Michael VII resigns his throne after a 7-year reign and retires into the Monastery of Stoudios.


date: July 11

text: July 11 – The Romanesque tympanum of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Galicia (Spain) is constructed.


text: A church council in Poitiers deposes Bishop Sylvester of Rennes who had bought his office in 1076. This leads also to the flight of Robert of Arbrissel to Paris where he begins his studies.


text: Anselm is elected abbot of Bec Abbey, in Normandy.


text: Approximate date – The White Tower of the Tower of London is begun, under the direction of Gundulf (or Gundulph), bishop of Rochester.


text: By this year, the iron industry in the Song dynasty is producing a total weight of 127,000,000 kg (125,000 t) of iron product per year.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Abdul Qadir Gilani, Persian preacher (d. 1166)


date: April

text: April/May – Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid caliph in Baghdad (d. 1118)


text: Constance of France, princess of Antioch (d. 1125)


text: Reishi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1144)


text: Approximate date – Alexander I ("the Fierce"), king of Scotland (d. 1124)


text: Ermengol V, count of Urgell (Catalonia) (d. 1102)


text: Fujiwara no Tadazane, Japanese nobleman (d. 1162)


text: Ibn Quzman, Moorish poet and writer (d. 1160)


date: January

text: January – Immilla of Turin, Italian noblewoman


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Herman, bishop of Salisbury


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Gleb Svyatoslavich, Kievan prince


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Peter I, Italian nobleman


date: August 26

text: August 26 – Herluin, founder of Bec Abbey


date: October 3

text: October 3 – Grand Prince Iziaslav I dies, and is succeeded by Vsevolod I, who unites the principalities – Kiev, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl – in Kievan Rus'.


text: October 3 – Boris Vyacheslavich, prince of Chernigov


text: October 3 – Iziaslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1024)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Berthold II, duke of Carinthia


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Udo, archbishop of Trier


text: Approximate date – Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani, Persian scholar


text: Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, Fatimid scholar (b. 1000)


text: Andreas (or Andrew), archbishop of Bari, convert to Judaism


text: Richard I (Drengot), prince of Capua


text: King William the Conqueror establishes the New Forest in Southern England. He proclaims it as a royal forest, using it for hunting, mainly of deer.


text: Battle of Cabra: Moorish forces, aided by Castilian knights under El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz), defeat and rout the invading army of Emir Abdallah ibn Buluggin of Granada, near the town of Cabra (modern Spain).


text: The Seljuk Turks under Sultan Suleiman ibn Qutulmish reach and occupy the western coast of Asia Minor, an area known since the Archaic Period (c. 800–c. 500 BC) as Ionia (modern Turkey).


date: April 11

text: April 11 – Stanislaus of Szczepanów, bishop of Kraków, is executed on orders by King Bolesław II the Generous. The way in which his sentence is carried out causes a revolt among the Polish nobles. Bolesław is forced to flee, to take refuge at the court of King Ladislaus I of Hungary. He is succeeded by his brother Władysław I, as ruler of Poland.


text: Constance, queen of Castile and León, founds a monastery in Burgos (approximate date).


section: Science & Discovery

text: Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician and astronomer, calculates a 33 year calendar consisting of 25 ordinary years that include 365 days, and 8 leap years that include 366 days, the most accurate calculation of his time. Khayyam, in his Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems in Algebra, produces a complete classification of cubic equations and their geometric solutions (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By topic › Astronomy


text: Emperor Henry IV appoints Frederick I as duke of Swabia at Hohenstaufen Castle. Henry's 7-year-old daughter Agnes of Waiblingen is betrothed to Frederick who founds the Hohenstaufen Dynasty.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Yejong, king of Goryeo (d. 1122)


text: April – Urraca, queen regnant of León, Castile and Galicia (d. 1126)


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Horikawa, emperor of Japan (d. 1107)


text: Berardo dei Marsi, Italian cardinal and bishop (d. 1130)


text: Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher (d. 1142)


text: Zheng, Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (d. 1131)


text: Approximate date – Diepold III, margrave of Vohburg


text: Gampopa, Tibetan Buddhist monk and teacher (d. 1153)


text: Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (d. 1107)


text: Liu, Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (d. 1113)


text: Abū Ṭāhir al-Silafī, Fatimid scholar and writer (d. 1180)


text: Dangereuse de l'Isle Bouchard, French noblewoman (d. 1151)


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Adela of France, countess of Flanders (b. 1009)


date: February 22

text: February 22 – John of Fécamp, Italian-Norman abbot


text: April 11 – Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Polish bishop (b. 1030)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Roman Svyatoslavich, Kievan prince


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Hezilo (or Hettilo), bishop of Hildesheim


date: October

text: October – Atsiz ibn Uwaq, Turkish emir of Damascus


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Cao, empress of the Song dynasty (b. 1016)


text: Al-Jayyānī, Arab scholar and mathematician (b. 989)


text: Upon the death of Håkan the Red, Halsten Stenkilsson returns as king of Sweden, jointly with his brother Inge the Elder (approximate date).


text: Odo of Rennes, duke and regent of Brittany (b. 999)


text: Håkan the Red, king of Sweden (approximate date)


text: Adelaide of Savoy, duchess of Swabia (approximate date)


text: Íñigo López, Spanish nobleman (approximate date)


text: Wen Tong, Chinese painter and calligrapher (b. 1019)


text: Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus and Marcus Atilius Bradua become Roman Consuls.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: The Hypogeum of Yarhai, an underground tomb from the Syrian city of Palmyra dedicated to the family of Yarhai, is built.

source_section: Events › By topic › Arts and sciences


text: Tacitus writes Histories, which covers the period from AD 69 to AD 96.


text: Hyacinth of Caesarea, Christian martyr


text: The Rubenid Principality of Cilicia gains independence after its founder, Ruben I, succeeds in establishing his authority in the mountainous regions of Cilicia.

source_section: Events › By place › Armenia


date: January 27

text: January 27 – Battle of Flarchheim: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, defeats the forces led by the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia, near the town of Flarchheim (modern Germany).


text: Shen Kuo, Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, begins his defensive military campaign against the Tangut people of the Western Xia. He successfully defends the invasion route to Yanzhou (Shaanxi province).


text: Autumn – Nikephoros Melissenos, a Byzantine general and aristocrat, seizes control of what remains of Byzantine Asia Minor (modern Turkey), and proclaims himself emperor against Nikephoros III Botaneiates. Melissenos makes an alliance with Sultan Suleiman ibn Qutulmish and recruits many Turkish mercenaries to his army.


text: The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, conquers Tangier, Badis and Hunayn.

source_section: Events › By place › Africa


text: Autumn – Robert Curthose, a son of William I, is sent to invade Scotland. He reaches as far as Falkirk and forces King Malcolm III to agree to terms while building fortifications at Newcastle upon Tyne.


date: May 14

text: May 14 – Walcher, bishop of Durham, is killed by rebel Northumbrians. King William the Conqueror sends a punitive expedition led by his half-brother Odo of Bayeux to pacify Northumbria.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Wibert of Ravenna is elected as Antipope Clement III during the pro-imperial Synod of Brixen. Pope Gregory VII is deposed, signed in a decree by Henry IV.


text: Osmund, bishop of Salisbury, builds Devizes Castle in Wiltshire.


text: King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") of León and Castile establishes Latin liturgy in the Catholic Church, in place of the Hispanic Rite.


text: Benno II, bishop of Osnabrück, founds the Benedictine abby of Iburg Castle (modern Germany).


text: Rotrou III ("the Great"), French nobleman (d. 1144)


text: Matilda of Scotland, queen consort of England (d. 1118)


text: Egas Moniz o Aio, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1146)


text: Wulfric of Haselbury, English wonderworker (d. 1154)


text: Reginald I ("the One-Eyed"), count of Bar (d. 1149)


text: Leo I, prince of Cilician Armenia


text: Ibn Tumart, Almoravid political leader


text: Magnus Erlendsson, Norse earl of Orkney (d. 1115)


text: Cellach of Armagh (or Celsus), Irish archbishop (d. 1129)


text: Lhachen Utpala, Indian king of Ladakh (d. 1110)


text: Theresa, Portuguese queen and regent (d. 1130)


text: Harald Kesja ("the Spear"), king of Denmark (d. 1135)


text: Adelard of Bath, English philosopher (d. 1152)


text: Robert Pullen, English cardinal


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Amadeus II, count of Savoy (b. 1050)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – King Harald III of Denmark dies after a 4-year reign and is buried at Dalby Church in Scania (modern Sweden). He is succeeded by his brother Canute IV ("the Holy") as ruler of Denmark.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


text: April 17 – Harald III, king of Denmark (b. 1040)


text: May 14 – Walcher, bishop of Durham


date: July 5

text: July 5 – Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop (b. 1006)


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Battle on the Elster: Rudolf of Rheinfelden defeats the imperial forces led by Henry IV at the Elster River. Rudolf dies the following day at Merseburg of wounds received.


date: October 15

text: October 15 – Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia


text: Abraham, bishop of St David's (Wales) (murdered: approximate date)


text: Lhachen Gyalpo, Indian king of Ladakh (b. 1050)


text: Haakon Ivarsson, Norwegian jarl (b. 1027)


text: Aristakes Lastivertsi, Armenian historian (b. 1002)


text: Bertha of Blois, duchess of Brittany (approximate date)


text: Muhammad ibn Abbas, ruler of the Ghurid dynasty


text: Michael Attaleiates, Byzantine historian and writer


text: Seljuk emir Tzachas (or Chaka Bey) conquers Smyrna (modern-day İzmir) and founds a short-lived independent state, which emerges as the first sea power in Turkish history.


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Battle of Dyrrhachium: After taking the island of Corfu, Robert Guiscard advances to Dyrrhachium (modern-day Durrës), and lays siege to the city. Alexios I Komnenos attempts to defend Illyria from the Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated by Guiscard, outside Dyrrhachium, the Byzantine capital city of Illyria.


text: Battle of Mynydd Carn (near St Davids in Wales): Gruffudd ap Cynan in alliance with Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Deheubarth, defeats the forces of Trahaearn ap Caradog, Caradog ap Gruffydd and Meilir ap Rhiwallon (who are all killed), allowing Gruffudd to claim the Kingdom of Gwynedd.


text: King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") of Castile exiles his most famous commander, El Cid, who goes into exile and offers his services to the twins – Counts Ramon Berenguer II and Berenguer Ramon II of Barcelona, but is turned down. He ends up in the service of Emir Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud of Zaragoza.


date: May

text: May – A Norman fleet of 150 ships (including 60 horse transports), led by Duke Robert Guiscard, sets off towards the Dalmatian coast. An army of 15,000 men (including about 1,300 Norman knights) sails to the city of Avalona (modern Albania); they are joined by several ships from Ragusa, a republic in the Balkans who are enemies of the Byzantines.


text: King William the Conqueror of England orders the creation of a castle at Cardiff during his armed pilgrimage in southern Wales. The first castle on the site would be a motte and bailey type and is built on existing Roman fortifications.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Emperor Nikephoros III is forced to abdicate the throne, and retires to the Peribleptos monastery. He is succeeded by Alexios I Komnenos, who is crowned on April 5, as ruler of the Byzantine Empire. His brother-in-law Nikephoros Melissenos supports Alexios as new emperor, in exchange for the title of Caesar (co-emperor), and is appointed as commander of the Byzantine armies in the West.


text: Construction begins on St. Canute's Cathedral in Odense (modern Denmark).

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: Pope Gregory VII writes a letter to Bishop Hermann of Metz about the behavior of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (approximate date).


text: Satake Masayoshi, Japanese samurai (d. 1147)


text: Suger, French abbot and historian (approximate date) (d. 1151)


text: Gruffydd ap Rhys, Welsh king of Deheubarth (d. 1137)


text: William I, count of Luxembourg (d. 1131)


text: Louis VI ("the Fat"), king of France (approximate date)


text: Zhao Mingcheng, Chinese scholar-official (d. 1129)


text: Zhang Bangchang, Chinese prime minister (d. 1127)


text: Rudolf I, count of Bregenz and Chur (d. 1160)


date: January

text: January/February – Ibn Hayyus, Syrian poet and panegyrist (b. 1003)


date: April 2

text: April 2/3 – Bolesław II the Bold (or "the Generous"), king of Poland (or 1082)


date: June

text: June – Bernard of Menthon, French priest and saint


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Eusebius (or Bruno), bishop of Angers


text: October 18 – Konstantios Doukas, Byzantine emperor (b. 1060)


text: October 18 – Nikephoros Palaiologos, Byzantine general


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Nikephoros III, Byzantine emperor


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Abu al-Walid al-Baji, Moorish scholar and poet (b. 1013)


text: Trahaearn ap Caradog, Welsh king of Gwynedd, killed in battle (b. 1044)


text: Artau I, count of Pallars Sobirà (approximate date)


text: King Mihailo ("King of the Slavs") dies after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his son, Constantine Bodin as ruler of Duklja (until 1101).


text: Abelard of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman


text: Mihailo ("King of the Slavs"), Serbian king of Duklja


text: Caradog ap Gruffydd, prince of Gwent, killed in battle


text: Byzantine–Venetian treaty: Alexios I signs a trade and defence pact with Venice, in the form of an imperial Golden Bull. He grants the Venetians a commercial colony in Constantinople, as well as free trading and exemption from taxes, throughout the Byzantine Empire in return for their defense of the Adriatic Sea against the Normans.


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Battle of Mailberg: Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia invades Austria with an army of 8,000 men (supported by mercenaries from Moravia and Bavaria). He defeats the forces under Margrave Leopold II ("the Fair") near Mailberg. The northern region of Lower Austria is devastated from pillage and famine.


text: Adalbero, margrave of Styria, is forced to resign in favor of his brother Ottokar II, who is an ally of Gregory VII.


text: Spring – The Normans under Duke Robert Guiscard take Dyrrhachium (modern-day Durrës) in Illyria and advance inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly. Robert is forced to leave Greece to deal with an uprising in Italy. He leaves his son Bohemond in charge of the army, who lays siege to the city of Larissa. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos mobilizes a new army, and with the support of 7,000 Seljuk Turks he clears Thessaly from the Normans.


text: Construction of the Rochester Cathedral is completed in England.


text: Approximate date – The Korean printing of the entire Buddhist Tripiṭaka is completed.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: Winter – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, leads an expedition into Italy and besieges Rome. He gains entry and a synod is agreed upon by the Romans to rule on the dispute between Henry and Pope Gregory VII.


text: The first mention of the town of Hofgeismar (modern Germany) is recorded.


date: December 6

text: December 6 – Count Ramon Berenguer II of Barcelona is killed while hunting in the woods. He is succeeded by his twin brother Berenguer Ramon II as the sole ruler of Catalonia (modern Spain).


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Huizong, emperor of the Song dynasty (d. 1135)


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Ramon Berenguer III, count of Barcelona (d. 1132)


text: Minamoto no Yoshikuni, Japanese samurai (d. 1155)


text: Mary of Scotland, countess of Boulogne (d. 1116)


text: Petronilla of Lorraine, countess and regent of Holland (d. 1144)


text: Muhammad I Tapar, sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1118)


text: Goswin of Anchin, French Benedictine monk and abbot (d. 1165)


text: Yaropolk II Vladimirovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1139)


text: Ulrich of Attems, Italian nobleman


text: Theotonius of Coimbra, Portuguese royal advisor (d. 1162)


text: April 2/3 (or 1081) – Bolesław II the Bold, king of Poland


date: December 5

text: December 5 – Ramon Berenguer II, count of Barcelona


text: Lothair Udo II, margrave of the Nordmark


text: Arsen Ninotsmindeli, Georgian bishop and calligrapher


text: Waleran I (or Walram), count of Arlon and Limburg


text: David of Munktorp, English Cluniac monk and abbot


text: Approximate date – Robert de Grandmesnil, Norman nobleman


date: October

text: October – While Robert Guiscard is in Italy, emperor Alexios I Komnenos retakes territory previously lost to the Normans, including the town of Kastoria. Several Normans, including Peter Aliphas, switch sides to the Byzantines.


date: January 6

text: January 6 – A Castilian army, under Count Gonzalo Salvadórez and his son-in-law Ramiro Garcés, Lord of Calahorra, child of the late King García Sánchez III of Pamplona, enters the surrendered bastion of Rueda, but are then treacherously set upon and killed. Gonzalo, Ramiro, and Ramiro's illegitimate half-brother Sancho Garcés are among the many nobles to lose their lives, in what will be remembered as the 'disaster' or 'treachery of Rueda'.


text: King Sancho Ramírez of Pamplona and Aragon, conquers Graus (located in the Pyrenees).


text: Ceuta falls to the Almoravids, after a five-year siege.


text: King William the Conqueror imprisons his half-brother Odo of Bayeux for planning a military expedition to Italy.


text: Reconquista: Castilian forces under Alfonso VI reconquer Talavera de la Reina in the Taifa of Toledo (modern Spain).


text: Summer – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor besieges Pope Gregory VII in Castel Sant'Angelo at Rome.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Anna Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1153)


text: Viacheslav I Vladimirovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1154)


text: Florine of Burgundy, French noblewoman and crusader (d. 1097)


text: Qadi Iyad, Almoravid imam and chief judge (qadi) (d. 1149)


text: Raymond du Puy, French knight and Grand Master (d. 1160)


text: Otto IV, count palatine of Bavaria (approximate date)


text: Shin Panthagu, Burmese Buddhist monk and primate (d. 1174)


text: Jindřich Zdík (or Henry Zdík), bishop of Olomouc (d. 1150)


text: Li Gang, Chinese politician and Grand Chancellor (d. 1140)


text: January 6 – Gonzalo Salvadórez, Spanish nobleman


text: January 6 – Sancho Garcés, Spanish nobleman


text: January 6 – Ramiro Garcés, Spanish nobleman


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Otto of Nordheim, duke of Bavaria


date: September 2

text: September 2 – Munjong of Goryeo, Korean ruler (b. 1019)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Matilda of Flanders, queen consort of England


text: December 5 – Sunjong of Goryeo, Korean ruler (b. 1047)


text: Touzi Yiqing, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1032)


text: Nicodemus of Palermo, Italian bishop and saint


text: Approximate date – Theodora Doukaina Selvo, Venetian dogaressa (b. 1058)


text: Ermengarde of Tonnerre, French noblewoman


text: Adelelm of Jumièges, Norman monk and abbot


text: Zeng Gong, Chinese scholar and historian (b. 1019)


text: Basil Apokapes (or Apocapes), Byzantine general


text: Robert Guiscard returns with 150 warships in Illyria (modern Albania), and occupies Corfu and Kefalonia with the support of Ragusa and the Dalmatian city-states.


text: Sima Guang, Chinese chancellor and historian, with a group of scholars, completes the Zizhi Tongjian, a chronicle of universal history of China.


date: May

text: May – Sack of Rome: Duke Robert Guiscard leads a Norman army (36,000 men) north and enters Rome; the city is sacked, and Henry IV is forced to retreat.


text: King Halsten Stenkilsson is killed and his brother Inge the Elder is deposed in Svealand (modern Sweden). Inge is replaced by his brother-in-law Blot-Sweyn.


text: The Seljuk Turks under Sultan Malik-Shah I conquer Byzantine Antioch, held by Philaretos Brachamios, an Armenian general, who seizes power as a usurper.


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Emperor Henry IV besieges Rome and enters the city. He is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Antipope Clement III in Rome and receives the patrician authority.


text: Pope Gregory VII, who has been forced by the presence in Rome of Henry IV to retreat to the Castel Sant'Angelo, is freed by Robert Guiscard and restores papal authority in Rome.


text: Building work starts on Worcester Cathedral in England, orchestrated by Bishop Wulfstan.


text: Bruno of Cologne founds the Carthusian Order which includes both monks and nuns. He builds a hermitage in the French Alps.


date: April 21

text: April 21 – King Kyansittha begins his reign as ruler of the Pagan Kingdom in Burma (modern Myanmar).


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Heonjong, Korean king of Goryeo (d. 1097)


text: Alan I (le Noir), viscount of Rohan (d. 1147)


text: Rechungpa, Tibetan founder of the Kagyu school (d. 1161)


text: David I, king of Scotland (approximate date)


text: Li Qingzhao, Chinese female poet and writer


text: Bahram-Shah, ruler of the Ghaznavids (d. 1157)


text: Wang, Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (d. 1108)


text: Charles I (the Good), count of Flanders (d. 1127)


text: Rainier, margrave of Montferrat (approximate date)


text: Ali ibn Yusuf, ruler of the Almoravids (d. 1143)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Siegfried I, archbishop of Mainz


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Ekkehard of Huysburg, German abbot


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Gilla Pátraic, bishop of Dublin


date: November 20

text: November 20 – Otto II, margrave of Montferrat


text: Fujiwara no Kenshi, Japanese empress (b. 1057)


text: Halsten Stenkilsson, king of Sweden (approximate date)


text: Hoël II, duke of Brittany (House of Cornouaille)


text: Saw Lu, king of the Pagan Kingdom (b. 1049)


text: Aghsartan I, Georgian king of Kakheti and Hereti


text: Herfast (or Arfast), Norman Lord Chancellor


date: May 25

text: May 25 – King Alfonso VI of León and Castile ("the Brave") recaptures Toledo from the Moors, and occupies other cities such as Madrid and Talavera (including the castle of Aledo). Alfonso moves his capital to Toledo, and consolidates his power between Sistema Central and the Tagus River, from where he launches more attacks against the taifas of Córdoba, Seville, Badajoz and Granada (modern Spain).


text: The Domesday Survey is commissioned by King William the Conqueror, apparently prompted by the abortive invasion of Canute IV, to ensure proper taxation and levies.


text: Emperor Henry IV declares the Peace of God in all the imperial territories of the Holy Roman Empire to quell any sedition.


text: The output of copper currency for the Chinese Song dynasty reaches 6 billion coins a year, prompting the Chinese government to adopt the world's first paper-printed money later in the 1120s.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Emperor Zhezong ascends the throne at the age of 8 under the supervision of his grandmother, Grand Empress Dowager Gao. She cancels the reform policy of Chancellor Wang Anshi.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Vratislaus II, a son of Duke Bretislav I, becomes the first king of Bohemia and is elevated 'for life' by Henry IV.


text: Katedralskolan in Lund (modern Sweden), the oldest school in Scandinavia, is founded by King Canute IV of Denmark.


date: September 19

text: September 19 – Maria Komnene, Byzantine princess


text: Waleran II, duke of Lower Lorraine (approximate date)


text: Ahmad Sanjar, Seljuk ruler of Khorasan (approximate date)


text: Stephen of Obazine, French priest and hermit (d. 1154)


text: Robert fitz Martin, Norman knight and nobleman (d. 1159)


text: Imad ad-Din Zengi, Seljuk ruler of Mosul (approximate date)


text: Avempace, Andalusian polymath and philosopher (d. 1138)


text: Ralph I (or Raoul), count of Vermandois (approximate date)


text: William, Count of Sully ("the Simple"), French nobleman (approximate date)


text: Zhu Bian, Chinese diplomat, poet and writer (d. 1144)


text: Meginhard I, count of Sponheim (approximate date)


text: William of Montevergine, Italian monk and abbot (d. 1142)


text: Elizabeth of Vermandois, English countess (approximate date)


text: Alberich of Reims, archbishop of Bourges (approximate date)


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Williram of Ebersberg, German abbot


text: April 1 – Shenzong, emperor of Song dynasty China (b. 1048)


text: May 25 – Gregory VII, pope of the Catholic Church


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Gundred, Countess of Surrey (or Gundreda), English noblewoman


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Vitalis of Bernay, Norman monk and abbot


date: July 17

text: July 17 – Robert Guiscard, Norman warrior and nobleman


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Al-Juwayni, Persian scholar and imam (b. 1028)


date: September 20

text: September 20 – Hermann II, German nobleman (b. 1049)


text: Yūsuf Balasaguni, Karakhanid statesman (b. 1019)


text: Maitripada, Indian Buddhist philosopher (b. 1007)


text: Al-Lakhmi, Fatimid scholar, jurist and writer (b. 1006)


text: Osbern Giffard, Norman nobleman (approximate date)


text: Cheng Hao, Chinese neo-Confucian philosopher (b. 1032)


text: Alfanus I (or Alfano), Italian physician and archbishop


date: October 23

text: October 23 – Battle of Sagrajas: Spanish forces under King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") of Castile are defeated by the Moors and their allies, the Almoravids, who have been invited to help on orders by Emir Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad.


text: Siege of Syracuse (1086) – Norman forces under Count Roger I ("Bosso") conquer Syracuse, the last Muslim stronghold in Sicily.


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Pope Victor III succeeds Gregory VII as the 158th pope of the Catholic Church, though he does not accept election until 1087.


section: Health & Medicine

text: The population in England is estimated to be 1.25 million citizens with 10% living in boroughs.


text: Summer – Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, ruler of the Turks in Rum, is killed by Emir Tutush I in the battle of Ain Salm near Antioch. Suleiman's 7-year-old son Kilij Arslan I is captured and transferred as hostage to Isfahan (modern Iran).


text: Sultan Malik-Shah I rebuilds the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf (modern Iraq), after it was destroyed by fire.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – King William the Conqueror calls for a meeting at Old Sarum, where he invites his major vassals and tenants-in-chief to swear allegiance to him. This is known as the Oath of Salisbury.


text: The Domesday Book is completed. Drawn up on the orders of William I; it describes in detail the landholdings and resources in England.


date: April 24

text: April 24 – Ramiro II ("the Monk"), king of Aragon (d. 1157)


date: August 11

text: August 11 – Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1125)


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Bolesław III Wrymouth, duke of Poland (d. 1138)


text: Zhang Jun, Chinese general and official (d. 1154)


text: al-Shahrastani, Persian scholar and historian (d. 1153)


text: Þorlákur Runólfsson, Icelandic bishop (d. 1133)


text: Vicelinus, bishop of Oldenburg in Holstein (d. 1154)


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Richilde, countess and regent of Flanders


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Anselm of Lucca, Italian bishop (b. 1036)


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Wang Anshi, Chinese chancellor (b. 1021)


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Canute IV ("the Holy"), king of Denmark


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Toirdelbach Ua Briain, Irish king (b. 1009)


text: July 17 – García Ramírez, Aragonese bishop


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Conrad I, count of Luxembourg (b. 1040)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – William VIII, duke of Aquitaine


date: October 11

text: October 11 – Sima Guang, Chinese politician (b. 1019)


text: October 23 – Rodrigo Muñoz, Galician nobleman


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Judith of Bohemia, duchess of Poland


text: Gregory Pakourianos, Byzantine politician and general, killed in battle


text: Huizong, Chinese emperor (Western Xia) (b. 1060)


text: Muhammad ibn Ammar, Moorish poet (b. 1031)


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Emperor Shirakawa abdicates in favor of his 7-year-old son Horikawa after a 14-year reign. He exerts his personal power to set the cloistered rule system further in motion.

source_section: Events › By place › Japan


text: Inge the Elder returns to Svealand and kills his brother-in-law Blot-Sweyn after a 3-year reign. Inge again proclaims himself king of Sweden (approximate date).


text: Summer – The Taifa of Valencia falls under the domination of El Cid. He stabilizes the region around Valencia, which has revolted against the Moorish puppet ruler Al-Qadir.


text: Mahdia campaign: The navies of Genoa and Pisa take the capital of the Zirids, and occupy Mahdia for a year. Subsequently, both republics obtain trading privileges.


date: May

text: May: The marriage of Caliph al-Muqtadi and Mah-i Mulk is consummated. This marriage strengthens the political relation of Malik-Shah I and the Caliph.

source_section: Events › By place › Middle East


text: A fire in London destroys much of the city, including St. Paul's Cathedral. Bishop Maurice starts the rebuilding of a new, much larger cathedral.


text: Completion of Bab al-Futuh, Cairo


date: May 9

text: May 9 – The relics of Saint Nicholas, patron saint of seafarers, are stolen by Italian sailors from his church in Myra (modern Turkey) and transported to Bari in southern Italy.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – John II Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1143)

source_section: Births


text: Reginald III (or Renaud), count of Burgundy (approximate date)


text: Theoderich van Are (or Dietrich), German nobleman (d. 1126)


text: Ibn Quzman, Andalusian poet and writer (approximate date)


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Otto I ("the Fair"), prince of Olomouc (b. 1045)

source_section: Deaths


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Henry the Long, margrave of the Nordmark


date: September 9

text: September 9 – William the Conqueror dies in Rouen after a fall from his horse. He is succeeded as king of England by his third son William II.


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Pope Victor III dies after a 1-year pontificate at Monte Cassino. He is buried in the abbey's chapter house.


text: September 16 – Victor III, pope of the Catholic Church


text: September 25 – Simon I, French nobleman (b. 1025)


date: November 12

text: November 12 – William I of Burgundy, French nobleman (b. 1020)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Maria Dobroniega, duchess of Poland


date: December 27

text: December 27 – Bertha of Savoy, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1051)


text: Abu Bakr ibn Umar, military leader of the Almoravids


text: Blot-Sweyn, king of Svealand (approximate date)


text: Yaropolk Izyaslavich, prince of Turov and Volhyn


text: Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī, Arab astrologer (b. 1029)


text: Asma bint Shihab, queen and co-regent of Yemen


text: The Worcestershire rebellion led by Robert de Lacy (a son of Ilbert de Lacy) is dealt with quickly by Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, who calls on those knights and local landowners still loyal to William II to defend Worcester. Many of the rebels are captured or killed.


text: Almoravid forces (supported with fighters from local Andalusian provinces), under Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin, besiege Aledo, but are forced to retreat, by the arrival of Spanish troops of King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") of Castile.


text: Spring – A rebellion led by William the Conqueror's half-brothers Odo of Bayeux and Robert (2nd Earl of Cornwall), begins against King William II with the aim to remove him from the throne. Odo's revolt in Kent and Sussex is supported by nobles across the country.


text: William II lays siege to Pevensey Castle on the south coast where Odo of Bayeux has taken shelter with Robert. Odo is forced to surrender, and agrees to go to Rochester to convince the rebels to accept William as the rightful king of England.


text: Catalonian troops, under Count Berenguer Ramon II, reconquer Tarragona (lost again in 1108). He will rule Catalonia with his 6-year-old nephew Ramon Berenguer III, until he comes of age.


text: Summer – William II lays siege to Rochester Castle and puts down the revolt. Odo of Bayeux and the rebels surrender (agreeing only that their lives will be spared). William takes Odo's lands and exiles him to Normandy.


date: March 12

text: March 12 – Pope Urban II (Urbanus) succeeds Victor III as the 159th pope of the Catholic Church in Rome.


text: William II calls the representatives of the fyrd to a meeting in London. He promises (with the support of Lanfranc, bishop of Canterbury) the people better laws, and the removal of taxes if they support him against the rebels.


text: Su Song, Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, invents the pilot model for his astronomical clock tower constructed in Kaifeng. It features an escapement mechanism – and the world's oldest known power-transmitting chain drive to operate the armillary sphere, opening doors, and mechanical-driven mannequins, that would rotate in shifts to announce the time on plaques.

source_section: Events › By topic › Arts and Culture


date: April 16

text: April 16 – The 6.5 Tmogvi earthquake affects the southern provinces of Georgia, which causes the destruction of the castle of Tmogvi and many deaths.

source_section: Events › By topic › Geology


text: The oldest extant university, the University of Bologna, is founded in Italy (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By topic › Education


date: January 31

text: January 31 – Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, son of caliph al-Muqtadi and Mah-i Mulk.


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Ibn al-Arif, Moorish Sufi scholar and writer (d. 1141)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Hemachandra, Indian Jain poet and polymath (d. 1173)


text: John IV, Byzantine prince and archbishop (approximate date)


text: William III of Mâcon (or William IV of Burgundy), French nobleman (d. 1156)


text: Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, Irish king of Connacht (d. 1156)


text: Zhenxie Qingliao, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1151)


text: Bermudo Pérez de Traba, Spanish nobleman (d. 1168)


text: Irene of Hungary, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1134)


text: Lucienne de Rochefort, French crown princess (d. 1137)


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Berengar of Tours, French theologian


date: April 7

text: April 7 – Burchard II (or Bucco), German bishop


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Gebhard of Salzburg, German archbishop


date: June 24

text: June 24 – William de Warenne, Norman nobleman


date: July 27

text: July 27 – Benno II, German bishop and architect


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Godfrey, English bishop of Chichester


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Hermann of Salm, German nobleman


text: Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, Persian Sufi poet (b. 1006)


text: Nasir Khusraw, Persian poet and philosopher (b. 1004) (latest date)


text: Mael Isa ua Máilgiric, Irish Chief Ollam and writer


text: Hugh de Montfort, Lord of Montfort-sur-Risle, Norman nobleman (approximate date)


text: John Doukas, Byzantine usurper (approximate date)


text: Nasir ibn Alnas, ruler of the Hammadids, dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Mansur ibn al-Nasir (until 1104).


text: Marianus Scotus of Regensburg, Irish-born abbot (approximate date)


text: King George II abdicates the throne in favour of his 16-year-old son David IV ("the Builder") who becomes ruler of Georgia (until 1125).


text: Northumbria is divided by King William II into the counties of Northumberland, County Palatine of Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire.

source_section: Events › By place › England


text: June 24 – Reconquista: Viscount Gaston IV of Béarn (supported by French crusaders) reconquers the Aragonese city of Monzón from Emir Al-Mustain II of the Taifa of Zaragoza.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Cîteaux Abbey, the first Cistercian monastery, is established by a group of French monks under Robert of Molesme in southern France.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Braga Cathedral in the County of Portugal has its reconstruction (following 353 years of Muslim occupation) completed sufficiently for its consecration to the Virgin Mary to take place.


text: A church council, held in Constantinople, discuses relations between Eastern and Western Christianity.


text: The Synod of Melfi, led by Pope Urban II (his first papal council), issues decrees against simony and clerical marriage.


date: August 11

text: August 11 – A powerful earthquake is recorded in England.


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, marries Eupraxia of Kiev (daughter of Grand Prince Vsevolod I) at Cologne. She is crowned and assumes the name Adelaide (or Adelheid).


text: Richard de Luci, Norman High Sheriff of Essex (d. 1179)


text: Sigurd the Crusader, king of Norway (d. 1130)


text: Dahui Zonggao, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1163)


text: Mahsati, Persian female poet and writer (approximate date)


text: Han Shizhong, Chinese general of the Northern Song dynasty (d. 1151)


text: Wulgrin II, count of Angoulême (approximate date)


text: Berthold of Zwiefalten, German abbot and writer (d. 1169) (approximate date)


text: Abraham ibn Ezra, Jewish rabbi and philosopher (d. 1167) (approximate date)


date: April 20

text: April 20 (possible date) – Demetrius Zvonimir, king of Croatia, dies after a 12-year reign, and is succeeded by Stephen II. Zvonimir's widow, Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia, plots the inheritance of the Croatian crown for her brother, King Ladislaus I of Hungary.


text: April 20 (possible date) – Demetrius Zvonimir, king of Croatia and Dalmatia


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Lanfranc, Italian-born archbishop of Canterbury


date: May 29

text: May 29/30 – Mah-i Mulk Khatun wife of caliph al-Muqtadi (r. 1075–1094).


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Sigwin von Are, archbishop of Cologne


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Adalbero, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Peter Igneus, Italian cardinal-bishop


date: December 22

text: December 22 – William the Walloon, French abbot


text: Agnes of Aquitaine, French-born countess consort of Savoy


text: Durandus of Troarn, French monk and theologian


text: Mieszko Bolesławowic, Polish prince of Kraków


text: Theobald III of Blois (or Thibaut), French nobleman


text: Isaac ibn Ghiyyat, Spanish Jewish rabbi and philosopher


text: Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair, Irish king of Dublin, killed (approximate date)


text: June 24 – The Aqua Traiana is inaugurated by Emperor Trajan; the aqueduct channels water from Lake Bracciano, 40 km mi northwest of Rome.


text: Osroes I of Parthia succeeds his brother Pacorus II, and rules over the western Parthian Empire.

source_section: Events › By place › Parthian Empire


text: Pliny the Younger is legate to Bithynia.


text: The Via Traiana is constructed at the Emperor Trajan's personal expense; the road connects Benevento with Brundisium (Brindisi).


text: The Christian Church proclaims itself to be universal (catholic).


text: The Baths of Trajan, built by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus, are dedicated during the Calends. The thermae are constructed on the platform of the Palace of Nero (Domus Aurea) in Rome.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – King William Rufus of England tries to take advantage of the unrest in Normandy and take it from his brother Robert Curthose. Though he wins over several Norman nobles to his side, his plot to capture the capital city of Rouen fails.


text: Hassan-i Sabbah founds the Nizari Ismaili state after taking control of the Alamut Castle and organising the military group called the Order of Assassins.


text: Béjaïa (or Bugia) becomes the capital of the Hammadid dynasty in modern-day Algeria. It becomes an important port and centre of culture.


text: Troubadours begin playing in western Aquitaine (Poitou and Saintonge) and Gascony (approximate date).


text: A third Almoravid expedition is launched in Al-Andalus, designed to finally subdue the Taifa's Kingdoms. The cities of Córdoba, Seville, Granada, Málaga, Almería and Ronda fall to the troops of Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin.


text: Qin Guan, Chinese poet of the Song dynasty, writes the Can Shu (Book of Sericulture), which describes a silk-reeling machine that has the world's oldest known mechanical belt drive.

source_section: Events › By topic › Science and Technology


text: King Stephen II of Croatia becomes involved in an open conflict between factions of the Croatian nobility, who reassert their traditional rights in their own counties.


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Qin Hui, Chinese chancellor (d. 1155)


text: Dōin (Fujiwara no Atsuyori), Japanese waka poet (d. 1179)


text: Theobald of Bec, Norman churchman, archbishop of Canterbury


text: Alaungsithu, Burmese king of the Pagan dynasty (d. 1167)


text: Chen Yuyi, Chinese politician of the Song dynasty (d. 1138)


text: Frederick II ("the One-Eyed"), German nobleman (d. 1147)


text: Eliezer ben Nathan, German rabbi and liturgical poet (d. 1170)


text: Agnes I, German abbess of Quedlinburg (approximate date)


text: Bernard of Clairvaux, French abbot and theologian (d. 1153)


text: Adolf III, German count of Berg and Hövel (d. 1152)


text: Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen, German nobleman and rector of Burgundy (d. 1152)


text: Arnold of Brescia, Italian canon regular (approximate date)


text: Eric II ("the Memorable"), king of Denmark (approximate date)


text: Juliane de Fontevrault, illegitimate daughter of King Henry I of England


date: March 22

text: March 22 – García II, king of Galicia and Portugal (b. 1042)


date: April 16

text: April 16 – Sikelgaita, Lombard duchess of Apulia (b. 1040)


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Adelaide of Rheinfelden, queen consort of Hungary


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Liutold of Eppenstein, German nobleman


date: May 18

text: May 18 – Berthold of Rheinfelden, German nobleman


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Jaromír, Bohemian prince and bishop


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Egbert II (or Ekbert), German nobleman


date: August 11

text: August 11 – Fujiwara no Atsuie, Japanese nobleman (b. 1033)


date: August 13

text: August 13 – Constance of Normandy, duchess of Brittany


text: St Isaiah of Rostov, Kievan missionary and bishop


text: Richard fitz Gilbert, Norman nobleman


text: William of Poitiers, French priest and chronicler (b. c.1020)


text: Guo Xi, Chinese landscape painter


text: Osbern of Canterbury, English hagiographer


date: February 2

text: February 2 – King William II of England invades western Normandy with a large army. His brothers, Henry and Robert Curthose, mobilize mercenary forces to resist him during a siege at Mont-Saint-Michel. Under terms of the Treaty of Caen, estates on the Cotentin Peninsula of Normandy are surrendered to William, matters being concluded in August.

source_section: Events › By place › Britain and France


date: February

text: February – Norman conquest of Sicily: The Normans conquer Noto and complete the 30-year-long conquest of Sicily from the Moorish rulers. Duke Roger Borsa (a son of Robert Guiscard) surrenders his share in the castles of Calabria, and receives his inheritance of Palermo. He grants charters to various towns and encourages urban planning in Apulia and Calabria.


date: April 29

text: April 29 – Battle of Levounion: Emperor Alexios I, supported by his allies, defeats 80,000 of Pechenegs (including women and children) at the Evros River, near Enos (modern Turkey). The Cumans and Byzantine forces fall upon the enemy camp, slaughtering all in their path. The Pechenegs are butchered so savagely, that this people is almost wiped out.

source_section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


date: July

text: July – King Malcolm III of Scotland invades England, reaching as far south as Durham. The Normans led by William II and Robert march north to oppose the Scots, but a conflict is averted. Malcolm is forced to accept the terms of the Treaty of Abernethy (1072) and pays homage to William.


text: July – The Abbadid dynasty ruling in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) falls when Almoravid forces storm Seville. Confronted with this threat, Emir Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Aftas of Badajoz obtains the support of King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") of Castile, in exchange for the Moorish positions on the river Tagus (Sintra, Santarém and Lisbon).


text: Summer – The Norman invasion of Malta: A Norman fleet led by Count Roger I of Sicily ("Bosso") arrives in Malta. Roger disembarks his army, and besieges the island's capital Medina (modern-day Mdina). The inhabitants negotiate peace terms (by promising to pay an annual tribute) and swear an oath of loyalty to Roger. On the way back, the Normans sack the island Gozo.


text: Spring – Tzachas, a Seljuk Turkish military commander, establishes an independent maritime state centred in the Ionian coastal city of Smyrna (modern-day İzmir). He proclaims himself emperor (basileus), and concludes an alliance with the Pechenegs in Thrace. Tzachas uses his fleet to blockade Constantinople by sea, while the Pechenegs besiege the capital by land.


date: December

text: December – Athanasius VI bar Khamoro becomes (against his will) patriarch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church in Antioch (until 1129).


text: Cardiff Castle in Wales is constructed by Robert Fitzhamon, Norman lord of Gloucester (approximate date).


date: October 17

text: October 17 – London tornado: A T8 tornado (roughly equal to an F4 on the Fujita scale) occurs in London. The wooden London Bridge is demolished and the church of St. Mary-le-Bow is badly damaged.

source_section: Events › By topic › Disasters


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Andronikos Komnenos, Byzantine prince and general


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Jutta von Sponheim, German abbess (d. 1136)


text: Matilda of Rethel, French noblewoman and sovereign (d. 1151)


text: Tiantong Zongjue, Chinese Buddhist monk and patriarch (d. 1162)


text: Hongzhi Zhengjue, Chinese Chan Buddhist monk and writer (d. 1157)


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Wallada bint al-Mustakfi, Andalusian female poet (b. 994)


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Dirk V, count of Friesland (west of the Vlie) (b. 1052)


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Frederick of Montbéliard, margrave of Turin


date: July 5

text: July 5 – William of Hirsau, German abbot and music theorist


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Altmann of Passau, German bishop and saint


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Sisnando Davides, Mozarab military leader


date: December 19

text: December 19 – Adelaide of Susa, margravine of Turin


text: December 19 – Fujiwara no Tadaie, Japanese statesman (b. 1033)


text: Robert D'Oyly, Norman nobleman (approximate date)


text: Spring – King Stephen II, the last member of the Trpimirović dynasty, dies without leaving an heir after a 2-year reign. War and unrest breaks out in Croatia afterwards. King Ladislaus I of Hungary, on instigation of his sister, Queen Helena, intervenes in the conflict and occupies Croatia. He proclaims himself king, but is contested by the Croatian nobleman Petar Snačić.


text: Wolfhelm of Brauweiler, German Benedictine abbot


text: Stephen II (or Stjepan), king of Croatia (approximate date)


text: Helena of Hungary, queen consort of Croatia (approximate date)


text: Jordan I (or Giordano), Italo-Norman prince of Capua


text: Summer – King William II annexes Cumbria from the Scottish Celtic kingdom of Strathclyde, and builds Carlisle Castle.

source_section: Events › By place › Britain


text: Summer – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos bribes one of Kilij Arslan's (sultan of the Sultanate of Rum) officials to recover Sinope (the capital of Paphlagonia), and neighbouring coastal regions. He uses the Byzantine fleet to defeat the Seljuk navy off the coast of Cius in Bithynia.


date: April 21

text: April 21 – The Diocese of Pisa is elevated to the dignity of a metropolitan archdiocese by Pope Urban II.


date: May 11

text: May 11 – Lincoln Cathedral, one of England's finest Gothic buildings, is consecrated.


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Synod of Szabolcs: King Ladislaus I of Hungary assembles a council of the prelates of his kingdom at the fortress of Szabolcs.


text: Su Song, a Chinese statesman and scientist, publishes his Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, a treatise outlining the construction and operation of his complex astronomical clocktower, built in Kaifeng. It also includes a celestial atlas of five star maps.

source_section: Events › By place › China


text: Sachen Kunga Nyingpo, Tibetan Buddhist leader (d. 1158)


text: Fulk V ("the Younger"), Count of Anjou and king of Jerusalem (d. 1143)


text: Wartislaw I (or Warcisław), duke of Pomerania (approximate date)


text: Zhang Jiucheng, Chinese politician (d. 1159)


text: Sybilla of Normandy, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1122)


text: Magnús Einarsson, Icelandic bishop of Skálholt (d. 1148)


text: Peter the Venerable, French monk and abbot (d. 1156)


text: Adélaide de Maurienne, queen consort of France (d. 1154)


text: Al-Mustarshid, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1135)


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Vratislaus II, the first king of Bohemia, dies after a 6½-year reign and is succeeded by his brother Conrad I who becomes duke and not king because Vratislaus was elevated to the royal dignity 'for life' by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (in 1085). Conrad dies September 6 after a 8-month reign and is succeeded by his nephew Bretislav II (the eldest son of Vratislaus).

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


text: January 14 – Vratislaus II, duke and king of Bohemia


date: May 7

text: May 7 – Remigius de Fécamp, bishop of Lincoln


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Conrad I, duke of Bohemia


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Nizam al-Mulk, Seljuk vizier (b. 1018)


date: November 19

text: November 19 – Sultan Malik-Shah I dies after a 20-year reign while hunting. The Seljuk Empire falls into chaos: his brother Tutush I and rival successors carve up their own independent sultanates in the Middle East. Malik-Shah is succeeded by his son Mahmud I, but he does not gain control of the empire.

source_section: Events › By place › Seljuk Empire


text: November 19 – Malik-Shah I, Seljuk sultan (b. 1055)


text: Bogumił, archbishop of Gniezno (approximate date)


text: Jordan of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman


text: Bermudo Ovéquiz (or "Vermudo"), Spanish nobleman


text: Richard de Montfort, French nobleman


text: Helibo, Chinese nobleman and chieftain (b. 1039)


text: Abu'l-Qasim, Seljuk general and governor


text: Ermengol IV (or Armengol), count of Urgell (b. 1056)


text: The Normans under Lord Robert Fitzhamon continue their occupation of southern Wales with Pembroke Castle being constructed by Arnulf de Montgomery.


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Battle of the Stugna River: The nomadic Cumans defeat a Kievan joint force led by the princes of Kievan Rus' at the Stuhna River in the valley near Trepol. Rostislav Vsevolodovich, prince of Pereyaslavl, drowns while fleeing the battle.


date: November 13

text: November 13 – Battle of Alnwick: King Malcolm III of Scotland invades Northumberland, but is killed by English forces under Earl Robert de Mowbray while besieging Alnwick Castle. He is succeeded by his brother Donald III ("the Fair") as ruler of Scotland.


date: March 6

text: March 6 – Anselm, Italian Benedictine abbot and theologian, becomes archbishop of Canterbury in England, succeeding Lanfranc. The post of archbishop has been left vacant since 1089 by King William II of England – so he can collect the church's income for himself.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Monks move into the new Winchester Cathedral in England, constructed by the Norman bishop Walkelin.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


date: August 11

text: August 11 – Construction of Durham Cathedral in England begins, replacing the Saxon 'White Church'.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Isaac Komnenos, Byzantine co-ruler


text: Gerhoh of Reichersberg, German theologian (d. 1169)


text: Grigor III, Armenian catholicos of Cilicia (d. 1166)


text: Ahmad Yasawi, Turkic poet and Sufi (d. 1166)


text: Baldwin VII, count of Flanders (d. 1119)


text: Simon of Hauteville, count of Sicily (d. 1105)


text: Demetrius I, king of Georgia (approximate date)


text: Conrad III, king of Italy and Germany (d. 1152)


text: Simon of Vermandois, French bishop (d. 1148)


text: Sancho Alfónsez, Spanish nobleman (d. 1108)


text: William III, count of Ponthieu (approximate date)


text: Robert fitzEdith, English feudal lord (d. 1172)


date: February 1

text: February 1 – Abul Hasan Hankari, Abbasid scholar (b. 1018)


date: April 13

text: April 13 –The Grand Prince of Kiev Vsevolod I Yaroslavich dies, after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by Sviatopolk II, who is acknowledged by other princes as the senior son of Iziaslav I, and ascends the Kievan throne as ruler of the Kievan Rus'. His cousin Vladimir II, prince of Chernigov, becomes a bitter rival.


text: April 13 – Vsevolod I Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1030)


date: April

text: April – Rhys ap Tewdwr, Welsh king of Deheubarth, killed in battle (b. 997)


text: May 26 – Rostislav Vsevolodovich, prince of Pereyaslavl


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, Abbasid prince, son of al-Muqtadi and Mah-i Mulk


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Ulrich of Zell, German Cluniac reformer (b. 1029)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Alan Rufus, Breton/Norman nobleman (approximate year)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Geoffrey Boterel, Breton nobleman, eldest brother of Alan Rufus


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy, French nobleman and abbot (b. 1057)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – King Olaf III of Norway ("the Peaceful") dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Magnus Barefoot who is proclaimed ruler of Norway at the Borgarting (or the Thing), an assembly of lawspeakers, in the region of Viken.


text: September 22 – Olaf III "the Peaceful", king of Norway


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Robert I, Count of Flanders


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Margaret, queen consort of Scotland (b. 1045)


date: May

text: May – El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) completes his conquest of Valencia in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and begins his rule (in the name of King Alfonso VI) there. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Donald III mobilises his army and kills Duncan II in battle in the Scottish Lowlands, re-taking the Scottish throne.


text: Spring – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under General Tatikios to Nicaea, in an attempt to re-capture the city from the Seljuk Turks. However, the arrival of Barkiyaruq's army en route stops the Byzantines. Alexios sends reinforcements; short of supplies, the Seljuk Turks retreat. Abu'l-Qasim, Seljuk governor of Nicaea, is defeated and forced to conclude a truce with Alexios.


date: May 15

text: May 15 – The Cathedral of St. Agatha in Catania (Sicily) is consecrated by the Breton abbot Ansger.


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Doge Vitale Faliero consecrates the new Basilica of San Marco in Venice.


text: King Ladislaus I of Hungary founds a diocese (alongside the bishop's see) in Zagreb.


text: Al-Musta'li becomes the nineteenth imam of Musta'li Ismailism


text: May–June – Duncan, son of the late King Malcolm III of Scotland, gathers a substantial army, chiefly Anglo-Normans from England, and challenges his uncle Donald III ("the Fair") for the Kingdom of Scotland. Duncan is crowned king at Scone.


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1129)


text: Abd al-Mu'min, Almohad caliph (approximate date)


text: Ibn Zuhr (or Avenzoar), Moorish physician (d. 1162)


text: Malachy, Irish archbishop and saint (d. 1148)


text: Yelü Dashi, founder of the Qara Khitai (d. 1143)


text: Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (d. 1120)


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1029)


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid caliph (b. 1056)


text: February 3 – Caliph of Baghdad al-Muqtadi dies and is succeeded by his nominated heir Ahmad (al-Mustazhir).

source_section: Events › By place › Eastern Islamic world


text: February 3 – Teishi, Japanese empress (b. 1013)


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Nicholas the Pilgrim, Italian shepherd (b. 1075)


date: July 28

text: July 28 – William Bertrand, margrave of Provence


text: July 28 – William Bertrand dies, and his margravial title of Provence is inherited by Raymond IV ("Saint-Gilles"), who becomes count of Toulouse (until 1105).


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Fujiwara no Nobunaga, Japanese nobleman (b. 1022)


text: October 14 – Bertha of Holland, French queen consort


date: October

text: October – Seljuk sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq (one of the Seljuk princes who claim the throne) as ruler of the Seljuk Empire.


text: October – Mahmud I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire


text: November 12 – Duncan II, king of Scotland


text: Badr al-Jamali, Fatimid vizier and statesman


text: After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah, his son-in-law and vizier Al-Afdal declares al-Musta'li, a younger son of al-Mustansir, in a coup d'état as new Caliph. Al-Mustansir's designated heir, Nizar, flees to Alexandria.

source_section: Events › By place › Fatimid Egypt


text: The Second County of Portugal is established by Count Henry of Burgundy. The Almoravids start pushing back the forces of King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") to the positions they occupied a decade earlier. This offensive begins with the re-conquest of Lisbon, which had been given away to Castile in 1091.


date: January

text: January – After attacking four Norwegian merchant ships lying in the River Tyne, Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumberland, is called for by King William II of England to explain his actions. Instead, Mowbray rises up in rebellion against William along with other Norman nobles. William leads an army and besieges Bamburgh Castle; de Mowbray is captured after fleeing the stronghold.


text: The rebellion of Nizar is squashed by al-Afdal. Nizar is immured and his death results in a schism of Ismaili Shia. While Shiites in Egypt, Yemen and parts of Syria remain loyal to the new caliph, Al-Musta'li, the Persian and many other Eastern Shiites under Hasan-i Sabbah break away in the newly formed Nizari Ismaili state.

source_section: Events › Fatimid Empire


text: Summer – The nomadic Cumans cross the River Danube and invade Thrace, to support the pretender Constantine Diogenes (son of the late Emperor Romanos IV). The Cumans occupy the province of Paristrion (located in the Lower Danube). Emperor Alexios I places Byzantine detachments to guard the passes over the Balkan Mountains, but they are bypassed.


date: March

text: March – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos send envoys to Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza and appeals to the Christian states of Western Europe for military aid against the Seljuk Turks. Urban responds favourably, hoping to heal the Great Schism of 40 years earlier, and to reunite the Catholic Church under papal primacy by helping the Eastern churches.


date: November 18

text: November 18 – The Council of Clermont begins. The synod is called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land.


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont; Peter the Hermit begins to preach throughout France.


date: November 28

text: November 28 – Urban II appoints Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy and Count Raymond IV of Toulouse ("Saint-Gilles"), to lead the First Crusade.


text: The Ismaili Shia split into the Musta'li and Nizari branch.


text: Valence Cathedral is consecrated in Valence (approximate date).


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Usama ibn Munqidh, Arabian diplomat and poet (d. 1188)

source_section: Births


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Roger II, king of Sicily (d. 1154)


text: William II, duke of Apulia and Calabria (d. 1127)


text: William of Malmesbury, English historian (d. 1143)


text: Amadeus III, count of Savoy and Maurienne (d. 1148)


text: Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, English nobleman and advisor (d. 1177)


text: Victor IV (Octavian), antipope of Rome (d. 1164)


text: Geoffrey of Monmouth, English historian (d. 1155)


text: Zishou Miaozong, Chinese Zen master (d. 1170)


text: Hugh Candidus, English monk and historian (d. 1160)


text: Hériman of Tournai, French chronicler (d. 1147)


text: Ulvhild Håkansdotter, twice Swedish queen consort and once Danish queen consort (d. 1148)


text: Robert Fitzharding, English nobleman (d. 1170)


text: Kōgyō-Daishi, Japanese Buddhist priest (d. 1143)


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester

source_section: Deaths


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Judith of Flanders, duchess of Bavaria


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Sophia of Hungary, duchess of Saxony


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Robert the Lotharingian, bishop of Hereford


date: July 29

text: July 29 – Ladislaus I, king of Hungary


date: July

text: July – Coloman ("the Learned") begins to establish himself as ruler of Hungary, following the death of his uncle, King Ladislaus I (until 1116).


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Olaf I of Denmark ("Hunger") dies after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Eric I ("the Good") as king of Denmark.


text: August 18 – Olaf I ("Hunger"), king of Denmark


date: October 12

text: October 12 – Leopold II, margrave of Austria (b. 1050)


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Donngus Ua hAingliu, Irish bishop


text: Ali ibn Faramurz, Kakuyid emir of Yazd and Abarkuh


text: Vitale Faliero (or Falier de' Doni), doge of Venice


text: Godred Crovan, Norse-Gaelic king of Dublin


text: Tutush I, Seljuk emir of Damascus and Aleppo


text: Reconquista: King Peter I of Aragon conquers Huesca from the Moors of the Taifa of Zaragoza. He expands his domains to the south, conquering land from Al Andalus (modern Spain). The capital is moved from Jaca to Huesca.


text: Phayao, a modern-day province of Thailand, is founded as a city-state kingdom.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


date: May 8

text: May 8 – French members of the People's Crusade led by Walter Sans Avoir enter Hungary, without incident they arrive at Semlin, and cross the Sava into Byzantine territory at Belgrade. Meanwhile, Walter demands food but he is refused entry, and the crusaders are forced to pillage the countryside. Eventually Walter is allowed to carry on to Niš, where he is provided with food.

source_section: Events › By place › First Crusade


date: May 18

text: May 18–26 – The Worms massacre: Members of the People's Crusade under Emicho besiege Worms in the Rhineland before killing at least 800 Jews, despite the intervention of Bishop Adalbert II. He tries to hide some of them in the bishop's palace, others chose to remain outside its walls. One of the victims is Minna of Worms, an influential Jew among the Christian nobility.


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Members of the People's Crusade under Emicho massacre at least 1,000 Jews in Mainz. Archbishop Ruthard tries to hide some of them in the cellars of Mainz Cathedral but the crusaders learn of this – and murder most of the Jews. Men, women, and children of all ages are slaughtered indiscriminately.


date: May

text: May – The Rhineland massacres: Members of the People's Crusade led by Count Emicho destroy most of the Jewish communities along the Rhine in a series of large pogroms in France and Germany. Thousands of Jews are massacred, driven to suicide, or forced to convert to Christianity. Estimates of the number of Jewish men, women and children murdered are 2,000 to 12,000.


text: June 26 – The People's Crusade (some 30,000 men) led by Peter the Hermit crosses the Sava (stealing boats from the local fishermen) but are attacked by Pechenegs and Hungarian forces. The citizens of Belgrade flee and the crusaders pillage and burn the city. Peter travels for seven days, and arrives at Niš.


date: June

text: June – Siege of Semlin: The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit arrives at Semlin. Hearing rumors of an attack from the Hungarian count Guz of Semlin on the rearguard, Geoffrey Burel assaults the castle, captures it by surprise, and defeats the Hungarian army. He plunders its supplies, herds and horses.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit reaches Sofia, where they meet envoys from Constantinople with orders to keep them supplied along the road. At Philippopolis the Greeks are so deeply moved by the suffering of Peter and his followers that the locals give them money, food and horses.


text: July – The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit is defeated by the Byzantine army (mostly Hungarian and Bulgar mercenaries) in battle near Niš. The crusader supply train of some 2,000 wagons and Peter's treasury chest is captured by the Byzantines. About a quarter of the People's Crusade is lost.


date: August 2

text: August 2–6 – The People's Crusade reorganize their forces and gather supplies. Alexios I advises Peter the Hermit to wait for reinforcements but he ignores the advice. The People's army (some 30,000 men) is transported across the Bosporus – by the Byzantine fleet to Civetot (modern Turkey).


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Siege of Xerigordos: Sultan Kilij Arslan I sends a Seljuk expeditionary force to assault and recapture the castle of Xerigordos. They cut off the water supply, and Rainald of Breis is forced to surrender. Many of the crusaders are killed but others convert to Islam and become slaves.


date: September

text: September – French forces (7,000 infantry and 300 knights) led by Geoffrey Burel raid around Nicaea (the capital of the Rum Seljuk Turks), plundering livestock and villages in the suburbs. They commit atrocities against local Christian peasants. Children are tortured and dismembered by the crusaders.


text: September – German forces (5,000 infantry and 200 knights) led by Rainald of Breis raid the region of Nicaea. They advance eastward and assault the Seljuk garrison in the castle of Xerigordos. They manage to capture; and, find it well stocked with provisions. The Greek Christians inside are spared.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Battle of Civetot: The Seljuk Turks led by Kilij Arslan I defeat the People's army (20,000 men) near Nicaea. The crusaders are slaughtered, and the camp at Civetot is captured. Only children are spared and sent into slavery. Around 3,000 manage to escape back to Constantinople.


date: October

text: October – Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy (a brother of King William II of England), sets off to join the First Crusade. He assembles his army at Pontarlier and travels through Italy to Rome. To raise money for the Crusade Robert mortgages the Norman duchy to William, for the sum of 10,000 pennies.


date: August

text: August – Hugh ("the Great"), count of Vermandois (a brother of King Philip I), departs to join the First Crusade. He travels with a small army via the Alps to Rome. While sailing the Adriatic Sea from Bari to Dyrrachium his fleet is reduced by shipwreck. Hugh's own ship is stranded on the shore near Epirus.


text: October – Bohemond I, Italo-Norman prince of Taranto (the son of Duke Robert Guiscard), departs to join the First Crusade. He crosses the Adriatic Sea from Brindisi with his army (some 4,000 men), and arrives in Vorë. While traveling, Bohemond gives strict orders not to plunder Byzantine villages.


date: February

text: February – Robert of Arbrissel founds a monastery at La Roë.


text: August – Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine, accompanied by his younger brother Baldwin, sets off to join the First Crusade (called by Pope Urban II) at the head of an army of some 40,000 men. He pledges his allegiance to Emperor Henry IV who issues an order not to harm Jewish communities.


text: October – Raymond IV ("Saint-Gilles"), count of Toulouse, sets off to join the First Crusade. He travels with his army, accompanied by his wife Elvira and Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy, via Provence through the Balkan route (along the coast of Croatia). He arrives at Dyrrachium to march to Thessaloniki.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Godfrey of Bouillon is appointed the primary leader of the First Crusade, making it a largely French war in practice and causing the inhabitants of the Holy Land to refer to Europeans generally as "Franks". Godfrey and the other leaders agree to take an oath of loyalty to Alexios I.


date: December

text: December – The last of the four planned Crusader armies arrives at Constantinople, bringing the total numbers to 60,000 infantry and knights. Curiously there isn't a single king among the Crusaders' leaders. At this time Philip I, William II, and Henry IV are all under excommunication by Urban II.


text: In Ireland, the Diocese of Waterford is established.


text: June – The People's Crusade under Emicho are refused entry to Hungary on orders of Coloman, who sends troops to defend the bridge at Wieselburg. Emicho decides to build an alternative bridge and crosses the Danube. He besieges the fortress of Wieselburg, but is defeated and routed by the Hungarian army.


text: The first documented teaching at the University of Oxford in England occurs.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Members of the People's Crusade led by the priest Folkmar from Saxony persecute Jews in Prague, despite the opposition of the local Catholic hierarchy. Local citizens try to hide them in their own houses. Later the Jews manage to escape to safety in neighboring villages, but are slaughtered by the hundreds.


text: June – Members of the People's Crusade under Emicho set out up the Main towards Hungary. Some followers break off from Emicho's army at Mainz and travel to Metz – where many Jews are persecuted and murdered. They proceed down the Rhine, massacring the Jews at Neuss, Wevelinghofen, and Xanten.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit arrives at Constantinople. He is received by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who gives him financial support. The crusaders commit endless thefts in the suburbs. Peter combines his forces with Walter Sans Avoir and camps outside Constantinople.


text: May – The People's Crusade, under Peter the Hermit, arrives at Sopron. Coloman, King of Hungary ("the Learned") gives them permission to pass through Hungary, and to use the markets. Peter and his followers (some 20,000 men and women) travel from Budapest southwards supported by knights, while lumbering wagons carry stores and a chest of money that he has collected for the journey.


text: King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") of Castile arranges to marry his daughter Theresa to Henry of Burgundy (House of Burgundy). Theresa's dowry includes the County of Portugal, given to Henry with Porto as the capital.


text: Spring – Peter the Hermit begins his preaching of the First Crusade, traveling from Berry (in central France) across Champagne, and down the Meuse Valley to Cologne (modern Germany). He gathers the People's Crusade (some 40,000 supporters), which departs about April 20. Peter's speeches appeal not only to nobles and knights, but also laborers, tradesmen and peasants (among them are former brigands and criminals).


text: Norwich School is founded in England as an episcopal grammar school.


date: January 15

text: January 15 – Theodora Komnene, Byzantine princess


date: March 12

text: March 12 – Canute Lavard, duke of Schleswig (d. 1131)


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Al-Muqtafi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1160)


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, Fatimid caliph (d. 1130)


text: William VI, count of Auvergne and Velay (d. 1136)


text: Minamoto no Tameyoshi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1156)


text: Ermengol VI ("el de Castilla"), count of Urgell (d. 1154)


text: Peter Lombard, French bishop and theologian (d. 1160)


text: Hugh of Saint Victor, German scholar and theologian (d. 1141)


text: Iziaslav II Mstislavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1154)


text: Taira no Tadamori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1153)


text: Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester (approximate date)


text: Wang Ximeng, Chinese landscape painter (d. 1119)


text: Galdino della Sala (or Galdinus), Archbishop of Milan (d. 1176)


date: January 2

text: January 2 – William de St-Calais, Norman bishop and chief councilor


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Adelaide II, German princess and abbess (b. 1045)


text: October 21 – Walter Sans Avoir, French leader of the First Crusade


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Werner I, German nobleman (House of Habsburg)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Hugh I of Le Puiset, French nobleman


text: Gao Shengtai, Chinese ruler of the Dazhong Kingdom


text: Sarakhsi, Persian scholar, jurist and writer (approximate date)


text: Eudokia Makrembolitissa, Byzantine empress and regent


text: Fariburz I, Persian ruler of Shirvan (House of Shirvanshah)


text: Henry III, count of Luxembourg (House of Luxembourg)


text: Stephen II, German nobleman (House of Sponheim)


text: Minna of Worms, German-Jewish female moneylender and martyr


text: Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou ("the Bearded"), French nobleman (b. 1040)


text: Ralph de Gael, Norman nobleman (approximate date)


text: King Donald III of Scotland ("the Fair") is deposed by his nephew Edgar (who is supported by King William II of England) after a 4-year reign. Edgar (nicknamed Probus, "the Valliant") becomes ruler of Scotland until 1107.

source_section: Events › By place › Scotland


date: April

text: April/May – Battle of Gvozd Mountain: In an attempt to win the crown of the Kingdom of Croatia, the Hungarian army crosses the Drava River and invades Croatia. King Peter II of Croatia moves his residency at Knin Castle to defend his kingdom. The two armies meet each other near Gvozd Mountain (modern-day Mala Kapela). After a fierce battle Peter, the last Croatian king, is defeated and killed by the Hungarians.


date: May 14

text: May 14 – Siege of Nicaea: The Crusaders begin their campaign with the siege of Nicaea (the capital of the Sultanate of Rum), assigning their forces to different sections of the walls, which are well-defended with 200 towers. Towards the end, an advance party of the Seljuk Turks is defeated by troops of Raymond IV of Toulouse ("Saint-Gilles") and Robert II.


date: June 19

text: June 19 – The Seljuk Turks surrender Nicaea to the Crusaders after a month siege. The Byzantines occupy the city; their commander Manuel Boutoumites is named by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos as doux of Nicaea. In the consternation the Crusaders are not allowed to plunder the city and are forced (again) to pledge their allegiance to Alexios.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Battle of Dorylaeum: The Crusaders defeat a Seljuk army led by Kilij Arslan I, ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, who wants revenge for the capture of Nicaea. During the battle many Crusaders are killed but the Seljuk Turks are forced to flee and abandon their tents and treasure after being surprised by the arrival of a second Crusader army.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Battle of Consuegra: The Castilian and Leonese army (30,000 men) of King Alfonso VI ('"the Brave") is defeated by Almoravid forces (10,000 men) near the Castle of Consuegra.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Siege of Antioch: The Crusaders arrive outside the city and begin the siege. They can not impose a complete blockade on Antioch. The Seljuk garrison comes out of the city to harass Crusader siege-lines and intercept supply convoys (supported by a Genoese fleet of 12 galleys) from Saint Symeon and Alexandretta (modern Turkey).


text: December 31 – Battle of Harenc: The Crusaders under the command of Bohemond I and Robert II defeat Seljuk forces from Aleppo, which try to relieve besieged Antioch.


text: Spring – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon attack the Byzantine imperial palace at Blachernae. Norman forces led by Bohemond I join the Crusaders – he is not welcome in Constantinople because his father, Robert Guiscard, has invaded Illyria (territory belonging to the Byzantine Empire), and captured the cities of Dyrrhachium and Corfu (see 1084).


text: Summer – Almoravid forces launch a new campaign in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin, leader of the Almoravid Empire, is honored with the title of Amir al Muslimin ("Commander of the Muslims").


date: October

text: October – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, goes into exile. Conflicts between him and William II result in Anselm leaving England and heading for Rome. William confiscates Anselm's land.


text: William II orders the construction of Westminster Hall near Westminster Abbey in London. The hall is designed to hold banquets, ceremonies and coronations that take place in the Abbey nearby.

source_section: Events › By place › England


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Fujiwara no Tadamichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1164)


date: November 5

text: November 5 – André de Montbard, French nobleman (d. 1156)


text: Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi, Persian scholar and Sufi (d. 1168)


text: Conrad I ("the Great"), margrave of Meissen (approximate date) (d. 1157)


text: Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi, Persian polymath and official (d. 1169)


text: Cecile of France, French princess and countess of Tripoli (d. 1145)


text: Zhang Jun, Chinese general and grand chancellor (d. 1164)


text: Muhammad Buzurg Ummid, Persian ruler of Alamut (d. 1162)


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Agnes of Aquitaine, queen consort of Aragon and Navarre


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Wen Yanbo, Chinese grand chancellor (b. 1006)


text: August 15 – Diego Rodríguez, Castilian nobleman


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Albert Azzo II, margrave of Milan and Liguria