date: August 2

text: August 2 – The United States Army Signal Corp Division purchases the world's first military airplane, a Wright Military Flyer, from the Wright brothers.


date: September 4

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: September 4 – Japan and China sign the Gando Convention, which gives Japan a way to receive railroad concessions in Manchuria.

source_section: Events › September–October


date: October 13

text: October 13 – An agreement by Germany, Italy and Switzerland gives the Germans and Italians access to the Gotthard Rail Tunnel.


date: October

text: October – Suzuki Weaving Machine Manufacturing, predecessor of the Suzuki motorbike and compact car brand in Japan, is founded in Shizuoka Prefecture.


date: December 28

text: December 28 – The first manned heavier-than-air powered flight in South Africa is made at East London, by French aviator Albert Kimmerling, in a Voisin 1907 biplane.

source_section: Events › November–December


date: February 5

section: Science & Discovery

text: February 5 – Leo Baekeland announces the creation of bakelite hard thermosetting plastic.

source_section: Events › January–February


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Russian ballet is brought to the Western world when the Ballets Russes opens a tour produced by Sergei Diaghilev at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, with 55 dancers, including Vaslav Nijinsky.

source_section: Events › May–June


section: Health & Medicine

text: Karl Landsteiner, Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper first isolate the poliovirus.

source_section: Events › Undated


date: January 24

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: January 24 – The White Star Line RMS Republic sinks the day after a collision with SS Florida off Nantucket. Almost all of the 1,500 passengers are rescued.


date: July 26

text: July 26 – Blue Anchor Line passenger/cargo liner , on her second voyage from Australia to Britain, leaves Durban and is lost without trace with all 211 aboard.

source_section: Events › July–August


date: April 23

section: Climate & Environment

text: April 23 – In Portugal, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake strikes near Lisbon, killing at least 60 people.

source_section: Events › March–April


date: October 8

text: October 8 – An earthquake in the Zagreb area leads Andrija Mohorovičić to identify the Mohorovičić discontinuity.


date: April 4

section: Culture & Society

text: April 4 – The association football team Sport Club Internacional is founded in Porto Alegre, Brazil.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Representatives from England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lord's Cricket Ground in London and form the Imperial Cricket Conference.


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Max Heindel formally founds the Rosicrucian Fellowship in Seattle, Washington.


date: October 12

text: October 12 – The association football team Coritiba is founded in Curitiba, Brazil.


date: November 28

text: November 28 – Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 is premièred in New York City with the composer as soloist.


date: December 19

text: December 19 – The association football team Borussia Dortmund is founded in Dortmund, Germany.


date: January 1

section: Births

text: January 1 – Stepan Bandera, Ukrainian nationalist leader (d. 1959)

source_section: Births › January to April › January


date: January 2

text: January 2 – Barry Goldwater, American politician (d. 1998)


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Simone Weil, French philosopher (d. 1943)

source_section: Births › January to April › February


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Carmen Miranda, Portuguese-born Brazilian actress, singer (d. 1955)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Clyde Barrow, American outlaw, member of Barrow Gang (d. 1934)

source_section: Births › January to April › March


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Stanislaw Ulam, Polish-born American mathematician (d. 1984)

source_section: Births › January to April › April


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Katherine Dunham, American dancer, choreographer, and songwriter (d. 2006)

source_section: Births › May to August › June


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Mohammed Daoud Khan, 5th Prime Minister of Afghanistan and 1st President of Afghanistan (d. 1978)

source_section: Births › May to August › July


text: July 18 – Andrei Gromyko, Soviet Minister for Foreign Affairs (d. 1989)


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Adam von Trott zu Solz, German lawyer, diplomat, anti-Nazi (k. 1944)

source_section: Births › May to August › August


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Ethel Caterham, English supercentenarian, oldest living person, last surviving person born in 1909, last surviving subject of King Edward VII


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Elia Kazan, Turkish-born American film director (d. 2003)

source_section: Births › September to December › September


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Douglas Fairbanks Jr., American actor and naval officer (d. 2000)

source_section: Births › September to December › December


date: December 11

text: December 11 – Yuasa Toshiko, Japanese nuclear physicist who worked in France, the first Japanese female physicist (d. 1980)


date: January 6

section: Deaths

text: January 6 – George Dixon, Canadian-born American boxer (b. 1870)

source_section: Deaths › January


date: January 15

text: January 15 – Arnold Janssen, German Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1837)


date: February 17

text: February 17 – Geronimo, Apache leader (b. 1829)

source_section: Deaths › February


date: March 13

text: March 13 – William Jackson Palmer, American founder of Colorado Springs (b. 1836)

source_section: Deaths › March


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman, 10th President of Argentina (b. 1844)

source_section: Deaths › April


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Afonso Pena, 6th President of Brazil (b. 1847)

source_section: Deaths › June


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Simon Newcomb, Canadian-American astronomer, mathematician (b. 1835)

source_section: Deaths › July


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Mary MacKillop, Australian Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1842)

source_section: Deaths › August


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Besarion Jughashvili, Georgian cobbler, father of Joseph Stalin (b. 1850)


date: October 19

text: October 19 – Cesare Lombroso, Italian criminologist, physician (b. 1835)

source_section: Deaths › October


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Rufus W. Peckham, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1838)


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Itō Hirobumi, 1st Prime Minister of Japan (assassinated) (b. 1841)


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Joshua Slocum, Canadian-born American seaman and adventurer (b. 1844)

source_section: Deaths › November


date: December 26

text: December 26 – Frederic Remington, American cowboy artist, sculptor (b. 1864)

source_section: Deaths › December


section: Conflict & Security

text: A coalition of Chinese warlords from the east of Hangu Pass launches a punitive campaign against the warlord Dong Zhuo, who seized control of the central government in 189, and held the figurehead Emperor Xian hostage. After suffering some defeats against the coalition forces, Dong Zhuo forcefully relocates the imperial capital from Luoyang to Chang'an. Before leaving, Dong Zhuo orders his troops to loot the tombs of the Han emperors, and then destroy Luoyang by fire, to leave behind nothing for the coalition.

source_section: Events › By place › China


text: Battle of Jieqiao: Yuan Shao narrowly defeats Gongsun Zan, in northern China.


section: Religion & Belief

text: Serapion becomes Patriarch of Antioch.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: c. 191–192 – The sculpture of Commodus as Hercules, from Esquiline Hill, Rome, is made (it is now kept at Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome).

source_section: Events › By topic › Art


text: Xin Xianying, Chinese noblewoman and advisor (d. 269).

source_section: Births


text: Zhang Wen, Chinese official and general

source_section: Deaths


text: Vologases IV, king of the Parthian Empire


text: Sun Jian, Chinese general and warlord (b. 155)


text: Hua Xiong, Chinese general (executed)


text: Bruttia Crispina, Roman empress (executed) (b. 164)


text: Han Fu, Chinese governor and warlord


text: King Vologases IV of Parthia dies after a 44-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Vologases V.

source_section: Events › By place › Parthia


text: Qiao Mao, Chinese official and warlord


date: January 8

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: January 8 – Treaty of Punakha: The Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan becomes a protectorate of the British Empire.

source_section: Events › January


text: January 15 – Amidst the constitutional crisis caused by the House of Lords rejecting the People's Budget, the January 1910 United Kingdom general election is held resulting in a hung parliament with neither Liberals nor Conservatives gaining a majority.


date: March 3

text: March 3 – Morocco signs accords with France in Paris, permitting the French to occupy Casablanca and Oujda in return for military training, as part of refinancing of loans.

source_section: Events › March


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Progressive Republicans in the United States House of Representatives rebel against Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon, removing him from the Rules Committee and stripping him of his power to appoint committee chairmen.


date: May 31

text: May 31 – The Union of South Africa is created.

source_section: Events › May


date: August 22

text: August 22 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, by which the Empire of Japan formally annexes the Korean Empire, is signed (it becomes effectively void in 1945, which is formally recognised in 1965).

source_section: Events › August


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom, under Nicholas I.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Emperor Sunjong of Korea abdicates and the country's monarchy is abolished.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – 5 October 1910 revolution: The First Portuguese Republic is proclaimed in Lisbon; King Manuel II of Portugal flees to England.

source_section: Events › October


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Abé people in the French West Africa colony of Côte d'Ivoire rise against the colonial administration; the rebellion is brutally suppressed by the military.


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Boutros Ghali, the first native-born Prime Minister of Egypt, is assassinated in Cairo.

source_section: Events › February


date: March 23

text: March 23 – A rebellion by Rif tribesmen in Spanish Morocco is finally suppressed after 8 months. During the conflict, an estimated 8,000 Berbers and 2,000 Spanish soldiers have been killed.


date: March

text: March – Albanian revolt of 1910: An uprising against Ottoman rule breaks out in Albania.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Jack Johnson defeats James J. Jeffries by technical knockout in the 15th round at Reno, Nevada, in the bout billed as the "Fight of the Century". Johnson retains his world heavyweight boxing title over the previously undefeated Jeffries, who had been promoted as boxing's "Great White Hope". The result sparks race riots across more than 25 states, leaving at least 20 people dead.


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Ottoman forces capture the city of Shkodër to put down the Albanian Revolt of 1910.

source_section: Events › July


date: July

text: July – First Girl Guide troops registered in the United Kingdom, under the supervision of Agnes Baden-Powell.


date: November 18

text: November 18 – Black Friday: 300 suffragettes clash with police outside the Parliament of the United Kingdom over the failure of the Conciliation Bill.

source_section: Events › November


date: November 20

text: November 20 – The Mexican Revolution begins, when Francisco I. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for an armed revolution against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Revolt of the Lash at Rio de Janeiro: Mutineers in the Brazilian Navy, led by João Cândido, seize control of the new dreadnought battleship Minas Geraes and other ships, whose guns are aimed at the city as the crews demand improvements in their conditions (which are conceded on November 26 by the Brazilian government).


date: December 19

text: December 19 – The second 1910 United Kingdom general election (the last to be fought with an all-male electorate) concludes with confirmation of a majority for the Liberal Party in alliance with the Irish Parliamentary Party, resolving the battle of wills between the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and the House of Lords by giving a majority for restriction of the powers of the Lords and support for the Irish Home Rule movement.

source_section: Events › December


date: January 11

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: January 11 – Charcot Island is discovered by the Antarctic expedition led by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charcot on the ship Pourquoi Pas?


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Chinese expedition to Tibet: A force of 2,000 Chinese troops march into Lhasa, the capital of Tibet; the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, is forced to flee to British India.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – The Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, led by Roald Amundsen on the steamer Fram, departs from Christiania (modern-day Oslo). No announcement until later in the year of Amundsen's intention to reach the South Pole.

source_section: Events › June


date: June 15

text: June 15 – The British Antarctic Expedition, led by Robert Falcon Scott on the whaler Terra Nova, departs from Cardiff for the South Pole.


date: June 14

text: June 14–23 – Edinburgh Missionary Conference is held in Scotland, presided over by John Mott, launching the modern ecumenical movement and the modern missions movement.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – Completion of construction of New York City's Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, at 700 ft the world's tallest building at this time, is celebrated.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – The Rogers Pass avalanche buries a group of Canadian Pacific Railway workers clearing tracks in the Selkirk Mountains at Rogers Pass (British Columbia), making it the worst snowslide accident in Canadian history.


date: March 8

text: March 8 – In France, Raymonde de Laroche is awarded Pilot's license No. 36 by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, becoming the first woman authorized to fly an airplane.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Release of In Old California, the first film made in Hollywood, California, directed by D. W. Griffith.


date: April 5

text: April 5 – The Transandine Railway connecting Chile and Argentina is inaugurated.

source_section: Events › April


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Charles Rolls became the first person to fly across the English Channel and back without stopping.


date: June 22

text: June 22 – DELAG Zeppelin dirigible Deutschland makes the first commercial passenger flight, from Friedrichshafen to Düsseldorf in Germany; the flight takes 9 hours.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – A wireless telegraph sent from the results in the identification, arrest and execution of murderer Dr. Crippen.


date: November 7

text: November 7 – The first air flight for the purpose of delivering commercial freight takes place in the United States. The flight, made by Wright brothers pilot Philip Parmalee, is between Dayton and Columbus, Ohio.


date: November 14

text: November 14 – In the first takeoff from a ship by a fixed-wing aircraft, Eugene Ely takes off from a temporary platform erected over the bow of the light cruiser USS Birmingham in Hampton Roads, Virginia.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – Modern neon lighting is first demonstrated by Georges Claude at the Paris Motor Show.


text: Henry Ford sells 10,000 automobiles.

source_section: Events › Undated


text: Hitachi, an electromechanics company, is founded as a mining machine repair factory in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.


date: January 12

text: January 12 – Great January Comet of 1910 first observed (perihelion: January 17).


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Halley's Comet becomes visible with the naked eye (perihelion: April 20); Earth passes through its tail about May 19 (its next visit will be in 1986).


date: October 20

text: October 20 – The hull of White Star ocean liner is launched, at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast.


date: October

text: Infrared photographs are first published by Professor Robert Williams Wood, in the Royal Photographic Society's journal.


date: January 31

text: January 31 – American-born medical practitioner Hawley Harvey Crippen poisons his wife, Cora, and buries her body in the cellar of their London home (probable date).


date: March 20

text: March 20 – The first clinic for treatment of occupational diseases is opened in Milan (Italy).


text: Approximate date of origin of Manchurian plague, a form of pneumonic plague which by December is spreading through northeastern China, killing more than 40,000.


section: Crime & Justice

text: March 10 – Slavery in China, which has existed since the Shang dynasty, is made illegal.


text: January 31 – A coal mine explosion at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company in Primero, Colorado, kills 75 miners.


date: February 1

text: February 1 – A coal mine explosion at the Browder Coal Company in Drakesboro, Kentucky kills 34 miners.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – A coal mine explosion at the Palau mine at Las Esperanzas in the State of Coahuila in Mexico kills 68 miners.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – A coal mine explosion at the Jefferson Clearfield Coal Company mine at Ernest, Pennsylvania, kills 11 miners (10 Hungarian) but another 110 are able to escape.


date: February 9

text: February 9 – French liner General Chanzy sinks in the Mediterranean after striking rocks off Menorca, with only one survivor of the 157 on board.


date: March 27

text: March 27 – A fire during a barn-dance in Ököritófülpös, Hungary, kills 312 people after ballroom decorations catch alight.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – Charles Rolls becomes the first British aviation fatality when his French-built Wright aeroplane suffers a broken rudder at an altitude of 80 ft m and crashes during a contest at Bournemouth.


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Pretoria Pit disaster: a coal mine explosion at the Hulton Colliery Company of Westhoughton in Lancashire, England, kills 344 miners, with just one survivor.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – The Great Flood of Paris begins when the Seine overflows its banks.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – The Wellington, Washington avalanche sweeps away two Great Northern Railway (U.S.) passenger trains in the Cascade Mountains, killing 96, making it the worst snowslide accident in United States history.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – The Great Fire of 1910 ("Big Blowup"), a wildfire that burns 4,700 square miles in the Inland Northwest of the United States, due to dry weather.


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Baudette fire of 1910, a wildfire that burns ca. 350,000 square miles in Minnesota and Ontario, including several towns.


date: March 18

text: March 18 – The first filmed version of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein comes out. Considered to be the first horror movie, it stars actor Charles Ogle as the monster.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – The Nanyang industrial exposition ("Nanking Exposition"), an official world's fair, opens in Qing dynasty China.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – The ballet The Firebird, the first major work by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, commissioned by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, is premièred in Paris, bringing the composer international fame.


date: July 9

text: July 9–10 – 'Fowler's match': the Eton v Harrow cricket match at Lord's ground in London, known after the captain of Eton College, Robert St Leger Fowler, and described as "what might just be the greatest cricket match of all time".


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Sport Club Corinthians Paulista is founded in Brazil by railwaymen; its Association football team will be the first FIFA Club World Cup champions in 2000.

source_section: Events › September


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Giacomo Puccini's opera La fanciulla del West has its world première at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, conducted by Arturo Toscanini and starring Enrico Caruso and Emmy Destinn.


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Allal al-Fassi, Moroccan politician, writer, poet and Islamic scholar (d. 1974)

source_section: Births › January


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Tancredo Neves, President of Brazil (d. 1985)

source_section: Births › March


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Akira Kurosawa, Japanese screenwriter, producer and director (d. 1998)


text: March 27 – Hugh Nibley, American scholar and Latter-day Saint apologist (d. 2005)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Yolande Le Calvez, French geologist, palaeontologist, geological engineer (d. 2001)

source_section: Births › April


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Chiang Ching-kuo, President of the Republic of China (d. 1988)


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Raya Dunayevskaya, Russian-born philosopher, founder of Marxist humanism in the United States (d. 1987)

source_section: Births › May


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Christopher Cockerell, British engineer, inventor of the hovercraft (d. 1999)

source_section: Births › June


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Juan Velasco Alvarado, general and President of Peru (d. 1977)


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Abe Fortas, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1982)


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Gordon B. Hinckley, 15th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 2008)


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Diosdado Macapagal, 9th President of the Philippines (d. 1997)

source_section: Births › September


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Bonnie Parker, American outlaw, member of Barrow Gang (d. 1934)

source_section: Births › October


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Ngô Đình Nhu, Vietnamese archivist and politician, State Counsellor of South Vietnam (d. 1963)


date: January 12

text: January 12 – Bass Reeves, one of the first African-American Deputy U.S. Marshals west of the Mississippi River (b. 1838)

source_section: Deaths › January


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Miguel Febres Cordero, Ecuadorian Roman Catholic religious brother (b. 1854)

source_section: Deaths › February


date: March 28

text: March 28 – David Josiah Brewer, American Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1837)

source_section: Deaths › March


date: May 6

text: May 6 – George V becomes King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland upon the death of his father, Edward VII.

source_section: Events › May


date: June 5

text: June 5 – William Sydney Porter (alias O. Henry), American novelist (b. 1862)

source_section: Deaths › June


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Goldwin Smith, British-born Canadian historian and journalist (b. 1823)


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Tokugawa Akitake, Japanese daimyō, the last lord of Mito Domain, younger brother of the last shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu (b. 1853)

source_section: Deaths › July


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Melville Fuller, American Chief Justice (b. 1833)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Klemens Bachleda, Polish Tatra guide and mountain rescuer (b. 1851)

source_section: Deaths › August


date: August 13

text: August 13 – Florence Nightingale, British nurse (b. 1820)


date: August 26

text: August 26 – William James, American psychologist, philosopher (b. 1842)


date: October 23

text: October 23 – Vajiravudh (Rama VI) is crowned King of Siam, after the death of his father, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V).

source_section: Events › October


date: November 23

text: November 23 – Hawley Harvey Crippen, American murderer (executed) (b. 1862)

source_section: Deaths › November


date: December 3

text: December 3 – Mary Baker Eddy, American religious leader, founder of Christian Science (b. 1821)

source_section: Deaths › December


date: January 1

text: January 1 – A decade after federation, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are added to the Commonwealth of Australia.

source_section: Events › January


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Mexican Revolution: In Ciudad Juárez, a peace treaty is signed between Madero's rebels and government troops.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Díaz signs his resignation and leaves for Veracruz; on May 31 he leaves for exile in France.


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Morocco–Congo Treaty brings the Agadir Crisis to a close. This treaty leads Morocco to be split between France (as a protectorate) and Spain (as the colony of Spanish Sahara), with Germany forfeiting all claims to Morocco. In return, France gives Germany a portion of the French Congo (as Kamerun) and Germany cedes some of German Kamerun to France (as Chad).

source_section: Events › November


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Outer Mongolia, the predecessor of modern-day Mongolia, is declared independent from the Chinese Empire.

source_section: Events › December


date: December 29

text: December 29 – Sun Yat-sen is elected Provisional President of the Republic of China.


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Siege of Sidney Street in London: Two Latvian anarchists die, after a seven-hour siege against a combined police and military force. Home Secretary Winston Churchill arrives to oversee events.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – The revolution in Haiti is suppressed after the leader, General Montreuil Guillaume, is captured by government troops and shot. General Millionard is executed two days later.

source_section: Events › February


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Mexican Revolution: Rebels take Agua Prieta on the Sonora–Arizona border; government troops take the town back April 17, when the rebel leader "Red" López gets drunk.

source_section: Events › April


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero's troops besiege Ciudad Juárez, but General Juan J. Navarro refuses his surrender demand.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Huanghuagang Uprising: In China, rebels take five villages in an attempt to create a power base to fight Imperial rule; those who die are remembered as "The 72 Martyrs" (the event is also called the "Second Guangzhou Uprising" and the "Yellow Flower Mound Revolt").


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa launches an attack against government troops in Ciudad Juárez without Madero's permission; the government troops surrender on May 10.


date: May 13

text: May 13–15 – Mexican Revolution: Torreón massacre – Over 300 Chinese residents are massacred by the revolutionary forces of Francisco I. Madero, in the Mexican city of Torreón.


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Mexican Revolution: Government troops fire at anti-Diaz demonstrators in Mexico City, killing about 200 (officials claim only 40).


date: July 1

text: July 1 – The presence of the German warship in the Moroccan port of Agadir triggers the Agadir Crisis.

source_section: Events › July


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Pyotr Stolypin, third Prime Minister of the Russian Empire is assassinated in Kiev by Leftist revolutionary Dmitry Bogrov and is succeeded by Count Vladimir Kokovtsov.

source_section: Events › September


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.


date: October 10

text: October 10 – The Wuchang Uprising starts the Xinhai Revolution that leads to the founding of the Republic of China.


date: October 16

text: October 16 – Mexican Revolution: Felix Diaz, nephew of Porfirio Díaz, occupies the port of Veracruz, as a sign of rebellion against Madero.


date: November 1

text: November 1 – The world's first combat aerial bombing mission takes place in Libya, during the Italo-Turkish War. Second Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti of Italy drops several small bombs.


date: November 5

text: November 5 – Italy annexes Tripoli and Cyrenaica (confirmed by an act of the Italian Parliament on February 25, 1912).


date: January 4

text: January 4 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Robert Falcon Scott's British Terra Nova Expedition to the South Pole arrives in the Antarctic and establishes a base camp at Cape Evans on Ross Island.


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Roald Amundsen's Norwegian South Pole expedition arrives in the Antarctic and establishes a base camp at the Bay of Whales on the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf.


date: June 21

text: June 21 – arrives in New York at the end of her maiden voyage.

source_section: Events › June


date: June 28

text: June 28 – departs New York for her maiden eastbound voyage home to Southampton, England.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – arrives in Southampton ending her maiden eastbound voyage from New York.


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Hiram Bingham rediscovers Machu Picchu in Peru.


date: July 28

text: July 28 – The Australasian Antarctic Expedition begins as the SY Aurora departs London.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Ishi, the last unassimilated Native American in the U.S. using stone tools, emerges from hiding near Oroville, California.

source_section: Events › August


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Amundsen's expedition sets out for the South Pole from his base camp.


text: November 1 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Capt. Scott's Terra Nova Expedition sets out for the South Pole from his base camp.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – Australasian Antarctic Expedition sets sail from Hobart.


date: December 14

text: December 14 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition reaches the geographical South Pole, 34 days ahead of Capt. Scott. News of Amundsen's success will not reach the outside world until next March.


date: December 18

text: December 18 – The first exhibition by Der Blaue Reiter group of painters opens in Munich.


date: June 22

text: June 22 – George V and Mary are crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, at Westminster Abbey in London.


date: January 26

section: Economy & Finance

text: January 26 – The United States and Canada announce the successful negotiation of their first reciprocal trade agreement.


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Frank C. Mars starts the Mars Candy Factory in Tacoma, Washington, origin of Mars, Incorporated, the global confectionery and pet food brand.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Eugene B. Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania stationed in San Francisco harbor, the first time an aircraft has landed on a ship.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – First Monte Carlo Rally inaugurated.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – The first Indianapolis 500 automobile race is held in the United States, won by Ray Harroun at an average speed of 74.59 miles per hour.


date: August 17

text: August 17–20 – Britain's National Railway strike of 1911, its first national strike of railway workers; on August 19 it leads to the Llanelli riots in Wales which result in 6 deaths.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Chevrolet officially enters the automobile market in the United States, in competition with the Ford Model T.


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Lackawanna Cut-Off railway line opens in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.


date: February 17

text: February 17 – The first "quasi-official" airmail flight occurs, when Fred J. Wiseman carries three letters between Petaluma and Santa Rosa, California.


date: February 18

text: February 18 – The first official air mail flight, second overall, takes place in British India from Allahabad to Naini when Henri Pequet carries 6,500 letters a distance of 13 km.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity; he presents his findings on April 28.


date: May 31

text: May 31 – The hull of the is launched in Belfast, on the same day starts her sea trials.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – departs Southampton, England, for her maiden voyage. On June 15, she arrives in Queenstown, Ireland, to discharge and take up passengers.


date: June 28

text: June 28 – The Nakhla meteorite falls in the Abu Hummus region of Egypt, providing evidence of water on Mars.


text: New Zealand-born British physicist Ernest Rutherford deduces the existence of a compact atomic nucleus from experiments involving Rutherford scattering, proposing the Rutherford model of the atom.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is stolen from the Louvre museum in Paris by Vincenzo Peruggia; the painting is returned in 1913.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City kills 146 people.

source_section: Events › March


date: April 18

text: April 18 – , a 5,557-ton Portuguese passenger liner en route from Mozambique to Lisbon, strikes Bellows Rock just off Cape Point and sinks.


date: April 22

text: April 22 – A passenger train from Port Alfred to Grahamstown, South Africa derails on the Blaauwkrantz Bridge, and plunges into the ravine 200 ft m below, killing 31 and seriously injuring 23.


date: May 15

text: May 15 –Standard Oil is dissolved by the Supreme Court of the United States into 34 separate oil companies including Exxon, Mobil, Chevron, Texaco, and others due to violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

source_section: Events › May


date: September 25

text: September 25 – French battleship Liberté explodes at anchor in Toulon, France, killing around 300 onboard and in the surrounding area.


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Cross Mountain Mine disaster: A coal mine explosion near Briceville, Tennessee kills 84 miners, despite rescue efforts led by the United States Bureau of Mines.


date: January 3

text: January 3 – 1911 Kebin earthquake: An earthquake of 8.0 moment magnitude strikes near Almaty in Russian Turkestan, killing 450 or more people.


text: February 18 – A serious earthquake causes a landslide that creates Lake Sarez in modern-day Tajikistan.


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco Madero arrives in Mexico City, just after the 1911 Michoacán earthquake.


date: January 5

text: January 5 – Egypt's Zamalek SC is founded as a general sports and Association football club by Belgian lawyer George Merzbach as Qasr El Nile Club.


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Premiere of Richard Strauss's opera Der Rosenkavalier in Dresden.


date: March 19

text: March 19 – International Women's Day is celebrated for the first time across Europe.


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Jean Sibelius conducts the premiere of his Symphony No. 4, in Helsinki.


date: April 26

text: April 26 – HŠK Građanski Zagreb (predecessor of GNK Dinamo Zagreb), a Croatian Association football club, is founded in Zagreb.


date: June 11

text: June 11 – The Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance opens in Stockholm, Sweden.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Igor Stravinsky's ballet Petrushka is premiered by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in Paris with Vaslav Nijinsky in the lead.


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Headington Football Club merge with Headington Quarry to create Headington United, which much later becomes Oxford United F.C. in England.


date: August 27

text: August 27 – CSKA Moscow, a professional multi-sports club in Russia, is officially founded.


date: October 4

text: October 4 – China adopts "Cup of Solid Gold" as its first national anthem. However, it is never performed publicly and is replaced a few months later with a new composition.


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Omega Psi Phi fraternity is founded on the campus of Howard University, in Washington, D.C.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – The Delhi Durbar is held to mark the coronation of George V and Queen Mary as Emperor and Empress of India, and the transfer of the capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi.


text: The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition is published under American management in England, by Cambridge University Press.


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Joh Bjelke-Petersen, 31st Premier of Queensland (d. 2005)

source_section: Births › January


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Eduardo Frei Montalva, Chilean politician, 29th President of Chile (d. 1982)


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh (Carroll Daly), 5th President of Ireland (d. 1978)

source_section: Births › February


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Bill Bowerman, American track athlete, co-founder of Nike, Inc. (d. 1999)


date: March 13

text: March 13 – L. Ron Hubbard, American author, founder of Scientology (d. 1986)

source_section: Births › March


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Jack Ruby, American mobster, killer of Lee Harvey Oswald (d. 1967)


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Hubert Humphrey, American politician, Vice President of the United States (1965–1969) (d. 1978)

source_section: Births › May


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, German-born Prince Consort of the Netherlands (1948–1980) (d. 2004)

source_section: Births › June


date: June 30

text: June 30 – Czesław Miłosz, Polish-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Lucille Ball, American actress, television producer and co-owner of Desilu Productions (d. 1989)

source_section: Births › August


date: August 17

text: August 17 – Mikhail Botvinnik, Russian chess player, world champion (d. 1995)


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Võ Nguyên Giáp, General of the Vietnam People's Army (d. 2013)


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Todor Zhivkov, 36th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (d. 1998)

source_section: Births › September


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Mahalia Jackson, African-American gospel singer (d. 1972)

source_section: Births › October


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Giuditta Vannini, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed, blessed (b. 1859)

source_section: Deaths › February


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)

source_section: Deaths › March


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Lithuanian artist and composer (b. 1875)

source_section: Deaths › April


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Addie Joss, American baseball player, Major League Baseball Hall of Fame member (b. 1880)


date: May 9

text: May 9 – Thomas Wentworth Higginson, American Unitarian minister and abolitionist (b. 1823)

source_section: Deaths › May


date: May 29

text: May 29 – W. S. Gilbert, English dramatist (b. 1836)


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Maurice Rouvier, French statesman, Prime Minister of France (b. 1842)

source_section: Deaths › June


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Carmen Salles y Barangueras, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (b. 1848)

source_section: Deaths › July


date: September 4

text: September 4 – John Francon Williams, Welsh-born journalist, writer, geographer, historian, cartographer and inventor (b. 1854)

source_section: Deaths › September


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Pyotr Stolypin, 3rd Prime Minister of Russia (assassinated) (b. 1862)


date: October 14

text: October 14 – John Marshall Harlan, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1833)

source_section: Deaths › October


date: October 29

text: October 29 – Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian-born newspaper publisher, journalist (b. 1847)


date: October 31

text: October 31 – John Joseph Montgomery, American glider pioneer (b. 1858)


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Blessed Bernard Mary of Jesus, Italian Roman Catholic priest, blessed (b. 1831)

source_section: Deaths › December


date: January 1

text: January 1 – The Republic of China is established.

source_section: Events › January


date: January 6

text: January 6 – New Mexico becomes the 47th U.S. state.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – The African National Congress is founded as the South African Native National Congress in Bloemfontein, to promote improved rights for black South Africans, with John Langalibalele Dube as its first president.


date: January 12

text: January 12 – In the 1912 German federal election the Social Democrats for the first time becomes the party with the most seats.


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Raymond Poincaré forms a coalition government in France, beginning his first term of office as Prime Minister on 21 January.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – The Manchu Qing dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor Puyi and the establishment of the Republic of China.

source_section: Events › February


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Arizona is admitted as the 48th state of the United States, the last contiguous state to be admitted into the Union.


date: February 29

text: February 29 – Serbia and Bulgaria secretly sign a treaty of alliance for a term of eight years, with each pledging to come to the defence of the other during war. The treaty would eventually be dishonored in World War I.


date: March 30

text: March 30 – The French Third Republic establishes the French protectorate in Morocco by the Treaty of Fes with Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco.

source_section: Events › March


date: May 11

text: May 11 – Alaska becomes a territory of the United States.

source_section: Events › May


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco abdicates.

source_section: Events › August


date: September 4

text: September 4 – The government of the Ottoman Empire agrees to the demands put forward in the Albanian Revolt of 1912.

source_section: Events › September


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Italy and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty in Ouchy near Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War.

source_section: Events › October


date: November 5

text: November 5 – 1912 United States presidential election: New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson beats former president Theodore Roosevelt and incumbent president William Howard Taft.

source_section: Events › November


date: November 28

text: November 28 – Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Battle of Beirut: Italy makes a surprise attack on the Ottoman port of Beirut, when the cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi and the gunboat Volturno bombard the harbour, killing 97 sailors and civilians.


date: March 6

text: March 6 – Italian forces become the first to use airships in war as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 6,000 feet.


date: April 11

text: April 11 – makes her last call, at Queenstown in Ireland.

source_section: Events › April


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Lena massacre: Russian troops kill or wound 500 striking gold miners in Siberia.


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Cunard Line vessel arrives in New York with the 705 survivors.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – United States occupation of Nicaragua: U.S. Marines land from the USS Annapolis in Nicaragua, to support the conservative government at its request.


date: October 8

text: October 8 – The First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war against the Ottoman Empire.


date: October 14

text: October 14 – John Flammang Schrank attempts to assassinate Theodore Roosevelt in Milwaukee.


text: October 18–21 – First Balkan War: The Greek navy captures the island of Lemnos for use as a forward base against the Dardanelles.


date: October 24

text: October 24 – First Balkan War: Battle of Kumanovo – Serbian forces defeat the Ottoman army in Vardar Macedonia.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Serbia (the Balkan League, but not Greece) sign an armistice with the Ottoman Empire at Çatalca, temporarily halting the First Balkan War after 2 months. (The armistice will expire on February 3, 1913, and hostilities will resume.)

source_section: Events › December


date: January 17

text: January 17 – British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four become the second expeditionary group to reach the South Pole.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Roald Amundsen, in Hobart, Tasmania, announces his success in reaching the South Pole the previous December.


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Lawrence Oates, dying member of Scott's South Pole expedition, leaves the tent saying, "I am just going outside and may be some time."


date: March 29

text: March 29 (probable date) – Robert Falcon Scott and the remaining members of his South Pole expedition die.


date: April 16

text: April 16 – Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly across the English Channel.


date: January 18

text: January 18 (Old Style January 5) – Prague Conference: Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party break away from the rest of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.


text: Wilfrid Voynich discovers the eponymous manuscript in the Villa Mondragone.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: April 30

text: April 30 – Carl Laemmle founds Universal Studios as the Universal Film and Manufacturing Company in the United States.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – The United States release of Sarah Bernhardt's film Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth is influential in the development of the movie feature. Adolph Zukor, who incorporates Paramount Pictures on May 8, 1914, launches his company as the distributor.

source_section: Events › July


date: January 5

text: January 5 – The Prague Conference (6th All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) opens.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – The Overseas Railroad officially opens on the Florida Keys.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Albert Berry is reported to have made the first parachute jump from a flying airplane.


date: March

text: French aviator Henri Salmet makes the first nonstop flight from Paris to London, in three hours. ##claim retracted see Flight, 23 March 1912, p. 264 M. Salmet's London-Paris Flight ##


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts opens.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – In the United Kingdom, the Royal Flying Corps (forerunner of the Royal Air Force) is established.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – The Jungfrau Railway is inaugurated with the opening of the subterranean Jungfraujoch railway station in the Bernese Oberland of Switzerland, Europe's highest at 3450 m ft above sea level.


date: October 16

text: October 16 – Bulgarian pilots Radul Minkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the second bombing with an airplane in history, at the railway station of Karaagac near Edirne, against Turkey.


date: October 17

text: October 17 – Krupp engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer patent austenitic stainless steel.


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Merck files patent applications in Germany for synthesis of the entactogenic drug MDMA (Ecstasy), developed by Anton Köllisch.


text: Articulated trams are invented and first used by the Boston Elevated Railway.


date: January 6

text: January 6 – German geophysicist Alfred Wegener first presents his theory of continental drift.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – A partial lunar eclipse takes place, the first of two lunar eclipses this year. It is the 61st lunar eclipse of the 111th Saros cycle, which started with a penumbral lunar eclipse on June 10, 830 AD and will conclude with another penumbral lunar eclipse on July 19, 2092.


date: April 10

text: April 10 – White Star liner departs from Southampton, England, with more than 2,200 passengers and crew on her maiden voyage, bound for New York.


date: April 17

text: April 17 – A hybrid solar eclipse is the 30th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 137.


date: May 23

text: May 23 – The Hamburg America Line's is launched in Hamburg and is the world's largest ship.


date: September 28

text: September 28 – W. C. Handy publishes "The Memphis Blues" in the United States.


date: October

text: Edgar Rice Burroughs' character Tarzan first appears in Tarzan of the Apes, in American pulp magazine The All-Story.


text: Sax Rohmer's character Fu Manchu first appears in the first story of The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu in English pulp magazine The Story-Teller.


date: November 11

text: November 11 – William Lawrence Bragg presents his derivation of Bragg's law for the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice, creating the field of x-ray crystallography, and making possible the eventual imaging of the double helix of DNA.


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Piltdown Man, thought to be the fossilized skull of a hitherto unknown form of early human, is presented to the Geological Society of London (it is revealed to be a hoax in 1953).


text: Casimir Funk identifies vitamins.


text: The Scoville Unit (used to measure the heat of peppers) is devised and tested by Wilbur Scoville.


date: January 23

text: January 23 – The First International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague to restrict exports.


date: April 14

text: April 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic: strikes an iceberg in the northern Atlantic Ocean and sinks with the loss of more than 1,500 lives.


date: June 6

text: June 6 – The Novarupta volcano is formed in Alaska by a VEI 6 eruption, the world's largest (in terms of matter emitted) in the 20th century.

source_section: Events › June


date: June 30

text: June 30 – Regina Cyclone: Canada's deadliest tornado strikes Regina, Saskatchewan, killing 28 people.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – A typhoon strikes China, killing at least 50,000 people.


date: March 12

text: March 12 – The Girl Scouts of the USA is founded by Juliette Gordon Low, in Savannah, Georgia.


text: April 14 – Santos FC, a Brazilian association football club, is founded in State of Sao Paulo.


date: May 5

text: May 5 – The 1912 Summer Olympics open in Stockholm, Sweden. Modern Pentathlon is contested for the first time in these games.


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 9 is premiered posthumously by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Bruno Walter.


text: Ludwig von Mises publishes his foundational The Theory of Money and Credit.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Millvina Dean, youngest passenger and last survivor of the Sinking of the RMS Titanic (d. 2009)

source_section: Births › February


date: February 7

text: February 7 – Roberta McCain, American socialite and oil heiress; mother of U.S. Senator John McCain (d. 2020)


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (d. 1993)

source_section: Births › March


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Bayard Rustin, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1987)


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Adolf Galland, German general, World War II fighter ace (d. 1996)


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)

source_section: Births › April


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Archibald Cox, American Watergate special prosecutor (d. 2004)

source_section: Births › May


date: May 28

text: May 28 – Patrick White, Australian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1990)


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Woody Guthrie, American folk musician (d. 1967)

source_section: Births › July


date: July 31

text: July 31 – Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Edward J. York, American air force colonel, participant of the Doolittle Raid (d. 1984)

source_section: Births › August


date: October 5

text: October 5 – João Marinho Neto, Brazilian supercentenarian, world's oldest verified living man (since 25 November 2024)

source_section: Births › October


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Minoru Yamasaki, Japanese-American architect of the World Trade Center (d. 1986)

source_section: Births › December


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Lady Bird Johnson, First Lady of the United States (d. 2007)


date: February 10

text: February 10 – Joseph Lister, English surgeon (b. 1827)

source_section: Deaths › February


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Bram Stoker, Irish writer (Dracula) (b. 1847)

source_section: Deaths › April


date: April

text: Isidor Straus, German American department store owner (Macy's) and member of United States House of Representatives (b. 1845)


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Nettie Stevens, American geneticist credited with discovering sex chromosomes (b. 1861)

source_section: Deaths › May


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Wilbur Wright, American aviation pioneer, of typhoid (b. 1867)


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Ion Luca Caragiale, Romanian writer (b. 1852)

source_section: Deaths › June


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Frédéric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1822)


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Dutch-born British painter, died in Germany (b. 1836)


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Harriet Quimby, who set the record as the first woman to fly the English Channel two months previously, dies in Squantum, Massachusetts, after her brand-new two-seat Bleriot monoplane crashes, killing both Quimby and her passenger.


date: July 30

text: July 30 – Emperor Meiji of Japan dies; he is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who becomes Emperor Taishō. In the history of Japan, the event marks the end of the Meiji period and the beginning of the Taishō period.


text: July 31 – Allan Octavian Hume, British civil servant (b. 1829)

source_section: Deaths › July


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Walter Goodman, English painter, illustrator and author (b. 1838)

source_section: Deaths › August


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, African-British composer (b. 1875)

source_section: Deaths › September


date: October 6

text: October 6 – October 6 – Susie King Taylor, African-American army nurse. First nurse of the Black Army (b. 1848)

source_section: Deaths › October


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force, by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland.

source_section: Events › January


date: February 3

text: February 3 – The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes on all sources of income.

source_section: Events › February


date: February 13

text: February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China.


date: February 18

text: February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign.


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Mexican Revolution: With Madero and Pino Suárez removed, Pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour, before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office.


date: March 13

text: March 13 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.

source_section: Events › March


date: March 20

text: March 20 – The city of Canberra, the centre of the Australian Capital Territory, becomes the official capital of the Commonwealth of Australia.


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin a revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.

source_section: Events › April


date: May 30

text: May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control, and the independence of Albania is recognised.

source_section: Events › May


date: June 1

text: June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.

source_section: Events › June


date: June 18

text: June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.


date: June 19

text: June 19 – The Parliament of South Africa passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Republic of China: The city of Chongqing (Chungking) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.

source_section: Events › August


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided, and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.

source_section: Events › September


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Yuan Shikai is elected President of the Republic of China.

source_section: Events › October


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.

source_section: Events › December


date: December 23

text: December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States, by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act.


date: January 3

text: January 3 – First Balkan War: Greece completes its capture of the eastern Aegean island of Chios, as the last Ottoman forces on the island surrender.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – First Balkan War: Battle of Lemnos – Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it will not venture for the rest of the war.


date: January 23

text: January 23 – 1913 Ottoman coup d'état: Enver Pasha comes to power.


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Mexican Revolution: "La Decena Trágica", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero, begins.


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez are assassinated.


date: March 4

text: March 4–6 – First Balkan War: Battle of Bizani – Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani (covering the approaches to Ioannina) from the Ottoman Empire.


date: March 18

text: March 18 – King George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne; he is succeeded by his son Constantine I.


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadalupe, and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government, as head of the Constitutionals.


text: March 26 – Balkan Wars: The Siege of Adrianople ends, when Bulgarian forces take Adrianople from the Ottomans.


date: March

text: Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament, and rules as a dictator.


date: May 24

text: May 24–25 – Adolf Hitler moves from Vienna to Munich.


date: June 11

text: June 11 – Battle of Bud Bagsak: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels, who are armed mostly with kampilan swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on June 15.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – The Second Balkan War begins with Bulgaria attacking Serbia and Greece.


date: August 31

text: August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400, in dispersing a demonstration.


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.


date: October 18

text: October 18 – The Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Germany is finished.


date: November 5

text: November 5 – King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.

source_section: Events › November


date: June 13

text: June 13 – The predecessor of the Aldi store chain opens in Essen, Germany.


date: July 27

text: July 27 – The town of San Javier, Uruguay, is founded by Russian settlers.

source_section: Events › July


date: September 23

text: September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.


text: Prada is established as a leather goods dealer in Milan, by Mario Prada and his brother.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France.


text: The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established in Bengal Province (modern-day Bangladesh).


date: January

text: January – Joseph Stalin travels to Vienna to research his Marxism and the National Question. This means that, during this month, Stalin, Hitler, Trotsky and Tito are all living in the city, as also are Freud and Jung.


text: March 4 – The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Labor are established, by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey form part of the Department of Commerce.


date: February 1

text: February 1 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest railroad station.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on 4 December 1952 (the Uruguayan Air Force (FAU) will grow from this foundation).


date: April 21

text: April 21 – Cunard ocean liner , built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde.


date: April 24

text: April 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert, it is the tallest building in the world on this date, and for more than a decade after.


date: May 26

text: May 26 (May 13 O.S.) – Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft.


date: August 13

text: August 13 – Harry Brearley invents stainless steel in Sheffield.


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov becomes the first person to loop an airplane, flying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near Kiev.


text: September 9 – In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process.


date: October 7

text: October 7–December 1 – The Ford Motor Company adopts a moving assembly line for chassis production, reducing assembly time from 12½ hours to 2 hours 40 minutes, a landmark in mass production.


date: October 10

text: October 10 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal.


date: October 16

text: October 16 – The British Royal Navy's is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship.


date: October 31

text: October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Buenos Aires Underground, the first in South America, opens.


text: Camel cigarettes are introduced by R. J. Reynolds in the United States (the first packaged cigarettes).


text: The State Security Investigations Service, the Middle East's first internal security service, is established in Egypt.


date: August 2

text: August 2 – The first known ascent of Mount Olympus in Greece is made by Swiss mountaineers Daniel Baud-Bovy and Frédéric Boissonnas guided by Christos Kakkalos.


text: French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak during the Second Balkan War starts.


text: Astra, a predecessor of the AstraZeneca global healthcare and pharmaceutical brand, is founded in Södertälje, Sweden.


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd, and exiled to Siberia.


date: September 7

text: September 7–8 – The Fourth Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association (the last occasion on which Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud will meet) takes place in Munich.


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence, and is arrested.


text: Between the two Balkan Wars, a group of Bulgarian teachers and priests including teacher Gligor Zisov are deported by the newly established Greek authorities to Bulgaria but killed by Greek soldiers.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Alum Chine explosion: British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in the harbour of Baltimore, Maryland.


date: March

text: c. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara, with 200 on board.


date: May 9

text: May 9–July 11 – A major industrial strike occurs in the Black Country of England, involving 25,000 workers, and threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – After his airplane fails at an altitude of 900 ft m, aviator Adolphe Pégoud becomes the first person to bail out from an airplane and land safely.


text: September 9 – Helgoland Island air disaster: The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur, when the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigible LZ 14 is forced down into the North Sea off Heligoland during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Canadian-owned ocean liner , carrying passengers (mostly immigrants) and a chemical cargo from Rotterdam to New York City, catches fire in a North Atlantic gale; 136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by SOS messages to the scene.


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Senghenydd colliery disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom.


date: November 7

text: November 7–11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 in North America claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives.


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Italian Hall disaster: seventy-three people – mostly striking mine workers and their families – are crushed to death in a stampede in Calumet, Michigan.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – The Great Dayton Flood, after four days of rain in the Miami Valley, kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes (chiefly in Dayton, Ohio).


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the all-time highest temperature recorded on Earth (although its validity has been challenged, and in 2020 a temperature of 54.4 °C °F was recorded at the same location, which would make it the world's highest verified air temperature, subject to confirmation).


date: March 3

text: March 3 – The Woman Suffrage Procession takes place in Washington, D.C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback.


text: The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia.


date: April 5

text: April 5 – The United States Soccer Federation is formed.


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Raja Harishchandra, the first full-length Indian feature film, is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.


date: May 14

text: May 14 – New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia marries Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover in Berlin, ending the decades-long rift between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover and marking the last great gathering of European sovereigns.


date: May 29

text: May 29 – The ballet The Rite of Spring (music by Igor Stravinsky, conducted by Pierre Monteux, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design by Nicholas Roerich) is premiered by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris; its modernist style provokes one of the most famous classical music riots in history. The audience includes Gabriele D'Annunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler and Maurice Ravel.


date: August 23

text: August 23 – The Little Mermaid statue is finished in Copenhagen, Denmark.


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Jean Sibelius's tone poem Luonnotar is premiered in Gloucester Cathedral, England, with soprano Aino Ackté.


date: September 17

text: September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president.


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Edward Gierek, Polish politician, First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party (d. 2001)

source_section: Births › January


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Arlette Vassy, French geophysicist, identified a hole in the ozone layer in 1961 (d. 2000)


date: February 4

text: February 4 – Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)

source_section: Births › February


date: March 30

text: March 30 – Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 2002)

source_section: Births › March


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Indian politician, 6th President of India (d. 1996)

source_section: Births › May


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Kid Azteca, Mexican boxer (d. 2002)

source_section: Births › June


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Red Skelton, American comedian (d. 1997)

source_section: Births › July


date: July 29

text: July 29 – Erich Priebke, German war criminal, leader of the 1944 Ardeatine massacre (d. 2013)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Fred Davis, English snooker and billiards player (d. 1998)

source_section: Births › August


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Jesse Owens, American athlete (d. 1980)

source_section: Births › September


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Alexandru Drăghici, Romanian communist activist and politician (d. 1993)


date: October 22

text: October 22 – Robert Capa, Hungarian-born American photojournalist (d. 1954)

source_section: Births › October


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Otto Wichterle, Czech inventor of the modern contact lens (d. 1998)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1960)

source_section: Births › November


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Jeff Davis, American politician, 20th Governor of Arkansas (b. 1862)

source_section: Deaths › January


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, American aeronaut, scientist and inventor (b. 1832)


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Manuel Enrique Araujo, 23rd President of El Salvador (b. 1865)

source_section: Deaths › February


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist and semiotician (b. 1857)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, British field marshal (b. 1833)

source_section: Deaths › March


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Lester Frank Ward, American botanist, paleontologist and sociologist (b. 1841)

source_section: Deaths › April


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Emily Davison, a British suffragette, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at The Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness.

source_section: Events › June


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Charles Lavigne, Ceylonese Roman Catholic and Syro-Malabar Catholic bishop and Servant of God (b. 1840)

source_section: Deaths › July


date: July 30

text: July 30 – Warren F. Daniell, American politician, U.S. Representative from New Hampshire (b. 1826)


date: August 13

text: August 13 – August Bebel, German Social Democratic politician (b. 1840)

source_section: Deaths › August


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Adolphus Busch, German-American brewer, co-founder of Anheuser-Busch (b. 1839)

source_section: Deaths › October


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Sava Grujić, Serbian diplomat, general and politician, 5-time Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1840)

source_section: Deaths › November


text: November 7 – Alfred Russel Wallace, Welsh biologist (b. 1823)


date: December 26

text: December 26 – Ambrose Bierce, American writer, journalist (disappeared on this date) (b. 1842)

source_section: Deaths › December


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia dismisses his 4th Prime Minister, Vladimir Kokovtsov due to his "lack of control over the press", he is succeeded by Ivan Goremykin for his second term

source_section: Events › January


date: February 28

text: February 28 – The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus is proclaimed by ethnic Greeks.

source_section: Events › February


date: May 17

text: May 17 – The Protocol of Corfu provides for the provinces of Korçë and Gjirokastër, constituting Northern Epirus, to be granted autonomy under the nominal sovereignty of Albania.

source_section: Events › May


date: May 25

text: May 25 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Government of Ireland Act 1914, the "Irish Home Rule Bill".


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Woodrow Wilson's envoy, Edward Mandell House, meets Kaiser Wilhelm II.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – A council is held at Potsdam: leaders within Austria-Hungary and Germany meet to discuss the possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia and France.

source_section: Events › July


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Mexican Revolution: Victoriano Huerta resigns from the presidency of Mexico.


date: July 19

text: July 19 – George V summons a conference to discuss the Irish Home Rule problem. It meets from July 21–24, without reaching consensus.


date: July 23

text: July 23 – July Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.


date: August 2

text: August 2 – A secret treaty between the Ottoman Empire and German Empires secures Ottoman neutrality.

source_section: Events › August


text: August 13 – The Teoloyucan Treaties are signed in the State of Mexico.


date: August

text: The Togoland Campaign ends with the German West African colony of Togoland (Togo from 1960) surrendering to Britain and France.


date: September

text: London Agreement: No member of the Triple Entente (Britain, France, or Russia) may seek a separate peace with the Central Powers.

source_section: Events › September


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Colorado Coalfield War: Ludlow Massacre – The Colorado National Guard attacks a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado, killing 21 people.

source_section: Events › April


date: April 24

text: April 24–25 – Larne Gun Running: 35,000 rifles and over 3 million rounds of ammunition from a German dealer are landed at Larne, Bangor and Donaghadee in Ulster for the Unionist Ulster Volunteers.


date: June 12

text: June 12–18 – Greek genocide: Ottoman Greeks in Phocaea are massacred by Turkish irregular troops.


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria: Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, 19, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering the July Crisis overnight and eventually World War I. Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and Zagreb break out.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Khioniya Guseva attempts and fails to assassinate Grigori Rasputin at his hometown in Siberia.


date: July 29

text: July 29 – World War I: Austro-Hungarian Navy river monitor fires the first shots of the war, opening the bombardment of the defenses of Belgrade, Serbia's capital.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – The German Empire declares war on the Russian Empire, following Russia's military mobilisation in support of Serbia; Germany also begins mobilisation.


text: August 2 – German troops occupy Luxembourg, in accordance with the Schlieffen Plan.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – World War I: German invasion of Belgium – At 08:02 (local time) Imperial German Army troops enter Belgium, bringing the July Crisis to a climax. At 23:00 (GMT) the British entry into World War I takes place when King George V in London declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality (protected by the Treaty of London (1839)) and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole British Empire against the German Empire. The United States declares neutrality.


text: Battle of Mulhouse: France launches its first attack of the war, in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the province of Alsace from Germany, beginning the Battle of the Frontiers.


text: German warships and (both commissioned in 1912), which reached Constantinople on August 10, are transferred to the Ottoman Navy, Goeben becoming its flagship, Yavuz Sultan Selim.


date: September 17

text: September 17 – World War I: The Race to the Sea, by opposing forces on the Western Front, begins.


text: German light cruiser SMS Emden bombards Madras, the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers in the War.


text: The conclusion of the Battle of Grand Couronné ends the Battle of the Frontiers, with the north-east segment of the Western Front stabilising.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – World War I: Siege of Antwerp: Antwerp (Belgium) falls to German troops.

source_section: Events › October


date: October

text: The Greek army occupies Northern Epirus with the approval of the Allies.


text: The Race to the Sea effectively ends, with the Western Front reaching the Belgian coast.


date: November 9

text: November 9 – World War I: Battle of Cocos – The German cruiser Emden, the last active warship of the Central Powers in the Indian Ocean, is sunk by the Australian cruiser Sydney.

source_section: Events › November


date: November 13

text: November 13 – Zaian War: Battle of El Herri – Zayanes (Berbers) in Morocco overpower French forces.


date: November 23

text: November 23 – Mexican Revolution: The last U.S. forces withdraw from Veracruz, occupied seven months earlier in response to the Tampico Affair; Venustiano Carranza's troops take over, and Carranza makes the town his headquarters.


date: November

text: The Battle of Tanga ends, with the British Indian Expeditionary Force B failing to capture German East Africa defences.


date: December 8

text: December 8 – World War I: Battle of the Falkland Islands: A superior British Royal Navy squadron under Doveton Sturdee defeats ships of the Imperial German Navy under Maximilian von Spee (who goes down with his ship).

source_section: Events › December


date: December 19

text: December 19 – Serbian Campaign (World War I): The Battle of Kolubara ends, resulting in a decisive Serbian victory over Austria-Hungary.


date: December 24

text: December 24 – World War I: An unofficial and temporary Christmas truce begins between British and German soldiers on the Western Front.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – The St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States starts services between St. Petersburg and Tampa, Florida, becoming the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with heavier-than-air aircraft.


date: March 29

text: March 29 – Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive on Easter Island, to make the first true study of it (they depart in August 1915).

source_section: Events › March


date: May 1

text: May 1–November 1 – The Exposition Internationale is held at Lyon, France.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Ocean liner makes her maiden voyage.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – The International Exhibition opens at the "White City", Ashton Gate, Bristol. It closes on August 15, and the site is used as a military depot.

source_section: Events › June


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Mahatma Gandhi leaves South Africa for the last time, sailing out of Cape Town for England, on board the S.S. Kinfauns Castle.


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition sets sail on the Endurance from Britain, in an attempt to cross Antarctica.


date: December 5

text: December 5 – The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition begins its attempt to make the first land crossing of Antarctica.


text: December 19 – Mohandas Gandhi leaves England, sailing for India on this date (accompanied by his wife Kasturba). He begins to learn the Bengali language whilst on board.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – The Afrikaans language receives official recognition, when Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven addresses the English caucus of the Cape Provincial Council.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – The German Kaiser announces that he will not attend the funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff, and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11:30 am until 6:15 pm.


date: July 27

text: July 27 – Felix Ysagun Manalo registers the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) with the government of the Philippines.


date: September

text: Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) succeeds Pope Pius X.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – The New York Stock Exchange is closed because of the outbreak of the war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges are already closed.


date: September 26

text: September 26 – The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is established, by the Federal Trade Commission Act.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Benito Mussolini is expelled from the Italian Socialist Party.


date: November 28

text: November 28 – World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – The New York Stock Exchange re-opens fully, having been closed since August 1, except for bond trading.


text: Fashion and perfumes company Puig is founded in Barcelona.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: May 9

text: May 9 – J. T. Hearne in England becomes the first bowler to take 3,000 first-class wickets.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Pittsburgh Pirate Honus Wagner becomes the first baseball player in the twentieth century with 3,000 career hits.


date: June 23

text: June 23 – After it had been closed so that it could be deepened, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal is reopened by the Kaiser; the British Fleet under Sir George Warrender visits; the Kaiser inspects the Dreadnought HMS King George V.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – The Royal Naval Air Service, a forerunner of the Royal Air Force, is established in the United Kingdom.


date: July 18

text: July 18 – The Signal Corps of the United States Army establishes an Aviation Section, giving definite status to its air service for the first time.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – The first electric traffic light is installed between Euclid Avenue and East 105 Street, in Cleveland, Ohio.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – The Panama Canal is inaugurated with the passage of the .


date: November 16

text: November 16 – A year after being created by passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens for business.


date: December 20

text: December 20 – Tokyo Station officially opens in Japan, replacing Shinbashi Station as Tokyo's main terminal.


text: The first everyday items made of stainless steel come into public circulation.


text: The Port of Orange, Texas, is dredged for the fabrication of vessels for the United States Navy.


date: February 26

text: February 26 – The ocean liner that will become HMHS Britannic, sister to the , is launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast.


text: Watchmaker Glycine Watch SA is founded by Eugène Meylan in Switzerland.


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants.


date: July 14

text: July 14 – The Government of Ireland Bill completes its passage through the House of Lords in the U.K. It allows Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin. Because of the outbreak of war in Europe and later developments in Ireland, the Act is never implemented in its original form.


text: August 5 – German zeppelins drop bombs on Liège, Belgium, killing 9 civilians.


date: December 17

text: December 17 – United States President Woodrow Wilson signs the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act. This begins the ongoing international war on drugs.


text: Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine, is first developed in Germany.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages Velázquez's painting Rokeby Venus in London's National Gallery, with a meat chopper.


date: April 14

text: April 14–18 – The first International Criminal Police Congress is held in Monaco; 24 countries are represented, including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas; the Dean of the Paris Law School is president.


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Serbia responds to the ultimatum from the 23rd accepting some but not all of Austria-Hungary's demands. In response Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with Serbia and begins to mobilise its own forces. Radomir Putnik, Chief of the Serbian General Staff, is arrested in Budapest, but subsequently allowed to return to Serbia.


date: August 8

text: August 8 – German colonial forces execute Martin-Paul Samba, for high treason.


date: January 11

text: January 11 – The Karluk, flagship of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, sinks after being crushed by ice.


date: April 4

text: April 4–September 27 – Komagata Maru incident: The sails from India to Canada. Canadian regulations, designed to exclude Asian immigrants, prevent the boat from docking in Vancouver, and it is forced to return to Calcutta with all its passengers.


date: August 9

text: August 9 – World War I: British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Birmingham rams and sinks German submarine U-15 off Fair Isle, the first U-boat lost in action.


date: September

text: British Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder is sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.


date: October

text: Battle of Penang, Malaya: German cruiser Emden sinks a Russian cruiser and French destroyer, before escaping.


date: December 15

text: December 15 – Hōjō Coal Mine Disaster: A gas explosion at the Mitsubishi Hōjō mine in Kyūshū, Japan, kills 687 people (the worst coal mine disaster in Japanese history).


date: December 16

text: December 16 – World War I: Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby: Imperial German Navy battlecruisers bombard British North Sea ports, resulting in 137 deaths, mostly civilians.


text: January 11 – The Sakurajima volcano in Japan begins to erupt, becoming effusive after a large earthquake on January 13. The lava flow causes the island which it forms to be linked to the Ōsumi Peninsula.


date: February 17

text: February 17 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard Crisis. He is replaced by Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld.


date: October 4

text: October 4 – The 1914 Burdur earthquake occurs in Turkey.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – MLB Chicago Federals host the Kansas City Packers in the first baseball game played at Weeghman Park (the later Wrigley Field).


date: May 5

text: May 5–October 11 – The Jubilee Exhibition (Jubilæumsutstillingen) is held at Kristiania, Norway, to mark the centennial of the country's constitution.


date: June 8

text: June 8 – The Brazilian Football Confederation is founded, with Álvaro Zamith as its first president. The Brazilian Olympic Committee is founded on the same day.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria takes place at Artstetten Castle, 50 miles west of Vienna.


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his major league debut, with the Boston Red Sox.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Marcus Garvey founds the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Jamaica.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Ittihad Alexandria sports club is founded in Alexandria, Egypt.


text: October 4 – The Manifesto of the Ninety-Three is signed by prominent academics supporting the early German war effort.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Noor Inayat Khan (aka Nora Baker), World War II heroine (executed 1944)

source_section: Births › January


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Alan Hodgkin, British scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)

source_section: Births › February


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Renato Dulbecco, Italian-born American virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Norman Borlaug, American agricultural scientist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2009)

source_section: Births › March


date: March 26

text: March 26 – William Westmoreland, American Vietnam War general (d. 2005)


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat, writer, and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Marcos Pérez Jiménez, 51st President of Venezuela (d. 2001)

source_section: Births › April


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Max Perutz, Austrian-born British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2002)

source_section: Births › May


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Jyoti Basu, Indian politician (d. 2010)

source_section: Births › July


date: July 9

text: July 9 – Willi Stoph, Prime Minister (1964–1973, 1976–1989) and Chairman of the Council of State (1973–1976) of the GDR (d. 1999)


date: September 5

text: September 5 – Isolina Ferré, Puerto Rican Roman Catholic nun (d. 2000)

source_section: Births › September


date: September 24

text: September 24 – John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1991)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Moshe Teitelbaum, Hassidic rabbi (d. 2006)

source_section: Births › November


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Norman Lloyd, American actor, producer and director (d. 2021)


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Rube Waddell, American baseball player and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1876)

source_section: Deaths › April


date: May 23

text: May 23 – William O'Connell Bradley, American politician from Kentucky (b. 1847)

source_section: Deaths › May


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Adlai E. Stevenson I, 23rd Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)

source_section: Deaths › June


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand (b. 1863) and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg (b. 1868), both assassinated


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Nicholas Hartwig, Russian Minister to Serbia, dies of a heart attack while visiting Austrian minister Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen at the Austrian Legation in Belgrade.

source_section: Events › July


date: July 26

text: July 26 – Howth gun-running: former British civil servant and novelist Erskine Childers and his wife Molly sail into Howth in Ireland and land 2,500 guns for the nationalist Irish Volunteers from a German dealer. British Army troops of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, returning to Dublin having been called out to assist police in attempting to prevent the Volunteers from moving the arms to the city, perpetrate the Bachelor's Walk massacre, firing on a crowd of protestors at Bachelors Walk, killing three; a fourth man dies later from bayonet wounds and more than 37 others are injured.


date: August 23

text: August 23 – Robert Strange, American Episcopal bishop (b. 1857)

source_section: Deaths › August


date: September 1

text: September 1 – The last known passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, dies in the Cincinnati Zoo from old age.

source_section: Events › September


text: September 1 - Martha, the last Passenger pigeon died marking a Endling (b. 1885)

source_section: Deaths › September


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Nicolás Zamora, Filipino Methodist minister and bishop (b. 1875)


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Richard Warren Sears, American founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company (b. 1863)


date: September

text: Action of 22 September 1914: German submarine U-9 torpedoes three British Royal Navy armoured cruisers, , and , with the death of more than 1,400 men, in the North Sea.


date: October 19

text: October 19 – Julio Argentino Roca, Argentine general and statesman, 2-time President of Argentina (b. 1843)

source_section: Deaths › October


date: January 12

text: January 12 – The United States House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote.

source_section: Events › January


date: January 26

text: January 26 – The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the United States Congress.


date: April 26

text: April 26 – Treaty of London: Italy secretly agrees to leave the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, and join with the Entente Powers, in exchange for certain territories of Austria-Hungary on its borders.

source_section: Events › April


date: May 17

text: May 17 – The last purely Liberal government in the United Kingdom ends, when the prime minister H. H. Asquith forms an all-party coalition government, the Asquith coalition ministry, effective May 25.

source_section: Events › May


date: May 25

text: May 25 – China agrees to the Twenty-One Demands of the Japanese.


date: June 19

text: June 19 – In Iceland, at this time a dependency of Denmark, women's suffrage is granted to those over 40.

source_section: Events › June


date: July 14

text: July 14 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British official Sir Henry McMahon concerning the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire begins; in exchange for assistance against the Ottomans, the British offer bin Ali their recognition of an independent Arab kingdom, although clear terms are never agreed.


date: August 16

text: August 16 – WWI: The Allies promise the Kingdom of Serbia, should victory be achieved over Austria-Hungary and its allied Central Powers, the territories of Baranja, Srem and Slavonia from the Cisleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and eastern Dalmatia (from the river of Krka to Bar).

source_section: Events › August


text: October 19 – Mexican Revolution: The U.S. recognizes the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza de facto (not de jure until 1917).

source_section: Events › October


date: October 27

text: October 27 – William Morris "Billy" Hughes becomes the 7th prime minister of Australia.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – President of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai declares himself Emperor.

source_section: Events › December


date: January 1

text: January 1 – WWI: Battle of Broken Hill: A train ambush near Broken Hill, Australia, is carried out by two men (claiming to be in support of the Ottoman Empire) who are killed, together with four civilians.


date: January 17

text: January 17 – WWI: Caucasus Campaign – Battle of Sarikamish: Russia defeats Ottoman Turkey.


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Chilembwe uprising: Baptist minister John Chilembwe initiates an ultimately unsuccessful uprising against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi).


date: January 24

text: January 24 – WWI: Battle of Dogger Bank – The British Grand Fleet defeats the German High Seas Fleet, sinking the armoured cruiser .


date: January 31

text: January 31 – WWI: Battle of Bolimów – Germany's first large-scale use of poison gas as a weapon occurs, when 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas are fired on the Imperial Russian Army, on the Rawka River west of Warsaw; however, freezing temperatures prevent it being effective.


date: February 18

text: February 18 – WWI: Germany regards the waters around the British Isles to be a war zone from this date, as part of its U-boat Campaign.

source_section: Events › February


date: March

text: Gallipoli campaign: A Franco-British naval attack on the Dardanelles fails.

source_section: Events › March


text: Constantinople Agreement: Britain, France and the Russian Empire agree to give Constantinople (Istanbul) and the Bosphorus to Russia in case of victory (the treaty is later nullified by the Bolshevik Revolution).


text: Battle of Más a Tierra: Off the coast of Chile, the British Royal Navy forces the Imperial German Navy light cruiser SMS Dresden (last survivor of the German East Asia Squadron) to scuttle.


date: April 24

text: April 24 – Armenian genocide: deportation of Armenian notables from Istanbul begins.


date: April 25

text: April 25 – WWI: Start of the Gallipoli Campaign by land forces (lasting until January 1916) – A landing at Anzac Cove is conducted by Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, and a landing at Cape Helles by British and French troops, to begin the Allied invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire.


date: May 1

text: May 1 – General Louis Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa, leads the army in the occupation of German South West Africa.


date: May 9

text: May 9 – WWI – Second Battle of Artois: German and French forces fight to a standstill; German forces defeat the British at the Battle of Aubers Ridge.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Mexican Revolution: Troops of Álvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa clash at León; Obregón loses his right arm in a grenade attack, but Villa is decisively defeated.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Sinhalese militia captain Henry Pedris is executed in British Ceylon for inciting race riots, a charge later proved false; he becomes a hero of the Sri Lankan independence movement.


date: July

text: WWI: South West Africa Campaign – The Union of South Africa occupies German South West Africa with assistance from Canada, the United Kingdom, the Portuguese Republic and Portuguese Angola. South Africa will occupy South West Africa until March 1990.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – WWI: A Zeppelin raid destroys No. 61 Farringdon Road, London; the premises are rebuilt in 1917, and called The Zeppelin Building.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – French soldiers rescue over 4,000 Armenian genocide survivors stranded on Musa Dagh, a mountain in the Hatay province of Turkey.