date: November 6

text: November 6 – Heonjong, Korean king of Goryeo (b. 1084)


section: Deaths

text: Odo of Bayeux, Norman nobleman and bishop

source_section: Deaths


text: Minamoto no Tsunenobu, Japanese nobleman (b. 1016)


text: Sweyn the Crusader, Danish nobleman and crusader


text: Peter II, king of Croatia (see Battle of Gvozd Mountain)


text: Florine of Burgundy, French noblewoman and crusader (b. 1083)


text: Baldwin Chauderon, French nobleman and crusader


text: Herman of Hauteville, Norman nobleman and crusader


text: Marpa Lotsawa, Tibetan Buddhist teacher (b. 1012)


text: Muhya bint Al-Tayyani, Andalusian female poet


section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: King Edgar of Scotland signs a treaty with Magnus III in which he agrees that the northern territories including the Hebrides belong to Norway. At Dunfermline Abbey, Edgar seeks support from Anselm of Canterbury.

source_section: Events › By place › Britain


date: February 9

section: Conflict & Security

text: February 9 – Battle of the Lake of Antioch: The Crusaders under Bohemond I defeat a Seljuk relief force (some 12,000 men) led by Sultan Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan of Aleppo. Bohemond gathers 700 knights, and marches in the night to ambush the Seljuk Turks at the Lake of Antioch (modern Turkey). After several successful cavalry charges the Crusaders rout the Seljuk army, forcing Radwan to retreat back to Aleppo.

source_section: Events › By place › First Crusade


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Baldwin of Boulogne enters Edessa, and is welcomed as liberator by the Armenian clergy. The local population massacres the Seljuk garrison and officials – or forces them to flee. Baldwin is acknowledged as their ruler (or doux). He assumes the title of count and establishes the first crusader state. Baldwin marries Arda of Armenia, daughter of Lord Thoros of Marash, and consolidates his conquered territory.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Siege of Antioch: The Crusaders under Bohemond I capture Antioch after a 8-month siege. He established secret contact with Firouz, an Armenian guard who controlled the "Tower of the Two Sisters". He opened the gates and Bohemond entered the city. Thousands of Christians are massacred along with Muslims. Bohemond is named Prince of Antioch (under protest) and creates the Principality of Antioch.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Battle of Antioch: Emir Kerbogha, ruler (atabeg) of Mosul, arrives at Antioch with a Seljuk army (35,000 men) to relieve the city. He lays siege to the Crusaders who have just captured the city themselves (although they do not have full control of it). A Byzantine relief force led by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos turns back after Count Stephen of Blois convinces them that the situation in Antioch is hopeless.


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Following the Holy Lance discovery by Peter Bartholomew in Antioch, the Crusaders under Bohemond I (leaving only 200 men) sortie from the city and defeat the Seljuk army. Kerbogha is forced to withdraw to Mosul, the garrison in the citadel surrenders to Bohemond personally (who raises his banner above the city) and the Crusaders occupy Antioch. The Crusade is delayed for the rest of the year.


date: June

text: June or July – Battle of Anglesey Sound: A Norwegian fleet led by King Magnus Barefoot reverses an Anglo-Norman invasion of North Wales. Magnus conquers the Orkney Islands, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Siege of Ma'arra: The Crusaders capture the city of Ma'arra after a month's siege and massacre part of the population. Short of supplies, the army is accused of widespread cannibalism.


date: July 14

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: July 14 – Donation of Altavilla: Bohemond I grants commercial privileges and the right to use warehouses (fondaco) to the Republic of Genoa. This marks the beginning of Italian merchant settlements in the Levant.


date: March 21

section: Religion & Belief

text: March 21 – Cîteaux Abbey, located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, is founded by Robert of Molesme, founder of the Cistercian Order.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


date: August

text: August – Fatimid forces under Caliph Al-Musta'li recapture Jerusalem and occupy Palestine. The Crusaders threaten the borders of the Fatimid Caliphate which already has lost the Emirate of Sicily (see 1091).


date: October

text: October – The Council of Bari presided by Pope Urban II discusses relations between the Western and the Eastern Church.


section: Births

text: Wibald, German abbot and councillor (d. 1158)

source_section: Births


text: John of the Grating, French bishop and saint (d. 1163)


text: Hildegard of Bingen, German Benedictine abbess (d. 1179)


text: Amadeus I, Swiss nobleman (House of Geneva) (d. 1178)


text: Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, Persian philosopher and poet (d. 1131)


text: Simon II de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. 1153)


text: Hedwig of Gudensberg, German countess and regent (d. 1148)


text: Pons, French nobleman (House of Toulouse) (d. 1137)


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Walkelin, Norman bishop of Winchester


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Hugh de Grandmesnil, Norman sheriff (b. 1032)


date: July 31

text: July 31 – Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Adhemar of Le Puy, French bishop (b. 1045)


text: August 1 – Adhemar of Le Puy (or Aimar), French bishop and nominal leader of the First Crusade, dies during an epidemic (probably typhus). With this, Rome's direct control over the Crusade effectively ends.


text: Alan the Black, Norman nobleman and lord of Richmond


text: Vinayaditya, Indian king of the Hoysala Empire


text: Ephraim of the Caves, Kievan bishop of Pereiaslav


text: Baldwin II, count of Hainaut (House of Flanders) (b. 1056)


text: Raymond IV (Raimundus), count of Pallars Jussà


text: Walo II of Chaumont-en-Vexin (or Galon II de Beaumont), viscount and constable of France (b. 1060)


text: Robert de Say (Fitz-Picot), Norman nobleman


text: Yaghi Siyan, Seljuk governor of Antioch (b. 1011)


date: January 22

text: January 22 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, reach Masyaf, where a treaty is agreed to. They decide to continue the march, rather than to capture or destroy the town. The next day the Crusaders enter the deserted town of Rafaniyah, that provides them with much-needed supplies. Raymond moves into the Buqaia Valley, and takes the strategic Kurdish fortress of Hosn al-Akrad (the future Krak des Chevaliers castle).


date: February 14

text: February 14 – The Crusaders under Raymond IV besiege the fortified town of Akkar – whose garrison is loyal to Jalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan, emir of Tripoli (modern Lebanon). On May 13 after a 3-month siege the investment of Akkar is raised and Raymond orders the camp to be struck. The Crusader host, finally joined by the forces of Godfrey of Bouillon and Robert II, resumes his march southwards to Tripoli.


date: February 17

text: February 17 – Raymond IV sends a small part of his army under Raymond Pilet to attack the port of Tortosa on the Syrian coast. The Crusaders led many fires around the port to make believe their number is greater than it is. Fooled by the deception, the governor and the garrison flees by sea in the night leaving the port open for the Crusaders to capture. The port becomes strategically important for supplies.


date: May 20

text: May 20 – The Fatimid governor of Sidon refuses to cooperate and his garrison attacks the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on to Tyre – Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force under Baldwin of Le Bourg (supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him.


date: May

text: May – The Crusaders march past Tripoli, accompanied by guides provided by the emir who lead them safely through the towns of Batroun and Byblos. On May 19 they cross the Dog River north of Beirut into Fatimid territory. There local governors supply the Crusaders with tribute and food in return for no damage to the agricultural area. The Fatimids keep no large troops in the north, except for small garrisons.


date: June 2

text: June 2–6 – The Crusaders occupy Arsuf and turn inland towards Ramlah, where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberates Bethlehem.


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Siege of Jerusalem: The Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem, and begin the siege of the Holy City. Iftikhar al-Dawla offers a peace agreement but this is refused.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Boullion launch their first assault on Jerusalem, while the Fatimid garrison and Jewish militia defend the northern wall at the Damascus Gate.


date: June 17

text: June 17 – A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led by Guglielmo Embriaco (loaded with military materials) enters the port of Jaffa; all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet.


date: July 8

text: July 8 – The Crusaders attempt to take Jerusalem by storm but are repulsed. In a procession they walk around the walls under leadership of priests in the hope the city would surrender.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Iftikhar al-Dawla surrenders Jerusalem to Raymond IV in the Tower of David with a great sum of treasure in return for his life. He is escorted out of the city with his bodyguard.


text: July 15 – The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault.


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Battle of Ascalon: The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. Vizier Al-Afdal is forced to retreat to Egypt.


date: November

text: November – A Crusader army under Bohemond I travels south to begin a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They are accompanied by Baldwin of Boulogne, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.


date: February

text: February – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon set out from Antioch to Latakia. They are joined by forces of Bohemond I and Robert II, count of Flanders. On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port of Jabala. After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders.


date: August 10

text: August 10 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble at Yibna (Ibelin) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa to Ascalon.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, count of Toulouse (Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leave Antioch, and head south towards Jerusalem. They are joined by forces of Tancred (a nephew of Bohemond I) and Robert II, duke of Normandy. Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir of Shaizar (modern Syria), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across the Orontes River (between Shaizar and Hama).


date: July 22

text: July 22 – The Kingdom of Jerusalem is established in the Middle East. Godfrey of Bouillon is named king (but refuses to be crowned) and takes the title Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri.


date: December 21

text: December 21 – The Crusaders under Bohemond I and Baldwin arrive at Jerusalem. Four days later, Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, is installed as the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.


text: The commune in Emilia founds the Modena Cathedral, dedicated to the patron saint Geminianus. The Italian sculptor Wiligelmo creates reliefs with Genesis scenes.


date: November 11

section: Climate & Environment

text: November 11 – Great floods around the North Sea and English Channel.

source_section: Events › By topic › Natural events


date: May 26

section: Culture & Society

text: May 26 – The Crusaders march to Haifa and along the coast under Mount Carmel to Caesarea (modern Israel), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate Whitsun (Whit Sunday).


text: Olav Magnusson, king of Norway (d. 1115)


text: Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. 1153)


text: Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch (d. 1149)


text: Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1157)


text: Duke William X of Aquitaine ("the Saint"), French nobleman (d. 1137)


text: Thierry of Alsace, count of Flanders (d. 1168)


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Conrad, bishop of Utrecht


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Peter Bartholomew, French soldier and mystic


text: July 8 – Lawrence, Croatian monk and archbishop


date: July 10

text: July 10 – El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar), Castilian knight


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Fujiwara no Moromichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 1062)


date: July 29

text: July 29 – Pope Urban II (Urbanus) dies after a 9-year pontificate at Rome. He is succeeded by Paschal II as the 160th pope of the Catholic Church.


text: July 29 – Urban II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1035)


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Éverard III of Puiset, Viscount of Chartres, French nobleman


date: December 3

text: December 3 – Osmund, Norman lord chancellor of England and bishop of Salisbury, canonized (b. 1065)


text: Donald III ("the Fair"), king of Scotland (b. 1032)


text: Walter of Pontoise, French abbot (approximate date)


text: Rhygyfarch, Welsh bishop of St. David's (b. 1057)


text: Ermengarde de Carcassonne, French noblewoman


year_label: 11 CE

text: Satakarni begins his reign as Emperor of the Andhra Empire (AD 11–29).

source_section: Events › 11 AD › India


text: Emperor Augustus abandons his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe, in order to reinforce the Roman defenses along the Rhine and the Danube.

source_section: Events › 11 AD › Roman Empire


text: Artabanus II becomes ruler of Parthia.

source_section: Events › 11 AD › Persia


text: Germania Inferior and the Rhine are secured by Germanicus.


text: An edict is issued effecting an empire-wide ban on divinatory practices, especially astrology. The edict requires any consultation between a customer and a practitioner to be conducted with at least one third party witness present, and bans inquiry into anyone's death.


text: The Yellow River experiences a major flood. This flood is credited for the downfall of the short-lived Xin dynasty.

source_section: Events › 11 AD › China


text: Marcus Antistius Labeo, prominent Roman jurist

source_section: Deaths › 11 AD


text: The Roman Empire has more than 75,000 km mi of roads.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Caravans make regular departures from Luoyang with Chinese ginger, cassia (a type of cinnamon), and silk to be bartered in Central Asia for gold, silver, glassware, pottery, cloth, and intaglio gems from Rome.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The Forum of Trajan is constructed in Rome, by the Syrian architect Apollodorus of Damascus.


section: Science & Discovery

text: Suetonius, Roman historian, publishes Viris Illustribus ("On Famous Men" – in the field of literature).

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and science


text: Qiao Xuan (or Gongzu), Chinese official and chancellor (d. 184)


text: Hegesippus of Nazarene, Christian chronicler and writer (d. 180)


text: Pacorus II, ruler (King of Kings ) of the Parthian Empire


text: Duan Xi, Chinese Protector General of the Western Regions


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Reconquista: Peter I of Aragon conquers Barbastro (modern Spain) from the hands of the Almoravids.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Philip I of France elevates his son Louis VI as co-ruler to the government of the realm.


text: Philip I of France conquers the Vexin area, and adds the city of Bourges and the province of Berry to his estate.


text: The Ancestral Puebloans culture, located in the modern-day Four Corners (United States), rises (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By place › Americas


text: In Iceland, the Althing decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form (approximate date).


date: January

text: January – The Seljuk ruler Muhammad Tapar is expelled from Baghdad by his brother Barkiyaruq, but Muhammad manages to retake the city during his spring offensive.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


date: August 20

text: August 20 – With the support of a Venetian fleet, the Crusaders under Tancred capture the coastal city of Haifa.


date: August

text: August – Battle of Melitene: Bohemond I of Antioch is captured by the Danishmends, leaving Tancred as regent of the Principality of Antioch for two years.


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Battle of Malagon: The Almoravid army defeats Castellan troops.


text: The Liao dynasty crushes the Zubu, a tribute state of the Khitan Empire, and takes their khan prisoner.

source_section: Events › By place › China


text: After a success over the Armenians of Cilicia and the Emirate of Aleppo, Baldwin of Bourcq becomes Count of Edessa, with the support of Daimbert.


date: May

text: May or June – Count Raymond IV of Toulouse (Saint-Gilles) sails to Constantinople to obtain the support of Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in his attempt to seize Tripoli.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – A Genoese fleet leaves Italy to support the Crusaders' efforts to conquer the coastal cities; the ships reach Latakia on September 25.


text: Oraibi, a Hopi village in Navajo County, becomes the oldest populated settlement in modern-day Arizona (modern-day United States).


text: A collective of Tuareg trading clans decide to permanently settle the city of Timbuktu (modern Mali) north of Djenné along the Niger River. Timbuktu will later achieve fame as a center of Islamic learning. The Sankore, Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques are among Timbuktu's most famous religious and scholarly institutions (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By place › Africa


text: Genoa, Venice and Pisa gain trading privileges from the Crusader states, in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Henry I is crowned King of England, at Westminster Abbey. The power of the new monarch is ill-assured, and to mollify the barons he has to grant them the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of a written constitution in Europe.


date: August 30

text: August 30 – After the failure of the Council of Liubech in 1097, the Congress of Vytechev establishes peace and the feudal system in Kievan Rus; the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them. Sviatopolk II of Kiev becomes the first Grand Prince.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury returns to England from exile, at the invitation of Henry I.


date: November 18

text: November 18 – The Council of Poitiers opens, but is soon forcibly closed by William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, as the bishops are about to excommunicate King Philip I of France once more.


date: November

text: November – The council of Poitiers decrees that the followers of Robert of Arbrissel have to settle down and live under a rule, leading to the foundation of Fontevraud Abbey.


text: The Stift St. Georgen Abbey is founded near Sankt Georgen am Längsee (modern Austria).


text: The Diocese of Faroe is founded (approximate date).


text: Frederick I becomes archbishop of Cologne, and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein.


text: Intense urban activity in north and central Europe: Kalmar (Kungälv) and Varberg (Sweden) are chartered; The cities of Aach (southern Germany) and Nakléřov in Bohemia are created. The castle of Burg Eppstein is built in central Germany.


text: Checkers is invented (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By topic › Sports and games


section: Crime & Justice

text: Henry I of England grants the ownership of Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight to Richard de Redvers, a Norman nobleman.


date: November 11

text: November 11 – King Henry I of England marries Matilda of Scotland, the daughter of King Malcolm III and a direct descendant of the Saxon king Edmund Ironside.


text: The city of Cusco (modern Peru) is founded (approximate date).


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Judith of Bavaria, duchess of Swabia (d. 1130)


date: May 23

text: May 23 – Qin Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1161)


text: Jacob ben Meir Tam, French Jewish rabbi (d. 1171)


text: Elvira of Castile, queen consort of Sicily (approximate date)


text: Teobaldo Roggeri, Italian shoemaker (d. 1150)


text: Herman of Carinthia, German astronomer (d. 1160)


text: Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst, English conjoined twins (d. 1134)


text: Robert of Melun, bishop of Hereford (d. 1167)


text: Muhammad al-Idrisi, Almoravid geographer (d. 1165)


text: Héloïse d'Argenteuil, French abbess and scholar (d. 1162)


text: Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl Leicester (d. 1168)


text: Adrian IV, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1159)


text: Albert I (the Bear), margrave of Brandenburg (d. 1170)


text: Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby (d. 1162)


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Zhezong, Chinese emperor (b. 1077)

source_section: Deaths


text: February 23 – Emperor Zhezong dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old brother Huizong as ruler of the Song dynasty. At about this date, the Chinese population reaches around 100 million and in Kaifeng, his capital, the number of registered citizens within the walls is about 1,050,000 with the army stationed here boosting the overall populace to some 1.4 million people.


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Gerland, bishop of Agrigento


date: March 28

text: March 28 – Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde, German noblewoman


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Godfrey of Bouillon, French nobleman (b. 1060)


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Warner of Grez, French nobleman


date: August 2

text: August 2 – King William II of England (William Rufus) dies in a hunting accident in the New Forest. Sir Walter Tirel is accused of having shot the arrow, but flees the country to avoid a trial. Henry I claims the throne.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Antipope Clement III dies at Civita Castellana after a 20-year reign in opposition to the legitimate popes Gregory VII, Victor III and Urban II. Supporters of Emperor Henry IV in Rome choose Theodoric as his successor.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: September 8 – Clement III, antipope of Rome


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Bernold of Constance, German chronicler


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Guy I, Count of Ponthieu (or Wido), French nobleman


text: November 18 – Thomas of Bayeux, archbishop of York


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Bretislav II, duke of Bohemia


date: December 25

text: December 25 – French Crusader Baldwin I is crowned first King of Jerusalem at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, by Daimbert, the new Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, following the death of the previous ruler, Baldwin's brother Godfrey of Bouillon, on July 18.


text: August 2 – By the Treaty of Alton, ratified at Winchester, Robert abandons his claim to the throne, recognising Henry as King of England.

source_section: Events › By place › England


text: The county of Berg in Germany is established.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Robert Curthose lands at Portsmouth with an army in an effort to take the English throne from his younger brother, Henry I.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Battle of Ramla: A Crusader force (some 1,100 men) under Baldwin I defeats the invading Fatimids at Ramla (modern Israel). Baldwin plunders the Fatimid camp and the survivors flee to Ascalon.


text: Crusade of 1101 – A second wave of European crusaders attempts to cross Anatolia, to reach the Kingdom of Jerusalem. They are defeated by the Seljuk troops under Sultan Kilij Arslan I, at Heraclea. A handful of crusaders under Raymond IV of Toulouse manage to reach the Byzantine port of Bafra, at the mouth of the River Halys.

source_section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


text: Spring – King Baldwin I concludes an alliance with the Genoese fleet, offering them commercial privileges and booty. He captures the towns of Arsuf and Caesarea. Baldwin's crusaders pillage Caesarea and massacre the majority of the local population.


text: Summer – Almoravid forces under Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin besiege Valencia, which is defended by Jimena Díaz, widow of Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar. The city holds out until May 1102.


text: Autumn – Countess Mathilda of Tuscany leads a successful expedition in northern Italy and takes Ferrara.


text: Summer – The Byzantine fleet under Admiral Eustathios recaptures the ports of western Cilicia, Seleucia and Corycus. Eustathios extends his power over Cilician territory (belonging to Bohemond I) further east – occupying Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra.


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham, escapes from the Tower of London and flees to Normandy. There he joins Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, who has just returned from the Crusades.


date: April 19

text: April 19 – King Canute IV of Denmark is canonized as a saint under the name San Canuto.


text: Fontevraud Abbey is founded by the French preacher Robert of Arbrissel.


text: A vast compilation of Liao, Korean, and Song Buddhist writings is completed (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By topic › Culture


date: September

text: September – Ibn Bashkuwal, Andalusian biographer (d. 1183)

source_section: Births


text: Artaldus, bishop of Belly-Ars (d. 1206)


text: Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar, Jewish physician (d. 1184)


text: Helena of Skövde, Swedish noblewoman and saint (d. 1160)


text: Stephen II, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1131), and his twin Ladislaus


text: Arslan Shah I, Seljuk sultan of Kerman (d. 1142)


text: Fujiwara no Tamako, Japanese empress consort (d. 1145)


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Daozong of Liao, Chinese emperor (b. 1032)


date: April 24

text: April 24 – Vseslav of Polotsk, Kievan prince


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Roger I, count of Sicily, dies at Mileto in Calabria after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Simon of Hauteville, while his mother, Adelaide del Vasto, acts as his regent.


date: July 27

text: July 27 – Hugh d'Avranches, Norman nobleman


text: July 27 – Conrad II, king of Germany and Italy (b. 1074)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Su Shi, Chinese statesman and poet (b. 1037)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Guillaume de Montfort, bishop of Paris


date: September 30

text: September 30 – Anselm IV, archbishop of Milan


text: September – Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg, Bavarian-born Margravine of Austria and crusader (k. in battle) (b. c.1055)


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Uicheon, Korean Buddhist monk (b. 1055)


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Bruno of Cologne, founder of the Carthusian Order (b. c.1030)


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Hugh I, crusader, son of Henry I of France (b. 1057)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, German nobleman


date: December 11

text: December 11 – Nikon the Dry, Kievan monk and hermit


text: The Pacta Conventa formed by the Croatian nobility, recognize King Coloman as their overlord, initiating the personal union between the two kingdoms. Coloman is crowned king of Croatia (until 1116).


date: May 5

text: May 5 – The short-lived principality created by Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar ends: Valencia is captured by Almoravid forces under Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin. It is later recaptured, evacuated and burned by King Alfonso VI.


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Battle of Ramla: The Crusaders (500 knights) under King Baldwin I are defeated by the Fatimid army at Ramla (modern Israel). Baldwin and his companions escape through the enemy lines to Arsuf.


date: May 27

text: May 27 – The Crusaders under Baldwin I break their way out of Jaffa, which is encircled by the Fatimid Army. A charge of the French cavalry breaks the enemy's ranks, and forces them to retreat to Ascalon.


text: King Henry I captures Arundel Castle after having besieged Earl Robert of Bellême. Robert loses his English lands (as did his brothers Roger the Poitevin and Arnulf de Montgomery) and is banished to Normandy.


text: Siege of Tripoli: The Crusaders under Raymond IV begin the siege of Tripoli (modern Lebanon). The garrison calls for assistance, but a Seljuk relief army from Damascus and Homs is defeated by Raymond.


text: Spring – A Fatimid expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) invades Palestine and launches attacks into the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Crusaders defeat a Fatimid rearguard near Ascalon, and capture the city after a 3-year siege. The Crusaders capture Caesarea Maritima with support of the Genoese fleet. A number of Genoese trading colonies are established along the Mediterranean coast.


text: The Venetians establish a new trade emporium in Sidon (modern Lebanon).


text: Council of London: A church council convened by Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, bans sodomy and the sale of Christian slaves to non-Christian countries, and reforms the clergy.


text: Dagobert of Pisa is briefly deposed as Patriarch of Jerusalem (he is restored later in the year).


text: Henry I orders the tomb of Edward the Confessor be opened; the body of the former king is supposedly found undecayed. The Westminster monks start to claim Edward as a saint.


text: Raymond IV is imprisoned by Tancred, nephew of Bohemond I, and regent of the Principality of Antioch (he is later released after promising to denounce any claims).


date: February 7

text: February 7 – Matilda, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1167)


date: October 25

text: October 25 – William Clito, count of Flanders (d. 1128)


text: Henry II, margrave of the Northern March (d. 1128)


text: Eleanor of Champagne, French noblewoman (d. 1147)


text: Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick (d. 1153)


text: Liang Hongyu, Chinese general (d. 1135)


text: Nerses IV, Catholicos of Armenia (d. 1173)


text: Klængur Þorsteinsson, bishop of Skálholt (d. 1176)


text: Peter of Tarentaise, French abbot and bishop (d. 1174)


text: Chekawa Yeshe Dorje, Tibetan Buddhist monk (d. 1176)


text: Zhu, Chinese empress of the Song Dynasty (d. 1127)


text: Gilla na Naemh Ua Duinn, Irish poet and writer (d. 1160)


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Raoul II, Norman nobleman (House of Tosny)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Stephen II, French nobleman and crusader


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Władysław I Herman, duke of Poland


text: June 4 – Władysław I Herman, duke of Poland, dies at Płock (possibly poisoned by his enemies) after a 23-year reign. He leaves the succession to be disputed between his sons Zbigniew and Bolesław III Wrymouth.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Walter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham, Anglo-Norman magnate


date: July 29

text: July 29 – Albert III, count of Namur (House of Namur)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Anna Dalassena, Byzantine noblewoman


text: Felicia of Sicily, queen of Hungary (approximate date)


text: Maurice, cardinal-bishop of Porto


text: Khön Könchok Gyalpo, Tibetan Buddhist monk (b. 1034)


text: Odo I, duke of Burgundy (b. 1060)


text: Xiang, Chinese empress and regent (b. 1047)


text: Odon de Châtillon, cardinal-bishop of Ostia


text: Mahmud al-Kashgari, Turkish lexicographer (b. 1005)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – King Magnus III is killed in battle with the Ulaid in Ulster. Sigurd Jorsalfare, Øystein Magnusson and Olaf Magnusson succeed him as joint kings of Norway.


text: The Champa army, under king Jaya Indravarman II, raided Đại Việt's border and launched battles to retake three provinces in the Địa Lý regions.

source_section: Events › By place › Vietnam


text: Summer – The Crusaders led by Bohemond I and Joscelin of Courtenay raid the territory of Aleppo to gain supplies. They capture the town of Muslimiyah, and extract a large tribute. Sultan Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, the Seljuk ruler of Aleppo, agrees to pay 7,000 gold pieces and ten horses to the Crusaders while Bohemond agrees to release all Seljuk prisoners captured at Muslimiyah.


text: Lý Giác, a wizard, launched a rebellion against king Lý Nhân Tông of the Lý dynasty. The national army led by Lý Thường Kiệt quickly quelled the rebellion. Lý Giác then escaped to Champa and later provoked the war between the two countries which lasted for nearly 2 years.


text: Spring – Bohemond I, Norman prince of Antioch, is released from Seljuk imprisonment at Niksar, after a ransom is paid of 100,000 gold pieces. During his absence, Tancred (Bohemond's nephew) attacks the Byzantines, and re-captures the cities of Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra in Cilicia. Tancred is deprived of his lordship by Bohemond's return, and is rewarded with a small fief within the Principality of Antioch.


text: The Crusaders under Raymond IV invade the Beqaa Valley and capture Tortosa to isolate Tripoli. Raymond expands towards the Orontes River, and begins to build a castle on the Mons Peregrinus which helps in the Siege of Tripoli (see 1102). Emperor Alexios I supports the Crusaders by sending a Byzantine fleet (ten ships) to blockade the port of Tripoli.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, again goes into exile after a dispute with King Henry I over the appointment of bishops and abbots to important Church positions.

source_section: Events › By place › Britain


text: The Scandinavian city of Lund in the Swedish province of Scania becomes a see of the Catholic Church, namely the Archdiocese of Lund (approximate date).


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Matilda of Scotland, queen of England as wife of Henry I, gives birth to their first son William Adelin at Winchester. They already have a daughter, Princess Matilda.


text: Li Jie, Chinese government minister, publishes his Yingzao Fashi technical treatise on Chinese architecture, during the reign of Emperor Hui Zong of the Song Dynasty.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Toba, emperor of Japan (d. 1156)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Yue Fei, Chinese general and poet (d. 1142)


text: August 5 – William Adelin, duke of Normandy (d. 1120)


text: Adeliza of Louvain, queen of England (d. 1151)


text: Aénor de Châtellerault, duchess of Aquitaine (d. 1130)


text: Heilika of Lengenfeld, German countess (d. 1170)


text: Vsevolod of Pskov, Kievan prince (approximate date)


text: Alfonso I, count of Tripoli and Toulouse (d. 1148)


text: Wivina, French Benedictine abbess (d. 1168)


text: Henry II, margrave of the Saxon Ostmark (d. 1123)


text: Rögnvald Kali Kolsson, Norwegian earl (d. 1158)


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Frutolf of Michelsberg, German monk


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Sybilla of Conversano, Norman duchess


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Eric I, king of Denmark


text: August 24 – Magnus III, king of Norway (b. 1073)


date: October 19

text: October 19 – Humbert II, count of Savoy (b. 1065)


text: Boedil Thurgotsdatter, Danish queen


text: Ebles II, French nobleman (House of Montdidier)


text: Manegold of Lautenbach, German priest (b. 1030)


text: Isaac Alfasi, Algerian Talmudist and posek (b. 1013)


text: Al-Hakim al-Munajjim, Persian Nizari missionary


text: William Firmatus, Norman hermit and pilgrim (b. 1026)


text: Henry I, German nobleman (House of Wettin)


text: Sibylla of Burgundy, duchess of Burgundy (b. 1065)


text: Osbern FitzOsbern, bishop of Exeter (b. 1032)


date: May 7

text: May 7 – Battle of Harran: The Crusaders under Baldwin II are defeated by the Seljuk Turks. Baldwin and Joscelin of Courtenay are taken prisoner. Tancred (nephew of Bohemond I) becomes regent of Edessa. The defeat at Harran marks a key turning point of Crusader expansion.


date: May 26

text: May 26 – King Baldwin I captures Acre, the port is besieged from April, and blockaded by the Genoese and Pisan fleet. Baldwin promises a free passage to those who want to move to Ascalon, but the Italian sailors plunder the wealthy Muslim emigrants and kill many of them.


text: Spring – The Crusaders, led by Bohemond I, re-invade the territory of Aleppo, and try to capture the town of Kafar Latha. The attack fails, owing to the resistance of the local Banu tribe. Meanwhile, Joscelin of Courtenay cuts the communications between Aleppo and the Euphrates.


text: Summer – The Byzantines re-occupy the Cilician cities of Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra. A naval squadron, under Admiral Cantacuzenus, pursues in Cypriot waters a Genoese raiding fleet, and sails on to Latakia, where they capture the harbour and the lower city. Bohemond I reinforces the garrison in the citadel.


text: King David IV of Georgia defeats 100,000 Seljuk Turks with only 1,500 warriors (approximate date).


text: Autumn – Bohemond I departs to Italy for reinforcements. He takes with him gold and silver, and precious stuff to raise an army against Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. Tancred becomes co-ruler over Antioch – and appoints his brother-in-law, Richard of Salerno, as his deputy.


text: After the raid on Đại Việt in 1103, the Champa army under king Jaya Indravarman II successfully retakes three provinces in the Địa Lý regions but is quickly defeated by the national forces led by Lý Thường Kiệt, and is forced to withdraw from the country. Đại Việt under the Lý dynasty then takes control of the three Địa Lý provinces.


text: Sultan Kilij Arslan I of the Sultanate of Rum starts a war with the Danishmendids.


text: Toghtekin, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Damascus, founds a short-lived principality in Syria (the first example of a series of Seljuk-ruled dynasties).


date: April 21

text: April 21 – The new basilica at Vézelay Abbey (located in northern Burgundy in France) is dedicated.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – St. Cuthbert is reburied in Durham Cathedral.


text: Autumn – The volcano Hekla erupts in Iceland and devastates farms for 45 miles (some 70 km) around.

source_section: Events › By topic › Volcanology


text: The Venetian Arsenal is founded in Venice.


text: Ibn Zafar al Siqilli, Arab-Sicilian politician (d. 1170)


text: Fujiwara no Kiyosuke, Japanese waka poet (d. 1177)


text: Euphrosyne of Polotsk, Kievan princess (d. 1167)


text: Vladimir Volodarevich, Galician prince (d. 1152)


text: Gens du Beaucet, French hermit and saint (d. 1127)


text: Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester (d. 1166)


text: Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester (d. 1168)


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Duqaq, Seljuk ruler of Damascus


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Simon II, French nobleman


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Alfonso I becomes king of Aragon and Navarre (after the death of his half-brother Peter I).


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Johann I, bishop of Speyer


text: Danishmend Gazi, ruler of the Danishmends


text: Herewald of Llandaff, Welsh bishop


text: Seraphin, archbishop of Esztergom


text: Svend Tronkræver, Danish prince


text: Peter I, king of Aragon and Navarre


text: Al-Mansur ibn al-Nasir, Hammadid ruler


text: Serlo, Norman cleric and abbot


text: The Tamna Kingdom is annexed by the Korean Goryeo Dynasty.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Battle of Artah: The Crusaders under Tancred, Norman prince and regent of Antioch, defeat a Seljuk army (some 7,000 men) at Artah (modern-day Reyhanlı). Tancred threatens Aleppo, capital of Sultan Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, and expands his conquest by conquering more territory east of the Orontes River with minor opposition.


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Battle of Ramla: The Crusaders under King Baldwin I defeat a Fatimid expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) at Ramla. Baldwin pillages the enemy camp – but does not further pursue the Fatimids. The battle ends in the last large-scale attempt of the Fatimids to reconquer Palestine.


text: Autumn – Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the Sultanate of Rum, leads a Seljuk expedition to take over Melitene (modern Turkey). He attempts to capture Edessa, but the Crusader fortress is too strongly defended by its garrison. Kilij Arslan then moves on to Harran, which surrenders to him.

source_section: Events › By place › Seljuk Empire


text: Summer – King Henry I invades Normandy, takes Bayeux (after a short siege) and Caen. He advances on Falaise, and starts inconclusive peace negotiations with Duke Robert II. Henry withdraws to deal with political issues at home.


text: The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, sends a maritime expedition to Palestine from Sevilla to ward off the Crusaders and perhaps to reconquer Jerusalem. The fleet of about seventy ships rushes into a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, and is never seen again.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, is deposed by his son Henry V (who is king of Germany). Henry is forced to resign his crown and is imprisoned in the castle of Böckelheim.


text: Henry I meets Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, under threat of excommunication at L'Aigle in Normandy to settle their disputes that has led to Anselm's exile from England (see 1103).


text: Bohemond I, Norman prince of Antioch, arrives in Apulia (Southern Italy) after an absence of 9 years. He travels to Rome and meets Pope Paschal II. His cousin, Roger II becomes count of Sicily.


text: Winter – Sylvester IV is elected as antipope in Rome by members of the Roman aristocracy, with support of Henry V.


text: Autumn – Bohemond I and papal legate Bruno travel to the north of France and visit the court of King Philip I ("the Amorous"). Bohemond gets permission to recruit men throughout the kingdom.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Alfonso VII, king of León and Castile (d. 1157)


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Drogo, Flemish hermit and saint (d. 1186)


text: Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan, English nobleman (d. 1176)


text: Basava, Indian philosopher and statesman (d. 1167)


text: Xuedou Zhijian, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1192)


text: Joseph Kimhi, Spanish Jewish rabbi (d. 1170)


text: Ibn Asakir, Syrian historian and mystic (d. 1175)


text: Mahmud II, sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1131)


text: Fujiwara no Motohira, Japanese nobleman (d. 1157)


text: Lope Díaz I de Haro, Castilian nobleman (d. 1170)


text: John FitzGilbert, Marshal of England (d. 1165)


text: Ibn Tufail, Arab Andalusian polymath (d. 1185)


text: Sophie of Winzenburg, German noblewoman (d. 1160)


text: Matilda I, Countess of Boulogne, queen consort of England (d. 1152)


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Raymond IV, French nobleman


text: February 28 – Raymond IV dies at his castle of Mons Peregrinus ("Pilgrim's Mountain") near Tripoli. Raymond leaves his 2-year-old son Alfonso I by his third wife, Elvira of Castile, to rule the County of Tripoli. Raymond's nephew William-Jordan, count of Cerdagne, becomes regent over Alfonso. Bertrand, the eldest son of Raymond, inherits the title 'Count of Toulouse'.


text: March 14 – Judith of Swabia, duchess of Poland (b. 1054)


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Rashi, French Jewish rabbi and writer (b. 1040)


date: November 10

text: November 10 – Sukjong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (b. 1054)


text: Barkiyaruq, sultan of the Seljuk Empire


text: Sultan Barkiyaruq dies in Borujerd (modern Iran) after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Malik-Shah II, but is deposed and killed by his uncle Muhammad I. Muhammad becomes ruler of the Seljuk Empire, but his brother Ahmad Sanjar (Seljuk ruler of Khorasan) holds more power as co-ruler.


text: Inge the Elder, king of Sweden (approximate date)


text: Huang Tingjian, Chinese calligrapher and poet (b. 1045)


text: Hugh of Fauquembergues, prince of Galilee (or 1106)


text: Gregory II, Armenian Catholicos


text: Peter of Anagni, Italian bishop and papal legate


text: Inge the Elder dies and is succeeded by his nephew Philip as ruler of Sweden. He and his brother Inge the Younger rule the kingdom together (until the death of Philip in 1118).


text: Richard II, prince of Capua (or 1106)


text: September 28 – Battle of Tinchebray: King Henry I defeats and imprisons his older brother Robert II, duke of Normandy, in Devizes Castle. Edgar Atheling (uncle of Henry's wife) and the 3-year-old William Clito, son of Robert, are also taken prisoner. Henry places his nephew William in the custody of Helias of Saint-Saens, count of Arques.


text: Bolesław III, duke of Poland, begins a civil war against his half-brother Zbigniew, for control over Lesser Poland and Silesia.


text: The city of Balaguer (located in Catalonia) is conquered from the Moors by Ermengol VI, count of Urgell.


text: Autumn – Bohemond I returns to Apulia (Southern Italy) with an expeditionary force to prepare an offensive against the Byzantines. He is accompanied by his newlywed wife Constance (who is pregnant by him) and followers.


text: Spring – Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, marries Constance of France (daughter of King Philip I) in the cathedral of Chartres. Philip agrees to marry his second daughter, the 9-year-old Cecile of France, to Tancred (nephew of Bohemond). Meanwhile, Bohemond mobilises an expeditionary force (some 30,000 men) to begin a campaign against Emperor Alexios I.


text: Roger le Poer, bishop of Salisbury, is granted land in south Wales by Henry I. He starts the construction of Kidwelly Castle on the banks of the river Gwendraeth.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – A comet (the Great Comet of 1106) is seen and reported by several civilisations around the world. Lasting for 40 days, the comet grows steadily in brightness until finally fading away.

source_section: Events › By topic › Astronomy


text: Magnus Erlendsson becomes Earl of Orkney (until 1115).


text: Fujiwara no Michinori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1160)


text: Matilda of Anjou, duchess of Normandy (d. 1154)


text: Chŏng Chung-bu, Korean military leader (d. 1179)


text: Xing, Chinese empress (d. 1139)


text: Minamoto no Yorimasa, Japanese military leader (d. 1180)


text: Hugh de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Bedford (d. 1141)


text: Celestine III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1198)


text: Ibn Asakir, Syrian scholar and historian (d. 1175)


text: David FitzGerald, bishop of St. Davids (d. 1176)


text: Hugh II, French nobleman (d. 1134)


text: Magnus Nielsen, king of Västergötland (d. 1134)


text: Alexios Komnenos, Byzantine co-emperor (d. 1142)


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Khalaf ibn Mula'ib, Uqaylid emir


date: April 16

text: April 16 – Arnold I, Lotharingian nobleman


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Conon, Lotharingian nobleman


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Geoffrey IV, French nobleman


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Benno, bishop of Meissen (b. 1010)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Yan Vyshatich, Kievan nobleman


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Emperor Henry IV escapes his captors at Ingelheim. He enters into negotiations at Cologne with English, French and Danish noblemen, and begins to collect an army to oppose his son Henry V but dies at Liège after a 49-year reign. Henry leads a successful expedition against Count Robert II of Flanders and is forced to swear his allegiance to him.


date: August 23

text: August 23 – Magnus, German nobleman (b. 1045)


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Peter, French nobleman


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Manasses II, archbishop of Reims


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Hugh of Die, French bishop (b. 1040)


text: Nathan ben Jehiel, Italian Jewish lexicographer


text: Li Gonglin, Chinese painter and antiquarian (b. 1049)


text: Minamoto no Yoshiie, Japanese samurai (b. 1039)


date: June

text: June – Kilij Arslan I, sultan of Sultanate of Rum, conquers Mosul (during the Battle of Mosul). But he is defeated and killed by Seljuk forces under Muhammad I Tapar supported by the Ortoqids and Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, lands with his army (some 34,000 men) in Epirus near Avlona. He plunders the countryside and marches to Dyrrhachium (modern Albania).


date: November

text: November – Siege of Dyrrhachium: Bohemond I begins the siege of the Adriatic port city of Dyrrhachium held by its doux Alexios Komnenos.


text: Spring – Duke Bolesław III along with his ally King Coloman of Hungary, invades Bohemia in order to aid Duke Svatopluk in gaining the Bohemian throne. The Polish expedition is a complete success: on May 14 Svatopluk is installed as Duke of Bohemia in Prague. King Henry V demands tribute from Svatopluk as his overlord and vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.


text: Emir Fadl ibn Rabi'ah is expelled by Toghtekin, ruler (atabeg) of Damascus in Syria (approximate date).


text: Winter – Bolesław III undertakes a punitive expedition against his half-brother Zbigniew with the help of Kievan and Hungarian allies.


text: Autumn – King Sigurd I sails for the Holy Land with 60 ships (with some 5,000 men) on the first stage of the Norwegian Crusade to Palestine. Now 17, he is the first European king to support the Crusaders in the Levant. Sigurd leaves his older brother Eystein I to rule the kingdom in his absence – and visits England, France, Galicia and Sicily en route.


date: August 11

text: August 11 – The Investiture Controversy is resolved, by the reconciliation of Henry I and Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury and the mass consecration of bishops by Anselm at the royal Palace of Westminster: William Giffard to Winchester, Roger to Salisbury, Reynelm to Hereford, William Warelwast to Exeter and Urban to Llandaff. Roger of Salisbury is also appointed Justiciar in this year.


text: The Crusaders under Tancred, prince of Galilee, recover the Cilician cities of Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra conquered by Emperor Alexios I 3-years ago (see 1104).


text: Saracen pirates raid the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat, on the Lérins Islands .


text: Emperor Hui Zong writes his Treatise on Tea, the most detailed description of the Song sophisticated style of tea ceremony.

source_section: Events › By topic › Literature


text: Chinese authorities print paper money in three colors to thwart counterfeiting (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By topic › Commerce


text: Joscelin I, lord of Turbessel, is released by Ilghazi (the Artukid ruler of Mardin) for a ransom of 20,000 dinars and the promise of military aid.


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Gao Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1187)


text: Falaki Shirvani, Persian poet and writer (d. 1157)


text: Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud, Seljuk sultan (d. 1152)


text: William III, count of Nevers and Auxerre (d. 1161)


text: Kenkai, Japanese Shingon Buddhist monk (d. 1155)


text: Anthelm of Belley, French prior and bishop (d. 1178)


text: Stephen Kontostephanos, Byzantine general (d. 1149)


text: Enrico Dandolo, doge of Venice (d.1205)


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Edgar, king of Scotland


text: January 8 – King Edgar dies at Edinburgh Castle after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Alexander I, who is married to Sybilla of Normandy (an illegitimate daughter of King Henry I). A split of unity, between Alexander and his younger brother David I, makes David co-ruler in Lothian and Strathclyde (Southern Scotland). He does not receive the title of king, but of "Prince of the Cumbrians".

source_section: Events › By place › Scotland


date: March

text: March – Robert Fitzhamon, Lord of Glamorgan, Norman warrior and noble

source_section: Deaths


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Burchard, bishop of Basel


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Raymond of Burgundy, count of Galicia


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Emperor Horikawa dies after a 20-year reign and is succeeded by his 4-year-old son Toba as emperor of Japan.


text: August 9 – Horikawa, emperor of Japan (b. 1079)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Richard de Redvers, Norman warrior and baron (b. c.1066)


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Roger Bigod of Norfolk, Norman knight and noble


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Maurice, bishop of London and Lord Chancellor of England


text: Changlu Zongze, Chinese Chan Buddhist monk


text: Cheng Yi, Chinese neo-confusian philosopher (b. 1033)


text: Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (b. 1079)


text: Mi Fu, Chinese painter, poet and calligrapher (b. 1051)


text: The consuls of Bergamo are first mentioned, indicating that the city has become an independent commune in Lombardy (Northern Italy).


text: Autumn – The Principality of Nitra ceases to exist, after King Coloman of Hungary, deposes its last ruler, Álmos, duke of Croatia.


date: May 29

text: May 29 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid forces defeat the armies of Castile and León. The advance of the Reconquista is halted, and the Berbers re-capture the towns of Uclés, Cuenca, Huete and Ocaña. The Christians, many of nobility, are beheaded.


date: September

text: September – Siege of Dyrrhachium: Italo-Norman forces under Bohemond I lift the siege due to illness and lack of supplies. Bohemond becomes a vassal of the Byzantine Empire by signing the Treaty of Devol.


text: The Taira and Minamoto clans join forces to rule Japan, after defeating the warrior monks of the Enryaku-ji temple near Kyoto. The Taira replace many Fujiwara nobles in important offices – while the Minamoto gain more military experience by bringing parts of Northern Honshu under Japanese control (approximate date).


text: Baldwin I marches out against Sidon, with the support of a squadron of sailor-adventurers from various Italian cities. A Fatimid fleet from Egypt defeats the Italians in a sea-battle outside the harbour.


text: Spring – King Sigurd I sails from England, on the Norwegian Crusade to Palestine. He repels a Muslim fleet near the Tagus River, then attacks Sintra, Lisbon and Alcácer do Sal, and finally defeats a second Muslim fleet further south.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Restored Ferentino Cathedral in Italy is consecrated.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: Pistoia Cathedral in Italy is damaged by a severe fire.


text: Construction begins on the tower of Winchester Cathedral, building continues until 1120.


text: Chichester Cathedral is consecrated under Ralph de Luffa, bishop of Chichester, in England.


text: Summer – Jawali Saqawa, Turkish ruler of Mosul, accepts a ransom of 30,000 dinar by Count Joscelin I and releases his cousin Baldwin II, count of Edessa, who is held as prisoner (see 1104).


text: Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria (d. 1139) (approximate date)


text: Bohemond II, Italo-Norman prince of Antioch (d. 1130) (approximate date)


text: Baldwin IV, count of Hainaut (d. 1171)


text: Andronikos Komnenos, Byzantine prince (d. 1142) (approximate date)


text: Leopold the Generous, duke of Bavaria (d. 1141) (approximate date)


text: Derbforgaill, Irish princess (d. 1193)


date: January 4

text: January 4 – Gertrude, Grand Princess of Kiev


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Gundulf, Norman bishop of Rochester (b. c.1024)


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Abe no Munetō, Japanese samurai (b. 1032)


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Gerard, Norman archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor of England


text: May 29 – García Ordóñez, Castilian nobleman


date: July 5

text: July 5 – Guy of Hauteville, Italo-Norman diplomat


date: July 29

text: July 29 – King Philip I dies at Melun, after a 48-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Louis VI, who, at the start of his rule, faces insurrections from feudal brigands and rebellious robber barons.


text: July 29 – Philip I, king of France


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Enrico Contarini, bishop of Castello


text: Wang, Chinese empress consort of the Song dynasty (b. 1084)


text: Gonzalo, bishop of Mondoñedo (approximate date)


text: Veera Ballala I, Indian ruler of the Hoysala Empire


text: Guy II the Red of Rochefort, French nobleman and crusader


text: Summer – Urse d'Abetot, Norman sheriff of Worcestershire


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Battle of Nakło: Bolesław III leads an expedition into Pomerania. He besieges the castle of Nakło and defeats a Pomeranian relief force.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Siege of Głogów: German forces led by King Henry V besiege Głogów. He is forced to abandon the siege – due to attacks of Polish guerilla warriors.


text: August 24 – Battle of Hundsfeld: Bolesław III defeats the imperial forces under Henry V at Hundsfeld. The Germans are ambushed by the Polish forces.


text: The Almoravid army, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, fails to reconquer Toledo (lost in 1085).


text: Summer – Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf organizes a public ritual of penance (auto-da-fé) of the works of Al-Ghazali, in front of the Great Mosque of Cordoba.


text: Anselm of Laon, French monk and theologian, becomes chancellor of the cathedral at Laon (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By topic › Education


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Afonso I, king of Portugal (d. 1185)


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Gongye, Korean queen (d. 1183)


date: October 29

text: October 29 – Injong of Goryeo, Korean king (d. 1146)


text: William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel (d. 1176)


text: Al-Rashid, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1138)


text: Bertrand de Blanchefort, French Grand Master (d. 1169)


text: Béla II, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1141)


text: Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali, Zirid emir (d. 1171)


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Alberic of Cîteaux, French abbot


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Fulk IV, count of Anjou (b. 1043)


date: April 21

text: April 21 – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1033)


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Hugh the Great, abbot of Cluny (b. 1024)


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Dominic de la Calzada, Spanish priest (b. 1019)


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Alfonso VI, king of León and Castile


text: July 1 – Urraca of León becomes queen of León, Castile and Galicia after the death of her father, King Alfonso VI, making her the first European queen regnant. She marries Alfonso I.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – Siege of Tripoli: After a 7-year siege (supported by the Genoese fleet), Tripoli falls to the Crusaders. Fakhr al-Mulk ibn Ammar, qadi of Tripoli, submits to Bertrand of Toulouse (the eldest son of Raymond IV). He establishes the County of Tripoli, the fourth Crusader state in the Middle East. Raymond's nephew William II Jordan dies of an arrow wound sustained during the siege, leaving Bertrand as its sole ruler.


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Svatopluk, duke of Bohemia


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Ingulf, Norman Benedictine abbot


text: William II, count of Cerdagne and Tripoli


text: Eupraxia of Kiev, Holy Roman Empress


text: Ngok Loden Sherab, Tibetan Buddhist monk (b. 1059)


text: Emperor Trajan sends Pliny the Younger to be governor (legatus Augusti) of Bithynia.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Antinous, Bithynian Greek lover of Emperor Hadrian (d. 130)


date: February

text: February–May – Crusaders under Baldwin I besiege Beirut. Genoese and Pisan ships blockade the harbour; Fatimid ships from Tyre and Sidon try in vain to break the blockade. The Fatimid governor flees by night through the Italian fleet to Cyprus. On May 13, Baldwin captures the city by assault and the Italians carry out a massacre among the inhabitants.


date: October

text: October–December – Crusaders under Baldwin I (supported by King Sigurd I of Norway) besiege Sidon. Norwegian ships blockade the harbour, but are nearly dispersed by a powerful Fatimid flotilla from Tyre. They are saved by the arrival of a Venetian squadron under Doge Ordelafo Faliero. On December 4, the city capitulates (under notable terms) to Baldwin.


text: Approximate date of composition of Jayamkondar's Kalingattuparani, a Tamil epic celebrating the victory of Kulottunga Chola I over the Kalinga king Anantavarman Chodaganga in the Chola invasion of Kalinga that takes place around this year.


text: Henry V, King of Germany, invades Italy with a large army and concludes an agreement with Pope Paschal II at Sutri. Henry renounces the right of investiture (a dispute with the former Henry IV). In return, Paschal promises to crown him emperor and to restore to the Holy Roman Empire all the lands given to the German church (since the time of Charlemagne).


text: Second Chola invasion of Kalinga: The Chola emperor Kulottunga I, angered that the Kalinga king Anantavarman Chodaganga has failed to pay tribute for two consecutive years, orders a punitive expedition. He sends his general Karunakara Tondaiman (with involvement of the young prince Vikrama Chola) to lead the invasion. The Chola forces march across the rivers Palar, Pennar, Krishna, Godavari, enter Kalinga territory, defeat the elephant corps sent by Anantavarman, ravage the land, and force Anantavarman to flee.


text: Almoravid forces under Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf occupy Zaragoza (modern Spain), bringing all of Andalusia's Muslim states under Almoravid control.


text: Spring – Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic ruler (atabeg) of Mosul, leads an expedition to capture the territories of the Crusaders (belonging to the County of Edessa) east of the river Euphrates. He besieges the fortress city of Edessa, but is forced to retreat when King Baldwin I of Jerusalem (with the support of Armenian forces sent by Kogh Vasil) intervenes with a Crusader relief force.


text: July 25 – Henry V marries 8-year-old Matilda (daughter of King Henry I of England). She is crowned Queen of the Romans in a ceremony at Mainz. After the betrothal Matilda is placed into custody of Bruno, archbishop of Trier, who is tasked with educating her in German culture, manners and government.


date: December

text: December – Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of Galilee, brings the Crusader castle Krak des Chevaliers in Syria under his control. He remains regent of the Principality of Antioch in the name of his cousin Bohemond II.


text: Construction begins on Fontevraud Abbey in the French duchy of Anjou.


date: May 5

text: May 5: Lunar eclipse, in which the moon becomes totally dark (according to the Peterborough Chronicle), due to an earlier volcanic eruption putting aerosols into the upper atmosphere of the earth, thus cutting off the earthlight.

source_section: Events › By date


text: The Rus' Primary Chronicle is completed. The work is considered to be a fundamental source in the history of the East Slavs.


text: King Henry I has improvements made at Windsor Castle, including a chapel, so that he can use the castle as his formal residence.

source_section: Events › By place › England


text: Diarmait Mac Murchada, Irish king of Leinster (d. 1171)

source_section: Births


text: Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne, Jewish rabbi and writer (approximate date)


text: Robert of Torigni, Norman monk and abbot (d. 1186)


text: Düsum Khyenpa, Tibetan spiritual leader (karmapa) (d. 1193)


text: Abraham ibn Daud, Jewish astronomer and historian (d. 1180)


text: Rohese de Vere, countess of Essex (approximate date)


text: Aelred of Rievaulx, English Cistercian monk and abbot (d. 1167)


text: Odo de St Amand (or Eudes), French Grand Master of the Knights Templar (d. 1179)


text: John Tzetzes, Byzantine grammarian (approximate date)


text: Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall (d. 1175)


text: Hodierna of Jerusalem, countess of Tripoli (approximate date)


text: Lhachen Naglug, Indian ruler of Ladakh (approximate date)


text: Gilbert Foliot, English abbot and bishop (approximate date)


text: Walter fitz Alan, Scottish High Steward (approximate date)


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Elias I of Maine (de Baugency), French nobleman


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Gebhard III, bishop of Constance


text: Vijayabahu I, Sri Lankan king of Polonnaruwa


text: Thiofrid, Benedictine abbot of Echternach


text: Robert Scalio of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman


text: William Bona Anima, archbishop of Rouen


text: Li Jie, Chinese writer of the Song dynasty (b. 1065)


text: Richard of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman


text: Lhachen Utpala, Indian king of Ladakh (b. 1080)


text: The dukedom of Bohemia is secured for Vladislaus I following the death of Svatopluk ("the Lion") who is assassinated. Vladislaus receives support from Henry V and will rule until 1125.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – 18-year-old Baldwin VII succeeds his father, Robert II, as Count of Flanders until 1119.


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Battle of the Salnitsa river: Prince Vladimir of Kievan Rus' inflicts a crushing defeat on the Cumans (Polovtsy).


date: September 13

text: September 13–29 – Battle of Shaizar: Sultan Muhammad I Tapar appoints Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic governor (atabeg) of Mosul, to lead a Seljuk expedition against the Crusaders. The composite force includes Muslim contingents from Damascus, Diyarbakır, Ahlat and some Persian troops, headed by Bursuq ibn Bursuq from Hamadan. The Crusaders (16,000 men), led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, are cut off from their supplies, and within two weeks (due to constant Seljuk skirmishes) forced to fall back on Afamiya in northern Syria.


text: Domnall mac Taidc temporarily seizes the Kingdom of the Isles (the Hebrides and the Isle of Man) by force.

source_section: Events › By place › British Isles


text: Almoravid forces under Syr ibn Abi Bakr capture Santarém and Sintra in Portugal. The efforts of the Berbers to reconquer lost ground also lead to the sack of Coimbra. The same year the city revolts against their lord.


text: Rebellion on the borders of Normandy against the rule there of Henry I of England; Robert of Bellême is a leader of the rebels.


text: In the vicinity of Welshpool, Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys, is killed through arson by his uncle Madog ap Rhiryd, allowing Cadwgan ap Bleddyn (Iorwerth's brother) to return to rule all of Powys, but soon afterwards Madog kills Cadwgan also, allowing Owain ap Cadwgan (son of Cadwgan) to become ruler of much of the kingdom.


text: The commune of Lodi Vecchio (known as Laus Pompeia) is besieged and destroyed by Milanese troops in northern Italy.


text: Winter – Crusaders, led by Baldwin I, besiege Tyre, without a supporting fleet. During the siege, a Byzantine embassy arrives in the Crusader camp. The Byzantines try to persuade Baldwin to join a coalition against Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of Galilee, but he refuses.


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Henry V is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II. Henry returns to Germany where he strengthens his power by granting privileges to the German nobles of the region of the Upper Rhine.


text: The Synod of Rathbreasail marks the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan structure.


text: The Donglin Academy, a Chinese educational institution, is established in Wuxi during the Northern Song dynasty.


text: Josceline de Bohon, bishop of Salisbury (d. 1184)


text: Stephen of Armenia, Armenian nobleman (d. 1165)


text: Afonso I (the Conqueror), King of Portugal (d. 1185)


text: Andrey Bogolyubsky, Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (d. 1174)


text: Henry II, Duke of Limburg (House of Ardenne) (d. 1167)


text: Agnes of Babenberg, High Duchess of Poland (d. 1163)


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Piotr I, bishop of Wrocław


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Roger Borsa, Italo-Norman nobleman


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Berthold II, German nobleman (b. 1050)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Robert of Molesme, French abbot (b. 1028)


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Yun Kwan, Korean general (b. 1040)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Vekenega, Croatian abbess


text: October 5 – Robert II, Count of Flanders, died in battle (b. 1065)


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Anna Polovetskaya, Kievan princess


date: October 26

text: October 26 (probable year) – Gómez González, Castilian nobleman, killed in battle


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Otto II, German nobleman, murdered


date: December 19

text: December 19 – Al-Ghazali, Persian theologian (b. 1058)


text: December 19 – Agnes of Rheinfelden, German noblewoman


text: Ōe no Masafusa, Japanese poet and writer (b. 1041)


text: Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Welsh Prince of Powys, murdered (b. 1051)


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Ramon Berenguer III ("the Great"), count of Barcelona, obtains the county of Provence through his marriage to the heiress, Douce I. Ramon's dominion stretches as far east as Nice (modern France).


text: The Margraviate of Baden is founded by Herman II.


date: April 10

text: April 10 – The Crusaders fight their way back to Acre (modern Israel).


text: Spring – Seljuk forces under Toghtekin, Turkic governor of Damascus, intervene at Tyre, and force King Baldwin I of Jerusalem to raise the siege.


text: Spring – Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, begins incursions into Anatolia. He marches on Philadelphia with his army, but is halted by the Byzantines under Gabras, governor of the Theme of Chaldia.

source_section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


text: Gallus Anonymus, Polish chronicler and historian, begins to write Gesta principum Polonorum, to Bolesław III.


text: Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland has his half-brother Zbigniew blinded and thrown into a dungeon in Tyniec Abbey. Archbishop Martin I excommunicates Bolesław for committing this terrible crime.


text: Easter – The citizens of Laon in France, having proclaimed a commune, murder Bishop Waldric in his cathedral.


section: Economy & Finance

text: Salzwedel in the Altmark (modern Germany) is founded.


text: Otto ("the Rich"), count of Ballenstedt, is appointed duke of Saxony by Emperor Henry V, but is later stripped of his title.


text: February 3 – Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Mustazhir, was the son of Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir and Ismah.


text: Henry IV ("the Blind"), count of Luxembourg (d. 1196)


text: Sasaki Hideyoshi, Japanese samurai (d. 1184)


text: Henry II (Jasomirgott), duke of Austria (d. 1177)


text: García IV ("the Restorer"), king of Navarre (d. 1150)


text: Mahaut of Albon, countess of Savoy (d. 1148)


text: Sibylla of Anjou, countess of Flanders (d. 1165)


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Ulric II (or Udalrich), Italian nobleman


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Henry, Count of Portugal, dies from wounds received during a siege at Astorga. He is succeeded by his 3-year-old son Afonso I, but his mother Theresa desires to rule Portugal alone and becomes regent.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Sigebert of Gembloux, French chronicler


date: October 12

text: October 12 – Kogh Vasil ("the Robber"), Armenian ruler


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Anna Vsevolodovna, Kievan princess


text: George II (or Giorgi), king of Georgia (b. 1054)


text: Kyansittha, king of the Pagan Empire (or 1113)


text: Easter – Waldric, English Lord Chancellor and Bishop of Laon, murdered (b. 1050)


text: Vukan I, Grand Prince of Serbia (b. 1050)


text: Elimar I (or Egilmar), count of Oldenburg (b. 1040)


text: Su Zhe, Chinese politician and historian (b. 1039)


text: Baldric of Noyon, bishop of Tournai (b. 1099)


text: Fakhr-un-Nisa, Arab scholar and calligrapher


text: Ghibbelin (or Gibelin), archbishop of Arles


date: September 7

text: September 7 – The Republic of Pisa signs a treaty with Ramon Berenguer III ('the Great'), count of Barcelona. The Pisan fleet embarks on a campaign against the Moors in the Balearic Islands.


text: The Republic of Florence conquers the neighboring city of Montecascioli, as part of its effort to extend its domination over the contado (provinces of Italy).


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Battle of Al-Sannabra: The Crusaders led by Baldwin I are defeated (due to a feigned flight) by a Seljuk army under Mawdud ibn Altuntash, the Turkic governor (atabeg) of Mosul, at the Jordan River south of the Sea of Galilee. Mawdud sends raiding columns to ravage the countryside and sacks the town of Nablus.


text: Spring – Siege of Nicaea: Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, sends an expedition through Bithynia to the very walls of Nicaea. Seljuk forces raid Abydos on the Hellespont, with its rich custom-houses. Malik Shah attacks and captures Pergamum. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sets out to meet the Seljuk invaders. He lifts the siege at Nicaea and wins a complete victory near Cotyaeum (modern Turkey).


text: Queen Urraca of Castile unsuccessfully attempts to seize the city of Burgos from her ex-husband, King Alfonso the Battler.


text: Peter Abelard, a French scholastic philosopher, opens his school in Paris, on the heights of Montagne Sainte-Geneviève (approximate date).


date: January 15

text: January 15 – The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller), founded to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land, is formally recognized by the papal bull (proclamation) Pie Postulatio Voluntatis issued by Pope Paschal II.


text: Bridlington Priory is founded in England, in the Diocese of York (approximate date).


date: September

text: September – King Baldwin I of Jerusalem marries Adelaide del Vasto, the wealthy widow of Count Roger I of Sicily ('Bosso') in Acre. She lands in Palestine accompanied by Arab soldiers (her personal bodyguard) and travels to Jerusalem. Their marriage is bigamous, because Baldwin is legally still married to his second wife Arda of Armenia.


text: A Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains, the only extant work by the Chinese painter Wang Ximeng, is finished.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: King Suryavarman II begins his reign as ruler of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia).


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Wang Chongyang, Chinese Daoist (d. 1170)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou ("the Fair") (d. 1151)


text: Stefan Nemanja, Grand Prince of Serbia (d. 1199)


text: Shams-ul-Mulk Isma'il, Seljuk governor (d. 1135)


text: Walter de Clifford, English nobleman (d. 1190)


text: Frederick of Hallum, Frisian priest and abbot (d. 1175)


text: Donnchad I, Earl of Fife (Duncan), Scottish nobleman (d. 1154)


text: Shun'e (or Tayū no Kimi), Japanese poet (d. 1191)


date: January 5

text: January 5 – Ulrich I, Moravian ruler (House of Přemyslid)


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Ida of Lorraine, French countess (b. 1040)


date: April 16

text: April 16 – Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1050)


text: April 16 – Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev, dies after a 20-year reign and is succeeded by his 60-year-old cousin Vladimir II Monomakh. He begins a campaign against the Cumans on the steppe in an effort to reunite the land of Kievan Rus'.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Gertrude of Saxony, countess of Holland


date: October 2

text: October 2 – Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic governor


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, Seljuk ruler


text: Kyansittha, king of the Pagan Empire (or 1112)


text: Wuyashu, chieftain of the Wanyan tribe (b. 1061)


text: Ibn Tahir of Caesarea, Arab historian (b. 1056)


text: Odo of Tournai, bishop of Cambrai (b. 1060)


text: Syr ibn Abi Bakr, Almoravid military leader


text: Nestor the Chronicler, Russian historian (or 1114)


text: Liu, Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (b. 1079)


text: As part of the Norman expansion southward, Count Routrou II enters the service of King Alfonso I (the Battler) of Aragon.


text: Battle of Martorell: The Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Muhàmmad ibn al-Hajj, launches an expedition against the County of Barcelona, but is defeated in an ambush near Martorell.


text: Count Ramon Berenguer III (the Great) of Barcelona, joins the expedition to the Balearic Islands. A Pisan and Catalan fleet (some 450 ships), supported by a large army, conquer Ibiza and Mallorca. They destroy the bases on the islands used by Moorish pirates to prey on Mediterranean shipping.


text: The cathedral of Chichester in England, constructed of wood, is destroyed by fire.


text: Pontigny Abbey, a Cistercian monastery, is founded (located in Burgundy).


date: November 29

text: November 29 – A large earthquake damages the areas of the Crusaders in the Middle East. From Antioch and Mamistra to Marash and Edessa are hit by the shocks.

source_section: Events › By topic › Earthquake


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Emperor Henry V marries Matilda (or Maude), 11-year-old daughter of King Henry I of England, at Worms (modern Germany). A political conflict breaks out across the Holy Roman Empire after the marriage, triggered when Henry arrests Chancellor Adalbert and various other German princes.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


text: Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty sends a gift of Chinese musical instruments, for use in royal banquets to the Korean court of Goryeo, by request from King Yejong.


text: Fujiwara no Shunzei, Japanese nobleman (d. 1204)


text: Bhāskara II, Indian mathematician (d. 1185)


text: Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona (d. 1162)


text: Gerard of Cremona, Italian translator (d. 1187)


text: Gebhard III, German nobleman (approximate date)


text: Dirk VI (or Theodoric), count of Holland (d. 1157)


text: Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Northumbria (d. 1152)


text: Al-Suhayli, Moorish scholar and writer (d. 1185)


text: Otto I, German bishop and chronicler (d. 1158)


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Thomas II, archbishop of York


date: October

text: October – Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Mustazhir, was the son of Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir and Ismah.


text: Richard of Salerno, Norman nobleman (b. 1060)


text: Nestor the Chronicler, Kievan historian (or 1113)


text: Shahriyar IV, king of Mazandaran (b. 1039)


text: Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi, Arab theologian (or 1115)


text: Álvar Fáñez (or Háñez), Castilian nobleman


text: Alypius of the Caves, Kievan monk and painter


text: Erard I, French nobleman and crusader (b. 1060)


text: Tokushi, Japanese empress consort (b. 1060)


text: The Jin dynasty (1115–1234) (or Great Jin) is created by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Taizu (or Aguda). He establishes a dual-administration system: a Chinese-style bureaucracy to rule over northern and northeast China.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Battle of Welfesholz: Duke Lothair of Supplinburg joins the rebellious Saxon forces, and defeats the German Imperial Army of Emperor Henry V at Welfesholz, in Saxony-Anhalt (modern Germany).


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Battle of Sarmin: The Crusaders, under Prince Roger of Salerno, surprise and rout the Seljuk Turkish army (some 8,000 men), led by Emir Bursuq ibn Bursuq, at Sarmin (modern Syria). Bursuq barely avoids capture, and escapes with a few hundred horsemen. Roger reoccupies the fortress of Kafartab, and consolidates his territory around Antioch.


text: The Mixtec ruler Eight Deer Jaguar Claw is defeated in battle and sacrificed by a coalition of city-states, led by his brother-in law Four Wind, at Tilantongo in the Mixteca Alta region (modern Mexico).

source_section: Events › By place › Mesoamerica


text: The Crusader castle of Montreal (located in Jordan) is commissioned by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, during an expedition against the Seljuk Turks.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


text: Arnulf of Chocques is accused of sexual relations with a Muslim woman. He is briefly removed from his position as patriarch of Jerusalem.


text: The 19-year-old Minamoto no Tameyoshi, Japanese nobleman and samurai, gains recognition by suppressing a riot against Emperor Toba at a monastery near Kyoto (approximate date).


text: Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher, becomes master of the cathedral school of Notre-Dame and meets Héloïse d'Argenteuil.


text: Clairvaux Abbey is founded by Bernard, French abbot and a major leader in the reform of Benedictine monasticism, in France.


text: Hugh of Saint Victor, French theologian and writer, joins the Victorines (at the Augustinian Abbey of St. Victor) in Paris.


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Gertrude of Süpplingenburg, German duchess and regent (d. 1143)


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Empress Wu (Song dynasty), Chinese consort (d. 1197)


text: Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, English nobleman (approximate date)


text: Peter Cellensis, French abbot and bishop (d. 1183)


text: Magnus IV ("the Blind"), king of Norway (approximate date)


text: Hugo Etherianis, Italian cardinal and adviser (d. 1182)


text: Eustathius of Thessalonica, Byzantine archbishop (d. 1195)


text: Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford, English nobleman (d. 1152)


text: William V, Marquis of Montferrat ("the Old"), ruler of the March of Montferrat (d. 1191)


text: Roger de Pont L'Évêque, Norman archbishop (d. 1181)


text: Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi, German rabbi and writer (d. 1200)


text: Pedro Fernández de Castro (Grand Master of the Order of Santiago), Spanish nobleman (d. 1184)


text: Li Tao (or Renfu), Chinese historian and writer (d. 1184)


text: Welf VI, margrave of Tuscany (House of Welf) (d. 1191)


date: May 16

text: 16 May – Lambert of Arras, Flemish bishop


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Peter the Hermit, French religious leader


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Matilda, margravine of Tuscany (b. 1046)


text: July 24 – Matilda, margravine of Tuscany, dies at Bondeno. During her reign she waged an intermittent war with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, over the inheritance rights of her fiefs in Lombardy and Tuscany.


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Bonfilius, Italian Saint, bishop of Foligno


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Olav Magnusson, king of Norway (b. 1099)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Ivo of Chartres, French bishop (b. 1040)


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine


text: Reynelm (or Reinelm), English bishop of Hereford


text: Odo of Champagne (Odo II or Eudes), French nobleman


text: Adela of Flanders, queen consort of Denmark (b. 1064)


text: Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, Mixtec ruler (b. 1063)


text: Shin Arahan, Burmese religious adviser


text: Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi, Arab theologian (or 1114)


text: The Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya, Ali ibn Yahya, conquers the island of Jerba, then acting as an independent piratical republic.

source_section: Events › By place › Africa


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Ordelafo Faliero, doge of Venice, defeats Hungarian troops under King Stephen II, who have arrived to relieve Zadar; the remaining towns of Dalmatia surrender to Venice.


text: Almoravid troops conquer the Balearic Islands, whose Moorish rulers have been severely weakened by Pisan and Catalan raiders.


text: Autumn – Baldwin I hastens to Tyre (modern Lebanon) and begins the construction of a new fortress, known as Scandelion Castle, at the Ladder of Tyre, which completes the blockade of the town from the mainland.


text: The Welsh under King Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth attack Llandovery Castle, but are defeated. Gruffydd also attacks Swansea Castle and destroys the outer walls.

source_section: Events › By place › Wales


text: Portuguese forces under Countess Theresa take two Galician cities, Tui and Ourense. In reply, the sister of Theresa, Queen Urraca ("the Reckless"), attacks Portugal.


text: Summer – Crusaders under King Baldwin I of Jerusalem undertake an expedition to Egypt and march as far as Akaba on the Red Sea. After the local inhabitants flee from the town, Baldwin constructs castles in Akaba and on a nearby island. He leaves a garrison in both fortresses. The three Crusader strongholds – Montréal, Eilat, and Graye – secure the control of the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt.


text: Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona ("the Great"), sails to Rome in an effort to gain support from the Italian states and a licence from Pope Paschal II for his crusade against the Moors in Spain.


text: The monastery and cathedral at Peterborough in England are destroyed by fire.


text: Construction starts on the Chennakeshava Temple (located on the Yagachi River) commissioned by King Vishnuvardhana at Belur in India.


text: The settlement of Malamocco on the Venice Lido is submerged as a result of an exceptional storm surge.


text: Aak music is introduced to the Korean court, through a large gift of 428 musical instruments as well as 572 costumes and ritual dance objects from China, by Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty.

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and Music


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Richeza of Poland, queen consort of Sweden (d. 1156)


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Philip of France, king of France (d. 1131)


date: November 23

text: November 23 – William FitzRobert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester (d. 1183)


text: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, Irish king of Connacht (d. 1198)


text: Ibn Mada', Arab scholar and polymath (d. 1196)


text: Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, Arab historian and writer (d. 1176)


text: Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford, Anglo-Norman noble (d. 1173)


text: Ibn Saad al-Khair al-Balancy, Arab Andalusian linguist and poet (d. 1175)


text: Ibn al-Jawzi, Arab historian and philologist (d. 1201)


text: Berengaria of Barcelona, queen consort of León and Castile (d. 1149)


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Coloman, King of Hungary ("the Learned") dies after a 21-year reign in which he has consolidated the feudal system in Hungary and expanded the frontier (partly by overthrowing Petar Snačić, king of Croatia).


text: February 3 – Coloman ("the Learned"), king of Hungary

source_section: Deaths


date: February 13

text: February 13 – Galon (or Gallo), bishop of Beauvais


text: Bagrat Pakrad, Armenian nobleman and adventurer


text: Jimena Díaz, Spanish noblewoman


text: Mary of Scotland, countess of Boulogne (b. 1082)


text: Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum


text: Abu Nasr Farsi, Persian statesman and poet (or 1117)


text: Robert of Arbrissel, founder of Fontevrault Abbey


text: Ramon Berenguer III ("the Great"), count of Barcelona, inherits Cerdanya (located between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River) which becomes part of the Principality of Catalonia.


text: Vladislaus I, duke of Bohemia, abdicates in favor of his brother Bořivoj II, but retains much of the actual power.


text: The Crusaders led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem raid Pelusium in Egypt and burn the city to the ground. Baldwin marches back to Palestine and strengthens the fortifications of the southern frontier.


text: King Mahaabarana Adeettiya (Koimala) from the Theemuge Dynasty becomes the first king to rule over the whole Maldives. He reclaims the northern atolls from the Indian invaders.


text: Conflict between the de facto independent Muslim republics of Gabès and Mahdia (modern Tunisia) in Ifriqiya. Madhia is supported by the Zirid Dynasty while Gabes receives the aid of Roger II, count of Sicily.


text: The sōhei or warrior monks of Mii-dera and Enryaku-ji unite their forces to attack Nara in Japan.


text: Battle of Ghazni: Seljuk forces under Ahmad Sanjar (supporting the claim of Bahram-Shah) invade Afghanistan and defeat the ruling Sultan Arslan-Shah. Bahram succeeds his brother as ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire.

source_section: Events › By place › Seljuk Empire


text: The Almoravids briefly reconquer Coimbra (modern Portugal).


text: King Stephen II of Hungary regains Dalmatia from the Republic of Venice while the Venetians are on a naval expedition. Doge Ordelafo Faliero dies in battle (near Zadar) against the Hungarians. Faliero is succeeded by Domenico Michiel, who reconquers more territory and agrees to a 5-year truce with Hungary.


text: The magnetic compass is first used for maritime navigation purposes during the Song dynasty in China.

source_section: Events › By topic › Technology


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Merton Priory (previously established at Huntingdon) is consecrated at a site near London. The priory becomes an important centre of learning and diplomacy in England.

source_section: Events › By topic › Education


date: January 3

text: January 3 – 1117 Verona earthquake. The earthquake is rated at VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and strikes northern Italy and Germany. The epicentre of the first shock is near Verona, the city which suffers the most damage. The outer wall of the amphitheatre is partially felled, and the standing portion is damaged in a later earthquake of 1183. Many other churches, monasteries, and ancient monuments are destroyed or seriously damaged, eliminating much of Verona's early medieval architecture and providing space for a massive Romanesque rebuilding.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Nicolò Politi, Italian hermit (d. 1167)


text: Otto I ("the Redhead"), duke of Bavaria (d. 1183)


text: Robert FitzRanulph, English high sheriff (d. 1172)


text: Humphrey II of Toron, constable of Jerusalem (d. 1179)


text: Henry I, count of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1182)


text: Gerard la Pucelle, bishop of Coventry (d. 1184)


text: Simon III de Montfort, French nobleman (d. 1181)


text: Fujiwara no Nariko, Japanese empress (d. 1160)


text: Maurice of Carnoet, French Cistercian abbot (d. 1191)


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Bertrade de Montfort, French queen (b. 1070)


date: April 11

text: April 11 – Tescelin le Roux, Burgundian nobleman (b. 1070)


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Bernard of Thiron, founder of the Tironensian Order (b. 1046)


date: April 16

text: April 16 – Magnus Erlendsson, Norse earl of Orkney (b. 1080)


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Robert de Limesey, bishop of Coventry


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Gertrude of Brunswick, margravine of Meissen


text: Danxia Zichun, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 1064)


text: Faritius (or Faricius), Italian abbot and physician


text: Abu'l-Fath Yusuf, Persian vizier of Arslan-Shah of Ghazna


text: Ordelafo Faliero (or Dodoni), doge of Venice


text: Gertrude of Flanders, duchess of Lorraine (b. 1070)


text: Lu'lu' al-Yaya, Seljuk ruler and regent of Aleppo


text: Anselm of Laon (or Ansel), French theologian and writer


text: Gilbert Fitz Richard, English nobleman (b. 1066)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Alfonso the Battler expels the Moors from Zaragoza. The Aragonese reconquer many of the valleys of the Jalón and the Jiloca.

source_section: Events › By place › Spain


text: Gervais becomes Count of Rethel.

source_section: Events › By place › France


text: Peace between England and Flanders is agreed upon.


text: Wulgrin III becomes Count of Angoulême.


text: The Genei era begins in Japan.

source_section: Events › By place › East Asia


text: Maelsechlainn Ua Faelain becomes King of the Déisi Muman in Ireland.

source_section: Events › By place › British Isles


text: The cantrefs of Rhos and Rhufoniog are annexed by Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd in Wales.


text: Cu Faifne mac Congalaig becomes King of Uí Failghe in Ireland.


text: Roman of Le Puy becomes lord of Oultrejordain.

source_section: Events › By place › Western Asia


text: Joscelin I succeeds Baldwin of Le Bourg, as Count of Edessa.


text: Alberich of Rheims becomes Master at the school of Rheims.


date: June 11

text: June 11 – Roger of Salerno, Prince of Antioch, captures Azaz from the Seljuk Turks.


text: A rebellion against Henry I of England breaks out in Normandy.


text: Battle of Kennagal: The Hoysala Empire defeats the Chalukya

source_section: Events › By place › South Asia


text: Bahram Shah becomes Ghaznavid Emperor.


text: George I of Duklja is overthrown by his cousin Grubeša.

source_section: Events › By place › Eastern Europe


text: The Almoravids lose their control of the Ebro valley:


text: Đorđe Vojislavljević ruler of Serbia, is overthrown by Uroš I of Raška.


text: The Zenghe era of Emperor Huizong of Song China ends, and the Chonghe era begins.


text: Baldwin of Le Bourg succeeds his cousin Baldwin I, as King of Jerusalem.


text: The Yongning era of Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia ends.


text: Montlhéry Castle is dismantled by Louis VI of France.


text: The economic competition between Milan and Como drives the two cities to war.

source_section: Events › By place › Italy


text: Suleyman I ibn al-Ghazi becomes emir of Aleppo.


text: The Byzantine general Philocales captures Sardis, from the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.


text: David IV of Georgia settles a number of Kipchaks in Georgia.

source_section: Events › By place › Caucasus


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Pope Gelasius II succeeds Pope Paschal II as the 161st pope.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Gregory VIII is elected antipope.


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Pisa Cathedral in the March of Tuscany is consecrated by Pope Gelasius II.


text: The troops of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, led by archbishop Oleguer Bonestruga, capture Tarragona from the Moors.


text: Þorlákur Runólfsson becomes Bishop of Skálholt.

source_section: Events › By place › Scandinavia


text: Sylvester of Kiev becomes bishop of Pereiaslav.


text: Amaury IV de Montfort divorces his wife Richilde, daughter of Baldwin II of Hainaut.


text: Al-Mustarshid becomes Abbasid caliph.


text: The restoration of Santa Maria in Cosmedin begins.


text: Knights Templar were founded in Jerusalem


text: Radostl becomes Bishop of Krakow.


text: Pope Gelasius II grants the status of Crusade to the Christian effort in the Ebro Valley, attracting numerous Gascon, Occitan and Norman knights.


text: Reconstruction begins on Peterborough Cathedral in England, destroyed by fire in 1116.


text: Otto of Bamberg is suspended by the Pope, and Norbert of Xanten defends himself against charges of heresy, at the Synod of Fritzlar.

source_section: Events › By place › Germany


text: The Archbishop of York is no longer required to be crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury.


text: Garmond of Picquigny becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.


text: Zbraslav, now part of Prague, is founded.


text: Zwickau, Eisenstadt, Kirchgandern, and Wolfenbüttel are first mentioned.


text: David IV of Georgia captures Lori from the Seljuk Turks.


section: Disasters & Accidents

text: Magdeburg is almost destroyed by fire.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Vikram Chola becomes regent of the Chola kingdom.


text: Peter Abelard and Héloïse d'Argenteuil have a child and marry secretly in Paris. Her uncle Fulbert has Abelard castrated, and both Abelard and Héloïse enter religious orders.


text: Enna mac Donnchada mac Murchada becomes King of Dublin in Ireland.


text: Charles I, Count of Flanders marries Margaret of Clermont.


date: November 28

text: November 28 – Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1180)

source_section: Births


text: Hartwig of Stade, archbishop of Bremen (d. 1168)


text: Narathu, Burmese ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (d. 1171)


text: Nur ad-Din, Seljuk ruler of Damascus and Aleppo (d. 1174)


text: Saigyō Hōshi, Japanese poet and writer (d. 1190)


text: Andronikos I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1185)


text: Vakhtang (or Tsuata), Georgian nobleman (d. 1138)


text: Gualdim Pais, Portuguese knight and Grand Master (d. 1195)


text: Christina of Denmark, queen of Norway (approximate date)


text: Ahmad al-Rifa'i, Arab founder of the Rifa'i Sufi Order


text: Roger III, Norman duke of Apulia and Calabria (d. 1148)


text: Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese military leader (d. 1181)


text: Roger of Worcester, English bishop (approximate date)


text: Odo II, French nobleman (House of Burgundy) (d. 1162)


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Paschal II, pope of the Catholic Church


text: April 16 – Adelaide del Vasto, countess of Sicily


text: April 16 – William d'Évreux, Norman nobleman


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Matilda of Scotland, queen of England (b. c.1080)


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Raymond of Toulouse, French chanter


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid caliph (b. 1078)


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos dies after a 37-year reign, in which he has regained control over western Anatolia (modern Turkey). He stabilizes his frontiers against the wars with the Normans in the western Balkans, and the Seljuk Turks in the East. Alexios is succeeded by his 30-year-old son, John II Komnenos (the Good), as ruler of the Byzantine Empire.

source_section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


text: November 28 – Philippa, French noblewoman

source_section: Deaths


text: Ruaidrí na Saide Buide, king of Connacht


text: Al-Tighnari, Arab botanist and physician (b. 1073)


text: Ahmed Sanjar and Mahmud II proclaim themselves rival Seljuk sultans, upon the death of Mehmed I of Great Seljuk.


text: Furong Daokai, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 1043)


text: Philip, king of Sweden (House of Stenkil)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Battle of Hab: The Crusaders under King Baldwin II of Jerusalem (supported by forces of Pons, Count of Tripoli) defeat Ilghazi's army at Ariha in Syria. Baldwin manages to re-capture all of the Crusader castles and returns to Antioch in triumph. He stabilizes the frontiers and prevents Ilghazi from marching on Antioch.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Battle of Brémule: King Henry I of England defeats King Louis VI ("the Fat") of France and his 400 knights in Normandy. A skirmish that begins with the French launching a fierce but disordered attack, and ends with the French turning tail. Louis agrees to make peace and formally recognizes William Adelin as duke of Normandy.

source_section: Events › Europe


date: March

text: March – Olegarius Bonestruga, archbishop of Tarragona, preaches successfully a Crusade against the Moors in Catalonia.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: Council of Reims: The Catholic Church condemned those who have seized ecclesiastical property, prohibited charging a fee for burial or sacrament, banned priests, deacons and sub-deacons from having wives or mistresses, condemned simony, and reaffirmed Emperor Henry V's excommunication.


text: Council of Toulouse: The Catholic Church condemned anyone who denied the Eucharist, infant baptism, ordination of priests, and lawful marriage as a heretic.


text: Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale, grants and confirms the church of St. Hilda of Middlesbrough to Whitby.

source_section: Events › England


date: September 19

text: September 19 – A severe earthquake hits Gloucestershire and Warwickshire.


text: Zhu Yu, a Chinese historian, publishes his book Pingzhou Table Talks, describing the earliest known use of bulkheads to provide separate hull compartments in ships. Zhu Yu's book is also the first to report the use of a magnetic compass for navigation at sea. (The first actual description, however, of the magnetic compass is by another Chinese writer Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays, published in 1088.)

source_section: Events › By topic › Technology