text: The world's first complex machine mass-produced from interchangeable parts, Eli Terry's wooden pillar-and-scroll clock, comes off the production line in Plymouth, Connecticut.


date: August 12

section: Crime & Justice

text: August 12 – In England, the last hanging under the Black Act is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an orchard (although the judge petitions for reprieve).

source_section: Events › July–September


date: February 12

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: February 12 – A fire destroys the Custom House in the City of London.

source_section: Events › February


date: July 30

text: July 30 – The Great fire of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria destroys the town and 907 buildings.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – War of 1812 – Sinking of HMS Avon by the USS Wasp.


date: February 1

section: Climate & Environment

text: February 1 – Mount Mayon in the Philippines erupts for the second time; more than 1,200 people die and the Cagsawa Church is destroyed.


date: October 17

text: October 17 – London Beer Flood: A large vat full of porter owned by Meux's Brewery of London bursts, demolishing buildings and killing 8 people.

source_section: Events › October–December


section: Culture & Society

text: February 1 – Lord Byron's semi-autobiographical tale in verse The Corsair is published by John Murray in London, and sells 10,000 copies on this day.


date: April 6

text: April 6 – Napoleonic Wars – Bourbon Restoration: Louis XVIII is invited to occupy the restored French throne.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: May 3

text: May 3 – The Duke of Provence, the future Louis XVIII, returns to Paris.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Walter Scott's Waverley, his first prose fiction and one of the first significant historical novels in English, is published anonymously by Archibald Constable in Edinburgh, selling out in two days.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – The Grand Jubilee of 1814 is held in Britain, celebrating the hundredth anniversary of the Hanoverian Succession


date: November 4

text: November 4 – King Charles XIII of Sweden becomes King of Norway, as Charles II .


date: January 27

section: Births

text: January 27 – Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, French architect (d. 1879)

source_section: Births › January–June


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Samuel J. Tilden, 25th Governor of New York, 1876 Democratic Party Presidential Nominee (d. 1886)


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet (d. 1861)


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Lorenzo Snow, 5th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1901)


date: April 21

text: April 21 – Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts, English philanthropist (d. 1906)


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Mikhail Bakunin, Russian anarchist (d. 1876)


date: August 23

text: August 23 – James Roosevelt Bayley, American bishop (d. 1877)

source_section: Births › July–December


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish writer (d. 1873)


date: September 6

text: September 6 – George-Étienne Cartier, Canadian lawyer, politician (d. 1873)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, French writer, historian (d. 1874)


date: October 15

text: October 15 – Mikhail Lermontov, Russian writer (d. 1841)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Adolphe Sax, Belgian musical instrument maker, inventor (d. 1894)


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Serranus Clinton Hastings, American politician (d. 1893)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Sarah T. Bolton, née Sarah Tittle Barrett, American poet (d. 1893)


date: January 7

section: Deaths

text: January 7 – Ira Allen, founder of Vermont, leader of the Green Mountain Boys (b. 1751)

source_section: Deaths › January–June


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Manuel do Cenáculo, Portuguese prelate and antiquarian (b. 1724)


text: January 27 – Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher (b. 1762)


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Joseph de Ferraris, Austrian cartographer of the Austrian Netherlands (b. 1726)


date: July 19

text: July 19 – Captain Matthew Flinders, English explorer of the coasts of Australia (b. 1774)

source_section: Deaths › July–December


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Charles Dibdin, English composer (b. 1745)


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Benjamin Thompson, American physicist, inventor (b. 1753)


date: August 31

text: August 31 – Arthur Phillip, British admiral, 1st Governor of New South Wales (b. 1738)


text: September 8 – Maria Carolina of Austria, queen of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, and de facto ruler (b. 1752)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Samuel Jackson Pratt, English writer, poet and actor (b. 1749)


date: November 18

text: November 18 – Aleijadinho, Colonial Brazil-born sculptor and architect (b. 1730 or 1738)


date: November 23

text: November 23 – Elbridge Gerry, 5th Vice President of the United States (b. 1744)


date: December 2

text: December 2 – Marquis de Sade, French writer for whom sadism is named (b. 1740)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne, Austrian field marshal (b. 1735)


date: January 3

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.

source_section: Events › January


date: February 17

text: February 17 – The Spanish reconquest of Spanish America begins.


date: February 18

text: February 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom (including Canada) officially ends, following ratification of the Treaty of Ghent (1814) in Washington, D.C.


date: March 2

text: March 2–18 – Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy, the last king in Ceylon, is deposed under the terms of the Kandyan Convention, which results in Ceylon becoming a British colony.

source_section: Events › March


date: March 16

text: March 16 – William I becomes King of the Netherlands.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed: A new European political situation is set. The German Confederation and Congress Poland are created, and the neutrality of Switzerland is guaranteed. Also, Luxembourg declares independence from the French Empire.

source_section: Events › June


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon abdicates again; Napoleon II (1811–1832), age 4, nominally rules for two weeks (22 June to 7 July).


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Representatives of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia sign a convention at Paris, declaring that Napoleon Bonaparte is "their prisoner" and that "His safe keeping is entrusted to the British Government."

source_section: Events › August


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Austria, Prussia and Russia sign a Holy Alliance, to uphold the European status quo.

source_section: Events › September


date: November 5

text: November 5 – The Ionian Islands become a British protectorate, the United States of the Ionian Islands.

source_section: Events › November


date: November 27

text: November 27 – The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland is signed, creating Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy in personal union with the Russian Empire, under terms agreed at the Congress of Vienna.


text: The first full-blooded European native born in New Zealand, Thomas King, is born in the Bay of Islands.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


text: The second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins.


date: January 8

section: Conflict & Security

text: January 8 – Battle of New Orleans: American forces led by Andrew Jackson defeat British forces led by Sir Edward Pakenham. American forces suffer around 60 casualties and the British lose about 2,000 (the battle lasts for about 30 minutes).


date: January 13

text: January 13 – War of 1812: British troops capture Fort Peter in St. Marys, Georgia, the only battle of the war to take place in the state.


date: January 15

text: January 15 – War of 1812: Capture of USS President – American frigate , commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, is captured by a squadron of four British frigates.


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon returns to France from his banishment on Elba.


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples, declares war on Austria in an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon enters Paris, after escaping from Elba with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his Hundred Days rule.


date: April 21

text: April 21 – In India, the eastern part of the former Garhwal Kingdom is joined with Kumaon division, under the administration of the British Raj.

source_section: Events › April


date: April 24

text: April 24 – The Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule takes place in Takovo, Ottoman Serbia. By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state, temporarily achieving the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising.


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to Corsica, and is later executed.

source_section: Events › May


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Waterloo – Allied forces led by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher decisively, and this time permanently, defeat Napoleon.


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Wellington's advancing Allied Army takes Péronne, Somme, on its way to Paris.


date: June

text: Battle of Ligny – Napoleon defeats a Prussian army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.


text: Battle of Quatre Bras – Marshal Ney engages Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, resulting in a tactical and strategic draw.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon boards off Rochefort, and surrenders to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of the Royal Navy.

source_section: Events › July


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon is transferred to HMS Northumberland, to begin his forced and final second exile, on the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. Andrew Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo- and the Great Commanders who Fought it (Simon and Schuster, 2001) p199


date: November 20

text: November 20 – The Napoleonic Wars come to an end after 12 years, with the British government restoring the status quo of France, prior to when the French Revolution began in 1789, after 26 years of turmoil.


date: October 15

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: October 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.

source_section: Events › October


date: October

text: October – Robert Adams, American sailor and the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu, is found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell his story as a Barbary captive, which is later published as The Narrative of Robert Adams.


date: February 3

section: Economy & Finance

text: February 3 – The first commercial cheese factory is founded in Switzerland.

source_section: Events › February


date: February 6

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: February 6 – New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to John Stevens.


date: October 3

section: Science & Discovery

text: October 3 – The Chassigny Martian meteorite falls in Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Sir Humphry Davy announces his invention, the Davy lamp (a coal mining safety lamp),


text: Wisden Cricketers' Almanack retrospectively recognises statistics for first-class cricket in England from this year.


date: March 13

text: March 13 – Participants at the Congress of Vienna declare Napoleon an outlaw following his escape from Elba


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Marshal Ney is executed in Paris, near the Jardin du Luxembourg.

source_section: Events › December


text: In the United Kingdom, use of the pillory is limited to punishment for perjury.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – The Arniston, an East Indiaman ship repatriating wounded troops to England from Ceylon, is wrecked near Waenhuiskrans, South Africa, with the loss of 372 of the 378 people on board.


date: April 10

text: April 10– Mount Tambora in the Dutch East Indies blows its top explosively during its peak eruption, killing more than 92,000 people during week of activity from April 5 to April 12. The blast propels thousands of tons of aerosols (Sulfide gas compounds) into the stratosphere, and the high level gases reflect sunlight, causing widespread cooling from a volcanic winter. During 1816, heavy rains fall arounde the world, snow falls in June and July in the Northern Hemisphere, crops fail and widespread famine occurs. In later years, 1816 will become known as the Year Without a Summer.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years.


date: October 23

text: October 23 – A 6.8 earthquake shakes northern China causing many houses and caves to collapse, killing at least 13,000 people.


date: January 2

text: January 2 – Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, county of Durham, England.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Georgetown University's congressional charter is signed into law, by President James Madison.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – The Duchess of Richmond's ball is held in Brussels, "the most famous ball in history".


date: December 23

text: December 23 – The novel Emma by Jane Austen is first published, anonymously in London, dated 1816.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – The Handel and Haydn Society, the oldest continuously performing arts organization in the United States, gives its first performance, in Boston.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Henry Halleck, American general (d. 1872)

source_section: Births › January–June


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Horace Wells, American dentist, anesthesia pioneer (d. 1848)


date: February 15

text: February 15 – Constantin von Tischendorf, German Biblical scholar (d. 1874)


date: March 9

text: March 9 – David Davis, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1886)


date: March 12

text: March 12 – Louis-Jules Trochu, French general and politician, 26th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)


date: April 24

text: April 24 – Anthony Trollope, English novelist (d. 1882)


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Sir Henry Parkes, father of the Australian Federation (d. 1896)


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Edward John Eyre, English explorer, colonial governor (d. 1901)

source_section: Births › July–December


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Saint John Bosco, Italian priest, educator (d. 1888)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – George Boole, English mathematician, philosopher (d. 1864)


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American women's rights activist (d. 1902)


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Ada Lovelace, English computer pioneer, daughter of Lord Byron (d. 1852)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Pálné Veres, Hungarian educator, women's rights activist (d. 1895)


date: December 31

text: December 31 – George Meade, American general (d. 1872)


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Edward Pakenham, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1778)

source_section: Deaths › January–June


text: January 16 – Emma, Lady Hamilton, politically active British courtesan, lover of Horatio Nelson (b. 1765)


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Smithson Tennant, English chemist, discovered the elements iridium and osmium (b. 1761)


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Austrian general (b. 1737)


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Franz Mesmer, German developer of animal magnetism (b. 1734)


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German noble, general (killed in battle) (b. 1771)


date: June 26

text: June 26 – William Howe De Lancey, British quartermaster-general (mortally wounded at Waterloo) (b. 1778)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Napoleonic Wars: Louis XVIII returns to Paris, and is 'restored' as King of France (he had declared himself king on 8 June 1795, at the death of his nephew, 10-year-old Louis XVII, and had lived in Westphalia, Verona, Russia, and England).


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Stephen Badlam, American artisan and military officer (b. 1751)

source_section: Deaths › July–December


date: September 9

text: September 9 – John Singleton Copley, American painter (b. 1738)


date: December 3

text: December 3 – John Carroll, first American Roman Catholic Archbishop (b. 1735)


date: December 8

text: December 8 – Mary Bosanquet Fletcher, English Methodist preacher and philanthropist (b. 1739)


date: December 22

text: December 22 – José María Morelos, leader of Mexican War of Independence, executed (b. 1765)


date: December 29

text: December 29 – Saartjie Baartman, South African sideshow performer


date: March 1

text: March 1 – The Gorkha War between the United Kingdom and Nepal is ended after more than a year by the ratification of the Treaty of Sugauli, with Nepal ceding about one-third of its territory to British Indian control.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: March 16

text: March 16 – U.S. Secretary of State James Monroe is nominated by a caucus of Democratic-Republican Party members of Congress, to be its party's representative in the U.S. presidential election; Monroe receives 65 votes, and Secretary of War William H. Crawford receives 54 votes.


date: March 22

text: March 22 – The United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee Nation, acknowledging that it will return land in Alabama and Georgia that had been illegally ceded to the U.S. in 1814 by the Creek Nation. General and future U.S. president Andrew Jackson, refuses to honor the treaty, and uses the controversy as a justification for removing Indians from the southeastern United States.


date: March 29

text: March 29–April 10 – The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Divorce is abolished in France by the Chambre introuvable, after having been permitted following the French Revolution.


date: June 4

text: June 4 (N.S.) (May 23 O.S.) – The Governorate of Estonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – The United Provinces of South America (today Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil) declares independence from Spain.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: August 12

text: August 12–24 – The Treaty of St. Louis, between the United States and the Council of Three Fires tribes, is signed in St. Louis.


date: August 14

text: August 14 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from the Cape Colony.


date: September 6

text: September 6 – King Louis XVIII dissolves the Chambre introuvable, the legislature that had been elected after the Second Bourbon Restoration re-established the old monarchy.


date: November 1

text: November 1–December 3 – 1816 United States presidential election: James Monroe defeats Rufus King.

source_section: Events › October–December


date: December 11

text: December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – The thrones of Sicily and Naples are merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, under King Ferdinand I.


text: Saint Pierre and Miquelon resettled.


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Company, near Winnipeg, Canada.


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Bombardment of Algiers: An Anglo-Dutch fleet forces Omar Agha, Dey of Algiers to free Christian slaves.


date: November 10

text: November 10 – The British troop transport Harpooner, returning from Quebec to Britain, is wrecked at Cape Pine on Newfoundland (island) with the loss of 208 of the 385 people on board.


date: April

text: April – Banjul, capital of the Gambia, is founded as a trading post named Bathurst.


date: December 9

text: December 9–21 – The American Colonization Society is established, to support the emigration of free African Americans to Africa.


date: January 6

section: Religion & Belief

text: January 6 – (December 25, 1815 on the Russian Julian calendar): Tsar Alexander I of Russia signs an order, expelling the Jesuits from St. Petersburg and Moscow.


date: March 30

text: March 30–April 11 – In Philadelphia, the African Methodist Episcopal Church is established by Richard Allen and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination in the U.S. completely independent of White churches.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Pope Pius VII sends a directive to Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mohilev, advising Siestrzeńcewicz not to continue the Russian Bible Society's plans to circulate the Scriptures written in the Russian language, commenting that "if the Sacred Scriptures were allowed in the vulgar tongue, more detriment than benefit would arise."


date: April 28

text: April 28 – The French Caisse des dépôts et consignations, a public investment body, is created by Louis XVIII.


text: Mutuelle de L'assurance contre L'incendie ("L'Anciente Mutuelle"), predecessor of Axa, the global insurance and financial services company, is founded in Rouen, France.


text: Robert Stirling patents his Stirling engine, at this time known as "Stirling's air engine", in the United Kingdom.


text: E. Remington and Sons, the firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company, is founded in the United States.


section: Health & Medicine

text: René Laennec invents the stethoscope.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Sir Humphry Davy's Davy lamp is first tested underground as a coal mining safety lamp, at Hebburn Colliery in northeast England;


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Fire nearly destroys the city of St. John's, Newfoundland.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – The French frigate Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.


text: January 9 – Ludwig van Beethoven wins the custody battle for his nephew Karl.


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Gioachino Rossini's opera buffa The Barber of Seville premières at the Teatro Argentina in Rome.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – The Institut de France is reorganized by King Louis XVIII into four royal academies: a revived Académie française; the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres; the Royal Academy of Sciences; and the Académie des Beaux-Arts.


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, daughter of the Prince Regent, at Carlton House in London.


date: June 16

text: June 16 – The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace is founded in London.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Penang Free School is founded by Rev. Sparke Hutchings, on the island of Penang (in modern-day Malaysia).


date: November 19

text: November 19 – The University of Warsaw is established.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – Nathaniel P. Banks, American politician, general (d. 1894)


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Matías Ramón Mella, Dominican revolutionary and Founding Father of the Dominican Republic (d. 1864)


text: March 21 – Most Rev. Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos, Roman Catholic archbishop and Mexican politician who served as regent during the Second Mexican Empire, 1863-1864 (d. 1891)


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Samuel Freeman Miller, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1890)


date: April 21

text: April 21 – Charlotte Brontë, English novelist, poet (d. 1855)


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Priscilla Cooper Tyler, de facto First Lady of the United States (d. 1889)


date: June 19

text: June 19 – William Henry Webb, American industrialist, philanthropist (d. 1899)


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Arthur de Gobineau, French diplomat, author (d. 1882)


date: July 31

text: July 31 – George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870)


date: September 11

text: September 11 – Carl Zeiss, German maker of optical instruments (d. 1888)


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Jubal Early, American Confederate general (d. 1894)


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Stephen Johnson Field, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1899)


date: November 29

text: November 29 – Morrison Waite, American politician and Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1888)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Werner von Siemens, German inventor, industrialist (d. 1892)


date: January 2

text: January 2 – Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, French chemist, politician (b. 1737)


date: January 5

text: January 5 – George Prevost, British general, colonial administrator (b. 1767)


date: February 10

text: February 10 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, dies and is succeeded by Friedrich Wilhelm, his son and founder of the House of Glücksburg.


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher, historian (b. 1723)


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Filippo Mazzei, Italian physician, friend of Thomas Jefferson (b. 1730)


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Francis Asbury, American Methodist bishop (b. 1745)


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Samuel Dexter, American lawyer, politician, 4th United States Secretary of War, 3rd United States Secretary of the Treasury (b. 1761)


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Pierre Augereau, Marshal of France, duc de Castiglione (b. 1757)


date: July 5

text: July 5 – Dorothea Jordan, Irish-born actress, mistress of the future King William IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1761)


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish-born playwright and politician (b. 1751)


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Francisco de Miranda, Venezuelan revolutionary (b. 1750)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Edward Charles Howard, English chemist, chemical engineer (b. 1774)


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Gouverneur Morris, American statesman (b. 1752)


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Louis Henri Loison, French general (b. 1771)


date: March 3

text: March 3 – The U.S. Congress passes a law to split the Mississippi Territory, after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the Alabama Territory, effective in August.


text: March 3 – On his last day in office, U.S. President James Madison vetoes John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill as unconstitutional after it has passed both houses of the U.S. Congress. Stephen Minicucci, Internal Improvements and the Union, 1790–1860, Studies in American Political Development (2004), 18: p.160-185, (2004), Cambridge University Press


date: April 29

text: April 29 – The Rush–Bagot Treaty is signed between the United States and the British Empire, limiting the number of warships on the Great Lakes between the U.S. and Canada in the aftermath of settling the War of 1812.


date: June 22

text: June 22 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain, by royal decree, makes the production and sale of tobacco a legal endeavor in Cuba, thus sparking the birth of the Cuban cigar industry.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – By act of the U.S. Congress (March 3), the Alabama Territory is created by splitting the Mississippi Territory in half, on the day the Mississippi constitution is drafted, four months before Mississippi becomes a U.S. state.


date: October 30

text: October 30 – The independent government of Venezuela is established by Simón Bolívar.


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U.S. state, formerly the Mississippi Territory.


date: January 19

text: January 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing the Andes from Argentina, to liberate Chile and then Peru.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Battle of Chacabuco: Argentine and Chilean soldiers of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata defeat the Spanish royalist troops in what is now Chile, marking the turning point in the war against European rule of South America.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – A large riot breaks out in Copenhagen Prison, and the army is sent to quell it.


date: September 11

text: September 11 – The Great Rebellion of 1817-18 begins in Sri Lanka.


date: November 5

text: November 5 – Third Anglo-Maratha War breaks out with the Battle of Khadki.


date: November 20

text: November 20 – The first Seminole War begins in Florida.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Sailing through the Sandwich Islands, Otto von Kotzebue discovers New Year Island.


date: April 3

text: April 3 – "Princess Caraboo" appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire in England, and convinces the local residents that she had come to their town from a far-off island kingdom of "Javasu" in the Indian Ocean. A Portuguese sailor named Manuel Enes soon arrives and says that he speaks her mysterious language, and translates her story of an escape from pirates. After publicity, Princess Caraboo is discovered to be a servant girl from the village of Witheridge in Devon.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Frédéric Cailliaud discovers the old Mons Smaragdus emerald mines at Sikait, Egypt.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – The flag of the Pernambucan Revolt is publicly blessed by the dean of Recife Cathedral, Brazil.


date: May 27

text: May 27 – The General Convention of the Episcopal Church founds the General Theological Seminary, while meeting in New York City.


date: April 15

text: April 15 – The American School for the Deaf opens in Hartford, Connecticut.


date: June 12

text: June 12 – German inventor Karl Drais drives his dandy horse ("Draisine" or Laufmaschine), the earliest form of bicycle, in Mannheim.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – At Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins in the U.S. to link the Hudson River to Lake Erie, with the long-range goal of making the first navigable waterway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes, and reducing the amount of time and costs for transporting goods westward past the Appalachian mountains.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – The Bank of Montreal opens in Montreal.


date: October 17

text: October 17 – The frigate is launched in Bombay for the British Royal Navy. She will still be afloat two centuries later.


text: June 12 – Tradesman Jeffery Sedwards establishes the Skibbereen Abstinence Society in Ireland, considered the first organisation devoted to teetotalism in Europe.


text: The first cholera pandemic originates in Bengal, reaching Calcutta by September.


text: A typhus epidemic occurs in Edinburgh and Glasgow.


text: April 15 – An earthquake strikes Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.


text: July 4 – 1817 Santiago del Estero earthquake. A 7.0 magnitude earthquake hits Argentina's Santiago del Estero Province.


date: August 23

text: August 23 – An earthquake near the site of the ancient Greek city of Helike results in 65 deaths.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Ram Mohan Roy and David Hare found Hindu College, Calcutta, offering instructions in English on Western subjects, including other European languages.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – The town of Araraquara, Brazil, is founded.


date: August 26

text: August 26 – The University of Michigan is founded in the U.S., initially near the intersection of Bates Street and Congress Street in Detroit. It will move its campus to Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1837.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – The University of Ghent opens in Belgium.


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Emperor Ninkō accedes to the throne of Japan.


date: March 6

text: March 6 – Princess Clémentine of Orléans, daughter of King Louis Philippe I of France, mother of Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (d. 1907)


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, Dominican independence activist and founding father of the Dominican Republic (d. 1861)


text: April 15 – Benjamin Jowett, Master of Balliol College, Oxford (d. 1893)


date: June 30

text: June 30 – Joseph Dalton Hooker, English botanist (d. 1911)


date: July 12

text: July 12 – Henry David Thoreau, American philosopher (d. 1862)


date: July 29

text: July 29 – Ivan Aivazovsky, Armenian-Russian painter (d. 1900)


date: August 3

text: August 3 – Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen, Austrian general (d. 1895)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, 29th United States Secretary of State (d. 1885)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1875)


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Mihail Kogălniceanu, 3rd Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1891)


text: October 17 – Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (Bahadaur), Indian founder of the Two Nation Theory for a future Pakistan (d. 1898)


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Leonard Jerome, American entrepreneur, grandfather of Sir Winston Churchill (d. 1891)


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Bahá'u'lláh, Persian founder of the Bahá'í Faith (d. 1892)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Theodor Mommsen, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1903)


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Timothy Dwight IV, American educator, theologian (b. 1752)


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Alexander J. Dallas, American statesman, financier (b. 1759)


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish, politician writer and inventor (b. 1744)


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Leonard Neale, American Catholic bishop (b. 1746)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Thomas McKean, American lawyer, signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1734)


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, French writer (b. 1766)


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Karađorđe Petrović, Serb leader of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire, founder of the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty (b. 1768)


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, French politician (b. 1739)


date: October 15

text: October 15 – Tadeusz Kościuszko, exiled Polish general, nationalist (b. 1746)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Princess Charlotte of Wales, heir presumptive to the British throne (b. 1796)


text: November 6 – Princess Charlotte of Wales, the daughter and only child of the Prince Regent George and granddaughter of King George III, dies hours after giving birth to a stillborn son. Her death, tremendously mourned by the British, throws the succession to the British throne into doubt.


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Policarpa Salavarrieta, Colombian spy, revolutionary who worked for the independence of Colombia (b. 1795)


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Emperor Tekle Giyorgis I of Ethiopia, (b. c. 1751)


date: December 15

text: December 15 – Usman dan Fodio, founder of Sokoto caliphate (b. 1754)


date: January 6

text: January 6 – The Treaty of Mandeswar brings an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War, ending the dominance of Marathas, and enhancing the power of the British East India Company, which controls territory occupied by 180 million Indians.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain is proclaimed in Chile.


date: April 4

text: April 4 – The United States Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having thirteen red and white stripes, and one star for each state (twenty), with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.


date: June 10

text: June 10 – The British Parliament is dissolved by the Prime Minister Lord Liverpool, and new elections are scheduled for August 4 for the House of Commons.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – A separate Topographical Bureau of the United States Department of War is established.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – 1818 United Kingdom general election for the House of Commons. The Tory Party, led by Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, retains its control of the government but loses some seats.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of Moresnet.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Battle of Koregaon: Troops of the British East India Company score a decisive victory over the Maratha Empire.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Marie André Cantillon attempts to assassinate the Duke of Wellington in Paris.


date: March 15

text: March 15 – First Seminole War: General Andrew Jackson and his American army invade Florida.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – First Seminole War – Battle of Miccosukee, Florida: General Andrew Jackson defeats chief Kinhagee.


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Chilean War of Independence – Battle of Maipú: Patriot rebels, led by José de San Martín, decisively defeat the Spanish Royalists.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Baji Rao II, Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, surrenders to Sir John Malcolm of the British East India Company, bringing an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War and giving the company control of almost all of modern-day India.


date: June

text: June – Battle of Kafir Qala: The Afghans defeat a Persian invasion.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – After a war that began on November 5, 1817, the forces of the East India Company defeat Baji Rao II in battle and acquire control over the Maratha Empire.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – U.S. President James Monroe convenes a cabinet meeting, to discuss whether General Andrew Jackson's unauthorized invasion and conquest of Spanish Florida should be disavowed by the White House. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams persuades the President that the action is justifiable, in stopping terror caused by the Seminole tribes.


date: September 9

text: September 9 - Ottoman Empire Defeats the First Saudi State and captures Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud


text: The Barakzai brothers expel Mahmud Shah and the Sadozais out of Afghanistan, dividing the provinces up amongst themselves.


text: Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo.


text: Akure–Benin War: Benin invasion of Akure.


date: April 7

text: April 7 – Brooks Brothers, the oldest men's clothier in the United States, opens its first store on the northeast corner of Catherine and Cherry Streets in New York City, where the later South Street Seaport stands.


date: April 14

text: April 14–August 9 – The United States Survey of the Coast operations is suspended.


date: April 18

text: April 18 – John Ross sets sail on his ship, the Isabella, in search of the Northwest Passage.


date: September

text: September – Sir Stamford Raffles sets out to visit Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (modern-day Singapore).


date: October 20

text: October 20 – A treaty between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the boundary between the U.S. and British North America as the 49th parallel, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, also creating the Northwest Angle.


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Easter Sunday in Western Christianity falls on its earliest possible date. In Western Christianity, it will not occur on this date again until 2285.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Claudine Thévenet (known as Mary of St. Ignatius) founds the Roman Catholic order Religious of Jesus and Mary in Lyon, France.


text: Hamburg Temple disputes between branches of Judaism intensify in Germany.


date: July 11

text: July 11 – The Bank of the United States reverses its policy of expanding credit, and sends notices to its borrowers nationwide demanding immediate repayment of balances due; the defaults during the next six months will trigger the Panic of 1819.


date: January 12

text: January 12 – The Dandy horse (Laufmaschine bicycle) is patented by Karl Drais in Mannheim.


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Jeremiah Chubb is granted a British patent for the Chubb detector lock.


date: June 18

text: June 18 – At least 34 people are killed in Switzerland, when the melting of a glacier releases the natural dam of Lac de Mauvoisin, sending the waters of the lake and the Dranse River into the valley of Bagnes.


date: January 3

text: January 3 (21:52 UTC) – Venus occults Jupiter. It is the last occultation of one planet by another before November 22, 2065.


date: July 29

text: July 29 – French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the Diffraction of Light" to the French Academy of Sciences, precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of light.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – English author Mary Shelley publishes the novel Frankenstein anonymously.


date: February 4

text: February 4 – Writer Walter Scott finds the Honours of Scotland in Edinburgh Castle.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Upon his death, King Charles XIII of Sweden (Charles II of Norway) is succeeded on both thrones by his adoptive son Charles XIV/III John, starting the Royal House of Bernadotte.


date: May 11

text: May 11 – Charles XIV of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Sweden.


text: May 11 – The Old Vic Theatre is founded (as the Royal Coburg Hall) in London.


text: May 11 – The Westmorland Gazette is first published at Kendal in the Lake District of England; in July, Thomas De Quincey will begin a 16-month term as editor.


date: June 11

text: June 11 – Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, third oldest son of King George III and the future King William IV of the United Kingdom, marries Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen.


date: July 3

text: July 3 – English poet Lord Byron, resident in Italy, begins work on his satirical epic Don Juan. Although he completes the first canto by September 19, he will die in 1824 before he can finish the poem, after completing 16 cantos and working on the 17th.


date: July 31

text: July 31 – The first newspaper in Cleveland, Ohio is issued by publisher Andrew Logan. Using the original name of the small settlement (population 172), Logan names the weekly paper The Cleaveland Gazette & Commercial Register.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Carl III of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Anglo-Chinese College is founded by Robert Morrison in Malacca (later renamed Ying Wa College).


date: November 16

text: November 16 – The Saint Louis Academy, which later becomes Saint Louis University, is founded by Reverend Louis William Valentine Dubourg in the United States.


date: December 24

text: December 24 – The Christmas carol "Silent Night" (Stille Nacht), with words by the priest Josef Mohr, set to music by organist Franz Xaver Gruber, is first performed at St. Nikolaus Parish Church, in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Austria.


text: The first Serbian dictionary is published by Vuk Karadžić.


text: Besses o' th' Barn Brass Band is formed in Whitefield, near Manchester by this date.


text: The first edition of the Farmers' Almanac is published in the United States.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – Artúr Görgey, Hungarian military general, politician (d. 1916)


text: February 4 – Emperor Norton, San Francisco eccentric and visionary (d. 1880)


date: February 13

text: February 13 – Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Acting First Lady of the United States (d. 1877)


date: March 28

text: March 28 – Wade Hampton III, Confederate soldier and South Carolinian politician (d. 1902)


date: May 5

text: May 5 – Karl Marx, German political philosopher, co-author of The Communist Manifesto (d. 1883)


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Louis Faidherbe, French general and colonial administrator (d. 1889)


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Charles Gounod, French composer (d. 1893)


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian physician, obstetrician (d. 1865)


date: July 30

text: July 30 – Emily Brontë, British novelist (d. 1848)


date: October 8

text: October 8 – John Henninger Reagan, American Confederate politician (d. 1905)


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Francis Dutton, Germany-born Premier of South Australia (d. 1877)


date: November 5

text: November 5 – Benjamin Franklin Butler, American lawyer, politician, and general (d. 1893)


date: November 9

text: November 9 (October 28 (O.S.)) – Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (d. 1883)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (d. 1882)


date: January 2

text: January 2 – Martha Christina Tiahahu, Moluccan freedom fighter, national heroine of Indonesia (b. 1800)


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Charles XIII/Charles II, King of Sweden and Norway (b. 1748)


text: February 13 – George Rogers Clark, American Revolutionary leader (b. 1752)


date: February 15

text: February 15 – Friedrich Ludwig, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prussian general (b. 1746)


date: February 21

text: February 21 – David Humphreys, American diplomat (b. 1752)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Humphry Repton, English garden designer (b. 1752)


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Herman Willem Daendels, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1762)


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Russian military commander (b. 1761)


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, queen consort of Sweden and Norway (b. 1759)


date: July 28

text: July 28 – Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and geometer (b. 1746)


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke, duc de Feltre, French marshal, politician (b. 1765)


text: October 28 – Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (b. 1744)


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen of George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1744)


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon, Marshal of France (b. 1754)


date: February 6

text: February 6 – The Treaty of Singapore, is signed between Hussein Shah of Johor and Sir Stamford Raffles of Britain, to create a trading settlement in Singapore.[https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=92bb56f0-e821-40d1-bd8c-cf8fa7e7f172]


text: February 15 – The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment, barring slaves from the new state of Missouri (the opening vote in a controversy that leads to the Missouri Compromise).


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Adams–Onís Treaty: Agreement is reached for Spain to cede Florida (already under USA's domination) to the United States in exchange for renunciation of American claims on Texas arising from the Louisiana Purchase, American payment of $5 million to settle citizens' claims regarding Florida, and definition of international borders. Following ratification, the treaty takes effect in 1821.


date: April 7

text: April 7 (N.S.) (March 26 O.S.) – The Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom.


date: October 13

text: October 13 – A treaty is entered between the Raja of Cutch Deshalji II, and East India Company, placing the Cutch State under Company rule.


date: December 14

text: December 14 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U.S. state.


date: December 17

text: December 17 – The Republic of Gran Colombia is formally established, with Simón Bolívar as its first president.


date: March 23

text: March 23 – In Mannheim, Duchy of Baden, German dramatist August von Kotzebue is assassinated by Karl Ludwig Sand.


date: August 2

text: August 2 – The first Hep-Hep riots, communal pogroms against Ashkenazi Jews in the German Federation begin at Würzburg in Bavaria. They continue until October with many Jews killed.


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Battle of Boyacá: Simón Bolívar is victorious over the Royalist Army in Colombia. Colombia acquires its definitive independence from Spanish rule.


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Peterloo Massacre: A yeomanry unit charges into a crowd of radical protesters in Manchester, England, resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries.


date: September 20

text: September 20 – The Carlsbad Decrees are issued throughout the German Confederation in response to the March assassination of August von Kotzebue, suppressing liberal and nationalist views.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Bagyidaw is crowned as Emperor of Burma, at the imperial capital of Inwa.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – The becomes the first American warship to visit China, landing at Lintin Island, off of the coast of Canton.


date: November 25

text: November 25 – A British expeditionary force reaches Ras Al Khaimah in the Persian Gulf, preparatory to the bombardment and invasion of the town, which led to the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 between the British and what were to become known as the Trucial States.


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Captain William Smith sights Williams Point, the northeast extremity of Livingston Island in the South Shetlands, the first land discovered south of latitude 60° S.


date: April 6

text: April 6–June 21 – The French slave ship Le Rodeur sails from Bonny in West Africa to Guadeloupe in the West Indies. In the course of the transatlantic voyage many onboard become blind, and 30 slaves are thrown overboard as a consequence.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – The leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The ship arrives at Liverpool, England, nearly a month later, on June 20, although only a fraction of the trip is made under steam.


date: July 21

text: July 21 – Explorer William Parry, sailing in the Arctic in a quest for the Northwest Passage through North America, guides the ships HMS Hecla and HMS Griper through an iceberg-laden passage that will later be named the Parry Channel.


date: October 15

text: October 15 – Desolation Island, in the South Shetland Islands of the Antarctic, is discovered by Captain William Smith.


text: The United States African Slave Trade Patrol is founded to stop the slave trade on the coast of West Africa.


text: A British Arctic expedition under William Parry, comprising HMS Hecla and HMS Griper, reaches longitude 112°51' W in the Northwest Passage, the furthest west which will be attained by any single-season voyage for 150 years.


date: January 2

text: January 2 – The Panic of 1819, the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States, begins.


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Salon of 1819 opens in Paris. Amongst the exhibits is The Raft of the Medusa.


text: The city of Fernandina de Jagua (later Cienfuegos) is founded in Cuba.


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Sir Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – German astronomer Johann Georg Tralles discovers what will be called the Great Comet of 1819.


date: December 17

text: December 17 – The new astronomical observatory of Capodimonte in Naples starts operating. The astronomer Carlo Brioschi made the first observation by measuring the position of ⍺ Cassiopeiae.


text: Early – Denis Johnson of London markets his "pedestrian curricle", a form of dandy horse, velocipede or kick scooter.


date: June 16

text: June 16 – The Rann of Kutch earthquake, estimated at at least 7.7 kills at least 1,543 people in India in what is now the state of Gujarat at the Arabian Sea, causing an 80 - 150 stretch of land to be raised as much as 6 m and creating a natural dam, the Allahbund.


date: January 25

text: January 25 – Thomas Jefferson founds the University of Virginia.


date: April 21

text: April 21 – In a period of about a month starting today during his "Living Year", English poet John Keats writes "La Belle Dame sans Merci" and most of his major odes.


text: May 22 – The city of Memphis, Tennessee, is founded.


date: July 24

text: July 24 – A cabinet meeting is convened by British Prime Minister Lord Liverpool to discuss a report of an adulterous affair involving the wife of George, Prince of Wales, the regent for his ailing father King George III. Despite reports that Princess Caroline is involved with her servant, Bartolomeo Pergami, the cabinet concludes that the trial of Caroline for adultery would be an embarrassment to the nation.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Norwich University is founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States.


date: November 19

text: November 19 – The Museo del Prado opens in Madrid. Initially, it has 311 significant paintings.


date: February 8

text: February 8 – John Ruskin, English writer, artist, and social critic (d. 1900)


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Alfred Escher, Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (d. 1882)


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1901)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Edward Stafford, Scottish-New Zealand educator and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1901)


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Walt Whitman, American poet (d. 1892)


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Gustave Courbet, French painter (d. 1877)


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Jacques Offenbach, German-born French composer (d. 1880)


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Herman Melville, American novelist (d. 1891)


date: August 9

text: August 9 – William Thomas Green Morton, American dentist who first administered ether (d.1868)


date: August 13

text: August 13 – Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Irish mathematician, physicist (d. 1903)


date: August 26

text: August 26 – Lawrence Dudley Bailey, American abolitionist and jurist who served on the Kansas Supreme Court from 1861 to 1869 (d. 1891)


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Clara Schumann, German composer, pianist (d. 1896)


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Narcís Monturiol, Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer (d. 1885)


date: October 20

text: October 20 – The Báb, Persian founder of the Bábi Faith (d. 1850)


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Princess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia, Queen of Württemberg (b. 1788)


date: January 19

text: January 19 – Elsa Beata Bunge, Swedish botanist (b. 1734)


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, German philosopher (b. 1743)


date: March

text: March – Nonosabasut, Beothuk (indigenous Canadian) leader


date: April 15

text: April 15 – Oliver Evans, American inventor, engineer and businessman (b. 1755)


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Kamehameha I, King of Hawaii (b. 1738)


date: July 1

text: July 1 – the Public Universal Friend, American preacher (b. 1752)


date: July 6

text: July 6 – Sophie Blanchard, French aeronaut (b. 1778)


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Haim Farhi, Jewish adviser to the Ottoman Empire (assassinated) (b. 1760)


date: August 23

text: August 23 – Oliver Hazard Perry, American naval officer (b. 1785)


date: October 7

text: October 7 – William Samuel Johnson, American Founding Father (b. 1727)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Caleb Strong, American politician (b. 1745)


date: December 15

text: December 15 – Daniel Rutherford, Scottish physician, chemist and botanist (b. 1749)


date: December 19

text: December 19 – Thomas Fremantle, English naval officer, politician (b. 1765)


text: Emperor Commodus escapes death at the hands of assassins, who have attacked him at the instigation of his sister Lucilla and a large group of senators. He puts many distinguished Romans to death on charges of being implicated in the conspiracy; Lucilla is exiled to Capri.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


date: July 5

text: July 5 – Sun Quan, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (d. 252)

source_section: Births


text: Zhu Ran, Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 249)


text: Ummidia Cornificia Faustina, Roman noblewoman (b. 141)

source_section: Deaths


text: Saoterus, Bithynian Greek freedman and chamberlain


text: Marcus Ummidius Quadratus, Roman politician (b. 138)


text: Lucilla, Roman empress and daughter of Marcus Aurelius


date: January 1

text: January 1 – A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament to meet on March 7, becoming the nominal beginning of the "Trienio Liberal" in Spain.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 is signed between the sheikhs of Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain and Ras Al Khaimah (later constituents of the Trucial States) in the Arabian Peninsula and the United Kingdom.


date: January 29

text: January 29 – King George IV becomes the new British monarch upon the death his father George III after 59+ years on the throne. The elder George's death ends the 9-year period known as the British Regency.


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Capture of Valdivia: Lord Cochrane occupies Valdivia in the name of the Republic of Chile.


date: March 3

text: March 3 and 6 – The Missouri Compromise becomes law, allowing admission of Missouri and Maine, as slave and free states respectively, as U.S. states.


date: March 9

text: March 9 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain accepts the new constitution, beginning the Trienio Liberal.


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Maine is admitted as the 23rd U.S. state.


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Delegates in St. Louis in the Missouri Territory approve a proposed state constitution, proclaiming that they "do mutually agree to form and establish a free and independent republic, by the name of 'The State of Missouri'."


text: June 12 – Élie Decazes, leader of the opposition in France's Chamber of Deputies, introduces the "Law of the Double Vote", a proposal to add to the existing legislators by creating 172 seats that would be "selected by special electoral colleges" made up of the wealthiest 25% of voters in each of France's departments.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Guayaquil declares independence from Spain.


date: October 25

text: October 25–November 20 – The Congress of Troppau is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – James Monroe is re-elected, virtually unopposed, in the 1820 United States presidential election. One elector, William Plumer of New Hampshire, casts his vote for John Quincy Adams in order to protest the administration of Monroe and Daniel Tompkins while also establishing Adams as a contender for the election in 1824.


date: February 13

text: February 13 – The Assassination of the Duke of Berry takes place in Paris. The Duke of Berry, nephew of Louis XVIII, is stabbed to death while attending the Paris Opera.


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Emperor Minh Mạng starts to rule in Vietnam.


date: February 20

text: February 20 – A revolt begins against the Spanish crown in Santa María Chiquimula (now in Guatemala).


date: February 23

text: February 23 – The Cato Street Conspiracy, a plot to assassinate Britain's Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, and his Cabinet is thwarted when police in London arrest 13 plotters after being warned by an informant.


date: March 28

text: March 28 – An attempted coup d'état against Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia fails after a plot by Fulgencio Yegros and Pedro Juan Caballero.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – A proclamation, signed "By order of the Committee of Organisation for forming a Provisional Government", begins the "Radical War" in Scotland.


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Alexander Ypsilantis becomes the leader of Filiki Eteria, a secret organization to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – The cause of action that will lead to the U.S. Supreme Court case known as The Antelope arises, when a U.S. Treasury cutter captures a ship of the same name, which is transporting 281 Africans who had been captured as slaves, in violation of the U.S. law prohibiting the slave trade.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – A revolt under Guglielmo Pepe forces Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies to sign a constitution modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – A Constitutionalist insurrection breaks out at Oporto, Portugal.


date: September 2

text: September 2 – The Daoguang Emperor succeeds to the throne of Qing dynasty China.


date: September 5

text: September 5 – José Gervasio Artigas flees to Paraguay.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Revolution breaks out in Lisbon against John VI of Portugal.


date: January 27

text: January 27 (NS, January 15 OS) – An Imperial Russian Navy expedition, led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen in Vostok with Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, sights the Antarctic ice sheet.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – British Royal Navy captain Edward Bransfield, an Irishman, becomes the first person to positively identify Antarctica as a land mass.


date: February 6

text: February 6 – A group of 86 free African American colonists sail from New York City to Freetown, Sierra Leone, with a goal of creating a home for freed American slaves, to be called "Liberia".


date: May 11

text: May 11 – , the ship that will later take young Charles Darwin on his scientific voyage to examine the "origin of the species", is launched at Woolwich Dockyard.


date: May 20

text: May 20 – At age 14, John Stuart Mill sets out on his formative trip to the south of France, staying with Samuel Bentham.


date: November 17

text: November 17 – American seal hunter Captain Nathaniel Palmer becomes the third known explorer to sight Antarctica. The Palmer Peninsula is later named after him.


text: Anchor coinage is first struck in silver in London denominated in fractions of the Mauritian dollar for use in British colonies.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: July 26

text: July 26 – Union Chain Bridge opens across the River Tweed, between England and Scotland. Its span of 449 ft (137 m) is the world's longest for a vehicular bridge at this time.


date: August 1

text: August 1 — The Regent's Canal through to the London Docks is opened.


text: Construction work is completed on the Citadelle Laferrière in Haiti, the largest fortification in the Americas, built on the orders of Henri Christophe to defend the country against potential French reoccupation.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – The Astronomical Society of London is founded.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – The statue of the Venus de Milo (Aphrodite of Milos, c. 150 BC-125 BC) is discovered on the Greek island of Milos, by a peasant named Yorgos Kentrotas.


date: April 21

text: April 21 – Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism.


date: May 1

text: May 1 – The last judicial decapitation in the United Kingdom is meted out to the principals in the Cato Street conspirators after their public hanging for treason in London. Legally, the post-hanging beheading is a mitigation of the last sentence in Britain of "hanging, drawing and quartering".


text: 18,957 black slaves leave Luanda, Angola.


date: March 3

text: March 3 – A fire in Guangzhou in China burns 15,000 houses and kills an undetermined number of people.


date: November 20

text: November 20 – After the sinking of the American whaleship Essex of Nantucket, by a sperm whale in the southern Pacific Ocean, the survivors are left afloat in three small whaleboats. They eventually resort, by common consent, to cannibalism to allow some to survive.


text: Mount Rainier erupts over modern-day Seattle.


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, receives his First Vision in Palmyra, New York.


date: April 15

text: April 15 – King William I of Württemberg marries his cousin, Pauline Therese, in Stuttgart.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of King George IV, returns to England after six years abroad in Italy, where she has been carrying on an affair. Since ascending the throne in January, the King had sought to receive his government's approval for a divorce.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Saint Cronan's Boys' National School opens in Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland under the title Bray Male School. Its notable pupils will include President of Ireland Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh.


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Louisa Lane Drew, actress, prominent theater manager, grandmother of the Barrymores (d. 1897)


date: February 17

text: February 17 – Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian violinist and composer (d. 1881)


text: March 3 – Henry D. Cogswell, American temperance movement pioneer who endowed a number of Cogswell fountains (d. 1900)


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Alexander Worthy Clerk, Jamaican Moravian teacher and missionary (d. 1906)


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Samuel Blatchford, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1893)


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Romania's first reigning Domnitor (d. 1873)


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Herbert Spencer, English philosopher (d. 1903)


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Florence Nightingale, English nurse (d. 1910)


date: May 23

text: May 23 – Lorenzo Sawyer, 9th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California (d. 1891)


date: July 5

text: July 5 – William John Macquorn Rankine, Scottish physicist, engineer (d. 1872)


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Julia Gardiner Tyler, First Lady of the United States (d. 1889)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Earl van Dorn, American Confederate general (d. 1863)


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Jenny Lind, Swedish soprano (d. 1887)


date: December 21

text: December 21 – William H. Osborn, American railroad executive (d. 1894)


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, member of British Royal Family and father of Queen Victoria (b. 1767)


date: February 5

text: February 5 – William Drennan, Irish physician, poet and radical politician (b. 1754)


date: March 11

text: March 11 – Benjamin West, Anglo-American painter of historical scenes (b. 1738)


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, Scottish-born philanthropist (b. 1771)


date: April 20

text: April 20 – James Morris III, Continental Army officer from Connecticut (b. 1752)


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Henry Grattan, Irish politician (b. 1746)


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Sir Joseph Banks, English naturalist and botanist (b. 1743)


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Manuel Belgrano, Argentine politician, general in the Independence War (b. 1770)


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Benjamin Latrobe, Anglo-American architect (b. 1764)


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Nguyễn Du, Vietnamese poet (b. 1766)


date: October 4

text: October 4 - Claudine Picardet, French chemist, mineralogist, meteorologist and scientific translator (b. 1735)


date: October 15

text: October 15 – Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg, Austrian field marshal (b. 1771)


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Joseph Fouché, French statesman (b. 1759)


date: December 29

text: December 29 – Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg, German regent and social reformer (b. 1769)


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Congress of Laibach finally ends having overseen the successful Austrian intervention in Italy. A planned Congress of Verona in 1822 is agreed as the next meeting.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Return of John VI from Brazil to Portugal who approves on that day the Bases da Constituição.


date: July 28

text: July 28 – Argentine general José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire.


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – The Treaty of Córdoba is signed in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico, ratifying the Plan of Iguala of February 24 for Mexico's independence from Spain and, although not recognised by the latter, effectively concludes the Mexican War of Independence.


date: August 30

text: August 30 – At the Congress of Cúcuta, the Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President, and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.


date: September 4

text: September 4 (O.S.)/September 16 (N.S.) – Ukase of 1821: Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern-day Alaska.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain by the Act of Independence of Central America. On October 29, the newly independent First Mexican Empire proposes that Guatemala should be annexed with it.


date: September 27

text: September 27 – The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, and the following day the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain is proclaimed, following the Mexican War of Independence.


date: November 28

text: November 28 – Panama declares independence from Spain, joining Gran Colombia.


date: February 10

text: February 10 – In Mexico, the Embrace of Acatempan takes place between Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero, which seals the peace between the viceroyalty troops and the insurgents.


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Congress of Laibach formally comes to an end. However the leading participants remain as fresh uprisings break out in Northern Italy and Greece.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – The Battle of Rieti is fought in Italy between intervening Austrian forces and Neapolitan rebels.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Austrian forces under Johann Frimont enter Naples and restore the authority of Ferdinand I.


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Greek War of Independence: At the Battle of Gravia Inn, a 120-man Greek force led by Odysseas Androutsos repulses an Ottoman army of 8,000.


date: June 7

text: June 7 (O.S.)/June 19 (N.S.) – Battle of Drăgășani, Wallachia: The Filiki Eteria are decisively defeated by the Ottomans.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824): King Badi VII of Sennar surrenders his throne and realm without a fight to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of the Funj Sultanate in Sudan.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Battle of Carabobo: Simón Bolívar wins Venezuela's independence from Spain.


date: August 7

text: August 7 (O.S.)/August 19 (N.S.) – Navarino massacre: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.


date: September 23

text: September 23 (O.S.)/October 5 (N.S.) – The Siege of Tripolitsa ends when Greek rebels capture the city of Tripoli, Greece; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General Theodoros Kolokotronis have besieged the city for several months during the Greek War of Independence from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.)


date: December 1

text: December 1 – History of the Dominican Republic: On the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, General José Núñez de Cáceres ends the España Boba era of Spanish rule in the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo by establishing the Republic of Spanish Haiti. It will last for three months before being invaded by Haiti.


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Alexander Island, the largest in Antarctica, is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Jarvis Island is discovered in the Pacific by the crew of the Eliza Frances.


date: October 8

text: October 8 (O.S.)/October 20 (N.S.) – Tsar Alexander I of Russia issues an imperial ukase guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from Persia.


date: November 16

text: November 16 – American Old West: The Santa Fe Trail is first used by William Becknell.


date: December 6

text: December 6 – The South Orkney Islands are discovered by seal hunters George Powell and Nathaniel Palmer.


date: March 25

text: March 25 (O.S.)/April 6 (N.S.) – Metropolitan bishop Germanos of Patras raises the revolutionary flag of Greece at the Monastery of Agia Lavra (according to oral tradition), symbolically marking the beginning of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire; later celebrated as Greece's traditional Independence Day.


date: April 10

text: April 10 (O.S.)/April 22 (N.S.) – Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is blamed by the Ottoman government for being unable to suppress Greek independence, and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.


text: The town of Al-Ubayyid, Sudan is established.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Peter I Island in the Antarctic is first sighted, by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Congress of Laibach convenes to deal with outstanding international issues, particularly the outbreak of a revolution in southern Italy.


date: September 4

text: September 4 – Chilean general José Miguel Carrera is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal, in the city of Mendoza.


date: December 19

text: December 19 – The Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland begins to erupt.


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Columbian College in the District of Columbia is chartered by President James Monroe (it becomes George Washington University).


date: May 5

text: May 5 – The first edition of the Manchester Guardian newspaper (from 1959 simply The Guardian) is published in England.


date: July 19

text: July 19 – George IV is crowned King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His estranged wife, Caroline of Brunswick, is turned away from the ceremony.


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Amherst College is founded in Massachusetts.


date: December 15

text: December 15 – The world's first geographical society, the Société de géographie, is established in Paris.


text: Widener University is founded in Wilmington, Delaware, as The Bullock School for Boys.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Francisco de Paula Milán Mexican officier of the Mexican Army (d. 1883)

source_section: Births › January–March


date: January 8

text: January 8 – James Longstreet, American Confederate general (d. 1904)


date: February 17

text: February 17 – Lola Montez, Irish-Spanish dancer, royal mistress (d. 1861)


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Joseph Hubert Reinkens, German Old Catholic bishop (d. 1896)


date: July 2

text: July 2 – Sir Charles Tupper, 6th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1915)

source_section: Births › July–September


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Nathan Bedford Forrest, American Confederate Civil War General, first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (d. 1877)


date: July 16

text: July 16 – Mary Baker Eddy, American founder of Christian Science (d. 1910)


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Lucy Smith Millikin, early Latter Day Saint and sister of Joseph Smith (d. 1882)


date: August 31

text: August 31 – Hermann von Helmholtz, German physician and physicist (d. 1894)


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs, African-American minister, politician (d. 1874)


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Rudolf Virchow, German physician, pathologist, biologist, and politician (d. 1902)

source_section: Births › October–December


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Russian writer (d. 1881)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1902)


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Clara Barton, first president of American Red Cross (d. 1912)


date: January 4

text: January 4 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American saint (b. 1774)


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Joseph de Maistre, French-Savoyard philosopher (b. 1753)


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Princess Elizabeth of Clarence, daughter of William, Duke of Clarence (later King William IV) (b. 1820)


date: March 13

text: March 13 – John Hunter, second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Franz Karl Achard, German chemist, physicist and biologist (b. 1753)


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Hester Thrale, Welsh diarist and friend of Dr Johnson (b. 1741)


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Martín Miguel de Güemes, Argentine military leader (b. 1785)


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans, heiress, wife of Philippe Égalité (b. 1753)


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguayan captain (b. 1786) (suicide)


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Dorothea von Medem, Latvian diploma, duchess of Courland (b. 1761)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – John William Polidori, English physician, writer (b. 1795) (suicide)


date: September 4

text: September 4 – José Miguel Carrera, Chilean general, founding father (b. 1785)


date: October 11

text: October 11 – John Ross Key, American judge, lawyer, father of songwriter Francis Scott Key (b. 1754)


date: December 7

text: December 7 – King Pōmare II of Tahiti (b. 1782)


date: January 1

text: January 1 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – The first freed slaves from the United States arrive on the west coast of Africa, founding Monrovia on April 25.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – The Portuguese prince Pedro I of Brazil decides to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Portugal's King João VI, beginning the Brazilian independence process.


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Greek War of Independence: Acrocorinth is captured by Theodoros Kolokotronis and Demetrios Ypsilantis.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – The first Swaminarayan temple, Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir at Ahmedabad in the British Raj, is inaugurated.


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Boston, Massachusetts, is incorporated as a city following a vote.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – George Canning, President of the Board of Control in the House of Commons, moves to repeal a law that prohibited Roman Catholic peers from sitting or voting in the House of Lords. The motion passes, 235–223, on its second reading, but the House of Lords declines to pass it.


date: July 8

text: July 8 – The Chippewa people cede a huge tract of land in Ontario to British control.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Greek War of Independence: Greek soldiers defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae.


date: July 27

text: July 27 – Guayaquil Conference: Simón Bolívar and General José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil, which Bolívar later annexes.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Brazil declares its independence from Portugal.


date: September 16

text: September 16 – George Canning is appointed British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.


text: September 16 – The Constituent Congress of Peru begins its first session.


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Portugal approves its first Constitution.


date: October 12

text: October 12 – Pedro, Crown Prince of Portugal, is declared the constitutional Emperor of Brazil, as Pedro the First.


date: October 20

text: October 20 – The Congress of Verona opens in the Austrian-ruled province of Lombardy-Venetia. The event is the largest diplomatic gathering since the Congress of Vienna seven years earlier. The Congress lasts until December 14, and Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire dissolves the country's Congress of the Union, and replaces it with a military junta.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Pedro I is crowned as the first Emperor of Brazil.


date: December 14

text: December 14 – The Congress of Verona ends having endorsed French Intervention in Spain


date: February 9

text: February 9 – The invading Haitian forces, led by Jean-Pierre Boyer, arrive in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Dominican Republic.


text: March 19 – The Holy Alliance sends the Ottoman Empire a final ultimatum after Ottoman repression of Austrian subjects in Bucharest during the Wallachian uprising, otherwise facing war with Austria.


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Greek War of Independence – Chios massacre: 20,000 Greeks on the island of Chios are slaughtered by Ottoman troops, and 23,000 more are exiled.


date: May 16

text: May 16 – Nairs, the upper caste in British Raj, attack Sandar women for covering their upper body and breasts.


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito.


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Greek War of Independence: Konstantinos Kanaris blows up the Ottoman navy's flagship at Chios, killing the Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – July 1822 Spanish coup d'état, an attempt by supporters of Ferdinand VII to overthrow the Liberal government of Spain, fails.


date: September 8

text: September 8–13 – Battle of Nauplia: In a series of naval engagements, the Ottoman Fleet fails to break through the Greek Fleet, under Admiral Andreas Vokos Miaoulis.


date: November 13

text: November 13 – Greek War of Independence: Nafplio falls to the Greek rebels.


date: January 3

text: January 3 – The famous French explorer, Aimé Bonpland, is imprisoned in Paraguay on charges of espionage.


date: April 25

text: April 25 – The American Colonization Society lands at Cape Mesurado on the West African coast, after purchasing 60 mi km of coastline. The settlement will soon become Monrovia, as the nation of Liberia is established to fill the ACS mission of freeing black American slaves and sending them "back to Africa".


date: July 26

text: July 26 – Guayaquil Conference: José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet Simón Bolívar.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – The English ship Orion lands at Yerba Buena on the North American west coast of Mexico, under the command of William A. Richardson. The area is later acquired by the U.S. and becomes the site of San Francisco.


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Action of 9 November 1822: engages three pirate schooners off Cuba, as part of the West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States.


text: The Rocky Mountain Fur Company (Ashley's Hundred) leave from St. Louis, Missouri, setting off a major increase in fur trade.


date: August 12

text: August 12 – St David's College (the modern-day University of Wales, Lampeter) is founded in Wales by Thomas Burgess, Bishop of St David's.


date: September 11

text: September 11 – The Roman Catholic Church first permits the publication of Galileo Galilei's 1632 treatise, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.)


text: November 13 – The Congregation of St. Basil is founded in France.


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a difference engine, a forerunner of the modern computer, for calculating logarithms and trigonometric functions. Construction of an operational version will proceed under British Government sponsorship (1823–1832), but it will never be completed.


text: The fifth and last prohibition of coffee in Sweden is lifted.


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Jean-François Champollion announces his success in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs, using the Rosetta Stone, in a letter to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris (based on the work of Thomas Young).


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Alexis St. Martin is accidentally shot in the stomach, which leads the way to William Beaumont's studies on digestion.


date: July 31

text: July 31 – The last public whipping is carried out in Edinburgh.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Christos Palaskas and Alexis Noutsos are executed by Odysseas Androutsos' forces.


text: August 12 – Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, commits suicide at his house in Kent. He is judged to have been insane at the time.


date: February 6

text: February 6 – The Chinese junk Tek Sing sinks in the South China Sea, drowning more than 1,800 people on board. The wreckage will not be located until 1999.


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Grue Church fire: The biggest fire disaster in Norway's history kills 116 people.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – A fire in Guangzhou (Canton) kills 500 people, and destroys 13,070 homes and several European-owned businesses.


date: August 5

text: August 5–13 – A sequence of earthquakes occurs in the northern part of the Ottoman Empire, causing severe damage from Gaziantep to Antakya in modern Turkey and from Aleppo to Khan Sheikhun in modern Syria. At least 20,000 people are killed.


date: October 8

text: October 8 – The Galunggung volcano erupts on West Java, and is followed four days later by a second, more violent outburst. The two events kill more than 4,000 people and destroy 114 villages.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – The volcano Mount Vesuvius near Naples erupts.


date: November 19

text: November 19 – An earthquake near Valparaíso in Chile kills around 200 people, causes a tsunami and raises the coastal area.


date: January 13

text: January 13 – The design of the modern-day flag of Greece is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus, for their naval flag.


date: August 15

text: August 15 — The visit of King George IV to Scotland begins and lasts until –August 29.


text: Over the middle of the year Franz Schubert begins writing his Symphony No. 8, but leaves it unfinished.


date: January 25

text: January 25 – Charles Reed Bishop, American businessman, philanthropist in Hawaii (d. 1915)


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Alexander Mackenzie, 2nd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1892)


date: February 4

text: February 4 – Edward Fitzgerald Beale, American Navy Lieutenant, explorer (d. 1893)


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, Empress consort of Brazil (d. 1889)


date: April 26

text: April 26 – Frederick Law Olmsted, American landscape architect (d. 1903)


date: May 18

text: May 18 – Mathew Brady, American photographer (d. 1896)


date: May 20

text: May 20 – Frédéric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1912)


date: July 21

text: July 21 – Elizabeth Herbert, Baroness Herbert of Lea, English Catholic writer, translator, philanthropist, and influential social figure (d. 1911)


date: August 12

text: August 12 – August von Bulmerincq, Baltic German legal scholar (d. 1890)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – William Hayden English, American politician (d. 1896)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (d. 1893)


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Benjamin F. Isherwood, American admiral, United States Navy Engineer-in-Chief (d. 1915)


date: December 10

text: December 10 – César Franck, Belgian composer, organist (d. 1890)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Matthew Arnold, English poet (d. 1888)


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Ali Pasha of Yanina, ruler of European Turkey (b. 1741)


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Jack Jouett, American politician (b. 1754)


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Allegra Byron, illegitimate daughter of Lord Byron (b. 1817)


date: May 8

text: May 8 – John Stark, American Revolutionary War general (b. 1728)


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu, Prime Minister of France (b. 1766)


date: June 3

text: June 3 – René Just Haüy, French "father of modern crystallography" (b. 1743)


date: June 25

text: June 25 – E. T. A. Hoffmann, German Romantic author (b. 1776)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Percy Bysshe Shelley, British poet (b. 1792)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Manuel Torres, first Colombian ambassador to the United States (b. 1762)


text: August 12 – Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, British foreign secretary (suicide) (b. 1769)


date: August 16

text: August 16 — The body of British poet Percy Bysse Shelley, who died on July 8 in the sinking of his boat Don Juan, is cremated at the beach, 10 days after his decomposed remains had washed ashore in Italy near Viareggio, in the presence of Lord Byron and Edward John Trelawny, who claims to have seized Shelley's heart from the flames.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Sophie de Condorcet, politically active French salonist, feminist (b. 1764)


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Antonio Canova, Italian sculptor (b. 1757)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Karl August von Hardenberg, Prussian politician (b. 1750)


date: February 28

text: February 28 – José de la Riva Agüero is sworn as the first president of Peru following a coup against the government of José de la Mar. He only rules 115 days.


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico abdicates, thus ending the short-lived First Mexican Empire.


date: May 5

text: May 5 – Emperor Pedro I of Brazil inaugurates Brazil's first Assembleia Geral, with 50 Senators and 102 Deputies.


date: May 7

text: May 7 – Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov is appointed as Governor-General of Novorossiya (New Russia), the portion of Russian Empire bordering the Black Sea (in modern days it constitutes southern regions of Ukraine).


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Peruvian president José de la Riva Agüero is impeached by Congress. He rebels and establishes a short-lived rival government in Trujillo.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – The Congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico and any other foreign nation, including North America, and a republican system of government is established.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – José Bernardo de Tagle elected as the second president of Peru by the Peruvian Congress.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop, the Mexican government administrator in charge of Anglo-American immigration into Mexico's state of Coahuila y Tejas, allows Stephen F. Austin to put together an 11-man police force, that will later be expanded to become the Texas Ranger Division.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – The first Constitution of Peru is proclaimed, albeit it is almost immediately annulled by Simón Bolívar.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – James Monroe first introduces the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – By secret treaty signed at the Congress of Verona, the Quintuple Alliance gives France a mandate to invade Spain for the purpose of restoring Ferdinand VII (who has been captured by armed revolutionary liberals) as absolute monarch of the country.


date: April 7

text: April 7 – French forces, the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis", cross the Spanish border at the Bidasoa River.


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Siege of Pamplona begins in Navarre as French troops besiege the city's garrison.


date: May 23

text: May 23 – The rebel Spanish government withdraws from Madrid to Seville following the French advance.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – The Duke of Angoulême, commander of the invading French forces, establishes a regency in Madrid on behalf of Ferdinand VII who remains a captive of the Spanish government.


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Demerara rebellion of 1823: In the British colony of Demerara-Essequibo (modern-day Guyana in South America), an insurrection of 10,000 black slaves begins; it is suppressed after three days, but hundreds of suspects are executed in the reprisals that follow.


date: August 31

text: August 31 – Battle of Trocadero: French infantry of the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" capture the fort of Trocadero and turn its guns on Cádiz.


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Pamplona surrenders to French forces after a five-month siege.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – First Anglo-Burmese War: Burmese forces attack the British on Shapura, an island close to Chittagong.


date: September 30

text: September 30 – Cádiz surrenders to the French and Ferdinand VII of Spain is restored to his throne, immediately repealing the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812. Despite French advice, he begins an era of repression against his opponents known as the Ominous Decade.


date: November 7

text: November 7 – General Rafael del Riego is executed in Madrid for high treason.


text: The first Anglo-Ashanti War begins.

source_section: Events › Undated


date: January 23

text: January 23 – In Paviland Cave on the Gower Peninsula of Wales, William Buckland inspects the "Red Lady of Paviland", the first identification of a prehistoric (male) human burial (although Buckland dates it as Roman).


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Explorer James Weddell's expedition to Antarctica reaches latitude 74°15' S and longitude 34°16'45" W: the southernmost position any ship has reached at this time.


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Sailor Benjamin Morrell erroneously reports the existence of the island of New South Greenland near Antarctica.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Hugh Glass gets mauled by a sow grizzly while on a fur trapping expedition in the Missouri Territory and has to crawl 200 miles for help.


date: October 22

text: October 22 – Simón Bolívar writes to Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia to release his friend the explorer Aimé Bonpland under threat of invasion. Rodríguez never responds to the letter.


text: British expedition up the St. Clair River; site of Corunna surveyed as a potential capital for Upper Canada.


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia draws up a secret "manifesto", designating his second younger brother Nikolai to succeed him, bypassing Nikolai's older brother, Grand Duke Konstantin. The existence of the manifesto is revealed on Alexander's death in 1825.


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Simón Bolívar is named dictator of Peru.


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Joseph Smith first goes to the place near Manchester, New York, where the golden plates are stored, having been directed there by God through an angel (according to what he writes in 1838).


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Roman Catholic Cardinal Annibale della Genga is elected Pope Leo XII.


date: February 15

text: February 15 (approx.) – The first officially recognised gold is found in Australia, by surveyor James McBrien at Fish River, near Bathurst, New South Wales, predating the Australian gold rushes.


text: Olbers' paradox is described by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Carnival tragedy of 1823: About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta, Malta.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – The Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome is almost completely destroyed by fire.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – An explosion at the Rainton Colliery Company's Plain Pit mine at Chilton Moor in the north-east of England, kills at least 57 coal miners.


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Gioachino Rossini's opera Semiramide is first performed, at La Fenice in Venice.


text: February 3 – Jackson Male Academy, precursor of Union University, opens in Alabama.


date: February 10

text: February 10 – The first worldwide carnival parade takes place in Cologne, Prussia.


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Franz Liszt, 11, gives a concert in Vienna, after which he is personally congratulated by Ludwig van Beethoven.


date: May 9

text: May 9 – Russian author Alexander Pushkin begins work on his verse novel Eugene Onegin.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – The Catholic Association, a campaign for Catholic emancipation within the United Kingdom, begins in Ireland at a meeting of 13 people at a bookseller's house on Capel Street in Dublin.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Raffles Institution is established (as the Singapore Institution) by the founder of Singapore, Sir Stamford Raffles.


date: July 28

text: July 28 – The first theatrical adaptation of the Frankenstein story, Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein, opens at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London. On August 29, Mary Shelley attends a performance, the only version of her novel she will ever see.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – William Pitt Amherst arrives in Calcutta with Lady Amherst to become the new Governor-General of India.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – The Royal Hibernian Academy is founded in Dublin.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – The Lancet medical journal is founded by Thomas Wakley in London.


date: November

text: November – According to tradition, William Webb Ellis invents the sport of rugby football at Rugby School in England.


text: The Oxford Union is founded as a student debating society in England.


text: Work begins on the British Museum in London, designed by Robert Smirke, and the Altes Museum in Berlin, designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Alfred Russel Wallace, British naturalist, biologist (d. 1913)


text: February 15 – Li Hongzhang, Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 1901)


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Ernest Renan, French philosopher, philologist, historian and writer (d. 1892)


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Simon Bolivar Buckner, American soldier, politician and Confederate soldier (d. 1914)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Abdülmecid I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1861)


text: May 9 – Sir Frederick Weld, 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891)


date: May 26

text: May 26 – William Pryor Letchworth, American businessman, philanthropist, founder of Letchworth State Park, New York


date: July 9

text: July 9 (date uncertain) – Phineas Gage, improbable American head injury survivor (d. 1860)


date: August 3

text: August 3 – Thomas Francis Meagher, American Civil War general (d. 1867)


text: August 5 – Eliza Tibbets, mother of the California orange industry (d. 1898)


date: August 13

text: August 13 – Goldwin Smith, English historian (d. 1910)


date: November 25

text: November 25 – Henry Wirz, Swiss-born American Confederate military officer, prisoner-of-war camp commander (d. 1865)


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Thomas Wentworth Higginson, American Unitarian minister, abolitionist (d. 1911)


date: December 27

text: December 27 – Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1917)


date: January 22

text: January 22 – John Julius Angerstein, Russian-born English merchant, insurer and art collector (b. 1735)


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Edward Jenner, English physician, medical researcher (b. 1749)