date: August 31

text: August 31 – Konrad von Würzburg, German poet and writer


date: September 8

section: Deaths

text: September 8 – Giordano Orsini, Italian deacon and cardinal

source_section: Deaths


date: October 19

text: October 19 – Bohemond VII, ruler of Tripoli, dies childless. He is succeeded by his sister Lucia, who is married to Charles I of Naples' former Grand Admiral, Narjot de Toucy. But the nobles, not pleased with this decision, offer the county to Bohemond's mother, Dowager-Princess Sibylla of Armenia.

source_section: Events › By place › Middle East


text: October 19 – Bohemond VII, Outremer nobleman (b. 1261)


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Stephen Bersted, English cleric and bishop


date: January 20

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: January 20 – Newcastle Emlyn Castle in West Wales is recaptured by the English forces after a ten-day siege, bringing Rhys ap Maredudd's revolt to an end. Rhys is exiled to Ireland.

source_section: Events › By place › England and Scotland


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Treaty of Canfranc: King Edward I signs an agreement with Alfonso III at Canfranc, about the release of Charles II, who has been captured by Admiral Roger of Lauria in the Battle of the Gulf of Naples (see 1284).

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


text: The Parliament of Scotland creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.


date: April 9

section: Conflict & Security

text: April 9 – Battle of Bạch Đằng: Đại Việt (Vietnamese) general Trần Hưng Đạo sinks the fleet of an invading Mongol-led Yuan expeditionary army (some 94,000 men). He orders the placing of steel-tipped bamboo stakes (to create an ambush) in the Bach Dang River near Ha Long Bay. This ends the intentions of Kublai Khan to conquer Vietnam and Champa.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


date: April

text: April – The Japanese era Kōan ends and the Shōō era begins during the reign of the 22-year-old Emperor Fushimi (until 1293).


date: June 5

text: June 5 – War of the Limburg Succession – Battle of Worringen: Brabantian forces under Duke John I defeat the coalition army of Cologne, Luxemburg, and Nassau at Worringen (in a struggle to conquer the Duchy of Limburg). John liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Electorate of Cologne, which has previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.


text: A civil war breaks out on Gotland between the burghers of Visby and the rural farmers of Gotland; while the exact reason for this war is unknown, the most likely reason is the construction of a large wall around Visby, and the introduction of a toll, which the farmers were forced to pay.


text: The oldest-known bronze handgun in the world is dated to this year, a Chinese gun found in Acheng District, that was once used to suppress the rebellion of the Mongol prince Nayan.

source_section: Events › By topic › Technology


text: Summer – Sultan Muhammad II drives the rebellious Banu Ashqilula from one stronghold to the next, where they are finally expelled from Granadan territory in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Meanwhile, Muhammad manages through diplomatic intrigue, to turn the Castilian aristocracy against King Sancho IV. In response, King Alfonso III proclaims the 18-year-old Alfonso de la Cerda as ruler of Castile and León.


text: Spring – Genoa orders Admiral Benedetto Zaccaria to send five galleys to support Genoese suzerainty of Tripoli. Princess Lucia, sister of the late Count Bohemond VII, arrives in Acre, where the Knights Hospitaller escort her to the frontier with Tripoli. The commune refuses to accept her as new ruler and places the city under Genoese protection. After negotiations, Lucia offers to confirm Genoa's existing commercial privileges in Tripoli.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


date: February 22

section: Religion & Belief

text: February 22 – Nicholas IV is elected as the successor of the late Honorius IV (see 1287) during a conclave in Rome and becomes the 191st pope of the Catholic Church.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Petrus, bishop of Västerås, buys 1/8 of the Stora Kopparberg copper mine in Falun, Sweden. During the reign of King Magnus Ladulås, nobles and foreign merchants from Lübeck take interests in the mining area.

source_section: Events › By topic › Markets


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against the 26-year-old King Ladislaus IV, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects in Hungary, and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of Western Europe. Meanwhile, the Hungarian government loses more power because the clergy and most of the nobles rule the kingdom independently.


section: Economy & Finance

text: The Flemish city of Ghent seeks rights to start redeeming its already issued annuities. It is a clear indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the crisis of the 13th Century.


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Work is begun on the construction of Mob Quad in Merton College, Oxford.

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and culture


date: March

section: Culture & Society

text: March–April – Rabban Bar Sauma, Chinese Nestorian monk and diplomat, arrives at Rome and is received by Nicholas IV, who gives him communion on Palm Sunday.


text: The oldest surviving bell, in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, is built.


section: Births

text: January 20 – Robert Lisle, English nobleman (d. 1344)

source_section: Births


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Go-Fushimi, emperor (tenno) of Japan (d. 1336)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Ivan I, Grand Duke of Moscow (d. 1341)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Go-Daigo, emperor of Japan (d. 1339)


text: Philip of Majorca, Aragonese prince and regent (d. 1343)


text: Pierre Desprès, French cardinal and diplomat (d. 1361)


text: Nicolas Béhuchet, French nobleman and admiral (d. 1340)


text: Gersonides, French Jewish mathematician (d. 1344)


text: Mahmoud Shabestari, Persian poet and writer (d. 1340)


text: Guillaume I, French nobleman and knight (d. 1335)


text: Pedro Afonso, Portuguese nobleman and knight (d. 1350)


text: Blanche of Burgundy, French noblewoman (d. 1348)


text: John of Beaumont, Dutch nobleman and knight (d. 1356)


text: Nicholas II, German nobleman and chamberlain (d. 1365)


date: February 15

text: February 15 – Henry III (the Illustrious), German nobleman


date: April 24

text: April 24 – Gertrude of Austria, Austrian noblewoman (b. 1226)


text: June 5 – Henry VI, count of Luxembourg (the Condemned)


text: June 5 – Waleran I, French nobleman (House of Luxembourg)


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Lope Díaz III, Spanish nobleman and knight (b. 1245)


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Siegfried IV, German nobleman and prince-bishop


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Stephen de Fulbourn, English archbishop and politician


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Alix of Brittany (or Blois), Breton noblewoman (b. 1243)


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Agnes of Dampierre, French noblewoman (b. 1237)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Matilda of Brabant, French noblewoman (b. 1224)


date: September 30

text: September 30 – Leszek II (the Black), Polish nobleman (b. 1241)


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Beatrice of Brabant, countess of Flanders (b. 1225)


date: November 19

text: November 19 – Rudolf I, German nobleman and regent (b. 1230)


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Ibn al-Nafis, Syrian scholar and polymath (b. 1213)


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) marches the Mamluk army out of Cairo, leaving his son Al-Ashraf Khalil commanding Cairo's Citadel, supported by Viceroy Baydara al-Mansuri. The army moves via Salihiya, across Sinai and through Jordan to Damascus. He orders the regional governors of Syria to mobilize in Damascus, where many infantry volunteers have assembled.


date: March

text: March – The 19-year-old King Henry II sends his younger brother Almalric, with a company of knights and 4 galleys to Tripoli (modern Lebanon). Meanwhile, many non-combatant citizens flee to Cyprus. The Mamluk army arrives before Tripoli and begins the attack with siege engines, while building buches (wooden defensive structures) outside the city on March 25.


date: April 26

text: April 26 – Siege of Tripoli: Mamluk forces under Qalawun (the Victorious) capture Tripoli after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the County of Tripoli. Qalawun orders the city to be razed to the ground, a widespread massacre kills every man found by the Mamluks, while the women and children are taken as slaves.


date: June 11

text: June 11 – Battle of Campaldino: Pro-papal Guelph forces of Florence and their allies, Lucca, Pistoia, Prato and Siena under Viscount Aimery IV defeat the Ghibelline army (some 10,000 men) in Tuscany. Florence becomes the dominant power in Central Italy; powerful merchant guilds take on a more political role in the communal government against their rivals of Genoa, Pisa and Venice.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Battle of Copenhagen: A Norwegian expeditionary force under King Eric II, supported by Danish outlaws, sets sail to Copenhagen and attacks the city. But they are repelled and forced to withdraw to Zealand.


date: July

text: July–August – Admiral Benedetto Zaccaria, having escaped from Tripoli, starts a naval campaign against Mamluk shipping and raids Tinnis in Egypt. In response, Qalawun closes Alexandria to Genoese merchants.


text: Pope Nicholas IV formally constitutes the University of Montpellier in France by papal bull, combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single university.

source_section: Events › By topic › Education


text: Construction of Conwy Castle in Wales, ordered by Edward I (Longshanks), is completed.

source_section: Events › By place › Britain


text: Summer – King Edward I (Longshanks) proposes a marriage between his infant son, Edward of Caernarfon, and the 6-year-old Margaret (Maid of Norway).


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Afonso Sanches, Portuguese nobleman and knight (d. 1329)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Louis X (the Quarrelsome), king of France (d. 1316)


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Wenceslaus III, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1306)


text: Eleanor of Anjou, queen consort of Sicily (House of Anjou) (d. 1341)


text: Alfonso de la Cerda, Spanish nobleman and archdeacon (d. 1327)


text: Alice Comyn, Scottish noblewoman (House of Brienne) (d. 1349)


text: Joan of Artois, French noblewoman and ruler (suo jure) (d. 1350)


text: Ton'a (or Tonna), Japanese Buddhist poet and writer (d. 1372)


text: William de Shareshull, English lawyer and chief justice (d. 1370)


text: Donnchadh IV, Scottish nobleman, magnate and knight (d. 1353)


text: Frederick the Fair (or the Handsome), king of Germany (d. 1330)


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Buqa (or Bugha), Mongol nobleman and chancellor


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Przemko of Ścinawa, Polish nobleman and knight


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Maud de Lacy (or Matilda), English noblewoman (b. 1223)


date: March 12

text: March 12 – Demetrius II (the Devoted), king of Georgia (b. 1259)


date: March 19

text: March 19 – John of Parma, Italian priest and theologian (b. 1209)


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Conrad of Ascoli, Italian monk and missionary (b. 1234)


text: May 24 – Frederick V, German nobleman (House of Hohenzollern)


date: May 27

text: May 27 – John III, German nobleman and co-ruler of Mecklenburg


text: June 11 – Bonconte da Montefeltro, Italian nobleman


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Patrick III, Scottish nobleman and regent (b. 1213)


text: Bentivenga da Bentivengi, Italian monk, cleric and cardinal-bishop


text: Fakhr al-Din Iraqi (or Araqi), Persian poet, philosopher and writer


text: Ippen (or Zuien), Japanese Buddhist monk and preacher (b. 1234)


text: Ugolino della Gherardesca, Italian nobleman, politician and admiral


text: A defense for Numidia is constructed at Lambaesis by Legio III Augusta.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


section: Exploration & Expansion

text: Emperor Hadrian continues his voyages, now inspecting Caria, Cappadocia and Syria.


text: Change of Patriarch of Constantinople, from Patriarch Diogenes to Eleutherius.


text: The song "Angel's Hymn" is made.

source_section: Events › By topic › Songs


text: Galen, Greek physician, anatomist (d. c. 200/216)


text: Liu Hong, Chinese official, astronomer (d. 210)


text: Chen Ji, Chinese official, chancellor (d. 199)


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Justus of Alexandria, Egyptian patriarch


text: King Osroes I of the Parthian Empire


text: Quia Emptores, a statute passed by Edward I, puts an end to the practice of subinfeudations. The statute allows land to be sold according to royal approval, as long as the new owner answers directly to his lord or the king.


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Survivors and relatives of the massacre at Acre take bloodstained clothing to Sultan Qalawun ("the Victorious") in Cairo, who demands that the leaders of the riot be handed over for trial, but the nobles refuse to send them and Qalawun now obtains legal clearance from the religious authorities in Cairo to break the truce with Crusader states.


date: August

text: August – Italian Crusaders massacre Muslim merchants and peasants, and some local Christians in Acre. Some claim it began at a drunken party – others that a European husband found his wife making love to a Muslim. The barons and local knights try to rescue a few Muslims and take them to the safety of the castle, while some ringleaders are arrested.


date: October

text: October – Qalawun orders a general mobilization of the Mamluk forces. In a council, it is decided that a peace delegation be sent to Cairo under Guillaume de Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Knights Templar. However, Qalawun demands huge compensation for those killed in Acre, and sends a Syrian army to the coast of Palestine, near Caesarea.


date: June

text: June – Genoa concludes a new commercial treaty with the Mamluks; five galleys sent by King James II of Aragon ("the Just") join the Venetian Crusader fleet (some 20 ships) on its way to Acre. On board the fleet are Italian urban militias and mercenary forces under Seneschal Jean I de Grailly, who have fought for the Papal States in the so-called Italian Crusades.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – King Ladislaus IV of Hungary ("the Cuman") is assassinated at the castle of Körösszeg (modern Romania). He is succeeded by Andrew III ("the Venetian"), after an election by Hungarian nobles, who is crowned by Archbishop Lodomer as new ruler of Hungary and Croatia in Székesfehérvár on July 23.


text: The Dnyaneshwari is written in India. This holy book is a commentary on the Bhagvad Gita and is narrated by Dnyaneshwar.

source_section: Events › By topic › Literature


date: July 18

section: Health & Medicine

text: July 18 – Edict of Expulsion: King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") orders all Jews (at this time probably numbering around 2,000) to leave the country by November 1 (All Saints' Day). The edict was decreed on Tisha B'Av on the Hebrew calendar, a day that commemorates many calamities. They are eventually allowed back in 1656.


date: June 13

section: Crime & Justice

text: June 13 – Shamsuddin Kayumars, Mamluk ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, is murdered and succeeded by Jalal-ud-din Khalji (or Firuz Shah I), founder of the Khalji dynasty, ending Mamluk rule and instigating the Khalji Revolution.


date: September 27

section: Climate & Environment

text: September 27 – The 6.8 Zhili earthquake affects the province of Zhili in China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 7,270–100,000 people.


text: Winter – The second of the Statutes of Mortmain passed during the reign of Edward I prevents land from passing into the possession of the Church.


text: "Year without winter" – An exceptionally rare instance of uninterrupted transition, from autumn to the following spring, in England and the mainland of Western Europe.

source_section: Events › By topic › Climate and Weather


date: March 1

text: March 1 – The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon by Denis I ("the Poet King"). He decrees that Portuguese is the official language of Portugal, replacing classical Latin in that capacity.


date: December

text: December – Edward I travels with the body of Queen Eleanor from Lincoln to London. Remembering his wife, Edward erects a series of crosses at each location that the body rests overnight. These are known as the twelve Eleanor crosses.


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Constance of Portugal, queen consort of Castile (d. 1313)


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Otto Bodrugan, English landowner and politician (d. 1331)


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Jakushitsu Genkō, Japanese Rinzai master and poet (d. 1367)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Leopold I, Duke of Austria ("the Glorious"), German nobleman (d. 1326)


date: October 15

text: October 15 – Anne of Bohemia, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1313)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Khwaju Kermani, Persian poet and mystic (d. 1349)


text: Rabbenu Yerucham, French rabbi and scholar (posek) (d. 1350)


text: Giovanni Visconti, Italian cardinal, archbishop and co-ruler (d. 1354)


text: Beatrice of Silesia, queen of Germany (House of Piast) (d. 1322)


text: Buton Rinchen Drub, Tibetan Buddhist religious leader (d. 1364)


text: Hugues Quiéret, French nobleman, admiral and advisor (d. 1340)


text: Theodore I, Marquis of Montferrat ("Palaiologos"), Byzantine nobleman and writer (d. 1338)


text: Andrea Pisano (or Pontedera), Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1348)


text: Barlaam of Seminara, Italian cleric, scholar and theologian (d. 1348)


date: April 26

text: April 26 – Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn ("Froissard"), French nobleman and knight (b. 1225)

source_section: Deaths


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Beatrice Portinari, muse of the Italian poet Dante Alighieri, dies in Florence. In his Divine Comedy (La Divina Commedia), he transforms his memory of Beatrice into an allegory of divine love.

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and Culture


text: June 8 – Beatrice Portinari, Italian muse of Dante (b. 1266)


text: June 13 – Shamsuddin II, Mamluk ruler of the Delhi Sultanate (b. 1285)


text: June 23 – Henryk IV Probus ("the Righteous"), High Duke of Poland (b. 1258)


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Margaret, Maid of Norway, queen of Scotland (b. 1283)


date: September

text: September – The 7-year-old Margaret, Maid of Norway, queen-designate and heir to the crown of Scotland, dies en route to the British Isles in Orkney, leading to thirteen competitors for the crown of Scotland, a succession crisis.


date: November 10

text: November 10 – Qalawun ("the Victorious") dies as the Egyptian Mamluk army sets out for Acre. He is succeeded by his eldest son Al-Ashraf Khalil as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate. Khalil orders his allies and tributaries in Syria to prepare for a campaign next spring. Governors and castle commanders are ordered to assemble siege equipment and armor.


date: November 28

text: November 28 – Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I, dies while traveling in the North. She has been suffering from illness for some time, and the cold and dampness of the winter months probably aggravate her condition.


text: November 28 – Eleanor of Castile, queen consort of England (b. 1241)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Magnus Birgersson, king of Sweden (b. 1240)


text: December 18 – King Magnus Birgersson of Sweden dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son Birger Magnusson.


text: December 18 – Herman I, German nobleman (House of Henneberg) (b. 1224)


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Gerhard I, Count of Holstein-Itzehoe, German nobleman, knight and regent (b. 1232)


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Federal Charter of 1291: The "three forest cantons" (Waldstätte) of Switzerland (Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden) form a defensive alliance to protect themselves from the House of Habsburg; this is a starting point for growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy. This year is also the traditional date of the Rütli Oath (Rütlischwur), the swearing of an oath by the three cantonal representatives at Rütli meadow.


date: November

text: November–December – The kings Sancho IV of Castile ("the Brave") and James II of Aragon ("the Just") agree to join the war against the Marinids and conclude a treaty of friendship. Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of Granada, gives his support to Sancho to take Tarifa from the Marinids. In the agreement, Castile and Aragon will respect their own boundaries.


text: Four towns of the County of Holland (Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden and Alkmaar) and two of the County of Zeeland (Middelburg and Zierikzee) agree collectively to secure a loan by their sovereign, Count Floris V. This gives important securities to the lenders, and allows Floris to access the same low interest rates as the cities’ governments.

source_section: Events › By topic › Economy


date: May 10

text: May 10 – Edward I meets the claimants for the Scottish crown at Norham Castle and informs them that he will judge the various claims to the throne, but they must acknowledge him as overlord of Scotland and, to ensure peace, surrender the royal castles of the kingdom into his keeping.


date: June

text: June – Al-Ashraf Khalil enters Damascus in triumph with Crusaders chained at their feet and the captured Crusader standards, which are carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. Following the capture of Acre, Khalil and his Mamluk generals proceed to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquer Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Haifa and Tartus.


date: July

text: July – Thibaud Gaudin arrives with the surviving knights, with the treasure of the Order, in Sidon. There, he is elected as Grand Master of the Knights Templar, to succeed Guillaume de Beaujeu (who was mortally wounded during the siege of Acre). Shortly after, Mamluk forces attack Sidon and Gaudin (who has not had enough knights to defend) evacuates the city and moves to the Sidon Sea Castle on July 14.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – A combined Genoese-Sevillian fleet led by Admiral Benedetto Zaccaria wins a victory over 27 Marinid galleys at Alcácer Seguir –12 galleys are taken and the rest put to flight. The following day, Benedetto drags the captured vessels along the coast in view of Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr, Marinid ruler of Morocco, who, "defeated and dishonored", withdraws his fleet to Fez.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Mamluk forces conquer the last Crusader outpost in Syria, the Templar fortress of Atlit south of Acre. All that now is left to the Knights Templar is the island fortress of Ruad. Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Cairo in triumph as the "victor in the long struggle against the Crusader states".


text: Late September – Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr crosses the Strait of Gibraltar from Alcácer Seguir to Tarifa. During the next three months, Marinid forces besiege Vejer de la Frontera, and carry out daily raids around Ferez. In the meantime, other Marinid raiding parties devastate the countryside as far north as Alcalá del Río, near Seville.


text: Spring – Several nobles unsuccessfully claim the Scottish throne (a process known as the 'Great Cause'), including John Balliol, Robert de Brus, John Hastings and William de Vesci. Fearing civil war, the Guardians of Scotland ask King Edward I of England to arbitrate. Before agreeing, he obtains concessions to revive English overlordship over the Scots.


text: Spring – The brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, Italian explorers and merchants from Genoa, embark with two galleys intending to reach India and establish a trade route to Italy. They sail along the coast of present-day Morocco after passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. They may have followed the African coast as far as Cape Non before being lost at sea.

source_section: Events › By topic › Exploration


text: In Japan the temple of Nanzen-ji at Kyoto is established by Emperor Kameyama. This temple becomes one of the most important religious schools within the Rinzai sect of Zen Buddhism and includes multiple sub-temples.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: Pope Nicholas IV confirms the independence of San Marino by papal bull.


text: Venetian glass manufacture is concentrated on the island of Murano (located in the Venetian Lagoon), to prevent fires in Venice itself.


text: Klenová Castle is constructed in southern Bohemia near the town of Klatovy (modern Czech Republic) as part of a frontier defense system.


section: Science & Discovery

text: Guo Shoujing, Chinese engineer and astronomer, constructs the artificial Kunming Lake, which is developed into a reservoir with summer gardens for Khanbaliq (or Dadu of Yuan), Mongol capital of Emperor Kublai Khan.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Guardians and the Scottish nobles recognise Edward I as overlord of Scotland, agreeing that the kingdom will be handed over to him until a rightful heir has been found.


text: King Andrew III of Hungary ("the Venetian") gives royal town privileges to Bratislava, modern-day capital of Slovakia.


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Afonso IV ("the Brave"), king of Portugal (d. 1357)


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Cangrande I della Scala, Italian nobleman (d. 1329)


text: May 10 – Gilbert de Clare, English nobleman and knight (d. 1314)


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Ichijō Uchitsune, Japanese nobleman (kugyō) (d. 1325)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Bolesław III, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1352)


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Philippe de Vitry, French musician and poet (d. 1361)


date: December 15

text: December 15 – Aymon ("the Peaceful"), Savoyan nobleman (d. 1343)


date: December 20

text: December 20 – Margareta Ebner, German nun and mystic (d. 1351)


text: Marie of Artois, French noblewoman (House of Artois) (d. 1365)


text: Luitgard of Wittichen, German nun, abbess and mystic (d. 1348)


text: Luis de la Cerda, French nobleman, prince and admiral (d. 1348)


text: Hugh de Audley, English nobleman, knight and diplomat (d. 1347)


text: Tōin Kinkata, Japanese official, historian and writer (d. 1360)


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Sa'ad al-Dawla, Persian physician and vizier (b. 1240)


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Arghun Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. 1258)


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari, Indian Sufi preacher (b. 1196)


date: May 11

text: May 11 – Thomas Ingoldsthorpe, English archdeacon and bishop


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Bengt Birgersson, Swedish duke and bishop (b. 1254)


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Alfonso III (or II; "the Liberal"), king of Aragon (b. 1265)


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Eleanor of Provence, queen consort of England (b. 1223)


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Tanhum of Jerusalem, Outremer lexicographer (b. 1220)


date: July 12

text: July 12 – Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden ("the Rouser"), German nobleman (b. 1266)


date: July

text: July – Muzaffar al-Din Hajjaj, Qutlughkhanid prince and co-ruler (b. 1247)


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Frederick Tuta, German nobleman and regent (b. 1269)


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Henry I of Werle, German nobleman, prince and knight (b. 1245)


date: December 11

text: December 11 – Francesco Lippi, Italian monk and hermit (b. 1211)


text: Niall Culanach O'Neill (or Culanagh), Irish king of Tír Eoghain, killed (b. 1231)


date: November 17

text: November 17 – John Balliol is selected by King Edward I of England as ruler of Scotland at Berwick from among 13 competitors for the Crown of Scotland. Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, provoking the Wars of Scottish Independence, commencing in 1296. John is crowned at Scone on November 30 (Saint Andrew's Day). Scotland's castles are returned to the powerful magnates.


text: Shanghai County is established.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Castilian forces led by King Sancho IV ("the Brave") begin the siege of Tarifa: eleven newly built engines bombard the city constantly by land and sea. Meanwhile, Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of Granada, provides the army of Sancho with men, arms and also aids the blockade in the Strait of Gibraltar. Muhammad attacks Marinid outposts and his forces seize Estepona on the coast to the west of Málaga. Sancho conquers Tarifa after a siege of four months, on October 13.


date: December

text: December – John Balliol is summoned by Edward I to Westminster to answer an appeal by Macduff of Fife against a judgment imposed on him by the Scottish Parliament. John refuses to answer Macduff's appeal, 'without consulting the people of his realm'. Edward asks for compensation for the violation of English law and demands to hand him over three Scottish castles as repayment for the crime committed.


text: December – Muhammad II sends ambassadors to the Castilian court to ask Sancho IV to surrender Tarifa. Sancho refuses to yield the city to Granada and Muhammad, feeling betrayed, switches sides to form an alliance with the Marinids.


text: Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Damascus and assembles an army to attack Sis, the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. An Armenian embassy arrives in Damascus, and reaches a settlement with Khalil. The cities of Til Hemdun, Marash and Behesni are given to the Mamluks in order to maintain peace.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


text: King Mangrai the Great of Ngoenyang conquers and annexes the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai, creating a political union in the form of the Lan Na Kingdom.


text: Kublai Khan sends a Mongol expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) to Java. He collects an invasion fleet with some 500–1,000 ships and enough provisions for a year from Fujian, Jiangxi and Huguang in southern China. The fleet travels past Champa (modern Vietnam) and the Karimata Islands. The Mongols land on Java, taking the capital of Kediri, but it proves impossible to hold.


text: The Vaghela dynasty in Gujarat (located along the western coast of India) is subjugated by the Deccan Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Daulatabad.


date: November

text: November – Michael II becomes Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (until 1312).


text: Spring – The Taxatio Ecclesiastica, compiled in 1291–1292, is completed under the order of Pope Nicholas IV. It is a detailed database valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English, Welsh and Irish churches.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his vizier Ibn al-Sal'us arrive in Damascus. Khalil travels via Aleppo to besiege the castle of Rumkale (Qal'at ar-Rum, "Castle of the Romans"), the official seat of Stephen IV, patriarch of Armenia. The Mamluks besiege the castle with more than 30 catapults and capture it after 30 days.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Elizabeth of Bohemia, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1330)


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Syrian polymath (d. 1350)


date: May 28

text: May 28 – Philip of Castile, Spanish nobleman and prince (d. 1327)


text: June 24 – Otto the Mild, German nobleman and knight (d. 1344)


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Chu Văn An, Vietnamese physician and mandarin (d. 1370)


date: October 3

text: October 3 – Eleanor de Clare, English noblewoman (d. 1337)


text: Henry IV the Faithful, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1342)


text: Richard of Wallingford, English mathematician (d. 1336)


text: John Marmion, Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1335)


text: Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, Tibetan religious leader (d. 1361)


text: Elisenda of Montcada, queen consort and regent of Aragon (d. 1364)


text: John Grandisson, English chaplain and bishop (d. 1369)


text: Gerhard III ("the Great"), German nobleman and prince (d. 1340)


text: Evrard d'Orleans, French Gothic sculptor and painter (d. 1357)


date: February 6

text: February 6 – William VII, Italian nobleman and knight (b. 1240)


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Hugh de Courtenay, English nobleman (b. 1251)


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Nicholas IV dies after a 4-year pontificate in Rome. The cardinals assemble at Perugia to elect a new pope (1292–1294 papal election).


text: April 4 – Nicholas IV, Italian pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1227)


date: April 16

text: April 16 – Thibaud Gaudin, French nobleman and Grand Master


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Conrad II, German nobleman (House of Teck) (b. 1235)


date: May 5

text: May 5 – The College of Electors select Adolf, count of Nassau, as the new King of the Romans and successor of Habsburg Rudolf I who had died the previous year. Adolf is forced to make wide-ranging concessions to the Electors to get elected. He is crowned king on June 24 in Aachen by the Archbishop of Cologne.


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Amato Ronconi, Italian monk, hermit and saint (b. 1226)


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Kinga of Poland, Hungarian princess and abbess (b. 1224)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Alice of Saluzzo, Countess of Arundel, Savoyan noblewoman and co-ruler


text: October 3 – Benvenuta Bojani, Italian nun, mystic and saint (b. 1254)


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Saionji Kisshi (or Ōmiya-in), empress of Japan (b. 1225)


date: October 25

text: October 25 – Robert Burnell, English bishop and chancellor (b. 1239)


date: December 8

text: December 8 – John Peckham, English archbishop and writer (b. 1230)


text: The Japanese era Shōō ends, and the Einin era begins.

source_section: Events › By area › Asia


text: The Isle of Wight is sold to King Edward I of England by Isabella de Forz, Countess of Devon, on her deathbed, for 6,000 marks.

source_section: Events › By area › Europe


text: The Hindu Majapahit Empire is founded by Kertarajasa in Java. It benefits from internal conflict and Mongol intervention, to defeat the Singhasari Kingdom and establish the empire.


date: May 31

text: May 31 – The forces of Raden Wijaya win a major victory in the Mongol invasion of Java, which is considered to be the founding date of the city of Surabaya.


date: December

text: December – Mamluk sultan of Egypt Khalil is assassinated by his regent Baydara, who briefly claims the sultanate, before being assassinated himself by a rival political faction.

source_section: Events › By area › Africa


text: Kublai Khan sends a fleet to the islands of Southeast Asia, including Java.


date: January

text: January – Ignatius bar Wahib becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin.


text: Torkel Knutsson leads Sweden in beginning the Third Swedish Crusade, against unchristianized Finnish Karelia. In the same year, the construction of Vyborg Castle begins, by orders of Knutsson.


text: The Ordinances of Justice are enacted in the Commune of Florence.


date: May 26

text: May 26 – An earthquake in Kamakura, Japan kills an estimated 23,000.


date: May 20

text: May 20 – King Sancho IV of Castile creates a Studium General in Alcalá de Henares, forerunner to the modern Complutense University of Madrid.

source_section: Events › By topic › Education


text: Dante Alighieri completes the book of verse La Vita Nuova.

source_section: Events › By topic › Arts and culture


date: October 12

text: October 12 – Margaret de Clare, English noblewoman (d. 1342)

source_section: Births


text: c.1293–94 – John of Ruysbroeck, Brabantian mystic (d. 1381)


text: Felim McHugh O'Connor (Feidhlimid Ó Conchobair), Irish King of Connacht (d. 1316)


text: May 2 – Meir of Rothenburg, German rabbi (b. c.1215)


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Henry of Ghent, philosopher (b. c.1217)


date: November 10

text: November 10 – Isabel de Forz, 8th Countess of Devon (b. 1237)


date: December 14

text: December 14 – Al-Ashraf Khalil, Mamluk sultan of Egypt (assassinated)


text: David VI Narin, King of Georgia (b. 1225)


text: Approximate date – William of Rubruck, Flemish Franciscan missionary (b. c.1220)


text: England and Portugal enter into the first iteration of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, the oldest alliance in the world still in force.

source_section: Events › Europe


date: March 30

text: March 30 – Third Swedish Crusade: a Novgorodian army led by Prince Roman Glebovich attempts a storm of Vyborg, but the attack fails.


text: Autumn – In response to the actions of new royal administrators in north and west Wales, Madog ap Llywelyn leads a revolt against his English overlords.


text: Spring – Following the arrival of a fleet from Sweden, an offensive takes place in which Sweden captures Kexholm after an assault.


text: John Balliol, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King Edward I of England's demands for support in a planned invasion of France, the result being the negotiation of the Auld Alliance with France and Norway in the following year. These actions play a part in precipitating the Scottish Wars of Independence, which begin in 1296.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – Following the Papal election, 1292–94, Pope Celestine V succeeds Nicholas IV, becoming the 192nd pope.


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Pope Boniface VIII succeeds Pope Celestine V, becoming the 193rd pope, after Celestine V abdicates the papacy on December 13, only five months after reluctantly accepting his surprise election on July 5, wishing to return to his life as an ascetic hermit.


text: Edward I of England and Philip the Fair of France declare war on each other. To finance this war, both kings lay taxes on the clergy. Pope Boniface VIII insists that kings gain papal consent for taxation of the clergy, and forbids churchmen to pay taxes.


text: Strata Florida Abbey is rebuilt; it had been destroyed some years earlier, during King Edward I of England's conquest of Wales.


text: Architect Arnolfo di Cambio designs Florence Cathedral (Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore, better known simply as Il Duomo); he also begins work on the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence.


date: June 18

text: June 18 or June 19 – Charles IV of France (d. 1328)


text: date unknown – Kusunoki Masashige, Japanese samurai (d. 1336)


text: Joan of Valois, Countess of Hainaut (d. 1342)


text: John, Duke of Durazzo (d. 1336)


date: February 18

text: February 18 – Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire (b. 1215)


text: February 18 – Kublai Khan dies; by this time the separation of the four khanates of the Mongol Empire (the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Golden Horde in Russia, the Ilkhanate in Persia, and the Yuan Dynasty in China) has deepened.

source_section: Events › Asia


date: May 3

text: May 3 – John I, Duke of Brabant


date: June 12

text: June 12 – John I of Brienne, Count of Eu


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania


text: Brunetto Latini, Florentine philosopher (b. c. 1220)


text: Dmitri of Pereslavl, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal


text: Emperor Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Treaty of Anagni: Pope Boniface VIII arranges a peace treaty between King Philip IV of France ("the Fair"), Charles II of Naples ("the Lame"), and James II of Majorca. James returns Sicily to the Papal States, seeking to bring peace between the Capetian House of Anjou and the Kingdom of Sicily; the effort is in vain. Boniface is determined to put an end to the War of the Sicilian Vespers, because he wants to declare a new Crusade for the reconquest of the Holy Land.


date: October 23

text: October 23 – The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance ("Old Alliance"), between Scotland and France against England, is signed in Paris by Kings John Balliol and Philip IV.


date: November 13

text: November 13 – King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") summons the Model Parliament to Westminster, the composition of which serves as a model for later parliaments. The parliament agrees that a tax can be raised to allow him to launch campaigns against France and the rebellious Scots for the forthcoming year.

source_section: Events › By place › Britain


text: King Jayavarman VIII is overthrown after a 52-year reign. He is succeeded by his son-in-law Indravarman III as ruler of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia).


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Battle of Maes Moydog: English forces led by William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick defeat the Welsh rebels (some 700 men), near the modern-day town of Llanfair Caereinion in Wales. In a night attack on the Welsh infantry, William uses cavalry to drive them into compact formations, which are then shot up by his archers. Madog ap Llywelyn, proclaimed "Prince of Wales", and the remnants of his army are routed and retreat across the Banwy River, in which many drown.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – War of Curzola: Genoese raids on the Venetian quarter in Constantinople lead to a formal declaration of war with the Republic of Venice. A Venetian fleet (some 40 war galleys) attacks Galata, the quarter of the Genoese merchants. Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos arrests surviving Venetians in the capital and joins the war with the Republic of Genoa.


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Mongol leader Baydu Khan is executed after a 7-month reign at Tabriz. He is succeeded by Ghazan, who becomes ruler of the Ilkhanate. He converts to Islam, ending a line of Vajrayana (Tantric Buddhist) leaders.


text: Marco Polo returns to Venice after 24 years of travel in China. When the Polos arrive, Venice is engaged in a naval war with the rival city of Genoa. Marco joins the war and arms a galley equipped with a trebuchet.


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Przemysł II is crowned king of Poland at Gniezno, the first coronation of a Polish ruler in 219 years. Przemysł travels to Pomerelia where he confirms the privileges of the monasteries in Oliwa and Żarnowiec. He also visits other major cities: Gdańsk, Tczew and Świecie. In August, Przemysł returns to Greater Poland but in October he travels again to Gdańsk.


text: Construction begins on Beaumaris Castle in Anglesey under the direction of James of Saint George as part of the conquest of Wales by Edward I.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Henry Suso, German priest, mystic and writer (d. 1366)


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Elizabeth de Clare, English noblewoman (d. 1360)


text: Hōjō Moritoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (shikken) (d. 1333)


text: Reinald II of Guelders ("the Black"), Dutch nobleman and regent (d. 1343)


text: Giovanni Colonna, Italian cardinal (House of Colonna) (d. 1348)


text: Catherine of Austria, German noblewoman and princess (d. 1323)


text: Nijō Tameakira, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1364)


text: Odo IV of Burgundy (or Eudes), French nobleman and knight (d. 1349)


text: John of Montfort, French nobleman (House of Montfort) (d. 1345)


text: Reynold Cobham, English nobleman and diplomat (d. 1361)


text: Nicephorus Gregoras, Byzantine historian and writer (d. 1360)


text: Robert de Eglesfield, English nobleman and chaplain (d. 1349)


text: Vitalis of Assisi, Italian Benedictine monk and hermit (d. 1370)


text: Joanna of Flanders, Flemish noblewoman and regent (d. 1374)


date: January 2

text: January 2 – Agnes of Baden, Duchess of Carinthia, German noblewoman (b. 1250)

source_section: Deaths


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Bayan of the Baarin, Mongol general (b. 1236)


text: March 21 – Gaykhatu, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. 1259)


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Robert V de Brus, Scottish nobleman (b. 1215)


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Baldwin of Avesnes, French nobleman (b. 1219)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – King Sancho IV of Castile ("the Brave") dies of a fatal illness (possibly tuberculosis), after a 11-year reign at Toledo. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old son Ferdinand IV ("the Summoned") as ruler of Castile and León. In the Cortes at Valladolid, Henry of Castile the Senator is appointed guardian of Ferdinand, while Queen María de Molina becomes his regent. During the summer, Ferdinand is betrothed to the 5-year-old Princess Constance of Portugal. Hostilities between Castile and King Denis of Portugal ("the Poet King") are ended by a peace agreement.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Pietro Peregrosso, Italian scholar and cardinal


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Ottone Visconti, Italian canon and archbishop


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Charles Martel, titular king of Hungary (b. 1271)


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Ruggieri degli Ubaldini, Italian archbishop


text: October 4 – Baydu, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. 1255)


date: November 10

text: November 10 – Nicholas Segrave, 1st Baron Segrave, English nobleman (b. 1238)


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, English nobleman (b. 1243)


date: December 20

text: December 20 – Margaret of Provence, queen consort of France (b. 1221)


date: April 12

text: April 12 – King Mangrai the Great of Ngoenyang establishes a new capital by founding Chiangmai, and founds the Mangrai Dynasty, that will rule the Lanna Kingdom of Chiangmai from 1296 to 1578 (the 700th Anniversary Stadium will be built in remembrance of this foundation).

source_section: Events › January–December


date: March 30

text: March 30 – Capture of Berwick: King Edward I of England storms and captures Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking what is at this time a Scottish border town, with much bloodshed. He slaughters most of the residents, including those who flee to the churches.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Battle of Dunbar: John Balliol's Scottish army is defeated by an English army commanded by John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey.


text: Boniface of Verona expels the Byzantines from their last remaining strongholds on Euboea.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


text: approximate date – Tarabya, self-proclaimed king of Pegu, is defeated in single combat on war elephants by Wareru.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull, Clericis laicos, stating that, without authority from the Holy See, Kings and other monarchs couldn't take income from the church. This bull was made in retaliation against King Philip IV raising taxes on the church


text: Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan spends a year at the court of Khmer King Indravarman III at Angkor, and pens a journal setting forth his observations.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – The formal coronation of Alauddin Khalji as Sultan of Delhi takes place, and he takes the regnal name Muhammad Shah I.


date: August 10

text: August 10 – "Blind" King John I of Bohemia (d. 1346)


date: December

text: December – Marjorie Bruce, Scottish princess, only daughter of Robert I of Scotland (d. 1316)


text: Roland of Sicily, Italian nobleman (d. 1361)


text: Shi Naian, Chinese author (d. 1370)


text: Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica (d. 1359)


text: Algirdas, ruler of Lithuania (d. 1377)


text: Blanche of Burgundy, queen consort of France (d. 1326)


text: Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (d. 1327)


date: February 8

text: February 8 – King Przemysł II of Poland (b. 1257)


date: March 11

text: March 11 – John le Romeyn, Archbishop of York


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Odon de Pins, French Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Agnes of Bohemia, Duchess of Austria (b. 1269)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Pope Celestine V (b. 1215)


date: May

text: May – William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III of England (b. 1245)


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Count Floris V of Holland (b. 1254)


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji dies, and his nephew and son-in-law Ala-Ud-Din-Khalji comes to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in Hindustan, becoming the most powerful ruler of his dynasty.


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Heinrich II von Rotteneck, prince-bishop of Regensburg


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Count Hugh of Brienne, French crusader


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Guillaume Durand, French canonist and writer


text: Isabella of Mar, Scottish countess, spouse of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland


text: Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji, founder of the Khalji dynasty in India


text: Boniface VIII attempts to end the rivalry between Genoa and Pisa over the Tyrrhenian islands of Sardinia and Corsica, naming King James II of Aragon ("the Just") as regent of the islands.


text: Treaty of Alcañices: Kings Denis of Portugal ("the Poet King") and 11-year-old Ferdinand IV of Castile ("the Summoned") (under the guidance of his mother, Queen-Regent Maria de Molina) sign a treaty between Portugal and Castile, which establishes an alliance of friendship and mutual defense, leading to a peace of 40 years between the two kingdoms.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Guelph forces, led by the Genoese leader François Grimaldi (il Malizia), storm and capture the Rock of Monaco. François, disguised as a Franciscan friar, gains entry to the city, and opens the gates for his soldiers. He seizes the castle with his stepson Rainier I, an event that is commemorated on the coat of arms of Monaco. Rainier becomes the first sovereign ruler of the House of Grimaldi in Monaco; he rules initially until 1301, but the family will be ruling there into the 21st century.


text: May – William Wallace, Scottish rebel leader, leads an uprising against the English at Lanark and kills Sheriff William Hesselrig. He joins with William Douglas the Hardy, the first Scottish nobleman in rebellion – combining forces at Sanquhar, Durisdeer and Scone Abbey (known as the Raid on Scone) in June. Later, Wallace captures the English treasury at Scone to finance the rebellion against Edward I of England.

source_section: Events › By place › British Isles


date: September 11

text: September 11 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scottish forces (some 6,000 men) led by Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeat an English army under John de Warenne at Stirling on the Forth.


date: October

text: October–November – Scottish forces led by William Wallace begin raids in Northumberland and Cumberland. During a ceremony at Selkirk, Wallace is knighted and appointed Guardian of Scotland. (Contradicts First Scottish War of Independence that cites William Wallace as having been made a knight and Guardian of Scotland in March, 1298)


text: Winter – Edward I of England accepts a truce proposed by King Philip IV of France ("the Fair") and leaves Flanders. He returns to London and prepares a campaign against William Wallace in Scotland.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Edward I of England leads an expedition to Flanders. He moves with an army (some 8,000 men) supported by 800 knights to Ghent and makes the city his base of operations in Flanders.


text: Summer – Edward I of England orders a punitive expedition against the rebellious Scots. At Roxburgh, an army of some 9,000 men (including 2,000 cavalry) led by John de Warenne is assembled. Meanwhile, William Wallace leaves the forest of Selkirk with reinforcements and turns his attention north of the River Forth.


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Stefano Colonna, Italian chief magistrate and papal official, captures the treasure of the tomb of Caecilia Metella near Rome, which is sent by the rival Caetani family to Pope Boniface VIII.


date: July

text: July – In Scotland, a group of nobles forms a confederacy (organized by Robert Wishart, bishop of Glasgow), but are defeated by English troops at Irvine. An agreement of submission to Edward I of England is signed by the future Scottish king Robert the Bruce and other Scottish leaders.


text: A Portuguese Water Dog is first described in a monk's report of a drowning sailor, who has been pulled from the sea by a dog.


date: April 14

text: April 14 – King Edward I of England makes an appeal outside Westminster Hall for support for the war against France. He apologizes for the high tax demands he has previously levied. Edward asks the Barons (some 1,500 knights) to swear allegiance to his 12-year-old son, Prince Edward of Caernarfon. Aware of the dangers of the opposition to his power, Edward appears before a large crowd and receives total loyalty.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Arnošt of Pardubice, Czech archbishop and advisor (d. 1364)


text: March 25 – Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1341)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Tarabya I of Sagaing, Burmese ruler (Myinsaing Kingdom) (d. 1339)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Hanazono, Japanese emperor and poet (d. 1348)


text: Ingeborg Eriksdottir, Norwegian princess and co-regent (d. 1357)


text: Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell, English nobleman, governor and knight (d. 1349)


text: Isabella of Sabran, Spanish noblewoman and princess (d. 1315)


text: Yanagiwara Sukeakira, Japanese nobleman (kugyō) (d. 1353)


text: Bernardo Canaccio, Italian nobleman, poet and writer (d. 1360)


text: Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, German nobleman and prince (House of Welf) (d. 1361)


text: Mary de Monthermer (or MacDuff), English noblewoman (d. 1371)


text: Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman, Marinid ruler of Morocco (d. 1351)


text: Charles II, Count of Alençon ("Magnanimous"), French nobleman and knight (d. 1346)


text: Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania (House of Gediminids) (d. 1382)


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Florent of Hainaut, Latin prince of Achaea (b. 1255)


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Margaret of Cortona, Italian nun and saint (b. 1247)


date: April 7

text: April 7 – Siegfried II of Westerburg, German nobleman and archbishop (b. 1258)


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Judith of Habsburg, Bohemian queen consort (b. 1271)


date: June 11

text: June 11 – Jeguk (Jangmok), Korean princess and queen consort (b. 1259)


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Bérard de Got, French cardinal, bishop and diplomat


date: July 11

text: July 11 – King Louis IX of France (died 1270) is canonized by Boniface VIII. Louis a devout Christian of the Catholic Church, banned during his reign prostitution, gambling, blasphemy and judicial duels.


text: August 14 – Frederick III, Burgrave of Nuremberg, German nobleman and knight (b. 1220)


date: August 16

text: August 16 – John II, Byzantine emperor of Trebizond (b. 1262)


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Simon de Beaulieu, French nobleman and bishop


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Louis of Toulouse, Neapolitan archbishop (b. 1274)


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Battle of Furnes: French forces under Robert II defeat the Flemings at Veurne. During the battle, Robert's son Philip of Artois is gravely wounded and dies a year later of his wounds.


date: September 11

text: September 11 – Hugh de Cressingham, English advisor and knight


text: Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas, Latin ruler (despot) of Epirus


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Emperor Fushimi abdicates the throne after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son Go-Fushimi as the 93rd emperor of Japan (until 1301).

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Battle of Turaida: Forces of the Livonian Order are decisively defeated near Turaida Castle by the residents of Riga, allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Vytenis. After their defeat, the Livonians receive reinforcements from the Teutonic Order and defeat the residents of Riga and Lithuanians near Neuermühlen, on June 28. The knights proceed with their campaign, and besiege and capture Riga. In response, King Eric VI of Denmark ("Menved") threatens to invade Livonia, but a truce is reached and the conflict is mediated by Pope Boniface VIII.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – Battle of Göllheim: German forces of Duke Albert I defeat King Adolf of Nassau at Göllheim over the prince electors' decision, without electoral act – to dethrone Adolf and proclaim Albert the new ruler of Germany at Frankfurt, on July 27. During the battle, Adolf is killed and his army is destroyed with the loss of 3,000 horses.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – First War of Scottish Independence: Battle of Falkirk – English forces (some 15,000 men) led by Edward I defeat a Scottish army led by William Wallace at Falkirk. During the battle, the English knights drive off the Scottish horse and archers, but cannot break the pikemen in the center. The Scottish pikemen are formed in four great "hedgehogs" (known as schiltron) but are destroyed by English longbow archers.


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Battle of Curzola: The Genoese fleet (some 80 galleys) led by Admiral Lamba Doria defeats the Venetian fleet at Curzola. The disaster is almost complete for Venice: 83 of the 95 galleys are destroyed and some 7,000 men are killed. During the battle, Marco Polo, commanding one of the Venetian ships, is captured.


text: Mongol invasion of India (1297–1298): Mongol forces led by Qutlugh Khwaja invade the Sindh region of the Delhi Sultanate and occupy the castle of Sivistan (modern Pakistan). Sultan Alauddin Khalji sends an army under Zafar Khan, who defeats the Mongols, on February 6. Some 20,000 Mongols are killed in the ensuing battle. The survivors are put into chains and brought to Delhi, where they are trampled to death by elephants.


text: After a year's siege, the revolting Italian commune of Palestrina near Rome surrenders to the Papal forces, razed to the ground and salted by order of Boniface VIII, in an act of debellatio.


text: Summer – First War of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") marches from Newcastle upon Tyne with his household to Alnwick and then by way of Chillingham to Roxburgh in Scotland, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at Kirkliston, to the west of Edinburgh, where he remains from July 15 to July 20. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to Leith.


text: Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome and Pope Gregory I are named the first Doctors of the Church. They are known collectively as the Great Doctors of the Western Church.


text: Pope Boniface VIII issues the decretal Periculoso, requiring all nuns to be in enclosed orders.


text: The foreign creditors of the Sienese Gran Tavola Bank start demanding their deposits back, thus accelerating the liquidity crisis faced by the firm.

source_section: Events › By topic › Markets


text: Wang Zhen, Chinese inventor and politician, invents a wooden movable type printing (Bi Sheng invented ceramic movable type in the 11th century).

source_section: Events › By topic › Technology


date: August 1

text: August 1 – The "ideal city" of Marciac in southern France is founded by King Philip IV ("the Fair") and his Seneschal Guichard de Marzé (or Marciac).

source_section: Events › By topic › Cities and towns


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Robert Ufford, English nobleman and admiral (d. 1369)


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Gongwon, Korean queen consort of Goryeo (d. 1380)


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Albert II, Duke of Austria ("the Lame"), German nobleman (d. 1358)


text: Angelo Acciaioli, Italian nobleman, cleric, friar and bishop (d. 1357)


text: Kunigunde of Poland, Polish princess (House of Piast) (d. 1331)


text: Elizabeth of Carinthia, Sicilian queen consort and regent (d. 1352)


text: Edmond de Burgh, Norman nobleman (House of Burgh) (d. 1338)


text: Qvarqvare I, Georgian nobleman and prince (mtavari) (d. 1361)


text: Zhou Boqi, Chinese magistrate, calligrapher and poet (d. 1369)


text: Peter I of Dreux, French nobleman (House of Dreux) (d. 1345)


text: Everhard II of Limburg, German nobleman and co-ruler (d. 1344)


text: Charles of Calabria, Italian nobleman and Vicar-General (d. 1328)


text: Andrew Murray, Scottish nobleman, knight and politician (d. 1338)


text: Bernat II de Cabrera, Aragonese nobleman and diplomat (d. 1364)


date: January 2

text: January 2 – Lodomer, Hungarian prelate and archbishop


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Peter John Olivi, French theologian (b. 1248)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Siegfried I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince (House of Ascania)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Albrecht II, Count of Hohenberg-Rotenburg, German nobleman and governor (b. 1235)


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Frederick VI, Count of Zollern, German nobleman, knight and co-ruler


text: July 2 – Adolf of Nassau, king of Germany (House of Nassau)


date: July 13

text: July 13 or July 16 – Jacobus de Voragine, Italian archbishop


text: July 22 – John de Graham, Scottish nobleman (Clan Graham)


text: July 22 – John Stewart, Scottish nobleman (Clan Stewart)


text: July 22 – Macduff of Fife, Scottish nobleman (Clan MacDuff)


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Thoros III (or Toros), king of Cilician Armenia (b. 1271)


text: August 1 – Mordechai ben Hillel, German Jewish rabbi (b. 1250)


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar, daughter of Edward I (b. 1269)


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, English nobleman (b. 1249)


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Kingston upon Hull is granted city status in England by royal charter of Edward I.


date: July 27

text: July 27 – Osman I (or Othman) declares the Anatolian beylik (principality) to be independent of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, originating the Ottoman Empire. Osman becomes the founder and the first ruler, with Söğüt as the capital, which will last until the 1920s.


date: July 31

text: July 31 – Pisa and Genoa agree to a thirty-year truce. Part of the treaty includes the end of the Pisan military support to Genoa's enemies in Corsica.


text: The Kingdom of Singapura is founded by Sang Nila Utama, a Srivijaya prince. Upon his coronation, he adopts the official title Sri Tri Buana (translated as "Lord of Three Worlds").


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Sultan Alauddin Khalji orders the army (some 35,000 men) to prepare for the march to Gujarat. One part of the army under Nusrat Khan starts its march from Delhi. Another part, led by Ulugh Khan, marches from Sindh and attacks Jaisalmer along the way. When the army returns from raiding Gujarat, Mongol soldiers stage a mutiny over payment of khums (one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny is crushed, the mutineer families in Delhi are punished and executed.


date: May 10

text: May 10 – King Kyawswa of Pagan and his son, Crown Prince Theingapati, are executed at Myinsaing, by the three brothers of the Myinsaing Kingdom (nominally Kyawswa's viceroys), for submitting and being a vassal to the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (since 1297).


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Battle of Falconaria: Sicilian forces under King Frederick II defeat Philip I of Taranto. During the battle, Philip is taken prisoner.


date: December 22

text: December 22–23 – Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar: Mongol forces under Ghazan Khan defeat a Mamluk army (some 30,000 men) north of Homs. Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad flees with the remnants of his army to Damascus. Ghazan splits his forces, one part sacks Damascus and besieges the citadel. Another part pursues the retreating Mamluks as far as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


date: December

text: December – Mongol forces (some 10,000 men) led by Ghazan Khan cross the Euphrates River and invade Syria. They continue south, and successfully take Aleppo. There, Ghazan is joined by forces from his vassal state of Cilician Armenia. King Hethum II leads the Armenian army (which includes Templar and Hospitaller knights). He participates during the Mongol offensive and regains all the Armenian territories which have previously been lost to the Mamluks.


text: William Wallace accompanied by a Scottish retinue goes abroad to France on a diplomatic mission, evidently to canvas support for the kingship of John Balliol.


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull "Scimus, Fili" condemning Edward I of England's invasion and occupation of Scotland.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: The spinning wheel is now in widespread use in England for manufacturing woolen yarn.

source_section: Events › By topic › Science and technology


text: King Edward I of England is recorded as borrowing from Italian merchants. He obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks, from agents of the Frescobaldi Firm in London.


text: Approximate date – Rustichello da Pisa completes taking down The Travels of Marco Polo from Marco while they are both imprisoned in Genoa.

source_section: Events › By topic › Literature


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Edward I of England ("Longshanks") marries the 19-year-old Margaret of France, the half-sister of King Philip IV ("the Fair").


text: Southampton Old Bowling Green is established in Southampton. It is the oldest surviving bowling green.


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Henry the Friendly, German nobleman and knight (d. 1327)

source_section: Births


date: June 24

text: June 24 – John de Verdon, English nobleman and knight (d. 1376)


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Ralph de Greystoke, English landowner (d. 1323)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Elizabeth de Comyn, English noblewoman (d. 1372)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Alfonso IV ("the Gentle"), king of Aragon (d. 1336)


text: Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse ("the Iron"), German nobleman and regent (d. 1376)


text: Akashi Kakuichi, Japanese Buddhist monk and musician (d. 1371)


text: Galeotto I Malatesta, Italian nobleman and knight (condottiero) (d. 1385)


text: Dmitry of Tver, Russian nobleman and Grand Prince (d. 1326)


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Lajin, Egyptian ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate


text: May 10 – Theingapati, Burmese prince and heir (Pagan Kingdom)


text: May 10 – Kyawswa, Burmese ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (b. 1260)


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Daumantas of Pskov, Lithuanian prince (b. 1240)


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Battle of Cape Orlando: An Aragonese-Angevin fleet (some 60 galleys) led by Admiral Roger of Lauria defeats a Sicilian fleet near Sicily. During the battle, the larger Aragonese fleet is trapped on a lee shore, but can exploit the situation with the intervention of its 6 reserve galleys. The Sicilians flee when the flagship, with King Frederick III of Sicily on board, pulls back after he collapses from heat exhaustion. Lauria captures 18 Sicilian ships, and orders the massacre of their crews to avenge the death of his nephew at the hands of Frederick.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Eric II (Magnusson), king of Norway (b. 1268)


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Wolfert I van Borselen, Dutch nobleman and regent


text: August 15 – Henry of Newark, English clerk and archbishop


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Nicolas de Nonancourt, French chancellor


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Jakuen, Japanese disciple and scholar (b. 1207)


date: November 10

text: November 10 – John I, count of Holland, dies and is succeeded by his uncle John II. He establishes a personal union with the County of Hainaut.


text: November 10 – John I of Holland, Dutch nobleman (b. 1284)


date: November 19

text: November 19 – Mechtilde, German noblewoman and mystic


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Margaret of Anjou, French noblewoman (b. 1272)


year_label: 13 CE

text: Abgarus of Edessa is reinstalled as king of Osroene.

source_section: Events › 13 AD › Roman Empire


text: The Senate passes a senatus consultum restricting the reduced Vigintisexviri to the Ordo Equester.


text: Ovid publishes books 1-3 of his Epistulae ex Ponto.


text: Emperor Augustus initiates his third census of the Roman Empire after 20 years.


text: Strabo publishes his book on the shape of the Earth.

source_section: Events › 13 AD › Greece


text: Casperius Aelianus, Roman praetorian prefect (d. AD 98)

source_section: Births › 13 AD


text: Gaius Silius, Roman politician (d. AD 48)


text: Wang Zhengjun, Chinese empress (b. 71 BC)

source_section: Deaths › 13 AD


text: Quintus Pedius, Roman (deaf) painter (approximate date)


text: The Scythian king Rudradaman I reconquers the lands annexed by Gautamiputra from the Andhra.


text: Huviska becomes king of the Kushan Empire in India.


text: Emperor Hadrian visits the cities Petra and Gerasa (Jerash).

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: A Triumphal Arch for Hadrian is built in Gerasa.


text: Construction begins on Canopus, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy.


text: Claudius Ptolemaeus tabulates angles of refraction for several media.

source_section: Events › By topic › Arts and sciences


text: c. 130–138 – Hadrian Hunting Boar and Sacrificing to Apollo, sculptural reliefs on the Arch of Constantine, Rome, are made.


text: c. 130–138 – Antinous, from Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, Italy, is made. It is now kept at Museo Gregoriano Egizio, Rome.


text: The Antinous Mondragone is sculpted.


text: A law is passed in Rome banning the execution of slaves without a trial.


text: The Temple of Olympian Zeus is completed at Athens.


date: December 15

text: December 15 – Lucius Verus, Roman emperor (d. 169)


text: Irenaeus, Greek bishop and saint (d. 202)


text: Avidius Cassius, Roman general and usurper (d. 175)


text: Faustina the Younger, Roman empress


date: October 30

text: October 30 – Antinous, lover of Hadrian (b. 111)

source_section: Deaths


text: Juvenal, Roman poet and satirist


text: Carpocrates, religious philosopher


text: Marinus of Tyre, Greek cartographer


text: Publius Juventius Celsus, Roman jurist (b. AD 67)


text: Emperor Keikō of Japan, according to legend.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Roger Clifford, English nobleman and knight (d. 1322)


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Chūgan Engetsu, Japanese poet and writer (d. 1375)


date: February 1

text: February 1 – Bolko II of Ziębice, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1341)


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Constance of Aragon, Aragonese princess (infanta) (d. 1327)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Thomas of Brotherton, English nobleman and prince (d. 1338)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Adolf of the Rhine, German nobleman (d. 1327)


date: October 9

text: October 9 – John de Grey, English nobleman and knight (d. 1359)


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Khutughtu Khan Kusala, Mongol emperor (d. 1329)


text: Jeanne de Clisson, French noblewoman and privateer (d. 1359)


text: Guillaume de Machaut, French priest, poet and composer (d. 1377)


text: Gerard III, Dutch nobleman, knight, bailiff and rebel leader (d. 1358)


text: Thomas Bradwardine, English archbishop and theologian (d. 1349)


text: Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro, Italian bishop and theologian (d. 1342)


text: Johannes Tauler, German preacher, mystic and theologian (d. 1361)


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Isabella of Lusignan, French noblewoman (b. 1224)


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Munio of Zamora, Spanish friar and bishop (b. 1237)


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Gerard Segarelli, Italian founder of the Apostolic Brethren


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, English nobleman (b. 1249)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Juliana FitzGerald, Lady of Thomond, Norman noblewoman (b. 1263)


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Bartolo da San Gimignano, Italian priest (b. 1228)


text: Güneri of Karaman, Turkish nobleman (bey) (House of Karamanid)


text: Trần Hưng Đạo, Vietnamese Grand Prince and statesman (b. 1228)


text: Demetrios Pepagomenos, Byzantine physician, scientist and writer


text: Berengaria of Castile, Lady of Guadalajara, Spanish noblewoman and princess (b. 1253)


text: Kangan Giin, Japanese Buddhist scholar and Zen Master (b. 1217)


text: Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet and friend of Dante Alighieri (b. 1250)


text: Herman VIII, Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim, German nobleman and co-ruler (House of Zähringen)


text: Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel, German nobleman, knight and co-ruler (House of Ascania)


date: March 2

text: March 2 – (Shōan 3, 21st day of the 1st month) Emperor Go-Fushimi abdicates the throne after a 2½-year reign. He is succeeded by his 15-year-old cousin, Go-Nijō, as the 94th emperor of Japan. Go-Nijō will reign until 1308.

source_section: Events › January– March


date: September 16

text: September 16 – In Spain, the Emirate of Granada, ruled by Muhammad al-Faqih, and the Crown of Aragon, ruled by Jaime II the Just sign a military agreement to fight against the Kingdom of Castile and to capture the port of Tarifa. "Finalment, el tractat fou signat per Jaume II ale 16 de setembre de 1301, amb contingut practicament igual que la proposta que ja hem comentat del rei de Granada." ("Finally, the treaty was signed by James II on September 16, 1301, with practically the same content as the proposal we have already commented on from the King of Granada.")

source_section: Events › July– September


date: January 25

text: January 25 – Second Mongol invasion of Burma: The forces of Temür Khan, Mongol leader who also serves as the Emperor Chengzong of China, reach Myinsaing, capital of the Myinsaing Kingdom in central Burma, and begin a siege of the city that will last for almost three months before the invasion leaders are paid to leave.


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Second Mongol invasion of Burma: Five weeks after beginning the siege of Myinsaing with no success, the Mongol invaders launch a major assault, but the Burmese defenders continue their defense for 12 days, leading to a truce.


date: March 12

text: March 12 – Second Mongol invasion of Burma: After seven weeks of a stalemate, the Mongols and the Burmese begin negotiations for a truce.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Second Mongol invasion of Burma: The three Bagan brothers (Athinkhaya, Yazathingyan and Thihathu) who rule the Burmese Kingdom of Myinsaing reach an agreement for Mongol leader Temür Khan and his officers to be paid 800 taels (30 kg) of gold and 2200 taels (83 kg) of silver in return for ending the invasion and returning to Mongolia.

source_section: Events › April– June


date: April 10

text: April 10 – In the Principality of Monaco, the first Grimaldi family ruler, Rainier I, is forced to flee as troops from the Republic of Genoa besiege the Monacans. The Genoese rule will last for more than 30 years, until September 12, 1331.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – First War of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England launches his sixth campaign into Scotland, crossing into Berwickshire from Northumberland.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – The English Army, commanded by King Edward I, reaches Glasgow.


date: September 2

text: September 2 – In their invasion of Scotland, English troops under the command of Prince Edward of Caernarfon and Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, capture Turnberry Castle in Carrick, the headquarters of the Bruces.


text: Spring – Sultan Osman I calls for a military campaign to strike deep into Byzantine Bithynia. During the campaign, Ottoman forces capture the towns of İnegöl and Yenişehir. The later town will be transformed into a capital city, as Osman moves his administration and personal household within its walls. By the end of the year, Ottoman forces begin blockading the major Byzantine city of Nicaea.

source_section: Events › By place › Middle East


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Nicola Boccasini, who will become Pope Benedict XI in 1303, begins his duties as the Roman Catholic apostolic legate to Hungary, having been appointed as the personal representative of Pope Boniface VIII.


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Charles of Valois, son of the late King Philip III ("Philip the Bold"), is summoned to Italy by Pope Boniface VIII to restore peace between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. He enters Florence, and allows the Neri ("Black Guelphs") to return to the city. Charles installs a new government under Cante dei Gabrielli as Chief Magistrate (podestà), leading to the permanent exile of Dante Alighieri, Italian poet and philosopher, from the city.

source_section: Events › October– December


date: December 5

text: December 5 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull Ausculta Fili ("Listen, my son"), accusing King Philip IV of France ("Philip the Fair") of malfeasance of office.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Indian forces under Sultan Alauddin Khalji capture Ranthambore Fortress. During the siege, General Nusrat Khan Jalesari is hit and killed by a manjaniq stone.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – (Shoan, 22nd day of the 8th month) Hojo Morotoki becomes the 10th regent for the Kamakura shogunate of Japan.


date: February 7

text: February 7 – The 16-year-old Prince Edward of Caernarfon, son and heir of King Edward I ("Edward Longshanks"), becomes the first English Prince of Wales and is also granted the royal lands in Wales.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – After an attempt in the spring to have Prince Charles of Anjou succeed the late Andrew III as King of Hungary, the Diet of Hungary votes to declare his coronation invalid, in that Charles was not proclaimed king at Székesfehérvár and never received the Crown of Saint Stephen.


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Wenceslaus III of Bohemia is crowned as King of Hungary under the regnal name King Vencel, receiving the Crown of Saint Stephen in a ceremony at Székesfehérvár.


date: December 6

text: December 6 – In Spain, Ferdinand IV of Castile reaches the age of 16 and is proclaimed of the age of majority to be crowned as King of Castile and as King of León. Ferdinand IV had become the nominal monarch at age 9, under the regency of his mother, María de Molina.


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Henry Percy, English nobleman, governor and knight (d. 1352)


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Morikuni, Japanese prince, shogun and puppet ruler (d. 1333)


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Otto I ("Otto the Merry"), Austrian nobleman and co-ruler (d. 1339)


text: August 5 – Edmund of Woodstock, English nobleman and prince (d. 1330)


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Ralph de Stafford, English nobleman and knight (d. 1372)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Thomas de Monthermer, English nobleman and knight (d. 1340)


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Aleksandr Mikhailovich, Russian Grand Prince (d. 1339)


text: Rudolf II, German nobleman and knight (House of Zähringen) (d. 1352)


text: Nitta Yoshisada, Japanese nobleman, general and samurai (d. 1338)


text: Ni Zan, Chinese nobleman, painter, musician and tea master (d. 1374)


text: Ingeborg of Norway, Norwegian princess and de facto ruler (d. 1361)


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Andrew III ("Andrew the Venetian"), king of Hungary (b. 1265)


text: January 14 – With the death of King Andrew III ("the Venetian") after a short illness, possibly from poisoning, the Árpád Dynasty in Hungary ends. This results in a power struggle between Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Otto III of Bavaria, and Charles Robert of Naples. Eventually, Wenceslaus is elected and crowned as king of Hungary and Croatia. His rule is only nominal, because a dozen powerful Hungarian nobles hold sway over large territories in the kingdom.


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Pietro Gerra, Italian cleric, archbishop and patriarch


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Asukai Gayū, Japanese nobleman and poet (b. 1241)


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Guillaume de Champvent, Swiss nobleman and bishop


date: May 7

text: May 7 – Hōjō Akitoki, Japanese military leader and poet (b. 1248)


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Giacomo Bianconi, Italian priest and scholar (b. 1220)


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Alberto I, Italian nobleman and Chief magistrate


text: September 3 – Bartolomeo I della Scala becomes the new Lord of Verona, at the time a city-state in Italy that included most of the Veneto region (with the exception of Venice), upon the death of his father Alberto.


date: October 6

text: October 6 – (2 Safar 701 AH) Abu Numayy I, Arabic ruler of the Emirate of Mecca, abdicates and is succeeded by two of his sons, Rumaythah and Humaydah. Abu Numayy dies two days later at the age of 69.


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Bolko I ("Bolko the Strict"), Polish nobleman and co-ruler dies and is succeeded by his three minor sons (Bernard, 10; Henry, 9; and Bolko II, 2), with his brother-in-law Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel to serve as regent.


date: November 19

text: November 19 – Johann III, Polish chaplain, bishop and diplomat


text: "False Margaret", Norwegian noblewoman and pretender (b. 1260)


text: Blasco I d'Alagona ("Blasc the Elder"), Aragonese nobleman and captain


date: January 26

text: January 26 – At the suggestion of France, and pursuant to the treaty signed between England and France at Asnières, King Edward I of England ("Edward Longshanks") and the Scottish nobles led by Robert the Bruce agree to a nine-month peace treaty at Linlithgow, to last until St. Andrew's Day, November 30, 1302.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: June 12

text: June 12 – The Baltic Sea town of Wesenberg in Danish Estonia (modern-day Rakvere) receives municipal self-government under the Hanseatic League doctrine of Lübeck law.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: August 31

text: August 31 – The Peace of Caltabellotta is signed between King Charles the Lame, King of Naples and King Frederick III of Sicily, ending the War of the Sicilian Vespers. The Kingdom of Sicily will pass to Angevin rule on Frederick's death, in return Charles pays a tribute of some 100,000 ounces of gold. Frederick hands over all his possessions in Calabria and releases Charles' son Philip I, prince of Taranto, from his prison in Cefalù.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: September

text: September – Roger de Flor, Italian military adventurer and knight (condottiere), founds the Catalan Company group of mercenaries, with soldiers (Almogavars) jobless after the Treaty of Caltabellotta.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – Flemish militia kill 2,000 French soldiers in the course of the Matins of Bruges, after Pieter de Coninck and Jan Breydel call on soldiers to kill all of the French occupiers of the city in Flanders. The French Governor of Flanders, Jacques de Châtillon, escapes with a handful of soldiers while disguised as a priest. He arrives in Paris to bring the news of the massacre to King Philip the Fair, who sends an army to capture the city.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Matteo I Visconti, Lord of Milan (Signore di Milano), the semi-independent Italian region within the Holy Roman Empire, is deposed by Guido della Torre, but will return in 1311.


date: July 11

text: July 11 – The Battle of the Golden Spurs takes place as France retaliates against Flanders for the May 18 Matins of Bruges massacre. Flemish forces led by William of Jülich ("William the Younger") and Pieter de Coninck defeat the French army (some 9,000 men) at Kortrijk in Flanders. The cavalry charges of the French prove unable to defeat the untrained Flemish infantry militia, consisting mainly of members of the craft guilds. Many French nobles (some 500 knights) are killed, like the commander Robert II of Artois, and forced to retreat.


date: July 27

text: July 27 – Battle of Bapheus: To counter the Turkish threat at Nicomedia, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sends a Byzantine force (some 2,000 men) to cross over the Bosporus to relieve the city. On the plain, Turkish forces (some 5,000 light cavalry) led by Sultan Osman I defeat the Byzantines, who are forced to withdraw to Nicomedia. After the battle, Andronikos loses control of the countryside of Bithynia, withdrawing to the forts. Meanwhile, Turkish forces capture Byzantine settlements, such as the coastal city of Gemlik.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – John Segrave is appointed to the custody of Berwick Castle, leaving him in charge with an English force of some 20,000 men. Robert, along with other nobles, gives his allegiance to Edward.


text: September 3 (1 Muharram 702 AH) – At the start of the new Muslim year 702 AH, Mamluk Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad sends a fleet of 20 galleys) to Tripoli of Lebanon, where Mamluk forces led by Kahardash al-Zarraq al-Mansuri, begin a blockade and siege.


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor, signs a peace treaty with the Republic of Venice, ending the Byzantine–Venetian War (1296–1302). The Venetians return most of their conquests – but keep the islands of Kea, Santorini, Serifos and Amorgos – which are retained by the privateers who have captured them. Andronikos agrees to repay the Venetians for their losses sustained during the massacre of Venetian residents (see 1296).

source_section: Events › October–December


date: December 10

text: December 10 – The Inuigin Era (Kengen) begins in Japan during the reign after the coronation of Emperor Gonijo.


date: February 10

text: February 10 – The papal bull Ausculta Fili is delivered to Philip the Fair, King of France, but Robert II, Count of Artois, snatches the document from Jacques de Normans, the emissary of Pope Boniface VIII and burns the paper in a fire.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – After learning of the rejection of the papal bull by King Philip of France, Pope Boniface VIII sends Cardinal Jean Lemoine to inform King Philip of the Pope's plans for an ecclesiastical council to control the appointment of French clergy.


date: April 10

text: April 10 – The first meeting of the Estates General in France is convened King Philip IV ("Philip the Fair") at the Notre-Dame in Paris. During the assembly, all three classes – the French nobles, clergy, and commons – discuss the conflict between Philip and Pope Boniface VIII over the papal legate, Bernard Saisset – who is accused to raise a rebellion of Occitan independence, associated with Navarre, under the banner of the County of Foix.


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Ghazan of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division sends a letter to Pope Boniface and announces preparations for a new campaign against the Mamluk Sultanate.


date: November 18

text: November 18 – Boniface VIII issues the papal bull Unam sanctam, which asserts the superiority of the papacy's spiritual power over secular rulers.


text: The Beijing Temple of Confucius is erected during the reign of Emperor Temür Khan (or "Chengzong") of the Chinese Yuan dynasty.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: January 23

text: January 23 – King Ferdinand IV of the Spanish Kingdom of Castile, having recently reached the age of majority at age 16, marries 12-year-old Princess Constance, the only daughter of King Dinis of Portugal, in a ceremony at Valladolid.


date: March

text: March – Robert the Bruce, the future King of Scotland marries as his second wife the 13-year-old Elizabeth de Burgh at Writtle in Essex. She is the daughter of Richard Óg de Burgh ("the Red Earl"), a powerful Irish nobleman and close friend of King Edward I of England.


date: May 17

text: May 17 – At the age of 12, Eleanor of Anjou, daughter of King Charles II of Naples, marries King Frederick III of Sicily.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – The coronation of Martha of Denmark, wife of Sweden's King Birger since 1298, as Queen consort of Sweden takes place in a ceremony at Söderköping.


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Andrew Corsini, Italian prelate and bishop (d. 1374)

source_section: Births


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Azzone Visconti, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1339)


text: Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen, Tibetan ruler and politician (d. 1364)


text: Fang Congyi, Chinese Daoist priest and landscape painter (d. 1393)


text: Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya, Indian Grand Mufti and writer (d. 1374)


text: Konoe Tsunetada, Japanese nobleman (kugyō) and regent (d. 1352)


text: Hōjō Sadayuki, Japanese nobleman, governor and samurai (d. 1333)


date: January 2

text: January 2 – In Germany, Henry II becomes the ruler of the independent nation of Mecklenburg (encompassing the modern-day northeastern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) upon the death of his father, Henry the Pilgrim. Henry II had served as regent from 1290 to 1298 during Henry the Pilgrim's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and had continued most of the administration of Mecklenburg after the return of his 68-year-old father.


date: January 19

text: January 19 – Al-Hakim I, Abbasid ruler (caliph) of Cairo (b. 1247)


date: January 20

text: January 20 – In Egypt, Al-Mustakfi I becomes the new Muslim Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, leader of Islam within the Mamluk Sultanate, upon the death of his father, the Caliph Al-Hakim I.


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Godfrey Giffard, English Lord Chancellor and bishop


date: February 19

text: February 19 – The Italian artist Cimabue completes construction of the image of John the Evangelist, a major portion of the mosaic Christ Enthroned, in the Pisa Cathedral, after 94 days. Cimabue dies shortly afterward, and the full mosaic will not be completed until 1320.


date: March 3

text: March 3 – Upon the death of Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix, who had founded the Co-principality of Andorra in 1278, Roger's son Count Gaston continues as the new French administrator on behalf of King Philip of France. The holder of the title Count of Foix will continue to be the French representative in Andorra, with almost 200 years of unbroken rule, until the death of Gaston IV in 1472.


text: March 3 – Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix, French nobleman and knight (b. 1243)


date: April 8

text: April 8 (8 Shaban 701 AH) – Sultan Muhammad II dies after a 29-year reign and is succeeded by his son Muhammad III as ruler of Granada. Within two weeks of his accession, he sends a Nasrid army under Hammu ibn Abd al-Haqq to seize Bedmar and other neighboring strongholds from Castile. Nasrid forces also attack Jódar, northeast of Bedmar, and recapture Quesada. Meanwhile, Muhammad contains friendly relations with King James II ("James the Just").


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Constance II of Sicily, queen and regent of Aragon (b. 1249)


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Blanche of Artois, queen consort and regent of Navarre (b. 1248)


date: July 11

text: July 11 (Battle of the Golden Spurs):


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Gertrude the Great, German mystic (b. 1256)


date: December 29

text: December 29 – Vitslav II, Prince of Rügen, Danish nobleman, knight and prince


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Theobald II of the House of Metz becomes the new Duke of Lorraine within the Holy Roman Empire after the death of his father, Frederick III.


date: May 20

text: May 20 – Treaty of Paris: King Philip the Fair of France signs a peace treaty with Edward Longshanks, King of England. According to the terms of the treaty, Gascony is restored to England – as well as the cities of Bordeaux and Bayonne. In return, Edward swears allegiance to Philip as his vassal and agrees that Philipp's daughter, Isabella of France, be married to his son Edward of Caernarfon, until she is old enough.


date: August

text: August – The 17-year-old King Ferdinand the Summoned, supervised by his mother, Queen-Regent María de Molina, signs a peace treaty at Córdoba with Granada for three years. In return, Muhammad III renews his vassalage with Castile and pays the same tribute given as to his father, the late King Sancho the Brave. The strategic port city of Tarifa remains in Castilian hands.


date: January 28

text: January 28 – In India, the siege of Chittorgarh, capital of the Medapata Kingdom (now in the state of Rajasthan), begins as the Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin Khalji, seeks to acquire the territory of the Medapata Emperor, Ratnasimha.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Battle of Roslin: Scottish forces (some 8,000 men) led by John Comyn III "the Red" and Simon Fraser ambush and defeat an English scouting party under John Segrave at Roslin. During the battle, the Scots attack the English camp, capturing Segrave and several other nobles. But a second English brigade manages to rescue Segrave in a pitched battle. Later, the English army is again defeated, according to sources they lose between 28,000 and 30,000 men.


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Battle of Arques: Flemish forces (some 10,000 men) led by William of Jülich ("the Younger") defeats a French army at Arques in Flanders. During the battle, the French cavalry (1,600 men) tries to break the Flemish infantry militia formations, but to no avail. Finally, the French withdraw to Saint-Omer, leaving 300 dead behind. Later, William receives a warm reception in Bruges as a liberator in May.


date: April 22

text: April 22 – Battle of Marj al-Saffar: Egyptian Mamluk forces (some 20,000 men) under Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad defeat a Mongol army and their Armenian allies led by Qutlugh-Shah, on the plain of Marj al-Saffar. After the battle, Egyptian forces enters Damascus and chases the Mongols as far as Al-Qaryatayn in Syria. Al-Nasir returns to Cairo in triumph through the Bab al-Nasr ("Victory Gate") with chained prisoners of war.


date: May 16

text: May 16 – King Edward I of England assembles 7,500 troops at Roxburgh to prepare for a resumption of his campaign against the Kingdom of Scotland, to begin after concluding peace between England and France. In advance of the invasion, Edward orders that three pre-fabricated pontoon bridges be built and transported, in a fleet of 27 ships. After crossing into Scotland, Edward and his soldiers burns hamlet and towns, granges and granaries. Meanwhile, Richard Óg de Burgh, "the Red Earl" with forces from Ireland capture the castles of Rothesay and Inverkip.


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Scottish nobles Edmund Comyn and Simon Fraser lead an invasion from Dumfriesshire in Scotland, crossing the border into England at Cumberland and laying waste to Carlisle and its surrounding area.


date: August 26

text: August 26 – Siege of Chittorgarh: Delhi forces led by Sultan Alauddin Khalji capture the massive Chittor Fort in northern India, after an 8-month-long siege. Alauddin orders a general massacre of Chittor's population.


date: September 16

text: September 16 – The Kagen era begins in Japan during the reign of the Emperor Gonijo.


date: September

text: September – Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos, facing a possible siege of Constantinople by Ottoman-Turkish forces, seeks support from the European kingdoms. He makes Roger de Flor, Italian military adventurer and nobleman, an offer of service. Roger with his fleet and army (some 7,000 men), now known as the Catalan Company, departs from Messina with 36 ships (including 18 galleys), and arrives in Constantinople. He is adopted into the imperial family, Andronikos appoints him as grand duke (megas doux) and commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army and fleet.


text: Mongol invasion of India: Mongol forces appear outside Delhi and begin the siege of the city. Alauddin Khalji and a Delhi vanguard army return to the capital, while the Delhi garrison resists assaults of the Mongols.

source_section: By place › Asia


text: Autumn – Battle of Dimbos: The Byzantine governors (tekfurs) of Prusa, Adranos, Kestel, and Ulubat begin a military campaign against the Ottoman-Turkish forces of Sultan Osman I. They attack the Ottoman capital city of Yenişehir and proceed to relieve Nicaea, which is under an Ottoman blockade. Osman musters a 5,000-strong army and defeats the Byzantine forces at a mountain pass near Yenişehir.

source_section: By place › Byzantine Empire


text: Autumn – Mongol forces lift the siege of Delhi after two months, they retreat with great plunder and war booty. Meanwhile, Alauddin Khaliji orders to strengthen border fortresses along the Mongol routes to India.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – John XII is forced to resign as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church after the January 17 earthquake.


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Pope Boniface VIII founds the University of Rome with the papal bull In Supremae praeminentia Dignitatis, as a Studium for ecclesiastical studies under his control, making it the first pontifical university.


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Elizabeth Richeza, 14-year-old daughter of the late King Przemysl II of Poland, marries her father's former rival and the new King of Poland, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia. The marriage takes place at the Prague Cathedral in Bohemia


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Pope Boniface VIII orders the nullification of the election of Wenceslaus as King of Hungary, and declares that Károly Róbert, son of the late Hungarian king Charles Martel of Anjou, is the rightful claimant to the throne. The Pope also threatens Wenceslaus with excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church if Wenceslaus continues to style himself "King of Hungary". The decision causes a breakdown of Hungary between supporters of Wenceslaus and supporters of Károly.


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Athanasius I returns to leadership of the Eastern Orthodox church in Byzantium, receiving recognition as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople almost 10 years of having been driven from that office.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Boniface VIII is imprisoned by Guillaume de Nogaret, French councillor and advisor, on behalf of Philip the Fair at his residence in Anagni. During the incident, Gregory Bicskei, archbishop of Esztergom, is killed. Boniface is for three days held in captivity, where he is beaten, tortured and nearly executed.


date: October 22

text: October 22 – At the papal conclave in Rome to select a new Roman catholic Pontiff, Cardinal Nicolò Boccasini, Bishop of Ostia, is elected unanimously.


date: October 27

text: October 27 – The coronation of Cardinal Boccasini as Pope Benedict XI, 194th pope of the Roman Catholic Church, is performed at St. Peter's Basilica by Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini.


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Edward I Longshanks, King of England spends the winter at Dunfermline Abbey where he plans the attack on Stirling Castle. He stations an army in the field and operations continue throughout the winter. An English force (some 1,000 men) raids and plunder into Lennox as far as Drymen. Meanwhile, Lord John Botetourt raids Galloway in strength, with four bannerets (some 3,000 men).


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Pope Benedict XI issues a mandate directing that the rights of Cardinal Jean Lemoine of France, to income from the dioceses of Bayeux and Amiens is to be protected while Lemoine is serving as papal legate.