date: July 9

text: July 9 – Battle of Sempach: Soldiers from cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy defeat the Austrian Habsburg Army in a battle that leads to the unification of the cantons into the nation of Switzerland.


date: September 23

section: Conflict & Security

text: September 23 – Dan I of Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) is killed in battle against the Bulgarians and is succeeded by Mircea the Elder, one of the greatest rulers of Wallachia.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: November 21

text: November 21 – The Mongol conqueror Timur, called "Tamerlane" in the west, captures and sacks the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, taking King Bagrat V prisoner.

source_section: Events › October–December


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Al-Burhan Ahmad al-Zahiri, (Burhan), Khalid al-Himsi, and Amin ad-Din Ibn al-Najib, arrested in September on charges of conspiring to assassinate the Egyptian Sultan Barquq, are brought to Cairo to face trial.


date: February 15

section: Religion & Belief

text: February 15 – Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania is baptized by the Roman Catholic Bishop Bodzanta of Gniezno at Wawel Cathedral, Kraków after converting to Christianity, and takes the name Wladyslaw II.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Heidelberg University is opened by Ruprecht I, Count Palatine of the Rhine seven months after he received permission from Pope Urban V to create a school studium generale. Formal establishment will take place on October 19.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: August 8

text: August 8 – King Richard II of England summons the members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords to assemble at Westminster Abbey on October 1 for his 14th Parliament, dubbed by historians as the "Wonderful Parliament". Although the King's purpose is to secure funding to defend against an imminent invasion from France, the parliament members begin plans to reform the unpopular king's government.


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Heidelberg University (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg), the oldest in Germany, is founded at the behest of Rupert I, Elector Palatine, by charter of Pope Urban VI.


text: Rozhdestvensky monastery is built in Muscovy.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Construction begins on the Brancacci Chapel in Florence.


date: July 25

section: Crime & Justice

text: July 25 – Elizabeth of Bosnia, mother of Queen Jadwiga of Poland is kidnapped by Croatian rebels at Gorjani, along with Jadwiga's sister, Queen consort Mary of Hungary Mary, when they are ambushed by John Horvat and his men while traviling to Dakovo. Nicholas I Garai, who had accompanied Elizabeth and Mary, is murdered and his severed head is sent by the rebels to Margaret of Durazzo, the former Queen consort of Hungary and Naples, as proof that the murderers of her husband King Charles III, have been captured.


date: January 11

section: Culture & Society

text: January 11 – Union of Krewo: A delegation of Poland's nobles visits the Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania at Valkaviskas


date: February 1

text: February 1 – Meeting at Lublin, the nobles of Poland elect Grand Duke Jogaila as King of Poland.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania is crowned Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, beginning the Jagiellonian dynasty.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Queen Elizabeth of Hungary pledges to assist King Wladyslaw II of Poland against his enemies, the Teutonic Knights, who question the legitimacy of the King's marriage to Queen Jadigwa.


text: July 9 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and oldest surviving son of the late King Edward II of England, departs from England with 5,000 men and a fleet of English and Portuguese ships to make good his claim to the throne of Castile. John, whose nephew became King Richard II upon Edward's death, claims the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza of Castile in 1371.


date: March 12

section: Births

text: March 12 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shōgun (d. 1428)

source_section: Births


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Giovanni da Capistrano, Italian saint (d. 1456)


date: September 16

text: September 16 (probable date) – King Henry V of England (d. 1422)


text: probable – Donatello, Italian sculptor (d. 1466)


text: date unknown – Niccolò Piccinino, Italian mercenary (d. 1444)


section: Deaths

text: July 9 – Leopold III, Duke of Austria (in battle) (b. 1351)

source_section: Deaths


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Bo Jonsson (Grip), royal marshal of Sweden


text: September 23 – Dan I of Wallachia (in battle)


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Johanna of Bavaria, Queen of Bohemia (b. c. 1362)


text: Takatsukasa Fuyumichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 1330)


text: probable – William Langland, English poet (b. 1332)


date: January 5

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: January 5 – John I succeeds his father, Peter IV, as King of Aragon and Valencia, and forms an alliance with France and Castile.


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Petru of Moldavia pays homage to Władysław II Jagiełło, making Moldavia a Polish fief (which it will remain until 1497).


date: October 19

text: October 19 – The Scaliger rule over the independent Lordship of Verona comes to an end after 125 years when the dictator Antonio I della Scala is forced by the nobles of the Lordship of Milan, led by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, to flee the city.


date: March 11

text: March 11 – Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.


date: March 25

text: March 25– The Battle of Margate, a naval battle off the coast of England at Margate, ends with the England navy, commanded by the Earl of Arundel, victorious over a combined fleet of shipsf rom the Kingdom of France, the Crown of Castile and the County of Flanders.


date: April 12

text: April 12– Admiral Arundel of the English Navy brings 68 captured ships from Margate battle to the port of Orwell.


date: May 1

text: May 1– With a larger squadron of almost 60 ships, Arundel departs from Orwell and sails to the British-controlled French port of Brest, at the time under siege by Jean de Montfort.


date: May 17

text: May 17– At Caffa, one of the Balkan colonies of the Republic of Genoa, the Genoese Army thwarts an attack at Solkhat (Sorcati) by the Tatars.


date: May 28

text: May 28– Anticipating a war with Burma, China's Emperor orders the troops at his forts on the Burmese border to increase the height of their walls and to begin making gunpowder to increase their supply.


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Queen Mary of Hungary is rescued from imprisonment after being held captive by Croatian rebels.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – A Mongol Army unit, led by Naghachu, ambushes and massacres a Chinese Army division led by Chen Yong (陳鏞), Marquis of Linjiang, who is killed in the attack.


date: July 14

text: July 14 – The Chinese Army commander, General Feng Sheng, leads troops across the Liao River defeats Naghachu's Mongol troops and takes Naghachu as a prisoner of war.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – General Feng Sheng is removed from command of the Chinese Army by Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang and replaced by General Lan Yu.


date: November 17

text: November 17 – The three rebel Lords Appellant— Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel and Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick arrive at King Richard's palace at Westminster after traveling with 300 men on horseback to confront the King, and effectively take control of the government of England. The Lords demand that advisers Neville, Pole, De Vere, Tresilian and Brembre be held in custody until a trial can take place, and the King agrees after they threaten to take the government by force.


date: November

text: November – The Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of China directs General Lan Yu to attack the Mongol forces led by Tögüs Temür, whom the Emperor Zhu had deposed. The confrontation between Lan Yu and Tögüs Temür will culminate six months later at the Battle of Buir Lake, 500 mi north of Beijing.


date: December 19

text: December 19 – At the Battle of Radcot Bridge in England, forces loyal to King Richard II are defeated by the Lords Appellant, a group of three rebellious barons—. King Richard is taken prisoner, and not freed until he agrees to dismiss all the councillors in his court. Richard continues as the nominal King of England, with the Lords Appellant administering the kingdom.


text: Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde invades the Timurid Empire, but has to withdraw soon after, due to heavy snow.


text: Timur conquers the Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia, and appoints three puppet rulers.


text: Maghan II succeeds his brother, Musa II, as Mansa of the Mali Empire


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Elizabeta Kotromanic, the regent of Hungary for her daughter, Queen Mary, is murdered in prison by Croatian rebels.


date: November 19

text: November 19 – By order of the Lords Appellant, Sir Robert Tresilian, Chief Justice of the King's Bench of England, is arrested along with other nobles loyal to King Richard II, and charged with treason for malfeasance in office, with trial to take place four months later at Parliament in February.


date: June 2

text: June 2 – John Holland, a maternal half-brother of Richard II of England, is created Earl of Huntingdon.


date: July 6

text: July 6 – Queen Blanche I of Navarre (d. 1441)


text: date unknown – Henriette, Countess of Montbéliard, regent of Württemberg (d. 1444)


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Charles III ascends to the throne of Navarre, after the death of his father, Charles II.


text: January 1 – King Charles II of Navarre (b. 1332)


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Peter IV of Aragon (b. 1319)


date: January

text: January – Elizabeth of Bosnia, regent of Hungary


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu (poisoned) (b. 1356)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Frans Ackerman, Flemish statesman (b. 1330)


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Olaf, King of Norway and Denmark and claimant to the throne of Sweden, dies. The vacant thrones come under the regency of his mother Margaret I of Denmark, who will soon become queen in her own right.


date: August 23

text: August 23 – King Olaf IV of Norway/Olaf II of Denmark (b. 1370)


text: Sir David Hanmer, Welsh judge, father-in-law of Owain Glyndŵr


text: Richard Óg Burke, second Clanricarde of Ireland


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Eleanor of Arborea, regent for her son Marianus V of the independent Judicate of Arborea, on the island of Sardinia, signs a peace agreement with the Crown of Aragon in Spain, ending a war between the two nations.


date: June 4

text: June 4 – The Merciless Parliament ends its session after four months spent primarily in trying officials for treason and further restricting the authority of King Richard II.


date: September 9

text: September 9 – The 16th Parliament of King Richard II, the first since the adjournment of the Merciless Parliament, opens at the Barnwell Priory in Cambridge for a five-week session, during which the members bring their complaints against the Lords Appellant.


date: October 17

text: October 17 – The Cambridge Parliament adjourns.


date: December 3

text: December 3 –Upon reaching the age of 20, Charles VI of France takes complete control of the government, ending the regency of his uncle, Philip the Bold.


date: April 9

text: April 9 – At the Battle of Näfels, the Canton of Glarus, in alliance with the Old Swiss Confederacy, decisively defeats the Duchy of Austria and the Habsburgs, despite being outnumbered 16 to one.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – At the Battle of Buyur Lake, an invasion force from Ming dynasty China, under General Lan Yu defeats a large Mongolian army led by Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür, and captures 100 members of the Northern Yuan Dynasty. Uskhal Khan will be killed later while trying to escape. The invading Chinese army destroys Karakorum, the capital of the Mongol Empire.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Wihwado Retreat: In Korea, General Yi Song-gye disregards the orders of the Emperor U of Goryeo to attack China, leads his troops away from Wihwa Island, and leads an attack on the Korean capital, Kaesong.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – General Yi Song-gye overthrows the Emperor U of Goryeo and installs U's son, Chang of Goryeo, as the new Emperor.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Battle of Otterburn: A Scottish army, led by James Douglas, defeats an English army, capturing their leader, Harry Hotspur. Douglas is killed during the battle.


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Battle of Bileća: The Bosnians check the Ottoman advance.


date: September 20

text: September 20 –Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II succeeds Firuz Shah Tughlaq as Sultan of Delhi.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Maria of Enghien sells the Lordship of Argos and Nauplia to the Republic of Venice.


text: Mircea I of Wallachia takes control of the region of Dobruja, thus preventing its occupation by the Ottomans.


text: Ramesuan is reinstated as King of Ayutthaya (modern-day southern Thailand), after dethroning and executing 17-year-old King Thong Lan.


text: Goryeo Revolution: General Yi Seong-gye begins a four year revolution in Goryeo (modern-day Korea), after being ordered by King U of Goryeo to attack the superior Chinese army. King U is forced from power, and replaced by his son Chang.


text: Omar I is succeeded by Sa'id, as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (modern-day east Chad and Nigeria). Sa'id is succeeded in the same year by Kade Alunu. Omar and Sa'id are both killed by Bilala invaders from the west.


date: March 12

text: March 12 – Pope Urban VI issues a papal bull permitting the Lithuanian capital, Vilnius, to establish a cathedral, acknowledging that pagan objects have been discarded and that Christianity has come to the Baltic nation.


text: May 18 – Cozia Monastery is consecrated in the Principality Wallachia by Prince Mircea the Elder in the town of Călimănești (now in Romania)


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Permission to create the University of Cologne is granted to the city of Köln by Pope Urban VI. By the 21st century it will be the largest university in Germany.


date: September 17

text: September 17 –The title of Prince of Asturias is created for the heir to the Spanish Crown, initially by King Juan of Castile for his son Enrique.


text: The revision of Wycliffe's Bible is completed by John Purvey, and Wyclif's followers, known as the Lollards, begin to be persecuted in England.


text: Ljubostinja Monastery is built in Serbia.


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Chief Justice Robert Tresilian, one of the five advisors to King Richard convicted of treason in absentia, is discovered hiding in sanctuary at Westminster and is dragged by a mob into the Parliament. Because he was already convicted, Tresilian is hanged in publicon the same day.


date: February 20

text: February 20 – London's Lord Mayor Bembre is hanged in public at Tyburn after having been imprisoned in the Tower of London.


date: November 18

text: November 18 – Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür, the Emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty in Mongolia, is killed by the Ming Chinese General Jorightu Khan Yesüder , who becomes the new Emperor.


date: December 27

text: December 27 – At Thăng Long, Tran Ngung overthrows and kills Tran Hien as Emperor of Dai Viet (now Vietnam).


text: Petru of Moldavia receives Pokuttya, as a pawn for a loan to the Polish king.


date: July 8

text: July 8 –John of Gaunt, the uncle of Richard II of England, makes peace with Castile and gives up his claim to the Castilian throne, by allowing his daughter Catherine of Lancaster to marry Prince Henry, the eldest son of John I of Castile.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Claudius Clavus, Danish geographer


text: Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. 1421)


text: Dai Jin, Chinese painter (d. 1462)


text: Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury (d. 1428)


text: Yiğit Şahiner, Turkish musician, historian


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Queen Margaret I of Denmark is proclaimed the Queen of Norway after the death of her son, Olav IV Haakonsson.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Thomas Usk, English author


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Agnes of Durazzo, titular Latin empress consort of Constantinople (d. 1313)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas (killed in battle)


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio, Bohemian theologian


text: Simon de Burley, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports


text: Uskhal Khan, Emperor Tianyuan of Northern Yuan


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Richard II takes control of England, away from the Lords Appellant.


date: July 18

text: July 18 – The Hundred Years' War is temporarily halted as the Truce of Leulinghem goes into effect after having been signed in June by the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of France. The peace will last for 13 years.


date: September 22

text: September 22 – The Republic of Siena and the Duchy of Milan enter into a 10-year alliance.


date: September 30

text: September 30 – King Charles VI of France and the Bishop Liébauld de Cousans of Verdun sign a treaty granting the Roman Catholic Church dominion over the city of Verdun. The treaty is approved five months later by Pope Clement VI on February 13, 1390.


text: Mircea I of Wallachia and Polish king Władysław II Jagiełło sign their first treaty, to protect their countries against Ottoman expansion.


text: Wikramawardhana succeeds Hayam Wuruk, as ruler of the Majapahit Empire.


date: January 19

text: January 19 – In Ming dynasty China, General Lan Yu is rewarded by the Emperor Zhu Chongba of the Hongwu era for his victory over Mongol invaders in 1388. Lan Yu is given the title Duke of Liang, with rule over what is now the Gansu province.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Queen Margaret of Norway and Denmark defeats Albert, King of Sweden in battle and becomes ruler of all three kingdoms. Albert is deposed from the Swedish throne and taken prisoner.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Following the Battle of Sempach, a seven-year peace agreement is concluded between the Duchy of Austria and the Old Swiss Confederacy.


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Al-Salih Hajji becomes the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria a second time, replacing the Sultan Sayf ad-Din Barquq after having previously reigned from 1381 to 1382. Al-Salih rules until 1 February 1390, when he is overthrown by Barquq.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – At the Battle of Kosovo, The Ottoman Empire and the Serbs fight an inconclusive clash, with both sides suffering heavy losses. Both Sultan Murad I and Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic are killed in the battle.


date: June 16

text: June 16 – The day after the Battle of Kosovo, Bayezid I succeeds his father Murad I as Ottoman Sultan, and Stefan Lazarević succeeds his father Lazar as ruler of Serbia.


date: September 10

text: September 10 – In Greece, Andronikos Asen Zaccaria, chief law enforcement officer of the Principality of Achaea, ruled by the Republic of Genoa, imprisons the Duke of Athens, Nerio Acciaioli, after the Navarrese commander Pedro de San Superano had invited Acciaioli to discuss peace.


date: December 31

text: December 31 – In the Goryeo Revolution in Korea, 9-year-old King Wang Chang of Goryeo, and his father, the former King Wang U are assassinated by Prince Gongyang. The ten-year-old Chang and his predecessor, U, are both assassinated later in the year.

source_section: Events › October –December


text: Abu Tashufin II succeeds his nephew, Abu Hammu II, as ruler of the Abdalwadid Dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria.


text: Hadji II is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, after overthrowing Sultan Barquq.


text: Abd ar-Rahmân II succeeds Musa II as ruler of the Ziyanid Dynasty, in present-day western Algeria.


text: Biri II succeeds Kade Alunu as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (now eastern Chad and Nigeria), and the Empire loses its land in present-day Chad to the Bilala.


text: Sandaki overthrows Magha II, as Mansa of the Mali Empire.


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Lithuania, the last state in Europe to be Christianized, is given full recognition by Pope Urban VI as a Roman Catholic state.


date: October 25

text: October 25 – The papal conclave to elect a new Pope opens at the Apostolic Palace in Rome with 13 cardinals, all of whom had been selected by Pope Urban during the years from 1378 to 1384.The three absentees (from France, England and Hungary) had also been elevated to the college of cardinals by Pope Urban.


date: November 1

text: November 1 – The Antipope John XXIII, reigning from Avignon, crowns Louis II of Anjou as King of Naples, although the underage King Ladislaus has been recognized as the rightful monarch by the late Pope Urban VI of Rome. Louis II will move to Naples on August 6, 1390, while Ladislaus flees, but since his troops cannot occupy the entire Neapolitan kingdom, Louis is only recognized in the French-occupied areas of Naples.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Pietro Tomacelli Cybo of Naples is elected as the successor of the late Pope Urban VI, and takes the name Pope Boniface IX.


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Sir John Roches is made Admiral of the North and Western Fleets of the English Navy by King Richard II, but serves for only a month, until June 22.


text: Carmo Convent is built in Lisbon, Portugal.


date: March 14

text: March 14 – The unpopular Sultan Tughluq Khan of Delhi is murdered and succeeded by his brother, Abu Bakr Shah. The assassins, including Abu Bakr, kill the Sultan Tughluq and his vizier, Jahan Khan.


date: June 11

text: June 11 – The Hättebröder, a group of German-speaking burghers during the reign of the German Albrecht as King of Sweden, arrest and imprison the Swedish mayor of Stockholm, Bertil Brun, and two other city officials, whom they hold for ransom. Brun and the other two officials become victims two weeks later of the Käpplinge murders.


date: June 17

text: June 17 – On the night of the Feast of Corpus Christi, the Käpplinge murders (Käpplingemorden) take place in Sweden at Käpplingeholmen when 76 Swedish men are taken prisoner, convicted of treason, then burned alive in a barn.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – The University of Cologne (Universität zu Köln) begins operations and continues for more than 400 years before closing in 1798. It will be re-established in 1918.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – English poet Geoffrey Chaucer, who has recently started writing of the works that will be assembled in The Canterbury Tales, is given a job to supplement his income as a writer when he is appointed by King Richard II of England as Clerk of the King's Works, overseer of the construction of royally-sponsored buildings.


date: August 23

text: August 23 – Isabeau of Bavaria, who married King Charles V of France on July 17, 1385, is crowned as Queen consort of France.(1978).


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Erik of Pomerania becomes the new King of Norway with the regnal name of Erik III after being elected at Trondheim by the Ting, the kingdom's assembly.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Antoninus of Florence, Italian archbishop (d. 1459)


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1464)


date: June 20

text: June 20 – John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, regent of England (d. 1435)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Isabella of Valois, French princess and queen of England (d. 1409)


date: December 5

text: December 5 – Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Polish cardinal and statesman (d. 1455)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Duke John V of Brittany (d. 1442)


text: March 14 – Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II, Sultan of Delhi (murdered)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Dmitry Donskoy, Grand Prince of Muscovy (b. 1350)


text: May 19 – Vasili I becomes Grand Prince of Moscow after the death of his father, Dmitry Donskoy.


date: June 15

text: June 15 (in the Battle of Kosovo)


date: August 11

text: August 11 – Spyridon of Serbia, Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church since 1380, dies and the former Patriarch, Jefrem, takes his place.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Qutbu'd-Din Shah, the Sultan of Kashmir, dies after a reign of 16 years and is succeeded by his 9-year-old son, Sikandar Shah Miri. Sikandar's mother, Queen Subhata, serves as the regent of Kashmir during his minority.


date: October 15

text: October 15 – Pope Urban VI (b. 1318)


text: Hayam Wuruk, ruler of the Majapahit Empire (b. 1334)


text: Murad I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1326)


text: Chang of Goryeo, deposed Korean king (b. 1381)


text: Ignatius Saba I, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Tur Abdin.


text: Prince Lazar, Prince of Serbia (b. 1329)


text: Isabella, Countess of Fife, Scottish noblewoman (b. 1320)


text: U of Goryeo, Korean king (b. 1365)


text: Antoninus Pius and Gaius Bruttius Praesens become Roman Consuls.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: The Tomb of Hadrian in Rome is completed; Emperor Antoninus Pius cremates the body of Hadrian, and places his ashes, together with that of his wife Vibia Sabina and his adopted son, Lucius Aelius, in the mausoleum.


section: Climate & Environment

text: 139 Mcurn earthquake, listed in bibliographical records of seismology as having affected the city of Mcurn (modern Hösnek, Turkey). The earthquake reportedly took place in the vicinity of Mount Ararat. The region was part of the historic Kingdom of Armenia, corresponding to eastern areas of modern Turkey. A primary source for the earthquake is the work of the historian Movses Khorenatsi (5th century).

source_section: Events › By place › Armenia


text: Marcus Aurelius is named Caesar. He marries the 9-year-old Faustina the Younger, daughter of Antoninus Pius.


text: Zhang Heng, Chinese astronomer and statesman (b. AD 78)


date: January 19

text: January 19 – The Treaty of Lyck confirms an alliance between Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights, in the Lithuanian Civil War against Vytautas's cousin, Jogaila.


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Ko Cheng succeeds Che Bong Nga, as King of Champa (now eastern Vietnam).


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Lithuanian Civil War: The Treaty of Königsberg is signed in Königsberg, between Samogitian nobles and representatives of the Teutonic Knights.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – King Richard II of England summons the English parliament, directing that the members of the House of Lords and the House of Commons assemble at Westminster on November 3.


date: September 17

text: September 17 – John VII Palaiologos seeks refuge with the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I, after John V Palaiologos is restored by his son, Manuel, and the Republic of Venice.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – The Treaty of Pyzdry is signed between King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland and Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania with the Duke pledging his support to the King in the Polish-Teutonic War.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – King Richard II opens at Westminster, and the House of Commons elects Sir James Pickering as its Speaker of the House.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – A treaty is signed between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of France at Edinburgh and witnessed by Walter Forrester.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – King Richard II of England gives royal assent to numerous laws passed as the English Parliament adjourns after a three-week session, having passed numerous laws, including the Pardon of Offences Act (requiring the specification of the offense for which the person is being pardoned by the King) and the Enforcement of the Statute of Provisors Act providing forfeiture of the office for certain violations.


text: N'Diklam Sare succeeds Sare N'Dyaye, as ruler of the Jolof Empire (now part of Senegal).


text: Barquq is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, after overthrowing Sultan Hadji II.


text: Sikandar But-shikan succeeds Sikandar Shah, as Sultan of Kashmir.


text: Mahmud succeeds Sandaki as Mansa of the Mali Empire, restoring the Keita dynasty.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Manuel III succeeds his father, Alexios III, as Emperor of Trebizond (now north eastern Turkey).


date: July 1

text: July 1 – The Barbary Crusade begins as the Kingdom of France and the Republic of Genoa attempt to stop the raids of the Barbary pirates by invading the North African region of Ifriqiya and laying siege to Mahdia in what is now Tunisia. Louis II, Duke of Bourbon and Giacomo Fregoso of Genoa bring 6,000 knights and soldiers on 60 ships against 40,000 Muslim defenders led by the Caliph Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II of the Hafsid Sultanate and the Sultan Abu Tashufin II of Tlemcen.


date: August 31

text: August 31 – Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III overthrows his brother, Abu Bakr Shah, as Sultan of Delhi.


date: September 11

text: September 11 – Lithuanian Civil War: The coalition of Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights begins a 5-week siege of Vilnius. The Duke of Hereford (the future King Henry IV of England) is among the western European knights serving with the coalition.


date: October 1

text: October 1 – The Christian crusaders of France and Genoa lift the siege of Mahdiya after Genoa negotiates a ceasefire and a 10-year armistice. The crusaders return to Genoa after having sustained 274 deaths from combat and from disease.


text: Fall of Philadelphia– The Ottomans take Philadelphia, the last Byzantine enclave of any significance in Anatolia.


date: April 14

text: April 14 – John VII Palaiologos overthrows his grandfather, John V Palaiologos, as Byzantine Emperor.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Louis II of Anjou arrives in Naples to rule the Kingdom of Naples (as Luigi II d'Angio) after being appointed by the Antipope John XXIII in France, but King Ladislaus continues to be recognized by supporters of Pope Boniface IX.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – King Juan, ruler of the Crown of Castile and the Kingdom of León, is fatally injured when he is thrown from his horse while he is participating in an exhibition of horsemanship before a crowd at Alcalá de Henares. The Archbishop of Toledo, Pedro Tenorio, conceals the news of King Juan's death from the public until a regency council can be created for the King's 11-year-old son, Prince Enrique of Trastámara, who is proclaimed as King Enrique III.


text: December 1 – Angelo Corraro is named as the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, the Roman Catholic envoy to Byzantium and the Eastern Orthodox Church, by Pope Boniface IX. Corraro is chosen in 1406 as Pope Gregory XII.


text: The Kingdom of Kaffa is established in present day Ethiopia (approximate date).


text: The Candi Surawana Temple is built in the Majapahit Kingdom (now Indonesia).


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Construction begins on San Petronio Basilica in Bologna.


text: Templo Mayor, the main temple of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), is built.


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Robert III succeeds his father, Robert II, as King of Scotland.


date: October 3

text: October 3 – Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1447)


date: December 27

text: December 27 – Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (d. 1411)


text: Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Swedish statesman and rebel leader (d. 1436)


text: Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (d. 1441)


text: John Dunstaple, English composer (d. 1453)


text: Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, son of Huitzilihuitl (d. 1469)


text: Contessina de' Bardi, politically active Florentine woman (d. 1473)


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Adolph IX, Count of Holstein-Kiel (b.c 1327)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Rupert I, Elector Palatine (b. 1309)


text: February 16 – At Heidelberg (now in Germany) Ruprecht II of the House of Wittelsbach becomes the new Elector of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his uncle, Rupert I.


text: March 20 – Alexios III Megas Komnenos, Emperor of Trebizond (b. 1338)


text: April 19 – King Robert II of Scotland (b. 1316)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Albert of Saxony, Bishop of Halberstadt and German philosopher (b. c. 1320)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, English soldier (b. 1364)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – John I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1346)


date: September

text: September – Towtiwil, Prince of Black Ruthenia


text: October 9 – King John I of Castile (fall from a horse) (b. 1358)


text: probable – Altichiero, Italian painter (b. 1330)


text: Sandaki Mari Djata, Mansa of the Mali Empire


text: Keratsa of Bulgaria, Byzantine empress consort (b. 1348)


text: Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani, Ilkhanate polymath (b. 1322)


date: April 6

text: April 6 – Antoniotto Adorno returns to office as Doge of the Republic of Genoa after persuading Doge Giacomo Fregoso (who had replaced him eight months earlier) to resign.


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Brancaleone Doria takes control of Sassari and Osilo as he gains further power in Sardinia.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – King Richard II summons the English Parliament and directs the members to assemble at Winchester on November 3.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – King Richard II opens the new session of Parliament at Westminster.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – The Parliament ends its session after passing numerous acts, and King Richard gives royal assent to multiple acts, including the Forcible Entry Act 1391 and the Admiralty Jurisdiction Act 1391.


text: Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, takes control of the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Yusuf II succeeds Muhammad V, as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Rebelling against the rule of King Martin of Sicily, the rebel Brancaleone Doria begins the takeover of the island of Sardinia by laying siege to the Castel di Cagliari.


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Massacre of 1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms erupt in Seville, Spain. Many thousands of Jews are massacred, and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, especially to Toledo, Barcelona and Mallorca. This event marks a turning-point in the history of the Spanish Jews, with most of the survivors leaving the Iberian Peninsula or being forced to convert.


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.


date: October 3

text: October 3 – Brancaleone Doria captures Villa di Chiesa in Sardinia.


text: Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid-occupied Muzaffarid Empire, in central Persia.


text: Ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod sack the Muscovy towns of Zhukotin and Kazan.


section: Exploration & Expansion

text: A group of Muzaffarids under Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate at Gujarat, in western India.


date: March 12

text: March 12 – Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Dominique de Flourence, Bishop of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, helps conclude a peace agreement between the Kingdom of France and the Crown of Castile, based on his influence as France's legate to King Juan I of Castile.


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Bridget of Sweden is canonized by Pope Boniface IX.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Jean II Le Maingre is named as the Marshal of France by King Charles V in a ceremony at the cathedral of St. Martin at Tours. Lalande, Denis, Jean II le Meingre, dit Boucicaut: (1366–1421) - étude d'une biographie héroïque, Genève 1988.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Vytautas the Great, claimant to the throne of Lithuania, forges an alliance with the Grand Duchy of Moscow as his daughter, Sophia marries Vasily, Grand Prince of Muscovy.


date: March 4

text: March 4– The University of Ferrara is founded on the Italian Peninsula.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Stephen Dabiša succeeds Stephen Tvrtko I, as King of Bosnia.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – At Chambéry (now in France), Amadeus the Peaceful becomes the new Count of Savoy at the age of 8 upon the death from tetanus of his 31-year-old father, Amadeus VII, the Red Count, who was injured in a hunting accident. Bonne of Bourbon, the mother of the older Amadeus, serves as regent for her grandson until 1397.


date: December 29

text: December 29 – Representatives of Prince Amadeo of Savoy meet with Nerio I Acciaioli, Duke of Athens at the Acropolis in a pact against the Navarrese Company. The parties agree to oppose the Navarrese control of Morea and Nerio agrees to recognize Amadeo as Prince of Achaea.


date: December

text: December – At Suceava, Roman I succeeds Petru Mușat, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and northeastern Romania).


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany (d. 1433)


date: July 31

text: July 31 – Cyriacus of Ancona, Italian merchant, "father of archaeology" (d. 1453/5)


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Edward, King of Portugal (d. 1438)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (d. 1425)


text: Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama (d. 1474)


text: Thomas West, 2nd Baron West, English soldier (d. 1415)


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Emir Muhammad V of Granada (b. 1338)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – John V Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (b. 1332)


text: February 16 –Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies from a nervous breakdown, due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire.


text: March 10 – King Tvrtko I of Bosnia (b. 1338)


date: August 1

text: August 1 - Gaston III of Foix, co-prince of Andorra


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy (b. 1360)


text: November 2 – Al-Nasir Muhammad Salah al-Din, Imam of the Zaydi sect of Shia Islam in Yemen, dies at San'a from injuries sustained from being thrown off of his mule. Nasir's death is not announced for two months while his son Al-Mansur Ali bin Salah ad-Din becomes the new Imam but three other claimants attempt to claim the office as well.


text: Margaret, Countess of Mar (approximate date)


text: January 16 – The semi-independent Serbian state (sanjak) of Uskup is annexed by the Ottoman Empire and General Pasha Yiğit Bey becomes the first Ottoman governor of the new province.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – A treaty halts the first of the Florentine–Milanese Wars after the Republic of Florence has liberated Padua from control by the Duchy of Milan. The treaty confirms the boundaries of Florence and Milan as they existed before the war, with the exception of Padua's new independence.


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Brancaleone Doria, the conqueror of most of the island of Sardinia, announces that he has recovered most of the territories that had been captured by his challenger, Martin of Aragon.


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Antoniotto di Montaldo is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa upon the resignation of Antoniotto Adorno.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – At Gaegyeong, General Yi Sŏng-gye crowns himself King Taejo of Korea, ending the Goryeo dynasty in the Korean Peninsula, and establishing the Joseon dynasty, which will last for more than 500 years.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – (16 Dhu al-Qadah 794 AH) Muhammed VII succeeds his father, Yusuf II, as Sultan of the Emirate of Granada (modern-day southern Spain).


date: October 15

text: October 15 – (28th year of 9th month of Meitoku 3) The division of Japan between the Southern Court (with a capital at Yoshino) and the Northern Court) (with a capital at Heian-kyō, now Kyoto) ends as the southern Emperor Go-Kameyama agrees to recognize northern Emperor Go-Komatsu as the ruler of the entire nation.


date: November 19

text: November 19 – (5th day of the leap month of Meitoku 3) Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu, in order to end the nanboku-cho period of conflict between the Northern and Southern imperial courts.


date: November 23

text: November 23 – King Richard II of England summons the English Parliament to assemble at Winchester on January 20.


date: December 10

text: December 10 – The Parliament of France condemns the kingdom's Constable, Olivier V de Clisson, for having illegally enriched himself at the expense of King Charles VI.


text: Seoan mac Pilib succeeds Tomas mor mac Mathghamhna as King of East Breifne, in north-central Ireland.


date: April 11

text: April 11 – In order to prevent an attack by the Duchy of Milan, led by Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Republic of Florence forms the League of Bologna, a defensive alliance with other Italian city-states of Bologna, Padua, Ferrara, Imola, Faenza and Ravenna.


date: May 29

text: May 29 – After the Fleet Street riot in London, King Richard II of England summons Lord Mayor of London, John Hende, along with the London sheriff and deputies, and aldermen to appear before him at Nottingham Castle on June 25 for a hearing on unspecified charges.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – An assassination attempt by Pierre de Craon against Olivier V de Clisson, Constable of France, fails.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – At a hearing at Nottingham Council concerning the Fleet Street riot, King Richard II of England orders that London's Mayor Hende is to be arrested, removed from office and imprisoned.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – King Charles VI of France, outraged at an attempt to assassinate his advisor Olivier V de Clisson, leads an invasion against the Duchy of Brittany and Duke Jean V for harboring the perpetrator, Pierre de Craon.


text: August 5 – King Charles VI of France (later known as "Charles the Mad") first displays symptoms of psychosis while crossing through the forests of Le Mans, attacking his own soldiers with his sword while under the delusion that they are enemy troops from the Duchy of Brittany. Charles' madness enables Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, to strengthen his power in the French court.


text: William le Scrope succeeds William II de Montacute, as King of Mann.


text: The city of Afyonkarahisar (in modern-day western Turkey) is conquered by Sultan Beyazid I, of the Ottoman Empire.


text: Maria, Queen of Sicily defeats an army of rebel barons.


date: March 16

text: March 16 – A fleet from Sicily, commanded by King Martin of Aragon, arrives at Capo San Marco on the island of Sardinia and makes, an unsuccessful attempt to capture the Sardinian leader Brancaleone Doria.


text: Franciscan friar James of Jülich is boiled alive, for impersonating a bishop and ordaining his own priests.


date: September 24

section: Health & Medicine

text: September 24 – Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor of Ming dynasty China, declares that all males must wear the queue hairstyle.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – After a second hearing at Nottingham Council concerning the Fleet Street riot, former London Mayor John Hende and other imprisoned city officials are assessed a fine and released from prison after posting bond to secure their return for future charges.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Aleid van Poelgeest, the mistress of Count Albert of Holland, is found dead at the Altena Castle in The Hague, along with the Count's chamberlain, Willem Cuser, the victim of Hook nobles who were opposed to Count Albert.


date: February 10

text: February 10 – Helena Dragaš, a descendant of King Stefan III Dečanski of Serbia, marries the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, and is crowned the next day as the Empress Consort of the Byzantine Empire.


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Louis de Valois is created first Duke of Orléans of the second creation.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – King Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania appoints his cousin Vytautas the Great as regent of Lithuania, in return for Vytautas giving up his claim to the Lithuanian throne. Vytautas replaces Jogaila's unpopular brother Skirgaila as regent.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Yi Pangsŏk, at 10 years old the youngest son of King Taejo of Korea, is designated as the heir to the throne.


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Prince Zhu Yunwen is designated as the heir to the throne of China by his father, the Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang.


text: Penistone Grammar School, later to be one of the first community comprehensive schools in England, is founded near Barnsley, England.


text: Erfurt University is founded in Erfurt, central Germany.


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Johanna van Polanen, Dutch noblewoman (d. 1445)


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Peter, Duke of Coimbra (d. 1449)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – John VIII Palaiologos, penultimate Byzantine emperor (d. 1448)


text: Alain Chartier, French poet and political writer (approximate date; d. c. 1430)


text: Idris Imad al-Din, supreme leader of Tayyibi Isma'ilism, scholar and historian (d. 1468)


text: Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (d. 1447)


text: John II, Count of Ligny, French nobleman (d. 1441)


text: John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (d. 1432)


text: Barbara of Cilli, Holy Roman Empress, queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia (d. 1451)


text: Flavio Biondo, Italian humanist and historian (d. 1463)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Hosokawa Yoriyuki, Japanese samurai


date: April 26

text: April 26 – Chŏng Mong-ju, Korean civil minister, diplomat and scholar (b. 1338)


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Zhu Biao, crown prince of the Ming dynasty, China (b. 1355)


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford and Duke of Ireland (b. 1362)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York (b. 1355)


text: Lalleshwari, Kashmiri poet and mystic (b. 1320)


text: Abbot Methodius of Peshnosha, Eastern Orthodox saint


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (d. 1455)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1458)


date: December

text: December – Margaret of Burgundy, Dauphine of France (d. 1442)


text: Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini, Prince of Taranto (d. 1463)


text: Andrea Vendramin, Doge of Venice (d. 1478)


text: Osbern Bokenam, English Augustinian friar and poet


text: Alvise Loredan, Venetian admiral and statesman (d. 1466)


text: John Capgrave, English theologian (d. 1464)


text: Anna of Moscow, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1417)


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Bogislaw VI, Duke of Pomerania (b. c. 1350)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – John of Nepomuk, saint


date: March 29

text: March 29 - Shah Mansur, Ruler of the Muzaffarids


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Emperor Go-En'yū of Japan, former Pretender to the throne (b. 1359)


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Konrad von Wallenrode, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights


date: July 30

text: July 30 – Alberto d'Este, Lord of Ferrara and Modena (b. 1347)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – John de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros (b. 1365)


date: November 29

text: November 29 – King Leo V of Armenia (b. c. 1342)


text: Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir, Sultan of the Marinid dynasty in Morocco


text: Fa Ngum, founder of the Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang (b. 1316)


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Antonio Venier, Doge of the Republic of Venice appoints Desiderato Lucio as the Grand Chancellor. Lucio serves until April 23, 1396.


date: January 11

text: January 11 – The King of Naples, Ladislao of Anjou-Durazzo, grants Neapolitan-controlled Greece to Nerio Acciaioli as the Duchy of Athens.


date: January 28

text: January 28 – The English Parliament, summoned by King Richard II of England, opens it session after having been summoned on November 13, 1393, and elects Sir John Bussy as its speaker.


date: March 6

text: March 6 – The English Parliament closes after a 37 day session. Among the acts receiving royal assent are the Money Act (prohibiting the melting of money and the import of foreign money), the Cloths Act ("Every person may make cloth of what length and breadth he will."), and the Exportation of Corn Act (allowing all of the King's subjects to ship grain from the Kingdom.)


text: Ştefan I succeeds Roman I, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and eastern Romania).


text: Ashikaga Yoshimitsu retires as shōgun of Japan, and is succeeded by his son, Ashikaga Yoshimochi.


date: April 26

text: April 26 – Martín Yáñez de la Barbudo of the Kingdom of Castile, master of the Order of Alcántara military group and leader of a crusade against the Muslim Emirate of Granada, leads an army across the border into the Emirate and marches toward the capital. Granadan Emir Muhammad VII sends emissaries to King Enrique III of Castile to complain about the violation of the truce between them, and then mobilizes the Granadan Army to repel the invasion by Barbuda, who is killed in the battle along with hundreds of other Castilians.


date: May 17

text: May 17 – By order of King Taejo of the Joseon dyanasty of Korea, who had taken power in 1392 by overthrowing the Goryeo dynasty, the former monarch, King Gongyang, is executed by strangulation at the prison in Samcheok, along with Crown Prince Jeongseong and the remaining survivors of the Goryeo royal family.


date: June 11

text: June 11 – The Venetians take over possession of Argos, from Despot Theodore I Palaiologos.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – The agreement between the Swiss Confederacy (the cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz and Unterwaldeden) and the Duchy of Austria, originally signed on April 1, 1389, following the 1386 Battle of Sempach, is extended by amendment.


date: October 10

text: October 10 – At the Battle of Karanovasa, Wallachia (now southern Romania) resists an invasion by the army Ottoman Empire and its Serb and Bulgarian vassals.


text: November 29 – The capital city of the Joseon dynasty (in present-day Korea) is moved from Gaegyeong (now Gaeseong) to Hanseong (now Seoul).


text: Battle of Ros-Mhic-Thriúin: The Kingdom of Leinster, led by King Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, defeats an invading army from England, led by King Richard II of England and Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March.


text: Abu Zayyan II succeeds his brother, Abul Hadjdjadj I, as ruler of the Abdalwadid dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria.


text: Abd al-Aziz II succeeds Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II, as ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in present-day Tunisia.


text: The Ottomans conquer Thessaly (now eastern Greece) and begin an eight-year siege of Constantinople, in the Byzantine Empire. In the same year, they begin building the Anadoluhisarı fortress to defend themselves during the siege.


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Richard II of England grants Geoffrey Chaucer 20 pounds a year for life, for his services as a diplomat and Clerk of The King's Works.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – At Tunis, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz al-Mutawakkil becomes the new of Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate of Ifriqiya in North Africa


date: July 24

text: July 24 – General Paolo Savelli of the Republic of Venice and Giovanni Colonna, Lord of Palestrina, attempt a coup d'etat to overthrow the government of Rome and the rule of Pope Urban VI by attacking Capitoline Hill, but fail to get support.


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Cardinal Pedro Martínez de Luna of the Kingdom of Aragon, opposed to the rule of the Roman Pope Urban VI, is elected at Avignon as the antipope Benedict XIII to succeed the antipope Clement VII.


date: October 11

text: October 11 – The antipope Benedict XIII begins his reign.


text: Gyeongbokgung Palace and the Jongmyo royal ancestral shrine are built in Hanseong (now Seoul).


section: Economy & Finance

text: The Allgäuer Brauhaus brewery is founded in present-day Germany.


text: The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty in China orders the Ministry of Public Works to issue a public notice, that every 100 households in the lijia system are to set aside 2 mu (1,390 m 2 ) of land, for planting mulberry and jujube trees.


date: December 6

section: Science & Discovery

text: December 6 – The astronomical clock of St. Nicholas Church in Stralsund is finished and signed by Nikolaus Lilienfeld.


date: August 2

text: August 2 &ndash (5th day of the 7th month of Meitoku 5), the Meitoku Era in Japan is declared to be at an end because of the misfortune of a smallpox epidemic, and the Ōei era begins.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Two months after being captured by King Zsigmond of Hungary, the Serbian rebel Janos Horvati, is brutally executed at Pécs by dismemberment to avenge the 1387 execution of the former Queen consort of Hungary, Elizabeth of Bosnia.


date: September 17

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: September 17 – King Charles VI of France orders the expulsion of all Jews from France.


date: February 1

text: February 1 – Sikandar Shah is crowned Sultan in a ceremony at Delhi.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and the mentally unstable, King Charles VI of France, agree that Philip's first granddaughter would marry King Charles's son and heir apparent, the two-year-old Dauphin Charles de France. The agreement will not achieve a result, in that the Dauphin and will die at age nine in 1401.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese patron of exploration (d. 1460)


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Philippa of England, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (d. 1430)


date: July 12

text: July 12 – Ashikaga Yoshinori, Japanese shōgun (d. 1441)


date: July 25

text: July 25 – James I of Scotland (d. 1437)


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Charles I, Duke of Orléans, French poet (d. 1465)


text: Ikkyū, Japanese Zen Buddhist priest and poet (d. 1481)


text: Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk (d. 1415)


text: Ulugh Beg, Timurid ruler and astronomer (d. 1449)


text: probable – Cymburgis of Masovia, Duchess of Austria


date: January 15

text: January 15 – Grand Prince Chinan of the Joseon kingdom in Korea, eldest son of King Taejo and heir to the throne, dies at the age of 39 from complications of alcoholism.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – In India, Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah becomes the new Sultan of Delhi upon the death of his father, Muhammad Shah III.


date: March 8

text: March 8 – Mahmud Shah II becomes the new Sultan of Delhi when his brother, Sikandar, dies after less than seven weeks as monarch. At the same time, another claimant to the throne, Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq, proclaims his rule at the royal palace in Firozabad.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Louis, Count of Enghien, Count of Conversano and Brienne


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Constance of Castile, claimant to the throne of Castile


text: June 4 – Mary de Bohun, English countess, married to Henry IV of England


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Anne of Bohemia, queen of Richard II of England (plague) (b. 1366)


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Dorothea of Montau, German hermitess (b. 1347)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Emperor Chōkei of Japan (b. 1343)


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Antipope Clement VII (b. 1342)


date: December 28

text: December 28 – Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina, basilissa of Epirus (b. 1350)


text: Sultan Mahmud II of the Delhi Sultanate


text: Fazlallah Astarabadi, Persian founder of the mystical Hurufism sect (executed)


text: Former King Gongyang of Goryeo (b. 1345)


date: January 27

text: January 27 – The 22nd English Parliament of King Richard II assembles after being summoned on November 20. John Bussy is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.


date: February 15

text: February 15 – The English Parliament adjourns after a 19-day session.


date: May 1

text: May 1 – The Duchy of Milan is created, after Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan buys the title of Duke from Wenceslaus, King of the Romans.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – At the Battle of Ghindăoani The army led by King Sigismund of Hungary and Croatia is ambushed by Prince Stephen I of Moldavia, on its way back after conquering Neamț Citadel, and the Hungarians must retreat empty handed.


date: March 18

text: March 18 – After Donato Acciaioli, Duke of Athens, rewards Captain Andrea Bembo for defending Athens against an Ottoman attack, Senate of the Republic of Venice votes to annex the Duchy of Athens.


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – At the Battle of the Terek River, the Mongol conqueror Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler, Quyurchuq, on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Battle of Rovine: With the help of the Hungarians, Wallachia resists an invasion by the Ottomans and their Serb and Bulgarian vassals. But Mircea I of Wallachia has to temporarily flee to Transylvania, and Vlad I Uzurpatorul is placed on the throne by the Ottomans.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire has the former Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Shishman beheaded after Shishman is accused of collaborating with the Principality of Wallachia during the 1394 Battle of Karanovasa.


date: July 28

text: July 28 – (7 Shawwal 797 AH) Ali ibn Ajlan, the Emir of Mecca is killed and is succeeded by his brother Muhammad ibn Ajlan.


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Smil Flaška of Pardubice, the Supreme Provincial Scribe of the Kingdom of Bohemia, joins the League of Lords (Panská jednota), a group of nobles opposed to the rule of King Wenceslaus IV.


date: July 8

text: July 8 – At a gathering of French cardinals at the Palais des Papes in Avignon, the assembled clerics demand the resignation of the antipope Benedict XIII (Pedro Martinez de Luna), who nine months earlier had been elected as the alternative to the Roman Pope Boniface IX. The only dissenting voice is Cardinal Martín de Zalba, but Benedict refuses to step down.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Prince Albert of Austria marries his first cousin, once-removed, Joanna Sophia of Bavaria at Vienna ending a feud between her father, Albert, Duke of Bavaria and his father, Albert III, Duke of Austria.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, issues an ordinance prohibiting the cultivation of the Gamay grape on any lands under his jurisdiction, in favor of the increased production of pinot noir wine.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Albert IV succeeds his father, Albert III, as Duke of Austria.


date: September 5

text: September 5 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti is crowned as the first Duke of Milan.


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Michele of Valois, French princess and Duchess Consort of Burgundy (d. 1422)


text: March 18 – John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, English military leader (d. 1447)


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, English politician (d. 1427)


text: Fra Angelico, Italian painter (d. 1455)


text: George of Trebizond, Greek philosopher and scholar (d. 1484)


text: Jacques Cœur, French merchant (d. 1456)


text: Niccolò Da Conti, Italian merchant and explorer (d. 1469)


date: March 13

text: March 13 – John Barbour, Scottish poet


text: May 17 – Mary of Hungary dies, ending of the reign of Hungary by the Capet-Anjou family. Her co-reigning estranged husband, King Sigismund, becomes sole ruler of Hungary.


text: June 3 – Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria, tsar (b. c.1350)


text: August 29 – Duke Albert III of Austria (b. 1349)


text: September 5 – The Kingdom of Nepal comes under the joint rule of brothers Jayadharma, Jayajyotir and Jayakiti Malla upon the death of their father, King Jayasthiti.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – The death of King Stjepan Dabiša leads to the election of his wife Jelena Gruba as Queen of Bosnia. However, most of the Bosnian land is soon appropriated by King Sigismund of Hungary.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Elisabeth, Countess of Neuchâtel, Swiss ruler


text: Acamapichtli, 1st tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1375-1395 (b. c. 1355)


text: Margaret the Barefooted, Italian saint (b. 1325)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Martin I succeeds his brother, John I, as King of Aragon (modern-day northeastern Spain).


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden publishes the Treaty of Kalmar, proposing the personal union of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney) and Sweden (including Finland and Åland).


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Antoniotto I Adorno, Doge of the Republic of Genoa, voluntarily steps down and turns control of the republic over to France's King Charles VI. King Charles then appoints Adorno as the governor of French-ruled Genoa.


date: November 30

text: November 30 – King Richard II summons the members of the English House of Lords and the House of Commons to open the English Parliament on January 22.


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Waleran III of Luxembourg, becomes the French Governor of the former Republic of Genoa.


text: France conquers the Republic of Genoa.


text: The Ming dynasty court of China sends two envoys, Qian Guxun and Li Sicong, to the Ava Kingdom of Burma and the Tai polity of the Mong Mao, in order to resolve a dispute between these two. The travels of the Chinese ambassadors are recorded in the historical text of the Baiyi Zhuan.


text: Timur appoints his son Miran Shah, as Timurid viceroy of present-day Azerbaijan.


text: Huitzilihuitl succeeds his father, Acamapichtli, as ruler of the Aztecs.


text: After a 14-year interregnum, Pedro de San Superano is declared ruler of the Principality of Achaea (modern-day Peloponnese, southern Greece).


date: February 4

text: February 4 – (24 Rabi II 798 AH) Hasan ibn Ajlan becomes the Emir of Mecca as his brother Muhammad ibn Ajlan steps aside.

source_section: Events › January–December


date: March 28

text: March 28 – A War Council in Buda, led by King Sigismund of Hungary is held with representatives of various Christian nations to begin the Nicopolis Crusade against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire for the liberation of Bulgaria.


text: August 29 – The Battle of Schoterzijl is fought in the third of the Friso-Hollandic Wars between Holland, led by Albert I, Duke of Bavaria, and Friesland, a semi-independent kingdom, led by Juw Juwinga. Although Juwinga is killed in battle, the Frisians are able to hold onto independence.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – The Crusaders, with more than 17,000 troops from France, Hungary, the Knights Hospitaler, Wallachia and the Holy Roman Empire , arrive at the outskirts of Nicopolis (now Nikopol in Bulgaria).


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Battle of Nicopolis: The Ottomans defeat a joint crusade by Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Wallachia, led by King Sigismund of Hungary. This is the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages.


text: The Ottomans capture the Bulgarian fortress of Vidin and Tsar Ivan Sratsimir, ending the Second Bulgarian Empire. The Bulgarian state is reestablished in 1878 as the Principality of Bulgaria.


text: late September – Battle of the North Inch ("Battle of the Thirty"): In a mass trial by combat on the North Inch of Perth, Scotland, the Clan Cameron defeat the Clan Mackintosh. Records refer to "warpipes" being carried into battle, perhaps predecessors of the Great Highland bagpipe.


text: Abu Amir succeeds Abdul Aziz II as ruler of the Marinid dynasty, in modern-day Morocco.


date: October

text: October – A Transylvanian expedition captures Vlad I Uzurpatorul, thus allowing the restoration of Mircea the Elder of Wallachia to the throne.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – Thousands of Christian crusaders from France depart from Dijon and march to Strasbourg, then sail on the Danube river to join forces with King Sigismund.


text: Philibert de Naillac succeeds Juan Fernández de Heredia, as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.


text: The Ulu Camii Mosque is built in Bursa by the Ottomans.


text: Timur orders the construction of a garden in a meadow, House of Flowers.


text: Peasants in the modern-day provinces of Hunan and Hubei in the east of China plant 84 million fruit trees.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – The Transit of Venus, the last not to be part of a pair, is possibly observed by Aztec astronomers.


text: The Kart dynasty is brought to an end in east Persia after its remaining rulers are murdered at a banquet by Miran Shah.


date: January 4

text: January 4 – Irene Shpata, daughter of Gjin Bua Shpata, becomes the new Ottoman Despotess of Ioannina when she marries the despot Esau de' Buondelmonti of Epirus.


date: March 9

text: March 9 – King Richard II of England, 29, marries Princess Isabelle of France, the 6-year-old daughter of King Charles VI of France, by proxy. The two will marry in person on October 31 in Calais.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – The University of Zadar is founded with the establishment of a theological seminary in the Croatian city.


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Queen Margaret makes her great-nephew and adopted son Erik of Pomerania joint ruler of Sweden. Eric has already been made joint ruler of Norway.


date: September 19

text: September 19 – John V marries Joan of France.


date: October 31

text: October 31 – The widowed Richard II of England (29), and six-year-old Isabella of Valois (daughter of Charles VI of France), are married in Calais, resulting in a temporary peace between the kingdoms of England and France.


date: November 29

text: November 29 – Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, marries Joan Beaufort in England.


text: The University of Zadar is founded, the first university in Croatia.


date: July 31

text: July 31 – Philip theGood, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1467)


date: October 16

text: October 16 – William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English noble (d. 1450)


text: Bonne of Artois, countess regent of Nevers (d. 1425)


text: Michelozzo, Italian architect and sculptor (d. 1472)


text: Ponhea Yat, ruler of the Khmer Empire (d. 1460?)


text: Ambroise de Loré, baron of Ivry in Normandy (d. 1446)


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Isidore Glabas, Metropolitan bishop of Thessalonica (b. 1341/2)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – John I of Aragon (b. 1350)


text: July 31 – William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Queen Sindeok, politically active Korean queen (b. 1356)


text: November 29 – Robert Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Wemme (b. 1373)


text: Maddalena Buonsignori, Italian law professor at the University of Bologna


text: She Xiang, Chinese tribute chieftain (b. 1361)


text: John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont, Constable of Dover Castle (b. 1361)


date: January 22

text: January 22 – The 23rd Parliament of King Richard II of England assembles after having been summoned on November 30, and re-elects Sir John Bussy as the Speaker of the House of Commons, then meets for three weeks.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – The English Parliament adjourns, and King Richard II gives royal assent to several acts passed, including the Act against riding with weapons, and barring the carrying of a lancegay (a light spear) except in wartime. Another law places a penalty on "him who taketh another's horse or best for the King's service without sufficient warrant.


date: March 28

text: March 28 – King Charles VI of France and King Richard II of England sign a treaty settling the final issues remaining from the War of the Breton Succession, restoring the land confiscated from John IV, Duke of Brittany.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon is created Duke of Exeter, by his half-brother King Richard II of England.

source_section: Events › July–December


date: December 31

text: December 31 – The Peace of Breno is signed in Val Camonica to temporarily halt the fighting between the Guelphs (who favor the Republic of Venice) and the Ghibellines (who favor the Duchy of Milan) in the fighting between the two nations.


text: Mircea I takes back the throne of Wallachia.


date: March 18

text: March 18 – The Duchy of Milan, led by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, declares war against the Republic of Florence, led by Chancellor Coluccio Salutati, on the Italian peninsula.


date: September 9

text: September 9 – While under house arrest at Calais, awaiting trial for treason against his nephew, King Richard II of England, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester is assassinated.


text: The Ottomans capture the town of Vidin, the capital of the Tsardom of Vidin, the only remaining independent Bulgarian state. Emperor Ivan Sratsimir of Vidin is taken prisoner by early this year and later disappears while his son Constantine II becomes Emperor in his place.


text: The Lin Kuan rebellion by the Kam people and Miao people of China in the Huguang province


text: Temür Qutlugh is crowned as the Khan of Golden Horde with the help of general Edigu, although Edigu continues to hold the real power.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Isabella of Valois, the 7-year-old wife of King Richard II since their marriage on October 31, is formally crowned as Queen consort of England at Westminster Abbey.


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Thomas Arundel, accused of high treason by King Richard II of England, is replaced by Roger Walden as Archbishop of Canterbury.


text: The Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery is founded in northwestern Russia.


text: Matthew I of Constantinople becomes the new Patriarch to lead the Eastern Orthodox Church to replace the previous Patriarch, Callistus II Xanthopoulos.


text: The Sretensky Monastery is founded in Moscow.


text: Gregory of Tatev writes the Book of Questions, a ten-volume encyclopedic work, at the Tatev Monastery, in Armenia.


text: Tran Thuan Tong, the Vietnamese Emperor of Dai Viet since 1388, moves the imperial capital from Thang Long to Thanh Hóa.


text: Neuhausergasse 4, the brewer of Spaten, is listed on the register of Munich breweries.


text: The first hospital in al-Andalus is created, at Granada.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – King Richard II of England orders the arrest of members of a group of powerful barons known as the Lords Appellant, including Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester and Richard Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel. Gloucester is murdered while under house arrest on September 9 and Arundel is behaded on September 21.


date: February 10

text: February 10 – John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset in England.


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Erik of Pomerania is crowned in Kalmar (Sweden) as ruler of the Kalmar Union, a personal union of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney) and Sweden (including Finland and Åland) engineered by Queen Margaret I of Denmark, his great-aunt and adoptive mother, who retains de facto power in the realm.


text: September 29 – Ralph Neville, Baron Neville is created as the first Earl of Westmorland.


text: September 29 – Thomas Holland, 3rd Earl of Kent, John's brother, is created Duke of Surrey by King Richard.


text: The Università, a form of local government, is established in Malta.


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Infanta Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy (d. 1471)


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Sejong the Great of Joseon, ruler of Korea (d. 1450)


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Albert II of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1439)


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Pope Nicholas V (d. 1455)


text: Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, Italian mathematician (d. 1482)


text: Chimalpopoca, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (d. 1427)


text: Tlacaelel, Aztec nobleman (d. 1487)


text: Paolo Uccello, Florentine painter (d. 1475)


text: John de Ros, 7th Baron Ros, English noble and soldier (d. 1421)


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Skirgaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania


date: February 18

text: February 18 – Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy (b. 1340)


date: April 20

text: April 20 – At Kalaburagi in the Bahmani Kingdom (now in India's state of Karnataka) Ghiyath-ad-din Shah becomes the new Shah upon the death of his father, Mohammed Shah II.


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (b. 1350)


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Callistus II Xanthopoulos becomes the new Patriarch to lead the Eastern Orthodox Church after the death of the previous Patriarch Antony IV.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (b. 1328)


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Shams-ud-Din Shah becomes the new Shah of the Bahmani Kingdom (now in India's state of Karnataka) upon the death of his brother, Ghiyath-ad-din Shah.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – As part of a division of the state of Holstein, the northernmost member of the Holy Roman Empire, between Count Albert II and his brother Count Gerhard VI (following the death of their uncle, Nicholas), Gerhard receives the Duchy of Schleswig and nearly all of Rendsburg, while Albert receives HOlstein-Segeberg.


date: September 2

text: September 2 – Francesco Landini, Italian composer


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England (b. 1355)


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Adam Easton, English cardinal


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (executed) (b. 1346)


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Vuk Branković, Serbian lord (b. 1345)


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London since June 8 when he was chosen by King Richard II following the June 6 death of the Lord Mayor Adam Bamme, is overwhelmingly approved by London's freemen to serve permanently after Whittington had negotiated a deal to settle its debt to the King for £10,000.


date: January 31

text: January 31 – The 24th English Parliament of King Richard II is dissolved after having met since September 17. The King gives royal assent to numerous laws, including the Treason Act 1397, providing for new definitions of treason


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Trần Thuận Tông is forced to abdicate as ruler of the Trần dynasty in modern-day Vietnam, in favour of his three-year-old son Trần Thiếu Đế.


date: May 10

text: May 10 – Stephen Ostoja is enthroned as the new King of Bosnia after Queen Helen is deposed.


date: May 11

text: May 11 – The Treaty of Pavia is signed between the Republic of Florence and the Duchy of Milan to end the Mantuan War after 14 months.


date: October 12

text: October 12 – The Treaty of Salynas is signed by Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Konrad von Jungingen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, in an attempt to cede Samogitia to the Knights.


date: October 14

text: October 14 – King Taejo of Joseon abdicates the throne of the Joseon dynasty in modern-day Korea, following the murder of his heir Yi Bangsuk, during a coup by Yi's older half-brother, Yi Bang-won, in The First Strife Of Princes. Taejo's eldest son Jeongjong succeeds to the throne.


date: January

text: January – The Dao Ganmeng rebellion in the Chinese vassal state of Möng Mao,started in December by Dao Genmeng, is brought to an end in what is now Myanmar two months after Dao Ganmeng's takeover. With the intervention of the Chinese Empire, led by the Ming dynasty Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, the deposed ruler Si Lunfa is restored to leadership.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – The Teutonic Knights resume their attack on Lithuania as a fleet of 84 ships, 4,000 men and 400 horses departs from Danzig toward Gotland, and arrive on March 21.


date: April 5

text: April 5 – The Teutonic Knights conquer the island of Gotland, near Sweden, which has previously been run by the piratical Victual Brothers. In the agreement of surrender, the city of Visby and the entire island are ceded to Johan of Mecklenburg, and merchants from the Hanseatic League are allowed free trade. In addition, the Knights receive the opportunity to clear all known pirates and other enemies from Gotland.


date: July 14

text: July 14 – In what is now central Turkey, Kadi Burhan al-Din, the vizier of and regent for the Sultanate of Eretnia, on a campaign to conquer the Emirate of Erzincan (eastern Turkey and western Armenia) and capture its Emir Mutahharten, is killed in battle by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg.


date: July 27

text: July 27 – Following the consensus of the Assembly of Paris of that had begun meeting on May 11, King Charles V of France signs an ordinance withdrawing obedience to both the French Avignon pope Benedict XIII and to Rome's Pope Boniface IX to issue benefices to persons who offer services to the Catholic Church. An army led by Geoffrey Boucicaut occupies Avignon, and starts a five-year siege of the papal palace.


date: September 2

text: September 2 – The Bona crusaders from Spain sack the Algerian village of Tedelis in the Kingdom of Tlemcen, killing around 1,000 people, before abandoning the African crusade and returning to defend the siege of Avignon at France.


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Timur defeats the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, which has been weakened after four years of civil war. Following his victory, Timur's Islamic troops sack the city of Delhi, and proceed to massacre hundreds of thousands of the state's Hindu inhabitants.


text: Bunei succeeds his father, Satto, as King of Chūzan (modern-day central Okinawa, Japan).


text: The Kingdom of Singapura falls, after being invaded by the Majapahit Empire.


text: According to fringe theorists, the Scottish explorer Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, reaches North America.


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Abu Said Uthman III succeeds his older brother Abdallah ibn Ahmad II as the ruler of the Marinid dynasty in modern-day Morocco, reigning until his death in 1420.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Assembly of Paris begins, as Catholic clergy and bishops discuss whether withdraw obedience from the rival popes, Boniface IX in Rome and the antipope Benedict XIII at Avignon withdrawing the right of either of the popes to bestow benefices to officials in France in return for past or future services.


date: August 21

text: August 21 – King Martin of Aragon, and ruler of Valencia, Majorca and Barcelona, begins the Bona crusade of Christians against the Muslims of Tunisia and departs from the island of Menorca with 13 galleys, 77 warships and 7,500 crusaders toward the Harsid Kingdom, ruled by the Caliph Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II.


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Janus succeeds his father, James I, as King of Cyprus and claimant to the throne of Armenian Cilicia.


text: Mount Grace Priory is established in Yorkshire, England.


text: Ferapontov Monastery is founded in modern-day northwest Russia by Therapont of Belozersk.


text: Glendalough monastery in Wicklow, Ireland is destroyed by English troops.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – The first ships to complete passage on the 60 mi long Stecknitz Canal in Germany arrive at Lübeck, with 30 barges carrying salt from Lüneburg. The canal, completed after seven years between the rivers Elbe and Trave, is one of the earliest navigable summit level canals in the world.


date: September 16

text: September 16 – King Richard II of England exiles his cousin Henry Bolingbroke (the future Henry IV of England) for 10 years, in order to end Henry's feud with Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, who is also exiled.


date: February 20

text: February 20 – The vicar John de Aston of Colston Bassett is released from incarceration at Fleet Prison in England by order of King Richard II upon the payment of mainprise or bail.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Zhu Yunwen succeeds his grandfather, Zhu Yuanzhang, as Emperor Ming dynasty China, bringing an end to the Hongwu Era and beginning the Jianwen era.


text: The Munmyo Confucian shrine and Sungkyunkwan University are founded in modern-day Seoul.


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana, Spanish poet (d. 1458)


text: Tlacaélel, Aztec warrior, thinker, high priest and noble for the Mexica Empire (d. 1487)


text: Spytko III of Melsztyn, Polish nobleman (d. 1439)


text: William Waynflete, English Lord Chancellor and bishop of Winchester (d. 1486)


text: Moctezuma I, second Aztec emperor (d. 1469)


text: Cecília Rozgonyi, Hungarian noble and heroine (d. 1434)


text: Johannes Gutenberg, German inventor of the printing press


date: January 6

text: January 6 – In Amberg, Ruprecht III "the Righteous" of the House of Wittelsbach becomes the new Elector of the Palatinate within the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his father, Ruprecht II "the Hard".


text: January 6 – Rupert II, Elector Palatine (b. 1325)


date: January 31

text: January 31 – Former Emperor Sukō of Japan (b. 1334)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Hongwu Emperor of China (b. 1328)


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, heir to the throne of England (b. 1374)


date: July

text: July/August (uncertain) – Kadi Burhan al-Din, poet, kadi, and ruler of Sivas (b. 1345)


date: September 9

text: September 9 – James I of Cyprus (b. 1334)


text: September 9 – Janus of the House of Poitiers-Lusignan becomes the new King of Cyprus upon the death of his father, King Jacques I, who had reigned since 1382.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France (b. 1333)


text: date unknown – Chŏng Tojŏn, Korean philosopher


date: February 19

text: February 19 – The Principality of Piombino is formed after Prince Gherardo Appiani sells the city of Pisa to the Duchy of Milan for 200,000 florins and possession of five cities and three islands (including Elba).


date: May 10

text: May 10 – The Treaty of Tarbes is signed between representatives of King Charles VI of France and Archambaud of Grailly, who has been an ally of the French monarch's enemy, King Richard II of England. Under the treaty, de Grailly is made Count of Foix in southern France, in return for breaking his alliance with King Richard. Two of the Count of Foix's sons are sent as hostages to the Royal Court of France in order to secure the terms of the agreement.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Ladislaus regains the throne of the Kingdom of Naples, after King Louis II of Anjou and his army have left the city to suppress a rebllion in Apulia.


date: September 30

text: September 30 – King Richard II of England surrenders his crown to Henry Bolingbroke at an assembly of the House of Lords at Westminster Hall in London, where articles of desposition are read to him by the Archbishop of Canterbury. King Richard abdicates, and the Lords proclaim Bolingbroke as King Henry IV.


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Manuel II Palaiologos, The Emperor of Byzantium, departs from Constantinople along with French General Jean II Le Maingre (known as Boucicaut) and a ships of the Venetian navy on a diplomatic mission to obtain military aid, traveling first to the Republic of Venice to negotiate with the Doge Antonio Venier.


date: January 13

text: January 13 – In the Delhi Sultanate in what is now the Uttarakhand state of India, Timur the Lame captures and sacks Haridwar.


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Richard II of England cancels the legal documents allowing the exiled Henry Bolingbroke to inherit his father's lands, leading to Henry's decision to overthrow King Richard.


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Egyptian prince Saad al-Din bin Ghurab becomes the Amir al-umara of Egypt.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Prince of Yan (Zhu Di) of China starts a rebellion, the Jingnan campaign in Beijing against his nephew, the Emperor Zhu Yunwen, after two of Zhu Di's officials are arrested for "subversive activity".


date: August 12

text: August 12 – At the Battle of the Vorskla River, Golden Horde forces, led by Mongol Khan Temür Qutlugh and Emir Edigu, annihilate a crusading army led by former Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania..


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Richard II of England is taken prisoner by Henry Bolingbroke upon his return from Ireland and surrenders at Flint Castle in return for his life.


text: Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire invades Mamluk-occupied Syria. A rift forms between Sultan Bayezid and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who also wanted to conquer Syria.


text: The Principality of Achaea (now southern Greece) resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire.


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Pope Boniface IX of Rome excommunicates Onorato Caetani, Great Constable of the Kingdom of Naples, who had previously been excommunicated in 1367 by Pope Urban V of Rome, and then was forgiven in 1378 by Pope Clement VII of Avignon. Boniface's action follows Caetani's continued support of the Avignon papacy, after which a crusade against Caetani's properties at Fondi.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – While Richard II of England is away on a military campaign in Ireland, Henry Bolingbroke, with exiled former archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Arundel as an advisor, returns to England and begins a military campaign to reclaim his confiscated lands.


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Henry Bolingborke is crowned as King Henry IV of England at Westminster Abbey.


date: October 19

text: October 19 – Thomas Arundel is formally restored as Archbishop of Canterbury by King Henry, replacing Roger Walden, who had been installed by King Richard II upon Arundel's dismissal in 1397.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Richard II, though still nominally the King of England, is imprisoned by Henry Bolingbroke at the Tower of London.


date: April 13

text: April 13 – The coronation of Martin of Aragon as King takes place in Barcelona. His wife Maria de Luna is crowned as the Queen consort takes place on April 23.


date: November 28

text: November 28 – At Suceava (now in Romania), Iuga Voda Ologul becomes prince of Moldavia


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Xuande Emperor of China (d. 1435)


date: June 26

text: June 26 – John, Count of Angoulême (d. 1467)


text: Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (d. 1468)


text: William II Canynges, English merchant (approximate date; d. 1474)


text: Rogier van der Weyden, Dutch painter (or 1400)


date: January 4

text: January 4 – Nicholas Eymerich, Catalan theologian and inquisitor


date: February 3

text: February 3 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Aquitaine uncle of King Richard II of England and father of Henry Bolingbroke, dies and King Richard becomes ruler of the Duchy.


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk (b. c. 1320)


date: June 20

text: June 20 – An-Nasir Faraj becomes the Sultan of Egypt upon the death of his father, the Sultan Sayf ad-Din Barquq.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Peter Parler, German architect (b. 1330)


date: July 17

text: July 17 – Władysław II Jagiełło becomes sole ruler of Poland, after the death of his co-ruling wife, Queen Jadwiga.


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Demetrius I Starshy, Prince of Trubczewsk (in battle) (b. 1327)


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Ide Pedersdatter Falk, Danish noblewoman (b. 1358)


date: August 26

text: August 26 – Mikhail II, Grand Prince of Tver (b. 1333)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, English politician (b. 1366)


date: October 3

text: October 3 – Eleanor de Bohun, English noble (b. c.1366)


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Raymond of Capua, Italian Dominic friar and venerated Christian (b. 1330)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Duke John IV of Brittany (b. 1339)


text: November 1 – At Nantes, Jean V of the House of Montfort begins his reign of 43 years as the Duke of Brittany (Bretagne), an independent duchy that is now part of France, upon the death of his father, Jean IV.


year_label: 14 CE

text: Sextus Appuleius and Sextus Pompeius serve as Roman consuls.

source_section: Events › 14 AD › Roman Empire


text: Augustus' third (and final) 20-year census of the Roman Empire reports a total of 4,973,000 citizens.


text: Germanicus leads a brutal raid against the Marsi, a German tribe on the upper Ruhr river, who are massacred.


text: The town and port of Nauportus are plundered by a mutinous Roman legion that was sent there to build roads and bridges.


text: Germanicus is appointed commander of the forces in Germany, beginning a campaign that will end in 16.


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus as Roman emperor.


text: Famine hits China; some citizens turn to cannibalism.

source_section: Events › 14 AD › China


text: First year of tianfeng era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.


text: Marcus Junius Silanus, Roman consul (d. AD 54)

source_section: Births › 14 AD


text: Lucius Caecilius Iucundus, Roman banker (d. AD 62)


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Augustus, Roman emperor (b. 63 BC)

source_section: Deaths › 14 AD


text: August 19 – Augustus, the first Roman emperor, dies and is declared to be a god.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Agrippa Postumus, grandson of Augustus and former heir to the Empire (b. 12 BC)


text: Sempronius Gracchus, Roman nobleman


text: Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus (b. 39 BC)


text: Paullus Fabius Maximus, Roman consul


text: Parthenius of Nicaea, Greek grammarian


text: Lucius Aemilius Paullus, Roman consul


text: Gnaeus Pompeius (Rufus), Roman consul


text: Legions on the Rhine mutiny after the death of Augustus; Germanicus restores discipline amongst the legions.


text: Emperor Antoninus Augustus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Caesar become Roman Consuls.


text: Antoninus Pius recognizes the king of the Quadi, who becomes an ally of Rome.


text: The export of olive oil from Hispania Baetica to Rome peaks.


text: Ptolemy completes his Almagest (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and science


text: Pope Pius I succeeds Pope Hyginus as the tenth pope of Rome according to tradition.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: Marcion arrives in Rome, bringing Evangelikon and Apostolikon to the Christian community.


text: Zhang Jiao, leader of the Yellow Turban Rebellion (d. 184)


text: Ballomar, leader of the Marcomanni (approximate date)


text: Mithridates V, king of the Parthian Empire


text: Faustina the Elder, Roman empress (b. 100 AD)


text: King Mithridates V dies; Vologases IV claims the throne and extends his rule throughout the Parthian Empire.

source_section: Events › By place › Parthian Empire


text: Gaius Bruttius Praesens Lucius Fulvius Rusticus, Roman politician (b. AD 68)


text: Menelaus of Alexandria, Greek mathematician (b. AD 70)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Five-year-old Trần Thiếu Đế is forced to abdicate as ruler of Đại Việt (modern-day Vietnam), in favour of his maternal grandfather and court official Hồ Quý Ly, ending the Trần dynasty after 175 years and starting the Hồ dynasty. Hồ Quý Ly subsequently changes the country's name to Đại Ngu.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, is elected as King of the Romans.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Owain Glyndŵr is proclaimed Prince of Wales by his followers, and begins attacking English strongholds in northeast Wales.


text: Jean Froissart completes his Chronicles, detailing the events of the 14th Century in France.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


text: Prince Parameswara establishes the Malacca Sultanate, in present-day western Malaysia and northern Sumatra.


text: In modern-day Korea, King Jeongjong of Joseon abdicates in fear of an attack by his ambitious younger brother, Taejong. Taejong succeeds to the throne.


date: February

text: February – Henry Percy (Hotspur) leads English incursions into Scotland.


date: April 21

text: April 21 – Sir Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, resigns as England's Admiral of the North and West to join the resistance against King Henry IV. The office will remain vacant for more than six years. Percy will be beheaded in 1403 after his defeat in the Battle of Shrewsbury.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Jingnan campaign: In the Shandong province of Ming dynasty China, Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, defeats the Imperial forces of General Li Jinglong in the two-day Battle of Baigou River, by taking advantage of the chaos that results when a gust of wind breaks the staff of General Li's flag of battle. The Yan forces capture 100,000 of the Imperial soldiers as prisoners and Li and the others retreat to Jinan.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Duke Frederick I of Brunswick-Lüneburg is assassinated after being identified as a rival to Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick, on his way back from a May 22 meeting of the prince-electors, is ambushed by a party of men led by Count Henry of Waldeck while passing through the village of Kleinenglis in the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (now part of the German state of Hesse, near Borken).


date: August 14

text: August 14 – King Henry IV leads the English Army into Scotland, after receiving no answer from Scotland's King Robert III to his August 6 demand. The troops reach Haddington, East Lothian the next day and at Leith, on the outskirts of Edinburgh, by August 18. As historian James Hamilton Wylie will note almost 500 years later, "the walls of Edinburgh did not fall before this ram's-horn blast, and August 23rd came and went without the required homage or recognition."


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Tamerlane, the Mongol conqueror, stops between Malatya and Aleppo at the Turkish garrison in Behesna. According to author Peter Purton, the garrison "had the temerity to shoot a catapult ball at Timur which rolled into his tent. Setting up his own battery of 20 machines, it is said that the first shot hit and destroyed the offending weapon. Treating this as a good omen, the attack was launched, the towers mined... and the place surrendered."

source_section: Events › October–December


date: October 29

text: October 29 – Jingnan campaign: In China, Prince Zhu Di of Yan expands his conquests with the capture of Cangzhou in Heibei province.


date: October 30

text: October 30 – (11 Rabi' I 803 AH) Tamerlane begins the destruction of the Syrian city of Aleppo overwhelming the Mamluk Sultanate defenders.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – The Mamluk Sultanate surrenders the city of Aleppo and Tamerlane's Army massacres many of the inhabitants.


date: November 25

text: November 25 – (9th waxing of Nadaw, 730 ME) Minkhaung I becomes the new King of Ava, the largest kingdom in what is now northern Myanmar, after a battle for power that follows the assassination of the erratic King Tarabya.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – In China, the Jingnan campaign of Prince Zhu Di of Yan suffers a serious reversal at the Battle of Dongchang as Imperial General Sheng Yong, replacement of Li Jinglong, encircles the Yan forces. Yan Army General Zhang Yu is killed, but Zhu Di is able to escape to the northern capital at Beijing and regroups his forces for a second attack to take place in February.


text: A Wallachian army captures Iuga, and makes Alexandru cel Bun the Prince of Moldavia.


text: Hananchi succeeds Min as King of Hokuzan, in modern-day north Okinawa, Japan.


text: Timur conquers the Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Azerbaijan, and the Jalayirid dynasty in present-day Iraq. Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad flee, and take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.


text: Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.


text: Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) resists an invasion by the Ottomans.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Sir John Swinton, an envoy of King Robert III of Scotland, crosses the border into England along with 20 knights, after being given a writ of safe conduct by King Henry IV to allow their travel to negotiate during the standoff between the two British kingdoms between phases of the Hundred Years' War.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Having failed in his expedition to receive a pledge of fealty from the King of Scotland, King Henry IV crosses back into England.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Meeting in Frankfurt, three of the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire (Rupert, elector of the Palatinate, Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg, elector of Saxony, and Jobst of Moravia, elector of Brandenburg) meet in an attempt to replace the Emperor, Wenceslaus, King of the Romans because of his failure to stamp out civil unrest or to resolve the Western Schism. They select Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg as the replacement for Wenceslaus.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Meeting at the Lahneck Castle in what is now the German state Rhineland-Palatinate, the princes of the German states vote to depose the Holy Roman Emperor, Wenceslaus, due to his weak leadership and mental illnesses.


text: Newcastle upon Tyne is created a county corporate, by Henry IV of England.


text: The Mississippian culture starts to decline.


text: Europe is reported to have around 52 million inhabitants.


text: The House of Medici becomes powerful in Florence.


text: The Haast's eagle and Moa are both driven to extinction by Māori hunters.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – In what is now Romania, Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Good) is installed as the new Prince (Voivode) of Moldavia by Mircea the Elder, the Voivode of Wallachia, after Mircea removes the reigning monarch, Prince Iuga.


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Manuel II Palaiologos becomes the only Byzantine Emperor ever to visit England, and is greeted at Blackheath by King Henry IV, who hosts the Emperor at Eltham Palace during the Christmas holiday.


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Infante John of Portugal, the Constable (d. 1442)

source_section: Births


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Guillaume Jouvenel des Ursins, Justice Minister of France (d. 1472)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton, English baron (d. 1462)


date: July 26

text: July 26 – Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester, English noble (d. 1439)


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Mani' ibn Rabi'a al-Muraydi, oldest known ancestor of the House of Al Sa'ud (d. 1463)


text: December 25 – John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1487)


text: Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (d. 1460)


text: Gennadius Scholarius, Byzantine Greek philosopher and theologian, and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1473)