text: Radu II Prasnaglava, ruler of Wallachia, probably killed in or after a lost battle


date: March 25

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: March 25 – The Fifth Parliament of King Henry VI of England closes its session, as the King grants royal assent to the Commissioners of Sewers Act 1427, the Wages of Artificers Act granting the justices of peace power to "assign the wages of artificers and workmen by proclamation", and the Assizes Act and the Exigent on Indictment Act which both set statutes of limitation on certain proceedings.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: July 3

text: July 3 – The Treaty of Delft is signed by the Countess Jacqueline of Holland as a surrender to Philip, Duke of Burgundy to end the siege of Gouda by the Cod Forces against Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut during the Hook and Cod Wars. Under the pact, Jacqueline retains her title and nominal powers, but Philip administers the government and the right to inherit control.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: July 12

text: July 12 – King James I of Scotland gives royal assent to the Oath by Queen Act 1428 (De juramento prestando Domine Regine) passed by the Parliament of Scotland at Perth.


text: The Aztec Empire is formed by the triple alliance of the Aztec city-states Tenochtitlán, Texcoco and Tlacopán and defeats Azcapotzalco to win control of the Valley of Mexico. Itzcóatl becomes 1st emperor.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: April 6

section: Conflict & Security

text: April 6 – Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435): The bombardment of Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, by ships of the Northern German Hanseatic League takes place and is repelled by the Danish Navy.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: April 19

text: April 19 – A truce is reached to halt the Wars in Lombardy six months after the Venetian Army destroyed the Milanese town of Maclodio on October 11. The Duchy of Milan cedes the city of Bergamo to the Republic of Venice and the war halts for two years.


date: April 22

text: April 22 – After an attack by the Ottoman Empire on Venetian outposts on the Greek island of Euboea, the Republic of Venice, presided over by the Doge Francesco Foscari, authorizes Admiral Andrea Mocenigo to organize 15 warships to hunt and destroy the Ottoman raiders.


date: April 29

text: April 29 – The coronation of the Vietnamese rebel leader Le Loi as the King of Dai Viet takes place in Hanoi (at the time referred to as Thang Long). King Le Loi renames the Viet capital as "Dong Kinh".


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Dan II leads an army against the Ottomans at Golubac Fortress, obtaining a treaty that will allow him a semi-peaceful rule in Wallachia, until 1432.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – In second bombardment of Copenhagen by the Hanseatic League, all but three of the Danish Navy's ships are destroyed by the Hanseatic cannons, capable of shooting artillery at greater distances than Denmark is technologically capable of achieving.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – (29th day of the 7th month of Shōchō 1) Emperor Go-Hanazono, the 10-year old third cousin of the late Emperor Shoko accedes to the throne of Japan.


date: October 12

text: October 12 – English forces under Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, besiege Orléans. Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orléans, commands the defenders. Bombardment starts on October 17 and troops attempt an assault on

source_section: Events › October–December


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Siege of Orléans: After four days of bombardment, English troops attempt an assault on the boulevart of the city walls but the French defenders hold the attackers back with missile fire, rope nets, scalding oil, hot coals and quicklime. p.383


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, is mortally wounded in an unsuccessful assault on Orléans. He is succeeded in command by William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk.


date: November 11

text: November 11 – The Battle of Kratzau takes place in Bohemia in what is now the city of Chrastava in the Czech Republic, as the Silesian troops of the Bohemian Crown Lands under of the Holy Roman Empire


date: December 27

text: December 27 – In the Battle of Stary Wielisław (now in Poland), the Hussites are defeated in an attack by the Bohemian forces led by the Silesian Duke John I of Münsterberg (who is killed in the fighting) and Půta III of Častolovice, Governor of Klodzko Land.


text: Lam Sơn uprising: Lê Lợi, founder of the Lê dynasty in Vietnam, liberates Annam (the territory occupied by Ming dynasty China in 1407) and restores the kingdom as Đại Việt.


date: May 13

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: May 13 – Joan of Arc makes her first attempt to reach the Armagnac court at Chinon, arriving at Vaucouleurs speaking to Robert de Baudricourt, captain of the royal garrison, and tells him that God told her in a vision that she had a mission to help restore the Dauphin Charles to the throne. Baudricourt initially declines her request to be given an escort to visit Charles in person.


date: December 2

section: Religion & Belief

text: December 2 – The Appenzell Wars come to an end in Switzerland as Frederick VII, Count of Toggenburg and knights of the Order of St. George's Shield defeat the rebel army of the Canton of Appenzell in a battle on the field between Gossau and Herisau. In a truce the next year, Appenzell is forced to repay the back taxes owed to the Abbey of St. Gallbut is relieved from future obligations.


date: March 25

section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: March 25 – China's Emperor Xuanzong of Ming directs Admiral Zheng He to oversee the rebuilding of the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing. The construction of the temple was completed in 1431.


date: August 7

section: Crime & Justice

text: August 7 – The Valais witch trials begin in Swiss Savoy.


section: Disasters & Accidents

text: A serious fire occurs at Baynard's Castle in the City of London, England.


date: February 2

section: Climate & Environment

text: February 2 – The Catalonia earthquake takes place in the Catalonian region of Spain during Candlemas, estimated later at 6.5 magnitude, with extreme damage to the city of Roussillon and to the village of Queralbs. The quake collapses a church in Puigcerdà, killing more than 100 people, and 1,000 overall.


date: February 20

section: Culture & Society

text: February 20 – Zhu Qizhen, son of China's Emperor Xuanzong of Ming, is named as the Crown Prince of Ming dynasty China by his father. He will become the Emperor Yingzong of Ming in 1435.


date: February 3

section: Births

text: February 3 – Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1458)

source_section: Births


date: April 7

text: April 7 – William Percy, late medieval Bishop of Carlisle (d. 1462)


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (d. 1495)


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Filippo Strozzi the Elder, Italian banker (d. 1491)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Jingtai Emperor of China (d. 1457)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine (d. 1483)


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, English nobleman, known as "the Kingmaker" (d. 1471)


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe (1429–1511) (d. 1511)


text: probable – Didrik Pining, German explorer (approximate date)


text: Maria Ormani, Italian artist, scribe and illuminator


text: date unknown – Donato Acciaioli, Italian scholar (d. 1478)


date: January 4

section: Deaths

text: January 4 – Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (b. 1370)

source_section: Deaths


text: January 4 – Friedrich II of the House of Wettin, nicknamed "Friedrich, der Sanftmütige" ("Frederick the Gentle") becomes the new Elector of Saxony at the age of 15, upon the death of his father "Frederick the Warlike".


text: February 3 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shōgun (b. 1386)


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Casimir V, Duke of Pomerania becomes the sole ruler of Pomerania-Stettin in Germany upon the death of his brother, Otto II, after the two had ruled jointly since 1413.


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Zawisza Czarny, Polish knight and diplomat


date: August 27

text: August 27 – John I of Münsterberg, Duke of Ziebice (b. 1370)


date: August 30

text: August 30 – (20th day of the 7th month of Shōchō 1) Japan's Emperor Shōkō dies at the age of 27.


text: August 30 – Emperor Shōkō, emperor of Japan (b. 1401)


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1388)


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Sophia of Bavaria, Queen regent of Bohemia (b. 1376)


text: Isabella, Countess of Foix, French sovereign (b. 1361)


text: Maxtla, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco


text: probable – John Purvey, English theologian (b. 1353)


text: Autumn – Masaccio, Italian painter (b. 1401)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – The English Parliament assembles at Westminster after being summoned by King Henry VI, and the House of Commons elects William Alington as Speaker of the House.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Battle of Rouvray (or "of the Herrings"): English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy, which is carrying rations (food) to the army of William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk at Orléans, from attack by the Comte de Clermont and John Stewart.


date: March 8

text: March 8 – After hearing that Joan of Arc says that voices from heaven have told her that she will lead a royalist army to relieve the siege of Orleans and help him secure the French throne, the Dauphin Charles of France meets with her at the Château de Chinon and is persuaded that he should provide her supplies and troops.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Constantine XI Palaiologos, Emperor of Byzantium, begins the siege of the Greek port of Patras, which is controlled by the Venetian Republic. The city surrenders to the Byzantines on June 1.


date: April 18

text: April 18 – (1st waning of Kason 791 ME) In what is now Myanmar, Min Saw Mun is restored as King of Arakan at the capital, Launggyet, with the help of troops from the Bengal Sultanate and from Afghan mercenaries. He then moves the capital to the city of Mrauk U.


date: April 29

text: April 29 – Siege of Orléans: Joan of Arc enters Orléans with a relief expedition.


date: May 7

text: May 7 – The Tourelles, the last English siege fortification at Orléans, falls. Joan of Arc becomes the hero of the battle by returning, wounded, to lead the final charge.


date: May 8

text: May 8 – The English, weakened by disease and lack of supplies, depart Orléans.


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Battle of Patay: French forces under Joan of Arc smash the English forces under Lord Talbot and Sir John Fastolf, forcing the withdrawal of the English from the Loire Valley.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Joan of Arc leads an unsuccessful attack on Paris, and is wounded.


date: October 12

text: October 12 – The Kamenz massacre of 1,200 Catholics by the Protestant Hussites takes place in the village of Kamenz in the Electorate of Saxony.


text: November 4 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: Joan of Arc liberates Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Joan of Arc besieges La Charité.


text: Andreyas Succeeds Yeshaq I as Emperor of Ethiopia


date: September 18

text: September 18 – 18 (Dhu al-Hijjah 832 AH) The Hafsid Sultanate Saracens, ruled by the Hafsid Caliph Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II and commanded by Kaid Ridavan, depart from Tunis with 70 ships and 18,000 troops in an attempt to capture Malta, but are repelled by its defenders.


date: November 6

text: November 6 – The formal coronation of the 6-year-old Henry VI as King of England takes place at Westminster Abbey.


text: A series of seven customs offices and barriers are installed along the Grand Canal of China, during the reign of the Ming Dynasty's Yongle Emperor.


date: July 17

text: July 17 – The Dauphin is crowned as King Charles VII of France in Rheims.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Mehmed Nizamüddin is appointed the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by the Sultan Murad II.


date: October 19

text: October 19 – Princess Isabella of Portugal, daughter of King João I, departs her homeland, accompanied by a flotilla of 20 ships and 2,000 Portuguese troops and royal officials, to make the voyage to the Duchy of Burgundy, where she is to formally marry Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. Because of storms, the voyage takes more than two months.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Princess Isabella arrives at Sluys in Burgundy after storms have sunk many of the 20 ships that had been in her convoy that had left on October 19 from Portugal. She disembarks the next day to meet Philip.


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Italian artist (d.c. 1498)


text: date unknown – Peter, Constable of Portugal (d. 1466)


text: probable – Mino da Fiesole, Florentine sculptor (d. 1484)


date: February

text: February – Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, founder of the Medici dynasty of Florence (b. c. 1360)


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Ghiyath al-Kashi, Persian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1380)


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Carlo I Tocco, ruler of Epirus (b. 1372)


date: July 12

text: July 12 – Jean Gerson, chancellor of the University of Paris (b. 1363)


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Cymburgis of Masovia, Duchess of Austria by marriage to Duke Ernest the Iron of Inner Austria (b. 1394)


date: October

text: October – Alexios IV Megas Komnenos, Empire of Trebizond (b. 1382)


text: date unknown – Emperor Yeshaq I of Ethiopia (b. 1414)


text: A revolt of the Brigantes tribe in Britannia is suppressed by Quintus Lollius Urbicus.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Antoninus Pius serves as Roman Consul.


section: Health & Medicine

text: The Roman doctor Antyllus performs the first arteriotomy.

source_section: Events › By topic › Medicine


text: Chong of Han, Chinese emperor (d. 145)


text: Athenais, Roman noblewoman (d. 161)


text: Cui Yuan, Chinese politician and poet


text: Venera, Roman Christian saint (b. c. 100)


date: February 6

text: February 6 – The Hussite General Andreas Prokop signs a treaty with Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg at Kulmbach, agreeing to withdraw Hussite troops entirely from Germany.


date: February 23

text: February 23 – King Henry VI of England gives royal assent to numerous bills passed by the English Parliament, including the Treason Act 1429


date: September 4

text: September 4 – the Republic of Venice signs a treaty with the Ottoman Empire to end the eight-year war between the two nations after the Ottoman capture of Thessalonica, replacing the previous agreement of 1419.


date: November 27

text: November 27 – King Henry VI summons members of Parliament to assemble on January 12.


date: March 29

text: March 29 – The Ottoman Empire, led by the Sultan Murad II, captures Thessalonica in Greece after an eight-year siege.


date: April 28

text: April 28 – The Hussites defeat Hungarian and Serbian troops in the Battle of Nagyszombat in an invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary near Nagyszombat (now Trnava in Slovakia).


date: May 14

text: May 14 – The French first attempt to relieve the Siege of Compiègne.


date: May 23

text: May 23 – Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundian troops, led by John II, Count of Ligny, while leading an army to relieve Compiègne. After her surrender to Lyonnel de Wandomme, she is turned over to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and incarcerated at the castle of Beaulieu-les-Fontaines.


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Battle of Trnava: The Hussites defeat the Hungarian-Moravian-Serbian army.


date: November 16

text: November 16 – (1st waxing of Natdaw 792 ME) In Burma, Min Saw Mon, King of Arakan, moves the capital from Launggyet to the nearby, but more strategically located, city of Mrauk-U.


text: With the surrender of Chalandritsa and the citadel of Patras to the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea, the Principality of Achaea comes to an end.


text: Bratislava Castle is converted to a fortress under Sigismund of Luxembourg.


date: August 23

text: August 23 – Pope Martin V, writing in the papal brief Ad statum, grants recognition to the Order of Friars Minor Conventual, allowing them the right to hold property.


date: November 21

text: November 21 – Joan of Arc is sold by the Burgundians to the Kingdom of England for 10,000 livre tournois, equivalent to 808.8 kg (28,530 oz or 1,783.1 lbs) of silver.


date: July 3

text: July 3 – In the Bavarian town of Lindau, 15 Jewish residents are burned at the stake after being accused of murdering a Christian child.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, marries Isabella of Portugal.


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Philip the Good founds the Order of the Golden Fleece.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – William Waynflete becomes vicar of Skendleby, Lincolnshire.


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Seven months after her capture at Compiegne, Joan of Arc is moved from the castle of Le Crotoy to the tower at the Rouen Castle.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Oliviero Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1511)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI of England (d. 1482)


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu, Portuguese infante (d. 1506)


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter, Lancastrian leader during the English Wars of the Roses (d. 1475)


date: October 16

text: October 16 – King James II of Scotland (d. 1460) and his twin Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (d. 1430)


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr, English soldier, son of Reginald West (d. 1475)


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Jošt of Rožmberk, Bishop of Breslau, Grand Prior of the Order of St. John (d. 1467)


text: approximate – Clara Hätzlerin, German scribe (d. 1476)


text: Joana de Castre, Catalan noble (d. 1480)


text: Barbara von Ottenheim, German alleged witch and sculpture model (d. 1484)


text: Isabel Bras Williamson, Scottish merchant (d. 1493)


text: probable – Heinrich Kramer, German churchman and inquisitor (d. 1505)


text: Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese warlord


date: January 5

text: January 5 – Philippa of England, queen consort of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (b. 1394)


date: January 29

text: January 29 or 1427 – Andrei Rublev, Russian iconographer (possible date; b. 1360)


date: April 18

text: April 18 – John III, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (b. 1404)


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (b. 1406)


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Vytautas, Grand Prince of Lithuania (b. 1352)


text: October 27 – Vytautas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, dies shortly after the cancellation of plans to crown him as King of Lithuania. His cousin Švitrigaila is elected unanimously by the Lithuanian nobles as the new Grand Duke, violating an agreement with the Kingdom of Poland that the Polish nobles would be able to participate in the election.


text: Christine de Pizan, Italian proto-feminist writer (b. 1364)


date: March

text: March – Alexander I Aldea takes the throne of Wallachia with support from Alexander I of Moldavia.


date: June 16

text: June 16 – The Teutonic Knights and Švitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel, creating an anti-Polish alliance.


date: August 26

text: August 26 (September 2 N.S.) – At the Polish city of Chortoryisk, representatives of Švitrigaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania and of the King of Poland, Władysław II Jagiełło agree to a truce to end the Lutsk War.


date: October 30

text: October 30 – The Treaty of Medina del Campo is signed, consolidating peace between Portugal and Castille.


date: April 4

text: April 4 – In Poland, Konrad V Kantner, Duke of Silesia, leads a raid against the Hussites at Gliwice.


date: June 6

text: June 6 – The Battle on the Po takes place on the Po River in Italy near Cremona as the navy of the Duchy of Milan defeats a fleet of 85 galleys of the Republic of Venice. The Venetians lose over 2,500 men, as well as 28 of the galley warships and 42 transport ships.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – The Polish army invades the Principality of Volhynia, part of modern-day Ukraine, and captures much of the territory.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Reconquista: In Spain, the army of the Crown of Castile, led by Álvaro de Luna, defeats the Moors of the Emirate of Granada, led by the Sultan Muhammad IX, in the Battle of La Higueruela, fought at Vega de Granada.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – In the Battle of Bulgnéville over who will be the next Duke of Lorraine, Count Antoine de Vaudémont, supported by Burgundian and English troops, defeats René of Anjou, who is supported by the Kingdom of France.


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Hussites under Prokop the Great and Sigismund Korybut defeat the forces of Frederick of Brandenburg at the Battle of Domažlice.


date: August 21

text: August 21 – The navy of the Republic of Venice, commanded by Admiral Pietro Loredan, gains a major victory over the Republic of Genoa in a battle off of the coast of Rapallo, but fails to overthrow the Doge Battista Spinola


date: September 13

text: September 13 – The army of Poland defeats the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Dąbki,


date: September

text: September – Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists in Scotland.


date: November 9

text: November 9 – The Hungarians defeat the Hussite army at the Battle of Ilava.


date: November 18

text: November 18 – A treaty in Suceava concludes an attack on Poland, launched this year by Alexander I of Moldavia during the Lithuanian Civil War.


text: Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: The Ottoman governor of Thessaly Turahan Bey breaks through the Hexamilion wall for the second time, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula.


text: The Ayutthaya Kingdom besieges Angkor and sacks the Khmer capital, ending the Khmer Empire.


date: March 11

text: March 11 – Cardinal Gabriele Condulmer is elected as the successor to Pope Martin V and takes the name of Pope Eugene IV as the 207th leader of the Roman Catholic Church.


date: July 25

text: July 25 – An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, originally called by Pope Martin V before his death in February, convenes at Basel in Switzerland.


date: October 15

text: October 15 – The Roman Catholic Council of Basel issues a formal invitation to the Hussites to take part in its deliberations.


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Vlad, future Prince of Wallachia as Vlad II Dracul, is made a member of the Order of the Dragon. Because of this, his son Vlad the Impaler will inspire the literary figure named Dracula.


date: December 14

text: December 14 – The first full meeting of the Roman Catholic council at Basel is convened, but Pope Eugene IV and the council members are not able to agree on principles.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin at Rouen in France, which is under English occupation.


date: February 21

text: February 21 – The trial of Joan of Arc for heresy begins.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – 19-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake in Rouen.


date: December 16

text: December 16 – Henry VI of England is crowned King of France at Notre-Dame de Paris.


text: Nezahualcoyotl is crowned Tlatoani of the Kingdom of Texcoco.


text: The University of Poitiers is founded.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Pope Alexander VI (d. 1503)


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian politician (d. 1505)


date: November

text: November or December – Vlad the Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (d. 1476)


text: William Elphinstone, Scottish statesman (d. 1514)


text: William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings (d. 1483)


text: Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia (d. 1473)


text: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu, English politician (d. 1471)


text: Vlad the Impaler, Prince of Wallachia, A member of the House of Drăculești, as well as the Voivode of Wallachia 1456-1462


text: Ladislaus Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (d. 1457)


date: January 25

text: January 25 – Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1365)


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Pope Martin V (b. 1368)


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Nuno Álvares Pereira, Portuguese general and religious figure


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1364)


text: April 5 – In Germany, Jacob of the House of Zähringen becomes the new Margrave of Baden-Baden upon the death of his father, Bernard I.


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Adolph III, Count of Waldeck (b. 1362)


text: May 30 – Joan of Arc, French soldier and saint (b. c. 1412)


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Demetrios Laskaris Leontares, Byzantine soldier and statesman


date: December 8

text: December 8 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Polish and Lithuanian princess (b. 1408)


text: Stanisław of Skarbimierz, Polish theologian (b. 1360)


text: Violant of Bar, queen regent of Aragon (b. 1365)


text: Makhdoom Ali Mahimi, Indian Sufi mystic


date: March 5

text: March 5 – The Treaty of Rennes is signed between the Kingdom of France


date: May 12

text: May 12 – The new English Parliament session is opened at Westminster by the regents for King Henry VI of England, and Sir John Russell is elected by his peers as Speaker of the House of Commons.


date: July 17

text: July 17 – The English Parliament closes its session at Westminster. Royal assent is given in the King's name to the Electors of Knights of the Shire Act 1432 ("Certain things required in him who shall be a chooser of the knights of the parliament"), the Appearance of Plaintiffs Act (setting "the penalty of him that maketh a false entry, that the plaintiff doth offer himself in person, where his doth not") and the Exportation Act ("All wools and woolfells that shall be carried to any other place than to Calais, shall be forfeited to the King and the finder.")


date: October 25

text: October 25 – Grand Duke Sigismund of Lithuania signs a document at Grodno


date: January 6

text: January 6 – The siege of Pouancé is undertaken by Duke John V of Brittany, against his nephew John II, Duke of Alençon, as part of a conflict involving the payment of a dowry. The siege lasts until February 22 when Alençon surrenders.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – In the battle of San Romano, fought in Italy only 30 mi from the capital at Florence, the Republic of Florence cavalry and infantry, led by General Niccolò da Tolentino defeat the army of the Republic of Siena, led by Francesco Piccinino. The Renaissance painter Paolo Uccello later commemorates the event in a triptych painting.


date: September 9

text: September 9 – The S es of Aragon defeating the soldiers of Ifriqiya.


date: November 19

text: November 19 – At the Battle of Delebio, Niccolò Piccinino, leader of Milanese Army defeats the Venetian troops of Taddeo d'Este after a two-day battle in which more than 5,300 Venetian cavalry and infantry are killed.


text: December 8 – Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438): The first battle between the forces of Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis is fought near the town of Oszmiana (Ashmyany), launching the most active phase of the civil war in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


text: Spring – An Albanian revolt, led by Gjergj Arianit Komneni, breaks out against the Ottoman Empire, and spreads through most of Albania.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – The seventh Ming Chinese overseas expedition fleet, led by Admiral Zheng He, arrives at the port of Surabaya on the island of Java (now in Indonesia). The Chinese do trading until leaving on July 13


date: August 3

text: August 3 – The Ming Chinese expedition arrives at Malacca in what is now Malaysia and stays until September 2.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – The Ming Chinese expedition reaches the Samudera Pasai Sultanate on Sumatra (now part of Indonesia) and establishes trade agreements with the Sultan Zainal Abidin II, remaining at Pasai until November 2.


date: November 28

text: November 28 – The Ming Chinese expedition lands at the island of Sri Lanka, coming ashore at Beruwala at the Kingdom of Kotte, ruled by Parakramabahu VI, but departs for India four days later.


date: December 10

text: December 10 – The Ming Chinese expedition stops briefly at the Calicut Kingdom (now part of the Kerala state of India) and leaves on December 14 to sail westward across the Indian Ocean toward the island of Hormuz.


date: February 13

text: February 13 – The 42 ft tall Statue of Gommateshwara is consecrated by King Veera Pandya in the Indian city of Karkala, capital of the Vijayanagara Empire and now part of the Karnataka state.


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece is first presented to the public.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – With 132 ships, the navy of Spain's Crown of Aragon, dispatched by King Alfonso V, lands in North Africa at the island of Djerba off of the coast of Tunisia and begins a siege. The Caliph of Ifriqiya, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II, attempts to defend the island. but the Aragonese take control of Djerba by September 9.


date: September 30

text: September 30 – A delegation from Poland, led by the Bishop of Kraków, Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki, arrives in Vilnius and brings a message Grand Duke Sigismund that King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland recognizes Sigismund as Lithuania's ruler, for life.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Pope Eugene IV authorizes Cardinal Giuliano Cesarini to close the Council of Basel, but Cesarini declines to do so.


date: April 26

text: April 26 – At Philippopolis in the Ottoman Empire


date: May 5

text: May 5 – With the Tommaso Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, no longer able to protect him, General Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola is beheaded in prison.


date: August 31

text: August 31 – Sigismund Kęstutaitis attempts the capture or murder of Švitrigaila, his rival for the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Švitrigaila manages to escape.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Iliaș succeeds his father as Prince of Moldavia.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – With the departure of Švitrigaila, Sigismund Kęstutaitis is installed as the new Grand Duke of Lithuania.


text: The Université de Caen is founded.


text: The first baccalaureate service is believed to have originated at the University of Oxford.


date: January 15

text: January 15 – King Afonso V of Portugal (d. 1481)


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Isabella of Coimbra, Portuguese infanta (d. 1455)


date: March 2

text: March 2 – Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach, Countess consort of Hanau (d. 1457)


date: March 30

text: March 30 – Mehmed II, the Conqueror, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1481)


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Anne of Austria, Landgravine of Thuringia, consort of William III, Landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1462)


text: August 15 – Luigi Pulci, Italian poet (d. 1484)


text: probable – Alvise Cadamosto, Italian explorer (d. 1488)


text: date unknown – Pope Innocent VIII (d. 1492)


text: January 1 – Alexandru cel Bun, Prince of Moldavia


text: January 1 – Yusuf IV is placed on the throne as the new Sultan of Granada, after Muhammad IX is deposed with the support of King Juan II of Castile and Leon. Yusuf dies later in the year and Muhammad IX is restored to the throne a third time


date: January 22

text: January 22 – John of Schoonhoven, Flemish theologian (b. 1356)


date: March 29

text: March 29 – Venetian General Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola is arrested in Venice after reporting to a meeting with the Council of Ten and the Venetian Doge Tommaso Mocenigo. The Doge dies five days later.


text: May 5 – Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola, Italian adventurer (executed)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Joan of Valois, Duchess of Alençon, French noblewoman (b. 1409)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Dan II, five times Prince of Wallachia (killed in battle against Ottomans)


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Uko Fockena, East Frisian chieftain (b. c. 1408)


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Janus, King of Cyprus (b. 1375)


text: June 29 – At Nicosia John II becomes King of Cyprus upon the death of his father, King Janus.


date: October 19

text: October 19 – John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, English politician (b. 1392)


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford (b. 1404)


text: Art Mac Cathmhaoil, Irish Bishop of Clogher


text: Centurione II Zaccaria, last Prince of Achaea, Baron of Arcadia


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, acknowledges the oath of loyalty made on October 25 by Žygimantas I Kęstutaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania, continuing the progress of the eventual Uniting of Poland and Lithuania.


date: May 12

text: May 12 – The Regency Council for King Henry VI summons the members of Parliament to assemble at Westminster on July 8.


date: July 8

text: July 8 – The English Parliament assembles at Westminster, and Roger Hunt is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Edward I becomes King of Portugal.


date: December 15

text: December 15 – The Truce of Leczyca is signed between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order and temporarily ends the Polish–Teutonic War. The Teutons agree to stop their support of the former Lithuanian Grand Duke Švitrigaila


date: December 21

text: December 21 – The Parliament of England closes after six months.


text: Kalantiaw (of what would later be known as the Philippines) supposedly promulgates the legal code eventually referred to as the Code of Kalantiaw. Modern historians doubt its existence.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – At Kraków, King Wladyslaw II of Poland issues the rule of 'Neminem captivabimus nisi iure victum' barring the arrest of any member of Poland's nobility unless that person has first been found guilty of an offense.


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Yury Dmitrievich of Zvenigorod defeats the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasily II, at the Battle on the River Klyazma, in a war over the succession to the Muscovite throne.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Bolko V the Hussite, Duke of Opole and ruler of most of Upper Silesia and much of Lower Silesia in Poland, is defeated by Nicholas V, Duke of Krnov at the Battle of Trzebnica.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – The 1431 truce of Staryi Chortoryisk, halting the Lithuanian Civil War, expires and fighting resumes with Poland allying itself with the Hussites against the Teutonic Order.


date: October

text: October – Iliaș of Moldavia is deposed by his half-brother and joint ruler Stephen II.


date: January 17

text: January 17 – The seventh Ming Chinese overseas expedition fleet, led by Admiral Zheng He, arrives at the island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf, its furthest westward travel and stays for almost two months before setting off for its return to China.


date: March 9

text: March 9 – The Ming Chinese expedition departs from Hormuz Island and begins its four-month voyage home to Beijing.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Admiral Zheng He and the crew of the seventh Ming Chinese overseas expedition return to China, arriving at Beijing two and one half years after their departure on January 19, 1411 from Nanjing. With the completion of the maritime expedition, the fleet is dispersed, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean, and making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Emperor Xuanzong of Ming dynasty China welcomes the envoys of 11 foreign nations that had sent representatives to travel back to China with Admiral Zheng He's fleet. Present at the Imperial Court as guests are envoys of the kings of Samudera, Kingdom of Kotte, Kingdom of Cochin, Calicut, Dhofar, Aden, Coimbatore, Hormuz, Jayile and Mecca.


date: January 4

text: January 4 – Prokop the Great, leader of the Hussites of Bohemia, appears at the Council of Basel with his envoys in order to negotiate and end to the anti-Hussite Crusade started by the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope.


date: February 15

text: February 15 – Pope Eugene IV withdraws his papal bull of 1431 that had ordered the Council of Basel to be dissolved, and declares "that the said council from its very beginning was and is a legitimate council and it should continue as if no dissolution was made."


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Ispend bin Yusuf deposes Shah Muhammad of Qara Qoyunlu as Governor of Baghdad.


date: May 17

text: May 17 – The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel becomes the first state in the Holy Roman Empire to abolish serfdom as the Duke Heinrich der Friedfertige ("Heinrich the Peaceful") ends the fedual system there by decree.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Cosimo de' Medici, later the unofficial leader of Florence and patron of Marsilio Ficino, is imprisoned in the Palazzo dei Priori. Initially facing life imprisonment, Medici is then exiled by the Albizzi/Strozzi faction instead. He returns a year later, on October 6, 1434.


date: September 16

text: September 16 – A legate of Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, who had been determined to break up the Council of Basel, arrives at the Council and informs the group that Albergati is ready to negotiate.


date: November 30

text: November 30 – After months of negotiations between the Council of Basel and the Bohemian government, the Compactata of Prague is ratified an assembly of Bohemian and Moravian representatives, resolving the conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and the Hussites.


section: Economy & Finance

text: In Ming Dynasty China, cotton is listed as a permanent item of trade, on the tax registers of Songjiang prefecture.


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Vasily II, Grand Prince of Moscow, is married to Maria Yaroslavna of Borovsk, but at the wedding banquet, he enters a quarrel with his uncle, Yury Dmitrievich. The argument leads to the Battle on the River Klyazma on April 25.


date: August 31

text: August 31 – Sigismondo d'Este, Italian nobleman (d. 1507)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – James of Portugal, Portuguese cardinal (d. 1459)


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Shekha of Amarsar, Rajput chieftain (d. 1488)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Stanisław Kazimierczyk, Polish canon regular and saint (d. 1489)


date: October 19

text: October 19 – Marsilio Ficino, Florentine philosopher (d. 1499)


date: November 10

text: November 10 – Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1477)


text: November 10 – Jeanne de Laval, French noble, queen consort of Naples (d. 1498)


text: Giovanni Giocondo, Veronese-born friar, architect and classical scholar (d. 1515)


text: Stephen III of Moldavia, prince from 1457 (d. 1504)


text: probable – Kettil Karlsson, regent of Sweden from 1464 (d. 1465)


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Lidwina, Dutch saint (b. 1380)


date: May 9

text: May 9 – (6th waning of Kason 795 ME) At what is now Mrauk U on the western coast of northern Myanmar, Min Khayi becomes the new King of Arakan upon the death of his older brother, Min Saw Mon.


text: May 9 – King Min Saw Mon of Arakan


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Sigismund is crowned as the Holy Roman Emperor in Rome. The Imperial throne has been vacant for more than 52 years since the death of Sigismund's father, Charles IV, in 1378.


date: June

text: June – Sarwe Iyasus becomes the new Emperor of Ethiopia upon the death of his father Takla Maryam.


date: August 14

text: August 14 – King John I of Portugal (b. 1357)


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Peter I, Count of Saint-Pol (b. 1390)


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Přemek I, Duke of Opava (b. c.1365)


date: September

text: September – Zweder van Culemborg, Bishop of Utrecht (birth year unknown)


date: October 5

text: October 5 – (7th day of 9th month of the year Quy Suu); In Hanoi (at the time Dong Kinh) 9-year-old Le Thai Tong becomes the new King of Dai Viet and ruler of northern Vietnam upon the death of his father, Le Loi.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Emperor Go-Komatsu, the 100th emperor of Japan (b. 1377)


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Zara Yaqob becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Cosimo de' Medici returns to Florence, one year after being exiled by the Albizzi and Strozzi faction.


date: February 19

text: February 19 – In India, Mubarak Shah II, the Sultan of Delhi, is assassinated. His nephew, Muhammad Shah IV becomes the new Sultan.


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Muscovite War of Succession: Yury of Zvenigorod defeats his nephew, Vasily II, Grand Prince of Moscow, in a battle at Rostov, about 125 mi from Moscow.


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Yury of Zvenigorod marches into Moscow with his army and plunders Vasily II's treasury.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Lipany: The Catholics and Utraquists defeat the Taborites, ending the Hussite Wars.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Iron mine owner Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson begins the Engelbrekt rebellion in Sweden against King Erik, starting with an attack against the town of Borlänge, followed by Köpingehus, burning down offices there and then marching on towards Västerås.


date: August 9

text: August 9 – After fighting 166 jousts, and sustaining injuries over a month, Quiñones and his men end the Passo Honroso.


date: August

text: August – Portuguese explorer Gil Eanes and his crew sail around the dangerous Cape Bojador of North Africa (off of Western Sahara) and survive, becoming the first Europeans to make the voyage and ending the legends about what lies on the other side of the "Dark Sea". The achievement is a breakthrough in trade between Europe and Asia.


date: April 14

text: April 14 – The foundation stone of Nantes Cathedral in Nantes, Brittany, is laid.


date: July 25

text: July 25 – The coronation of Wladyslaw III as King of Poland takes place at the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Pope Eugene IV issues the papal bull Regimini gregis, condemning the enslavement by the Kingdom of Castile of the Guanches, the indigenous people of the Canary Islands. An order to free the slaves follows three months later.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Bishop Nils Ragvaldsson of Sweden delivers a speech at the Council of Basel, arguing the Kingdom of Sweden and its monarch, Eric of Pomerania deserve senior rank over the Spanish delegation.


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Pope Eugene IV issues the papal bull Creator Omnium, directing the freedom of the Canary Island slaves within 15 days after the bull is received.


date: July 10

text: July 10– In the Kingdom of León in Spain, Suero de Quiñones and his companions stage the Passo Honroso, at the bridge across the Órbigo River near Santiago de Compostela. Any knight attempting to cross the bridge is challenged to a joust by the Quiñones knights. The challenge continues for the next 30 days.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – (Rajab 9, 837 AH) King Alfonso V of Aragon ruler of the Kingdom of Sicily as well, contracts with tapestry weaver Guillem d'Uxelles to Flanders to begin learning the Flemish methods to be duplicated in Spain, beginning the "Hispano-Flemish" style.


text: Jan van Eyck paints the Arnolfini Portrait.


text: In Ming Dynasty China, a long episode of drought, flood, locust infestation, and famine cripple agriculture and commerce in areas throughout the country, until 1448.


date: August 16

text: August 16 – King Eric of Pomerania is deposed from the Swedish throne at a meeting in Vadstena, though he still retains power in Denmark and Norway.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – The University of Catania is founded in Italy.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Adolf, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1441)


date: March 12

text: March 12 – William III, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen (d. 1480)


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1443)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Eustochia Smeralda Calafato, Italian saint (d. 1485)


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Cristoforo della Rovere, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1478)


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1467)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Yolande of Valois, Duchess consort of Savoy (d. 1478)


date: December 28

text: December 28 – Antonio Grimani, Italian admiral (d. 1523)


text: Matteo Maria Boiardo, Italian poet (d. 1494)


text: Antoinette de Maignelais, mistress of Charles VII of France (d. 1474)


text: Isabella of Bourbon, Burgundian countess, spouse of Charles the Bold (d. 1465)


text: Kano Masanobu, Japanese painter (d. 1530)


date: January

text: January – John I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1381)


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Alexandra of Lithuania, Duchess of Masovia


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Prokop the Great, Hussite general (b. 1380)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – King Wladislaus II of Poland (age unknown)


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Yuri IV, Russian grand prince (b. 1374)


date: June

text: June – Amda Iyasus, Emperor of Ethiopia


date: July 5

text: July 5– Slightly more than three months after claiming the Grand Principality of Moscow, Yury of Zvenigorod dies suddenly at the age of 59 and is succeeded by his son, Vasily Kosoy.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – René of Anjou becomes the new Count of Provence and Duke of Anjou, as well as a claimant to the title of King of Naples, upon the death of his brother, Louis III.


text: November 12 – King Louis III of Anjou (b. 1403)


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Sweden's first Riksdag of the Estates is summoned under rebel leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, who is elected rikshövitsman (military commander of the realm), in the absence of a king, on January 13.


text: July 5 – The regency for King Henry VI summons the members of the English Parliament, directing them to assemble at Westminster on October 10.


date: September 21

text: September 21 – The Treaty of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip III of Burgundy ends the English-Burgundian alliance.


date: October 10

text: October 10 – As the English Parliament opens, the English House of Commons elects John Tyrrell as its speaker.


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Eric of Pomerania is reinstated as king of Sweden, only briefly, however, he is once again deposed in January of the following year.


date: December 23

text: December 23 – As the English Parliament closes, King Henry VI's regents give royal assent to new legislation, including the Safe Conducts Act 1435, the Wools and Fells Act (directing that wool not be exported from England to any other location except Calais), and the Alien Goods Act (subtitled "Merchandises taken in Ships of the King's Enemies, though belonging to Foreigners in Amity with the King, shall not be restored")


date: December 31

text: December 31 – The Peace of Brześć Kujawski is signed by representatives of the State of the Teutonic Order to make peace with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to end the Polish–Teutonic War, with the Teutonic Order agreeing to end its support of the former Grand Duke Svitrigaila and to not interfere further with Polish and Lithuanian affairs.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – The Kingdom of Naples passes to René of Anjou.


text: June 1 – The Siege of Paris begins as the French royalists of King Charles VII attempt to retake control of the French capital, defended by the supporters of England's King Henry VI. The siege lasts for 10 months but Paris is surrendered to the royalists on April 17.


date: July 17

text: July 17 – Peace of Vordingborg is signed, ending the war between the Hanseatic League of German cities (Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Rostock, Stralsund and Wismar) and the Scandinavian Kalmar Union of Denmark and Sweden. King Eric VII of Denmark and Adolph VIII, Count of Holstein sign, along with Hein Hoyer, representing the League, at Vordingborg Castle. Denmark cedes the Duchy of Schleswig to Holstein and agrees to stop interfering with the League, to end ten years of war.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – The Battle of Podraga is fought to a draw between the two claimants to the throne of Moldavia, Iliaș and Stephen II, sons of the late voivode Alexander the Good, begin joint rule of Moldavia after intervention by the King of Poland.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – In the Battle of Ponza, the navy of the Duchy of Milan decisively defeats King Alfonso V of Aragon who is captured.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – In the Battle of Wiłkomierz, Grand Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis decisively defeats his predecessor, Švitrigaila, in the decisive battle of the civil war in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


date: November 16

text: November 16 – The French port of Dieppe, occupied by the English Army since its capture in 1420, is retaken by French royalists led by Charles Desmarais and Pierre de Rieux.


text: Gil Eanes and Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia explore the coast of Africa, as far as the Angra dos Ruivos (in modern-day Western Sahara).


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Sicut Dudum, a papal bull forbidding the enslavement of the Guanche natives in Canary Islands by the Spanish, is promulgated by Pope Eugene IV.


date: March 8

text: March 8 – Prince Zhu Qiyu, who will become the Emperor of China in 1449, is appointed as the Prince of Cheng in the name of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming.


date: December 4

text: December 4 – The Livonian Confederation, with a capital at Valka (now on the border of Latvia and Lithuania) is formed by an agreement signed at Valka by the Archbishop of Riga; Courland; the Dorpat; the Ösel–Wiek and bishops of Courland, Dorpat, Ösel-Wiek and Reval; the representatives of the Livonian Order and its vassals; and the deputies of Riga, Reval and Dorpat city municipal councils.


text: Enea Piccolomini, the future Pope Pius II, is sent by Cardinal Albergati on a secret mission to Scotland and Northern England.


text: Francis of Paola founds the Order of the Minims in Italy.


text: China returns to a policy of isolation.


date: May 8

text: May 8 – The German city of Speyer sets a six-month deadline for its Jewish community to leave, as the council passes a decree declaring that "The council is compelled to banish the Jews, but it has no designs upon their lives or their property. It only revokes their rights of citizenship and of settlement. Until November 11 they are at liberty to go whither they please with all their property, and in the meantime they may make final disposition of their business affairs."


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Ashikaga Yoshimasa, shōgun (d. 1490)


date: February 1

text: February 1 – Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy (d. 1472)


date: April 8

text: April 8 – John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1461)


date: April 16

text: April 16 – Jan II the Mad, Duke of Żagań (1439–1449 and 1461–1468 and again in 1472) (d. 1504)


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Joan of France, Duchess of Bourbon, French princess (d. 1482)


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Andrea della Robbia, Italian artist (d. 1525)


text: Kim Si-sŭp, Korean scholar and author (d. 1493)


text: Andrea del Verrocchio, Florentine sculptor (approximate date; d. 1488)


text: Sophie of Pomerania, Duchess of Pomerania (d. 1497)


text: Johannes Tinctoris, Flemish music theorist and composer (approximate date; d. 1511)


text: Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby (d. 1504)


text: Yoshida Kanetomo, Shinto priest (d. 1511)


text: Jean Molinet, French poet and chronicler (d. 1507)


date: January 31

text: January 31 – China's Emperor Xuanzong dies after a nine-year reign, leaving a question of whether his younger brother Zhu Zhanshan, or his 7-year-old son, Crown Prince Zhu Qizhen, should be the successor.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Queen Joanna II of Naples (b. 1371)


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Stjepan Vukčić Kosača becomes the new Grand Duke of Bosnia upon the death of his uncle, Sandalj Hranić.


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Spytek z Tarnowa i Jarosławia, Polish nobleman


date: April 13

text: April 13 – In Germany, Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg becomes the direct administrator of the Duchy of Pomerania-Stettin upon the death of Casmir V, and acts as regent for Casimir's 8-year-old son, Joachim of Griffin.


date: May 9

text: May 9 – The French Army, led by Jean Poton de Xaintrailles and Étienne de Vignolles ("La Hire") wins the Battle of Gerberoy, despite being outnumbered 3 to 1 by the English Army under John FitzAlan. the French lose no more than 30 soldiers while the English lose over 1,000, including FitzAlan, who is fatally wounded and died on June 12.


date: June 12

text: June 12 – John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (b. 1408)


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Sir Robert Harling, English knight under the Duke of Bedford


date: September 14

text: September 14 – John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, regent of England (b. 1389)


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Isabeau of Bavaria, queen of Charles VI of France


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Savvatiy, Russian monastery founder


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Paweł Włodkowic, Polish scholar (b. 1370)


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Hermann II of Celje, Ban of Croatia


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Bonne of Berry, Regent of Savoy (b. 1362)


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Erik of Pomerania is deposed from the Swedish throne for the second time, only three months after having been reinstated. Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson remains the leader of the land, in his capacity of rikshövitsman, the military commander of the realm.


date: March 28

text: March 28 – In Italy, the Republic of Genoa is revived after having been under the control of the Duchy of Milan for almost 15 years, and the 56-year-old mercenary leader Isnardo Guarco is elected as the Doge of Genoa, with a lifetime appointment, but is deposed only one week later.


date: April 4

text: April 4 – After entering the city of Genoa with several thousand men, former Doge Tomaso di Campofregoso reclaims leadership of the Republic of Genoa.

source_section: Events › April–July


date: July 5

text: July 5 – The Hussite Wars effectively end in Bohemia. Sigismund is accepted as King.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Eric of Pomerania is once again reinstated as king of Sweden. Karl Knutsson, at the same time, resigns the post of rikshövitsman.


date: October 1

text: October 1 – King James I of Scotland gives royal assent to numerous acts recently passed by the Scottish parliament, including the Place of Trial Act ("That the kingis Justice hald the law quhair the trespes wes done."), the Englishmen Act ("of assoverance and proteccion be Inglismen"), the Selling Salmon to English Men Act and the Import of Bullion Act.


date: October 29

text: October 29 – The regents for King Henry VI summon members of the English Parliament to assemble on January 21 at Westminster.


date: November 10

text: November 10 – The treaty between the Republic of Venice and the Byzantine Empire is renewed for five years in a signing at Constantinople.


date: February

text: February – Karl Knutsson Bonde becomes the Rikshövitsman of the Swedish military jointly with Engelbrekt. The two will share the title until Engelbrekt's death two months later.


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Hundred Years War: Paris is recaptured from the English by French forces.


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Swedish leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson is assassinated by aristocrat Måns Bengtsson while he is on his way to Stockholm for negotiations. Karl Knutsson Bonde temporarily holds the position of leader of Sweden alone. The first meeting of the Riksdag of the Estates of Sweden takes place afterwards, in Uppsala.


date: July 29

text: July 29 – French forces abandon their Siege of Calais.


date: September 10

text: September 10 – At the Battle of Piperdean, fought near the border between Scotland and England, a force of 4,000 English troops led by the George de Dunbar and the Earl of Northumberland to take back Dunbar Castle is repelled by the Earl of Angus, who as Warden of the Scottish Marches. The Scots surprise the marching English troops and kill an estimated 1,500 men, including 40 knights, while losing 200 men of their own.


date: December 20

text: December 20 – King Charles VII of France arrives at Lyon to personally begin an inquiry into the rebellion that had lasted in the city for two months, ending on June 6, 1436. Ultimately, three rebels are executed and 120 others are permanently banished from Lyon.


text: Vlad II Dracul seizes the recently vacated throne of Wallachia, with Hungarian support.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Italian archaeologist Cyriacus of Ancona, exploring at the Greek village of Kastri) rediscovers the site of Delphi, eight centuries after it had been abandoned. More than four more centuries will pass before the ruins of the Temple of Apollo, the workplace of the Oracle of Delphi, will be found.


date: August 31

text: August 31 – An attempt by Spain to recapture Gibraltar from the Moors fails as the expedition leader Enrique Pérez de Guzmán drowns along with 40 of his men after reaching the shore.


text: Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia becomes the first European to explore the western coast of Africa, past the Tropic of Cancer.


date: March 25

text: March 25 (New Year's Day in local calendars) – Pope Eugene IV consecrates Florence Cathedral. Construction had started 140 years earlier in 1296 and is nearly complete with the finishing of a dome that has been engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi. The dome itself would be dedicated five months later.


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Brunelleschi's Dome at Florence Cathedral is dedicated.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Pope Eugene IV issues a supplement to his papal bull of 1435, Sicut dudum (which banned enslavement by Portugal of the people of the Canary Islands), by another bull, Romanus Pontifex, allowing Portugal to conquer any of the Islands that had not yet been converted to Christianity.


text: In Ming dynasty China, a significant portion of the southern grain tax is commuted to payments in silver, known as the Gold Floral Silver (jinhuayin). This comes about due to officials' and military generals' increasing demands to be paid in silver instead of grain, as commercial transactions draw more silver into nationwide circulation. Some counties have trouble transporting all the required grain to meet their tax quotas, so it makes sense to pay the government in silver, a medium of exchange that is already abundant amongst landowners, through their own private commercial affairs.


text: Johannes Gutenberg begins work on the printing press.


text: The Bosnian language is first mentioned in a document.


section: Science & Discovery

text: The Florentine polymath Leon Battista Alberti begins writing the treatise On Painting, in which he argues for the importance of mathematical perspective, in the creation of three-dimensional vision on a two-dimensional plane. This follows the ideas of Masaccio, and his concepts of linear perspective and vanishing point in artwork.


text: Date of the Visokom papers, the last direct sources on the old town of Visoki.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Scottish princess Margaret Stewart marries the future French king Louis XI in Tours.


text: June 25 – The Incorporated Guild of Smiths in Newcastle upon Tyne (England) is founded.


date: October 6

text: October 6 – The University of Turin, originally created in 1404 is re-established in Turin in Italy after having been absent since 1427. Prince Ludovico of Savoy grants ducal licenses to set up colleges of Law, of Arts and Medicine, and of Theology.


text: In Ming dynasty China, the inauguration of the Zhengtong-era Emperor Yingzong of Ming takes place.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Japanese shōgun (d. 1490)


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, Lancastrian military commander during the English Wars of the Roses (d. 1464)


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Imagawa Yoshitada, 9th head of the Imagawa clan in Japan (d. 1476)


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Amalia of Saxony, Duchess of Bavaria-Landshut (d. 1501)


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Regiomontanus, German astronomer (d. 1476)


date: November 5

text: November 5 – Richard Grey, 3rd Earl of Tankerville, English nobleman, attainted as a Yorkist supporter during the Wars of the Roses (d. 1466)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice (d. 1521)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Princess Catherine of Portugal, nun and writer (d. 1463)


text: Abi Ahmet Celebi, chief physician of the Ottoman Empire (writer of a study on kidney and bladder stones; supporter of the research of Jewish doctor Musa Colinus ul-Israil on the application of drugs; founder of the first Ottoman medical school)


text: Hernando del Pulgar, Spanish writer (d. c. 1492)


text: Sheikh Hamdullah, Anatolian Islamic calligrapher (d. 1520)


text: Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Spanish cardinal and statesman (d. 1517)


date: February 14

text: February 14 – In Yemen, the Imam Al-Mansur Ali bin Salah ad-Din of the Zaidi state becomes of one of the victims of a plague sweeping the kingdom. His son, an-Nasir Muhammad, becomes the new Imam but dies four weeks later.


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Swedish statesman and rebel leader (murdered) (b. c. 1390)


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, Dutch sovereign (b. 1401)


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Louis III, Elector Palatine (b. 1378)


text: December 30 – In the Holy Roman Empire, at Heidelberg, 13-year-old Ludwig IV of Wittelsbach becomes the new Elector of Palatine, one of the seven imperial electors and ruler of the Rhineland, upon the death of his father, Ludwig III. During his minority, Ludwig IV is guided by his uncle and guardian, Otto of Mosbach.


text: Winter – Alexander I Aldea, Prince of Wallachia (probably of illness) (b.1397)


text: date unknown – Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī, Persian mathematician (b. 1364)


date: January 21

text: January 21– The English Parliament, summoned in the name of King Henry VI on October 29, assembles at Westminster. The House of Commons elects the ailing John Tyrrell as its Speaker.


date: March 27

text: March 27 – The regents for King Henry VI give royal assent to the legislation passed by the English Parliament, including the Marshalsea Act; the Exportation of Corn Act (excusing licensing fees of small amounts of grain, at less than 6 shillings, 8 pence for wheat or 3 shillings for barley); and the Guilds and Fraternities Act.


date: November 13

text: November 13 – England's Privy Council votes to confirm the independent authority of King Henry.


date: December 6

text: December 6 – King Henry VI reaches the age of majority on his 16th birthday and is deemed ready to rule the Kingdom of England in his own right.


text: The Kazan Khanate is established.


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Battle of Hällaskogen, Sweden: Rebels from the cities of Arboga, Köping, and Örebro, led by Erik Puke, defeat the troops sent by King Karl Knutsson. Puke is captured a few weeks later, and beheaded on February 13.


date: February 13

text: February 13– In France, English troops led by the Earl of Shrewsbury capture the town of Pontoise, less than 18 mi from Paris, and threaten the royal capital before being forced to abandon their position.


date: February 21

text: February 21– King James I of Scotland is assassinated in an attempted coup d'état led by his uncle and former ally, Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl. The night before, the King and his wife, Catherine Douglas had stopped at Blackfriars monastery in Perth. Queen Catherine is injured while barring the door with her arm in order to allow the King to escape, and King James is found in the early hours of the morning and stabbed to death while trying to escape.


date: March 24

text: March 24– In Italy, Tomaso di Campofregoso, the Doge of the Republic of Genoa is forced to step down in favor of his brother, Battista di Campofregoso, however, changes his mind later in the day and Tomaso is re-installed as the doge.


date: March 26

text: March 26 – In Scotland, Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, at one time the heir presumptive to the Scottish throne until the birth of James II, is brutally executed for the assassination of King James I. A red hot iron crown placed upon his head, after which he is cut into pieces while still alive and his heart was taken out, after which his body is thrown into a fire.


date: May 1

text: May 1 – In Bohemia, Sion Castle near Kutná Hora in the modern-day Czech Republic is besieged by royal forces sent by the Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg and commanded by his Hofmeister, Hynce Ptáček of Pirkštejn. The siege, defended by the Taborite Hussite Jan Roháč of Dubá, lasts for four months before succeeding.


date: May 21

text: May 21 – During a visit by Phillip III of Burgundy, who still controls parts of France while his war against King Charles VI continues, rebels in the city of Bruges take over and lynch his representative, Marshal Jean de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, while Philip himself narrowly escapes capture.


date: June 6

text: June 6 – A peasant army gathers at Babolna during the Transylvanian peasant revolt against King Sigismund of Hungary and defeat the Hungarian Governor, Ladislaus Csaki.


date: September 20

text: September 20 – The siege of Sion Castle in Bohemia by the armies of the Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg is successful.


text: September 20 – Led by Prince Henry the Navigator, a poorly-prepared Portuguese attempt to conquer the city of Tangier in the Marinid Sultanate in Morocco begins. Although the Portuguese have more than 6,000 troops, they reach the walled city and find that their scaling ladders are too short to reach the top, and their artillery is too weak to damage the walls.


date: September 30

text: September 30– A Moroccan relief force of at least 10,000 cavalry and 90,000 foot soldiers arrives at Tangier to halt Portugal's assault on Tangier.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – The Portuguese, reinforced with better equipment and having routed the Moroccans two days earlier, make a second assault on Tangier and fail.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – A counterattack on the Portuguese troops' camp, with additional troops led by the Moroccan grand vizier, Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi, forces the Portuguese to flee to their ships but King Henry's son, Prince Ferdinand, is taken as a prisoner of war.


date: October 19

text: October 19 – After negotiating a surrender and exchanging prisoners of war with the Moroccans, the Portuguese troops leave Tangier and sail away from Morocco.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – King Charles VII of France and his son Prince Louis ride into Paris for the first time in 17 years after the royal family had fled from the invasion by the Duke of Burgundy in 1420.


date: August 22

text: August 22– Portugal's disastrous Tangier expedition to attack Morocco begins as Prince Henry the Navigator and more than 6,000 troops (3,000 knights, 2,000 infantry, 1,000 archers) sail from the port of Belém toward Africa and the Portuguese colony of Ceuta. They arrive at Ceuta five days later.


date: October 15

text: October 15 – Prince Henry the Navigator (Henrique, o Navegador), brother of King Duarte of Portugal, agrees on behalf Portugal to cede its North African colony of Ceuta back to Morocco in return for being allowed to withdraw all of his troops, including those taken prisoner.


date: January 15

text: January 15– The Compacts of Basel are ratified by the Council of Basel in Switzerland, as the Roman Catholic Church ends its campaign against the Hussites. Among other things, the Church authorizes Hussite priests to administer sacramental wine to their congregations as part of the Communion during the Eucharist before Easter without declaring the same to be heresy, but stops short of allowing the Communion wafer.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – In a ceremony in Holyrood Abbey, six-year old Prince James is crowned as James II of Scotland by Pope Eugene IV. For the security of the crown, the capital of Scotland is moved from Dunfermline to Edinburgh.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Pope Eugene IV issues the papal bull Dominatur Dominus, further to safeguard the rights of the Guanches, the natives of the Portuguese-controlled Canary Islands.


date: July 6

text: July 6– The Transylvanian peasant revolt comes to an end with a formal treaty signed at the monastery of Cluj-Manastur, reducing the tithe to be paid to their employers, and abolishing the tax requiring surrendering one-ninth of each individual's production of wine and grain, and confirming the right of peasants to move freely within Transylvania.


date: March 11

text: March 11– The nova Scorpii AD 1437 is first observed, and is seen by Korean astronomers at Seoul. It remains visible until March 25.


date: May 18

text: May 18 (Full moon of Nayon 799 M.E.) – In Burma, King Mohnyin Thado of Ava announces that, effective March 30, 1438, the year will be recalibrated after 799 M.E. to will become 2 M.E., as part of the recommendations of his astrologers.


date: April 2

text: April 2 – A bubonic plague epidemic strikes the independent city of Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik in Croatia), capital of the Republic of Ragusa, and a group of 10 patricians reject the chance to flee, staying to govern the city. Within 15 days, nine of the ten are dead, and only Marin Simunov Rastic survives. The progress of the plague, which lasts for more than two months, is chronicled by an Italian-born resident, Opis Diversis.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – On the feast day of St. John the Baptist, the plague in Ragusa is declared at an end.


text: Sandside Chase in the north of Scotland: Clan Mackay defeat the Clan Gunn of Caithness.


text: April 23 – Malmö, at this time in Denmark, receives its current coat of arms.


date: November 1

text: November 1 – On All Saints Day, five weeks before his 16th birthday, King Henry VI of England has a second coronation ceremony at Merton Priory, near London. Henry had previously been crowned in 1429 at Westminster at the age of seven.


text: Ulugh Beg's Zij-i Sultani star catalogue is published.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Anna of Saxony, Electress of Brandenburg (d. 1512)


date: April 30

text: April 30 – János Thurzó, Hungarian businessman (d. 1508)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – John Scrope, 5th Baron Scrope of Bolton, English Baron (d. 1498)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – John IV, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1463)


text: date unknown – Isaac Abravanel, Jewish statesman (d. 1508)


text: probable – Elizabeth Woodville, Queen consort of King Edward IV of England (d. 1492)


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Catherine of Valois, queen of Henry V of England (b. 1401)


date: January 22

text: January 22 – Niccolò de' Niccoli, Italian Renaissance humanist (b. 1364)


date: February 21

text: February 21 – King James I of Scotland (b. 1394) (murdered)


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, Scottish nobleman and regicide (executed)


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Joan of Navarre, Queen of England (b. 1370)


date: November 20

text: November 20 – Thomas Langley, cardinal bishop of Durham and lord chancellor of England (b. 1363)


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1368)


text: December 9 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, dies, and is succeeded by Frederick III.


text: date unknown – John II Stanley of the Isle of Man


date: January 9

text: January 9 – The city of Cluj (Kolozsvár) is conquered, thus marking the end of the Transylvanian peasant revolt, which started at Bobâlna.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – The Unio Trium Nationum pact is established in Transylvania.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Albert II of Germany is approved by the electors in the Holy Roman Empire as the King of the Romans, the ruler of Germany.


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Albert becomes King of Bohemia.


text: According to John Howland Rowe's chronology, Pachacuti becomes ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and begins its expansion into the Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyu).


date: April 14

text: April 14 – The County of Holland declares war on several cities of the Hanseatic League, triggering the Dutch–Hanseatic War.


date: May 19

text: May 19 – René of Anjou, son of the late King Louis II of Valois-Anjou arrives in the Kingdom of Naples to take the vacant throne, reaching the Italian city ahead of King Alfonso V of Aragon, who also wants the throne. Alfonso makes plans to lay siege to the city of Naples.


date: September 9

text: September 9 – In Cairo, Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq becomes the new Sultan of Egypt and Syria, deposing the young Sultan Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf, whom he has arrested and then deported to Alexandria.


date: December 8

text: December 8 – In Ming dynasty China, the Emperor Yingzong gives the order to his General, Mu Sheng, to go to war against the state of the Dai people (on the border with the Burmese Kingdom of Ava)and their ruler, King Möng Mao.


date: December 13

text: December 13 – The siege of Brescia in Italy, started on September 25 by troops of the Duchy of Milan under condottieri Niccolò Piccinino to liberate the city from its control by the Republic of Venice, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì. According to tradition, two Brescian martyrs from the second century, Saints Faustinus and Jovita, appear on the top of the city walls and repel the cannonballs fired at the city, and the Milanese abandon the siege.


text: The Sukhothai Kingdom merges with the Ayutthaya Kingdom.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Upset at the attempted reforms at the Council of Basel in Switzerland, Pope Eugene IV convenes a rival council at Ferrara in Italy, through Niccolò Albergati, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Bologna, with 40 prelates in attendance.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – The Council of Basel, with only 16 bishops present, votes to suspend Pope Eugene from papal authority.


date: February 10

text: February 10 – All Souls' College is founded in the University of Oxford by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Henry VI of England as a graduate institution.


date: February 15

text: February 15 – Pope Eugene issues the bull "Exposcit debitum", declaring the council at Ferrara an ecumenical council, and commanding the prelates at Basel to appear at Ferrara within a month or face excommunication.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Charles VII of France issues the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, giving the French church control over the appointment of bishops, and depriving the Pope of French ecclesiastical revenues.


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Following approval by the General Council of Scotland, regents for King James II of Scotland give royal assent to the Inquisitions in Last Reign Act, providing for the continuation of any inquisition by the Roman Catholic Church for heresy that had been started prior to the assassination of King James I.


text: Just two years after the Ming dynasty court of China allowed landowners paying the grain tax to pay their tax in silver instead, the Ming court now decides to close all silver mines and prohibit all private silver mining in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. This is a concerted effort to halt the increase of silver circulating into the market. The illegal mining of silver is now an offense punishable by death; although it becomes a dangerous affair, the high demand for silver also makes it very lucrative, and so many chose to defy the government and continue to mine.


date: October 17

text: October 17 – Erik of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, loses direct control of Sweden, as Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.


text: At 95 years of age, Nang Keo Phimpha becomes queen of Lan Xang for a few months, then being deposed and killed.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg is crowned as King of Hungary at Székesfehérvár.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – The coronation of Albert II of Habsburg as King of Bohemia takes place in Prague.


date: August 5

text: August 5 - Rao Bika, the founder and first ruler of the Rathore Princely Kingdom Bikaner is born to Rani Narandeji Sankhla & Rao Jodha of Jodhpur.


date: October 27

text: October 27 – At Mandore (part of the modern-day state of Rajasthan in India), Rao Ranmal, King of Marwar is assassinated after becoming drunk during the festival of Diwali, when one of his wives, Bharmali, ties him up and opens his bedroom door to admit a team of assassins. Ranmal's son, Rao Jodha, becomes the new King.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Margaret of Bourbon, French noble (d. 1483)


text: February 5 – Philip II, Duke of Savoy (d. 1497)


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Adolf, Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen (1465–1471) (d. 1477)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Ludovico II of Saluzzo, Italian noble (d. 1504)


date: April 3

text: April 3 – John III of Egmont, Dutch noble (d. 1516)


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse (1458–1471) (d. 1471)


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, son of Charles I (d. 1503)


text: probable – Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset, English nobleman and military commander during the Wars of the Roses (d. 1471)


text: date unknown – Husayn Bayqarah, Timurid ruler of Herat (d. 1506)


date: April 24

text: April 24 – Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel (b. 1429)


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Upon the death of Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Barsbāy, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, his 14 year old son Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf temporarily becomes the new monarch, under the guardianship of the regent Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq, Na'ib of Damascus.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – The reign of Friedrich I von Helfenstein as Count of Helfenstein (in the modern-day German state of Baden-Württemberg) ends after 66 years. Friedrich and his brothers Conrad and Ulrich had become joint rulers in 1372 on the death of their father, Ulrich XIII, but Ulrich IX and Conrad I had died in 1375 and 1402, respectively. Friedrich's three sons become the joint rulers.


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Edward, King of Portugal (b. 1391)


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Afonso V becomes King of Portugal upon the death of his father King Duarte I.


date: October 16

text: October 16 – Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (b. 1383)


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Jacopo della Quercia, Sienese sculptor (b. c. 1374)


date: January 4

text: January 4 – A truce is signed at Breslau between King Albert of Hungary and King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland to end the 8-month war between the two kingdoms.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – In England, John Juyn becomes the new Chief Justice of the King's Bench.


date: September 25

text: September 25 – King Henry VI of England summons the English Parliament, directing all members to assemble at Westminster on November 12.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – A Great Ordinance is adopted by the French Estates-General. This measure grants the king the exclusive right to raise troops, and establishes the taxation measure known as the taille, in support of a standing army.


text: Parliament is opened and the House of Commons elects William Tresham as its speaker.


text: Plymouth becomes the first town incorporated by Parliament.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – A rebellion by peasants in Finland against the Swedish government, led by Anian Daavid, is ended by the Swedish Army after intervention by the Bishop of Turku. After confiscation of some untillable land to compensate other landowners for damages, the peasants are pardoned upon taking an oath never to rise up against the Swedish Crown again.


date: January

text: January – In Vietnam, a rebellion of the barbarians in Phục Lễ province, supported by the Laotian army, against King Lê Thái Tông under the Lê dynasty, is defeated.


date: April 12

text: April 12 – In a battle on Lake Garda in Italy, a passage to the Adriatic Sea, ships from the Duchy of Milan defeat those of the Republic of Venice in battle and take control of the lake.


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Battle of Grotnik: Wladyslaw III's royal army defeats the Hussite rebels, led by Spytko III of Melsztyn, ending the non-Catholic movement in Poland.


date: June

text: June – The "Miracle of the Moose" takes place, according to Russian hagiographers.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – The Battle of Craignaught Hill takes place in Scotland between Clan Boyd and Clan Stewart as the Stewarts of Darnley carry out revenge against Sir Thomas Boyd for his murder of Alan Stewart.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – The siege of Moscow by Ulugh Muhammad, the monarch of the Kazan Khanate, fails after 10 days following the defense of the Muscovite capital by Yuri Patrikeevich.


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Smederevo Fortress, the seat of government of the Despotate of Serbia, surrenders to the Ottoman Empire after a siege of three months under the command of the Sultan Murad II. The siege had started after the Despot, Durad Branković, had departed to the Republic of Venice, leaving the nation under the control of his son, Grgur Branković. Grgur is appointed as the Ottoman Governor of the Serbian province.


text: Beginning of the settlement of the Azores with the arrival of the first Portuguese settlers in Santa Maria.


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Pope Eugene IV, who had convened the Council of Ferrara a year earlier to fight the reforms of the Council of Basel, orders the transfer of its participants from Ferrara to Florence.


date: May 16

text: May 16 – Pope Eugene, already found to be in contempt of the Council of Basel, is declared by the Council to be a heretic.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – The Council of Basel formally declares that Pope Eugene IV is deposed.


date: July 6

text: July 6 – Pope Eugene IV issues the Bull of Union with the Greeks (Laetentur Caeli), signed by the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos, proclaiming the end of the East–West Schism between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy and the union of the two divisions of the Christian faith. The bull is repudiated by most Eastern bishops shortly thereafter.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Pope Eugene IV sends a message of unity to the Emperor of Ethiopia, Qostantinos I, but the proposal for a union with the Ethiopian Orthodox Christian Church is not acknowledged.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi captures Foligno, ending Trinci's signoria.


date: October 30

text: October 30 – The Council of Basel begins a conclave to elect its own successor to Pope Eugene IV, whom it had deposed on June 25.


date: November 5

text: November 5 – The Council of Basel elects its own pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church, and selects Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy (considered an antipope), who takes the regnal name Felix V.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Following up on the declaration of union of the Roman Catholic Church with the Greek Orthodox Church, Pope Eugene IV signs an agreement of union with the Armenian Apostolic Church.


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Pope Eugene IV designates nine archbishops and six bishops to join the College of Cardinals and one cardinal and one priest, for 17 appointments in all.


date: September 24

text: September 24 - King Erik XIII of Sweden is declared deposed in Sweden while Karl Knutsson Bonde continues to serve as Regent of Sweden. Erik remains King of Norway.


text: Earliest likely date for Johannes Gutenberg's development of printing with movable type at Mainz.


date: February 17

text: February 17 – In the Duchy of Cieszyn in Poland, Duke Wenceslaus I marries Elisabeth of Hohenzollern, the daughter of the Elector of Brandenburg, Friedrich.


text: At the Portuguese Cortes, Peter, Duke of Coimbra is appointed Regent of the Kingdom.


date: March 3

text: March 3 – Ashikaga Yoshimi, brother of Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa (d. 1491)


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg-Urach, German noble (d. 1457)


date: May 29

text: May 29 – Pope Pius III (d. 1503)


date: July 18

text: July 18 – John V, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, German duke (d. 1507)


date: July 26

text: July 26 – Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria, member of the Wittelsbach dynasty (d. 1501)


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, Duchess of York, second child of Richard Plantagenet (d. 1476)


text: date unknown – Hua Sui, Chinese inventor and printer (d. 1513)


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Aedh mac Tairdelbach becomes the new King of Connacht (in modern-day County Roscommon) in Ireland upon the death of his nephew, Cathal mac Ruaidri Ó Conchobair, who had been King of Connacht since 1426.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, English military leader (b. 1382)


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Joseph II, the leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church as the 155th Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, dies after a reign of 23 years, leaving a vacancy that is used by the Roman Catholic Pope Eugene IV to declare a unification of the two churches to end the East–West Schism of 1054.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Sigismund of Habsburg becomes the new Duke of Austria upon the death of his father, Frederick IV.


text: June 24 – DFrederick IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1382)


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Sidi El Houari, Algerian imam (b. 1350)


date: September 20

text: September 20 – In the modern-day Indian state of Rajasthan, Raja Udharan becomes the new King of Amber upon the death of the Raja Banbir.


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Ambrose the Camaldulian, Italian theologian


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Albert II of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1397)


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Margaret Holland, English noblewoman (b. 1385)


text: Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus and Titus Statilius Maximus become Roman Consuls.


text: In Vietnam during the second Era of Northern Domination, rebellion of Cham people broke out in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen. The rebels then surrendered to the Jiaozhi's governor in the same year.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: The Roman campaigns in Mauretania begin.


text: Change of emperor from Han Shundi to Han Chongdi of the Han dynasty.


text: Marcion of Sinope is excommunicated; a sect, Marcionism, grows out of his beliefs.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Polycarpus II to Athendodorus (until 148).


text: Change of era name from Hanan (3rd year) to Jiankang era of the Chinese Han dynasty.


text: Reign of Huvishka, emperor of the Kushan Empire.


text: Kahiko-Lue-Mea, Hawaiian ruler


text: September 20 – Han Shundi, Chinese emperor (b. 115)


text: Polemon of Laodicea, Greek sophist (b. c. AD 90)


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Ludovico becomes the new Duke of Savoy upon the abdication of his father Amadeus VIII.


date: February 21

text: February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is proposed as an opposition to the Teutonic Knights at a meeting in Elbing by nobles from the cities of Culm, Elbing, Thorn, Danzig, Braunsberg, Königsberg, and Kneiphof. The delegates agree to hold a larger meeting on March 14 at Marienwerder.


date: July 11

text: July 11 – John V, Duke of Brittany, signs a neutrality agreement with the Kingdom of England, promising not to give shelter to England's enemies in the ongoing English occupation of western France.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Representatives of the Swiss canton of Zurich sign the Peace of Lucerne, bringing a temporary halt to the Old Zurich War.


date: February

text: February–June – The Praguerie, an uprising by the French nobility against King Charles VII.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Sigismund Kęstutaitis, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, is assassinated at his residence at the Trakai Peninsula Castle by supporters of his rival, Svitraglia.


date: April

text: April – Ottoman Sultan Murad II begins the siege of Belgrade, at this time part of the Kingdom of Hungary following the conquest of Serbia. The fortress is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of artillery prevents the Turks from capturing the city, and the siege ends after six months.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – The League of Italian States (Florence, Venice and the Papal States) defeats the army of the Duchy of Milan at the Battle of Anghiari in Tuscany.


date: August 31

text: August 31 – In France, the Siege of Tartas is commenced in Gascony by troops of the Kingdom of England and the English-controlled Duchy of Gascony in an attempt to oust a French supporter of King Charles VII, Charles II d'Albret, who has taken control of Tartas. The siege lasts for almost two years before being abandoned by the English.


date: September 10

text: September 10 – A rebellion in Hungary, instigated by Ladislaus Garai against the newly elected King Laszlo (who is also king of Poland), is ended when Garai's army is annihilated in a battle at Bátaszék by the troops of General János Hunyadi and of Nicholas of Ilok, ruler of Croatia.


date: September 21

text: September 21 – The Burgraviate of Nuremberg, a member nation-state of the Holy Roman Empire, comes to an end after more than three centuries when the two sons of the last Burgrave, Frederick V, divide the territory into two separate principalities. Frederick VI (who is also Elector of Brandenburg) becomes the ruler of the Principality of Ansbach, while John III becomes the ruler of the Principality of Bayreuth


date: November 2

text: November 2 – The Old Zurich War begins as the Canton of Zurich, led by the burgomaster Rudolf Stüssi, is expelled from the Swiss Confederation (Corpus helveticum) by the leaders of the other cantons (Bern, Glarus, Lucerne, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Uri and Zug). Stüssi makes an alliance with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and a war which will last more than five years begins.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Charles, Duke of Orléans, is released from incarceration in England, 25 years after he had been taken as a prisoner of war at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. His freedom is gained after negotiations made by two of his former enemies, the Duke of Burgundy and the Queen of Portugal, and payment of a ransom of 80,000 gold coins. The Duke of Orleans, now aged 46, returns to French soil after more than a quarter of a century in England.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Seventeen new Roman Catholic Cardinals are added to the College of Cardinals afer having been appointed by Pope Eugene IV on December 18.


date: March 8

text: March 8 – Despite the birth of a posthumous son of the late King Albert V, the Hungarian nobles vote to elect King Vladislaus III of Poland as the new King of Hungary.


date: March 14

text: March 14 – The Prussian Confederation is formed by 53 nobles and clergy, representing 19 Prussian cities, who meet at Elbing to form an opposition to the Teutonic Knights.


text: June 29 – Casimir IV Jagiellon is proclaimed as the new Grand Duke of Lithuania by the Lithuanian Council of Lords.


text: Zhu Quan writes the Cha Pu ("Tea Manual") in China.


text: Lorenzo Valla's De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio demonstrates that the Donation of Constantine is a forgery.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Breton lord Gilles de Rais is arrested at his castle at Machecoul after an accusation of murdering children is brought against him by the Bishop of Nantes.


date: October 22

text: October 22 – Gilles de Rais confesses and is sentenced to death on a conviction of murdering at least 140 children. He is hanged on October 26 and his corpse is then burned at the stake.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – The "Black Dinner" takes place at Edinburgh Castle as Lord Chancellor of Scotland William Crichton conspires with the James Douglas, uncle of the late Archibald Douglas (who had served as regent for King James II) to invite Archibald's two sons, 16-year old William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas and David Douglas to dinner with King James. At the dinner, the two boys are taken hostage and murdered, the members of Clan Douglas besiege the castle, and James Douglas inherits the Earldom.


text: Sir Richard Molyneux is appointed constable of Liverpool Castle, in England.


text: Uwaifiokun, Oba of Benin, is killed by his brother, the Prince Ogun, who succeeds him as Ewuare I.


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Christopher of Bavaria is elected King of Denmark.


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Elizabeth of Luxembourg, regent for the vacant throne of Hungary, has her infant son, Ladislaus the Posthumous, crowned king at Székesfehérvár with the stolen Crown of Saint Stephen.


text: June 29 – The Diet of Hungary approves a resolution declaring the coronation of Ladislaus as King of Hungary to be invalid, declaring that "the crowning of kings is always dependent on the will of the kingdom's inhabitants, in whose consent both the effectiveness and the force of the crown reside".


date: July 17

text: July 17 – Wladyslaw III, King of Poland and Supreme Duke of Lithuania, is crowned as King László I of Hungary at the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Székesfehérvár.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Eton College, one of the most famous boarding schools for boys in England, is founded by King Henry VI as "Kynge's College of Our Ladye of Eton besyde Windesore".


text: September 13 – Christopher of Bavaria, King Christopher III of Denmark, is formally enthroned as King Kristofer I of Sweden, bringing an end to the regency of Karl Knutsson Bonde.


date: January 22

text: January 22: Ivan III of Russia (d. 1505)


date: February 13

text: February 13: Hartmann Schedel, German physician (d. 1514)


text: date unknown: Clara Tott, German court singer (d. 1520)


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Four months after the death of King Albert of Hungary, his son, Ladislaus the Posthumous, is born at Komárom (modern-day Komárno in Slovakia) to Albert's widow, Elisabeth, regent for the vacant throne. Elizabeth argues to the Hungarian nobles that Ladislaus should be elected as the rightful successor to King Albert, and that she should serve as the boy's regent.


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Ibrahim II becomes the Bey of Candar, a monarchy on the Black Sea that encompasses 10 modern-day Turkish provinces, upon the death of his father, Mubariz al-Din Isfendiyar, in the capital, Sinop.


date: March 9

text: March 9: Frances of Rome, Italian Benedictine nun and saint (b. 1384)


date: March 20

text: March 20: Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania (b. 1365)


date: April 2

text: April 2: Giovanni Vitelleschi, Italian Roman Catholic bishop and soldier


date: April 6

text: April 6: Henry Wardlaw, Scottish church leader


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Metrophanes II, Bishop of Cyzicus, is appointed by the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos as the new Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, to succeed Joseph II, who had died in 1439.


date: July 24

text: July 24 – At Basel in Switzerland, Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy is crowned as "Pope Felix V" by Roman Catholic cardinals of the Council of Basel who had voted to depose Pope Eugene IV as leader of the Roman Catholic Church. As Felix V, he is designated in Vatican history as the last "antipope". He remains in Basel and never travels to Rome to assume the papacy; in 1449, after the death of Eugene IV, Amadeus assumes an oath of loyalty to Eugene's successor, Pope Nicholas V.


date: September 30

text: September 30: Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn, English soldier and politician


date: October 12

text: October 12: Ginevra d'Este (b. 1419)


date: October 26

text: October 26: Gilles de Rais, French lord (b. c. 1405)


date: November 13

text: November 13: Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland


text: Itzcóatl, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlan


text: Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Moctezuma I (Moctezuma Ilhuicamina).


date: February 24

text: February 24 – The Republic of Venice annexes the seigniory of Ravenna, ending the da Polenta Dynasty.


date: September 6

text: September 6 – The Dutch–Hanseatic War concludes with the Treaty of Copenhagen.


date: November 20

text: November 20 – The Peace of Cremona (1441) ends the war between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – King Henry VI summons the members of the English Parliament to assemble at Westminster on January 25.


text: With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Hacı I Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – The siege of Tartas in France is temporarily halted when Charles II of Albret, against whom residents of Gascony are campaigning, and the commander of the English forces, Sir Thomas Rempston, agree to a three-month truce.


date: February 7

text: February 7 – Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns: In Ming dynasty China, the Vice Minister of Justice, He Wenyuan, petitions the Imperial Court not to make a second punitive campaign against the kingdom of Möng Mao and its ruler, Si Renfa, arguing that the nation's resources should not be wasted on worthless land. The Minister of War, Wang Ji, joins with General Mu Ang in arguing that Si Renfa should be stopped before he conquers more territory. The Emperor authorizes the second campaign.


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns: The second campaign against the Mong Mao state is launched.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Battle of Samobor: The army of Ulrich II, Count of Celje, defeats the army of Stjepan Banić at Samobor, Croatia in union with Hungary.


date: May 3

text: May 3 – In Denmark, a rebel army of 25,000 peasants led by Henrik Reventlow repels an attack by Swedish nobles, led by Eske Jensen Brock. The peasants prepare a trap near their camp at St. Jørgensbjerg before the Battle of St. Jorgen's Hill, placing trees and soil over a swamp, and Brock's army of knights becomes mired down, where almost all (including Brock) are slaughtered.


date: May 8

text: May 8 – The Siege of Creil is Started on orders of King Charles VII of France against the English held town and council. William Peyto surrenders on May 25.