text: Reconquista – King Afonso III eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro, completing the reconquest of the west of the Iberian Peninsula.


date: February

section: Conflict & Security

text: February – Charles I of Anjou, king of Sicily, occupies the city of Durrës, and establishes the Angevin Kingdom of Albania. A delegation of Albanian nobles and citizens from Durrës make their way to Charles' court.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


date: June 16

text: June 16 – The Lord Edward, heir to the English throne, prevents an assassination attempt on himself at Acre. A Syrian Nizari (or Assassin) supposedly sent by Baibars penetrates into the prince's chamber and stabs him with a poisoned dagger. The wound is not fatal, but Edward is seriously ill for some months. Baibars hastens to dissociate himself from the deed by sending his congratulations on the prince's escape.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


date: June

text: June – Marinid forces land in Spain and ravage the countryside. They kill and capture many and plunder livestock. They also attack the castle of Vejer de la Frontera in Andalusia. On hearing the news, King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") abandons his meeting with Sultan Muhammad I of Granada and orders an all-out war against Granada.


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Nubian forces sack the Egyptian Red Sea outpost of Aydhab and raid the southern frontier city of Aswan. In return, Baibars invades the kingdom of Makuria.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Battle of Heiloo: Floris V, count of Holland, makes an unsuccessful attack on Frisia in an attempt to recover the body of his father, William II, who was killed (16 years ago) by the Frisians near Hoogwoud (modern Netherlands).


date: May 22

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: May 22 – King Hugh III of Cyprus ("the Great") signs a peace with Sultan Baibars, Mamluk ruler of Egypt, at Caesarea. The Kingdom of Jerusalem is guaranteed for 10 years the possession of its present lands, which consists mainly of the narrow coastal plain from Acre to Sidon, together with the right to use without hindrance the pilgrim-road to Nazareth. The County of Tripoli is safeguarded by the peace treaty.


date: November

section: Religion & Belief

text: November – Charles I orders his officials to take all Genoese prisoner within his territories, except for the Guelphs and to seize their property. The Sicilian fleet occupies Ajaccio on Corsica. Pope Gregory X condemns the aggressive policy of Charles and proposes that the Genoese elect Guelph officials.


section: Science & Discovery

text: In astronomy, the recording of the Alfonsine tables is completed.

source_section: Events › By topic › Science


section: Culture & Society

text: The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers and Curriers are granted rights to regulate the leather trade in the City of London. The Fishmongers Company receive its first Royal Charter.

source_section: Events › By place › England


date: January 14

section: Births

text: January 14 – Hōjō Sadatoki, Japanese regent (d. 1311)

source_section: Births


date: January 31

text: January 31 – William Ferrers, English nobleman (d. 1235)


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Zhao Bing, Chinese emperor (d. 1279)


date: April

text: April – Joan of Acre, daughter of Edward I of England (d. 1307)


date: May 10

text: May 10 – Bernardo Tolomei, Italian theologian (d. 1348)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Frederick III, king of Sicily (d. 1337)


text: Shiwu ('Stonehouse'), Chinese poet (d. 1352)


text: Margaret, Countess of Anjou, French noblewoman (d. 1299)


text: Badr al-Din Solamish, Mamluk ruler of Egypt (d. 1291)


text: Isabel Bruce, queen consort of Norway (d. 1358)


text: Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick, English nobleman (d. 1315)


text: Eric Longlegs, Lord of Langeland (Erik Eriksøn), Danish nobleman (d. 1310)


text: Berthold VII, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen, German nobleman and regent (d. 1340)


text: Fath al-Din ibn Sayyid, Egyptian theologian (d. 1334)


date: January 6

section: Deaths

text: January 6 – Alfonso of Molina, Leonese prince (b. 1202)

source_section: Deaths


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Enzo of Sardinia, king of Sardinia (b. 1218)


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Go-Saga, emperor of Japan (b. 1220)


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Zita (or Sitha), Italian maid and saint (b. 1212)


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Thomas of Cantimpré, Flemish priest (b. 1201)


date: May 20

text: May 20 – Guy de Bourgogne, French abbot and cardinal


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Eric I, Duke of Schleswig (Abelsøn), Danish nobleman and knight


date: August 6

text: August 6 – King Stephen V of Hungary falls ill and is taken to Csepel Island. He dies and is succeeded by his 10-year-old son Ladislaus IV ("the Cuman"), who is being held captive in the fortress of Koprivnica in northern Croatia. His mother, Queen Elizabeth, becomes regent during the minority of her son (until 1277).


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Richard Middleton, English Lord Chancellor


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Yolande of Brittany, French noblewoman


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Hugh IV of Burgundy, French nobleman (b. 1213)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – King Henry III of England dies at the Palace of Westminster after a 56-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Edward I, who slowly returns from the Holy Land via Gascony.


date: December 14

text: December 14 – Berthold of Ratisbon, German monk and preacher (b. 1210)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Philip Türje, Hungarian archbishop (b. 1218)


section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: Alfonso X creates and grants privileges to the Mesta to promote the wool industry, protecting livestock owners and their animals in the Crown of Castile.

source_section: Events › By topic › Economy


text: The Congregatio Regni totius Sclavonie Generalis, with its decisions (statuta et constitutiones), is the oldest surviving document written by the Croatian parliament (or Sabor).


text: March 14 – Battle of Xiangyang: Chinese forces surrender to Kublai Khan's general Aju (or Achu) after a 6-year siege. The battle is the first in which firearms are used in combat.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


date: July

text: July – Mamluk forces under Baibars capture the last remaining stronghold of the Order of Assassins (Hashashin) sect, Al-Kahf Castle.

source_section: Events › By place › Middle East


date: August

text: August – Mongol forces surround the castle of Al-Bira. Baibars skirts around the enemy with camels and wagons. He launches a devastating attack and routes the Mongols.


text: Autumn – Sultan Muhammad II of Granada sends an embassy to the court of Alfonso X in Seville, where it is received with honour. Alfonso agrees to Granada's demands, to end his support for the Banu Ashqilula, in exchange for the promise that Muhammad becomes Alfonso's vassal. Muhammad pays him 450,000 maravedis each year in tribute and grants the Banu rebels a truce for two years.


text: In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion against the Goryeo dynasty (a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty) ends as rebel forces are defeated.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – Sultan Muhammad I (or Ibn al-Ahmar) suffers fatal injuries after falling from his horse near the city of Granada during a minor military expedition. He is succeeded by his son Muhammad II, who becomes ruler of the Emirate of Granada. Muhammad enters negotiations with King Alfonso X ("the Wise") to make peace with Castile, but he refuses to grant a truce to the Banu governors (arraeces) of Málaga and Guadix in Andalusia.


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Rudolf I is elected King of Germany over the rival candidate Ottokar II, king of Bohemia, ending the Great Interregnum. He is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne and is crowned in Aachen Cathedral, on October 24. Ottokar refuses to acknowledge Rudolf as the new ruler and is placed under the imperial ban, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276.


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Thomas Aquinas, Italian priest and theologian, writes Summa Theologica, a master work of Catholic theology, leaving it unfinished, after having a mystical experience during Mass.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


section: Crime & Justice

text: The Holy Redeemer khachkar, believed to be one of the finest examples of that style of art, is carved in Haghpat (modern Armenia).

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and Science


date: December

text: December – Followers of Persian poet and mystic Rumi establish the Mevlevi Order ("whirling dervishes") in the city of Konya (approximate date).


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Joan I of Navarre, queen of Navarre (d. 1305)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Henry Percy, English nobleman and knight (d. 1314)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian religious leader (d. 1352)


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Alphonso, English prince and heir (d. 1284)


text: Robert Bertrand, Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1348)


text: Geoffrey I of Vianden, Luxembourgish nobleman (d. 1310)


text: Yolande of Aragon, Spanish princess (infanta) (d. 1302)


text: Min Hti King of Myanmar (d. 1374)


text: Kujō Moronori, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1320)


text: David VIII, king of Georgia (House of Bagrationi) (d. 1311)


text: Abulfeda, Ayyubid prince, geographer and historian (d. 1331)


text: Ibn Adjurrum, Marinid scholar and grammarian (d. 1323)


text: Adam de Gordon, Scottish statesman and knight (d. 1333)


text: Henry VII of Luxembrug, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1313)


text: January 22 – Muhammad I, Nasrid ruler of Granada (b. 1195)


date: January 25

text: January 25 – Odo of Châteauroux, French bishop (b. 1190)


date: April 29

text: April 29 – Al-Qurtubi, Moorish scholar and writer (b. 1214)


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Hōjō Masamura, Japanese nobleman (b. 1205)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Anno von Sangershausen, German Grand Master


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Henry of Sandwich, English bishop (b. 1204)


date: September 30

text: September 30 – Arsenios Autoreianos, Byzantine patriarch


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Elisabeth of Bavaria, queen of Germany (b. 1227)


date: October 11

text: October 11 – Hildebold of Wunstorf, German archbishop


date: October 18

text: October 18 – George de Cantilupe, English nobleman


date: October 23

text: October 23 – Adelaide of Burgundy, French noblewoman


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Rumi, Persian scholar and mystic (b. 1207)


text: Robert de Keldeleth, Scottish monk, abbot and chancellor


text: Ákos, Hungarian cleric, priest, chancellor and chronicler


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Walter de Merton, English chancellor and regent, retires from royal service, in favour of Robert Burnell, who becomes a strong ally of the Edwardian regime.


text: Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq, Marinid ruler, enters peacefully into Ceuta, putting an end to some 40 years of the city's independence.

source_section: Events › By place › Africa


text: Nichiren, Japanese priest and philosopher, enters exile on Mount Minobu. He leads a widespread movement of followers in Kantō and Sado mainly through his prolific letter-writing.


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Edward I of England finally returns from the Holy Land to be crowned king of England on August 19 at Westminster Abbey two years after his father King Henry III's death.


text: Gregory X obtains the region of Romagna from Rudolf I, in exchange for acknowledging him as Holy Roman Emperor. With this important acquisition, the Papal States become the second-largest power block in Italy after the Kingdom of Sicily.


text: Pope Gregory X decrees that conclaves (gatherings of the College of Cardinals where the elections of a bishop of Rome are convened) should be used for papal elections, reforming the electoral process which had taken over 3 years to elect him.


text: Bonvesin da la Riva, Italian poet, writes the didactic-allegoric poem Liber di Tre Scricciur ("Book of the Three Scriptures"). The text is in the Western Lombard language (similar to other Gallo-Italic languages). The poem is one of the first great literary works in Italy. It tells about Hell, the Passion of Jesus and Paradise; the plot later prefigures Dante Alighieri in his Divine Comedy (Divina Commedia).

source_section: Events › By topic › Literature


date: May 1

text: May 1 – In Florence, the 9-year-old Dante first sees the 8-year-old Beatrice, his lifelong muse. She appears later as one of his guides in the Divine Comedy, Paradiso and Purgatorio.


text: The first main survey of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow-up to the Domesday Book (completed in 1086), is begun; it lasts until 1275.


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Louis of Toulouse, French archbishop (d. 1297)


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Robert Clifford, English nobleman and knight (d. 1314)


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Robert the Bruce, king of Scotland (d. 1329)


date: July 25

text: July 25 – John Beauchamp, English nobleman (d. 1336)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Rudolf I, German nobleman (d. 1319)


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Al-Dhahabi, Syrian scholar and encyclopedist (d. 1348)


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Catherine I, Latin empress (d. 1307)


text: Sancho I ("the Peaceful"), king of Majorca (d. 1324)


text: Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi, Indian Sufi poet (d. 1337)


text: Ibn al-Jayyab, Andalusian scholar and poet (d. 1349)


text: Seisetsu Shōchō, Chinese Buddhist missionary (d. 1339)


text: Eric VI, king of Denmark (House of Estridsen) (d. 1319)


text: Marino Faliero (or Falier), doge of Venice (d. 1355)


text: Awhadi Maraghai, Persian poet and mystic (d. 1338)


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Afghan Sufi poet (b. 1177)


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Ibn Malik, Moorish grammarian and writer (b. 1205)


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Thomas Aquinas, Italian friar and theologian (b. 1225)


date: April 26

text: April 26 – Heinrich von Wartenberg, Swiss nobleman and abbot


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian scientist and writer (b. 1201)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Bonaventure, Italian theologian and philosopher (b. 1221)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Henry I (or Henry III), king of Navarre (House of Blois)


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Wonjong of Goryeo, Korean prince and ruler (b. 1219)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Robert Stitchill (or Stichel), English prior and bishop


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Duzong (or Zhao Qi), Chinese emperor (b. 1240)


date: September 2

text: September 2 – Munetaka, Japanese prince and shogun (b. 1242)


date: September 26

text: September 26–29 – Henry I Kőszegi ("the Great"), Hungarian nobleman (b. 1210)


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Henry, English prince and son of Edward I (b. 1268)


date: November 28

text: November 28 – Philip of Castile, son of Ferdinand III (b. 1231)


date: April 22

text: April 22 – The first Statute of Westminster, drawn up between Parliament and Edward I, defines the legal privileges that landowners are allowed. These are based on the investigations carried out in 1274 into the landowner's rights to own their land. Establishing a series of laws into 51 chapters, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of Bailable and non-bailable offenses.

source_section: Events › By place › British Isles


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Floris V, count of Holland, grants the city of Amsterdam freedom from taxes (called a road toll).


date: March

text: March – Mongol forces (some 200,000 men) under Bayan of the Baarin ("Hundred Eyes") defeat a Chinese army of 130,000 men led by the Song chancellor Jia Sidao on the Yangtze River. Sidao sends an emissary to Bayan to discuss a truce, but he declines to negotiate. Dowager Empress Xie Daoqing strips Sidao of his rank and titles, and he is later on her orders executed by one of his own guards as he is being sent to exile in Fujian.


date: April

text: April – The Japanese era Bun'ei ends and the Kenji era begins during the reign of the 8-year-old Emperor Go-Uda (until 1278).


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Battle of Hova: King Valdemar Birgersson of Sweden is defeated by his brother Magnus in the forest of Tiveden.


date: August

text: August – Gregory X persuades King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") to give up his claim to the title of "King of the Romans". Gregory gains support in northern Italy through Rudolf I, king of Germany.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Battle of Écija: A Castilian army led by Nuño González de Lara is defeated by Marinid forces.


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Battle of Ronaldsway: Scottish forces under John de Vesci defeat the Manx people of the Isle of Man in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Battle of Martos: A Castilian army under Sancho of Aragon (archbishop of Toledo) is defeated by the Moors at Martos.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Battle of Roccavione: Ghibelline forces defeat a Neapolitan army at Roccavione (Piedmont).


text: The mountain fortress Alamut Castle ("Eagle's Nest") is temporarily recaptured from the Mongols by a Nizari force under Shams al-Din Muhammad.


text: Marinid forces take the city of Algiers, at this time independent.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Marinid forces led by Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq land in Spain upon a call from Muhammad II, ruler of Granada. With a fleet of 20 ships organized at Ceuta, some 5,000 men are transported from Alcázar Seguir to Tarifa without meeting any significant Christian opposition. The Maranids raid as far as the towns of Vejer de la Frontera and Jerez.


text: Rabban Bar Sauma, Chinese Nestorian monk, embarks on a pilgrimage from China to Jerusalem. He travels to Hotan, Kashgar, Taraz and Khorasan (modern Afghanistan).


text: The 21-year-old Marco Polo together with his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, arrives at Kublai Khan's opulent summer palace at Shangdu (or 'Xanadu'), after a 4-year journey. They present the "Great Khan" sacred oil from Jerusalem and letters from Pope Gregory X. Kublai takes Marco into his royal court and appoints him as a 'special envoy' (possibly as a tax collector).


section: Economy & Finance

text: In Ghent, the first instance is recorded of emission of life annuities by a town in the Low Countries; this event confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt in northwestern Europe, initiated in 1218 by Reims.

source_section: Events › By topic › Markets


text: The era of the tosafot (medieval commentators on the Talmud) ends (it began in 1100).


text: Ramon Llull, Spanish scholar and theologian, establishes a school in Majorca to teach Arabic to preachers, in an attempt to aid proselytizing to Moors. He also discovers diethyl ether.


text: The verge escapement, a simple type of escapement used in clocks, is invented (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By topic › Technology


date: September 11

section: Climate & Environment

text: September 11 – 1275 British earthquake: An earthquake strikes the south of Great Britain. The epicentre is unknown, although it may have been in the Portsmouth-Chichester area on the south coast of England or in Glamorgan, Wales.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Magnus deposes Valdemar and is elected new king of Sweden at the Stones of Mora.


text: Jean de Meun completes the French allegorical work of fiction, Roman de la Rose, with a second section (the first section was written by Guillaume de Lorris in 1230).


text: Spring – King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") demands a meeting with Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales, at Chester to pay homage, but Llywelyn refuses. In an attempt to stir up internal problems, Llywelyn seeks to marry 23-year-old Eleanor de Montfort, daughter of Simon de Montfort, but she is captured by English pirates (employed by Edward) on the journey from France to meet Llywelyn. She is held prisoner at Windsor Castle and used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.


text: The first main survey of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow-up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is finished; it began in 1274.


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Bartholomew Badlesmere, English nobleman (d. 1322)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – John II, Duke of Brabant ("the Peaceful"), Dutch nobleman (d. 1312)


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Chungseon of Goryeo (or Wang Jang), Korean ruler (d. 1325)


text: Eleanor of Brittany, Anglo-Norman Benedictine abbess (d. 1342)


text: Hōjō Morotoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (shikken) (d. 1311)


text: Peter of Zittau, Bohemian abbot, historian and writer (d. 1339)


text: Gueraula de Codines, Spanish folk healer and occultist (d. 1340)


text: Nijō Tamefuji (Fujiwara no Tamefuji), Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1324)


text: Musō Soseki, Japanese Rinzai Zen monk and teacher (d. 1351)


text: Gregory of Raska, Serbian copyist, bishop and writer (d. 1321)


text: Dnyaneshwar, Indian Hindu poet, philosopher and writer (d. 1296)


text: Andrew Horn, English scholar, chamberlain and writer (d. 1328)


text: Gerard of Lunel, French nobleman, monk and hermit (d. 1298)


text: Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, Anglo-French nobleman and knight (d. 1324)


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Raymond of Penyafort, Spanish priest (b. 1175)


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German poet (b. 1200)


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Urania of Worms, German Jewish precentress


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Margaret of England, queen consort of Scotland (b. 1240)


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Shi Tianze, Chinese general and politician (b. 1202)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Beatrice of England, countess of Richmond (b. 1242)


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Marie of Brienne, Latin empress and regent (b. 1224)


date: May 29

text: May 29 – Sophie of Thuringia, duchess of Brabant (b. 1224)


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Arghun Aqa the Elder, Mongol nobleman (b. 1210)


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Lorenzo Tiepolo (or Theupolo), doge of Venice


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Nuño González de Lara, Spanish nobleman


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, English nobleman


date: November 23

text: November 23 – Margaret of Bar, French noblewoman (b. 1220)


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Eric Birgersson, Swedish nobleman (b. 1250)


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Augsburg is granted the status of a free imperial city. Later this year, Ravensburg also receives the status.

source_section: Events › By topic › Cities and towns


date: June

text: June – King Rudolf I of Germany declares war on his rival Ottokar II of Bohemia. After 6 months of campaigning, Ottokar surrenders all his lands (including Austria and Styria) except Bohemia and Moravia. Rudolf makes Vienna his capital, marking the beginning of the House of Habsburg, which will last until 1918.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


text: Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq and Muhammad II, ruler of Granada, agree to a truce with King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") for two years. Before Abu Yusuf leaves, Muhammad's secretary addresses a poem to Abu Yusuf, expressing fear of Castile's power and appealing for Marinid's continued support. Later, Abu Yusuf lands at Alcázar Seguir on January 19. This ending the first Marinid invasion in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).


text: Battle of Dongola: Mamluk forces led by Sultan Baibars gain a decisive victory against the Kingdom of Makuria. They capture the Makurian capital of Dongola and force King David of Makuria to flee upstream on the Nile. He seeks refuge in the Kingdom of Al-Abwab, but is handed over to Baibars, who has him executed. Later, Baibars conquers Al-Maris (Lower Nubia), previously a part of Makuria, and annexes it into Egypt.


text: Spring – The court of the Southern Song dynasty of China and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from Hangzhou to Fujian, and then Guangdong, in an effort to escape a Mongol invasion under Kublai Khan.


text: The mountain fortress Alamut Castle ("Eagle's Nest") is again captured by the Mongols from a Nizari force under Shams al-Din Muhammad.


text: King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") orders the people of Bayonne in Gascony (as part of the only English possessions in France) to provide Castile with warships "to resist the Saracens by sea", but excuses himself from personal participation against the Marinid invasion in Spain because of his wars in Wales and his plan to lead a Crusade to the Holy Land.


text: The foundation stone of the Minoritenkirche in Vienna is laid by Ottokar II.


text: Henry of Ghent (or Henricus) becomes the last major theologian openly to consider annuities as a usurious contract. The end of the debate allows for the expansion of the budding practice of renten emission, to become a staple of public finance in northwestern Europe.


text: A severe 23-year drought begins to affect the Grand Canyon area, eventually forcing the agriculture-dependent Puebloans (or Anasazi) to migrate out of the region.

source_section: Events › By place › The Americas


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Remnants of the Chinese Song court in Fuzhou province conduct the coronation ceremony for Prince Zhao Shi to become Emperor Emperor Duanzong (until 1278).


text: Merton College, Oxford, is first recorded as having a collection of books, making its Library the world's oldest in continuous daily use.

source_section: Events › By topic › Culture


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Thomas de Multon, 1st Baron Multon of Gilsland, English nobleman (d. 1313)


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Louis, Count of Évreux, son of Philip III of France (d. 1319)


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Hugh de Courtenay, 1st/9th Earl of Devon, English nobleman (d. 1340)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Christopher II, king of Denmark (d. 1332)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Margaret of Brabant, queen consort of Germany (d. 1311)


date: October 19

text: October 19 – Hisaaki, Japanese prince and shogun (d. 1328)


text: Margaret of Lusignan, queen consort of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (d. 1296)


text: Diederik II, German count of Limburg-Hohenlimburg (d. 1364)


text: Agnes of Bavaria, Margravine of Brandenburg, German noblewoman and regent (d. 1345)


text: Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, English nobleman and knight (d. 1322)


text: Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn (or Moray), Scottish nobleman (d. 1346)


text: Vakhtang III, king of Georgia (House of Bagrationi) (d. 1308)


text: Robert of Anjou, king of Naples (House of Capet) (d. 1343)


text: Najm ad-Din al-Tufi, Persian scholar and theologian (d. 1316)


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Pope Gregory X dies after a 4-year pontificate at Arezzo. He is succeeded by Innocent V as the 185th pope of the Catholic Church.


text: January 10 – Gregory X, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1210)


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Walram II, Count of Nassau, German nobleman (b. 1220)


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Margaret of Holland, Countess of Henneberg, Dutch noblewoman (b. 1234)


date: May 11

text: May 11 – Zaynaddin Ibn al-Ajami, Ayyubid scholar (b. 1195)


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Innocent V dies after a 5-month reign at Rome. He is succeeded by Adrian V (or Hadrian) as the 186th pope of the Catholic Church.


text: June 22 – Innocent V, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1220)


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Henry of Antioch, Outremer nobleman (b. 1217)


date: July 27

text: July 27 – James I ("the Conqueror"), king of Aragon (b. 1208)


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Adrian V, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1215)


text: August 18 – Adrian V (Hadrian) dies after a 2-month reign at Viterbo. He is succeeded by John XXI as the 187th pope of Rome (until 1277).


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Vicedomino de Vicedominis, Italian cardinal


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Hōjō Sanetoki, Japanese nobleman (b. 1224)


text: Ahmad al-Badawi, Almohad Sufi scholar and mystic (b. 1200)


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Byzantine–Venetian Treaty: Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos concludes an agreement with the Republic of Venice. Stipulating a two-year truce, and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire. Michael keeps the Venetians and their fleet from participating in the attempts of Charles I, king of Sicily, to organize an anti-Byzantine crusade, while the Venetians can retain their access to the Byzantine market.

source_section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Mehmet I of Karaman, Seljuk vizier, issues a firman (decree) ordering the Turkish language to be used, instead of Arabic or Persian in government offices.


date: November 10

text: November 10 – Treaty of Aberconwy: Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and King Edward I of England sign a peace treaty which leaves Llywelyn only with the western part of Gwynedd.

source_section: Events › By place › Britain


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Battle of Desio: Lombard forces under Archbishop Ottone Visconti defeat the Della Torre family troops for the rule of Milan. Later, Ottone enters the city in triumph, and imprisons Napoleone della Torre in the Castello Baradello at Como (Northern Italy).


date: April 15

text: April 15 – Battle of Elbistan: A Mamluk army (some 14,000 men) under Sultan Baibars marches from Syria into the Mongol-dominated Sultanate of Rum and attacks the Mongol occupation force at Elbistan. Baibars, with at least 10,000 horsemen, defeats and overwhelms the Mongol forces. After the battle, he marches unopposed to Kayseri in the heart of Anatolia in triumph and enters the city on April 23.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


date: August

text: August – Marinid forces led by Sultan Abu Yusuf cross the Strait of Gibraltar and marches north, ravaging the districts of Jerez de la Frontera, Seville and Córdoba.


text: In Japan, a 20 kilometer stone wall defending the coast of Hakata Bay at Fukuoka on the island of Kyushu is completed; it is built in response to the attempted Yuan dynasty Mongol invasion of Japan in 1274.


text: Summer – Uprising of Ivaylo: An uprising under Ivaylo breaks out in northeastern Bulgaria against the failure of Emperor Konstantin Tih to cope with the constant Mongol invasions which have devastated the country for years. Ivaylo confronts and defeats the plundering Mongols, and by autumn all Mongols are driven out of Bulgarian territory. In return, Konstantin gathers a small army and tries unsuccessfully to suppress the revolt but is himself killed in battle.


text: Battle of Ngasaunggyan: A Burmese army (some 80,000 men) led by King Narathihapate (or Sithu IV) invades Mongol territory in Yunnan. The invasion is repelled by the Mongol forces, who counterattack, reaching as far south as the fortress city of Kaungsin ("Gold Teeth"), which guards the Bhamo Pass in northern Myanmar. Later, the Burmese Pagan Empire begins to disintegrate after several Mongol invasions under Kublai Khan.


text: Migration of the (Southern) Song dynasty: Some 50,000 citizens of the Song dynasty in China become the first recorded inhabitants of Macau, as they seek refuge from the invading armies of the Yuan dynasty. They also stay for a short period in (New) Kowloon.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Condemnation of 1277: Pope John XXI instructs Étienne Tempier, bishop of Paris, to investigate the complaints of theologians in France. By order 219 propositions of philosophical and theological doctrines such as Averroism are prohibited from discussion in the University of Paris, under a decree promulgated by Tempier.


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Charles I, king of Sicily, buys the title to the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Maria of Antioch, for 1,000 bezants and an annual payment of 4,000 livres tournois.


date: March

text: March – Siger of Brabant, Dutch teacher and philosopher, is condemned by the French Inquisition for his advocacy of the Averroist doctrine that reason is separate from Christian faith.


date: April

text: April – John XXI sends a papal embassy to Constantinople to force Michael VIII Palaiologos, his 18-year-old son and heir Andronikos and Patriarch John XI Bekkos to reaffirm their allegiance to the Union of Lyon in the Palace of Blachernae. Michael refuses to accept a religious union of the Greek Orthodox Church with Rome.


date: February

text: February – The Duke of Wrocław Henry IV Probus is kidnapped from his estates in Jelcz, and moved to Legnica by Bolesław II the Horned.


text: Roger Bacon, Franciscan friar and University of Oxford lecturer, is arrested for spreading anti-Church views; specifically, the Church's stance on Greek philosopher Galen.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Kanzan Egen, Japanese monk (d. 1360)

source_section: Births


text: January 21 – Galeazzo I Visconti, Italian nobleman (d. 1328)


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Christina Ebner, German mystic (d. 1356)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Michael IX Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1320)


text: Isabella of Mar, Scottish noblewoman, wife of Robert the Bruce (d. 1296)


text: Meihō Sotetsu, Japanese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1350)


text: Ingeborg Magnusdotter Swedish princess, queen consort of Denmark (d. 1319)


text: Wei Yilin, Chinese physician and surgeon (d. 1347)


text: George I Šubić of Bribir, Croatian nobleman (d. 1302)


text: Martha of Denmark, queen consort of Sweden (d. 1341)


text: Smbat I Hetumian (or Sempad), king of Cilician Armenia (d. 1310)


text: Akamatsu Norimura, Japanese governor (shugo) (d. 1350)


text: Bernard V, German bishop (House of Lippe) d. 1341)


text: Gerhard IV, German nobleman and knight (d. 1323)


date: January

text: January/March – Philip of Sicily, king of Sardinia (House of Anjou)

source_section: Deaths


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Ulrich von Güttingen, German abbot


text: February – Simone Paltanieri, Italian archpriest and cardinal


text: April – Joachim Gutkeled, Hungarian nobleman and knight


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Stefan Uroš I ("the Great"'), king of Serbia


date: May 20

text: May 20 – John XXI, pope of the Catholic Church


text: May 20 – John XXI dies after an 8-month pontificate at Viterbo. He is succeeded by Nicholas III as the 188th pope of the Catholic Church (until 1280).


date: June 20

text: June 20 (or May 1279) – Shams al-Din Mehmed of Karaman, Seljuk nobleman and vizier


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Humbert of Romans, French friar and writer


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Mu'in al-Din Parwana, Seljuk statesman


date: October 17

text: October 17 – Beatrice of Falkenburg, German queen consort


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Walter de Merton, bishop of Rochester


date: December 13

text: December 13 – John I, German nobleman (b. 1242)


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Al-Nawawi, Seljuk scholar (b. 1233)


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Trần Thánh Tông, second emperor of Vietnam's Trần dynasty, takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for 11 years to co-rule with his son Trần Khâm.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: January – Charles I is crowned King of Jerusalem, and is recognized by the kingdom's barons at Acre. He surrenders the vicariate of Tuscany to Nicholas III. His bailiff, Roger of San Severino, appoints various Frenchmen from Charles' court as his chief officers. Bohemond VII, count of Tripoli (and nominal Prince of Antioch), acknowledges Roger as lawful bailiff.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Reconquista: Siege of Algeciras – Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King Alfonso X ("the Wise") besiege Algeciras (at this time under control of the Marinids). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the Bay of Gibraltar to prevent the supply of the city from nearby Gibraltar. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the Order of Saint Mary of Spain, a military-religious order which is concentrated in naval warfare.


date: August 26

text: August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by Kings Rudolf I of Germany in alliance with Ladislaus IV of Hungary ("the Cuman"), defeat and kill Ottokar II, ruler of Bohemia. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of Central Europe. Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Reconquista: Aragonese forces led by King Peter III take the Muslim stronghold of Montesa, putting an end to two years of Mudéjar rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm and go into exile.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Pere d'Urtx, Catalan bishop of Urgell, becomes the first Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra, when he signs the paréage, establishing joint-sovereignty over the territory with Roger-Bernard III, count of Foix.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: Giles of Lessines writes his De usuris. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in Roman Catholic Europe.


text: The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and Culture


date: November 17

text: November 17 – King Edward I ("Longshanks") raises the penalty for coin clipping from banishment to execution. All Jews are subjected to arrest and search of their homes on suspicion of coin clipping. Some 680 Jews are imprisoned in the Tower of London, with more than 300 subsequently executed. At this time, the Jewish population is believed to have been some 3,000.

source_section: Events › By place › England


date: January 10

text: January 10/11 – Rita of Armenia, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1333)


date: March 11

text: March 11 – Mary of Woodstock, English princess, nun (d. 1332)


date: May 9

text: May 9 – Kokan Shiren, Japanese Zen patriarch (d. 1347)


text: August 26 – Safi al-Din al-Hilli, Persian poet and writer (d. 1349)


text: September 8 – Theobald II, English nobleman (d. 1316)


date: November 10

text: November 10 – Philip I, Prince of Taranto, Neapolitan prince (d. 1331)


text: Hōjō Sadaaki, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1333)


text: Ferdinand of Majorca, Aragonese prince (infante) (d. 1316)


text: Constantine I (or III), co-ruler of Cilician Armenia (d. 1310)


text: Jean van Hocsem, Belgian monk and historian (d. 1348)


text: John de Graham, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1337)


text: Philip I of Piedmont, Latin prince of Achaea (d. 1334)


text: Christopher Seton, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1306)


text: Thomas of Lancaster, English nobleman (d. 1322)


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Ladislaus II Kán, Hungarian nobleman and knight


date: January 22

text: January 22 – Roger de Skerning, English monk and bishop


date: March 16

text: March 16 – William IV, German nobleman and knight (b. 1210)


date: March 28

text: March 28 or 29 – Bertrand de Saint-Martin, French cardinal and archbishop


date: May 1

text: May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea (b. 1211)


text: May 1 – William of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea, dies. By the terms of the Treaty of Viterbo, his lands passed under the direct control of Charles I, king of Sicily. Charles appoints a bailiff to rule the Latin principality. In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, Nicholas III, on May 24. He promises not to attack or invade the Byzantine Empire because Nicholas has hopes to unify the Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church.


date: May 8

text: May 8 – The 7-year-old Emperor Emperor Duanzong (or Zhao Shi) dies of illness. He is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing who becomes the last ruler of the Song dynasty. Meanwhile, Mongol forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan ("Great Khan") draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court.


text: May 8 – Emperor Duanzong (or Zhao Shi), Chinese emperor (b. 1270)


date: June 30

text: June 30 – Pierre de la Broce, French nobleman and councilor


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Napoleone della Torre (or Napo), Italian nobleman


date: September

text: September or October – Robert de Chauncy, English cleric, bishop and high sheriff


date: November 13

text: November 13 – Barnim I, German nobleman (House of Griffin)


date: December 26

text: December 26/31 – Bolesław II the Horned, Polish nobleman (House of Piast)


date: December

text: December (or 1277) – Sambor II of Tczew, German nobleman, prince and knight


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Battle of Aizkraukle: Lithuanian forces led by Grand Duke Traidenis defeat an army of Teutonic Knights of the Livonian Order at Aizkraukle. During the battle, the order suffers a great defeat, some 70 knights are killed, including Grand Master Ernst von Ratzeburg (or Rassburg). The Semigallians, allies of the Livonian Order, revolt but later submit to Traidenis for protection.


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Thawun Gyi settles at Taungoo (modern-day Myanmar), and becomes the first ruler of the Toungoo dynasty (until 1317).


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Siege of Algeciras: Castilian forces led by King Alfonso X ("the Wise") abandon the siege (begun in 1278), after their fleet (some 400 ships) is destroyed by the Marinids led by Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr. All prisoners are decapitated except the officers who are taken hostage. For the second time, the entire Castilian fleet is lost and Alfonso is forced to sign a new truce.


text: Spring – Mamluk forces led by the 19-year-old Sultan Al-Said Barakah and Qalawun ("the Thousander") invade Cilician Armenia; a revolt in Egypt while they are away force Barakah to abdicate. In August, Qalawun takes over the government in Cairo and proclaims himself sultan. He sends Solamish, youngest son of former Sultan Baibars, into exile. Meanwhile, Sunqur al-Ashqar, Mamluk viceroy of Damascus, refuses to accept Qalawun's authority and begins a rebellion in Syria.


text: Ram Khamhaeng becomes the third king of the Phra Ruang dynasty, ruling the Sukhothai Kingdom (modern-day Thailand).


text: The Chola dynasty of South India falls under the rule of Rajendra Chola III, due to attacks by the Hoysala Empire and Pandya kingdom.


date: October 12

text: October 12 – The Dai-Gohonzon, supreme object of veneration of Nichiren Shōshū Buddhism, is said to be inscribed by Nichiren Daishonin.


date: November 15

text: November 15 – The first of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed during the reign of King Edward I ("Longshanks"), which prevents land from passing into the possession of the Church.


date: November

text: November – Alfonso X ("the Wise") grants the cities of Medina-Sidonia and Alcalá de los Gazules to the Order of Saint Mary of Spain. He also donates the town of Morón de la Frontera to the Order of Alcántara.


text: Abu Bakr al-Razi's (or Rhazes') medical writings are translated into Latin by Faraj ben Salim, some 350 years after al-Razi's death.

source_section: Events › By topic › Medicine


text: The town of Haapsalu in Estonia is founded and later becomes the centre of the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek.

source_section: Events › By topic › Cities and Towns


text: Abu Ishaq, uncle of the Hafsid caliph Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, sides with the Almohad rebels of Béjaïa, and takes Tunis.

source_section: Events › By place › Africa


text: The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls, a census seen as a follow-up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is begun; it lasts until 1280.


date: August 5

section: Health & Medicine

text: August 5 – The Diet of Hungary adopts the so-called Cuman laws to regulate the social status and lifestyle of the nomadic and pagan Cumans living in the Kingdom of Hungary.


text: A Mongol Yuan embassy, sent by Kublai Khan to Japan, is killed by orders from Hōjō Tokimune, leading to a second invasion.


text: The Royal Mint is moved into the Tower of London. Mints outside London are reduced, with only a few local and episcopal mints continuing to operate.


date: March 3

text: March 3 – Ismail I, Nasrid ruler of Granada (d. 1325)


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Al-Nuwayri, Egyptian encyclopedist (d. 1333)


text: Otto I, Polish nobleman (House of Griffin) (d. 1344)


text: Louis I, Duke of Bourbon ("the Lame"), French nobleman and knight (d. 1341)


text: Nigel de Brus, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1306)


text: John I, German nobleman (House of Hohenzollern) (d. 1300)


text: Muktabai (or Mukta), Indian religious leader (d. 1297)


text: Zahida Abbasiyah, Abbasid poet and writer


text: Hōjō Hirotoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1315)


text: Abu Asida Muhammad II, Hafsid ruler of Tunis (d. 1309)


text: Antony Bek, English chancellor and bishop (d. 1343)


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Joan of Dammartin, Spanish queen consort (b. 1220)


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Zhao Bing, Chinese emperor (House of Zhao) (b. 1272)


text: March 19 – Lu Xiufu (or Junshi), Chinese Grand Chancellor (b. 1236)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Rinchen Gyaltsen, Tibetan imperial preceptor (b. 1238)


date: April 2

text: April 2 – Abel Abelsøn, Danish nobleman and landowner (b. 1252)


date: May 7

text: May 7 – Alberto da Bergamo, Italian Dominican friar (b. 1214)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – William Langton (or Rotherfield), English archdeacon


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Philip of Spanheim, German archbishop and patriarch


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ("the Great"), German nobleman (b. 1236)


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Étienne Tempier, French bishop and chancellor


date: September 11

text: September 11 – Robert Kilwardby, English archbishop (b. 1215)


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Ulrich II, Count of Württemberg, German nobleman and ruler (b. 1254)


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Bolesław V the Chaste, Polish nobleman (b. 1226)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Richard of Gravesend, English priest and bishop


text: King Gaeru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula (until 166).


text: Hadrian's Wall is completed in Britain. Built mostly of stone in the east and with a wooden palisade in the west. They construct at least 16 forts, with about 15,000 legionaries digging ditches, quarrying rock and cutting stone, preventing idleness which led to unrest and rebellions in the ranks.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Emperor Hadrian visits the Roman province of North Africa, in order to inspect Legio III Augusta stationed at Lambaesis. For strategic reasons, the legionnaires are located in the Aurès Mountains.


text: The fossils of large prehistoric animals are discovered in Dalmatia.

source_section: Events › By topic › Arts and sciences


text: Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.


text: Roman agriculture declines, as imports from Egypt and North Africa depress wheat prices, making it unprofitable to farm, and forcing many farmers off the land.


text: Roman bakeries produce dozens of bread varieties, and the Romans distribute free bread for the poor.


text: The Pantheon in Rome is finished.


text: Xun Shuang, Chinese politician and writer (d. 190)


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Battle of al-Jassora: Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, but Al Mansur Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.

source_section: Events


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Reconquista: Battle of Moclín – Troops of the Emirate of Granada defeat those of the Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of León.


text: Tsar Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria flees from Tarnovo, ending the Asen dynasty in Bulgaria.


text: Turin is conquered by Thomas III of Savoy, becoming the capital of the House of Savoy.


text: The ancestors of the Māori people from eastern Polynesia become the first human settlers of New Zealand.


text: The final expansion of Lincoln Cathedral in England is completed.


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China has begun.


text: The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow-up to the Domesday Book (completed in 1086), is finished; it began in 1279.


text: The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins.


date: September 27

text: September 27 – King Magnus Ladulås of Sweden founds a Swedish nobility by enacting a law accepting a contribution of a cavalry member in lieu of ordinary tax payments.


text: Mansa Musa, mansa of the Mali Empire (d. c.1337)


text: Birger, King of Sweden, Swedish monarch (d. 1321)


text: Anna of Kashin, Russian princess consort and saint (d. 1368)


text: Wu Zhen, Chinese painter (d. 1354)


date: February 10

text: February 10 – Countess Margaret II of Flanders (b. 1202)


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Pope Nicholas III (b. 1218)


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Albertus Magnus, German theologian


text: Approximate date – Ertuğrul, Ottoman bey, father of Osman I


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Treaty of Orvieto: Charles I, Giovanni Dandolo, doge of Venice, and Philip I, Latin emperor, make an agreement to recover the Latin Empire. The treaty is signed in the Papal Palace, which Martin IV has moved to Orvieto after Viterbo is placed under an interdict for imprisoning two cardinals.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


date: June

text: June – Reconquista: Castilian forces led by King Alfonso X ("the Wise") and accompanied by his sons, the Infantes Sancho, Peter and John, invade the lowlands of Granada. Sultan Muhammad II of Granada sends a Moorish army, supported by many archers and cavalry, to repel them. Alfonso defeats the Moors in a battle near Granada's walls on June 25, but after the failure of the negotiations that follow, he leaves Granada.


text: August 15 – Battle of Kōan (or Second Battle of Hakata Bay): A second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled, as a large typhoon, famously called a kamikaze, or 'divine wind', destroys much of the combined Mongol and Chinese fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships. Later, Kublai Khan begins to gather forces to prepare for a third invasion attempt, but is distracted by events in Southeast and Central Asia.


date: September

text: September – Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into Syria. One is commanded by Abaqa Khan, who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the Euphrates frontier. The second, led by his brother Möngke Temür makes contact with Leo III, king of Cilician Armenia, and then marches down through Aintab and Aleppo into the Orontes valley, where he is joined by Knights Hospitallerr and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan Qalawun assembles his Mamluk forces at Damascus.

source_section: Events › By place › Middle East


date: October 29

text: October 29 – Second Battle of Homs: In a pitched battle, Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Qalawun destroy the Mongol center; Möngke Temür is wounded and flees. He orders a retreat, followed by a disorganized army. The Armenian-Georgian auxiliaries under Leo III fight their way back northwards. The Mongol army recrosses the Euphrates without losses; the river remains the frontier between the Mongols and the Mamluk Sultanate.


text: The Mon Kingdom of Hariphunchai falls, as its capital Lamphun (in modern-day Thailand) is captured by King Mangrai's Lannathai Kingdom.


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes Charles I, king of Sicily, to make a Crusade against Michael, who has re-established his rule in Constantinople. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.

source_section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


text: Guy of Dampierre, count of Flanders, licenses the first Lombard merchants to open a changing business in his realm.

source_section: Events › By topic › Markets


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Frenchman Simon de Brion succeeds Nicholas III as Pope Martin IV, becoming the 189th pope of the Catholic Church.


text: Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred Taoist texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the Daozang (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – Agnes of Austria, queen consort of Hungary (House of Árpád) (d. 1364)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Külüg Khan (or Wuzong), Mongol emperor (d. 1311)


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Alice de Lacy, English noblewoman (d. 1348)


text: John Harington, English nobleman and politician (d. 1347)


text: Yury of Moscow (Yuri III Danilovich), Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1325)


text: Joan Butler (or FitzGerald), Irish countess of Carrick (d. 1320)


text: Maurice de Berkeley, English nobleman (d. 1326)


text: Orhan Ghazi, Turkish ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1362)


text: Sancia of Majorca, queen consort and regent of Naples (d. 1345)


text: Hamdallah Mustawfi, Persian official and historian (d. 1340)


text: Zhu Shizhen, Chinese founder of the Ming dynasty (d. 1344)


text: Richard Grey, English nobleman and diplomat (d. 1335)


text: Henry of Lancaster, English nobleman and knight (d. 1345)


text: Castruccio Castracani, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1328)


date: February 1

text: February 1 or 17 – Bruno von Schauenburg, German bishop, advisor and diplomat


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Gertrude of Hohenberg, queen of Germany (b. 1225)


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Chabi, Mongol empress consort of Kublai Khan (b. 1225)


date: March 30

text: March 30 – Conrad of Mure, Swiss monk, scholar and writer (b. 1210)


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Maurice de Berkeley, English nobleman and knight (b. 1218)


date: September 10

text: September 10 – John II, margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal (b. 1237)


date: September 20

text: September 20 – Reinhard I, Lord of Hanau, German nobleman and knight (b. 1225)


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Constance of Greater Poland, Polish princess (b. 1245)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Henry V ("the Great"), count of Luxembourg (b. 1216)


text: Anna of Hungary, Byzantine empress consort (House of Árpád) (b. 1260)


text: Alfonso Fernández el Niño, Spanish nobleman and prince (b. 1243)


text: c. 1280/1281 – Ertuğrul Ghazi, Turkish ruler of the Sultanate of Rum (b. 1198)


text: Xu Heng, Chinese scholar, official and philosopher (b. 1209)


text: Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Söğüt tribe in central Anatolia after the death of his father, Ertuğrul Ghazi. Osman's accession to power is not peaceful, as he has to fight his relatives before he gets hold of the clan's leadership. One of Osman's major rivals is his uncle Dündar Bey, who rebels against him.


text: King Stefan Dragutin breaks his leg while hunting and becomes ill. He abdicates the throne in favor of his younger brother, Stefan Milutin, who becomes ruler of Serbia (until 1321).


text: March 30 – War of the Sicilian Vespers: A group of Sicilian conspirators begins an uprising against the rule of King Charles I of Sicily; over the next six weeks, thousands of French are killed. The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the planned crusade against the Byzantines, while still en route to the target city of Constantinople, and allows King Peter III of Aragon ("the Great") to take over rule of the island from Charles (which in turn leads to Peter's excommunication by Pope Martin IV).


date: March

text: March – Welsh forces under Prince Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, attack and take control of Hawarden Castle. The garrison is massacred and Constable Roger de Clifford is taken prisoner. Llywelyn, who has sworn fealty to King Edward I of England ("Longshanks"), joins Dafydd in his revolt against the English. Their actions lead to the final English conquest of Wales, by Edward.


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Battle of Forlì: A French expeditionary army under Jean d'Eppe launches an assault on Forlì and breaches the outer wall. While they plunder the suburbs, Guido I da Montefeltro sends a small force out the gate on the opposite side of the city. In an ambush, forces of the Guelphs and Ghibellines defeat the main army of d'Eppe, who is forced to retreat to Faenza. He asks the Pope for reinforcements, but this is refused.


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Battle of Llandeilo Fawr: English forces led by Gilbert de Clare are ambushed and defeated by Welsh troops at Llandeilo. English expansion into southern Wales is halted.


date: June

text: June – The 24-year-old Prince Sancho, heir to the throne of Castile, assembles a coalition of nobles and starts a massive rebellion against his father, King Alfonso X. He dispatches his brothers into the realm to claim strategically important cities and castles. Only the cities of Seville, Murcia and Badajoz remain loyal to Alfonso, who becomes isolated politically and abandoned by most of his family.


date: August

text: August – Castilian forces under Sancho lay siege to Badajoz, but eventually retreat as the combined armies of Alfonso X relieve the city. Shortly after, Alfonso marches to Córdoba and demands the key of the city. This is refused by Diego López V de Haro, speaking on behalf of the magnates. Meanwhile, the Marinids plunder the Guadalquivir valley.


date: September

text: September or October – Battle of Lake Hód: Hungarian forces led by King Ladislaus IV successfully repel and defeat an invading Cuman army. Ladislaus receives the title "the Cuman" for his heroic victory.


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Battle of Moel-y-don: English forces led by Luke de Tany are ambushed and defeated by Welsh troops, while crossing over a floating bridge to the island of Anglesey.


date: November

text: November – Castilian forces under Alfonso X reconquer Córdoba. Pope Martin IV issues a papal bull, forcing Sancho and his nobles to proclaim their allegiance to Alfonso, ending the rebellion.


date: December 11

text: December 11 – Battle of Orewin Bridge: English forces (some 6,000 men) under Edward I of England defeat a Welsh army near Cilmeri. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is killed.


text: Summer – An Aragonese expeditionary army under King Peter III lands in North Africa at Collo, in proclaimed support of a rebellion of the governor of Constantine, Ibn Wazir. The revolt is suppressed by Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate. Peter, wary of the situation in Sicily, sails off and fails to take advantage of the state of rebellion in North Africa. Ibrahim stabilizes his power and styles himself emir of the sultanate.


text: Dutch forces led by Floris V, count of Holland, attack and defeat the West Frisians at the battle of Vronen. He succeeds in retrieving the body of his father, William II, some 26 years dead.


date: July

text: July – Alfonso X of Castile allies himself with Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq, ruler of the Marinid Sultanate, who crosses the straits and establishes a camp at Zahara de la Sierra, in southern Spain. Alfonso offers the Castilian royal crown of his father and grandfathers as a pledge of re-payment of a loan. Out of pity, Abu Yusuf gives him 100,000 gold dinars.


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Peter III of Aragon, traveling with his fleet on a military expedition against Tunis, ends up in the Sicilian town of Trapani, after being asked by the inhabitants of Palermo to help in the fight against Charles I.


date: September 4

text: September 4 – Peter III of Aragon is proclaimed "King of Sicily". Charles is forced to flee across the Strait of Messina, and be content with the Kingdom of Naples (ruling a part of the Italian Peninsula with the Pope).


text: John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury, orders all the synagogues of London to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews.


text: Construction of Albi Cathedral in Languedoc begins.


text: First evidence of the existence of consolidated public debt in Bruges, confirming the expansion of use of annuities, to fund government expenditure to the Low Countries.


text: The technology of watermarks is introduced by paper manufacturers of Bologna, Italy.

source_section: Events › By topic › Technology


text: The form for the Trial of the Pyx in England, during which it is confirmed that newly minted coins conform to required standards, is established.


text: The most recent phreatic eruption of Larderello, observed, at Boracifero crater lake in southern Tuscany.

source_section: Events › By topic › Nature


date: June 26

text: June 26 – King Denis of Portugal ("the Poet King") marries the 11-year-old Elizabeth of Aragon, daughter of Peter III, in Trancoso. Elizabeth receives the towns of Óbidos, Abrantes and Porto de Mós as part of her dowry. Denis, known for his poetry, writes several poems and books, with topics of administration and hunting. During his reign, Lisbon becomes one of Europe's centers of art and culture.


text: Peter III of Aragon obtains the support of Nasrid Granada preparing for the incoming Aragonese Crusade, led by Philip "the Fair" of France.


text: Daniel of Moscow, youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, is mentioned during this year as an independent Prince of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. This Duchy will be a vassal state of the Golden Horde until 1471, later evolving into the Tsardom of Russia.


text: Hertford College is founded, at the University of Oxford.

source_section: Events › By topic › Education


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Maud Chaworth, English noblewoman (d. 1322)

source_section: Births


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Louis IV ("the Bavarian"), Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1347)


date: April 15

text: April 15 – Frederick IV ("the Fighter"), German nobleman (d. 1329)


date: May 5

text: May 5 – Juan Manuel, Spanish nobleman and prince (d. 1348)


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn, princess of Wales (d. 1337)


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, English princess (d. 1316)


text: Nicholas Kőszegi, Hungarian prelate and bishop (d. 1336)


text: Alexios II ("Megas Komnenos"), emperor of Trebizond (d. 1330)


text: Blanche of France, French princess (House of Capet) (d. 1305)


text: Clare of Rimini, Italian noblewoman, nun and saint (d. 1346)


text: Özbeg Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (d. 1341)


text: Rudolf I, king of Bohemia (House of Habsburg) (d. 1307)


text: Spinetta Malaspina ("the Great"), Italian nobleman (d. 1352)


text: Oshin, king of Cilician Armenia (House of Lampron) (d. 1320)


date: March 2

text: March 2 – Agnes of Bohemia, Bohemian princess (b. 1211)

source_section: Deaths


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Benvenutus Scotivoli, Italian priest and bishop


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Abaqa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. 1234)


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Ahmad Fanakati, Persian minister and politician


date: April 26

text: April 26 – Möngke Temür, Mongol ruler of Shiraz (b. 1256)


date: April 29

text: April 29 – Guillaume de Bray, French prelate and cardinal


date: May 16

text: May 16 – Thomas III, Savoyan nobleman (House of Savoy)


text: June 19 – Eleanor de Montfort, princess of Wales (b. 1252)


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Thomas de Cantilupe, English bishop (b. 1218)


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Ingrid of Skänninge, Swedish noblewoman


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Nichiren, Japanese Buddhist priest (b. 1222)


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Roger Mortimer, English nobleman (b. 1231)


date: October 30

text: October 30 – Ibn Khallikan, Barmakid historian (b. 1211)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Luke de Tany, English nobleman and seneschal


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Treaty of Rheinfelden: The 11-year-old Rudolf II is forced to relinquish his claim on the Duchies of Austria and Styria to his elder brother, Albert I. According to the terms of the agreement, concluded at the Imperial City of Rheinfelden (modern Switzerland), Rudolf receives some territories in Further Austria in return.


text: The first regulated Catalan Courts are reunited by King Peter III, for the whole Principality of Catalonia. It became one of the first medieval parliaments that bans the royal power to create legislation unilaterally.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") captures Dolwyddelan Castle in North Wales from the Welsh.

source_section: Events › By place › British Isles


date: February 13

text: February 13–14 – Battle of Thị Nại Bay: A Mongol-led Yuan expeditionary force (some 5,000 men) lands on the beach, near Champa's capital Vijaya in Vietnam. Despite being outnumbered, the Yuan invaders break the Cham defensive line and force King Indravarman V to retreat to the Western Highlands, where he wages a successful guerrilla campaign against the occupying Yuan forces.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


date: April 25

text: April 25 – The last independent Welsh stronghold, Castell y Bere, is surrendered by Cynfrig ap Madog to the English.


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Battle of Malta: An Aragonese fleet (some 20 galleys) under Admiral Roger of Lauria attacks and defeats the Angevin ships in the Grand Harbour, sent to help put down a rebellion on Malta. Lauria lands his troops at the harbour and after two days raises his banner on the fortified city of Mdina ("Old City").


date: October 3

text: October 3 – The last ruler of an independent Wales, Dafydd ap Gruffydd (David), Prince of Wales, is executed in Shrewsbury, the first prominent person in history to be hanged, drawn and quartered, as capital punishment for the newly created crime of high treason (against Edward I of England).


text: Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate, is overthrown by the Bedouin rebellion, led by Abd al-Aziz I.


text: Mongol forces invade the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia). King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire.


text: Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd: Construction of Caernarfon Castle, Conwy Castle and Harlech Castle in Wales by Edward I of England begins as a system of defenses against possible future Welsh uprisings.


text: Mongol invasion of Burma: Mongol forces besiege the fortress at Ngasaunggyan on September 23. The Burmese garrison withstands the siege for two months, but finally falls to the invaders on December 3. The defeat breaks the morale of the Burmese defenses. Kaungsin, the next fortress in line, falls just six days later.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq sets out for a punitive expedition and marches from Córdoba to Jaén and Úbeda, and then northwards through difficult terrain. On the third day after crossing al-burt, the Marinid forces attack Montiel (a fortress belonging to the Order of Santiago) and Almedina.


date: January 2

text: January 2 – Most of Dublin, including St. Patrick's Cathedral, is burned in a fire.


date: June 28

text: June 28 – A parliament of England summoned by Edward I to assemble at Shrewsbury Abbey to decide the fate of the Welsh prince Dafydd ap Gruffydd (captured on June 22) is the first to include commoners.


date: June

text: June – Qalawun ("the Victorious"), Mamluk ruler of Egypt, signs a peace treaty for 10 years with the Crusader States at Caesarea. It guarantees the Crusaders the possession of the territory from the Ladder of Tyre, north of Acre, to Mount Carmel and Atlit. But Tyre and Beirut are excluded. The right of free pilgrimage to Nazareth is permitted for the Christians.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


text: The German city of Goslar starts making efforts to redeem its already issued annuities, a sure indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the 13th century crisis.


text: Ram Khamhaeng, ruler of the Sukhothai Kingdom, creates the Thai alphabet during his reign (approximate date).


text: The Libro de los juegos, an early European treatise on board games (including chess, dice, and a version of backgammon), is commissioned by King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By topic › The arts, culture and literature


text: King Philip III of France ("the Bold") outlaws Jews from residence in the small villages and rural localities of France, causing a mass migration.


text: An earthquake destroys two thirds of the cave city of Vardzia, Georgia.


text: Ramon Llull, Spanish theologian, writes Blanquerna, the first major work of literature written in Catalan, and perhaps the first European novel.


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Margaret, Maid of Norway, queen-designate of Scotland (d. 1290)


text: Siemowit II of Masovia, Polish nobleman and prince (d. 1345)


text: Isabella of Castile, queen consort of Aragon, daughter of Sancho IV ("the Brave") (d. 1328)


text: Matteo Villani, Italian historian, chronicler and writer (d. 1363)


text: John of Charolais (or Clermont), French nobleman (d. 1322)


text: Anthony de Lucy (or Luci), English nobleman and knight (d. 1343)


text: Yoshida Kenkō, Japanese Buddhist monk and writer (d. 1350)


text: Galvano Fiamma, Italian Dominican friar and chronicler (d. 1344)


text: Fujiwara no Kinshi, Japanese empress consort and nun (d. 1352)


text: Shuho Myocho, Japanese teacher and Zen Master (d. 1338)


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Wen Tianxiang, Chinese poet and politician (b. 1236)


date: February

text: February/March – Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan, Zayyanid ruler of Tlemcen (b. 1206)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Joseph I of Constantinople (Galesiotes), Byzantine abbot and patriarch


text: April 9 – Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway, the Maid of Scotland, queen consort of Norway (b. 1261)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – John Bradfield, English bishop and precentor


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Robert of Holy Island, English Benedictine monk and bishop


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Blanche of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany, Breton noblewoman (b. 1226)


text: October 3 – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Welsh prince (b. 1238)


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Peter of Castile, Lord of Ledesma, Spanish prince (infante) (b. 1260)


date: October 15

text: October 15 – John I of Werle, German nobleman (House of Mecklenburg)


date: November 27

text: November 27 – John of Montfort, Lord of Tyre, Outremer nobleman and knight


date: November 30

text: November 30 – John of Vercelli, Italian Master General (b. 1205)


date: December 15

text: December 15 – Philip I (or Courtenay), Latin Emperor of Constantinople (b. 1243)


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Manuel of Castile, Spanish nobleman (b. 1234)


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 30 galleys) led by Admiral Roger of Lauria surrounds and defeats the Neapolitan ships in the Gulf of Naples. King Charles II of Naples ("the Lame") is captured during the battle; disorganized, the remnants of the Neapolitan fleet (between 15 and 18 galleys) flee back to Naples.


date: August 5

text: August 5–6 – Battle of Meloria: A Genoese fleet (some 90 galleys) led by Admiral Oberto Doria defeats the Pisan ships in the Ligurian Sea. This marks the decline of the maritime power of Pisa in the Mediterranean.


text: King Peter III of Aragon takes advantage of the weakness of the Hafsid dynasty and raids the island of Djerba. Aragonese forces massacre the population and occupy the island.

source_section: Events › By place › Africa


text: Hafsid forces under Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya (half-brother of Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I) reconquer Tunis and reinstall the Hafsid dynasty as the dominating power in Ifriqiya. This ends the Bedouin rebellion started in 1283.


text: Jean de Meun, French poet and writer, translates Vegetius' 4th century military treatise De Re Militari from Latin into French.

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and culture


text: The events giving rise to the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin take place in Lower Saxony.


text: Aragonese Crusade: The first French armies under King Philip III ("the Bold") and his 14-year-old son Charles of Valois enter Roussillon. They include 16,000 cavalry, 17,000 crossbowmen, and 100,000 infantry, along with 100 ships in south French ports. Though they have the support of James II, ruler of Majorca, the local populace rises against them. Elne is valiantly defended by Aragonese troops, but the French occupy the city, and burn the cathedral, while the population is massacred.


text: Peterhouse, oldest collegiate foundation of the University of Cambridge in England, is established by Bishop Hugh de Balsham.


text: Construction of Beauvais Cathedral is interrupted by a partial collapse of the choir; the event unnerves French masons working in the Gothic style.


text: The Republic of Venice begins coining the ducat, a gold coin that is to become the standard of European coinage, for the following 600 years.


text: The Al-Mansuri bimaristan (hospital) is completed in Cairo.

source_section: Events › By topic › Health


text: King Rudolf I imposes a trade embargo on Norway, due to the latter pillaging a German ship. The embargo cuts off vital supplies of grain, flour, vegetables and beer, causing a general famine in Norway.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – Jönköping in Sweden is granted town privileges by King Magnus Ladulås.

source_section: Events › By topic › Cities and towns


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Edward II, king of England (d. 1327)


date: April 26

text: April 26 – Alice de Toeni, Countess of Warwick, English noblewoman (d. 1325)


text: Approximate date – Thomas de Brus, Scottish nobleman and knight (k. 1307)


text: Yu Qin, Chinese official, geographer and writer (d. 1333)


text: Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, English nobleman and knight, royal favourite (k. 1312)


text: John I, Dutch nobleman (House of Holland) (d. 1299)


text: Edward, Count of Savoy ("the Liberal"), Savoyan nobleman (d. 1329)


text: Delphine of Glandèves, French noblewoman (d. 1358)


text: Wernher von Homberg, Swiss knight and poet (d. 1320)


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Qonqurtai, Mongol nobleman and viceroy


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Alexander, Scottish prince and heir (b. 1264)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Hugh III ("the Great"), king of Cyprus (b. 1235)


date: April 4

text: April 4 – King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") falls ill and dies after a 32-year reign at Seville. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son Sancho IV ("the Brave") who becomes ruler of Castile and León. Meanwhile, his nephew, Alfonso de la Cerda, challenges his right to the Castilian throne. Pope Martin IV excommunicates Sancho, places an interdict on his kingdom and refuses to acknowledge the marriage to his cousin, Queen María de Molina.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


date: April 6

text: April 6 – Peter I, Count of Alençon, French nobleman and prince (b. 1251)


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Adelaide of Holland, Dutch noblewoman (b. 1230)


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Hōjō Tokimune, Japanese nobleman (b. 1251)


date: May

text: May – Isa ibn Muhanna, Mamluk ruler, commander and prince


date: August 9

text: August 9 – James of Castile, Lord of Cameros, son of Alfonso X (b. 1268)


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Tekuder, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. 1246)


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Alphonso, Earl of Chester, English nobleman and heir (b. 1273)


date: October 16

text: October 16 – Shams al-Din Juvayni, Persian ruler and vizier


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Siger of Brabant, Dutch philosopher (b. 1240)


date: December

text: December – Irene Komnene Palaiologina, Byzantine princess (b. 1218)


text: The County of Champagne is integrated into the kingdom of France; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the Fairs of Troyes quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.


text: The Second Statute of Westminster is accepted in parliament, reforming various laws; it includes the clause de donis conditionalibus, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law.

source_section: Events › By place › England


date: April

text: April – Marinid forces under Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq cross the straits from Alcácer Seguir to Tarifa. From there they advance to Jerez de la Frontera, where they besiege the city. Marinids detachments are dispatched to devastate a broad area from Medina-Sidonia to Carmona, Vejer de la Frontera, Écija and Seville, cutting down trees, orchards, and vineyards, destroying villages, and killing or capturing many inhabitants.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Marinid forces under Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq prolong their siege at Jerez de la Frontera. He sends his son Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr with 5,000 regulars, 2,000 cavalry, some 13,000 infantry and 2,000 archers to raid Seville and its environs on June 1. During June and early July, the Marinids assault daily Jerez while raiding parties pillage the countryside at Carmona, Niebla, Écija, Seville and Sanlúcar de Barrameda.


text: May – King Sancho IV (the Brave) assembles his army at Seville and sends the Castilian fleet (some 100 ships) led by Admiral Benedetto I Zaccaria to blockade the mouth of the Guadalquivir River. Meanwhile, a Marinid detachment of 1,000 cavalry moves against Seville, routing the Castilians send out to oppose them. Turning eastward against Carmona and Alcalá de Guadaíra, the Marinids burn the suburbs, harvest and ruin orchards.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Battle of Chương Dương: Joint forces of Champa and Đại Việt defeat the Mongol-led Yuan fleet on the Red River. Most of the Yuan warships are burned during the battle, and the Mongol army retreats to China in late June. The Vietnamese royal court returns to the capital in Thang Long following a six-month conflict.


date: August

text: August – Castilian forces led by Sancho IV (the Brave) march against the Marinids at Jerez de la Frontera. Meanwhile, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq with his army of 18,000 cavalry and faced with dwindling supplies, decides to lift the siege after five months, on August 2. He withdraws his army to the safety of Algeciras and opens negotiations with Sancho while the Castilian fleet arrives at El Puerto de Santa Maria (or "The port of Saint Mary").


date: September 4

text: September 4 – Battle of Les Formigues: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 40 galleys) under Admiral Roger of Lauria defeats French and Genoese ships near the Formigues Islands. According to Johan Esteve de Bezers, a French troubadour, all prisoners but one have their eyes gouged out, and that one is left with one eye to guide the others. After the battle, Roger captures about 15 to 20 French galleys, and others are sunk or burnt.


text: Winter – The Mongol Golden Horde led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga attacks Hungary for the second time. They successfully subdue Slovakia and sack territory north of the Carpathian Mountains.


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Archbishop Jakub Świnka organizes a synod in Łęczyca. During the meeting, he orders all priests who are subject to his bishopric to deliver their sermons in Polish rather than German. This further unifies the Catholic Church in Poland and fosters a national identity.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King Edward I (Longshanks), defines the jurisdictions of church and state, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.


text: The Mor Bar Sauma Monastery, one of the most important monasteries of the Syriac Orthodox Church, is destroyed. Though a monastic community remains, the patriarchal seat is moved to Sis.


text: Council of Blachernae: The Eastern Orthodox Church repudiates the Union with the Catholic Church, declared in the Second Council of Lyon.


text: The English romantic poem The Lay of Havelok the Dane is written (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and Culture


text: The first record is made of an emission of life annuities, by the city of Lübeck. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in Germany, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western Europe (see 1228).

source_section: Events › By topic › Markets


text: Aragonese Crusade: French forces led by King Philip III (the Bold) entrench before Girona, in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on September 7. Philip's son, the 15-year-old Charles of Valois, is crowned as king of Aragon (under the vassalage of the Holy See) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of dysentery and Philip is forced to retreat.


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Go-Nijō (or Nijō II), Japanese emperor (d. 1308)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Al-Mustakfi I, Mamluk ruler (caliph) of Egypt (d. 1340)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Al-Nasr Muhammad, Mamluk ruler of Egypt (d. 1341)


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, Mongol emperor (d. 1320)


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Edmund Fitzalan, English nobleman and knight (d. 1326)


date: December 6

text: December 6 – Ferdinand IV, king of Castile and León (d. 1312)


text: William of Ockham, English monk and theologian ( d. 1347)


text: Ziauddin Barani, Indian historian and philosopher (d. 1358)


text: Richeza Magnusdotter, Swedish princess and abbess (d. 1348)


text: Margaret of Artois, French noblewoman and regent (d. 1311)


text: Euphemia of Pomerania, queen consort of Denmark (d. 1330)


text: Patrick V de Dunbar, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1369)


text: John of Jandun, French philosopher and theologian (d. 1328)


text: Gerardus Odonis, French cardinal and theologian (d. 1349)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Pope Martin IV dies after a 4-year pontificate in Perugia. He is succeeded by Honorius IV, who becomes the 190th pope of the Catholic Church.


date: March 28

text: March 28 – Martin IV, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Robert de Ros, English nobleman and knight (b. 1235)


date: May 20

text: May 20 – John I, king of Cyprus (House of Lusignan) (b. 1268)


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Yekuno Amlak, Ethiopian ruler (House of Solomon)


date: July 28

text: July 28 – Keran of Lampron, queen of Cilician Armenia (b. 1260)


date: July 30

text: July 30 – John I, German nobleman (House of Ascania) (b. 1249)


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Philip I, French nobleman (House of Savoy) (b. 1207)


date: August 18

text: August 18 – William Reade, English bishop and theologian (b. 1183)


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Philip Benizi, Italian monk and religious leader (b. 1233)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – William de Wickwane, English cleric and archbishop


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Kunigunda of Halych, queen of Bohemia (b. 1245)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Peter III (the Great) dies after a 9-year reign at Vilafranca del Penedès. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son Alfonso III (the Liberal), who becomes king of Aragon. Peter's other son James II (the Just), is crowned ruler of Sicily. His third son, the 13-year-old Frederick, becomes co-ruler and regent of Sicily.


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Ordoño Álvarez, archbishop of Braga (b. 1198)


text: The Guelph Republic of Siena allows exiled Ghibelline rebels back into the city.


date: June 4

text: June 4 – The 15-year-old Henry II sails from Cyprus and lands in Acre, but is refused entry into the citadel. There, he stays for six weeks in the palace to negotiate an agreement to take over the city from the Angevins.


text: Abu Hafs Umar I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate, takes control of Béjaïa and becomes a rival of the main Hafsid entity based in Tunis.


text: In the Lao kingdom of Muang Sua, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a coup d'état led by his son, Prince Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty in China.


text: Old Prussians resettle in Samland and start an uprising against Teutonic rule (supported by the Principality of Rügen). The Prussians are defeated by the Teutonic Knights and forced to submit.


text: The War of the Donkey is fought between the rival noble families of the Ghisi and the Sanudo, in the Duchy of the Archipelago in the Aegean Sea.


text: Kublai Khan makes plans for a final Mongol invasion of Japan, but aborts the preparations due to a lack of necessary resources.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – The Catholicon, a religious Latin dictionary, is completed by John of Genoa.


date: January 6

text: January 6 – The 17-year-old Philip IV (the Fair) is crowned king of France at Reims. He settles the Aragonese conflict, and intensifies his predecessors' efforts to reform and rationalize the administration of the realm. Philip persists in reforms, which strengthen the monarchy's position in Europe. The gabelle – a tax on salt in the form of a state monopoly – will become immensely unpopular and grossly unequal, but persist until 1790.


date: June

text: June – King Edward I (Longshanks) and Queen Eleanor of Castile travel to France. There they pay homage to Philip IV (the Fair) and attend to other matters. Edward travels around in the duchy of Gascony and orders the rebuilding of fortifications in the region (between 1286 and 1289).

source_section: Events › By place › England & Scotland


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Henry II is crowned king of Jerusalem at Tyre. After the ceremony, he returns to Acre for the festivities. A few weeks later, Henry returns to Cyprus and appoints his uncle Philip of Ibelin as regent (bailiff).


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Joan de Geneville, English noblewoman (d. 1356)


date: March 8

text: March 8 – John III (the Good), English nobleman (d. 1341)


date: June 30

text: June 30 – John de Warenne, English nobleman (d. 1347)


date: September 4

text: September 4 – John de Mowbray, English nobleman (d. 1322)


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Shōshi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1348)


text: Alfonso de Castilla, Spanish nobleman and prince (d. 1291)


text: Kalonymus ben Kalonymus, French-Jewish philosopher (d. 1328)


text: Marco Cornaro, doge of Venice (House of Cornaro) (d. 1368)


text: Odoric of Pordenone, Italian priest and missionary (d. 1331)


text: John de Burgh, Irish nobleman and heir apparent (d. 1313)


text: Hōjō Mototoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1333)


text: Guy of Ibelin, Outremer nobleman and seneschal (d. 1308)


text: Hugh Despenser (the Younger), English nobleman (d. 1326)


text: Juana Núñez (Lady of Lara), Spanish noblewoman (d. 1351)


date: January 4

text: January 4 – Anna Komnene Doukaina, princess of Achaea


date: January 5

text: January 5 – Zhenjin (or Chingkim), Mongol prince (b. 1243)


date: March 2

text: March 2 – Fujiwara no Ariko, Japanese empress (b. 1207)


date: March 19

text: March 19 (or 18) – Alexander III, king of Scotland (b. 1241)


text: March 19 – King Alexander III dies in a fall from his horse at Kinghorn in Fife, leaving Queen Yolande of Dreux's unborn child and the 3-year-old Margaret (Maid of Norway) as heirs to the throne. After Alexander's death, Scotland is governed by the nobility and clergy, known collectively as the Guardians of Scotland. This sets the stage for the First War of Scottish Independence.


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Buluqhan Khatun (or Bulugan), Mongol princess


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Hugh de Balsham, English sub-prior and bishop


date: July 5

text: July 5 (or 4) – Hartmann V, German nobleman and bishop


date: July 30

text: July 30 – Bar Hebraeus, Syrian scholar and bishop (b. 1226)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Mugaku Sogen, Chinese adviser (b. 1226)


date: October 3

text: October 3 – Fujiwara no Tameuji, Japanese poet (b. 1222)


date: October 8

text: October 8 – John I (the Red), English nobleman and knight


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Eric V (Klipping), king of Denmark (b. 1249)


date: December 15

text: December 15 – William de Warenne, English knight (b. 1256)


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Aragonese forces led by King Alfonso III (the Liberal) conquer the island of Menorca. He signs the "Treaty of San Agayz" with Sultan Abû 'Umar ibn Sa'îd on January 21. Alfonso accepts a policy of free trade for merchants and their property. He also concludes an alliance against the Marinids with Abu Said Uthman I, ruler of the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen (modern Algeria). He proposes to supply him with five to ten galleys (with food and other goods) in exchange for 500 elite Zayyanid horsemen.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – Wareru creates the Hanthawaddy kingdom (modern Myanmar) following the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom. He is crowned king on April 5 and declares himself independent of Pagan.


text: Kings Mangrai of the Lanna Kingdom (modern Thailand) and Ram Khamhaeng of the Sukhothai Kingdom agree to a peace treaty. They establish a "strong pact of friendship".


date: March

text: March – Mamluk forces under Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) capture Latakia, last remnant of the Principality of Antioch. The city port falls easily into his hands, but the defenders retire to the citadel at the mouth of the harbour. Finally, Qalawun forces the Crusader garrison to surrender on April 20.

source_section: Events › By place › Middle East


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Welsh forces led by Rhys ap Maredudd revolt in Wales against King Edward I (Longshanks). Although Maredudd has assisted the English in the past, he accuses Edward of treating him unfairly over taxes. The rebels burn several towns, including Swansea and Carmarthen. They capture most of Ystrad Tywi, heartland of Deheubarth (the revolt will not be suppressed until 1288).


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Battle of the Counts: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 50 galleys) under Admiral Roger of Lauria defeat a larger Angevin fleet of 70 galleys near Naples. After a feigned retreat, Roger attacks the Angevin galleys from all sides. During the battle, which last much of the day, the Angevin fleet is scattered, leaving about 40 galleys to be captured, along with 5,000 prisoners. After the victory, without any authorization from King James II, Roger makes a truce with the Neapolitans (who are allies of the Angevins).


date: June

text: June – Egyptian Mamluk forces under Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) captures Dongola after defeating the Kingdom of Makuria under the leadership of Egyptian general Izz al-Din al-Kawrani.


date: December

text: December – Battle of Pagan: Mongol-led Yuan forces (some 7,000 cavalry) led by Temür Khan defeat King Thihathu of the Pagan Kingdom. The kingdom disintegrates and anarchy ensues.


text: Spring – Arghun Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, sends an embassy under Rabban Bar Sauma with the mission of contracting a military alliance against the Mamluk Sultanate and take the city of Jerusalem. He travels with a large retinue (bearing gifts and letters) and 30 riding animals from Tabriz through Armenia to Trebizond. Bar Sauma arrives in Constantinople and receives an audience with Emperor Andronikos II (Palaiologos).


text: Alfonso III (the Liberal) is forced to make concessions to the nobility after an aristocratic uprising (called the Union of Aragon). In particular, he grants his barons a "Bill of Rights", known as the Privilegium Generale. This leaves a heritage of disunity and further dissent among the nobility, who increasingly see little reason to respect the throne, and brings the Crown of Aragon to the point of anarchy. Alfonso, who is not pleased with the anti-royalist movement, is forced to accept the Magna Carta (Great Charter).


text: Summer – Edward I (Longshanks) replies to the Welsh rebellion by raising an army at Gloucester commanded by Edmund of Almain. The English forces besiege Dryslwyn Castle, which lasts for three weeks before the castle falls after the curtain walls are undermined. Rhys ap Maredudd manages to escape and goes into hiding before the stronghold is finally captured in late September.


text: Winter – Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under Talabuga Khan and Nogai Khan, attack Poland for the third time. The cities of Lublin, Sandomierz and Sieradz are devastated by the invaders. Nogai Khan besieges Kraków and launches an unsuccessful assault on the fortified city, suffering heavy casualties in the process.


date: May 14

text: May 14 – Nayan, Mongol prince of the Borjigin clan, revolts against the rule of Kublai Khan. Kublai leads a punitive expedition against Nayan in Manchuria and defeats his forces on July 16.


text: Winter – Two unidentified 'merchants' travel from Alexandria to Cairo to warn Qalawun of the economic dangers posed by Genoese domination in the eastern Mediterranean, which leaves the Mamluk trade at their mercy. Qalawun accepts the invitation to intervene, and breaks the truce with Tripoli.


text: An Aragonese fleet raids the Tunisian Kerkennah Islands in the Gulf of Gabès.


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Synod of Würzburg: A church council is held by Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza and King Rudolf I at Würzburg. During the assembly, Giovanni announces the taxation of the clergy to finance the expedition of Rudolf (known as the Italienzug) to Rome and the imperial coronation.


text: December – Parts of Norfolk are flooded, the port of Dunwich in Suffolk is further devastated, and in The Fens through the storm and the violence of the sea, the monastery of Spalding and many churches are overthrown and destroyed: "The whole country in the parts of Holland was, for the most part, turned into a standing pool so that an intolerable multitude of men, women and children were overwhelmed with the water, especially in the town of Boston, a great part thereof was destroyed."


text: Construction of Uppsala Cathedral in Sweden begins (it lasts until 1435).


text: The Altar of St. James in Pistoia Cathedral, Italy – a masterwork of the silversmithing trade containing nearly a ton of silver – is begun; it will not be completed for nearly 200 years.


text: The Italian city of Siena exacts a forced loan from its taxpayers for the first time, a common feature of medieval public finance.

source_section: Events › By topic › Economy


date: February

text: February – South England flood: A large storm hits the south coast, this has a powerful effect on the Cinque Ports, two of which are hit (Hastings and New Romney). The storm destroys Old Winchelsea on Romney Marsh and nearby Broomhill. The course of the Rother River is diverted away from New Romney, which is almost destroyed, ending its role as a port; the Rother runs instead to the sea at Rye – whose prospects as a port are enhanced. A cliff collapses at Hastings, ending its role as a trade harbor and demolishing a part of Hastings Castle. New Winchelsea is established on higher ground.


date: December 14

text: December 14 – A huge storm and associated storm tide in the North Sea and English Channel, known as St. Lucia's flood in the Netherlands, kills thousands and reshapes the coastline of the Netherlands and England. In the Netherlands, a fringing barrier between the North Sea and a shallow lake collapses, causing the fifth-largest flood in recorded history – which creates the Zuider Zee inlet, and kills over 50,000 people. It also gives sea access to Amsterdam, allowing its development as an important port city.


date: September

text: September – Rabban Bar Sauma arrives in Paris, and is received in an audience by King Philip IV (the Fair). He spends one month at the royal court, during his stay, Philip himself escorts him around the Sainte-Chapelle (or Holy Chapel) to see the collection of Passion relics by late King Louis IX (the Saint). Philip gives Bar Sauma many presents and sends one of his noblemen, Gobert de Helleville, to return with him to Mongol lands. In response, he attempts to form a military alliance with France and England.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Richard Aungerville, English bishop (d. 1345)

source_section: Births


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Roger Mortimer, English de facto ruler (d. 1330)


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Alice de Warenne, English noblewoman (d. 1338)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – John Hastings, English nobleman (d. 1325)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Nasr of Granada, Al-Andaluse ruler (d. 1322)


text: Ulrich V, German nobleman, marshal and knight (d. 1354)


text: Guy de Penthièvre, Breton nobleman and knight (d.1331)


text: Robert III, French nobleman (House of Capet) (d. 1342)


text: Ibn Nubata, Egyptian scholar, poet and writer (d. 1366)


text: Wang Mian (or Yuanzhang), Chinese painter (d. 1359)


text: Oliver Ingham, English landowner and knight (d. 1344)


text: Margaret of Castello, Italian nun and teacher (d. 1320)


text: Margaret de Clare, Norman-Irish noblewoman (d. 1333)


text: Gaston I, Occitan nobleman, prince and knight (d. 1315)


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Ambrose of Siena, Italian nobleman and missionary (b. 1220)

source_section: Deaths


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Pope Honorius IV dies after a 2-year pontificate at Rome. During his reign, he tries to restore Sicily to papal vassalage, but Honorius clashes with King Peter III (the Great), who supports Sicilian independence.


text: April 3 – Honorius IV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1210)


text: June – Rabban Bar Sauma, Chinese Nestorian monk and diplomat, travels from Constantinople to Italy. There he arrives in Naples and witnesses a sea battle in the harbour between the Aragonese and the Angevin fleets. Bar Sauma goes to Rome, but arrives too late to meet Pope Honorius IV, who recently died. He instead is engaged in negotiations with the cardinals, who are in a conclave to elect a successor, and visits the St. Peter's Basilica. Bar Sauma goes to Genoa, where he receives a warm welcome.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Narathihapate (or Sithu IV), Burmese ruler (b. 1238)


text: July 1 – Ananda Pyissi, Burmese chief minister and general


date: July 27

text: July 27 – Hugh of Evesham, English cardinal and physician


date: August 13

text: August 13 – Hōjō Shigetoki, Japanese nobleman (b. 1241)


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Thomas de Clare, Norman nobleman (b. 1245)