text: Isaac Zarfati sends a circular letter to Rhineland, Swabia, Moravia and Hungary, praising the happy conditions of the Jews under the crescent, in contrast to the "great torture chamber" under the cross, and urging them to come to the Ottoman Empire.


date: January 6

section: Religion & Belief

text: January 6 – Mehmed II, the Muslim Sultan of the Ottoman empire, restores the Christian Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, and appoints the Byzantine Greek theologian Gennadius Scholarius as the Patriarch Gennadius II.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: February 4

text: February 4 – The cause of the Thirteen Years' War is set when the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master, and the citizens of Toruń rebel against the Teutonic Knights, beginning the conflict.


date: June 11

text: June 11 – In Poland, the landholders and bishops of Elbing (now Elbląg) pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV, and Danzig (now Gdańsk) follows on June 16.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: August 30

text: August 30 – The Italic League is concluded in Venice as an alliance between the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples.

source_section: Events › July–September


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The press of Johannes Gutenberg (at Mainz on the Rhine) produces the first printed documents bearing a date.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: December

section: Health & Medicine

text: December – King Henry VI of England having regained his sanity dismisses the Duke of York as Protector.

source_section: Events › October–December


date: November 16

section: Crime & Justice

text: November 16 – Nikola Skobaljić, the Serbian voivode of Dubočica who had resisted Ottoman rule, is defeated by the armies of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II and is taken prisoner. Skobaljić is executed by impalement at the Mehmed's command, and his head is sent to Constantinople to serve as an example of the punishment for people who resist the Ottoman Sultan.


date: December 12

section: Climate & Environment

text: December 12 (Julian calendar, December 21 Gregorian) – (24th day of 11th month of Kyotuku 3) An earthquake estimated by geologists at 8.4 magnitude strikes off the east coast of Japan and causes a tsunami that kills an indeterminate number of people in the Kantō region and the Tōhoku region.


text: The Drought of One Rabbit is recorded in Aztec history.


date: June 19

section: Culture & Society

text: June 19 – In Poland, Königsberg (now Kaliningrad in Russia) pledges its allegiance to Casimir IV with the city's Chancellor, Jan Taszka Koniecpolski, delivering the oath on behalf of the estates and cities of Lower Prussia.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – In Moldavia, Petru Aron retakes the throne from Alexăndrel.


date: June 3

section: Births

text: June 3 – Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1474–1523) (d. 1523)

source_section: Births


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples (d. 1517)


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Poliziano, Italian humanist (d. 1494)


date: September 4

text: September 4 – Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English politician (d. 1483)


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Gerold Edlibach, Swiss historian (d. 1530)


date: November 25

text: November 25 – Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1510)


text: Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, Italian astronomer (d. 1504)


text: Pinturicchio, Italian painter (d. 1513)


text: Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany (d. 1485)


text: Choe Bu, Korean official and venturer to China (d. 1504)


date: March 22

section: Deaths

text: March 22 – John Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury

source_section: Deaths


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Catalan Grimaldi becomes the new Lord of Monaco upon the death of his father, Jean I Grimaldi.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Ulrich II, Count of Celje becomes the new Ban of Slavonia upon the death of his father, Frederick II.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – King John II of Castile (b. 1405)


date: July 21

text: July 21 – At Valladolid, Enrique IV is proclaimed as the new King of Castile on the day after the death of his father, King Juan II.


date: August 26

text: August 26 – At Elbistan, capital of the principality of Dulkadir, Malik Arslan becomes the new ruler upon the death of his father, Suleiman of Dulkadir.


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.


text: William Turnbull, Bishop of Glasgow


text: Robert Wingfield, English politician (b. 1403)


date: July 4

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: July 4 – King Danjong of Korea, ruler since the death in 1452 of his father, King Munjong, is forced to abdicate. He is promoted to the figurehead post of King Emeritus (Sangyang).


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Prince Sejo, son of the late King Sejong, becomes the new monarch of Korea in Hanseong following the forced abdication of King Danjong.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Ludwig von Erlichshausen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, signs the Treaty of Mewe, selling the Order's territory of the Neumark back to the Electorate of Brandenburg after having owned it for 34 years. Grand Master Ludwig had earlier "pawned" the territory to Brandenburg on February 22, 1454, in return for a loan approved by the Elector Frederick II.


date: May 1

section: Conflict & Security

text: May 1 – Battle of Arkinholm: Forces loyal to King James II of Scotland defeat the supporters of the Earl of Douglas.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Wars of the Roses begin in England at the Battle of St Albans, as Richard, Duke of York, captures King Henry VI as a prisoner of war.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Petru Aron retakes the position of Prince of Moldavia after forcing Prince Alexăndrel (who had taken the throne from him on February 24) to flee the country.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Novo Brdo, the last defense of Serbia, falls to the Ottoman Turks after a siege of 40 days. All high ranking Serbian officials are executed and younger men and boys are taken captive to serve in the Ottoman Army, while 700 women and girls are taken as wives by Ottoman commanders.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – In Egypt, the Sultan Sayf al-Din Inal confronts a revolt of 500 of his ethnic Circassian slave-troops (mamluks) after rejecting the soldiers' requests for camels to accompany them on an expedition against Bedouin invaders in the Nile Delta. After attempting to assassinate the Sultan's secretary, Yunus al-Aqba'i, the rebels join discontented Zahiri troops and besieged the Cairo Citadel. Facing a withdrawal of support from the Egyptian Caliph, the Sultan eventually meets the rebels' demands.


date: June 21

text: June 21 – In what is now the nation of Kosovo, the city of Prizren is captured from the Serbian Despotate by the Ottoman Turkish invaders.


date: July 14

text: July 14 – In the Thirteen Years' War, the Teutonic Order wins the Battle for Kneiphof, though the Order will eventually lose with the signing of a treaty at Thorn.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Threatened with an invasion by the Ottoman Empire, the Principality of Moldavia sends its first tribute to the Ottoman Sultan, paying 2,000 ducats (equivalent to 6.99 kg lb of gold) in response to an ultimatum.


date: November 15

text: November 15 – The conflict between Vladislav II of Wallachia and John Hunyadi escalates, so the latter decides to support Vlad the Impaler for the throne of Wallachia, the following year.


date: December 15

text: December 15 – At the Battle of Clyst Heath, part of the Bonville–Courtenay feud fought during the Wars of the Roses, Thomas Courtenay, Earl of Devon defeats the Baron William Bonville. Bonville had made the attack after the October 23 murder of his councillor, the lawyer Nicholas Radford.


date: March 22

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: March 22 – Venetian explorer and slave trader Alvise Cadamosto and a crew commanded by Vicente Dias depart from Porto Santo on the first of two voyages down the coast of West Africa and reaches the Gambia River before being forced to turn back by the crew.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Pope Nicholas V publishes Romanus Pontifex, an encyclical addressed to King Afonso V of Portugal, which sanctions the conquest of non-Christian lands, and the reduction of native non-Christian populations to 'perpetual slavery'. (Later there will be a dramatic reversal when, in 1537, the bull Sublimis Deus of Pope Paul III forbids the enslavement of non-Christians.)


date: February 23

text: February 23 – The Gutenberg Bible is the first book printed with movable type.


date: March 2

text: March 2 – After an agreement reached in Venice on August 30, the Italic League (Lega Italica) comes into being as a 25-year truce and mutual defense agreement between the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples.


date: April 4

text: April 4 – The papal conclave to replace the late Pope Nicholas V begins. For the first time, the conclave is held at the Apostolic Palace in Rome. In the first rounds of ballots, the two front-running candidates are Cardinal Latino Orsini and Cardinal Prospero Colonna, and Colonna receives a plurality of votes, but not the required two-thirds majority.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Cardinal Alfons de Borja is elected as the 209th Roman Catholic pontiff and takes the name Pope Calixtus III.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Saint Vincent Ferrer is canonized 36 years after his death by Pope Callixtus III in a ceremony at the Dominican church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Pope Calixtus III decides to send Christians on a crusade against the Ottoman Empire in an attempt to recapture Constantinople. At a ceremony at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, the Pope provides Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy with the crusader's cross and sends him on a mission to meet with King Charles VII of France in hopes of getting French support for the proposed crusade.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Alexăndrel of Moldavia retakes the position of Prince of Moldavia after forcing out Petru Aron.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Prince João, the new son of King Afonso V of Portugal, is approved as the heir to the throne by the representatives of the three estates of the realm (nobility, clergy and bourgeoisie) in the Portuguese Cortes at Lisbon.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg, Count of Ravensberg (d. 1511)


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Johann Reuchlin, German-born humanist and scholar (d. 1522)


date: March 3

text: March 3 – King John II of Portugal (d. 1495)


text: March 3 – Ascanio Sforza, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1505)


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Pietro Accolti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1532)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (d. 1538)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Anne of Savoy, Savoy royal (d. 1480)


date: July 9

text: July 9 – Frederick IV of Baden, Dutch bishop (d. 1517)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Queen Yun, Korean queen (d. 1482)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1499)


date: August 15

text: August 15 – George, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1503)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1516)


text: Nicholas Barnham, English knight, killed in the War of the Roses (d. 1485)


text: Raden Patah, Javanese sultan, founder of the Demak Sultanate (d. 1518)


date: February 18

text: February 18 – Fra Angelico, Italian painter (b. 1395)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Pope Nicholas V (b. 1397)


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Polish Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1389)


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray (in battle)


date: May 22

text: May 22 (killed at the First Battle of St Albans):


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Alonso Tostado, Spanish Catholic bishop


date: October 22

text: October 22 – Johannes Brassart, Flemish composer


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing, French Catholic cardinal


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Lorenzo Ghiberti, Italian sculptor and metal smith (b. 1378)


date: December 2

text: December 2 – Isabel of Coimbra, queen of Portugal (b. 1432)


text: Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, Lancastrian commander (b. 1406)


text: Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, Lancastrian commander (b. 1414)


text: Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, Lancastrian commander (b. 1393)


date: February 25

text: February 25 – The Treaty of Yazhelbitsy is signed between the Grand Principality of Moscow (led by Grand Prince Vasily II) and the Novgorod Republic (governed by Vasily Shuisky) with Vasily II becoming the Prince of Novgorod.


date: March 12

text: March 12 – After a session of eight months that had started on July 9, 1455, the English Parliament adjourns at Westminster. Royal assent is given by King Henry VI to bills passed, including the Importation Act 1455, banning the import for the next five years of woven silk goods (including ribbons and girdles) that had been manufactured outside of England, and subjecting importers to heavy fines. and the Embezzlement Act, allowing civil remedies by executors of estates to recover goods that had been stolen by servants from their masters.


date: July 29

text: July 29 – A treaty is signed at Toruń between the Kingdom of Poland and mercenaries led by Oldrzych Czerwonka with Poland purchasing the 21 fortresses of Czerwonka's people in exchange for 463,794 florins (1.62 million grams or 58,000 ounces of gold).


text: Lazar Branković becomes despot of Serbia.


text: Muscovy and the Novgorod Republic conclude the Treaty of Yazhelbitsy.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – After Dorino II Gattilusio seizes ownership of the Greek mainland harbor of Ainos and the islands of Samothrace and Imbros, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II orders a blockade the port with 10 ships and leads a ground invasion. After the surrender off Ainos, Mehmed II sends his Admiral Mirza Yunus Beg commences the take control of Samothrace and Imbros.


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Skanderbeg, leader of the Albanians in their fight against the Ottomans, pardons Moisi Galemi, a former officer who had defected to the Ottomans and was then defeated by Skanderbeg at the Battle of Oranik.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – Second Battle of Oronichea (1456): Ottoman Forces of 15,000 are sent to capture Albania, but are met and swiftly defeated by Skanderbeg's smaller forces.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Vladislav II, reigning Prince of Wallachia, is killed in hand-to-hand combat by the former Prince, Vlad the Impaler, who succeeds him.


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Ulrich II, Count of Celje, regent for King Ladislas of Hungary and governor of Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia, is assassinated the day after he had entered the fortress of Belgrade, apparently at the direction of Ladislaus Hunyadi, son of the late John Hunyadi.


text: Petru Aron becomes the first ruler of Moldavia to pay tribute to the Ottomans.


text: Alvise Cadamosto discovers some of the Cape Verde Islands.


text: Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia founds the city of Debre Berhan.


text: Diogo Gomes reaches the Geba River in Guinea Bissau, and explores the Gambia River.


date: January 6

text: January 6 – After two years as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, the Eastern Orthodox Christian partriarch in the Islamic Ottoman Empire, Gennadius Scholarius resigns, and Isidore II is elected to replace him.


date: March 13

text: March 13 – The papal bull Inter caetera is issued by Pope Callixtus III, recognizing the rights of the Kingdom of Portugal to colonize any territories its explorers discover on the West African coast, and making the non-Christian natives of those colonies perpetual vassals of the King of Portugal.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – The Burgundian state, led by Prince Philip the Good, captures the rebel city of Deventer in the Netherlands after a 32-day siege that had been defended by Gijsbrecht van Brederode, Bishop of Utrecht.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Pope Calixtus III issues a papal bull granting a seven-year indulgence to any Christian who makes a pilgrimage to Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza in Spain's Kingdom of Aragon


date: June 9

section: Science & Discovery

text: June 9 – Halley's Comet makes an appearance, as noted by the humanist scholar Platina.


text: The fifth Mersenne prime, 8191, is discovered.


text: February 25 – As King Henry VI of England recovers from a three-month bout with mental illness, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York steps down as Protector of the Realm and the King resumes his duties. The Duke of York had served as regent since November 19, and had previously been Lord Protector for 10 months during 1454 and 1455.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – A retrial of Joan of Arc acquits her of heresy, 25 years after her execution.


date: December 5

text: December 5 – A 7.4 magnitude earthquake (estimated subsequently by geologists), the first of two on the Italian peninsula, strikes near Pontelandolfo (at the time, part of the Papal States) at 11:00 at night and kills as many as 70,000 people.


date: December 30

text: December 30 – A second earthquake strikes the Italian peninsula in the Kingdom of Naples at 9:30 p.m. and is estimated by geologists at 7.0 magnitude, followed by a 6.0 aftershock, and kills an indeterminate number of people.


date: October 17

text: October 17 – The University of Greifswald is established, making it the second oldest university in Northern Europe. Due to border changes, from 1648 to 1815 it is the oldest in Sweden, and from 1815 to 1945 the oldest in Prussia.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Vladislaus II, king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia (d. 1516)


date: March

text: March – Jan Łaski, Polish nobleman (d. 1531)


date: June 11

text: June 11 – Anne Neville, queen consort of Richard III of England (d. 1485)


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland, consort of James III of Scotland (d. 1486)


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Henry V of Rosenberg, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1489)


date: July 28

text: July 28 - Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (d. 1530)


date: October 16

text: October 16 – Ludmila of Poděbrady, Regent of the duchies of Brzeg and Oława from 1488 (d. 1503)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Margaret of Bavaria, Electress Palatine and hereditary princess of Bavaria-Landshut (d. 1501)


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Queen Gonghye, Korean royal consort (d. 1474)


text: Jeanne Hachette (Laisné), French peasant heroine


text: Jan Lubrański, Polish bishop (d. 1520)


text: Antonia di Paolo di Dono, Italian artist and daughter of Paolo di Dono (d. 1491)


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont, French translator (b. 1395)


date: June 27

text: June 27 - Alfonso V of Aragon, King of Aragon (b. 1396)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – At the Battle of Nándorfehérvár, the Hungarians under John Hunyadi rout the Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II. The noon bell ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world (and hence is still rung). Hunyadi dies two months later when a plague sweeps the Hungarian camp.


date: August 11

text: August 11 – John Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and military leader (b. c. 1406)


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Vladislav II of Wallachia


text: October 17 – Nicolas Grenon, French composer (b. 1375)


date: October 23

text: October 23 – Giovanni da Capistrano, Italian saint (b. 1386)


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, father of King Henry VII of England (b. 1431)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Ulrich II, Count of Celje (b. 1406)


date: November 25

text: November 25 – Jacques Cœur, French merchant (b. 1395)


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1401)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Đurađ Branković, Despot of Serbia (b. 1377)


text: date unknown – Juan de Mena, Spanish poet (b. 1411)


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Ştefan cel Mare secures the throne of Moldavia, which he retains for the next 47 years.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – The city of Danzig (now Gdańsk) is granted full autonomy by King Casimir IV of Poland.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – In Ming dynasty China, the Emperor Yingzong of Ming is returned to the throne by General Cao Jixiang and other officers who had staged a coup d'etat and overthrown his brother, the Emperor Daizong. Yingzong, whose first reign was the Zhengtong era, proclaims the Tianshun era.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – King Charles VIII of Sweden is declared deposed after fleeing from Stockholm to Danzig following a rebellion. The Archbishop of Sweden, Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, and statesman Erik Axelsson Tott become co-regents of Sweden. The coup leaders then offer the throne to Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – At the age of 11, Mirza Shah Mahmud briefly becomes the Sultan of the Timurid Empire upon the death at Mashhad of the Sultan Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza. Shah Mahmud is overthrown a few weeks later by his cousin Ibrahim Mirza.


date: September 2

text: September 2 – At the Battle of Albulena, the Albanian general Skanderbeg's defeats Ottoman Empire army, in the open field.


text: Oirat Taiji-Asamanji (Uch-Timur) set out on a devastating campaign in Central Asia


date: May 15

text: May 15 – The Swiss city of St. Gallen becomes a free imperial city within the Holy Roman Emperor upon payment of 7,000 gulden to its former abbot, Kaspar von Breitenlandenberg.


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Christian I is elected king of Sweden, ending the war between Sweden and Denmark and restoring the Kalmar Union.


date: August 14

text: August 14 – The Mainz Psalter, the second major book printed with movable type in the West, the first to be wholly finished mechanically (including colour), and the first to carry a printed date, is printed for the Elector of Mainz.


date: October 30

text: October 30 – Pasquale Malipiero is elected as the new Doge of Venice.


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Pope Calixtus III declares Albanian hero Skanderbeg to be a Captain-General of the Holy See and gives him the title Athleta Christi ("Champion of Christ").


date: January 21

section: Economy & Finance

text: January 21 – Jan IV, Duke of Oświęcim, sells the duchy to the Kingdom of Poland.


text: Edo Castle is built by Ōta Dōkan in modern-day Tokyo.


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Ladislaus Hunyadi, who had assassinated the Hungarian regent Ulrich of Celje on November 9, is arrested soon after being tricked by King Ladislaus V into believing that he would become Lord Treasurer and Captain-General upon his arrival in Budapest. Hunyadi is beheaded two days later by order of the King.


date: July 21

text: July 21 – Former Korean King Danjong (who had been given a comfortable office as "King Emeritus") is arrested after having conspired to reclaim the throne of Korea from his uncle, King Sejo. The other six conspirators (Sŏng Sammun, Pak Paeng-nyeon, Ha Wi-ji, Yi Kae, Yu Ŭngbu, and Yu Sŏngwŏn) are executed, while Danjong is initially spared the death penalty.


date: June 29

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: June 29 – The Dutch city of Dordrecht is devastated by fire.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Prince Zhu Jianshen is designated as the heir to the Chinese throne by his father, the Emperor Yingzong.


text: Albrechts University is founded at Freiburg im Breisgau.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Antonio Trivulzio, seniore, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1508)


date: January 28

text: January 28 – King Henry VII of England (d. 1509)


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, Italo-Spanish historian and diplomat (d. 1526)


date: February 13

text: February 13 – Mary of Burgundy, sovereign duchess regnant of Burgundy, married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1482)


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Seongjong of Joseon, King of Joseon (d. 1494)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Duchess of Bavaria, Polish princess (d. 1502)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Beatrice of Naples, Hungarian queen (d. 1508)


text: Thomas West, 8th Baron De La Warr (d. 1525)


text: date unknown – Richard Grey, English knight, half brother of Edward V (executed 1483)


text: Filippino Lippi, Florentine painter (d. 1504)


text: Sebastian Brant, German humanist and satirist (d. 1521)


text: Jacob Obrecht, Dutch composer (d. 1505)


text: March 14 – Jingtai Emperor of China (b. 1428)


date: March 16

text: March 16 – László Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (b. 1433)


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Saint Rita of Cascia, Italian saint (b. 1381)


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Lorenzo Valla, Italian humanist


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Andrea del Castagno, Italian painter (b. 1421)


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Gabriele Sforza, Archbishop of Milan (b. 1423)


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach, countess consort of Hanau (b. 1432)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1418)


date: October 22

text: October 22 – After serving as the Doge of the Republic of Venice for 34 years, Francesco Foscari is forced to abdicate by the Council of Ten. Foscari dies 10 days later on November 1 at the age of 84.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg-Urach, German noble (b. 1439)


date: November 23

text: November 23 – King Ladislaus V, King of Hungary, King of Croatia, and Duke of Austria since 1440, as well as King of Bohemia since 1453, dies suddenly at the age of 17 while in Prague. Although suspected by his allies to have been the victim of poisoning, examination of his remains indicates later that he died from bubonic plague. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor is declared Duke of Austria, while Matthias Corvinus attempts to become the new King of Hungary and Croatia, while George of Poděbrady vies to become the new King of Bohemia.


text: November 23 – King Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary (b. 1440)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Danjong of Joseon, King of Joseon (b. 1441)


text: Bartolomeu Perestrello, Portuguese navigator and explorer (b. 1395)


date: February 27

text: February 27 – George of Poděbrady is elected king of Bohemia.


date: June

text: June – Francesco II Acciaioli, last Duke of Athens, surrenders the city to the Ottoman Empire and Sultan Mehmed II enters peacefully in August. Ottoman authorities issue a decree to protect the Acropolis.


date: October 24

text: October 24 – King Afonso V of Portugal conquers the area around Ksar es-Seghir in the Sultanate of Morocco, led by Sultan Abd al-Haqq II.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – (6th waxing of Nadaw 820 ME) Min Khayi, ruler of the Burmese Kingdom of Arakan leads a successful defense of an invasion from the Shan State by his son, Prince Min Swe.


date: November 13

text: November 13 – Sultan Abd al-Haqq II of Morocco begins a 7-week siege of the Portuguese settlement of Alcácer-Ceguer, but is ultimately unsuccessful in recovering the captured territory.


text: Moctezuma I, Tlatoani of Tenochtitlán, leads an expedition to the city-state Coixtlahuaca in Mixtec territory, but is defeated.


date: April 2

text: April 2 – George of Poděbrady (King Jiří z Poděbrad) receives the Crown of Saint Wenceslas at his coronation at the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague as King of Bohemia.


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Isidore of Kiev is installed as the Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople, leader of Eastern Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, with the approval of the Muslim Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – The coronation of Pope Pius II by Cardinal Prospero Colonna takes place on the front steps of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.


text: The Jewish community is expelled from Erfurt (Germany); their houses are sold, and the synagogue turned into an arsenal.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Matthias Corvinus becomes king of Hungary, at age 14.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – The Loveday is staged in London, by which Henry VI of England attempts to unite the warring factions who have triggered the Wars of the Roses.


date: April 19

text: April 19 – In Bohemia, a group of Silesian princes and city rulers form an alliance against the new King, George of Podebrady. Within a year, the resistance is dropped and the Silesian princes pay homage to King George.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Magdalen College, Oxford, is founded.


text: Magdalen College was founded in the University of Oxford, England.


date: February 15

text: February 15 – Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (d. 1490)


date: April 9

text: April 9 – Camilla Battista da Varano, Italian saint (d. 1524)


date: April 13

text: April 13 – John II, Duke of Cleves (d. 1521)


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Eleanor of Viseu, Portuguese princess and later Queen of Portugal (d. 1525)


date: July 28

text: July 28 – Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (d. 1530)


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Lorenzo Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1531)


date: October 3

text: October 3 – Saint Casimir, Prince of Poland and Duke of Lithuania (d. 1484)


date: October 16

text: October 16 – Adolph II, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (d. 1526)


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Amago Tsunehisa, Japanese warlord (d. 1541)


text: Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of the English Knights Hospitaller (d. 1527)


text: Jacob Obrecht, Dutch composer (d. 1505)


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse, Landgrave of Hesse (1413–1458) (b. 1402)


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Stefan Branković, blind since 1441, becomes the Despot of Serbia upon the death of his brother, Lazar Branković.


text: February 20 – Lazar Branković, Despot of Serbia


text: March 25 – Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana, Spanish poet (b. 1398)


date: April 11

text: April 11 – Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus (b. 1428)


date: May 6

text: May 6 – At Bidar in India, the Sultan of Bahmani, dies after a reign of 22 years and is succeeded by his son, Humayun Shah Zalim Bahmani.


date: June 27

text: June 27 – King Alfonso V of Aragon (b. 1396)


text: June 27 – Alfonso V of Aragon, King of Aragon in Spain since 1416 and King of Naples in Italy since 1442, dies at his home at the Castel dell'Ovo in Naples. By prior arrangement with his family, Alfonso is succeeded as King of Naples by his son, Fernando, popularly known in Naples as "Ferrante". At the same time, Alfonso's brother Juan, King of Navarre and King of Sicily, becomes the new King of Aragon.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Pope Callixtus III dies after a reign of slightly more than three years.


text: August 6 – Pope Callixtus III (b. 1378)


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon, Queen consort of Aragon and Naples (b. 1401)


date: December 26

text: December 26 – François II becomes the new Duke of Brittany upon the death of his uncle Arthur de Richemont.


text: December 26 – Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (b. 1393)


text: date unknown – Isabelle Romée, mother of Joan of Arc


date: April 25

text: April 25 – The Treaty of Eger is signed by representatives of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Electorate of Saxony, setting a border that remains more than 500 years later as the border between the Czech Republic and Germany as running along the main ridge of the Ore Mountains from Eger to the River Elbe.


date: December 20

text: December 20 – England's "Parliament of Devils" is dissolved after accomplishhing its purpose of passing bills of attainder for high treason, indictments of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York and other Yorkist supporters in the War of the Roses. Other prominent Yorkists charged are Edward, Earl of March (the future King Edward IV), Edmund, Earl of Rutland, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and his son, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick.


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria, proclaims himself to be rightful King of Hungary and prepares to invade the kingdom in order to overthrow King Mathias Corvinus.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Austrian troops, on orders of Frederick III, invade Hungary, starting the Austrian–Hungarian War. The war continues for three years before the Austrians withdraw in 1462.


date: May 12

text: May 12 – In India, Rao Jodha, ruler of the Kingdom of Marwar (in the modern-day state of Rajasthan) selects the site of a new capital city, which will be named Jodhpur in his honor.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – The Despotate of Serbia comes to an end as the despot Stefan Tomašević surrenders the last Serbian city, Smederevo, without a fight.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – The Sultanate of Morocco renews its siege of Ksar es-Seghir (renamed Alcácer-Ceguer), which had been seized by the Kingdom of Portugal on October 24, 1458. The Portuguese Governor Duarte de Meneses leads the defense of the city against the attacks led by the Sultan Abd al-Haqq II, who calls off the siege after less than two months.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Morocco's Sultan Abd al-Haqq II ends his siege of the Portuguese fortress at Ksar es-Seghir.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Wars of the Roses: At the Battle of Blore Heath in the Kingdom of England, Yorkists under Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, defeat a Lancastrian force.


date: October 12

text: October 12 – Wars of the Roses: With a royal force advancing on his fortress at Ludlow, Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, flees to Ireland, while his ally Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (Warwick the Kingmaker, eldest son of the Earl of Salisbury) goes to Calais.


text: Richard, Duke of York, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, returns on a second visit to Ireland. The Irish Parliament, meeting at Drogheda, upholds his authority against Henry VI of England, and an English Act of Attainder.


date: April 24

text: April 24 – The Fra Mauro map of the world is completed by the Italian cartographers Fra Mauro and Andrea Bianco, who had been hired by the late King Afonso V of Portugal to produce an up-to-date geography for the use by explorers.


text: The Wallachian town of Bucharest is first mentioned.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – The Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem is founded by Pope Pius II, to defend the island of Lemnos.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Stefan Branković, despot of Serbia, is overthrown by King Stefan Tomaš of Bosnia, who installs his son, Stephen Tomašević as the new despot.


date: May 3

text: May 3, Pope Pius II issues a papal bull to approve building the University of Valence in France. The university will exist for almost 240 years before being closed during the French Revolution.


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Pope Pius II arrives in Mantua in the Italian region of Lombardy as the guest of Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, in order to convene the Council of Mantua in hopes of organizing a crusade against the Ottoman Empire. Meetings begin on June 1 the Council continues for six months.


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Pope Pius II calls upon the participants of at the Council of Mantua to fund and participate in a Christian crusade to recapture Constantinople from the Muslim Ottomans, who had seized it in 1453.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Pope Pius II issues the papal bull Inter Ceteras, founding the University of Basel in Switzerland, though the university does not begin operations until April 4 the following year.


date: November 20

text: November 20 – In England, the "Parliament of Devils" (so called because it consists of Lancastrian supporters and Yorkist nobles are not invited) opens its session at Coventry in St Mary's Priory and Cathedral.


text: King Thomas of Bosnia forces the clergy of the Bosnian Church into exile.

source_section: Events › Religion


text: Richard Hygons, English composer, begins fifty years of service at Wells Cathedral.


date: February 3

text: February 3 – The coronation of François II as Duke of the semi-independent Duchy of Brittany takes place in Nantes.


text: According to a legend, the wedding of Christian Rosenkreuz takes place.


date: January 25

text: January 25 – Paul Hofhaimer, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1537)


date: March 2

text: March 2 – Pope Adrian VI, Dutch-born churchman (d. 1523)


date: March 6

text: March 6 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (d. 1525)


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1519)


date: May 15

text: May 15 – John I, Count Palatine of Simmern (1480–1509) (d. 1509)


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Kaspar, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, German nobleman (d. 1527)


date: July

text: July – Mingyi Nyo, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (d. 1530)


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Martin Behaim, German explorer and cartographer (d. 1507)


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Sultan Cem, pretender to the Ottoman throne (d. 1495)


date: December 27

text: December 27 – King John I Albert of Poland (d. 1501)


text: Jheronimus de Clibano, Dutch composer (d. 1503)


text: Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (d. 1521)


text: Jean Mouton, French composer (d. 1522)


text: probable – Lorenzo di Credi, Florentine painter and sculptor (d. 1537)


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken (b. 1385)


date: March 3

text: March 3 – Ausiàs March, Catalan poet from Valencia (b. 1397)


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Antoninus of Florence, Italian archbishop (b. 1389)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – James of Portugal, Portuguese cardinal (b. 1433)


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Katharina of Nassau-Beilstein, German regent


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra, Portuguese Duchess (b. 1409)


date: September 23

text: September 23 (killed at the Battle of Blore Heath):


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Erik of Pomerania, King of Norway, Denmark and Sweden (b. 1382)


date: October 30

text: October 30 – Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, Italian humanist (b. 1380)


date: November 5

text: November 5 – John Fastolf, English soldier


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Adolf VIII, Duke of Southern Jutland (b. 1401)


text: Thomas Dutton, English knight (b. 1421)


text: James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (b. 1400)


text: Marcus Aurelius receives the imperium proconsular.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Chadae becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: Faustina the Younger is given the title Augusta, and becomes Roman Empress.


text: Han Huandi succeeds Han Zhidi as emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty.


text: Change of era name from Yongxi (1st year) to Benchu era of the Chinese Han dynasty.


text: Guo Si (or Guo Duo), Chinese general (d. 197)


text: Han Zhidi, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 138)


text: Sextus Erucius Clarus, Roman politician


date: March 5

text: March 5 – King Christian I of Denmark, the various nobles of the Duchy of Schleswig and the County of Holstein agree to the Treaty of Ribe, electing King Christian as the new Duke of Schleswig and Count of Holstein, and placing both political entities under Denmark's control.


date: July 30

text: July 30 – King Henry VI summons the English Parliament to assemble at Westminster on October 7.


date: October 7

text: October 7 – The 22nd parliament of Henry VI is opened, and the House of Commons elects John Green as its speaker.


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Richard, Duke of York enters the Council Chamber, places his hand upon the throne, and announces that he is the rightful King of England. He then takes up residence at the royal palace.


date: October 25

text: October 25 – The Act of Accord, passed by the Parliament of England, is given royal assent by King Henry VI as a compromise to end the War of the Roses between King Henry's supporters (the Lancastrians) and the supporters of Richard of York (the Yorkists). Under the law, King Henry is permitted to rule England for the rest of his life, but his son, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales is removed from the right of succession and Richard of York and his descendants are granted the right to rule upon King Henry's death.


date: November 7

text: November 7 – King James II of Cyprus orders his chief minister, George Boustronios, to travel to Larnaca, and to round up "both the serfs and emancipated peasants, both mounted and on foot", to be delivered to the King at Nicosia to be drafted into the King's army, with the promise of benefits to the peasants and emancipation to the serfs.


date: January 15

text: January 15 – At the Battle of Sandwich in England, Yorkists raid Sandwich, Kent, and capture the royal fleet.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – After having control of Malbork Castle, the Polish Army begins a siege against the Prussian town of Marienburg.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Demetrios Palaiologos, the ruler of the Byzantine despotate of Morea in southern Greece surrenders the capital, Mystras,to the Ottomans. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed II grants some islands in the Aegean Sea to Palaiologos, and he lives for several years in relative comfort.


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Wars of the Roses: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March (eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York) land in England at Sandwich, Kent with an army, and march on London.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – The city of London opens its gates to the Yorkist invaders and puts up no resistance to their occupation.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – The cannons of the Tower of London, still in Lancastrian hands, are fired on the city of London, which is mostly in Yorkist. The Tower is surrendered on July 19.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – The town of Marienburg is captured by the Polish army after a four-month siege that had been started by General Proandota Lubieszowski, who had died during the fighting.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Wars of the Roses – King Henry VI of England is captured as prisoner of war after his army is defeated at the Battle of Northampton by the earls of Warwick and March. It is agreed that York will be Henry's heir, disinheriting the King's son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – The siege of Trebizond, the capital of the Empire of Trebizond, is started by the Ottoman Empire. Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – In Spain, the popular Prince Carlos de Viana, heir to the throne of Navarre, is arrested at Lleida and jailed in Morella by order of his father, King Juan II, leading to an uprising in Catalonia. King Juan eventually yields and frees Prince Carlos two months later on February 25.


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Wars of the Roses – Richard of York, set to be the next King of England, is killed along with his son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, at the Battle of Wakefield as a Lancastrian army under Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland decisively defeats the Yorkists. York's son Edward becomes leader of the Yorkist faction and the heir to the English throne.


text: Portuguese navigator Pedro de Sintra reaches the coast of modern-day Sierra Leone.


date: January 14

text: January 14 – After gaining a consensus at the Council of Mantua, Pope Pius II formally declares a Christian crusade against the Muslim Ottoman Empire to recapture Constantinople, which had been captured by the Ottomans in 1453.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Pope Pius II re-imposes a 1454 ban against trade with the Prussian Confederation, and extends it to include a ban against trading with the Kingdom of Poland, after the Prussian states and Poland refuse to join in the proposed crusade against the Ottoman Empire.


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Sigismund, the Duke of Austria, is excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Pius II and has his domains placed under an interdict.


text: A monk, Leonardo da Pistoia, arrives in Florence from Macedonia, with the Corpus Hermeticum.


text: Ali Bey Mihaloğlu captures Michael Szilágyi.


text: A famine breaks out in the Deccan Plateau of India.


date: April 4

text: April 4 – The University of Basel is founded in Switzerland.


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1536)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Enno I, Count of East Frisia (1466–1491) (d. 1491)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Louis II de la Trémoille, French military leader (d. 1525)


text: Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (d. 1531)


text: Antoine Brumel, Flemish composer (d. 1515)


text: Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, English nobleman (d. 1526)


text: Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (d. 1530)


text: Katarzyna Weiglowa, Jewish martyr (d. 1539)


text: Arnolt Schlick, German organist and composer (d. after 1521)


text: Svante Nilsson, regent of Sweden (d. 1512)


text: Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conquistador (d. 1527)


text: Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley, English nobleman (d. 1532)


text: Gwerful Mechain, Welsh erotic poet (d. 1502)


text: Tristão da Cunha, Portuguese explorer (d. 1540)


date: February 29

text: February 29 – Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (b. 1401)


text: February 29 – Johann IV and his brother Sigismund of the House of Wittelsbach become the joint rulers of "Bavaria-Munich", one of several smaller states that had been fragmented from the original Duchy of Bavaria, upon the death of their father, Albrecht III the Pious. Albrecht III's third son, Albrecht IV, will reunite Bavaria-Munich with the other states (Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Straubing) into a single Duchy of Bavaria in 1503.


text: July 10 – John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury (b. c. 1413)


text: July 10 – Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont, English baron (b. 1422)


text: July 10 – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English military leader (b. 1402)


date: July 19

text: July 19 – Lord Scales, English commander (b. 1397)


date: August 3

text: August 3 – King James II of Scotland (b. 1430)


date: September 20

text: September 20 – Gilles Binchois, Flemish composer (b. c. 1400)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Katharina of Hanau, German countess regent (b. 1408)


date: November 13

text: November 13 – Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese patron of exploration (b. 1394)


date: December 14

text: December 14 – Guarino da Verona, Italian humanist (b. 1370)


text: December 30 – Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (in battle) (b. 1411)


text: December 30 – Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (b. 1443)


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (executed) (b. 1400)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Skanderbeg, ruler of Albania, reaches a three-year peace agreement with the Ottoman Empire.


date: May 15

text: May 15 – In Ireland, Fedlim Geancach Ó Conchobair becomes the last King of Connacht, now the Republic of Ireland's Province of Connaught and comprising what are now the Counties Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo. Upon Fedlim's death in 1475,


date: May 23

text: May 23 – King Edward IV summons the English Parliament for the first time, directing the members of the House of Lords and House of Commons to assemble at Westminster on November 4.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Louis XI succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483).


date: October 19

text: October 19 – With the Yorkist victory in the War of the Roses, the proposal by the new English King, Edward IV for an alliance with Scottish nobles against the former King Henry VI is approved by Scottish Highland lords at Ardtornish Castle. The agreement will become the basis for the Treaty of Westminster four months later on February 13, 1462.


date: November 4

text: November 4 – The English Parliament is opened at Westminster by King Edward IV, and the House of Commons elects James Strangeways as its Speaker.


date: December 21

text: December 21 – The first English Parliament under King Edward IV adjourns and the King gives royal assent to the Act titled "In eschewing of Ambiguities, Doubts, and Diversities of Opinions which may rise, ensue, or be taken of and upon judicial Acts and Eximplifications of same, made or had in the Time or Times of Henry the Fourth, Henry the Fifth His Son, and Henry the Sixth His Son or any of them, late Kings of England successively, in Deed and not of Right", designating which acts of this three immediate predecessors are repealed and which are renewed.


date: January 12

text: January 12 – John Neville, a Yorkist who betrayed Richard of York at the Battle of Wakefield and joined the Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses, leads troops on raids in northern England, pillaging Beverley


date: February 2

text: February 2 – After the "sun dog" (parhelion) weather phenomenon in England gives the illusion of three suns rising at dawn, Edward, Earl of March, leads the Yorkists to victory over the Lancastrians in battle at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross. Edward convinces his frightened troops that the three sunrises represents the Holy Trinity and divine support for the Yorkist cause. The Lancastrians, led by Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, are defeated, and Owen Tudor is taken prisoner and executed.


date: February 17

text: February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans, England: The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control for her husband.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Edward, Duke of York, son of the late Richard of York and heir to the English throne, seizes London, and proclaims himself King Edward IV.


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Wars of the Roses: King Henry VI of England is deposed by Edward, Duke of York.


date: March 29

text: March 29 – At the Battle of Towton in Yorkshire, the newly proclaimed Yorkist King Edward IV defeats the Lancastrians, led by the Duke of Somerset, to make good his claim to the English throne. The battle, which claims the lives of at least 6,000 supporters of King Henry VI and at least 3,000 of King Edward's men, remains one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on English soil.


date: May 28

text: May 28 – In Italy, King Ferdinand of Naples is forced to abandon the city of Venosa, the Albanian general Skanderbeg leads his cavalry in an attack on Venosa after an attack by the former king, Rene of Anjou and by General Jacopo Piccinino. Fleeing to Apulia, Ferdinand learns that the Albanian General Skanderbeg will soon arrive to fight the House of Anjou.


date: July 18

text: July 18 – In the Republic of Genoa in Italy, Spinetta Fregoso is elected by the republic's council as the new chief executive, the Doge. He remains in office for only six days before being forced to surrender to Lodovico di Campofregoso.


date: July

text: July – The last remnant of the Byzantine Empire is lost to the Ottomans as General Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, the last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces after a year-long siege.


date: August 7

text: August 7 – The Ming Dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor; after setting fire to the eastern and western gates of the Imperial City, Beijing (which are doused by pouring rains during the day-long uprising), Cao Qin finds himself hemmed in on all sides by imperial forces, loses three of his own brothers in the fight, and instead of facing execution, he flees to his home in the city, and commits suicide by jumping down a well located within his walled compound.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – The Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost, falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II, after a 21-day siege.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – The Angevins, led by Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo, lift their siege of Barletta in the Kingdom of Naples when Ivan Strez Balšić arrives with cavalry and infantry to rescue King Ferrante. Orsini's erroneous belief that Skanderbeg has accompanied the Neapolitan Army is enough to cause him to order a withdrawal.


date: September 30

text: September 30 – Pembroke Castle in Wales is surrendered to William Herbert, who has been sent by England's King Edward IV to remove Jasper Tudor, uncle of the recently deposed King Henry VII. At the same time, Lord Herbert becomes the guardian of the four-year old Prince Henry Tudor, who will later become King Henry VII of England.


date: December 28

text: December 28 – General Skanderbeg of Albania recaptures the fortress of Trani for the Kingdom of Naples after finding the rebel leader Fuscia de Foxa and 16 other rebels outside the walls of the city.


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Theodosius Byvaltsev is installed as the new leader of the Russian Orthodox Church as Metropolitan of Moscow and all the Russias by order of Vasily II Vasilyevich, Grand Prince of Moscow.


text: François Villon writes Le Grand Testament.


text: Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is founded by the Ottomans.


text: Cirencester Grammar School is founded in southwest England by the Bishop of Durham.


text: Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli become students of Verrocchio.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – In Japan, where the Kansho famine has led to thousands of people starving to death, the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa orders relief efforts to be coordinated by Ganami, a Buddhist monk who leads the Kōfuku-ji temple.


date: November 27

text: November 27 – An earthquake estimated later at 6.4 magnitude occurs at L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of the Kingdom of Naples and kills more than 80 people.


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Edward, Richard of York's son, is crowned as Edward IV, King of England. He reigns until 1483.


text: August 15 – The coronation of Louis XI as King of France takes place at Reims.


date: November 17

text: November 17 – The coronation of Stephen Tomašević as the King of Bosnia takes place at Saint Mary's Church at Jajce.


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Džore Držić, Croatian poet and playwright (d. 1501)


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Domenico Grimani, Italian nobleman (d. 1523)


date: March 11

text: March 11 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (d. 1531)


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Anne of France, French princess regent, eldest daughter of Louis XI of France and Charlotte of Savoy (d. 1522)


text: May 3 – Raffaele Riario, Italian cardinal (d. 1521)


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Zanobi Acciaioli, librarian of the Vatican (d. 1519)


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Alexander Jagiellon, King of Poland (d. 1506)


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Jacopo Salviati, Italian politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici (d. 1533)


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Amalie of Brandenburg, Countess Palatine and Duchess of Zweibruecken and Veldenz (d. 1481)


text: December 28 – Louise of Savoy, Nun (d. 1503)


text: Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1510)


text: Nicholas West, English bishop and diplomat (d. 1533)


text: Alessandro Alessandri, Italian jurist (d. 1523)


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Owen Tudor, Welsh founder of the Tudor dynasty (executed)


date: March 28

text: March 28 – John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford (in battle)


date: March 29

text: March 29 – Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland (in battle) (b. 1421)


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Georg von Peuerbach, Austrian astronomer (b. 1423)


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Domenico Veneziano, Italian painter (b. c. 1410)


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Stephen Tomašević becomes the last King of Bosnia, on the death of his father Stephen Thomas.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – King Charles VII of France (b. 1403)


date: September 4

text: September 4 – At Bidar, in what is now the Karnataka state of India, Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III becomes the new Sultan of Bahmani three days after the death of his father, Humayun Shah.


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Sophia of Halshany, queen consort of Poland (b. 1405)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Charles, Prince of Viana, King of Navarre (b. 1421)


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, follower of Joan of Arc (b. c. 1390)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (b. 1415)


text: probable – Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow


date: February 13

text: February 13 – The Treaty of Westminster is agreed upon between King Edward IV of England and the Scotland noble John of Islay, Earl of Ross and Lord of the Isles. The parties sign the treaty on March 17.


date: December 22

text: December 22 – King Edward IV summons the members of the House of Lords and the House of Commons to assemble at the English Parliament for April 29, 1463.


text: Portugal begins to settle the Cape Verde Islands, with slaves from the coast of Guinea.


date: May 23

text: May 23 – Catalan Civil War: In the Principality of Catalonia in Spain, the Siege of Hostalric, controlled by forces loyal to John II of Aragon, is started by Catalan General Pere de Bell-lloc and the Hostalric castle surrenders six days later.


date: June 17

text: June 17 – In the "Night Attack at Târgoviște", Vlad the Impaler ("Dracula") attempts to assassinate Mehmed II, forcing him to retreat from Wallachia.


date: June 30

text: June 30 – At the Battle of Seckenheim, Frederick I, as Elector of Palatine, is victorious over four other opponents.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – In his campaign against the Ottomans in western Macedonia, at the Second Battle of Mokra, Skanderbeg surprises Ottoman troops near Mokra, orders his men to scare the enemy with drums and battlehorns, and then leads a successful attack, killing many of the Ottoman soldiers.


text: July 22 – The first siege of Chilia by Stephen the Great fails, and he is seriously wounded.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – On the Saint Bernard's Day, the Spanish army of the Kingdom of Castile, led by Enrique Pérez de Guzmán y Fonseca, captures Gibraltar, which has been under the rule of the Sultanate of Morocco for almost 130 years since its capture in 1333 AD. King Enrique IV declares himself "King of Gibraltar" in addition to his other titles.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II conquers the Greek island of Lesbos after a 14-day attack by sea and by land with over 20,000 troops, capturing the last fortress in the siege of Mytilene.


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Thirteen Years' War – Battle of Świecino (Battle of Żarnowiec): The Kingdom of Poland defeats the Teutonic Order.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Adolph II of Nassau captures the town of Mainz and ends the Mainz Diocesan Feud, then carries a massacre of more than 400 citizens.


text: The Jews are expelled from Mainz, Germany.


text: War of the Roses – Battle of Piltown: The Yorkists defeat the Lancastrians, in the Lordship of Ireland.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – On Saint Vincent's Day, Portuguese explorer Diogo Afonso and his men become the first Europeans to discover the island of São Vicente (now part of Cape Verde) off the coast of North Africa.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – The conflict in Poland over who should be the bishop of Krakow — Pope Pius II's appointee Jakub of Sienno or King Casimir IV's pick, Jan Gruszczynski — Pope Pius sends his legate, the Archbishop of Crete Hieronymus Landus, to negotiate a compromise that ultimately ends with Jakub being recognized by King Casimir as Bishop.<


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Bishop Antony Kokkas becomes the new Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding the late Patriarch Isidore II as leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. He takes the name Ioasaf I.


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Pope Pius II issues the papal bull Cum almam nostram urbem prohibiting the destruction or removal of the ancient ruins in Rome and Campagna or the burning of ancient marble for lime, with violators subject to excommunication.


text: October 7 – Pope Pius II issues the declaration Apud Raynaldum, condemning the enslavement of Christians, although the prohibition is limited only to people recently baptized.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – King Edward IV issues a charter guaranteeing the right of clergy to be tried in the ecclesiastical courts rather than by the royal judicial system set for most of the English inhabitants, despite the general limitation of ecclesiastical courts to church matters.


date: December

text: December – After Radu III the Fair takes over the throne in Wallachia, Vlad III Dracula seeks help in Transylvania, where he is captured by Mathias Corvinus, and imprisoned for the next 12 years, over false charges of treason.


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, come to an agreement to return the Crown of St. Stephen to Hungary in return for payment of 80,000 florins, and recognizing Matthias as King.


date: January 2

text: January 2 – Piero di Cosimo, Italian artist (d. 1522)


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Walraven II van Brederode, Dutch noble (d. 1531)


date: February 1

text: February 1 – Johannes Trithemius, German scholar and cryptographer (d. 1516)


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Joanna la Beltraneja, princess of Castile (d. 1530)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Baccio D'Agnolo, Italian woodcarver, sculptor and architect (d. 1543)


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1489–1503) (d. 1504)


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Louis XII, King of France (1498–1515), King of Naples (1501–1504) (d. 1515)


date: July 21

text: July 21 – Queen Jeonghyeon, Korean royal consort (d. 1530)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Henry Medwall, first known English vernacular dramatist (d. 1501)


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher (d. 1525)


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Engelbert, Count of Nevers, younger son of John I (d. 1506)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and Count of Veldenz (1489–1514) (d. 1514)


text: probable – Edmund Dudley, minister of Henry VII of England (d. 1510)


text: Jodocus Badius, Flemish printer (d. 1535)


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Thomas Tuddenham, English landowner (b. 1401)


date: February 26

text: February 26 – John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (b. 1408)


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Władysław II of Płock, Polish noble (b. 1448)


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Ivan III of Russia becomes the ruler of Russia, following the death of his father, Vasili.


text: March 27 – Vasily II of Moscow, Grand Prince of Moscow (b. 1415)


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Isidore II of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople


date: April 26

text: April 26 – William Percy, medieval Bishop of Carlisle (b. 1428)


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Oldřich II of Rosenberg, Bohemian nobleman (b. 1403)


date: August 26

text: August 26 – Catherine Zaccaria, Despotess of the Morea


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Anna of Saxony, Landgravine of Hesse, German royalty (b. 1420)


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Anne of Cyprus, Italian noble (b. 1418)


date: November 13

text: November 13 – Anne of Austria, Landgravine of Thuringia, consort of William III, Landgrave of Thuringia (b. 1432)


date: November 25

text: November 25 – John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton, English baron (b. 1400)


text: Dài Jìn, Chinese painter (b. 1388)


date: June 18

text: June 18 – The free imperial city of Rottweil, part of the Holy Roman Empire and now a part of Germany, becomes an associate state of the Swiss Confederacy.


date: July 19

text: July 19 – The Treaty of Wiener Neustadt is signed between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – The Republic of Venice renews its 1448 peace treaty with Albania, pledging that any treaty between Venice and the Ottoman Empire will include a guarantee of Albanian independence. The amended treaty also guarantees the presence of Venetian Navy ships in the Adriatic Sea to protect Albania, as well as the right to asylum in Venice for Albanians.


text: Muhammad Rumfa starts to rule in Kano.


date: January 5

text: January 5 – French poet François Villon receives a reprieve from death by hanging, and is banished from Paris (his further life is undocumented).


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset receives a general pardon from King Edward IV of England after having had his lands confiscated for his support of King Henry VI in the War of the Roses. Beaufort's renewed status lasts only until the Battle of Hexham 14 months later and he is beheaded on May 15, 1464.


date: April 3

text: April 3 – The Ottoman Army under the command of Isa Bey Ishaković captures the town of Argos, located in Greece but territory of the Republic of Venice, prompting concerns that the Ottoman Empire intends to spread their conquests to the Italian peninsula.


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Battle of Ključ (1463): Under the leadership of General Mahmud Pasha Angelović, the Ottomans begin the siege of the city of Babovac while King Stephen of Bosnia flees to the Jajce fortress.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – The Kingdom of Bosnia falls to the Ottoman Empire as the last monarch, King Stephen Tomašević, is captured and executed by orders of the Sultan Mehmed II. According to the chronicle of Benedetto Dei, the Sultan himself carries out the beheading.


date: July 28

text: July 28 – The Senate of the Republic of Venice votes to declare war on the Ottoman Empire.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Battle of Vistula Lagoon: The navy of the Prussian Confederation defeats that of the Teutonic Order.


date: October 8

text: October 8 – The Truce of Hesdin ends French support for the House of Lancaster in England.


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Skanderbeg declares war on the Ottoman Empire and attacks its troops near Ohrid.


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Pope Pius issues the papal bull In Minoribus Agnetes, retracting his earlier complaint against the late Pope Eugene IV and endorsing the previous work at the Council of Basel.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Pope Pius II calls for all Christians to participate in a crusade against the Ottoman Empire.


date: October 22

text: October 22 – Pope Pius II issues the papal bull Ezechielis prophetae, offering an indulgence to any Christians who take part in a crusade against the Ottoman Empire for at least six months or who donate funds to support it.


text: Corpus Hermeticum is translated into Latin, by Marsilio Ficino.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – The Importation Act 1463, given royal assent on April 29 by King Edward IV goes into effect, setting a minimum price for imported grain at 6 shillings, 8 pence per unit. The legislation had been passed to encourage the purpose of farmers raising grain in England.


date: March 26

text: March 26 – By order of Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire, David Komnenos, the last Emperor of Trebizond, is arrested at Adrianople and put in jail along with his sons Basil, Manuel and Georgios and his nephew Alexios, on charges of conspiracy to overthrow the Ottoman imperial government.


date: November 1

text: November 1 – The last emperor of Trebizond, David Megas Komnenos, is beheaded in Constantinople two years after his capture by the Ottoman Empire, by orders of the Sultan Mehmed II, in addition to his sons Basil and Manuel and his daughter Anna (who had been a concubine of the Sultan) and two other people.


date: February 22

text: February 22 – At the University of Cambridge in England, Henry Abyngdon becomes the first person in the world to receive a degree of Bachelor of Music


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (d. 1525)


text: January 17 – Antoine Duprat, French cardinal (d. 1535)


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher (d. 1494)


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble (d. 1514)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, Florentine patron of the arts (d. 1503)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Louis I, Count of Löwenstein and founder of the House of Löwenstein-Wertheim (d. 1523)


date: October 20

text: October 20 or October 29 – Alessandro Achillini, Bolognese philosopher (d. 1512)


date: November 29

text: November 29 – Andrea della Valle, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1534)


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Johann of Schwarzenberg, German judge and poet (d. 1528)


text: date unknown – Caterina Sforza, countess and regent of Forli (d. 1509)


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen, a semi-independent principality within the Holy Roman Empire, dies after a reging of more than 68 years. Because Otto has no heirs, the Principality of Göttingen comes to an end and is annexed by the principality of Calenberg.


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Catherine of Bologna, Italian Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1413)


date: May 25

text: May 25 – King Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia (beheaded)


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Flavio Biondo, Italian humanist (b. 1392)


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Infanta Catherine of Portugal, religious sister (b. 1436)


date: July 30

text: July 30 – In India, Muhammad Shah III Lashkari becomes the new ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate upon the death of his older brother, the Sultan Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III at Bidar (now in the state of Karnataka)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Upon the death of his father, Mani' ibn Rabi'a al-Muraydi, Rabi'a ibn Mani' al-Muraydi becomes the new ruler of the Emirate of Diriyah at its capital, Diriyah, near Riyadh in what is now Saudi Arabia.Munir al-Ajlani, History of Saudi Arabia, Part One: The First Saudi State (in Arabic) (2nd ed.).(Riyadh, 1933) pp. 53–54. Mani's descendants in the House of Saud, most notably Mani's great-great-great-great-great-great-grandson Ibn Saud, become the founders of Saudi Arabia.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, Italian noble (b. 1421)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Emperor David of Trebizond (b. c. 1408)


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini, Prince of Taranto and Constable of Naples (b. 1393)


text: November 29 – Marie of Anjou, queen of France, spouse of Charles VII of France (b. 1404)


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Mary of Guelders, Queen regent of Scotland for her 12-year-old son, King James III, dies at the age of 30, prompting the new regent, Bishop James Kennedy, to contact the former King Henry VI of England to mediate a peace between England and Scotland.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – Albert VI, Archduke of Austria (b. 1418)


date: December 16

text: December 16 – Sir Philip Courtenay, British noble (b. 1404)


date: January 6

text: January 6 – The first assembly ever of the States General of the Netherlands is held as representatives from at least 17 provinces of the Burgundian Netherlands gather at Bruges. At least 81 delegates come from the clergy, nobility and general public from the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Flanders, Lille, Douai and Orchies, the County of Artois, the County of Hainaut, the County of Holland, the County of Zeeland, the County of Namur, the Lordship of Mechelen, and the Boulonnais, all with the reluctant assent of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – The English Parliament opens its second session during the reign of King Edward IV, gathering at Westminster, and will remain in session until March 28, 1465.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – The Treaty of York, a 15-year-truce is signed by representatives of the kingdoms of England (ruled by King Edward IV) and Scotland (ruled by King James III).


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan abdicates, and is succeeded by his son, Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado.


date: December 26

text: December 26 – Kettil Karlsson takes the title of riksföreståndare (national director) and reduces the role of King Karl VIII to figurehead status.


text: Tenguella, the founder of the Empire of Great Fulo, becomes chief of the Fula people.


date: February 7

text: February 7 – After leading the Ottoman Empire's conquest of his native Bosnia, General Isa-beg Isaković becomes the first Ottoman Governor of Bosnia. The province will remain under Turkish control for more than 400 years until 1878.


date: April 17

text: April 17 –Swedish separatist rebel Kettil Karlsson leads his troops to victory over King Christian I of Sweden in the Battle of Haraker.


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Battle of Hedgeley Moor in England: Yorkist forces under John Neville defeat the Lancastrians under Sir Ralph Percy, who is killed.


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Battle of Hexham: Neville defeats another Lancastrian army, this one led by King Henry and Queen Margaret themselves. This marks the end of organized Lancastrian resistance for several years.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – The siege of Jajce in Bosnia, a strategic fortress under the control of Hungary, is started by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II with 30,000 troops under his command.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Sultan Mehmed II abandons the siege of Jajce after the Hungarian defenders have resisted for more than six weeks. The Sultan makes his decision after learning that King Mátyás I of Hungary has mobilized troops to come to the fortresses defense.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – At the Battle of Ohrid in what is now North Macedonia, ends with the Albanian leader Skanderbeg and a supplementary force from the Venetian Republic, luring an estimated 10,000 Ottoman Empire soldiers out of the walled city of Ohrid, then captures the group as prisoners and seizes the city.


text: In China, a small rebellion occurs in the interior province of Huguang, during the Ming Dynasty; a subsequent rebellion springs up in Guangxi, where a rebellion of the Miao people and Yao people forces the Ming throne to respond, by sending 30,000 troops (including 1,000 Mongol cavalry) to aid the 160,000 local troops stationed in the region, to crush the rebellion that will end in 1466.


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Pope Pius II excommunicates the entire town of Prudnik (now part of Poland and its Roman Catholic inhabitants for its failure to pay its share of the debts owed to the Duke of Oels, Konrad IV the Elder.Tadeusz Kwaśniewski, (16 August 2002).


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Pope Pius II himself shoulders the cross of the Crusades, and departs for Ancona to participate in person. He names Skanderbeg general captain of the Holy See, under the title Athleta Christi. This plan forces Skanderbeg to break his ten-year peace treaty with the Ottomans signed in 1463, by attacking their forces near Ohrid.


date: June 23

text: June 23 – King Christian of Sweden who is also King of Denmark and of Norway in the union of the three kingdoms, is declared deposed from the latter throne. His deposed predecessor Charles VIII of Sweden is re-elected to the throne on August 9.


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Cardinal Pietro Barbo, Bishop of Vicenza, is elected as the new Pope, receiving 14 of the 19 votes On the first ballot, Cardinal Barbo had 11 of the 14 required, while the other eight were divided among Ludovico Trevisan and Guillaume d'Estouteville. Barbo takes the regnal name of Pope Paul II, 211th pope of the Roman Catholic Church.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – King Edward IV of England surprises his advisors and the nation by introducing Elizabeth Woodville as his wife at Reading Abbey, and revealing that he had been married for almost five months, the ceremony having taken place on May 1. The marriage outrages King Edward's mentor, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, who had been arranging a marriage between the King and Bona of Savoy, sister-in-law of France's King Louis XI.


text: Jehan Lagadeuc writes a Breton-French-Latin dictionary called the Catholicon. It is the first French dictionary as well as the first Breton dictionary of world history, and it will be published in 1499.


date: September 26

text: September 26 – A group of merchants from the Republic of Venice arrive in London, apparently infected with the bubonic plague and the disease begins to spread rapidly.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – An intelligence report sent by a Venetian agent in Bruges to the Seignory of Venice reports that the death rate in London from the plague has reached 200 people per day, only nine days after the first case was discovered.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – The first Estates General in the Netherlands adjourns after five weeks.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – The coronation ceremony of Matthias Hunyadi as King Mátyás I of Hungary takes place in Székesfehérvár as Dénes Szécsi places the Crown of Saint Stephen on the King's head. Corvinus has reigned for more than six years at the time of his formal coronation.


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Edward IV of England secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville, and keeps the marriage a secret for five months afterwards.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Robert Fayrfax, English Renaissance composer (d. 1521)


text: April 23 – Joan of France, Duchess of Berry (d. 1505)


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Sophia Jagiellon, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Polish princess (d. 1512)


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Barbara of Brandenburg, Bohemian queen (d. 1515)


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Ernst II of Saxony, Archbishop of Magdeburg (1476–1513) and Administrator of Halberstadt (1480–1513) (d. 1513)


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Clara Gonzaga, Italian noble (d. 1503)


date: November 19

text: November 19 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara of Japan (d. 1526)


text: Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers (d. 1534)


text: Nezahualpilli, Aztec ruler (d. 1515)


date: January

text: January – Desiderio da Settignano, Italian sculptor (b. c. 1428 or 1430)


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Prince Zhu Jianshen becomes the new Ming dynasty Emperor of China, taking the regnal name Emperor Xianzong upon the death of his father, the Emperor Yingzong of Ming. His reign is subsequently designated as the Chenghua Era.


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English politician (executed) (b. 1427)


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Rogier van der Weyden, Flemish painter (b. 1399 or 1400)


date: August 11

text: August 11 – Nicholas of Cusa, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1401)


date: August 12

text: August 12 – John Capgrave, English historian and theologian (b. 1393)


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Nine days after the death of Pope Pius II, 19 of the 29 Roman Catholic cardinals meet in Rome for the conclave to elect a successor. On the first day, before voting for Pope, the cardinals vote to continue Pius's planned crusade against the Ottoman Empire, limiting the college of cardinals to only 24, and allowing only one cardinal-nephew to serve as a candidate.


date: August

text: August – Sophronius I of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church, dies after a reign of 11 years and is succeeded by the former Partriarch, Gennadius II.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Otto III, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (1460–1464) (b. 1444)


text: September 7 – At Leipzig, Ernest, Landgrave of Thuringia, 23, becomes the new Elector of Saxony upon the death of his father, Friederich II, while his younger brother Albert III, 21, succeeds his father as the new Duke of Saxony.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Bernardo Rossellino, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1409)


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Benedetto Accolti the Elder, Italian jurist and historian (b. 1415)


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Filip I is appointed by the Grand Duke of Moscow as the new List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow, leader of the Russian Orthodox Church, after the September 13 death of the Patriarch Theodosius.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – Blanche II of Navarre (b. 1424)


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Chilia is conquered by Stephen the Great of Moldavia, following a second siege.


date: March 28

text: March 28 – King Edward IV gives royal assent to acts passed by the English Parliament, including the Pattens Act 1464, regulating the manufacture of pattens, shoes with wooden soles and heels, and leather covering, declaring that "Patten-makers may make pattens of such asp as is not fit for shafts." The law is among several given royal assent to regulate clothing, including the Cloths Act, the Exportation of Wool Act and Contracting for Wool Act and the Shoemakers Act. The parliament, in session since April 29, 1463, closes.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – The Treaty of Conflans is signed between King Louis XI of France and the Count of Charolais.


date: October 29

text: October 29 – The treaty of Saint-Maur is signed between King Louis XI of France and the nobles of the League of the Public Weal (Ligue du bien public), ending the War of the Public Weal.


date: November 26

text: November 26 – In Bohemia, Count Jaroslav Lev of Rožmitál departs from Prague along with 40 other Bohemian lords as part of King George's project of Establishment of Peace throughout Christendom.


date: December 22

text: December 22 – The Treaty of Saint-Trond is signed to end the war between the Burgundian Netherlands (ruled by Philip the Good) and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, ending the First Liège War, which had started four months earlier. Liège is allowed to keep its sovereignty at the cost of paying for the Burgundian war expenses and designating Charles the Bold, son of the Duke Philip, as heir to the rule of the area.


date: December 23

text: December 23 – The Treaty of Caen is signed between King Louis XI of France and Francis II, Duke of Brittany.


date: February 28

text: February 28 – In the Catalan Civil War, the Battle of Calaf is fought and Pedro V, the self-proclaimed King of Aragon, is defeated near Barcelona by the legitimate King, Juan II.


date: May 14

text: May 14 – The Moroccan Revolt in Fez ousts the Marinid rulers, and leads to the killing of many Jews.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – At the Battle of Montlhéry, troops of King Louis XI fight inconclusively against an army of great nobles, organized as the League of the Public Weal.


date: September 30

text: September 30 – In what is now the state of Rajasthan in northwest India, Prince Rao Bika departs from Jodhpur with 600 soldiers to conquer the territory of Jangladesh.


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Near Sint-Truiden in what is now Belgium, Charles the Bold, son of the Duke of Burgundy leads his troops to victory over the rebellious province of Liege at the Battle of Montenaken, and 1,200 of the rebels are killed.


date: January 30

text: January 30 – Charles VIII of Sweden is deposed. Clergyman Kettil Karlsson Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden.


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Elizabeth Woodville, Queen consort of Edward IV of England, is crowned in a lavish ceremony at Westminster Abbey.


date: August 11

text: August 11 – In Sweden, Kettil Karlsson Vasa, Bishop of Linköping, is succeeded as Regent by Archbishop Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna.


date: November 13

text: November 13 – The Archbishop of Tours, Jean Bernard, excommunicates Bishop Jean de Beauvau of Angers for insubordination.


text: The main altar of St Martin's Church, Colmar is finished by painter Caspar Isenmann.


text: The Kazakh Khanate is founded by Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan.


text: Massive flooding in central and southern China motivates the initial construction of hundreds of new bridges.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Henry of Lancaster, the former King Henry VI of England is captured at Waddington Hall in Lancashire, by Yorkist forces. Henry and his aide, Sir Richard Tunstall, had been staying as the guest of Sir Richard Tempest when his brother. Richard's brother, John Tempest attempts to arrest Henry, but Tunstall and Henry flee to the Clitheroe forest and are captured by the River Ribble.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – With the approval by the Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich III, the Bohemian captain Hinko Tannfeld to plunder the Hungarian town of Sopron.


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Amadeus IX becomes Duke of Savoy.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Queens' College, Cambridge, dormant since 1447, is re-established on the campus of the University of Cambridge by the queen consort of England, Elizabeth Woodville, with the official name of "the College of St. Margaret and St. Bernard in the University of Cambridge."


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Nobility in the Castilian city of Plasencia declare that they will consider King Enrique IV deposed, four months after the Liga Nobiliaria had issued an ultimatum to the King.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – The Farce of Ávila takes place in the Kingdom of Castile in Spain as noblemen in Ávila declare that King Enrique IV is deposed and that they will only recognize his half-brother, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, as their monarch. King Enrique, who was the subject of a similar deposition in Plasencia on April 27, continues his reign of the rest of the kingdom from Madrid.


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Henry of Lancaster, the former King Henry VI of England, is imprisoned in the Tower of London by order of King Edward IV. His queen consort Margaret of Anjou and Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, have fled to France.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – King Ferrante of Naples creates the award Order of the Ermine (L’Ordre de l’Hermine)


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief, Scottish clan chief (d. 1523)


date: February 4

text: February 4 – Frans van Brederode, Dutch rebel (d. 1490)


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Scipione del Ferro, Italian mathematician (d. 1526)


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Kunigunde of Austria, Archduchess of Austria (d. 1520)


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Mercurino di Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (d. 1530)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Isabella del Balzo, queen consort of Naples (d. 1533)


date: July 29

text: July 29 – Ichijō Fuyuyoshi, Japanese court noble (d. 1514)


date: August 17

text: August 17 – Philibert I of Savoy (d. 1482)


date: September 11

text: September 11 – Bernardo Accolti, Italian poet (d. 1536)


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Konrad Peutinger, German humanist and antiquarian (d. 1547)


date: December 11

text: December 11 – Ashikaga Yoshihisa, Japanese shōgun (d. 1489)


text: Şehzade Ahmet, oldest son of Sultan Bayezid II (d. 1513)


text: Gil Vicente, Portuguese poet and playwright


text: Johann Tetzel, German Dominican priest (d. 1519)


date: January 5

text: January 5 – Charles I, Duke of Orléans, French poet (b. 1394)


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Thomas Beckington, English statesman and prelate


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Louis, Duke of Savoy (b. 1413)


date: March 30

text: March 30 – Isabella of Clermont, queen consort of Naples (b. c. 1424)


date: April 30

text: April 30 – Jacob of Juterbogk, German theologian (b. c. 1381)


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Thomas Palaiologos, claimant to Byzantine throne (b. 1409)


date: August 11

text: August 11 – Kettil Karlsson, regent of Sweden and Bishop of Linköping (plague; b. 1433)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Abd al-Haqq II, last Marinid Sultan of Morocco (b.1419)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Pope Matthew II of Alexandria, leader of the Coptic Christian Church, dies after a reign of 13 years. The Coptic papacy will remain vacant for five months until the election of Gabriel VI as the new Pope.


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Isabella of Bourbon, countess consort of Charolais, spouse of Charles the Bold (b. c. 1434)


date: November 20

text: November 20 – Malatesta Novello, Italian condottiero (b. 1418)


text: date unknown – John Hardyng, English chronicler (b. 1378)


date: January 1

text: January 1 – King Edward IV of England gives royal assent to a 40-year extension to the 1464 Treaty of York between England and Scotland. The treaty, signed on June 1, 1464, was originally set for 15 years, to expire June 30, 1479. With the extension, approved by Scotland as well, peace between the two nations in Britain is extended to last until October 31, 1519.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – The War of the Succession of Stettin is halted as the Treaty of Soldin is signed by Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg, and two of the dukes of Pomerania, the brothers Erich II, Duke of Wolgast, and Wartislaw X, Duke of Rügen. The signing takes place at the town of Soldin in the Electorate of Brandenburg, now the city of Myślibórz in Poland. The brothers recognize Frederick II as their liege lord, and Brandenburg recognizes their rights to their fiefdoms.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Sin Sukchu resigns as Chief State Councillor (Yonguijong) of the Korean Empire, an office equivalent to prime minister, and is succeeded by Ku Ch'igwan.


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Eric II, Duke of Pomerania, reconciles with King Casimir IV of Poland after six years of feuding.


date: October 19

text: October 19 – The Second Peace of Thorn is signed between King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland and the Teutonic Knights Grand Master, Ludwig von Erlichshausen, ending the Thirteen Years' War.


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Han Myŏnghoe becomes the new Chief State Councillor (Yonguijong) of the Korea, succeeding Ku Ch'igwan, who served for less than six months.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Galezzo Sforza enters Milan after working his way across the Duchy of Savoy, where he is in danger of being captured.


date: April 19

text: April 19 – News reaches the Republic of Venice that the Ottoman Sultan is marching toward Italy with an army of 100,000 men.


date: May 16

text: May 16 – Jahan Shah, Sultan of the Empire of Qara Qoyunlu that comprises most of what is now Iran, and parts of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey and Iraq, begins an attempt to reclaim imperial territories from his younger brother, Uzun Hasan, and sets off from Tabriz with a large army.


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Mülhausen, a free city within the Holy Roman Empire, joins the Swiss Confederacy in an alliance against the Habsburg dynasty including the Emperor Frederick III.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – King James III of Scotland is taken hostage while he is hunting near his palace at Linlithgow, in a coup d'etat led by Lord Robert Boyd.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – In the fourth year of the Ottoman–Venetian War, Admiral Vettore Cappello of the Republic of Venice Navy lands on the Greek mainland at Piraeus and the Venetians begin marching toward Athens to free it from Ottoman control.


date: August 19

text: August 19 – With troops led by Charles the Bold, the Burgundian State commences a siege of the city of Dinant (now in Belgium). The city falls after six days on August 25.


date: August 26

text: August 26 – In the Republic of Florence, an attempted coup d'etat against Piero di Cosimo de' Medici fails after his son Lorenzo discovers a roadblock that had been set by the conspirators to capture Medici during his planned trip to the Medici estate at Villa di Careggi.


date: August 30

text: August 30 – A group of 41 Bavarian knights from the Straubing region gather at Regensburg and form an alliance against the Duke of Bavaria Munich, Albrecht IV. They refer to themselves as The Boeckler League" (Der Böcklerbundbund), led by Hans von Degenberg, and soon start a rebellion, the "Boeckler War". The League is dissolved by Imperial Decree from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III on October 28, 1467, and the League members vote for dissolution, but some continue the war.


date: October 11

text: October 11 – Eric of Pomerania buys the town of Lauenburg back from the Kingdom of Poland, seven years after it had been captured.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – A messenger from the Venetian front in the war in Albania against the Ottomans brings news of planned attacks by the Ottoman General Sinan Bey against the Republic of Venice's Albanian territory, and an offer received from the Ottomans to negotiate a ceasefire or treaty.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – The Albanian General Skanderbeg arrives in Rome to offer his aid to the Christian League in the defense of Italy against the Ottoman Empire.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Peace talks begin in the city of Nieszawka in Poland to end the Thirteen Years' War between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights.


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Gabriel VI is elected as the new Pope of the Coptic Christian Church, succeeding the late Matthew II.


date: May 21

text: May 21 – On his deathbed, Bosnian nobleman Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, Grand Duke of Bosnia, dictates a testament proclaiming that his son Vladislav Hercegović, "brought the great Turk to Bosnia to the death and destruction of us all" and blames Vladislav for the end of the Kingdom of Bosnia. Vladislav becomes the Grand Duke of Bosnia the next day with the approval of the Ottoman governor.


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Pope Paul II excommunicates the King of Bohemia, George of Poděbrady, releasing all Bohemian citizens from their oaths of to the king.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – King James III of Scotland gives royal assent Among the many acts passed into law by the Parliament, including the Hospitals Act ("for the reformacioune of the hospitalis") and the Benefices Act against Englishmen being allowed to receive a benefice (payment of a reward for services rendered) from the Crown or from the Church ("na Inglis man have benefice with Scotlande")


date: October 13

text: October 13 – King James III of Scotland is forced by Lord Boyd to appear before the Scottish Parliament and to forgive Boyd and the other conspirators in the kidnapping that took place on July 9.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (d. 1503)


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Marino Sanuto the Younger, Italian historian (d. 1536)


date: May

text: May – Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg, German landgravine (d. 1523)


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian music printer (d. 1539)


date: July 5

text: July 5 – Giovanni Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1510)


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (d. 1519)


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shōgun (d. 1523)


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (d. 1536)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Florentine philosopher (d. 1522)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Edward Hastings, 2nd Baron Hastings, English noble (d. 1506)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Andrea Doria, Genoese condottiero and admiral (d. 1560)


text: Probable – Moctezuma II, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán (modern Mexico City), 1502–1520, son of Axayacatl (d. 1520)


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Girishawardhana Dyah Suryawikrama, 9th Maharaja of Majapahit


date: March 6

text: March 6 – Alvise Loredan, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1393)


date: March 8

text: March 8 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza becomes the new Duke of Milan upon the death of his father Francesco I Sforza, though at the time he is in France in a military expedition to help King Louis XI fight the Duke of Burgundy.


text: March 8 – Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1401)


date: August

text: August – Hacı I Giray, first ruler of the Crimean Khanate (b. 1397)


date: October 30

text: October 30 – Johann Fust, German printer (b. c. 1400)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Donatello, Italian artist (b. 1386)


text: Barbara Manfredi, Italian noblewoman (b. 1444)


text: Nicolaus Zacharie, Italian composer (b. c. 1400)


text: Isotta Nogarola, Italian writer and intellectual (b. 1418)


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Henry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg and Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, send a warning to the various dukes of Pomerania to abide by the 1466 Treaty of Soldin, or face an economic boycott by both nations. The Duchy of Pomerania-Stettin refuses to swear allegiance to Brandenburg, which begins a war with Stettin a year later.


text: While Hassan III of the Maldives is on Hajj, Sayyidh Muhammad deposes his son, acting regent. On his return, Hassan regains the throne.


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Still unable to receive more than 7,500 ducats, General Skanderbeg departs from Rome with no plans for future aid to the Papal States, and receives word that he is needed back in Albania to defend the kingdom against the Ottoman invasion.


text: February 23 – (19th day of 1st month of Bunshō 2) The Ōnin War begins with the Battle of Goryo, also called the "Battle of the Spirits", ends after two days near Kyoto initially as a battle between to factions in the Hatakeyama clan. Hatakeyama Yoshinari defeats Hatakeyama Masanaga for control of the Kami-Goryo Shrine. The Onin War will continue for more than 10 years until ending on 25 December 1477.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – The Albanian League of Lezhë, aided by troops from the Republic of Venice, is successful in ending the Ottoman siege of the fortress at Krujë after 10 months.


date: June 27

text: June 27 – (26th day of 5th month of Ōnin 1) In Japan, the Battle of Kamigyo begins in Kyoto as the "Eastern Army" of Takeda Nobutaka and Jōshin'in Mitsunobu (the aide to Hatakeyama Masanaga, who lost the Battle of Goryo) invade temples on both sides of the Ogawa River with 160,000 troops, and seize control of Kyoto in an attempt to capture its military governor, Isshiki Yoshinao.