date: January 9

text: January 9 – The Oldcastle Revolt, led by John Oldcastle as an uprising by the Lollards in England against King Henry V, begins at St. Giles' Fields. King Henry's troops, stationed at Clerkenwell Priory in London, halt the rebellion the next day and capture 80 rebels who are later convicted of and executed for treason.


date: March 30

section: Conflict & Security

text: March 30 – The rebellion by Vietnamese Emperor Tran Quy Khoang against the Ming dynasty Chinese occupying armies comes to an end when Tran is captured and imprisoned by General Zhang Fu, marking a turning point in the Ming–Việt War.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: April 6

text: April 6 – China's Emperor Cheng Zu departs from Beijing to lead a military campaign against the Oirat Mongols.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: May 28

text: May 28 – Khizr Khan, Timur's governor of Multan in India, conquers the Delhi Sultanate from Daulat Khan Lodi, founding the Sayyid Dynasty.


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Yeshaq I, succeeds his brother Tewodros I as Emperor of Ethiopia


date: July 21

text: July 21 – Iskandar Mirza, who had ruled the Timurid Empire since 1409, is captured as the city of Isfahan surrenders to Shah Rukh.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: July

text: July – The Hunger War takes place between the allied Kingdom of Poland, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, against the Teutonic Knights, who are severely weakened after the Battle of Grunwald four years prior. The war earned its name from destructive scorched earth tactics followed by both sides.


text: The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism, declines the offer of the Emperor Cheng Zu of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title "State Teacher". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king, upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: September 20

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: September 20 – A giraffe is presented to China's Emperor Cheng Zu as a gift from the Sultan of Bengal, Saifuddin Hamza Shah.


date: February 26

section: Religion & Belief

text: February 26 – The speech given by French theologian Jean Petit of the "Council of Faith", including nine propositions drawn from the speech, is publicly burned by order of the inquisitor, Gerard de Montaigu, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Paris.


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in, previously forced to abdicate as Sultan of Egypt and replaced by Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh on November 6, 1412, is forced out from his office as Caliph of Cairo. The Sultan Shaykh then designates his own brother, Sulaymān al-Mustakfī, as the new Caliph of Cairo.


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Bohemian church reformer Jan Hus departs his home at the invitation of King Sigismund of Germany in order to attend the Council of Constance. A few weeks after his November 3 arrival, however, even though he was promised safe-conduct - he is imprisoned for heresy and spends the rest of his life in captivity.

source_section: Events › October–December


date: November 16

text: November 16 – The Council of Constance opens at Konstanz begins in order to end the western schism and resolve the conflict of having three different Popes recognized by Rome (Benedict XIII), Avignon (Gregory XII) and Pisa (John XXIII), after being summoned by King Sigismund.


date: December 17

text: December 17 – (4 Shawwal 817 AH) In Ahmedabad in the Gujarat Sultanate in India, construction of Ahmed Shah's Mosque is completed and the date is etched into stone.


text: Durham School is founded as a grammar school in the city of Durham, England by Thomas Langley, Prince-Bishop of Durham; it continues in existence as an independent school 600 years later.


date: August 29

section: Health & Medicine

text: August 29 – The brotherhood of the "Sancta dels Folls Dona Nostra i Desamparats Innocents" (Our Lady of the Insane and the Forsaken Innocents) is founded in Valencia to help the mentally ill, but soon extends its mission to take care of homeless and abandoned children.


text: Alien priory cells are suppressed in England.


section: Crime & Justice

text: Inquisitor Heinrich Schöneveld presides over the trials of 84 members of the millenarian sect of flagellants in Sangerhausen, Thuringia. He sentences three individuals to death, while others receives penitential measures as they renounced heresy. After the departure of the inquisitor, local authorities disregards his judgments, burning all heretics at the stake and organizing a hunt for their supporters in the area. In total, during this year, at least 168 individuals (perhaps even around 300) are burned at the stake by secular courts in Thuringia.


date: October

section: Climate & Environment

text: October – The Hunger War ends inconclusively with a truce brokered by a Papal legate. Famine and plague is sweeping through Prussia as a result from the war.


date: February 11

section: Culture & Society

text: February 11 – The coronation of Ferdinand I as King of Aragon takes place at Zaragoza.


date: November 8

text: November 8 – The coronation of Sigismund of Luxembourg as King of the Romans takes place at Aachen, four years after he had been elected.


date: December 19

text: December 19 – In Poland, Casimir, Duke of Oświęcim takes full power as he reaches the age of 18.


text: Ernest, Duke of Austria (head of the Leopoldian line of the House of Habsburg) is the last duke to be enthroned in the Duchy of Carinthia, according to the ancient Carantanian ritual of installing dukes at the Prince's Stone; he adopts the title of Archduke.


date: January 7

section: Births

text: January 7 – Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen, Co-ruler of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1451) (d. 1451)

source_section: Births


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1455)


date: May 11

text: May 11 – Francis I of Brittany (d. 1450)


text: July 21 – Pope Sixtus IV (d. 1484)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Jami, Persian poet (d. 1492)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Albrecht III Achilles, Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (d. 1486)


text: probable – Narsinh Mehta, poet-saint of Gujarat (d. 1481)


text: Charles I, Count of Nevers, Count of Nevers and Rethel (d. 1464)


date: February 19

section: Deaths

text: February 19 – Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1353)

source_section: Deaths


date: March 28

text: March 28 – Jeanne-Marie de Maille, French Roman Catholic saint (b. 1331)


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Tewodros I, Emperor of Ethiopia


date: August 6

text: August 6 – King Ladislaus of Naples (b. 1377)


text: August 6 – Joanna II becomes the reigning Queen of Naples upon the death of her brother, King Ladislaus.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – William de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (b. 1369)


text: probable – Zyndram of Maszkowice, Polish 14th- and 15th-century knight (b. 1355)


text: John I Stanley of the Isle of Man, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, King of the Isle of Man (b. 1350)


text: Fairuzabadi, Persian lexicographer (b. 1329)


text: Ali ibn Mohammed al-Jurjani, Persian encyclopaedic writer (b. 1339)


date: January 30

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: January 30 – (19th day of 12th month Ōei 21) Shoko is formally enthroned as the new Emperor of Japan, more than two years after the abdication of his father, the Emperor Go-Komatsu.


date: February 22

text: February 22 – King Charles VI of France and John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, sign the Treaty of Arras.


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Conquest of Ceuta: Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from the Moors, initiating the Portuguese Empire, and European expansion and colonialism.


date: November 4

text: November 4 – The English Parliament is opened by King Henry V for an 8-day session.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – The English Parliament is closed after accomplishing the passage of the Money Act 1415, upgrading the penalty for importing or offering in payment "any sort of money forbidden by former statutes" to a felony.


date: December 16

text: December 16 – The Treaty of Eberswalde is signed between Pomerania-Stettin (ruled by Otto II and Casimir V) and Brandenburg (ruled by the Elector Frederick I), temporarily ending the Uckermark War between the two duchies. In return for payment by Brandenburg, Pomerania-Stettin gives up Uckermark, Boitzenburg and Zehdenick.


text: The Swiss Confederation takes the territory of Aargau from the house of Habsburg.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – France and England agree to extend their truce in the ongoing Burgundian War after the English Bishop of Durham and of Norwich meet with representatives of King Charles VI, prolonging a ceasefire until May 1.


text: February 22 – Forty Years' War: (Full moon of Tabaung 776 ME) In what is now Myanmar, Razadarit, ruler of the Hanthawaddy kingdom, authorizes a plan to fight the forces of Minkhaung I ruler of the Ava Kingdom. King Razadarit leads the invasion on March 2 (8th waning of Tabaung 776 ME).


date: March 13

text: March 13 – (4th waxing of Tagu 776 ME) At the decisive Battle of Dala in Myanmar, Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa of Ava leads his troops in the battle against the army of King Razdarit of Hanthawaddy. Prince Kyawswa is killed, but King Minkhaung's troops defeat the Hanthawaddy invaders and force their retreat.Yazawin Thit The loss for King Razdarit comes despite the advice of his astrologers for the date of the attack.


date: July 31

text: July 31 – King Henry V of England is informed of the Southampton Plot against him; he has the leaders arrested and executed, before invading France.


date: October 25

text: October 25 – Battle of Agincourt: Archers, led by Henry V of England are instrumental in defeating a larger army of French knights. Edward, 2nd Duke of York, the son of King Henry, is killed in the battle, along with the French commander, Charles I d'Albret, Constable of Paris, and the second-in-command, John I, Duke of Alençon.


date: March 2

text: March 2 – At the Council of Constance, the Antipope John XXIII, chosen at the Council of Pisa, promises that he will resign all claims to leadership of the Roman Catholic Church.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Despite his promise to resign, the Antipope John XXIII escapes the city of Constance and takes refuge in the Duchy of Austria at Schaffhausen.


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Giorgio Adorno resigns as the Doge of Genoa despite having been appointed for life.


date: April 6

text: April 6 – The decree Haec sancta synodus is approved by the Council of Constance and sets the precedent that an ecumenical council of cardinals and bishops has superiority over the Pope. The decree provides that a council "legitimately assembled in the Holy Spirit... has power immediately from Christ; and that everyone of whatever state or dignity, even papal (in the Latin text,etiam si papalis), is bound to obey it in those matters which pertain to the faith."


date: May 4

text: May 4 – The Council of Constance declares that the late English theologian John Wycliffe (1328-1384) was a heretic and bans his writings, as well as directing that his work be burned, and that Wycliffe's remains be removed from their burial site on consecrated church ground. The order will be carried out 13 years later in 1428.


date: May 11

text: May 11 – From Valencia in Spain, the Antipope Benedict XIII issues a papal bull with eleven prohibitions against Jews, including a ban on teaching, reading or possessing the Talmud; prohibition of Jewish possession of Christian artifacts or Christian books; limiting each town to only one synagogue; barring Jews from serving specific jobs or making contracts; segregating Jews from Christians in all public places; and requiring all Jews to wear "a red and yellow sign" on their clothes. Jews who convert to the Roman Catholic faith become exempt from the restrictions


date: May 29

text: May 29 – The Council of Constance approves an order dismissing, in absentia the Antipope John XXIII, who had been chosen by the Council of Pisa, from any authority over the Roman Catholic Church.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – The Council of Constance condemns the writings of John Wycliffe and asks Jan Hus to recant in public his heresy; after his denial, he is tried for heresy, excommunicated, then sentenced to be burned at the stake.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – Pope Gregory XII officially opens the Council of Constance, and then abdicates. He is the last pope to resign, until Pope Benedict XVI in 2013.


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Sigismund, King of the Romans, departs from the meeting of the Council of Constance on a special trip to Perpignan, in order to secure the resignation of the antipope Benedict XIII in order to end the Western Schism, and then to try to end the wars between France and England, and Poland and the Teutonic Knights.


date: September 20

text: September 20 – Sigismund, King of the Germans, who convened the Council of Constance, meets in Spain with the antipope Benedict XIII, and makes an unsuccessful attempt to persuade Benedict to resign.


text: Antipope Benedict XIII orders all Talmuds to be delivered to the diocese, and held until further notice.


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: The Grand Canal of China is reinstated by this year after it had fallen out of use; restoration began in 1411, and was a response by the Emperor Cheng Zu of the Ming Dynasty to improve the grain shipment system of tribute traveling from south to north, towards his new capital at Beijing. With this action, the food supply crisis is solved by the end of the year.


date: July 6

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: July 6 – Jan Hus is burned at the stake in Konstanz.


date: March 29

text: March 29 – Barnaba Guano is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – Frederick I becomes Elector of Brandenburg.


date: November 5

text: November 5 – In an attempt to resolve the Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict in Germany, Frederick I of Brandenburg pledges his 3-year-old daughter, Magadalene for a future marriage to Wartislaw IX, the 15-year-old Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast. Magdalene and Wartislaw marry other people after they grow up.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Vasily II of Moscow, Grand Prince (d. 1462)


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Wilhelm II, Princely count of Henneberg-Schleusingen (d. 1444)


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Cecily Neville, English duchess, mother of Edward IV and Richard III of England (d. 1495)


date: September 12

text: September 12 – John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, English magnate (d. 1461)


date: September 16

text: September 16 – Elizabeth de Beauchamp, Baroness Bergavenny, English baroness (d. 1448)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1493)


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Heinrich von Dissen, German theologian (d. 1484)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Han Myŏnghoe, Korean politician (d. 1487)


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Jan Długosz, Polish historian (d. 1480)


text: Rennyo, Japanese Buddhist leader (d. 1499)


text: Benedetto Accolti, Italian jurist and historian (d. 1464)


text: Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo, Lan Xang king (d. 1481)


date: April 15

text: April 15 – Manuel Chrysoloras, Greek humanist


text: July 6 – Jan Hus, Bohemian reformer (burned at the stake) (b. 1369)


date: July 19

text: July 19 – Philippa of Lancaster, queen of John I of Portugal (plague) (b. 1359)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Thomas Grey, conspirator against King Henry V (executed) (b. 1384)


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (executed) (b. 1375)


text: August 5 – Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham (executed) (b. 1370)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (killed in battle) (b. 1367)


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (b. 1381)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Jean de Touraine becomes the new Dauphin of France, heir to the throne, upon the death of his older brother Louis, Duke of Guyenne. Jean dies on April 5, 1417, five years before the death of his father, King Charles VI of France.


text: Frederick of Lorraine, Count of Vaudémont (b. 1371)


text: John I, Duke of Alençon (b. 1385)


text: Edward, 2nd Duke of York (b. 1373)


text: Dafydd Gam, Welsh nobleman (b. c. 1380)


text: Charles I d'Albret, Count of Dreux and Constable of France


date: January 21

text: January 21 – King Henry V summons the English Parliament to meet on March 16.


date: January 27

text: January 27 – The Republic of Ragusa is the first state in Europe to outlaw slavery.


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Sigismund, King of Germany, creates the independent Duchy of Savoy with Count Amadeus the Peaceful becoming the first Duke of Savoy and taking the regnal title Amadeus VIII.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Sigismund arrives in Paris to reach an agreement with the French government, but is unable to because of difficulty in reaching a conclusion satisfactory to both its Orleanist and Burgundian factions.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – Following the Venetian Navy triumph over the Ottomans at Gallipoli, Dolfino Venier, the Republic of Venice's ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, reaches an agreement with the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I to begin discussing a treaty.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Sigismund, King of Germany, and King Henry V of England conclude the Treaty of Canterbury, an alliance of the two nations against France.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – King Henry V summons the English Parliament for the third time in less than a year, directing the MPs to assemble on October 19.


date: October 19

text: October 19 – The English Parliament is opened by King Henry V. The House of Commons elects Roger Flower as its Speaker.


date: March 11

text: March 11 – Hundred Years' War, Lancastrian phase: The Battle of Valmont takes place in the neighboring towns of Valmont and Harfleur, as Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter and his English Army troops inflict heavy casualties on a larger group of French soldiers commanded by Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac.


date: May 29

text: May 29 – At the Battle of Gallipoli, Venetian admiral Pietro Loredan destroys the Ottoman fleet.


date: June 2

text: June 2 – The Truce of Harfleur between England and France comes to an end after 27 days, and a French siege of Harfleur begins again on June 5.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Raoul de Gaucourt and Regnault de Chartres, held prisoners of war in England since being captured during the siege of Harfleur, are paroled in order to serve as England's emissaries to begin discussions of a truce with King Charles VI of France.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – The Battle of Sant'Egidio is fought in Italy: soldier of fortune Braccio da Montone, Prince of Capua, conquers Umbria and its capital, Perugia.


text: August 15 – Harfleur relieved, following a naval battle in the estuary of the Seine.


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Admiral Pietro Loredan is hailed as a hero upon his return to Venice after the Battle of Gallipoli.


date: December 16

text: December 16 (26 Shawwal 819 AH) – Hasan ibn Ajlan, the Vice Sultan of the Hejaz, becomes the Emir of Mecca again upon the surrender of Rumaythah ibn Muhammad, who usurped the Emirate in February.


date: December 30

text: December 30 (10 Dhu al-Qadah 819 AH) – Hamsa Bhat, the Vizier for Ali Shah, the Sultan of Kashmir, is assassinated and Zayn al-Abidin is appointed to replace him.


date: November 14

text: November 14 – China's Emperor Cheng Zu and his fleet return to Nanjing from his fourth expedition for treasure after having been away since 1413.


date: December 28

text: December 28 – China's Emperor Cheng Zu announces a fifth treasure voyage.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – The Catholic Church burns Jerome of Prague for heresy at the Council of Constance.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Henry Chichele, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of All England, begins the first of his semiannual inquisitions, directing the archdeacons to seek out heretics and bring them to trial.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – Through the Council of Constance and diplomatic treaties during late 1416, Sigismund, King of Germany unifies the fractured Catholic Church and isolates the Bohemian reformers, providing him with the necessary authority to later initiate the Hussite Wars against Jan Žižka.


text: The Hussite Bible is completed by Tamás Pécsi and Bálint Újlaki.


text: The Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge (the longest arch bridge in the world at this time) is destroyed.


date: March 16

text: March 16 – The Treason Act 1415 takes effect in England, making coin clipping a treasonable offense.


date: June 6

text: June 6 – The Convocation of Canterbury, to investigate and charge the participants in the 1414 Oldcastle Revolt in England, ends after more than two months.


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Unable to reach an agreement with France, King Sigismund of Germany travels to London, where he is welcomed by King Henry V of England.


date: November 19

text: November 19 – At Nanjing, China's Emperor Cheng Zu bestows gifts at a grand ceremony to princes, civil officials, military officers, and the ambassadors of 18 countries.


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Christopher of Bavaria (d. 1448)


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1480)


date: March 28

text: March 28 – Jodha of Mandore, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1489)


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Jakobus, nobleman from Lichtenberg in the northern part of Alsace (d. 1480)


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent (d. 1490)


text: Pal Engjëlli, Albanian Catholic clergyman (d. 1470)


text: probable – Jacquetta of Luxembourg, English duchess and countess (d. 1472)


text: Francis of Paola, founder of the Order of the Minims (d. 1507)


text: Benedetto Cotrugli, Ragusan/Croatian merchant, economist, scientist, diplomat and humanist (d. 1469)


text: Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1469)


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Racek Kobyla of Dvorce, Bohemian Hetman and Burgrave.


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Eleanor of Castile, queen consort of Navarre (b. c. 1363)


date: April 2

text: April 2 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon (b. 1379)


text: April 2 – Alfonso V becomes the new King of Aragon and the new King of Sicily upon the death of his father, King Ferdinand I of Aragon.


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Anna of Celje, queen consort of Poland (b. c. 1381)


text: May 30 – Jerome of Prague, Czech theologian (executed) (b. 1379)


date: June 15

text: June 15 – John, Duke of Berry, son of John II of France (b. 1340)


date: September 4

text: September 4 – John I, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Yaqub Spata, lord of Arta


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg


date: December 29

text: December 29 – Mathew Swetenham, bowbearer of Henry IV


text: Julian of Norwich, English anchoress, mystic and author


text: Owain Glyndŵr, Welsh prince and leader of the Welsh Revolt


text: date unknown – The Limbourg brothers, painters of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – The earliest extant description of Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of the Isle of Man's parliament (Tynwald) is written down in law. Its first recorded use for the promulgation of laws dates to 24 June 1417, when Sir John Stanley presided.


date: August 12

text: August 12 – King Henry V of England begins using the English language in correspondence back to England from France, where he is leading a campaign, marking the beginning of this king's continuous usage of English in prose, and the beginning of the restoration of English as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – King Henry V of England summons the English Parliament to assemble on November 16.


date: November 16

text: November 16 – The English Parliament opens at Westminster for a 31-day session and re-elects Roger Flower as Speaker of the House of Commons.


date: December 17

text: December 17 – The English Parliament closes and King Henry V gives royal assent to its one major law, the Attorney Act 1417, which provides that "All persons until the next parliament may make their attornies in wapentakes, hundreds, and court barons."


date: February 24

text: February 24 – An envoy of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, identified in Italian records as "Chamitzi", arrives in the Republic of Venice to demand the release of Ottoman soldiers who had been taken as prisoners of war during the conflict between Venice and the Ottomans. The release of each nation's prisoners of war is unresolved and hinders peace negotiations.


date: June 2

text: June 2 – King Henry V of England issues an order directing penalties for wearing of an unauthorized coat of arms, directing sheriffs, on the day of mustering of persons for an exhibition, to inquire in such cases "by whose gift he holds those arms or coats of arms, except for those who bore arms with us at the Battle of Aguincourt."


date: July 30

text: July 30 – King Henry V of England begins and invasion of France, where he wishes to claim the throne, taking with him 42,000 soldiers on a fleet of 1,500 ships.


date: August 18

text: August 18 – King Henry V begins the siege of Caen with bombardment of the walls using advanced weaponry.


text: September 4 – English troops succeed in opening the gates of Caen and begin a massacre of over 1,800 civilians.


date: September 20

text: September 20 – Siege of Caen (1417): Guillaume de Montenay surrenders Caen to English invaders led by King Henry V. The city remains under English control until 1450.c


text: Chimalpopoca, son of Huitzilihuitl, succeeds his father as Tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City)


text: Mircea cel Bătrân loses Dobruja to the Ottomans and pays them tribute, thus preventing Wallachia from becoming an Ottoman province.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – An English fleet, led by the Earl of Huntingdon, defeats a fleet of Genoese carracks and captures their admiral, the "Bastard of Bourbon".


date: January 19

text: January 19 – After the dismissal of Al-Musta'in as Caliph of Cairo by the Sultan Shaykh al-Mahmudi is declared unlawful by Islamic clerics, Shaykh arranges Al-Musta'in and three sons of the late Sultan Faraj to be transferred away from Cairo to Alexandria.


text: January 19 – Joanna II, Queen of Naples, issues a pardon for Giacomo Orsini, who had rebelled against her predecessor, King Ladislaus of Naples.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – In Bohemia, Johannes Cardinalis von Bergreichenstein, rector of the University of Prague issues a proclamation declaring that the theological teachings of the late Jan Hus are doctrine confirmed for all Christians, leading to eventual condemnation by the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope for heresy.


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg, is appointed to an additional position as Archchamberlain of the Holy Roman Empire.


date: June 30

text: June 30 – In France, the Baron of Trévoux reverses a ban against the town's Jewish population, and allows them to study the Talmud without interference.


date: July 27

text: July 27 – After being the last claimant to the papacy, the Antipope Benedict XIII is excommunicated and deposed by the Council of Constance, bringing to an end the Great Western Schism.


date: November 11

text: November 11 – On St. Martin's Day, with all three previous claimants to the office of Pope gone, the 53-member Council of Constance unanimously elects Oddone Colonna to be the new Pontiff. Colonna will take the name of Saint Martin of Tours upon his consecration.


date: November 19

text: November 19 – The coronation of Elizabeth Granowska as Queen consort of Poland takes place after King Wladyslaw receives a special dispensation from the Council of Constance.


date: November 21

text: November 21 – The coronation of Oddone Colonna as Pope Martin V takes place in Constance as he becomes the 206th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. His installation ends a period of two years and five months without a Pope at Rome, as he succeeds Pope Gregory XII, who had abdicated on July 4, 1415.


date: October 31

text: October 31 – On Hallowtide, by order of the Lord May Henry Barton, street lighting is first used in London, with lanterns to be hung out on winter evenings, lasting until the night of Candlemas on February 2.


date: December 14

text: December 14 – In punishment for his conviction for high treason against the Crown of England, Sir John Oldcastle, Baron Cobham, is hanged outside the church of St Giles in the Fields and then (carrying out the sentence for a prior conviction of heresy) burned, "gallows and all".


text: Imadaddin Nasimi, an Azerbaijani poet and the foremost proponent of Hurufism, was flayed alive and executed in Aleppo, Syria under the order of Aleppan ulema.


date: February 15

text: February 15 – In Korea, Grand Prince Yangnyeong of the Joseon Kingdom and heir to the throne, causes a scandal that ends any possibility of becoming the next King. Yangnyeong courts the wife of another official and attempts to bring here into the royal palace in Seoul, ending in his banishment from the royal household and being replaced on June 3, 1418.


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Pope Paul II (d. 1471)


text: February 23 – Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut (1450–1479) (d. 1479)


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Catherine of Cleves, Duchess consort regent of Guelders (d. 1479)


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (d. 1468)


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1458–1480) (d. 1480)


text: November 19 – Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern from 1459 until 1480 (d. 1480)


date: November 23

text: November 23 – William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1487)


text: Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (d. 1487)


text: Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, regent of Sweden 1457 and 1465–1466, archbishop of Uppsala 1448–1467


date: January

text: January – Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (b. 1357)


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Manuel III Megas Komnenos, Emperor of Trebizond (b. 1364)


text: March 5 – Alexios IV becomes the new Emperor of Trebizond (located in what is now Turkey along the Black Sea) upon the death of his father, Manuel III.


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Jean de Touraine, the Dauphin of France and heir to the French throne as the eldest living son of King Charles VI, dies suddenly at the age of 18 from a suspected poisoning. Jean's 15-year-old brother, Charles, becomes the new Dauphin.


date: April 29

text: April 29 – Louis II, Duke of Anjou, and former claimant to being King of Naples, dies at the age of 39 and is succeeded by his 13-year-old son, Louis III.


date: May 2

text: May 2 – Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, remarries less than year after the death of his wife Anna of Cilli, taking Elizabeth Granowska as his third wife in a ceremony at Sanok. Because the Polish nobles do not approve of the marriage, Elizabeth's coronation does not take place for six months.


date: May 31

text: May 31 – William, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing and Count of Holland, dies from an infection after being bitten by a dog. His death causes a conflict between his daughter Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and his brother John III, with Jacqueline receiving Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut, and John becoming the new Duke.


date: September 4

text: September 4 – Robert Hallam, English Catholic bishop


date: September 15

text: September 15 – At Shamakhi (located in what is now the Republic of Azerbaijan), Khalilullah I becomes the new Shirvanshah, ruler of the Kingdom of Shirvan, following the death of his father, the Shirvanshah Ibrahim I.


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Anne of Auvergne, Sovereign Dauphine of Auvergne and Countess of Forez (b. 1358)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – In what is now the Mediterranean coast of Spain, six-year-old Muhammad VIII becomes the new Sultan of the Emirate of Granada upon the death of his father, the Sultan Yusuf III.


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Gazi Evrenos, Ottoman general (b. 1288)


date: December 14

text: December 14 – John Oldcastle, English Lollard leader (executed)


date: December 20

text: December 20 – Richard Talbot is appointed as the new Archbishop of Dublin, leader of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, eight months after the death of the Archbishop Thomas Cranley.


date: April 15

text: April 15 – The delegates from France and Germany sign the Concordats.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – England approves and signs the Concordats of Constance.


date: August 10

text: August 10 – King Taejong, ruler of the kingdom of Joseon that encompasses most of Korea, agrees to abdicate his throne in order for his son Prince Yi Do to become the new monarch. Taejong then becomes the King Emeritus (Sangwang).


date: October 2

text: October 2 – Sim On is appointed as the new Chief State Councillor of Korea (Yeonguijeong) by the new monarch, King Sejong, but is only in power for three months before being arrested and subsequently executed.


date: October 30

text: October 30 – The Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice sign a treaty of commerce.


date: November 21

text: November 21 – Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict: In Germany, the Treaty of Ueckermünde is signed by the Dukes of Pomerania-Stettin (Otto II and Casimir V) with the Dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Albert V), Mecklenburg-Werle (Lord Christopher) and Mecklenburg-Stargard (John III) to ally against the Electorate of Brandenburg, ruled by the House of Hohenzollern elector Friedrich I


date: February 7

text: February 7 – The Lam Sơn uprising in Chinese-occupied Vietnam begins during the Tết holiday as a group of 18 men led by Lê Lợi begin a nine year rebellion against Ming dynasty China.


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Švitrigaila of Lithuania, son of the late Grand Duke Algirdas, is freed after nine years imprisonment at Lithuania's Kremenets Castle after a group of 500 soldiers, led by Dashko Ostrogski, storm the castle.


date: May 29

text: May 29 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, captures Paris, forcing King Charles VI to flee from the violence of John's partisans.


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Because of the rebellion of his son, Grand Prince Yangnyeong (Yi Che), King Taejong of Korea permanently disowns Yangnyeong as heir to the throne.


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, is assassinated by the Burgundian followers of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, and a massacre of suspected Armagnacs begins, with more than 1,000 and perhaps as many as 5,000 civilians killed.


date: July 29

text: July 29 – The Army of England, led by King Henry V, begins the siege of Rouen, the capital of Normandy in France. The siege lasts almost six months before the Burgundian French defenders surrender


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: The massacre of the Armagnacs ends in Paris after as many as 5,000 people have been killed in retaliation for the assassination of John the Fearless.


date: December 28

text: December 28 – The Dauphin Charles, crown prince of France, reclaims the city of Tours from the Burgundians after a month-long siege.


date: December 30

text: December 30 – The Ming Chinese explorers, commanded by Admiral Zheng He, arrive in Yemen to open trade with the Arab kingdom, and the admiral is brought to the court of the Emir Al Malik al Nasir. The Chinese stay until January 27.


text: João Gonçalves Zarco leads one of the first Portuguese expeditions to the Madeira Islands.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – The Concordats of Constance are approved by the Council of Constance for signing by the various parties.


date: April 22

text: April 22 – The Council of Constance ends.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Spain approves and signs the Concordats of Constance.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Commissioned by the Sultan Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh of Egypt and supervised by the Shaykh's Emir Abu Bakr al-Yaghmuri, the rebuilding of the Ibn Uthman Mosque begins in Gaza City. The Mosque will be completed in 1431 but will be destroyed almost 600 years later in 2024 by an airstrike from the State of Israel.


date: February 20

text: February 20 – At Srinagar, in what is now India, Zayn al-Abidin, already the vizier (Wazir) of the Kashmir Sultanate, is crowned as the new Sultan after he overthrows his older brother, the Sultan Ali Shah Miri.


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Chungnyeong is named by his father, King Taejong of Korea, as the new heir to the throne as Grand Prince, replacing Yangnyeong.


date: August 23

text: August 23 – Beatrice Lascaris di Tenda, Duchess of Milan as the wife of the Duke Filippo Maria Visconti, is secretly arrested for adultery and removed from the walled city of Milan while its gates are locked. On her husband's orders, she is transferred to the Castello Visconteo in nearby Binasco, where she, two of her maidens, and her lover, the troubadour Michele Orombelli, are tortured. Beatrice is beheaded on September 13, and her three accomplices are put to death on the same day.


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Prince Yi Do, son of Korea's King Emeritus Taejong, is enthroned as King Sejong, and will make major reforms during his reign of more than 30 years.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Juan Ramón Folch III de Cardona, Aragonese admiral (d. 1485)


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Philip II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1429–1492) (d. 1492)


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Earl David of Rookwood


date: May 16

text: May 16 – John II of Cyprus, King of Cyprus and Armenia and also titular King of Jerusalem from 1432 to 1458 (d. 1458)


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Malatesta Novello, Italian condottiero (d. 1465)


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Anne of Cyprus, Italian noble (d. 1462)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Gaspare Nadi, Italian builder famous for his diary (diario) (d. 1504)


date: November 20

text: November 20 – Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley, Lord of Morley Saint Botolph (d. 1442)


date: December 8

text: December 8 – Queen Jeonghui, Queen consort of Korea (d. 1483)


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Archduke Albert VI of Austria (d. 1463)


text: date unknown – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1457)


text: Isotta Nogarola, Italian writer and intellectual (d. 1466)


date: January 31

text: January 31 – Mircea I, Prince of Wallachia (now part of southern Romania), dies after a reign of 21 years and is succeeded by his son, Mihail I.


text: January 31 – Mircea I of Wallachia, ruler of Wallachia (b. 1355)


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Dietrich of Nieheim, German historian


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Katherine of Lancaster, queen of Henry III of Castile


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, Constable of France (b. 1360)


date: November 25

text: November 25 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (b. 1401)


date: December 11

text: December 11 – Louis of Piedmont (b. 1364)


text: Ixtlilxochitl I, ruler of the Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco, and ally of the Aztecs.


text: Foelke Kampana, Frisian lady and regent (b. 1355)


date: March 19

text: March 19 – (26 Muharram 822 AH) Sultan al-Malik al-Nāsir of Yemen presents a set of Yemeni gifts for the Chinese envoy to Aden to take back to China's Emperor Cheng Zu, after having received gifts from the Chinese in January.


date: May 14

text: May 14 – The Treaty of Torun ends the war between the Teutonic Knights and the Polish and Lithuanian Kingdom.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – King Henry V of England directs the members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords to assemble at Westminster by October 16.


date: October 16

text: October 16 – The first session, in almost two years, of the English Parliament is opened by King Henry V. The House of Commons re-elects Roger Flower as its speaker.


date: November 7

text: November 7 – The Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty ends four years of conflict, by recognizing Venetian possessions in the Aegean and the Balkans.


date: November 13

text: November 13 – The 1419 session of the English Parliament closes after four weeks.


date: January 19

text: January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, which brings Normandy under the control of England.


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Representatives of the Swiss cantons of Lucerne, Uri and Unterwalden begin negotiations in Zurich with the Canton of Bern in an attempt to prevent the breakup of the Swiss Confederation. The negotiations soon fail.


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Raron affair: In Switzerland, The representatives of Lucerne, Uri and Unterwalden leave Zurich and halt further discussion with Bern after failing to win any concessions.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – The Ōei Invasion of Tsushima Island, Japan on orders of King Sejong of Korea, begins as General Yi Jong-mu leads 227 ships and 17,285 soldiers to come ashore at Asō Bay.


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Ōei Invasion: A Japanese counterattack begins with 3,700 Korean invaders killed over the next six days.


date: July 3

text: July 3 – The Ōei Invasion ends as the Korean soldiers withdraw from Tsushima and reassemble at Geoje Island.


date: July 30

text: July 30 – The first defenestration of Prague occurs in the Kingdom of Bohemia when a mob led by Jan Želivský storms the Town Hall and kills several members of the town council by throwing them out of a window.


date: August 17

text: August 17 – Siege of Ceuta: After four days of battle, the Portuguese defenders of the city of Ceuta are able to force a retreat of invaders from Morocco.


date: September 10

text: September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin.


text: Mihail I defends Wallachia against the Ottomans, with Hungarian help.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Portuguese explorers João Gonçalves Zarco, Tristão Vaz Teixeira and Bartolomeu Perestrello, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator, discover Madeira Island, a year after Zarco and Tristão had discovered Porto Santo Island.


text: The final 41 treasure ships are built in the Nanjing shipyards for use in the expeditions of Zheng He.


date: February 13

text: February 13 – The University of Rostock is established in Germany by Albert V, Duke of Mecklenburg following approval in a papal bull from Pope Martin V.


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Braccio da Montone is awarded Governorship of Bologna by Pope Martin V in recognition of his ouster of Antongaleazzo Bentivoglio.


date: May 10

text: May 10 – In Italy's Republic of Florence, the republic is elevated to the level of an archdioese by Pope Martin V, who spent 18 months in Florence after being elected by the Council of Constance. In recognition of the hospitality accorded to him, Pope Martin names Bishop Amerigo Corsini to be the first Archbishop of Florence.


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Louis III of Anjou is invested by Pope Martin V as the new King of Sicily.


date: May 29

text: May 29 – King Henry V of England is betrothed to Princess Catherine of Valois, the 17-year-old daughter of King Charles VI of France, in negotiations in the neutral site of Pontoise, north of Paris, during a halt to hostilities in the war between the two kingdoms. Henry and Catherine will marry a little more than a year later, on June 2, 1420.


date: February 16

text: February 16 – John I, Duke of Cleves (d. 1481)


date: February

text: February – Abu 'Amr 'Uthman, Hafsid caliph of Ifriqiya (d. 1488)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Ginevra d'Este (d. 1440)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – John of Sahagún, Spanish Augustinian friar, priest and saint (d. 1479)


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1485)


text: Barbara Fugger, German banker (d. 1497)


text: Abd al-Haqq II, last Marinid Sultan of Morocco (d. 1465)


date: February 11

text: February 11 – At Zaranj in modern-day Afghanistan, Shams al-Din 'Ali ibn Qutb al-Din becomes the new malik (monarch) of Sistan upon the death of his father, Qutb al-Din Muhammad ibn Shams al-Din Shah 'Ali.


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Vincent Ferrer, Spanish missionary and saint (b. 1350)


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, King of Bohemia since 1378 (b. 1361)


text: August 16 – King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia dies of a heart attack at the age of 58, leading to the outbreak shortly thereafter of the Hussite Wars.


text: September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (assassinated) (b. 1371)


date: December 17

text: December 17 – William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England


text: Stella de’ Tolomei, Italian courtier


text: Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (b. 1357)


text: Emperor Antoninus Pius orders the construction of the Antonine Wall. The wall stretches 39 miles (63 km), from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde, to Carriden near Bo'ness on the Firth of Forth (Scotland). The Romans build 19 forts and smaller fortlets (milecastles), to protect the border against the Caledonians.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Marcion proclaims that the Old Testament is incompatible with Christianity.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


section: Science & Discovery

text: The Chinese Taoist alchemist Wei Boyang, author of the Kinship of the Three, is the first to describe an early form of gunpowder solution.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: Municipal doctors are named throughout the Roman Empire.


text: First year of the Hanan era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.


text: Liu Biao, Chinese governor (d. 208)


text: Elpinice, Roman noblewoman (d. 165)


text: Papinian, Roman jurist and praetorian prefect (d. 212)


text: Hyginus, bishop of Rome (approximate date)


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Treaty of Troyes: With the Burgundian faction dominant in France, King Charles VI of France acknowledges Henry V of England as his heir, and as virtual ruler of most of France.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – King Henry V summons the English Parliament, directing its members to assemble at Westminster on December 2.


date: December 2

text: December 2 – The 9th Parliament of King Henry V of England is opened at Westminster, and selects Roger Hunt as Speaker of the House of Commons.


date: January 25

text: January 25 – The civil war in Switzerland, which has pitted the cantons of Lucerne, Uri and Unterwalden, supporting rebels in Valais against the Baron of Valais and against the Canton of Bern, is ended by the signing of a treaty at the neutral town of Zug, after mediation by Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy.


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor, orders the execution of the Hussite Jan Krása, who had led an uprising against the Empire at Wroclaw.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Hussite Wars After their offer of a surrender is refused, the outnumbered Hussites of Bohemia, led by Jan Zizka, defeat the invading Holy Roman Imperial forces at the Battle of Sudoměř fought near modern-day Čejetice in the Czech Republic.


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg leads a decisive defeat of the Pomeranian Alliance in the battle of Angermünde.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – Great Frisian War: In a war that began 70 years earlier in 1350 The Skieringers, led by Sikke Sjaarda, capture the city of Bolsward (part of Friesland in the modern Netherlands) from the wealthier Fetkeapers. The allies of the Fetkeapers, led by Focko Ukena, then react and make a counterattack on May 12 at Palesloot near Hindeloopen.


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Naval and military forces of the Republic of Venice, led by Admiral Loredan, begin their assault on the territory of Dalamatia in order to control the Adriatic. By October, the area is under Venetian control.


date: June 12

text: June 12–July 14 – The Hussites of Jan Zizka defeat the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Germany, the Duchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Vítkov Hill on the outskirts of Prague.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – In a crusade against the Hussites, Holy Roman Imperial forces begin the siege of Vyšehrad


date: September 24

text: September 24 – The Ottoman Army defeats a rebellion, led by Miklós Csáki, Voivode of Transylvania (modern Romania). Two days later, the Ottoman troops loot and burn the city of Orăștie and take thousands of Transylvanian civilians as slaves.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Beijing ("Northern Capital") is officially designated the capital of Ming dynasty China by the Yongle Emperor, replacing Nanjing, during the same year that the Forbidden City, the seat of government, is completed and construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in the new capital city.


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Vyšehrad – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, fails and is ejected from Bohemia.


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Hundred Years' War: Melun surrenders to the English.


text: Tang Saier starts a rebellion against the emperor of China, and takes two cities with her rebel army, before she is defeated.


text: Alexander the Good defends Moldavia against the first incursion by the Ottomans, at the Cetatea Albă fortress.


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Admiral Pietro Loredan of the Republic of Venice is assigned to carry out the conquest of Dalmatia (later part of Croatia) across the Adriatic Sea.


text: Henry V of England's flagship Grace Dieu is commissioned and makes her only voyage.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Pope Martin V issues the papal bull Omnium plasmatoris domini, calling upon Roman Catholics to unite in a crusade against what he considers heretic Christian sects, including the adherents of John Wycliffe (Lollards) and the followers of Jan Hus (Hussites).


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Ferdinand de Palacios, an envoy of the Pope, publishes the papal bull at Wroclaw, calling for a crusade against the Hussites.


date: April 22

text: April 22 – A dispute between the County of Nassau-Siegen and the Electorate of Trier over who shall be made count of Isenburg-Limburg is settled after negotiations.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Prince Henry the Navigator is appointed Grand Master of the Military Order of Christ.


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Troops of the Republic of Venice capture Udine after a long siege, ending the independence of the Patriarchal State of Friuli, run by the Patriarch of Aquileia.


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Construction of the dome of Florence Cathedral is started, after Filippo Brunelleschi wins the commission for his "double shell" design.


date: February 14

text: February 14 – English Lollard William Taylor is acquitted of charges of heresy in a trial before the Archbishop of Canterbury, Henry Chichele. Taylor will in 1423 be convicted of heresy and burned at the stake.


date: May 23

text: May 23 – Albert V, Duke of Austria, issues the Vienna Gesera, a campaign of expulsion or extermination of the 1,500 Jewish residents of Vienna. Those who are not imprisoned are executed 10 months later, and similar persecutions are carried out in other cities in Austria.


date: August 31

text: August 31 – A 9.4 M S -strong earthquake shakes Chile's Atacama Region, causing tsunamis in Chile, as well as Hawaii and Japan.


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Catherine of Valois (daughter of Charles VI of France) is married to King Henry V of England.


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Dorothea of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg (d. 1491)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – George of Poděbrady, King of Bohemia (d. 1471)


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Anna of Saxony, Landgravine of Hesse, German royalty (d. 1462)


date: July 19

text: July 19 – William VIII of Montferrat (d. 1483)


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Elisabeth of Cleves, Countess of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg, German noble (d. 1488)


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Tomás de Torquemada, first grand inquisitor of Spain (d. 1498)


text: Nicolas Jenson, French engraver (d. 1480)


text: Jean Fouquet, French painter (d. 1481)


date: June 11

text: June 11 – John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg (b. c. 1369)


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Adolf I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b. 1362)


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Pierre d'Ailly, French theologian and cardinal (b. 1351)


date: August

text: August – Radu II of Wallachia, supported by the Ottomans, and Dan II, with Hungarian help, start a seven-years-long struggle for the throne of Wallachia, after Michael I is killed in a battle. The throne of Wallachia will switch from one to another about four times until 1427, when Radu II dies.


text: August – Michael I, ruler of Wallachia (killed in battle)


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Murdoch Stewart becomes the new Duke of Albany and Regent of Scotland for King James I, upon the death of his father Robert Stewart. During his time governing Scotland, Murdoch makes no effort to secure King James's release from captivity in England until forced to do so by political pressure.


text: September 3 – Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland (b. 1339)


text: King Lukeni lua Nimi of the Kingdom of Kongo (b. 1380)


text: Epiphanius the Wise, Russian hagiographer


date: March 17

text: March 17 – 12 Rabi al-Awwal 824 AH: Ibrahim ibn Hasan ibn Ajlan and his brother Barakat ibn Hasan are confirmed by the Mamluk Egyptian Sultan Al-Muzaffar Ahmad as co-Emirs of Mecca.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – At Erciş in what is now Turkey, Iskandar ibn Yusuf is crowned as the Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu, a kingdom encompassing what are now eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and northern Iraq, northern Armenia and all of Azerbaijan.


date: September 28

text: September 28– A treaty is signed at Vienna between Sigismund, King of Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia and Germany and Albert V, Duke of Austria for Sigismund's daughter Elizabeth of Luxembourg, to marry Albert (on April 19, 1422) and confirming Elizabeth's rights as heiress presumptive to the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia.


date: October 20

text: October 20–King Henry V summons the English Parliament for the last time in his life, directing the members to assemble at Westminster on December 1.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – The 11th and last Parliament of King Henry V assembles at Westminster and elects Richard Baynard as Speaker of the House of Commons.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Battle of Baugé: A small French force, led by Gilbert Motier de La Fayette, surprises and defeats a smaller English force under Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, a brother of King Henry V of England, in Normandy. Thomas, heir to the throne and Crown Prince, is killed in the attack, along with about 1,000 other of men.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr, son of the Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr, accepts a pardon from, and swears loyalty to England's King Henry V, formally bringing an end to the Glyndŵr rebellion.


date: June 10

text: June 10 – One year after returning home for his marriage to Catherine of Valois, and in the English defeat in the Battle of Baugé, King Henry V of England sails back to France with new troops to continue fighting in the Hundred Years' War.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Prince Charles of Valois, the oldest son of King Charles VI and former Dauphin before being disinherited by his father, captures the English fortress at Gallardon and has the entire garrison executed for treason, and then retakes Chartres.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – A ceasefire is declared in the Great Frisian War as the representatives warring parties agree to a treaty at the city of Greetsiel in what is now the German region of Ostfriesland. A boundary is set at the Lauwers River in the Netherlands with the territory to the west (Friesland) going to the Frisian rebel group, the Skieringers. The lands to the east Groningen go the Fetkeapers.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – At the Battle of Brüx, Hussite troops led by Jan Želivský, are defeated by the German Saxon baron Frederick of Meissen at what is now the city of Most in what is now the Czech Republic.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Sayf al-Din Tatar, becomes the new Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria after leading a coup d'état overthrowing and imprisoning his brother, Al-Muzaffar Ahmad.


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Hussite Wars: At the Battle of Kutná Hora, the Bohemian Hussites led by Jan Zizka, and using the best weapons available, force the exit of the crusaders of the Holy Roman Empire. Among the new wespons developed by Zizka's officers are the "war wagon", a vehicle with reinforced sides and small openings from which guns can be fired.


date: December 26

text: December 26 – In India, Ahmad Shah I, the Sultan of Gujarat and his troops, camped at Sarangpur, resist a surprise counter-attack by the army of the Malwa Sultanate, led by the Sultan Hoshang Shah.


date: March 3

text: March 3 – Zheng He receives an imperial order from China's Emperor Zhu Di to begin the Ming treasure voyages, carrying imperial letters, silk products and other gifts to various rulers of countries around the Indian Ocean.


text: Portuguese sailors sent by Prince Henry the Navigator cross Cape Non, going as far as Cape Bojador.


date: February 23

text: February 23 – The coronation of Catherine of Valois as Queen consort of England takes place at Westminster Abbey.


date: April 24

text: April 24 – The Sedlec Abbey, a monastery for the Cistercians order in Bohemia, is looted and burned by Hussites led by Jan Žižka, and several of the monks inside are killed.


text: Traditional date – Larabanga Mosque is founded, in modern-day northern Ghana.


section: Economy & Finance

text: John III of Dampierre, Marquis of Namur, sells his estates to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.


text: The first patent is issued by the Republic of Florence.


date: March 12

text: March 12 – In his campaign to rid Germany of Jewish people, Albert V, Duke of Austria issues a death sentence against wealthy Jews who had been imprisoned as part of his order of May 23, 1420. On March 12, the burning at the stake of 120 women and 92 men is carried out south of the city walls of Vienna.


date: November 17

text: November 17–19 – St. Elizabeth's flood: The coastal area near Dordrecht in the Netherlands is flooded, due to the extremely high tide of the North Sea; 72 villages are drowned, killing about 10,000 people, and the course of the Meuse is changed.


date: January 19

text: January 19 – The coronation of John VIII Palaiologos as the Emperor of Byzantium, the "Eastern Roman Empire", takes place in Constantinople.


date: September 12

text: September 12– In what is now South Korea, Taejong of Goryeo, King of Joseon from 1400 to 1418, then King Emeritus since 1418, is crowned as the first Grand King Emeritus of Joseon.


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Francesco Sassetti, Italian banker (d. 1490)


date: May 29

text: May 29 – Charles, Prince of Viana (d. 1461)


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1463)


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (d. 1461)


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Thomas Dutton, English knight (d. 1459)


date: October 10

text: October 10 – John Paston, English politician (d. 1466)


date: December 6

text: December 6 – King Henry VI of England (d. 1471)


text: date unknown – Sōgi, Japanese poet and Buddhist priest (d. 1502)


date: January 10

text: January 10 – Niccolò I Trinci, lord of Foligno (assassinated)


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Al-Muzaffar Ahmad becomes the Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria upon the death of his father, Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh


date: January 15

text: January 15 – Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, queen consort of Armenia and Cyprus (born 1353)


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (killed in battle) (born 1388)


date: April 21

text: April 21 – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (born 1385)


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his son, Murad II.


text: May 26 – Mehmed I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1389)


date: May

text: May – Balša III, ruler of Zeta


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Jean Le Maingre, marshal of France (b. 1366)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad beomes the fourth Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria in less than a year when his father Sayf al-Din Tatar, dies after only three months on the throne.


date: February 1

text: February 1 – The Peace of Groningen is signed in the Dutch city of the same name with 94 chieftains of rebels and Allies agreeing to preserve the Frisian right to self-government as well as barring foreign lords from Frisian land and bringing an end to the Great Frisian War after nine years.


date: September 27

text: September 27 – The Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after the brief Gollub War. The Prussian–Lithuanian border established by the treaty remains unchanged, until World War I.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – The Duke of Bedford Regent for King Henry VI of England, summons the members of Parliament to assemble at Westminster on November 9.


date: November 9

text: November 9 – At the opening of the English Parliament, the House of Commons elects Roger Flower as its speaker.


text: January 10 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Německý Brod: The Hussites defeat an army of Royalist Crusaders.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Friso-Hollandic Wars: The Hollandic fortress of Lemmer is captured by the Frisian Skieringer rebels. Lemmer's commander, Floris of Alkemade, is taken prisoner and executed. The result prompts both sides to enter into a settlement.


date: March 11

text: March 11 – On Okinawa Island, now part of Japan, King Shō Hashi of Chūzan begins a war against the two other kingdoms on the island, Hokuzan and Nanzan and begins the unification of Okinawa.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Hundred Years' War – The Siege of Meaux ends in France after more than five months as the starving citizens of the walled city of Meaux open the city gates and surrender to the English forces led by King Henry V. The city had been under siege since October 6. The city's defending troops flee across a bridge to their last line of defense, the fortress known as Le Marché.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Barsbāy leads a coup d'etat against the Egyptian Sultan Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad and begins a 16-year reign as the new Sultan.


date: May 10

text: May 10 – The last French defenders of the siege of Meaux surrender their fortress at Le Marche when the starving members of the garrison threaten to rebel.


date: June 10

text: June 10–September – The Ottoman sultan Murad II besieges Constantinople; the siege is broken off as a result of the rebellion of Küçük Mustafa.


date: November 7

text: November 7 – After being returned to England from France, and then being taken on a two-day journey from Southwark to Temple Bar and thence to London, the body of the late King Henry V is buried at Westminster Abbey.


date: December 9

text: December 9 – The Regency Council of the infant King Henry VI of England assembles for the first time with 18 nobles, led by John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, the uncle of the King and the brother of the late King Henry V. Because the Duke of Bedford serves primarily in France to command English forces there in the ongoing war, another uncle, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, leads the regency most of the time during the King's minority.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Use of the Spanish era dating system (which begins counting from 38 BC rather than from 1 AD, and thus refers to the year 1422 as "1460") ends as the Kingdom of Portugal, last on the Iberian peninsula to continue the style of dating, goes to Anno Domini dates.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – King Charles VI of France passes away at the age of 53 after years of mental illness, and rival groups fight over who his successor will be. In Paris, Henry VI of England, the 10-month old son of the late French regent, England's King Henry V, and grandson of King Charles VI, is proclaimed King Henri II of France. In Bourges, the Dauphin Charles, eldest son of King Charles VI, is proclaimed as King Charles VII.


text: On the Italian Peninsula, Venice has a population of 84,000, of which 200 men rule the city, while Florence has a population of 40,000, of which 600 men rule the city.

source_section: Events › Undated


date: March 9

text: March 9 – In Prague, the Hussite priest Jan Želivský is arrested when he appears at the city hall. Already known for overseeing the killing of Catholic civilians and the pillaging of Catholic towns outside of Prague, is blamed for the Czech Bohemian loss at the August 5 Battle of Brüx. He is sentenced to death and beheaded on the same day.


date: July 11

text: July 11 – In Italy, a group of about 100 Romani people, described as "Gypsies" arrive in Bologna with a stated intention of traveling to Rome to meet the Pope. Their leader, calling himself "Duke Andrea", shows to local officials a decree allegedly signed by the King of Hungary that is said to grant them the right to commit robberies "without penalty or penance" wherever they travel, as a reward for 4,000 gypsies being re-baptized into the Christian faith.


date: December 18

text: December 18 – King Charles VII of France marries Marie of Anjou in a ceremony at Bourges.


date: March 8

text: March 8 – Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1479)


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (d. 1482)


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Catherine, Princess of Asturias, Spanish royal (d. 1424)


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Gaston IV, Count of Foix, French nobleman from Bearn (d. 1472)


date: November 29

text: November 29 – Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont, English baron (d. 1460)


text: approximate – Agnès Sorel, French courtier, mistress of Charles VII of France (d. 1450)


text: date unknown – Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, Timurid ruler in Khurasan (d. 1457)


text: probable – William Caxton, English printer (d. c. 1491)


date: January 15

text: January 15 – Charlotte of Bourbon, Queen of Cyprus, consort and wife of King Janus since 1411, dies after contracting pneumonic plague as an epidemic spreads across the island kingdom.


text: March 9 – Jan Želivský, Hussite priest (executed) (b. 1380)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Michelle of Valois, French princess and duchess consort of Burgundy (b. 1395)


date: August 31

text: August 31 – King Henry V of England (b. 1386)


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Henry VI becomes King of England, at the age of nine months, upon the death of his father, King Henry V.


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Emperor Constantine II of Bulgaria (b. after 1370)


text: October 21 – King Charles VI of France (b. 1368)


text: Ottoman forces overrun the last domains of Constantine II of Bulgaria, who dies in exile at the Serbian court, ending the Bulgarian Empire.


text: probable – Thomas Walsingham, English chronicler


date: January 6

text: January 6 – The Electorate of Saxony merges with the Margravate of Meissen and the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg.


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Hundred Years' War: The Treaty of Amiens is signed as a mutual defense treaty between the Duchy of Burgundy, the Duchy of Brittany and the Kingdom of England.


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi abdicates as shogun of Japan and is succeeded by his son, Ashikaga Yoshikazu.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – The Treaty of Melno signed on September 27 to end the Gollub War between the State of the Teutonic Order (on the Baltic Sea, with a capital at Marienburg) and the alliance of Poland and Lithuania, is ratified by all three parties.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Pope Martin V gives his approval of the Treaty of Melno.


date: August 12

text: August 12 – The Treaty of Sveti Srdj ends the Second Scutari War, waged between the Serbian Despotate and the Venetian Republic, over Scutari, and other former possessions of Zeta, captured by the Venetians.


date: October 20

text: October 20 – The Second Parliament of King Henry VI of England assembles after having been summoned on September 1. The House of Commons, led by John Russell, will consider laws until its adjournment on February 28.


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Three weeks before his second birthday, King Henry VI of England is brought before the assembled members of the House of Lords and the House of Commons for the first time.


text: The three independent boroughs of Pamplona are united into a single town by royal decree, after centuries of feuds.


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Hundred Years War: The island of Tombelaine, off of the coast of France, is taken by English forces in order to be used as a base to attack Mont Saint-Michel.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – After failing to defeat Hushang Shah in a siege of Salangpur, the Gujarat Sultan Ahmad Shah I is attacked by Hushang's army while on his way back to Ahmedabad. He wins the battle and resumes his trip home.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Hořice: The Taborites decisively beat the Utraquists.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: After a two-day battle, Turakhan Beg, Ottoman governor of Thessaly, breaks through the Hexamilion wall, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula in Greece.


date: July 31

text: July 31 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated at Cravant, on the banks of the River Yonne near Auxerre, by the English and their Burgundian allies.


date: August

text: August – China's Emperor Cheng Zu launches his fourth campaign against the Northern Yuan.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – The first occupation force from the Republic of Venice arrives at the Greek city of Thessalonia, recently purchased from the Ottoman Empire with six galleys entering the harbor.


date: September 26

text: September 26 – Hundred Years' War: The Battle of La Brossinière is fought in France near Bourgon in what is now the Mayenne département. The English force of 2,800 men, under the command of Sir John De la Pole, is crushed by the armies of France, Anjou and Maine, and the English suffer more than 1,400 deaths.


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Hussite Wars: In what is now the Czech Republic, General Sigismund Korybut, commander of the Hussite Army, withdraws his troops from Prague on the orders of Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland.


text: Dan II of Wallachia, with Hungarian help, wins two battles against the Ottomans.


date: December 15

text: December 15 – After a two-year expedition to Byzantium, Giovanni Aurispa arrives in Venice with largest and finest collection of Greek language texts up to that time, including 238 ancient manuscripts.


date: November 16

text: November 16 – On behalf of the infant King Henry VI of England, Duke of Bedford, Regent for France, confirms the 1315 Norman Charter.


date: May 23

text: May 23 – The Sultan of Gujarat, Ahmad Shah I is finally able to return home to reassume the throne.


date: September 28

text: September 28 – The English nobility swear their loyalty to King Henry VI.


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Johann II of Nassau-Saarbrücken, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1429–1472) (d. 1472)


date: May 18

text: May 18 – Lady Katherine Percy, English nobility (d. 1475)


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Georg von Peuerbach, Austrian astronomer (d. 1461)


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Ferdinand I of Naples (d. 1494)


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Gabriele Sforza, Archbishop of Milan (d. 1457)


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Louis XI, monarch of the House of Valois, King of France from 1461 to 1483 (d. 1483)


date: July 6

text: July 6 – Antonio Manetti, Italian mathematician and architect (d. 1497)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (d. 1500)


text: August – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek scholar (d. 1511)


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Eleanor, Princess of Asturias (d. 1425)


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Margaret of Bavaria, Burgundian regent (b. 1363)


date: March

text: March – Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1358)


date: April 15

text: April 15 – Francesco Foscari is elected the new Doge of the Republic of Venice after the death of Tommaso Mocenigo. He will serve as the Venetian Republic's executive for 34 years before being forced to abdicate a few days before his death in 1457.


text: May 23 – Antipope Benedict XIII (b. 1328)


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón, a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop, is elected by bishops in Avignon as the third "antipope", succeeding the late Antipope Benedict XIII, who had died on May 23 after a reign of more than 20 years. Sánchez Muñoz takes the name of Antipope Clement VIII as the Avignon clergy disagree with Pope Martin V of Rome.


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Ataullah Muhammad Shah I begins a 50-year reign as the Sultan of Kedah in what is now Malaysia, following the death of his father, Sulaiman Shah I, who had reigned for 50 years after becoming Sultan in 1373.


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Henry Bowet, Archbishop of York


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Nicholas Eudaimonoioannes, Byzantine diplomat


date: December 15

text: December 15 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights


date: March 28

text: March 28 – King James I of Scotland is released after having been held captive in England for 18 years. James is freed after putting his royal seal on a ransom treaty of £40,000, secured by Scottish hostages taking his place, as agreed at Durham, England.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – After the signing of a treaty between the different factions in the Hussite Wars, the Bohemian campaign is completed in the modern-day Czech Republic.

source_section: Events › July –September


text: Dalmatia: Aliota Capenna, lord of Lesina (modern-day Hvar), offers his realm to the Republic of Venice (also said to have occurred in 1409 and 1421).


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Wars in Lombardy: The army of the Florentine Republic, led by Captain Pandolfo III Malatesta, storms the city of Romagna.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – China's Emperor Zhu Di, angry over the refusal of the Mongolian vassal Arughtai to pay tribute, departs from Beijing with an army of almost one million troops on a campaign in Inner Mongolia.


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Battle of L'Aquila: Jacopo Caldora and Micheletto Attendolo, for the Kingdom of Naples, defeat Braccio da Montone, for Alfonso V of Aragon.


date: July 28

text: July 28 – The army of the Duchy of Milan, led by the Duke Filippo Maria Visconti, defeats the Republic of Florence's army, led by Carlo I Malatesta, in the Battle of Zagonara.


date: August 17

text: August 17 – Battle of Verneuil: An English force under John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, defeats a larger French army under John II, Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Archibald, Earl of Douglas. Alençon is captured and Douglas killed.


date: September 23

text: September 23 – The Hussites, led by Jan Žižka, begin marching towards North Moravia to suppress the ongoing rebellion there.


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Radu II Chelul becomes the Prince of Wallachia (now in Romania) for the third time, taking over from Dan II after an Ottoman invasion.

source_section: Events › October –December


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt under the leadership of Egyptian general Ibn bint al-Aqsarayi launch a series of military expeditions marking the start of the Mamluk campaigns against Cyprus (1424–1426).


date: January 23

text: January 23 – William Cheyne becomes the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, replacing the late William Hankford.


date: February 1

text: February 1 – While negotiating his release from captivity, King James of Scotland is allowed to be married to Joan Beaufort in London, with a ceremony taking place at Southwark Cathedral.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – The coronation of Sophia of Halshany, wife of Władysław II Jagiełło, as Queen consort of Poland takes place at the Kraków Cathedral.


date: May 21

text: May 21 – The coronation of James I as King of Scotland takes place at Scone Abbey in the Scottish town of Scone. After the ceremony King James performs his first knighthood ceremony, honoring 18 prominent nobles.


date: November

text: November – The Bourges astronomical clock, designed by Jean Fusoris, is installed in Bourges Cathedral as a gift to the town from Charles VII of France.


date: April 5

text: April 5 – King James returns to Scotland for the first time since 1406, after being escorted to the border along with his wife Joan Beaufort, Queen consort, by English and Scottish nobles.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Louis IV, Elector Palatine (1436–1449) (d. 1449)


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Blanche II of Navarre (d. 1464)


date: August 10

text: August 10 or 1426 – Boniface III, Marquess of Montferrat (d. 1494)


date: August

text: August – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek scholar (d. 1511)


date: October 31

text: October 31 – King Władysław III of Poland (d. 1444)


date: December 8

text: December 8 – Anselm Adornes, Merchant, politician and diplomat (d. 1483)


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France (d. 1445)


text: date unknown – Mary of Looz-Heinsberg, Dutch noble woman (d. 1502)


text: date unknown – Abu Sa'id Mirza, ruler of Persia and Afghanistan (d. 1469)


date: January 4

text: January 4 – Muzio Sforza, Italian condottiero


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Stephen Zaccaria, Latin Archbishop of Patras


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Lucia Visconti, English countess (b. 1372)


date: May 10

text: May 10 – Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Braccio da Montone, Italian condottiero


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Duke Ernest of Austria (b. 1377)


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Johannes Ambundii, Archbishop of Riga


date: August 12

text: August 12 – China's Yongle era Emperor, Zhu Di, dies at the age of 64 while leading an expedition of almost one million soldiers in an attempt to capture the Mongol leader Arughtai. The Emperor suffers a fatal stroke at at Yumuchuan in what is now Inner Mongolia, while Arughtai has escaped.


date: August 17

text: August 17 – John Stewart, Earl of Buchan (b. c. 1381)


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Prince Zhu Gaochi of China becomes the Hongxi Emperor (Emperor Renzong) of the Ming dynasty, beginning the Hongxi era, after the August 12 death of his father, the Emperor Zhu Di.


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Catherine, Princess of Asturias, Castilian royal (b. 1422)


date: October 11

text: October 11 – Jan Žižka, Czech general and Hussite leader


text: October 11 – Prokop the Great takes command of the Hussites after the death of Jan Žižka from the plague.


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Zhu Zhanji is designated as the Crown Prince of Ming dynasty China by his father, the Hongxi Emperor. The Emperor dies eight months later and Zhu Zhanji becomes the Xuande Emperor on June 27, 1425.


date: January 13

text: January 13 – The Venetian Republic's Great Council authorizes spending to equip 25 galleys for use as warships.

source_section: Events › January – March


date: January 19

text: January 19 – The Yongle Era ends in China and the Hongxi era begins.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – King Henry VI of England summons the English Parliament, ordering the members to assemble on April 30 at Westminster.


date: March 12

text: March 12 – King James I of Scotland opens a brief session of the Scottish Parliament, which opens at Perth and ends after only five days.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – The Third English Parliament of King Henry VI opens at Westminster for a session of almost three months. Thomas Walton is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.

source_section: Events › April –June


date: July 14

text: July 14 – The English Parliament closes as King Henry VI gives royal assent to the Labourers Act 1425, the River Lee Navigation Act 1425 and laws requiring a royal license for exportation of sheep and for exportation of butter and cheese.


date: October 7

text: October 7 – King Charles VII of France and John V, the English Duke of Brittany, sign the Treaty of Saumur to settle the war between the kingdom and the duchy.


text: The Maltese people rise up against Don Gonsalvo Monroy, count of Malta. The insurgents repel an attempt by the Viceroy of Sicily to bring the island to order. The Maltese do not submit to Catalan-Aragonese rule, until the Magna Charta Libertatis, granting them their new rights, is delivered to them.


date: August

text: August – (Tawthalin 787 ME); King Thihathu of Ava, the Burmese monarch in what is now Myanmar, is ambushed at Amarapura after being guided into a trap by one of his wives, Queen Shin Bo-Me. His 8-year-old nephew, Min Hla, becomes the new King while Shin Bo-Me seeks a way to take the throne for herself.


date: October 17

text: October 17 – (4 Dhu al-Hijjah 828 AH) Hasan ibn Ajlan becomes the Emir of Mecca for the third and last time, after having been replaced for 18 months by Ali ibn Inan.


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Kale Kye-Taung Nyo becomes King of Ava by having his lover, Queen Shin Bo-Me, assassinate his 8-year-old nephew, King Min Hla.


text: Beijing, capital of China, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Nanjing (estimated date).


date: July 21

text: July 21 – The Great Council of Venice agrees to accept many of the demands by the residents of occupied Thessalonia and requests Venetian administrators to respect the customs and rights of the citizens and to work together with the Thessalonian local council of 12 nobles in the governance of the city.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Discrimination against the Caquins of Brittany is increased as the Duke of Brittany, Jean V, forbids the Caquins from engaging in trade.


text: By this year, paper currency in China is worth only 0.025% to 0.014% of its original value in the 14th century; this, and the counterfeiting of copper coin currency, will lead to a dramatic shift to using silver as the common medium of exchange in China.


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Zhu Zhanji is formally enthroned as the Ming dynasty Emperor of China as the Emperor Xuanzong, beginning the Xuande Era.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – In Germany, Frederick of Wettin is enfoeffed by Sigismund, King of the Germans at Ofen as the new Elector of Saxony


date: December 9

text: December 9 – The Old University of Leuven, Belgium is founded.


text: Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi's critical history of Persia, Zafar Nama, is completed under the auspices of Mirza Ibrahim Sultan, grandson of Timur.


date: January 5

text: January 5 – Henry IV of Castile (d. 1474)


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, English nobleman (d. 1446)


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Bianca Maria Visconti, Duchess of Milan (d. 1468)


text: April 30 – William III, Landgrave of Thuringia (1445–1482) and Duke of Luxembourg (1457–1482) (d. 1482)


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Alesso Baldovinetti, Italian painter (d. 1499)


date: November 18

text: November 18 – Kunigunde of Sternberg, first spouse of King George of Poděbrady (d. 1449)


text: Xicotencatl I, ruler of Tizatlan (in modern-day Mexico) (d. 1522)


text: Edmund Sutton, English nobleman (d. 1483)


text: Krokodeilos Kladas, Greek military leader (d. 1490)


date: January 8

text: January 8 – The interment of Ming dynasty China's Yongle Emperor, who died on August 12, takes place at the Chang Mausoleum in Beijing's Ming tombs.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (b. 1391)


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Prince Vasily I of Moscow (b. 1371)


text: February 27 – 11 days shy of his tenth birthday, Vasily II becomes the new Grand Prince of Moscow upon the death of his father, Vasily I of Moscow. Vasily II's mother, Sophia of Lithuania, serves as his regent.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1407)


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany, Scottish politician (b. 1362)


date: May 29

text: May 29 – China's Emperor Renzong dies after a reign of only nine months. He is succeeded by his son, Prince Zhu Zhanji, who becomes the Xuande Emperor.


text: May 29 – Hongxi Emperor of China (b. 1378)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Elizabeth Fitzalan, Duchess of Norfolk, English noble (b. 1366)


date: July 21

text: July 21 – John VIII Palaiologos becomes the Emperor of Byzantium upon the death of the Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Eleanor, Princess of Asturias (b. 1423)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – King Charles III of Navarre (b. 1361)


text: September 8 – In Spain, King Carlos III of Navarre dies after a reign of 38 years. His daughter, Princess Bianca, becomes the Queen of Navarre and her husband, King John II of Aragon becomes her co-ruler.


text: Madhava of Sangamagrama, Indian mathematician (b. 1350)


date: January 7

text: January 7 – King Henry VI summons the Parliament of England, directing its members to meet at Leicester on February 18.


date: February 18

text: February 18 – The English Parliament, nicknamed the Parliament of Bats because the members are not allowed to carry swords and arm themselves with clubs to defend themselves, is opened by King Henry VI at Leicester. The House of Commons elects Richard Vernon as its speaker.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – The Parliament of Bats closes in England. Among the laws given royal assent by King Henry VI are a provision that writs and lawsuits against people who were later given knighthood "shall not abate for that cause," and another giving "licence to all the King's subjects to transport corn.


date: October 12

text: October 12 – Uckermark War (1425–1427): Representing Brandenburg, the Elector Friedrich and his son Johann "the alchemist" sign a treaty with William of Werle, ruler of one of the opposing states of Mecklenburg. Friedrich and Johann had recaptured the town of Prenzlau on August 23.


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Hook and Cod wars: The Battle of Brouwershaven is fought in the Netherlands between the Burgundian State, led by Duke Philip the Good, and the troops led by Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, with the Burugundians winning.


date: January 15

text: January 15 – England, led by Henry VI, declares war against the Duchy of Brittany and the Kingdom of France after Duke John V of Brittany (Jean le Sage) allies with France's King Charles VI.


date: March 6

text: March 6 – Hundred Years' War: After being besieged since February 27 in Saint-James (near Avranches in Normandy), a 600-strong force of English knights led by Sir Thomas Rempston routs a 16,000-strong French and Brittanian force under Arthur de Richemont, Constable of France, in the Battle of Saint-James. This forces the Duke of Brittany (Richemont's brother) to offer a truce and on September 8 to acknowledge Henry VI of England's suzerainty over France.


date: April 22

text: April 22 – The Second Scutari War between the Republic of Venice and the Serbian Despotate is formally ended by the signing of a treaty at the then Serbian city of Vushtrri in what is now Albania.


date: May 16

text: May 16 – In Burma, Kale Kye-Taung Nyo, ruler of the Kingdom of Ava, flees his capital. He is succeeded by Mohnyin Thado, who receives Thinkhaya III of Toungoo.


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Aussig: The Hussites decisively beat the crusading armies of Germany in the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade and then annihilate the town of Aussig (now Ústí nad Labem) the next day.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Battle of Khirokitia: King Janus of Cyprus is defeated by Egyptian troops under Ibn bint al-Aqsarayi and captured by the Mamluks and brought to Egypt, where he is ransomed after ten months.


date: September 17

text: September 17 (15 Dhu al-Qidah 829 AH) – Barakat ibn Hasan arrives in Mecca to officially assume the powers of the Emir of Mecca, after taking back over from his brother Abu al-Qasim.


date: November 7

text: November 7 – In Vietnam's Lam Sơn uprising against Chinese rule, Vietnamese rebels led by General Nguyễn Xí defeat a much larger force of the army of Ming dynasty China at the Battle of Tot Dong and Chuc Dong near what is now Hanoi, with at least 20,000 of the 54,000 Chinese troops killed.


date: August 16

text: August 16 (11 Shawwal 829 AH) – Barakat ibn Hasan, son of the late Hasan ibn Ajlan, is confirmed by the Egyptian Sultan Barsbay as the new Emir of Mecca, conditioned on paying the remaining 25,000 dinars owed by Hasan.


date: December 30

text: December 30 – A peace treaty is signed in Venice between the Republic of Venice (led by the Doge Francesco Foscari) and the Duchy of Milan (ruled by the Duke Filippo Maria Visconti), through the mediation the papal envoy, Cardinal Niccolò Albergati. Milan is required to relinquish control of Brescia and Vercelli to Venice, but regains control of its former lands in Liguria.


text: Castello Orsini-Odescalchi is built in Bracciano, Italy by the Orsini family.


date: February 8

text: February 8 – The Xuande Era begins in Ming dynasty China as the first Lunar New Year of the reign of the Emperor Xuanzong.


text: Eunuch-dominated secret police start to control the palace guards and imperial workshops, infiltrate the civil service, and head all foreign missions in China.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Eleanor of Navarre, queen regnant of Navarre (d. 1479)


date: February

text: February – Christian of Oldenburg, King of Denmark 1448–1481, of Norway 1450–1481 and of Sweden 1457–1464 (d. 1481)


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick (d. 1492)


date: September 19

text: September 19 – Maria of Cleves, French noble (d. 1487)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Johann IV Roth, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1506)


text: date unknown – John II, Duke of Bourbon (d. 1488)


date: March

text: March / May – Thomas Hoccleve, English poet (b. c. 1368)


date: April 25

text: April 25 (17 Jumada II 829 AH) – Hasan ibn Ajlan, who has been allowed to leave Cairo after being appointed by the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan as the Emir of Mecca and paying the first installment of a fee of 30,000 dinars, dies on the way back to Mecca. The Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Barsbāy, summons Hasan's sons Barakat ibn Hasan and Ibrahim ibn Hasan to Cairo to complete payment of the remaining 25,000 dinars owed.


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Hubert van Eyck, painter


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter, English Plantagenet noblewoman, daughter of John of Gaunt (b. c. 1363)


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, English nobleman and military leader (b. c. 1377)


date: December

text: December – Pippo Spano, Hungarian military leader (b. 1369)


text: date unknown – Tezozomoc, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco and military leader


text: c. late May – Kale Kye-Taung Nyo, deposed King of Ava (b. c. 1385)


date: June 16

text: June 16 – John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach ("the Alchemist", of the Hohenzollern family), signs a peace agreement with the dukes of the various Pomeranian duchies at the Brandenburg city of Templin, ending the latest Pomeranian-Brandenburg conflict.


date: October 13

text: October 13 – The English Parliament assembles at Westminster after being summoned on July 15 by England's Regency Council. John Tyrrell is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.


text: Bhaktapur Royal Palace in Nepal is built by King Yaksa Malla.


date: January

text: January – Radu II of Wallachia resumes the throne of Wallachia for the fourth time, but a seven-year struggle for it ends in March when he is defeated in battle, and probably killed, by Dan II, who resumes the throne for a fifth term.

source_section: Events › January–June


date: March 29

text: March 29 – In Vietnam, the Ming dynasty China army invades a second time, bringing 120,000 reinforcement troops led by General Mu Sheng to crush the Lam Sơn uprising.


date: April 22

text: April 22 – In France, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, is granted the control of the county of Mortain in Normandy by the Duke of Bedford, Regent for King Henry VI in France, as a reward for his military service during the war against the French.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – The Siege of Montargis is started in France by 1,000 Englishmen led by the Earl of Warwick and lasts for seven weeks.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Tachov – The Hussites decisively beat the crusader armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.


date: September 5

text: September 5 – A French Army relief force of 1,600 soldiers, led by Jean de Dunois, ends the siege of Montargis by luring the English Army into a trap. The Montargis defenders open the city gates and the English are attacked from two sides, losing more than 1,000 men and all of their artillery.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Lam Sơn uprising: China's General Liu Sheng arrives at China's border with Vietnam where a meeting is held with rebel leader Lê Lợi, who proposes settling the war by recognizing Tran Cao's rule as King of Đại Việt. The proposal is a pretext for Liu Sheng's army being lured into an ambush that soon follows, with 70,000 Chinese troops killed.


date: November 12

text: November 12 – To avoid further destruction of the Chinese army, General Wang Tong begins withdrawing troops from northern Vietnam's Jiaozhi region, having accepted a proposal by Vietnam without the approval of China's Xuande Emperor. The Emperor is informed of the proposal and agrees on November 20 to accept terms of peace.


date: December 29

text: December 29 – Victorious in the Lam Sơn uprising, Đại Việt (Vietnam) succeeds in forcing the withdrawal of Chinese troops from its territory as China's General Wang Tong and Vietnam's General Nguyễn Trãi agree to terms of disarmament and repatriation of 86,640 Ming Chinese prisoners in return for Chinese withdrawal.


text: The Conflict of Druimnacour occurs in Sutherland, Scotland.


text: Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (ancient Myanmar).


text: Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League.


text: Battle of the Echinades: A Byzantine fleet defeats the fleet of Carlo I Tocco.


date: August 17

text: August 17 – The first band of Gypsies visits Paris, according to an account of the citizens of Paris.


text: Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – The papacy of Pope Gabriel V of Alexandria, leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt, ends with his death after a reign of more than 17 years.


date: May 11

text: May 11 (16 Pashons, 1143 AM) – At Alexandria, Farag El-Maksi is elected as the new Patriarch of the Coptic Orthodox Christians and takes the regnal name of Pope John XI.


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Pope Martin V orders the Roman Catholic bishops of Portro and Alba to work on driving the Fraticelli faction of the Franciscan Order from Italy.


text: October 13 – Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England, is founded by the Bishop of Lincoln.


text: The Celestine Order is established in France.


text: Itzcoatl becomes the 4th Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, after his nephew Chimalpopoca is killed by the Maxtla, at Azcapotzalco.


text: The first witch hunts begin, in Switzerland.


date: February 23

text: February 23 – In Spain, the first tremors are felt in the Principality of Catalonia of what will become a devastating 6.7 magnitude earthquake that will happen less than a year later, on February 2, 1428.


date: June 27

text: June 27 – John III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard, is released from imprisonment after swearing an oath of allegiance to John, Margrave of Brandenburg.


text: The Celebration of Sant Jordi (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he will later become its patron saint).


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Ruprecht, Archbishop of Cologne (d. 1480)


date: May 8

text: May 8 – John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, Lord High Treasurer (d. 1470)


date: May 29

text: May 29 – Françoise d'Amboise, duchess consort of Brittany, co-founder of the first monastery of the Carmelites in France (d. 1485)


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Lucrezia Tornabuoni, Italian writer, adviser and spouse of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (d. 1482)


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English politician (d. 1464)


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (d. 1496)


date: November 24

text: November 24 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1473)


date: November 29

text: November 29 – Zhengtong Emperor of China (d. 1464)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland (d. 1492)


text: date unknown – Shen Zhou, Chinese painter (d. 1509)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – John IV of Brabant (b. 1403)


date: May 7

text: May 7 – Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman


date: May 28

text: May 28 – Henry IV, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (b. 1397)


date: July 19

text: July 19 – Stefan Lazarević, ruler of the Serbian Despotate, dies at Belgrade and is succeeded by his nephew, Đurađ Branković.


text: July 19 – Stefan Lazarević, Despot of Serbia (b. 1377)


text: Qu You, Chinese novelist (b. 1341)


text: Gentile da Fabriano, Italian painter


text: Chimalpopoca, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán (b. 1397)


text: Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (b. 1350)