text: November 12 – Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, Spanish archbishop and courtier (b. 1451)


date: August 30

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: August 30 – The French ambassador to England and King Henry VIII sign the Treaty of the More at a castle, "The More", in Hertfordshire.

source_section: Events › July–September


date: October 10

text: October 10 – the Earl of Angus, Scotland's Lord Warden of the Marches in charge of border security on the boundary with England, is able to work out a three-year peace treaty with the Kingdom of England and signs the initial agreement at the English border town of Berwick-upon-Tweed.

source_section: Events › October–December


text: The Age of Samael ends, and the Age of Gabriel begins, according to Johannes Trithemius.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


date: February 24

section: Conflict & Security

text: February 24 – Battle of Pavia: German and Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the French army, and capture Francis I of France, after his horse is wounded by Cesare Hercolani. While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a Franco-Ottoman alliance with Suleiman the Magnificent against the Habsburg Empire are made.

source_section: Events › January–March


date: April 4

text: April 4 – German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire: Battle of Leipheim – The peasants suffer great losses when they are attacked by Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg and the town of Leipheim is forced to surrender. Four peasant leaders are beheaded, including Jakob Wehe and Ulrich Schoen.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: May 14

text: May 14–15 – German Peasants' War: Battle of Frankenhausen – Insurgent peasants led by radical pastor Thomas Müntzer are defeated. Following the defeat, Müntzer is executed in front of the gates of Mühlhausen.


date: June 23

text: June 23–24 – German Peasants' War: Battle of Pfeddersheim – Peasants are defeated in the last significant action of the war, in which over 75,000 peasants have been killed.


text: Mixco Viejo, capital of the Pocomans Maya State, falls to the Spanish conquistadores of Pedro de Alvarado (in modern-day Guatemala) after a three-month siege.


date: December

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: December – The first French ambassador to reach the Sublime Porte, Jean Frangipani, sets out for Constantinople.


text: Kasur established as a city by the Kheshgi tribe of Pashtuns from Kabul who migrate to the region in 1525 from Afghanistan.


text: The Chinese Ministry of War under the Ming dynasty orders ships having more than one mast sailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed; this in an effort to curb piracy and limit private commercial trade abroad.


date: June 4

section: Religion & Belief

text: June 4 – 1525 Bayham Abbey riot; Villagers from Kent and Sussex, England riot and occupy Bayham Old Abbey for a week in protest against Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's order to suppress the monastery in order to fund two colleges founded by him.


date: July 29

text: July 29 – Santa Marta, the first city in Colombia, is founded by Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – In Switzerland, the burning of most of the book collection of the Stiftsbibliothek of the Grossmünster Abbey in Zurich begins, by order of Huldrych Zwingli, as part of the Swiss Reformation. After 20 days of destruction of a collection built since 1259 for over 250 years, only 470 volumes are left.


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Jeremias I is restored to the position of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, by order of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.


date: November 25

text: November 25 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as the King of Spain, issues an edict ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims in the Crown of Aragon, similar to that issued for the Crown of Castile by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia.


date: December 8

text: December 8 – A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia).


text: Printing of Huldrych Zwingli's New Testament 'Zürich Bible' translation into German by Christoph Froschauer begins.


text: Printing of the first edition of William Tyndale's New Testament Bible translation into English in Cologne is interrupted by anti-Lutheran forces and Tyndale flees to Worms (finished copies reach England in 1526).


section: Health & Medicine

text: European-brought diseases sweep through the Andes, killing thousands, including the Inca.


text: The Bubonic plague spreads in southern France.


date: February 28

section: Crime & Justice

text: February 28 – The last Aztec Emperor, Cuauhtémoc, is killed by Hernán Cortés.


date: December 31

text: December 31 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death.


text: The Navarre witch trials (1525-1526) begins.


date: January 21

section: Culture & Society

text: January 21 – The Anabaptist Movement is born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – In the German town of Memmingen, the pamphlet The Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed is published, the first human rights related document written in Europe.


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Albert, Duke of Prussia commits Prussian Homage.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Martin Luther marries ex-nun Katharina von Bora. The painter Lucas Cranach the Elder is one of the witnesses.


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Henry VIII of England appoints his six-year-old illegitimate son Henry FitzRoy Duke of Richmond and Somerset.


date: August 13

text: August 13 – The coronation of Sophie of Pomerania as Queen consort of Denmark takes place in Copenhagen, a little more than a year after her husband's coronation as King Frederick I. She is granted Lolland and Falster, the castles in Kiel and Plön, and several villages in Holstein for her income.


date: January 29

section: Births

text: January 29 – Lelio Sozzini, Italian Renaissance humanist and anti-Trinitarian reformer (d. 1562)

source_section: Births


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Juraj Drašković, Croatian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Richard Edwardes, English choral musician, playwright and poet (d. 1566)


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied, German noblewoman (d. 1581)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Caspar Peucer, German reformer (d. 1602)


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Peter Agricola, German Renaissance humanist, educator, classical scholar, theologian, diplomat and statesman (d. 1585)


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Christoffer Valkendorff, Danish politician (d. 1601)


date: September 11

text: September 11 – John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1598)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Steven Borough, English explorer (d. 1584)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Georg Cracow, German lawyer and politician (d. 1575)


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Tadeáš Hájek, Czech astronomer (d. 1600)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1576)


text: Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish painter (d. 1569)


text: date unknown – Maharal of Prague, Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic and philosopher (d. 1609)


date: January 14

section: Deaths

text: January 14 – Franciabigio, Florentine painter (b. 1482)

source_section: Deaths


date: February 24

text: February 24 (in action at the Battle of Pavia)


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Cuauhtémoc, last Tlatoani of the Aztec Empire (b. c. 1495)


date: April 2

text: April 2 or April 3 – Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, Italian Renaissance man of letters (b. 1475)


date: May 5

text: May 5 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (b. 1463)


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburgian royal (b. 1485)


date: May 18

text: May 18 – Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher (b. 1462)


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Thomas Müntzer, German pastor and rebel leader (b. 1489) (executed)


date: July 5

text: July 5 – Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Viceroy of Valencia, German noble (b. 1493)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Richard Wingfield, English diplomat (b. c. 1456)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Andrea della Robbia, Italian artist (b. 1435)


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre, Knight of Henry VIII of England (b. 1467)


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Eleanor of Viseu, queen of João II of Portugal (b. 1458)


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (b. 1459)


text: January 14 – Treaty of Madrid: Peace is declared between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis agrees to cede Burgundy and abandons all claims to Flanders, Artois, Naples, and Milan.


date: February 6

text: February 6 – Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, agrees to form a military alliance with France, after King François I sends a proposal by way of his envoy, Jean Frangipani.


date: February 27

text: February 27 – The League of Torgau is formed as an alliance of German princes to oppose the 1521 Edict of Worms.


date: March 6

text: March 6 – King François I of France is released from captivity in Spain after having signed the Treaty of Madrid.


date: November 10

text: November 10 – In eastern Hungary, at Székesfehérvár, a group of lesser nobles proclaims John Zápolya as proclaimed as the King of Hungary. The assembly proclaims the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, with a capital at Buda.


date: February 25

text: February 25 – The Battle of Hisar Firoza is fought in what is now the Indian state of Haryana, between the Mughal Empire (whose army is led by Prince Humayun) and the Delhi Sultanate, led by Hamid Khan. Humayun, in his first command, leads the Mughals to victory.


text: March 6 – After a defeat in battle of Afghan soldiers of the Delhi Sultanate by the Mughal Empire, the Mughal Emperor Babur and Crown Prince Humayun arrange the execution of 100 captured Afghan prisoners by "blowing from a gun, the process of placing or tying a condemned prisoner to the mouth of a cannon and then firing.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – King François I crosses from the Bidasoa River from Spain into France, while at the same time, his sons the Dauphin Prince François and Prince Henri, 8 and 5 at the time, cross into Spain to take his place as hostages to guarantee France's compliance with the Madrid Treaty. King François repudiates the treaty and the two boys remain captive for the next three years.


date: April 21

text: April 21 – Battle of Panipat: Babur becomes Mughal emperor, invades northern India and captures Delhi, creating the Mughal Empire, which lasts until 1857.


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Milan is captured by the Spanish.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman army of Sultan Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army of King Louis II, who drowns while retreating with his troops. Two rival groups seek to elect a successor to Louis. Suleiman takes Buda, while Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and John Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania, dispute the succession. As a result of the battle, Ragusa achieves independence, although it acknowledges Ottoman overlordship.


date: September 19

text: September 19 – Spanish Muslims who had hidden in the Sierra de Espadán mountain range in Valencia and who are led by Selim Almanzo are overwhelmed by a German contingent of 3,000 soldiers from the Holy Roman Empire. After their defeat, 5,000 adult Muslims (including old men and women) are massacred.


date: December 15

text: December 15 – (12th day of 11th month of Daiei 6) The siege of Kamakura takes place in Japan as the Uesugi clan defeats the Hōjō clan


date: July 25

text: July 25 – The Spanish ship Santiago, from García Jofre de Loaísa's expedition, reaches the Pacific Coast of Mexico and drops anchor at the Gulf of Tehuantepec, becoming the first ship to sail from Europe to the west coast of North America.


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón of Spain founded the failed colony, San Miguel de Gualdape in present-day Winyah Bay, Georgetown County, South Carolina. It was the first European settlement, as well as the first documented occurrence of enslavement of African peoples in what would later become the continental United States.


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar becomes the first European to sight the Marshall Islands, in the Pacific Ocean.


text: Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers first reach Inca territory in South America.


date: January 26

text: January 26 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity or leave is reached in the Crown of Aragon and the Principality of Catalonia as decreed by the edict of November 25 by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as King of Spain. The deadline for the Kingdom of Valencia had passed on December 31, 1525.


date: March

text: March – The first complete printed translation of the New Testament of the Bible into the English language by William Tyndale arrives in England from Germany, where printing had been completed in Worms by Peter Schöffer the younger, towards the end of February.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Francis repudiates the Treaty of Madrid and forms the League of Cognac against Charles, including Pope Clement VII, Milan, Venice, and Florence.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – The first official translation is made of the New Testament into Swedish; the entire Bible is completed in 1541.


date: October 23

text: October 23 – In October, Cuthbert Tunstall, the Roman Catholic Bishop of London, issues a proclamation directing followers to destroy all copies of Tyndale's New Testament.


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Gunsmith Bartolomeo Beretta establishes the Beretta Gun Company, which will still be in business in the 21st century, making it one of the world's oldest firearm corporations.


date: February 15

section: Science & Discovery

text: February 15 – Spanish author Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, commonly called "Oviedo", publishes the chronicle La Natural Hystoria De Las Indias (The Natural History of the Indies)


date: May 23

text: May 23 – A transit of Venus occurs, the last before optical filters allow astronomers to observe them.


date: March 7

text: March 7 – In Switzerland, the Canton of Zurich enacts a law directed against the Anabaptist movement, specifically outlawing a second baptism of an adult who was previously baptized as an infant, and makes the crime punishable by drowning. The penalty is enforced for the first time on January 5, 1527, when Felix Manz is executed.


date: February 9

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: February 9 – In Guatemala, a group of 16 deserters from the Spanish colonial army destroy Iximche, the capital of the indigenous kingdom of the Mayan Kaqchikel people, and burn the palace of the Ahpo Xahil


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, marries Princess Isabella of Portugal at the Alcázar of Seville palace in Spain.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Emperor Go-Nara ascends to the throne of Japan.


date: October 24

text: October 24 – The Bohemian Diet elects Archduke Ferdinand of the House of Habsburg as the King of Bohemia.


date: December 17

text: December 17 – At Pozsony in western Hungary (now Bratislava in Slovakia), the Diet elects the Archduke Ferdinand as the King of Hungary.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Louis Bertrand, Spanish missionary to Latin America, patron saint of Colombia (d. 1581)


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, Polish noble (d. 1608)


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Charles de L'Ecluse, Flemish botanist (d. 1609)


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Gonçalo da Silveira, Portuguese Jesuit missionary (d. 1561)


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon (d. 1596)


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Italian painter (d. 1593)


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton, English noble (d. 1565)


date: July 31

text: July 31 – Augustus, Elector of Saxony (d. 1586)


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Claude, Duke of Aumale (d. 1573)


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Dorothy Stafford, English noble (d. 1604)


date: October 30

text: October 30 – Hubert Goltzius, Dutch Renaissance painter-engraver (d. 1583)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Catherine Jagiellon, queen of John III of Sweden (d. 1583)


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, Spanish admiral (d. 1588)


date: December 26

text: December 26 – Rose Lok, English businesswoman and Protestant exile during the Tudor period (d. 1613)


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Catherine of the Palatinate, Abbess of Neuburg am Neckar (b. 1499)


date: January 19

text: January 19 – Isabella of Burgundy, queen of Christian II of Denmark (b. 1501)


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Lopo Vaz de Sampaio becomes the new Governor of Portuguese India following the February 2 death of the 30-year-old Governor Henrique de Meneses from gangrene resulting from a battle injury to his leg.


text: February 23 – Diego Colón, Spanish Viceroy of the Indies (b. c. 1479)


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Adolph II, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (b. 1458)


date: April 21

text: April 21 – Ibrahim Lodi, last Sultan of Delhi (in battle)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester (b. 1460)


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 2nd Duke of Alburquerque, Spanish duke (b. 1467)


date: July 14

text: July 14 – John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford, English noble (b. 1499)


date: July 30

text: July 30 – García Jofre de Loaísa, Spanish explorer (b. 1490)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Juan Sebastián Elcano, Spanish explorer (b. 1476)


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, Spanish explorer (b. 1480)


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, Italian condottiero (b. 1498)


text: December 12 – Le Chieu Tong, Emperor of Đại Việt, was killed by Mạc Đăng Dung (b. 1506)


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Croatian nobles elect Austrian monarch Ferdinand I as King of Croatia in the Parliament on Cetin.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – The Treaty of Westminster (1527), an alliance during the War of the League of Cognac, is signed.


date: May 16

text: May 16 – In Florence, the Piagnon, a group devoted to the memory of Girolamo Savonarola, drive out the Medici for a second time, re-establishing the Republic of Florence until 1530.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Spain's conquest of Guatemala's highlands is completed as the capital of the colonial government is moved to the new city of Ciudad Vieja from Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, near Iximche.


text: February 21 – The Mughal–Rajput wars begin in India between the Emperor Babur of the Mughal Empire and states of the Rajput Confederacy, with the victory of the Rajput faction at the Battle of Bayana.


date: March 17

text: March 17 – In India, the Battle of Khanwa is fought as the Mughal Emperor Babur defeats Rajput ruler Rana Sanga. This and two other major Moghul victories lead to their domination of northern India. Dhaulpur fort is taken by Babur.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – The Confederation of Shan States sacks Ava, the capital of the Ava Kingdom.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – General Div Sultan Rumlu, the regent for the 13-year old Tahmasp I, the Safavid Shah of Iran, is assassinated and replaced by Chukha Sultan Tekali.


date: July 25

text: July 25 – The Battle of Sződfalva is fought near Szeged in what is now Hungary, with an army of Hungarians and Romanian Transylvanians defeating a Serbian army led by Jovan Nenad, the self-proclaimed Emperor of the Serbs. The next day, Nenad is assassinated for his failure in battle.


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Battle of Tarcal: Ferdinand, future Holy Roman Emperor, defeats John Zápolya and takes over most of Hungary. John appeals to the Ottomans for help.


date: October 5

text: October 5 – French and Venetian troops kill thousands of civilians in the Italian city of Pavia, even after the defenders agree to surrender.


date: November 15

text: November 15 – The lands of the Bishopric of Utrecht, now in the Netherlands, are ceded to control of the Habsburgs in return for assistance in suppressing a rebellion by the citizens of Utrecht.


text: The second of the Dalecarlian rebellions breaks out in Sweden.


date: June 17

text: June 17 – The Narváez expedition to conquer Florida sets sail from Spain.


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Spanish conquistador Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón departs from Zihuatanejo in what is now Mexico on a voyage of exploration of the Pacific Ocean, along with three ships, Saavedra's flagship La Florida, and the vessels Espiritu Santo and Santiago.


date: December 15

text: December 15 – Two of the three ships of Álvaro de Saavedra are separated from his own vessel, La Florida, during a storm. The Espiritu Santo and Santiago, sailing ahead of La Florida, are never heard from again.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – The seven articles of the Schleitheim Confession are formally adopted by the Mennonite Anabaptist Christians at Schleitheim in the Canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Sack of Rome: Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome, forcing the Medici Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, marking the end of the High Renaissance. The Pope grows a beard in mourning.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Diet of Odense (Denmark): King Frederick I declares religious tolerance for Lutherans, permits marriage of priests and forbids seeking papal pallium (approval) for royal appointments of Church officials.


text: August 20 – Sixty Anabaptists meet at the Martyrs' Synod in Augsburg.


date: November 23

text: November 23 – The Érdy Codex, the largest collection of Hungarian legends and Hungarian language literature, is completed on Saint Clement's Day by an unidentified Carthusian monk at the seminary of Nagyszombat in Hungary


date: December 6

text: December 6 – Pope Clement VII, held prisoner at the Castel Sant'Angelo since the sack of Rome in May, is released after seven months of captivity, along with 16 Roman Catholic cardinals.


text: In England, Bishop Vesey's Grammar School (at Sutton Coldfield, in the West Midlands) is founded by Bishop John Vesey; and Sir George Monoux College is founded as a grammar school at Walthamstow by Sir George Monoux, draper and Lord Mayor of London.


date: August 3

text: August 3 – The first known letter is sent from North America by John Rut, while at St. John's, Newfoundland, during his voyage to the New World.


text: Members of the University of Wittenberg flee to Jena in fear of the bubonic plague.


date: January 5

text: January 5 – Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, is drowned in the Limmat in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church.


section: Climate & Environment

text: The Ming dynasty government of China greatly reduces the quotas for taking grain, severely diminishing the state's capacity to relieve famines through a previously successful granary system.


text: February 24 – Ferdinand of the House of Habsburg is formally crowned as King of Bohemia at Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia).


text: June 17 – The Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden. The Riksdag of the Estates in Västerås adopts Lutheranism as the state religion, in place of Roman Catholicism. This results in the confiscation of church property and dissolution of Catholic convents in accordance with the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Jakarta, modern-day capital of Indonesia, is founded as Jayakarta.


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is formally crowned as the King of Hungary at the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Székesfehérvár.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Alfonso d'Este, Lord of Montecchio, Italian nobleman (d. 1587)


date: March 28

text: March 28 – Isabella Markham, English courtier (d. 1579)


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Abraham Ortelius, Flemish cartographer and geographer (d. 1598)


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Agnes of Hesse, German noble, by marriage, Princess of Saxony (d. 1555)


date: June 11

text: June 11 – Anna Sophia of Prussia, Duchess of Prussia and Duchess of Mecklenburg (d. 1591)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Jean Vendeville, French law professor, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1592)


date: July 13

text: July 13 – John Dee, English mathematician, astronomer, and geographer (d. 1608)


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Barbara of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brieg, German princess (d. 1595)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – John Lesley, Scottish bishop (d. 1596)


date: October 2

text: October 2 – William Drury, English politician (d. 1579)


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Louis I, Cardinal of Guise, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1578)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham, English noble and politician (d. 1597)


text: November 3 – Tilemann Heshusius, Gnesio-Lutheran theologian (d. 1588)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Hugues Doneau, French lawyer (d. 1591)


text: January 5 – Felix Manz, leader of the Swiss Anabaptists (executed) (b. 1498)


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Queen consort Mary of Hungary, named as regent for the kingdom upon the August 29 death of her husband Louis II, asks permission from the Hungarian Diet to step down as the regent for the newly elected Frederick of Habsburg, but is denied.


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Shwenankyawshin, Burmese king of Ava (b. 1476)


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Rana Sanga, Indian ruler (b. 1484)


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1453)


text: April 19 – Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland (b. 1477)


date: April

text: April/May – Sir Thomas Docwra, English Grand Prior of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1458)


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne (b. 1490)


date: July 28

text: July 28 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conqueror and explorer (b. c. 1460)


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Leonhard Kaiser, German Lutheran theologian and reformer (executed) (b. c. 1480)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Margrave of Bayreuth (b. 1481)


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Johann Froben, Swiss printer and publisher (b. c. 1460)


date: November 4

text: November 4 – In India, Puranmal becomes the new Raja of the Kingdom of Amber (now in the Indian state of Rajasthan) after his father, the Raja Prithviraj Singh I dies of wounds sustained in March in the Battle of Khanwa.


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Catherine of York, English princess (b. 1479)


date: January 12

text: January 12 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned king of Sweden, having already reigned since his election in June 1523.


date: February 29

text: February 29 – John Zápolya, ruler of the remaining eastern portion of Hungary after its the acquisition of the western section by the Habsburg Austrians, joins in an alliance with the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Turks, receiving protection and autonomy in return for allowing Turkish occupation of his Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.


date: August 26

text: August 26 – Askia Muhammad I, ruler of the Songhai Empire in West Africa since 1493, is forced to abdicate by his son, Askia Musa, who declares himself to be the new Songhai Emperor.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Italian Admiral Andrea Doria defeats his former allies, the French, and establishes the independence of Genoa.


date: October 20

text: October 20 – The Treaty of Gorinchem is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Charles, Duke of Guelders.


date: December 9

text: December 9 – A new, three-member executive junta is appointed by the King of Spain to govern New Spain and the West Indies, with Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, Juan Ortiz de Matienzo, and Diego Delgadillo forming the first Audiencia Real. Beltran de Guzmán, Ortiz and Delgadillo succeed the two viceroys, Alonso de Estrada and Luis de la Torre. Beltran de Guzmán is designated as the President of the Audiencia.


text: Perak Sultanate and Johor Sultanate were established, both states being ruled by the sons of Mahmud Shah of Malacca.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – The Battle of Szina is fought in the Kingdom of Hungary between the two rival kings, John Zápolya of Eastern Hungary and Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, the Habsburg King of Western Hungary. Zapolya and his 15,000-man army are defeated by mercenaries hired by the Habsburgs.


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Siege of the southern Italian city of Melfi is started by the French Army, under the command of Marshal Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec. After killing the defenders and pulling down the city walls, the French troops plunder what remains and massacre more than 3,000 men, women and children.


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Battle of Capo d'Orso: The French fleet, under mercenary captain Filippino Doria, crushes the Spanish squadron trying to run the blockade of Naples.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – The Kyōroku era begins in Japan, with the last day of the Daiei era ending on Daiei 8, 20th day of the 8th month.


date: September 19

text: September 19 – War of the League of Cognac: The Italian city of Pavia is besieged for the fifth and last time during the decade, after having been attacked in 1522, 1524, 1527, and in May of 1528. Troops from a coalition of the Venetian Republic, the Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Milan break through the city walls after six days of bombardment, kill 700 of the defenders, and recover the city for Francesco II Sforza, Duke of Milan.


text: Spain takes direct control of Acapulco.


text: Peasant uprising in Dalarna, Sweden: The rebel campaign fails, and the rebel leader, later known as Daljunkern, flees to Rostock.


text: Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo attempts an invasion of the Yucatán, but is driven out by the Maya peoples.


date: October 3

text: October 3 – Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón arrives in the Maluku Islands.


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions become the first known Europeans to set foot on the shores of what is present-day Texas, when they and 80 survivors are wrecked on Galveston Island following a storm. Only 15 live beyond winter, and they are eventually enslaved by various Indian tribes. Eventually, only four of the 81 Spanish survivors— Cabeza de Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, and an African slave of Dorantes, Estevanico— are able to escape and return home.


text: Diego García de Moguer explores the Sierra de la Plata along the Río de la Plata, and begins to travel up the Paraná River.


date: January 26

text: January 26 – The Canton of Bern becomes the second in Switzerland to officially adopt Protestantism after 21-day debate, the Bern Disputation


date: June 17

text: June 17 – The Italian city of Rimini and its surrounding area, ruled by the House of Malatesta, is conquered by troops of the Papal States and subsequently annexed.


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Pope Clement VII issues the bull Religionis zelus, recognizing the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum), commonly known as the Capuchin monks, as a reformist branch of the Franciscans order of Roman Catholicism.


text: Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the fortifications of Florence.


text: Baldassare Castiglione publishes The Book of the Courtier.


date: June 5

text: June 5 – The fourth major outbreak of the sweating sickness is noted for the first time, with a reference in a letter to Bishop Tunstall of London from someone who has fled his home because a servant at his house has become infected with the disease, with sweating soon followed by death.


text: Bubonic plague breaks out in England.


date: May 9

text: May 9 – King James V of Scotland, 16, held captive for more than two years under the guardianship of the Earl of Angus, is able to escape from Edinburgh to Stirling after several failed rescue attempts.


text: In Henan province, China, during the mid Ming dynasty, a vast drought deprives the region of harvests for the next two years, killing off half the people in some communities, due to starvation and cannibalism.


date: August 4

text: August 4 – The "Peace of St. Ambrose" is signed in Milan at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, bringing an end to the civil strife between the Milanese nobility and the local merchants.


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey founds a college in his birthplace of Ipswich, England, which becomes the modern-day Ipswich School (incorporating institutions in the town dating back to 1299).


text: Chateau Fontainebleau in France is begun.


text: St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle is completed.


date: February 29

text: February 29 – Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1579)


text: February 29 – Domingo Báñez, Spanish theologian (d. 1604)


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1582)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Jakob Andreae, German theologian (d. 1590)


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Cyriacus Spangenberg, German theologian and historian (d. 1604)


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1589)


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Archduchess Anna of Austria, Duchess of Bavaria (d. 1590)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (d. 1580)


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1584)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Petrus Lotichius Secundus, German Neo-Latin poet (d. 1560)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Gabriel Goodman, Dean of Westminster (d. 1601)


date: November 12

text: November 12 – Qi Jiguang, Chinese military general (d. 1588)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (d. 1572)


date: November 29

text: November 29 – Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, English politician (d. 1592)


date: January 30

text: January 30 – Maharana Sangram Singh, Rana of Mewar (b. 1484)


text: February 29 – Patrick Hamilton, Scottish religious reformer (martyred) (b. 1504)


text: March 10 – Balthasar Hübmaier, influential German/Moravian Anabaptist leader (b. 1480)


date: April 6

text: April 6 – Albrecht Dürer, German artist, writer, and mathematician (b. 1471)


text: July 8 – After surviving a mutiny of his crew and the death of 18 of his men in an ambush in what is now Argentina, Italian Venetian explorer Sebastian Cabot dispatches his flagship, Trinidad, back to Spain with reports and evidence against the mutineers, and a request for further military aid.


date: July

text: July – Palma il Vecchio, Italian painter (b. 1480)


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, French military leader (b. 1485)


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Georg von Frundsberg, German knight and landowner (b. 1473)


date: August 29

text: August 29 – The Siege of Naples, at the time a part of the Holy Roman Empire, fails four months after it was launched by troops from France, led by Odet de Foix, who had died of illness on August 15. The Imperial, Spanish and Genoese armies pursue their French attackers, who were attempting to retreat to the nearby city of Aversa, and eliminate the survivors.


date: August 31

text: August 31 – Matthias Grünewald, German artist (b. 1470)


date: September

text: September – Pánfilo de Narváez, Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas (b. 1480)


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Richard Foxe, English churchman (b. c. 1448)


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Jakob Wimpfeling, Renaissance humanist (b. 1450)


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Margaret of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1469)


date: April 22

text: April 22 – The Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between the Spanish and Portuguese empires, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or Ladies' Peace in the War of the League of Cognac: Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain the Duchy of Burgundy. Henry VIII of England accedes on August 27.


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey falls from power in England, due to his failure to obtain an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage and to prevent Habsburg expansion in Europe. Thomas More succeeds him as Lord Chancellor.


date: November 4

text: November 4 – The English Reformation Parliament is first seated.


date: December 17

text: December 17 – The first session of the Reformation Parliament ends.


text: Borommarachathirat IV succeeds Ramathibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.


text: Stephen Báthory becomes governor of Transylvania.


text: Pietro Bembo becomes historiographer of Venice.


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Basarab VI is installed as the new Prince of Wallachia (now in Romania) in the capital at Târgoviște, days after the assassination of the Voivode Radu of Afumați by the other boyars (Wallachian nobles). Basarab's reign lasts only a month and he is removed on February 5.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – In India, the Mughal Emperor Babur departs from the capital at Agra toward Ghazipur to fight the Rajputs and the rebel Afghans who had captured the city.


date: March 9

text: March 9 – The Battle of Shimbra Kure is fought in Ethiopia as the Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, with 12,000 men, including special forces armed with matchlock firearms, defeats the 200,000 man army of the Emperor Dawit II.


date: April 9

text: April 9 – The Westrogothian rebellion breaks out in Sweden.


date: May 10

text: May 10 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople, to invade Hungary once again.


date: June 21

text: June 21 – War of the League of Cognac – Battle of Landriano: French forces in northern Italy are decisively defeated by Spain.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Buda is recaptured by the invading forces of the Ottoman Empire.


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Vienna is besieged by the Ottoman Turks commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent.


date: October 15

text: October 15 – With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the Siege of Vienna (a turning point in the Ottoman wars in Europe).


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Peter Vannes, the Italian-born envoy for England's King Henry VIII, arrives in Rome on a mission to get Pope Clement VII to give a dispensation for King Henry to divorce one wife and marry another, with both marriages to be declared valid. The mission fails.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – The Örebro Synod provides the theological foundation of the Swedish Reformation, following the economic foundation of it, after the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – The Flensburg Disputation is held, a debate attended by Stadtholder Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (later King Christian III of Denmark), between Lutherans (led by Hermann Fast) and the more radical Anabaptists (led by Melchior Hoffman). Johannes Bugenhagen, a close associate of Martin Luther, presides. The Disputation marks the rejection of radical ideas by the Danish Reformation.


date: May 31

text: May 31–July – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, opens a legatine court at Blackfriars, London, to rule on the legality of King Henry VIII of England's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. The court lasts until July 16.


date: July 23

text: July 23 – The Blackfriars court is adjourned after word is received that Pope Clement VII has revoked its charter.


text: Heinrich Bullinger becomes pastor of Bremgarten, Switzerland.


text: Aylesbury is granted the county town of Buckinghamshire, England by King Henry VIII.


text: Fluorite is first described, by Georg Agricola.


text: A summit level canal between Alster and the Trave in Germany opens to navigation.


text: German polymath Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa publishes Declamatio de nobilitate et praecellentia foeminei sexus ("Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex"), a book pronouncing the theological and moral superiority of women.


date: July 30

text: July 30 – The only continental outbreak of English sweating sickness reaches Lübeck, spreading from there into Schleswig-Holstein in the next few months.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – A blood libel is carried out against the Jewish community of Bosen in Hungary (now Pezinok in Slovakia), on the first day of Passover, after a boy in the town disappears. Three Jews are accused and killed. The boy is later discovered alive, having been kidnapped for the benefit of the scheme.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Sancti Spiritu, the first European settlement in Argentina, is destroyed by local natives.


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Diet of Speyer: A group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protest the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement.


text: June 21 – King Henry VIII and Queen consort Catherine of Aragon appear in person before the Blackfriars court, with Catherine making a pathetic display before the court and her husband, and the king making a speech about his uneasiness about his marriage.


text: September 8 – The city of Maracaibo, Venezuela is founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony (d. 1595)


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Ebba Lilliehöök, aka Ebba Månsdotter, Swedish noble (d. 1609)


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Onofrio Panvinio, Augustinian historian (d. 1568)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Francesco Patrizi, Italian philosopher and scientist (d. 1597)


date: May 12

text: May 12 – Sabina of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German princess (d. 1575)


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Étienne Pasquier, French lawyer, poet and author (d. 1615)


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (d. 1595)


date: July 16

text: July 16 – Petrus Peckius the Elder, Dutch jurist, writer on international maritime law (d. 1589)


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Henry Sidney, lord deputy of Ireland (d. 1586)


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (d. 1577)


text: September 1 – Taddeo Zuccari, Italian painter (d. 1566)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Günther XLI, Count of Schwarzburg-Arnstadt (d. 1583)


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Anna of Hesse, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1591)


date: December 11

text: December 11 – Fulvio Orsini, Italian humanist historian (d. 1600)


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Peter Vischer the Elder, German sculptor (b. 1455)


text: January 8 – Zhang Qijie becomes the most powerful woman in Ming dynasty China as the primary wife of the Jiajing Emperor, shortly after the death of the Empress Xiaojiesu.


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Wang Yangming, Chinese Neo-Confucian scholar (b. 1472)


date: January 29

text: January 29 – Ōuchi Yoshioki, Japanese daimyo (b. 1477)


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Baldassare Castiglione, Italian writer and diplomat (b. 1478)


date: February 4

text: February 4 – Ludwig Haetzer, German Protestant reformer (executed) (b. 1500)


date: March 28

text: March 28 – Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (b. 1501)


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Silvio Passerini, Italian cardinal and lord of Florence (b. 1469)


text: May 12 – Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington (b. c. 1460)


date: June 21

text: June 21 – John Skelton, English poet (b. c. 1460)


date: September 6

text: September 6 – George Blaurock, Swiss founder of the Anabaptist Church (b. 1491)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – George of the Palatinate, German nobleman; Bishop of Speyer (1513–1529) (b. 1486)


date: November 20

text: November 20 – Karl von Miltitz, German papal nuncio (b. c. 1490)


text: possible – La Malinche, Nahua (native Mexican) interpreter and translator for Hernán Cortés, during the Conquest of Mexico


text: Minor uprisings occur in Roman Egypt against Roman rule.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Change of era name from Yuanjia (3rd year) to Yongxing of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


text: Didia Clara, daughter of Didius Julianus


text: Zhang Hong, Chinese official and politician (d. 212)


text: Kong Rong, Chinese official and warlord (d. 208)


text: Tiberius Julius Rhoemetalces, Roman client king


text: October 26 – The Knights of Malta are formed, when the Knights Hospitaller are given Malta by Charles V. They transfer the island capital from Mdina to Birgu.


date: February 14

text: February 14 – Tangaxuan II, last cazonci of the Purépecha Empire, is executed by conquistador Nuño de Guzmán, ending the Purépecha Empire's independence from Spain.


date: May 9

text: May 9 – The Kaqchikel people, a tribe of the Maya people of what is now the Sacatepéquez Department of Guatemala, surrender to the Spanish conquistadors.


date: July 19

text: July 19 – Turkish Ottoman troops attempt to take the Hungarian town of Nagykörű but, according to local legend, the Turkish soldiers are lost in a marsh protecting the city.


date: July 25

text: July 25 – The transfer of Tripoli, in North Africa, from Spain to the Knights of Malta, is formally accomplished, four months after an agreement was reached with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain and King of Sicily.


date: August 3

text: August 3 – Battle of Gavinana: Florence is captured by Spanish troops under Prince Philibert of Chalon (who is killed in the action). The Piagnon (followers of the memory of Girolamo Savonarola) are overthrown, ending the Siege of Florence, and the Medici are restored, in the person of the Pope's nephew Alessandro de' Medici.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Tabinshwehti succeeds his father Mingyi Nyo as king of the Toungoo dynasty, following the latter's death.


date: December 26

text: December 26 – Humayun starts to rule the Mughal Empire after Babur's death.


text: Austrian forces capture Esztergom, Hungary, and raid as far as Buda.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Sent on a mission to penetrate the interior of Mexico and to conquer the Kingdom of Michoacán, the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés leads a group of soldiers across the Lerma river through Cuitzeo and proceeds northwest. They arrive at Tonalá on March 24 and then take possession of the regions south of the Santiago River and north and west of Lake Chapala.


date: July 30

text: July 30 – At Neue Augsburg (now Coro in the nation of Venezuela), German explorer Nikolaus Federmann becomes the acting governor of Klein-Venedig ("Little Venice") Germany's short-lived South American colony as Governor Ambrosius Ehinger takes a leave of absence to recover from malaria.


date: December

text: December – Martim Afonso de Sousa's expedition sets out for Brazil from Portugal.


date: January 5

text: January 5 – Strasbourg joins the Christliches Burgrecht, the Protestant alliance of Swiss cities.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issues letters from his winter residence in Bologna, inviting members of the Imperial Diet to convene at Augsburg on April 8 to discuss various theological questions.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Charles V is crowned emperor in Bologna, by Pope Clement VII.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – At the invitation of the Holy Roman Emperor, the members of the Imperial Diet open their session at Augsburg in Germany to prepare the Augsburg Confession, an official imperial set of rules for Protestantism.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – The Augsburg Confession is presented to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – The Tetrapolitan Confession, a Protestant confession of faith, is submitted jointly to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V on behalf of the southern German cities of Konstanz, Lindau, Memmingen and Strasbourg.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – The miraculous portrait of Saint Dominic in Soriano appears in Soriano Calabro, Calabria.


text: Erasmus publishes On Civility in Children (De Civilitate Morum Puerilium Libellus), which becomes popular and widely translated.


text: The ducal palace of Celle is constructed in Germany.


date: October 8

text: October 8 – A flood engulfs Rome.


date: November 5

text: November 5 – St. Felix's flood devastates Zeeland: a large part of the Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal is lost leading to decline of the city of Reimerswaal.


date: March 23

text: March 23 – The Tribute of the Maltese Falcon, an agreement by the Grand Master of the Order of St John of Jerusalem to pay an annual tribute to the Charles V, King of Sicily, in return for an order granting the Knights full rulership of Tripoli and the islands of Malta and Gozo, is reached. The transfer of ownership takes place on October 26, 1550, although Tripoli is conquered by the Ottomans on August 15, 1551.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – King François of France marries Eleanor of Austria, daughter of King Philip the Handsome of Castile and widow of King Manuel I of Portugal.


text: First complete edition of the 'Zürich Bible', Huldrych Zwingli's translation into German printed by Christoph Froschauer, is published.


text: January 5 – Gaspar de Bono, Spanish monk of the Order of the Minims (d. 1571)


date: January 31

text: January 31 – Ōtomo Sōrin, Japanese Christian Daimyō (d. 1587)


date: February 17

text: February 17 – Louis III, Count of Löwenstein (d. 1611)


date: February 26

text: February 26 – David Chytraeus, German historian and theologian (d. 1600)


date: March 11

text: March 11 – Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1573)


date: June 17

text: June 17 – François de Montmorency, French nobleman (d. 1579)


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Jan Kochanowski, Polish writer (d. 1584)


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Claude Fauchet, French historian (d. 1602)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Giambattista Benedetti, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1590)


date: September 30

text: September 30 – Geronimo Mercuriale, Italian philologist and physician (d. 1606)


date: October 30

text: October 30 – Charles d'Angennes de Rambouillet, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (d. 1563)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Josias Simler, Swiss scholar (d. 1576)


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Bernardino Realino, Italian Jesuit (d. 1616)


date: February 7

text: February 7 – Enrique de Cardona y Enríquez, Spanish Catholic cardinal and bishop (b. 1485)


date: February 24

text: February 24 – Properzia de' Rossi, Italian Renaissance sculptor (b. c. 1490)


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Joanna la Beltraneja, princess of Castile (b. 1462)


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Stephen VII Báthory, Hungarian nobleman and military commander


date: June 5

text: June 5 – Mercurino di Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (b. 1465)


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Margaret of Münsterberg, Duchess consort and regent of Anhalt (b. 1473)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Kanō Masanobu, chief painter of the Ashikaga shogunate (b. 1434)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (b. 1458)


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (b. 1460)


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Queen Jeonghyeon, Korean royal consort (b. 1462)


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, English noble (b. 1477)


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Mingyi Nyo, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (b. 1459)


text: December 1 – Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (b. 1480)


date: December 22

text: December 22 – Willibald Pirckheimer, German humanist (b. 1470)


date: January 15

text: January 15 – The third session of the Reformation Parliament of King Henry VIII of England is opened.


date: July 25

text: July 25 – The city of Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico is founded.


date: September 15

text: September 15 – The first Parliament of Ireland in more than nine years is opened at Kilkea Castle, near Castledermot, County Kildare, and continues until its adjournment on October 31.


text: Conquistador Francisco de Montejo claims Chichen Itza as capital of Spanish-ruled Yucatán.


date: February

text: February or March – Battle of Antukyah: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate defeats the Ethiopian army.


date: March 28

text: March 28 – In India, the fortress of Mandu, capital of the Malwa Sultanate, falls as Malwa's Sultan Mahmúd II and his sons surrender to Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.


text: April 12 – In the Songhai Empire that rules most of West Africa and the Niger River valley, the Emperor Askiya Musa is assassinated by his brothers after less than two years on the throne. Askia Mohammad Benkan is enthroned the same day.


date: April

text: April – Battle of Puná: Francisco Pizarro defeats the native inhabitants of the island of Puná, off of the coast of what is now the South American nation of Ecuador.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – The third Dalecarlian rebellion in Sweden is settled on St. Eric's Day at Arboga in Denmark when King Christian II returns church bells, confiscated earlier to pay Denmark's debts, to the villages in rebellion.


date: May 27

text: May 27 – (11th waxing of Nayon 893 ME) Minkhaung of Mrauk-U, the Burmese King of Arakan since 1521, is killed in a coup d'etat by the rebellious Governor of Thandwe, Min Pa.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Battle of Obertyn: The Moldavians are defeated by Polish forces under Jan Tarnowski, allowing the Poles to recapture Pokucie.


date: October 11

text: October 11 – Battle of Kappel: The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Dawit II, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia thus falls under Imam Ahmad's control.


date: November 5

text: November 5 – Christian II`s invasion force arrives in Oslo.


date: December 9

text: December 9 – The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City.


text: In present-day Czech Republic, the Zástřizl family held Bohdalice and Pavlovice from 1413 until 1531.


date: February 27

text: February 27 – Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire form an alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League.


date: April 16

text: April 16 – The city of Puebla, Mexico, is founded.


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Mary, mother of Jesus, in the guise of Our Lady of Guadalupe, appears imprinted on the tilmàtli of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, an Aztec convert to Catholicism, in Tepeyac near Mexico City.


date: March 31

text: March 31 – King Henry VIII gives royal assent to numerous acts at the close of the session of the English Parliament, including the Poisoning Act 1530 (providing for boiling to death people convicted of poisioning other persons); the Vagabonds Act 1530 (permitting licensed begging by certified disabled and elderly people); the Egyptians Act 1530 to allow the expulsion of gypsies; and the Bridges Act 1530 for maintenance of bridges.


date: August 26

text: August 26 – Comet Halley achieves its perihelion.


text: Andrea Alciato publishes Emblemata.


text: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes the worst abuses of the encomienda system, by pressure of Bartolomé de las Casas.


text: A witch-hunt is conducted in the town of Schiltach, Germany.


date: January 26

text: January 26 – 1531 Lisbon earthquake: More than 30,000 people are killed in Portugal in an earthquake and subsequent tsunami.


text: A severe drought in Henan province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of locusts in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to cannibalism to avoid dying by starvation.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – The city of San Juan del Río, Mexico, is founded.


date: September 16

text: September 16 – (5th waxing of Thadingyut 893 ME) In Burma (now Myanmar), the formal coronation of General Min Pa as King Min Bin of Arakan takes place in the Arakan capital, Mrauk U.


date: September 24

text: September 24 – At the age of 35, King Gustav I Vasa of Sweden is married for the first time, taking Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg as his bride on her 18th birthday.


text: The University of Sarajevo is founded by Gazi Husrev-beg based on Sufi philosophy.


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (d. 1581)


date: May 20

text: May 20 – Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava (d. 1584)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – János Zsámboky, Hungarian scholar (d. 1584)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Leonhard Thurneysser, German scholar and quack at the court of John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1595)


date: September 2

text: September 2 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Bishop of Fiesole (d. 1595)


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Philipp Apian, German mathematician and medic (d. 1589)


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Scipione Ammirato, Italian historian (d. 1601)


date: October 12

text: October 12 – Jacques de Savoie, 2nd Duc de Nemours (d. 1585)


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Richard Topcliffe, English torturer (d. 1604)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Anna d'Este, duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607)


date: November 18

text: November 18 – Roberto di Ridolfi, Italian conspirator against Elizabeth I of England (d. 1612)


date: November 29

text: November 29 – Johannes Letzner, German Protestant priest and historian (d. 1613)


date: December 6

text: December 6 – Vespasiano I Gonzaga, Italian noble and diplomat (d. 1591)


date: December

text: December – Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch noble (d. 1568)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (b. 1452)


date: March 6

text: March 6 – Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish colonial administrator (b. c. 1440)


date: March

text: March – María Pacheco, Spanish heroine and defender of Toledo (b. 1496)


date: May 10

text: May 10 – George I, Duke of Pomerania from the House of Griffins (b. 1493)


date: May 19

text: May 19 – Jan Łaski, Polish statesman and diplomat (b. 1456)


date: May 20

text: May 20 – Guy XVI, Count of Laval (b. 1476)


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (b. 1460)


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet, Marshal of Normandy and husband of Diane de Poitiers


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (b. 1461)


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Lorenzo Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1458)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Louise of Savoy, French regent (b. 1476)


date: October 11

text: October 11 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss reformer (in battle) (b. 1484)


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Johannes Oecolampadius, German religious reformer (b. 1482)


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Maud Green, English noble (b. 1492)


date: March 18

text: March 18 – The Supplication against the Ordinaries is presented to Henry VIII by Thomas More the Speaker of the House of Commons. Henry responds by stating that the Commons could hardly expect such consideration after they refused to assent to the government's proposals. Shortly afterwards, Parliament is prorogued until April 10.


date: May 16

text: May 16 – Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.


date: August 13

text: August 13 – Union of Brittany and France: The Duchy of Brittany is absorbed into the Kingdom of France.


text: Henry VIII of England grants the Thorne brothers a Royal Charter to found Bristol Grammar School.


date: April

text: April – Battle of Quipaipan in Peru: Atahualpa wins the civil war in the Inca Empire, defeating his brother Huáscar.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent leads another invasion of Hungary.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – The siege of Güns in the Austrian Empire begins as the Ottoman army, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, attempts to take the city of Güns (now Kőszeg in Hungary) with 100,000 troops in order to mount a larger invasion of the Austrian city of Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire. The defenders, less than 800 Croatian soldiers commanded by Nikola Jurišić, puts up a successful resistance despite being outnumbered by more than 100 to 1.


text: August 30 – The siege of Güns fails as heavy rains and the arrival of reinforcements from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to supplement the Croatian defenders, causes Suleiman to retreat.


date: October 7

text: October 7 – (9th waxing of Tazaungmon 894 ME) The Burmese monarch Min Bin, King of Arrakan, leads a combined invasion force of 12,000 people (three armies of 11,000 men in a three-pronged attack, and a flotilla of war boats carrying 1,000 troops) in an invasion of Bengal in India.


text: December 1 – (5th waxing of Pyatho 894 ME) The Burmese Army under Min Bin marches into Dhaka, capital of Bengal without any resistance.


text: Possible date for the Battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches, according to historian Osvaldo Silva.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – São Vicente is established as the first permanent Portuguese settlement in Brazil.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Francisco Pizarro lands on the northern coast of Peru.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – William Warham, the 81-year-old Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury, publicly declares that he is disassociating himself from all acts of the English Parliament that are prejudicial to papal authority.


date: April 27

text: April 27 – The democratic government of the Republic of Florence in Italy, in existence for more than 400 years since its founding in 1115, is abolished by order of Pope Clement VII in order for a hereditary, and absolute, monarchy to be established. Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, the illegitimate son of Pope Clement, is given full power and the Republic's parliament (the Signoria) and the rule of the executive officer, the Gonfaloniere, come to an end.


date: July 23

text: July 23 – The Nuremberg Religious Peace is granted to members of the Schmalkaldic League, granting them religious liberty.


date: December 4

text: December 4 – A fire strikes the cathedral in Chambéry, now a part of France, but at the time a part of Italy's Duchy of Savoy. The fire burns several holes in the Shroud of Turin, believed by some Roman Catholics to be the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth after the crucifixion, and to have a miraculous imprint of Jesus, but the shroud is repaired by nuns at the cathedral.


text: The Paris Parlement has the city's beggars arrested "to force them to work in the sewers, chained together in pairs".


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca, ambushing and slaughtering a large number of his followers, without loss to themselves. He subsequently offers a ransom of approximately $50 million in gold.


date: December 20

text: December 20 – The first payment for Atahualpa's ransom from the Spaniards is made as gold is delivered to Cuzco to fill up a room.


date: February 12

text: February 12 – The Deceived Ones (Gl'ingannati), a stage comedy written collectively by the Accademia degli Intronati in Siena, makes its debut as part of the festivities of the Italian city's annual carnival.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Anne Boleyn is created Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England.


text: Pantagruel is published by François Rabelais.


text: Stamford School is founded in England by William Radcliffe.


date: February 19

text: February 19 – Jean-Antoine de Baïf, French poet and member of the Pléiade (d. 1589)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of Prussia (d. 1568)


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Giulio Antonio Santorio, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602)


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Amy Robsart, wife of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (d. 1560)


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern, countess consort of Hanau-Münzenberg (1551-1561) (d. 1579)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, German Protestant leader (d. 1592)


text: June 24 – Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (probable; d. 1588)


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Alphonsus Rodriguez, Spanish Jesuit lay brother and saint (d. 1617)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Archduchess Magdalena of Austria, Member of the House of Habsburg (d. 1590)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Francisco de Toledo, Spanish Jesuit cardinal (d. 1596)


text: November 16 – Clara of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Abbess of Gandersheim, later Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595)


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (d. 1585)


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein (d. 1605)


text: December 20 – John Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (d. 1586)


date: May

text: May – Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussex


date: June 28

text: June 28 – Pompeo Colonna, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1479)


date: June

text: June – Bernardino Luini, Italian painter (b. 1482)


date: August 11

text: August 11 – John of Denmark, Danish prince (b. 1518)


date: August 16

text: August 16 – John, Elector of Saxony (b. 1468)


date: August 19

text: August 19 – Caritas Pirckheimer, German nun (b. 1467)


date: August 22

text: August 22 – William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1450)


date: September

text: September – Vlad VI Înecatul, Prince of Wallachia


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Jan Mabuse, Flemish painter


date: December 2

text: December 2 – Louis Gonzaga (Rodomonte), Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (b. 1500)


date: December 3

text: December 3 – Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Duke of Zweibrücken from 1514 to 1532 (b. 1502)


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Pietro Accolti, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1455)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Solomon Molcho, Portuguese mystic (b. 1500)


date: December 30

text: December 30 – Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, Polish noble (b. 1467)


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, is appointed Lord Chancellor of England.


date: February 4

text: February 4 – The Reformation Parliament is summoned into session by King Henry VIII of England, and meets until April 7.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Antonio Sedeño, the Spanish Colonial Governor of Trinidad, comes under attack along with his troops by the Kalinago people, indigenous to the area. Though the Spanish lose many troops, Sedeño defeats the Kalinago and puts the island under Spanish rule.


date: December 21

text: December 21 (Feast of St Thomas the Apostle) – Hernando de Grijalva and his crew become the first persons discover the uninhabited Revillagigedo Islands, off the Pacific coast of Mexico, reporting the finding of what Grijalva names Isla Santo Tomé, probably Socorro Island.


date: December 28

text: December 28 – Grijalva and his crew discover Isla de los Inocentes, probably San Benedicto Island.


date: February 8

text: February 8 – (15th waxing of Tabaung 894 ME) King Min Bin of Burma begins receiving tributes from the local lords of Bengal.


date: February 14

text: February 14 – By a treaty between the German city of Münster and the Holy Roman Empire, Münster is recognized as a Lutheran city.


date: February 18

text: February 18 – The order of the Clerics Regular of Saint Paul, more commonly called the Barnabites, is given papal approval by Pope Clement VII in the brief Vota per quae vos.


date: March 30

text: March 30 – Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.


date: April 7

text: April 7 – The Statute in Restraint of Appeals in England, declaring the king to be the supreme sovereign and forbidding judicial appeals to the papacy, is given royal assent.


date: May 23

text: May 23 – King Henry VIII of England's marriage with Catherine of Aragon is declared annulled by Archbishop Cranmer. Since Pope Clement VII had rejected Henry's petition for annulment in 1530, Catherine continues to believe herself Henry's wife until her death.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Cranmer crowns Anne Boleyn as queen consort of England, in Westminster Abbey.


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Henry VIII is excommunicated by Pope Clement VII, as is Archbishop Cranmer.


text: Pechenga Monastery is founded, in the far north of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.


date: August 13

section: Economy & Finance

text: August 13 – King François of France dispatches Colonel Pierre de Piton to Morocco with a letter addressed to the ruler, Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad, in order to establish a trade agreement.


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Francisco Pizarro arrives in Cusco, Peru.


date: January 25

text: January 25 – King Henry VIII of England formally but secretly marries Anne Boleyn, who becomes his second queen consort.


text: June 1 – Cartagena, Colombia, is founded by Pedro de Heredia.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII of England gives birth to a daughter, at Greenwich, a little more than three months after she and Henry were married. The King's second daughter, Elizabeth, will become the reigning monarch of England 25 years later and rule for more than 44 years.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – The 14-year olds Henry, Duke of Orléans – the future King Henry II of France – and Catherine de' Medici are married at the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – Ivan IV succeeds his father Vasili III as Grand Prince of Muscovy at the age of three; he will rule in Russia until his death in 1584.


text: 1533–1534 – Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent makes the Ruthenian harem girl Roxelana his legal wife.


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Jerónimo Bautista Lanuza, Spanish friar, bishop and writer (d. 1624)


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Paul Luther, German scientist (d. 1593)


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Shimazu Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1611)


date: February 5

text: February 5 or February 16 – Andreas Dudith, Croatian-Hungarian nobleman and diplomat (d. 1589)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Gianfrancesco Gambara, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (d. 1592)


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Claudio Merulo, Italian composer and organist (d. 1604)


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Antonio Possevino, Italian diplomat (d. 1611)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Theodor Zwinger, Swiss scholar (d. 1588)


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, Basque soldier and poet (d. 1595)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Stefan Batory, King of Poland (d. 1586)


date: October 12

text: October 12 – Asakura Yoshikage, Japanese ruler (d. 1573)


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Anna of Mecklenburg, duchess consort of Courland (1566-1587) (d. 1602)


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1597)


date: March 16

text: March 16 – John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, English soldier and statesman (b. 1467)


date: April 10

text: April 10 – King Frederick I of Denmark, ruler of the Danes since 1523 and later elected, but never crowned, King of Norway, dies at the age of 61. The vacancy leaves a dispute over his successor, which soon becomes the Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde) between the Roman Catholic supporters of the former King Christian II of Denmark, and the Lutheran supporters of Frederick's son, proclaimed to be King Christian III.


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Nicholas West, English bishop and diplomat (b. 1461)


date: April 30

text: April 30 – John George, Marquis of Montferrat, Italian noble (b. 1488)


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Mary Tudor, queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1496)


date: July 4

text: July 4 – John Frith, English Protestant priest and martyr (b. 1503)


date: July 6

text: July 6 – Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (b. 1474)


date: July 26

text: July 26 – Atahualpa, last Inca ruler of Peru (executed) (b. c.1502)


text: July 26 – Sapa Inca Atahualpa is executed by garotte, at the orders of Francisco Pizarro in Cajamarca. While older sources stated the execution had been on August 29, 1533, it would later be determined by late 20th century historians that the August date was incorrect because the Spaniards had departed Cajamarca by August 10. The Spanish arrange for his younger brother Túpac Huallpa to be crowned as a successor, but he dies in October after an apparent poisoning.


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Jacopo Salviati, Italian politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici (b. 1461)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Philip I, Margrave of Baden (b. 1479)


date: September 20

text: September 20 – Veit Stoss, German sculptor (b. c. 1447)


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Severinus of Saxony, Prince of Saxony; died young (b. 1522)


date: October

text: October – Túpac Huallpa, puppet ruler of Peru


date: January 15

text: January 15 – The Parliament of England passes the Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession, recognising the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and their children as the legitimate heirs to the throne.


date: February 23

text: February 23 – A group of Anabaptists, led by Jan Matthys, seize Münster, Westphalia and declare it The New Jerusalem, begin to exile dissenters, and forcibly baptize all others.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – The Portuguese crown divides Colonial Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies, hereditary titles similar to duchies. Rodrigo Ricupero, A Formação da Elite Colonial no Brasil (de 1530 a 1630) (Almedina Brasil, 2020),


date: November 3

text: November 3– The English Reformation Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy, establishing Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England.


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Copenhagen opens its gates to Count Christopher of Oldenburg, leading the army of Lübeck (and the Hanseatic League), nominally in the interests of the deposed King Christian II of Denmark. The surrenders of Copenhagen and, a few days later, of Malmö represent the high point of the Count's War for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize Christian III as King on July 4.


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction (Affair of the Placards).


date: December 4

text: December 4 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman the Magnificent captures the city of Baghdad from the Safavids without a struggle, beginning almost 400 years of Ottoman rule of what is now Iraq.


date: May 10

text: May 10 – Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Jacques Cartier and his crew become the first Europeans to discover the Gulf of St Lawrence.


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Jacques Cartier discovers Prince Edward Island.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – The first known exchange between Europeans and the natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence occurs in what is now New Brunswick.


date: December 6

text: December 6 – Over 200 Spanish settlers, led by conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar, found what becomes Quito, Ecuador.


date: March 30

text: March 30 – The Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 becomes law in England, requiring submission of the clergy, that is, churchmen are to submit to the king and the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission is forbidden.


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Sir Thomas More, having been brought before a royal commission to swear his allegiance to the Act of Succession, testifies that he accepts Parliament's right to declare Anne Boleyn the legitimate Queen of England, but denies that the marriage is spiritually valid of the king's second marriage". Holding fast to the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy, More refuses to take the oath of supremacy toward King Henry VIII. More is confined in the Tower of London. He will be executed on July 6, 1535.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Ignatius of Loyola and six others take the vows that lead to the establishment of the Jesuits (the Society of Jesus), in Montmartre, near Paris.


date: August 26

text: August 26 – Piero de Ponte becomes the 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller.


date: October 4

text: October 4 – As the Michaelmas fair opens in Wittenberg, Martin Luther's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German is offered for sale for the first time. The work, printed on 1,824 pages in two volumes by Hans Lufft adds the Old Testament including the deuterocanonical books to Luther's 1522 translation of the New Testament, and includes woodcut illustrations.


text: Manco Inca Yupanqui is crowned as Sapa Inca in Cusco, Peru by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, in succession to his brother Túpac Huallpa (d. October 1533).


text: The first book in Yiddish is printed (in Kraków), Mirkevet ha-Mishneh, a Tanakh concordance by Rabbi Asher Anchel, translating difficult phrases in biblical Hebrew.


date: April 5

text: April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Anabaptist Jan Matthys is killed by the Landsknechte, who laid siege to Münster on the day he predicted as the Second Coming of Christ. His follower John of Leiden takes control of the city.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – The Election of Christian III, as King of Denmark, takes place in the town of Rye.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Cambridge University Press is given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII of England, and becomes the first of the privileged presses.


date: September 24

text: September 24– The first of Brazil's capitancias, the Capitancy of Pernambuco, is established for Pernambuco.


text: Gargantua is published by François Rabelais.


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Pavao Skalić, Croatian encyclopedist, Renaissance humanist and adventurer (d. 1575)


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Giovanni de' Bardi, Italian writer, composer and soldier (d. 1612)


date: March 19

text: March 19 – José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary in Brazil (d. 1597)


date: April 18

text: April 18 – William Harrison, English clergyman (d. 1593)


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Henri de Montmorency, 3rd Duke of Montmorency, Marshal of France (d. 1614)


date: July 1

text: July 1 – King Frederick II of Denmark (d. 1588)


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Myeongjong of Joseon, ruler of Korea (d. 1567)


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Nicholas Pieck, Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d. 1572)


text: September 24 – Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (d. 1581)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (d. 1594)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Joachim Camerarius the Younger, German scientist (d. 1598)


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Karl I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince (d. 1561)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley (d. 1613)


date: December 16

text: December 16 – Hans Bol, Flemish artist (d. 1593)


date: January 9

text: January 9 – Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (b. 1477)


date: February 15

text: February 15 – Barbara Jagiellon, duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (1500–1534) (b. 1478)


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Antonio da Correggio, Italian painter (b. 1489)


date: April 20

text: April 20 – Elizabeth Barton, English prophet and nun (executed) (b. 1506)


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez, Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (b. 1481)


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Bengali mystic (b. 1486)


date: August 3

text: August 3 – Andrea della Valle, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1463)


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Thomas Cajetan, Italian theologian and cardinal (b. 1470)


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 44th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1464)


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Michael Glinski, Lithuanian prince (b. c. 1470)


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Cardinal Alessandro Farnese is elected as the 220th pope of the Roman Catholic Church after a two-day conclave to find a successor for Pope Clement VII, who had died on September 25. Farnese, the Bishop of Ostia, takes the name Pope Paul III and is crowned on November 3.


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (b. 1476)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso, Portuguese nobleman (b. 1507)


date: November 8

text: November 8 – William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy, scholar and patron (b. c. 1478)


date: March 29

text: March 29 – (Tenbun 4, 26th day of 2nd month) Go-Nara, who has ruled since 1526 is formally installed as the 105th Emperor of Japan


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Spanish colonial administrator Antonio de Mendoza is appointed as the first Viceroy of New Spain, with jurisdiction on behalf of King Carlos of Spain over a large area of what is now Mexico and the southwestern United States, from California to Louisiana, the state of Florida, most of Central America and the Caribbean, the northern parts of South America, the Philippines and Guam.


date: December 4

text: December 4 – The Consejo de i Diexe, governing body for the Republic of Venice, votes to replace the republic's treasury, made of wood, with the Zecca a structure that has stone vaults, and invites architects to submit designs.


text: Suleiman the Magnificent begins the rebuilding of the walls around Jerusalem.


date: March 23

text: March 23 – English forces under William Skeffington storm Maynooth Castle in Ireland, the stronghold of Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare, after a siege that began on March 16. Skeffington shows little mercy to the 25 surviving defenders, and has them decapitated in front of the castle two days after the surrender.


date: June 1

text: June 1 – The Conquest of Tunis by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, begins with the destruction of Barbarossa's fleet. Following the eventual capture of the city from the Ottoman Empire, around 30,000 inhabitants are massacred.


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Battle of Bornholm: Combined Swedish and Danish fleets defeat the Hanseatic navy.


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Münster Rebellion: The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded.


date: July 6

text: July 6 – Sir Thomas More, author of Utopia and one time Lord Chancellor of England, is executed for treason, after refusing to recognize King Henry VIII as head of the English Church, and separate from the Roman Catholic Church.


text: Spanish forces abandon the second attempted conquest of Yucatán.


text: Mughal Emperor Humayun gives battle to Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.


date: March 10

text: March 10 – Fray Tomás de Berlanga discovers the Galápagos Islands, when blown off course en route to Peru.


date: April 11

text: April 11 – The visiting Ottoman envoys to France depart from Marseille, six months after having arrived from Istanbul in October. Jean de La Forêt, the new French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, accompanies the Ottoman fleet with his party on a French galley, and the group sails to Tunis.


date: May 19

text: May 19 – French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail for his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (taken by Cartier during his first voyage).


date: July 3

text: July 3 – Diego de Almagro leaves the recently conquered Inca capital of Cuzco to lead an expedition to Chile.


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes the first person to pass through the new Porta Nuova in Palermo, celebrating the European conquest of the North African territory of Tunis.


date: October 2

text: October 2 – Jacques Cartier reaches the island in the Saint Lawrence River, that eventually becomes Montreal.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – The French Protestant leaders of the October 1534 Affaire des Placards are burned to death in front of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris and witnessed by a large crowd that includes King François and the visiting Ottoman diplomats.


date: April 20

text: April 20 – While King Gustav Vasa of Sweden is out of the country, an unusual atmospheric phenomenon, the Vädersol, appears in the sky over the Swedish capital of Stockholm, and last for two hours. Because of uncertainty about whether the vädersol is a sign of God showing favor or disapproval of the Protestant reformation and of King Gustav himself, the Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop Olaus Petri commissions Urban Larsson to document the event in a painting, the Vädersolstavlan.


date: May 4

text: May 4 – The first of the English Carthusian Martyrs of London, John Houghton of London, Robert Lawrence of Beauvale, and Augustine Webster of Axholme are executed at Tyburn after refusing to sign the English Oath of Supremacy. The three will be canonized 435 years later on October 25, 1970, as saints of the Roman Catholic Church, with a feast day of May 4.


date: June 22

text: June 22 – Cardinal John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, is executed for his refusal to swear an oath of loyalty to King Henry VIII of England.


date: August 17

text: August 17 – Pope Paul III issues a papal bull, Sublimis Deus, to appoint a commission of five cardinals and three bishops to carry out a reform of the city of Rome and the Roman Curia, with unlimited powers to uproot and punish all spiritual and secular transgressions, abuses, and errors.


date: October 4

text: October 4 – The first complete English-language Bible is printed in Antwerp, with translations by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale.


text: The earliest (partially) preserved printed book in Estonian, a Catechism with a translation by Johann Koell from the Middle Low German Lutheran text of Simon Wanradt, is printed by Hans Lufft in Wittenberg, for use in Tallinn.


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Voters in the Republic of Geneva approve the merger of the city's seven charitable establishments into a single entity, the Hôpital général


date: May 10

text: May 10 – In Amsterdam, a small troop of Anabaptists, led by the minister Jacob van Geel, attacks the city hall, in an attempted coup to seize the city. In the counter-attack by the city's militia, the burgemeester, Pieter Colijns, is killed by the rebels. In another incident this year in Amsterdam, seven men and five women walk nude in the streets; and Anabaptists rebel in other cities of the Netherlands.


date: May 20

text: May 20 – William Tyndale is arrested in Antwerp for heresy, in relation to his Bible translation, and imprisoned in Vilvoorde.


date: November 30

text: November 30 – Jakob Hutter, leader of the Hutterites is arrested along with his wife in Klausen in the Tyrol region on the Italian side of the Alps. The two are taken to the prison at the fortress in Bronzolo.


date: December

text: December – Manco Inca Yupanqui, nominally Sapa Inca, is imprisoned by the Spanish Conquistadors of Peru.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Lima, now the capital of Peru, is founded by Francisco Pizarro, as Ciudad de los Reyes.


date: February 27

text: February 27 – George Joye publishes his Apologye in Antwerp, to clear his name from the accusations of William Tyndale.


date: December 28

text: December 28 – James Atkenhead, the envoy of Scotland's King James V, leaves Scotland to travel to France to evaluate Mary of Bourbon, daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme, as a prospective queen consort. After the evaluation, and a personal visit by King James to France, the Scottish monarch decides to return to his plan to marry Madeline of Valois, daughter of King Francois of France.


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford, English baron (d. 1603)


date: January 16

text: January 16 - Mohamed Thakurufaanu Al-Auzam (d. 1585)


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Pope Gregory XIV (d. 1591)


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Cornelius Gemma, Dutch astronomer and astrologer (d. 1578)


date: March 10

text: March 10 – William of Rosenberg, High Treasurer and High Burgrave of Bohemia (d. 1592)


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Alessandro Allori, Italian painter (d. 1607)


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Pope Leo XI (d. 1605)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal (d. 1573)


date: July 21

text: July 21 – García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete, Royal Governor of Chile (d. 1609)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1621)


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1619)


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Emanuel van Meteren, Flemish historian (d. 1612)


date: October 16

text: October 16 – Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (d. 1585)


text: December 28 – Martin Eisengrein, German theologian (d. 1578)


date: February 18

text: February 18 – Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German alchemist and occult writer (b. 1486)


text: February 28 – Wolter von Plettenberg, Master of the Livonian Order (b. 1450)


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Beatrix of Baden, Margravine of Baden, Countess Palatine consort of Simmern (b. 1492)


date: June 19

text: June 19 – Sebastian Newdigate, Carthusian monk and martyr (b. 1500)


date: June 22

text: June 22 – John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (executed) (b. c. 1469)


date: July 11

text: July 11 – Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1484)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Archdeacon Charles Reynolds (cleric), envoy to James V, Charles V, and Pope Paul III, is buried in Rome. He died of malaria while lobbying for the excommunication of King Henry VIII for heresy.


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Ippolito de' Medici, ruler of Florence (poisoned) (b. 1509)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1513)


date: September

text: September – George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny (b. 1469)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Eighteen days after the death of Francesco II Sforza, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V claims the Duchy of Milan as his inheritance under Sforza's will. King François of France disputes the claim of Charles, citing the French right to rule Milan, Genoa and Asti, and the dispute leads to war between France and the Empire.


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Piero de Ponte, 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1462)


date: December 29

text: December 29 – Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, Japanese daimyo (b. 1511)


date: December 31

text: December 31 – William Skeffington, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. 1465)


text: February 18 – A Franco-Ottoman alliance exempts French merchants from Ottoman law and allows them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports. The compact is confirmed in 1569.


date: April

text: April – An Acte for Laws & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme further incorporates the legal system of Wales into that of England.


date: June 27

text: June 27 – San Pedro Sula is founded by Pedro de Alvarado in Honduras.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – John of Leiden, Bernhard Knipperdolling and Bernhard Krechting are executed in Münster for their roles in the Münster Rebellion.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – King Henry VIII of England is seriously injured when he falls from his horse at a jousting tournament in Greenwich, after which the fully armored horse falls on him. The King is unconscious for two hours, sustaining an injury to an ulcerated leg and a concussion.


date: March 8

text: March 8 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire since 1523, is executed after falling into disfavor with Hürrem Sultan, the wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. After Hürrem persuades her husband that Pargali Ibrahim has become a threat as his money and power have increased, Suleiman hosts an elaborate dinner with Pargali as his guest. After the dinner ends, Pargali prepares to go to bed but is seized and strangled upon reaching his bedroom.


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Ayas Mehmed Pasha is appointed by the Sultan Suleiman to be the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.


date: April 6

text: April 6 – Count's Feud: Malmø surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Incan emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui, having on April 18 escaped from imprisonment in Cuzco, begins his revolt against his captors, when his army begins the 10-month Siege of Cuzco against a garrison of Spanish conquistadors and Indian auxiliaries, led by Hernando Pizarro.


date: July 24

text: July 24 – Three days after the arrival of the peacekeeping team in Lyon, and 15 days after the legation had met with the Holy Roman Emperor to avoid war, troops of the Holy Roman Empire invade France, crossing over the Var river from Nizza in Italy (now Nice in France) as well as invading Picardie with a second force.


date: July 29

text: July 29 – The Count's Feud ends when Copenhagen surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark. On August 6 he marches into the city and on August 12 arrests the country's bishops, thus consolidating the Protestant Reformation in Denmark.


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Guelders Wars: Battle of Heiligerlee – Danish allies of Charles II, Duke of Guelders, under command of Meindert van Ham, are defeated by Habsburg forces under Georg Schenck van Toutenburg in the Low Countries.


date: October 1

text: October 1 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in England against Henry VIII's church reforms, begins in Lincolnshire and spreads across the kingdom to most of Yorkshire, and parts of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland and Westmorland.


date: October 10

text: October 10 – English barrister Robert Aske becomes the leader of the Pilgrimate of Grace rebels, whose numbers have grown to 9,000 and marches with them to York.


text: Battle of Reynogüelén: Spanish conquistadors defeat a group of Mapuches in Chile, during the expedition of Diego de Almagro.


text: Battle of Un no Kuchi: Takeda Family forces defeat Hiraga Genshin.


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires in what is now Argentina.


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Spanish navigator Andrés de Urdaneta and a few companions arrive in Lisbon from the Maluku Islands, completing a westward circumnavigation which began with the Loaísa expedition of 1525.


text: Luis Sarmento is the Imperial ambassador to Portugal.


date: April 14

text: April 14 – The Reformation Parliament in England passes an Act for the Dissolution of the monasteries. Religious houses closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution include: Basingwerk Abbey, Bourne Abbey, Brinkburn Priory, Buildwas Abbey, Cartmel Priory, Dorchester Abbey, Dore Abbey, Haltemprice Priory, Keldholme Priory and Tintern Abbey.


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Pope Paul III announces that he will send three legates to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; to King Ferdinand of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia; and King François of France to prevent an outbreak of war in Europe.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – The papal legation of Cardinals Marino Caracciolo, Francisco Quiñones, and Agostino Trivulzio meets with Emperor Charles V at Savigliano, south of Turin on orders of Pope Paul III.


date: July 21

text: July 21 – The papal legation arrives in France, arriving at Lyon, to meet with King Francois I.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – King James V becomes the first Scottish monarch since 1346 to voluntarily leave his kingdom, leaving six vice-regents— the Lord Chancellor Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow; James Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews; the earls of Huntly, Montrose, and Eglinton, and Lord Maxwell— to govern the nation during his absence. King James sails from Kirkcaldy on the Royal Scots Navy flagship Mary Willoughby, along with 500 men and five other ships, to travel to France to meet his future bride, Princess Madeleine of Valois. The Scottish entourage docks in France at Dieppe one week later.


date: October 6

text: October 6 – English Bible translator William Tyndale is burned at the stake in Vilvoorde, Brabant.


date: October 16

text: October 16 – The three negotiators of Pope Paul III depart France after three months of discussions with representatives of King Francois I.


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Cardinal Agostino Trivulzio, the envoy of Pope Paul III, files his report of his peace mission to negotiate an agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and France.