date: January 28

text: January 28 – Sam Mirza, son of the late Mohammad Baqer Mirza and grandson of Abbas the Great, is crowned as the new Shah of Persia and takes the regnal name Safi.


date: March 6

section: Religion & Belief

text: March 6 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Restitution, ordering all Catholic properties lost to Protestantism since 1552 to be restored. The Edict further provides that Catholics and Lutherans (but not Calvinists, Hussites or members of other sects) are to be allowed to practice their faith.

source_section: Events › January–March


section: Economy & Finance

text: Chongzhen, the Chinese emperor of the Ming dynasty, reiterates the state prohibition against female infanticide, while the empire and the Chinese economy begins to crumble. In the same year, a third of the courier stations are closed down due to lack of government funds to sustain them.

source_section: Events › Undated


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Fort Santo Domingo is built in Formosa by the Spanish East Indies.


date: September 20

section: Health & Medicine

text: September 20 – 1629–1631 Italian plague: the plague arrives in the nation-state of Milan as German soldiers are granted a stay at the Forte di Fuentes.

source_section: Events › July–September


text: Actresses are banned in Japan.


date: January 8

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: January 8 – Frederick Henry, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate, the 15-year-old son of the German Palatinate elector, Frederick V, drowns in an accident while sailing to Amsterdam.


section: Climate & Environment

text: The rule of Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba ends.


date: January 16

section: Births

text: January 16 – Theodorick Bland of Westover, American politician (d. 1671)

source_section: Births › January–March


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll, Scottish peer (d. 1685)


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1685)

source_section: Births › July–September


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Cornelis Tromp, Dutch naval officer (d. 1691)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Sir John Perceval, 1st Baronet, Anglo-Irish nobleman (d. 1665)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Philip Howard, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1694)


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Richard Towneley, English mathematician and astronomer from Towneley near Burnley (d. 1707)

source_section: Births › October–December


date: October 11

text: October 11 – Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, Frondeur (d. 1666)


date: October 21

text: October 21 – Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, Swedish prince (d. 1689)


date: November 20

text: November 20 – Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1698)


date: December 2

text: December 2 – Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1704)


date: December 12

text: December 12 – Symeon of Polotsk, Belarusian churchman and poet (d. 1680)


date: December 19

text: December 19 – Melchor Liñán y Cisneros, Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. 1708)


date: December 20

text: December 20 – Pieter de Hooch, Dutch painter (d. 1684)


date: January 7

section: Deaths

text: January 7 – Frederick Henry, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate (b. 1614)

source_section: Deaths


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Sri Chand, founder of the ascetic sect of Udasi (b. 1494)


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Andreas Schott, Flemish philologist, academic, linguist and Jesuit priest (b. 1552)


date: March 16

text: March 16 – Countess Emilia of Nassau, Dutch noble, daughter of William the Silent (b. 1559)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland, English politician (b. c. 1580)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – John Guy, English merchant venturer and first Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1568)


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Agnes of Brandenburg, Duchess of Pomerania, later Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (b. 1584)


date: March 27

text: March 27 – George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes, English noble, general and administrator (b. 1555)


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Johannes Buxtorf, German Calvinist theologian (b. 1564)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1587)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex, English noble (b. 1573)


date: October 2

text: October 2 – Pierre de Bérulle, French cardinal and statesman (b. 1575)


date: October 13

text: October 13 – Petrus Bertius, Flemish theologian and scientist (b. 1565)


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Giovanni I Cornaro, Doge of the Republic of Venice since 1625, dies and is succeeded by Nicolò Contarini.

source_section: Events › October–December


section: Conflict & Security

text: Marcus Statius Priscus re-conquers Armenia; the capital city of Artaxata is ruined.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Cui Yan (or Jigui), Chinese official and politician (d. 216)

source_section: Births


text: Sun Shao (or Changxu), Chinese chancellor (d. 225)


text: Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus, Roman politician


text: Xun Yu, Chinese politician and adviser (d. 212)


text: Marcus Annius Libo, Roman politician


text: Kong Zhou, father of Kong Rong (b. 103)


date: March 3

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: March 3 – A fleet sent by the Dutch West India Company captures Recife from the Portuguese, establishing Dutch Brazil.


date: March

text: March – Fedorovych Uprising: Zaporozhian Cossacks rebel against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and occupy a large part of modern-day Ukraine. After a number of indecisive skirmishes with a Polish army sent to pacify the region, the Treaty of Pereyaslav is signed, ending the uprising.


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded, with John Winthrop as governor.

source_section: Events › April–June


date: July 6

text: July 6 – The Success, last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, lands safely at Salem harbor, Massachusetts Bay Colony.


date: July 24

text: July 24 – The Sibbald baronets British nobility title is created.


date: September 4

text: September 4 – Thirty Years' War: the Treaty of Stettin is signed by Sweden and the Duchy of Pomerania, forming a close alliance between them, as well as giving Sweden full military control over Pomerania.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Governor John Winthrop passes a resolution declaring "that Trimontaine" on Shawmut peninsula shall be called Boston from now on.


date: September 17

text: September 17 (September 7 Old Style) – The settlement of Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded.


text: October 13 – War of the Mantuan Succession: the Peace of Regensburg is signed. Charles Gonzaga is confirmed as Duke of Mantua.


date: January 5

text: January 5 – A team of Portuguese military advisers to China's Ming dynasty government arrive at Zhuozhou. Led by Gonçalo Teixeira Corrêa, and accompanied by interpreter João Rodrigues, the group begins training the troops of Governor Sun Yuanhua in using modern cannons.


date: May 4

text: May 4 – In an invasion of Persia, Ottoman Empire Grand Vizier Gazi Hüsrev Pasha routs the Persians in a battle at Mahidasht near Kermanshah.


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Fedorovych uprising: The Zaporozhian Cossacks, led by Taras Triasylo, defeat Polish and Lithuanian troops led by General Stanisław Koniecpolski near Pereiaslav. The battle is later the subject of the Ukrainian language poem Tarasova nich.


date: May 29

text: May 29 – The Battle of Villabuona is fought in Italy at Lombardy, with more than 4,000 French and Venetian troops killed in an attack by Matthias Gallas of the Holy Roman Empire's army.


text: July 6 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War begins when King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, leading an army of 13,000 on the Protestant side, makes landfall at Peenemünde, Pomerania.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – Thirty Years' War: Stettin is taken by Swedish forces.


date: July 18

text: July 18 – War of the Mantuan Succession: Mantua is sacked by an army of the Holy Roman Empire, led by Count Johann von Aldringen.


date: August 13

text: August 13 – Thirty Years' War: As a result of heavy pressure from the Prince-electors, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, dismisses general Albrecht von Wallenstein from command of the Imperial Army.


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Sinhalese–Portuguese War: In the Battle of Randeniwela on the island of Sri Lanka, King Senarat of Kandy leads more than 35,000 troops in killing most of an attack force led by Portuguese Ceylon governor Constantino de Sá de Noronha.


date: November 10

text: November 10 – Day of the Dupes: Marie de' Medici attempts to oust Cardinal Richelieu from the French Court, but fails after two days.


date: February 22

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: February 22 – Native American Quadequine introduces popcorn to English colonists.


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Puritan migration to New England (1620-1640): Winthrop Fleet – The ship Arbella and three others set sail from the Solent in England, with 400 passengers under the leadership of John Winthrop, headed for the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America; seven more, with another 300 aboard, follow in the next few weeks.


date: June 6

text: June 6 – Swedish warships depart from Stockholm, Sweden for Central Europe.


date: June 14

text: June 14 – Passengers of the Arbella, including Anne Bradstreet, America's first poet of significance, finally set foot in the New World at Salem, Massachusetts.


date: September 24

text: September 24 – The first ship of de Sauce's emigrants arrive at Southampton Hundred, on the James River in Virginia.


text: Settlers leave Pannaway Plantation and begin to settle in Strawbery Banke which in 1653 is renamed Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

source_section: Events › Date unknown


text: Paramaribo (in modern-day Suriname) is first settled by the English.


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Otto III and his brother William Augustus, both, Dukes of Brunswick-Harburg, sell their rights to inherit rule of Brunswick-Lüneburg to Prince Christian in return for their debts of more than 150,000 thaler being paid.


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Scottish-born Presbyterian (and former physician) Alexander Leighton is brought before Archbishop William Laud's Star Chamber court in London for publishing the seditious pamphlet An Appeale to the Parliament, or, Sions Plea Against the Prelacy, an attack on Anglican bishops (printed in the Netherlands, 1628). He is sentenced to be pilloried and whipped, have his ears cropped, one side of his nose slit, and his face branded with "SS" (for "sower of sedition"), to be imprisoned, and be degraded from holy orders.


date: July 30

text: July 30 – John Winthrop helps in founding a church in Massachusetts, which will later become known as First Church in Boston.


date: December 3

text: December 3 – (28 Rabi II 1040 AH) Abd Allah ibn Hasan is selected as the new Emir of Mecca after the death from tuberculosis of Mas'ud ibn Idris.


text: In the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan's Pearl Mosque at Lahore Fort is consecrated (completed 1635).


text: The central square of Covent Garden in London is laid out, and a market begins to develop there.


date: May 17

section: Science & Discovery

text: May 17 – Italian astronomers Niccolò Zucchi and Daniello Bartoli become the first scientists to observe the belts on the planet Jupiter.


date: January 2

text: January 2 – A shoemaker in Turin is found to have the first case of bubonic plague there as the plague of 1630 begins spreading through Italy.


text: May 17 – The first case of plague is reported in Milan. By the end of 1631, the city of 250,000 suffers 186,000 deaths, losing almost three-quarters of its population to plague.


date: July

text: July – The Italian plague of 1629–31 reaches Venice.


date: January 13

section: Crime & Justice

text: January 13 – In China, General Yuan Chonghuan is invited to an audience with the Chongzhen Emperor and is arrested on charges of collusion with the enemy. Yuan is executed by the slow death on September 22.


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Frendraught Castle in Scotland, the home of James Crichton of Frendraught, burns down.


date: March 9

text: March 9 – The 1630 Crete earthquake occurs.


text: The Deccan Famine of 1630–32 in India begins; it will kill some two million.


date: May 20

section: Culture & Society

text: May 20 – The Swedish National Heritage Board (Riksantikvarieämbetet) is created, with Johannes Bureus as its first director. The Board is still in existence almost 400 years later.


date: October 17

text: October 17 – Empress Meishō's Coronation takes place.


text: Johann Heinrich Alsted's Encyclopaedia septem tomis distincta is published.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Guru Har Rai, Sikh guru (d. 1661)


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Pierre Daniel Huet, French churchman and scholar (d. 1721)


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Johan Hadorph, Swedish director-general of the Central Board of National Antiquities (d. 1693)

source_section: Births › April–June


date: June 7

text: June 7 – John Talbot of Lacock, English politician and general (d. 1714)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, English politician (d. 1691)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Madame de Brinvilliers, French murderer (d. 1676)


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, English statesman (d. 1673)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Estephan El Douaihy, Lebanese Maronite Patriarch, historian (d. 1704)


date: August 20

text: August 20 or August 27 – Maria van Oosterwijck, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1693)


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges, French noble, soldier (d. 1702)


date: October

text: October – John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1694)


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Hachisuka Mitsutaka, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Tokushima Domain (d. 1666)


date: November 18

text: November 18 – Eleonora Gonzaga, Queen consort of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1686)


date: December 16

text: December 16 – Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort, British botanist (d. 1715)


date: April 10

text: April 10 – William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, English noble, courtier and patron of the arts (b. 1580)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, German prince of the House of Ascania (b. 1568)


date: April 19

text: April 19 – Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel, English countess and poet (b. 1557)


date: April 29

text: April 29 – Agrippa d'Aubigné, French poet and soldier (b. 1552)


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Emanuel Scrope, 1st Earl of Sunderland, English noble (b. 1584)


date: August 11

text: August 11 – Thomas Walsingham, English spymaster (b. 1561)


date: September 5

text: September 5 – Nicolaus Mulerius, Dutch astronomer and medical academic (b. 1564)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Thomas Lake, English statesman (b. 1567)


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Melchior Klesl, Austrian cardinal and statesman (b. 1552)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Yuan Chonghuan, Chinese politician, military general and writer (b. 1584)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases, Italian general (b. 1569)


date: October 22

text: October 22 – Jerónima de la Asunción, Spanish founder of the Monastery of Santa Clara (b. 1555)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Tōdō Takatora, Japanese daimyo (b. 1556)


date: November 19

text: November 19 – Antonio Brunelli, Italian composer and theorist (b. 1577)


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Thirty Years' War: Sweden and France sign the Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Puritan leader Roger Williams arrives in Boston.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – In Dorchester, Boston, John Winthrop takes the oath of office, and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.


text: May 30 – Thirty Years' War: Bavaria and France sign the Treaty of Fontainebleau, forming a secret alliance; however, this does not last long.


date: June 19

text: June 19 – War of the Mantuan Succession: The Treaty of Cherasco is signed, ending the War of the Mantuan Succession.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – The Treaty of Werben is signed as an alliance between Hesse-Cassel and Sweden.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – (1 Safar 1041 A.H.) Abd Allah ibn Hasan, Emir of Mecca, abdicates in favor of two successors, his son Muhammad ibn Abd Allah and his great-nephew Zayd ibn Muhsin.


date: November 29

text: November 29 – The Treaty of Höchst is signed between King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, with Darmstadt giving up the fortress of Rüsselsheim in return for Sweden's recognition of Darmstadt's neutrality.


date: March 20

text: March 20 – The siege of the Protestant German city of Magdeburg by the Catholic League begins and lasts for more than two months before the city falls and the inhabitants are massacred.


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden defeats an imperial garrison at the city of Frankfurt an der Oder.


date: May 20

text: May 20 – Thirty Years' War: After a two-month siege, the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor, under the command of Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly sacks the Protestant German city of Magdeburg, and massacres over 20,000 inhabitants. Shocked by the massacre, many Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire decide to ally with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, and support his ongoing invasion.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – Koca Musa Pasha, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, arranges the murder of Emir Kitas Bey, commander of Turkish troops who had been scheduled to invade Persia.


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Werben: Tilly defeats Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, but not decisively.


date: August

text: August – The Martyrs of Mombasa were a group of approximately 288 Christians, Portuguese and African, killed in Mombasa (in present-day Kenya) in August 1631 during an uprising led by Yusuf ibn al-Hasan, the Swahili sultan of Mombasa.


text: August – Thirty Years' War: Running out of supplies, Tilly is forced to send his army into the Electorate of Saxony in order to secure supplies, as well as to force a reaction from John George, Elector of Saxony and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.


date: September 11

text: September 11 – Thirty Years' War: As a result of Tilly's invasion, John George, Elector of Saxony, who has until now stayed neutral, allies with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, in order to drive the Imperial army out of Saxony.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Eighty Years' War – Battle of Albrolhos: A Spanish fleet, under the command of Admiral Antonio de Oquendo, defeats a Dutch fleet off the coast of Brazil.


date: September 13

text: September 13– Eighty Years' War – Battle of the Slaak: A Spanish fleet of 95 ships, carrying 5,500 soldiers tasked with taking over the Dutch Republic, is almost completely destroyed (with 83 ships sunk) the day after being intercepted by a Dutch fleet off of the coast of the Netherlands.


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Breitenfeld: Tilly's Holy Roman Imperial army is decisively defeated by Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden, shattering the imperial army of the Holy Roman Empire, and marking the first significant victory for the Protestants in the war.


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Thirty Years' War: A Saxon army takes over Prague.


date: November 15

text: November 15 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden takes possession of Prague, capital of Bohemia.


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden takes the city of Mainz, without any resistance.


date: May 28

text: May 28 – William Claiborne sails from England to establish a trading post on Kent Island, the first English settlement in Maryland.


date: June 17

text: June 17 – The death in childbirth of Mumtaz Mahal at Burhanpur causes her husband Shah Jahan to commission the Taj Mahal at Agra, as a mausoleum for her. Construction is started in 1632, and finished in 1653.


text: Moses Amyraut's Traite des Religions.


text: Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke.


date: November 21

text: November 21 – In Venice, a special mass celebrates the end of the two years of bubonic plague that had killed thousands of people.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Algerian pirates sack Baltimore, County Cork, in Ireland.


date: February 20

text: February 20 – A fire breaks out in Westminster Hall, but is put out before it can cause serious destruction.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – The city of Würzburg is taken by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, putting an end to the Würzburg witch trials, but not before an estimated 900 people from the city and its environs have been burned at the stake for witchcraft.


date: December 16

text: December 16 – A volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius at Pompeii occurs, for the first time in several centuries.


date: February 16

text: February 16 – The Reval Gymnasium is founded in Tallinn, Estonia, by Swedish king Gustavus II Adolphus.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Gazette de France, the first weekly French newspaper, is published.


date: January 1

text: January 1 or 1632 – Katherine Philips, Anglo-Welsh poet (d. 1664)


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton, Scottish peeress (d. 1716)


date: January 12

text: January 12 – Hasanuddin of Gowa, 16th Ruler of The Sultanate of Gowa (d. 1670)


date: February 10

text: February 10 – Louise of Anhalt-Dessau, Duchess suo jure of Oława and Wołów (1672–1680) (d. 1680)


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Claude-François Ménestrier, French heraldist, Jesuit, courtier (d. 1705)


date: May 18

text: May 18 – Stanislaus Papczyński, Polish priest (d. 1701)


date: May 29

text: May 29 – Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth, English politician, earl (d. 1683)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Richard Cumberland, English philosopher (d. 1718)


date: September 6

text: September 6 – Charles Porter, English-born judge (d. 1696)


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Michael Wigglesworth, American Puritan minister (d. 1705)


date: October 26

text: October 26 – Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch, Hungarian Catholic cardinal (d. 1707)


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (d. 1660)


date: December 14

text: December 14 – Anne Conway, English philosopher (d. 1679)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Gabrielle Suchon, French Catholic moral philosopher, feminist (d. 1703)


text: January 1 – Thomas Hobson, English carrier and origin of the phrase "Hobson's choice" (b. 1544)


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Michelagnolo Galilei, Italian composer and lutenist, younger brother of Galileo Galilei (b. 1575)


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Charlotte of the Palatinate, German noble (b. 1628)


date: January 30

text: January 30 – Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, duchess consort of Pomerania-Wolgast (1577–1592) (b. 1561)


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo (in what is now Angola) dies after a reign of five years.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Francesco Maria II della Rovere, last Duke of Urbino (b. 1549)


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington, English politician (b. 1570)


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Enrico Caterino Davila, Italian historian and diplomat (b. 1576)


date: July 19

text: July 19 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher (b. 1550)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Federico Borromeo, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (b. 1564)


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, queen and regent of Denmark (b. 1557)


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Michael Maestlin, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1550)


text: October 26 – Catherine de Parthenay, French noblewoman and mathematician (b. 1554)


date: December 5

text: December 5 – Tommaso Caracciolo, Field Marshal of Spanish forces in the Thirty Years' War (b. 1572)


date: March 29

text: March 29 – The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, returning Quebec to French control, after the English had seized it in 1629.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Charles I of England issues a charter for the colony of Maryland (named in honor of Henrietta Maria), under the control of Lord Baltimore.


text: Catharina Stopia succeeds her spouse as Sweden's ambassador to Russia, becoming perhaps the first female diplomat in Europe.


text: The Portuguese are driven out of Bengal.


date: March 9

text: March 9 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Bamberg – Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, commander of the Catholic League, defeats the Swedish army under Gustav Horn, and recaptures the town of Bamberg.


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Thirty Years' War: King Gustavus Adolphus makes a triumphant entry into Nuremberg, where he is welcomed by the populace and pledges to protect the cause of Protestantism.


date: March

text: March – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus Adolphus invades Bavaria with his army.


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Thirty Years' War: Munich, capital of Bavaria, is captured by the Swedish army.


date: June

text: June – Eighty Years' War: Leading a Dutch army, Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange captures in short succession the cities of Venlo, Roermond and Sittard, before besieging the city of Maastricht.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Eighty Years' War: A Dutch army, led by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, captures the city of Maastricht after a two-month siege.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Battle of Castelnaudary: A rebellion against French king Louis XIII is crushed. The leader of the rebellion, Gaston, Duke of Orléans, the brother of Louis XIII, surrenders.


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of the Alte Veste – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated.


date: October 30

text: October 30 – Henri II de Montmorency, is executed for his participation in the rebellion of Gaston, Duke of Orléans, against French king Louis XIII.


text: June 20 – Two ships, Saint Jean (250 tons) and L'Esperance-en-Dieu, set sail from La Rochelle in France, bound for Acadia in North America.


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Three hundred colonists for New France depart Dieppe.


text: Antigua and Barbuda is first colonized by England.


text: Approximate date – Last inhabitants leave the original city of Reimerswaal in Zeeland.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Fasilides, Emperor of Ethiopia in succession to his father Susenyos, declares the state religion of the country again to be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and confiscates the lands of the Jesuit missionaries, relegating them to Fremona.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – The last executions of Christians in Japan take place as four Spanish missionaries (including Augustinin friar Bartholomew Gutierrez) and two Japanese converts are burned alive in Nagasaki. They are beatified in 1867 as the last of the 205 Martyrs of Japan.


text: King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland forbids anti-Semitic books and printings.


text: The rural parish of Loppi was founded.


text: Construction of the Taj Mahal begins.


date: January 31

text: January 31 – The dissection of a body for the benefit of medical students is carried out by Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, the anatomist for the city of Amsterdam, and will be immortalized in Rembrandt's painting The Anatomy Lesson.


date: December 6

text: December 6 – Indians wipe out a new Dutch settlement of Swanadael in New Netherland.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – University of Amsterdam is established at the site of the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam.


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published in Florence.


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Sir Francis Windebank is made chief Secretary of State in England.


date: June 30

text: June 30 – The University of Tartu is founded.


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Yakutsk, Russia is founded by Pyotr Beketov.


date: October 15

text: October 15 – The University of Tartu officially opens, in Swedish Livonia.


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Wladyslaw IV Waza is elected king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after Sigismund III Vasa's death.


text: January 8 – Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist (d. 1694)


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Adam Frans van der Meulen, Flemish Baroque painter specialising in battle scenes (d. 1690)


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English statesman (d. 1712)


date: March 30

text: March 30 – John Proctor, Massachusetts farmer, tavern keeper (d. 1692)


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Catherine of St. Augustine, French nun, nurse of New France (d. 1668)


date: June 10

text: June 10 – Esprit Fléchier, French writer and Bishop of Nîmes (d. 1710)


text: June 25 – Girolamo Corner, Venetian statesman and military commander (d. 1690)


date: August 29

text: August 29 – John Locke, English philosopher (d. 1704)


date: October 21

text: October 21 – William Hedges, first governor of the East India Company (d. 1701)


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch scientist (d. 1723)


date: October 31

text: October 31 (bapt.) – Johannes Vermeer, Dutch painter (d. 1675)


date: November 23

text: November 23 – Jean Mabillon, French Benedictine monk and scholar of the Congregation of Saint Maur (d. 1707)


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher (d. 1677)


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Abbas II of Persia, Shah of Iran (d. 1666)


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Giovanni Battista Agucchi, Italian churchman, papal diplomat and writer on art theory (b. 1570)


date: January 31

text: January 31 – Joost Bürgi, Swiss clockmaker and mathematician (b. 1552)


date: March 15

text: March 15 – Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, German musician (b. 1572)


date: April 15

text: April 15 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rain – Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly's Catholic League armies for the second time within a year; Tilly is severely wounded during the battle and dies on April 30.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly, Bavarian general (b. 1559)


date: May 24

text: May 24 – Robert Hues, English mathematician and geographer (b. 1553)


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Ernest Casimir I, Count of Nassau-Dietz (1606–1632) and Stadtholder of Groningen, Friesland and Drenthe (1625–1632) (b. 1573)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Juan Niño de Tabora, Spanish general and governor of the Philippines (date of birth unknown)


date: September 13

text: September 13 – Leopold V, Archduke of Austria, regent of Tyrol (b. 1586)


date: September 17

text: September 17 – Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia (b. 1607)


date: September 30

text: September 30 – Thomas Allen, English mathematician and astrologer (b. 1542)


date: October 30

text: October 30 – Henri II de Montmorency, French naval officer and Governor of Languedoc (b. 1595)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (in battle) (b. 1594)


date: November 17

text: November 17 – Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Bavarian field marshal (b. 1594)


date: February 9

text: February 9 – the Duchy of Hesse-Cassel captures Dorsten from the Electorate of Cologne without resistance.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France, on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – Samuel de Champlain, founder of the French colony of New France, returns to Quebec after being gone for four years, commissioned as Lieutenant General of the troops of New France, but not as governor.


date: July 7

text: July 7 – the Dutch East India Company fleet, led by Hans Putmans, attacks its ally Zheng Zhilong's base by surprise, near Xiamen.


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Oldendorf – Sweden defeats the Holy Roman Empire near Hessisch Oldendorf.


date: September 25

text: September 25 – King Louis XIII enters into Nancy, marking the occupation of the Duchy of Lorraine by France.


date: October 17

text: October 17 – Thirty Years' War: Siege of Rheinfelden – Spain recaptures Rheinfelden from Sweden.


date: October 22

text: October 22 – Battle of Liaoluo Bay: A large Ming dynasty fleet under Zheng Zhilong defeats a Dutch East India Company fleet at the island of Quemoy.


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Francisco de Murga, Spain's Governor of the South American province of Cartagena (now in Colombia), crushes a revolt by escaped African slaves in an attack against the palenque of Limón. De Murga captures 80 residents, and, after a trial, has 13 executed, with the drawing and quartering of their bodies.


text: Trịnh–Nguyễn War: Trịnh Tráng launched an attack on Đàng Trong at the Nhật Lệ estuary. This was marked as the second clash in the civil war.


date: September 26

text: September 26 – a group from the Plymouth Colony settles in Windsor, Connecticut, making it the first settlement in the state.


date: November 11

text: November 11 – the Dutch expedition of Jan Janszoon van Hoorn, against Spanish pirates in Central America, ends after six months with van Hoorn's success.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – commissioned by Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore to transport 140 English colonists to the province of Maryland in America, The Ark and another ship, the Dove (with 128 settlers), depart Gravesend in England for the New World. Three days later, the two ships become separated by a storm in the English Channel, and the crew of The Ark assumes that the Dove sank.


date: November 29

text: November 29 – The Ark runs into a more violent storm, but manages to stay afloat and to continue on its journey to America. The Dove turns out to have survived the storms, and both ships will arrive in Maryland on February 24.


text: English colonists settle what will become the town of Hingham, Massachusetts.


date: February 6

text: February 6 – the formal coronation of Władysław IV Vasa as King of Poland takes place at the cathedral in Kraków. He had been elected as king on November 8.


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, according to Anglican rite in his first visit to Scotland since early childhood, although he has been Scottish monarch since 1625.


date: June 22

text: June 22 – the Roman Catholic Church forces Galileo Galilei to recant his heliocentric view of the Solar System. According to legend, he claims Eppur si muove.


date: August 6

text: August 6 – William Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.


text: The Jews of Poznań are granted the privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city quarter.


text: St Columb's Cathedral, Derry, Ireland, the first post-Reformation Anglican cathedral built in the British Isles and the first Protestant cathedral built in Europe, is completed.


text: Mission San Luis de Apalachee is built in the New World by two Spanish friars.


text: Emperor of Ethiopia Fasilides expels Jesuit missionaries.


date: February 13

text: February 13 – Fire engines are used for the first time in England in order to control and extinguish a fire that breaks out at London Bridge, but not before 43 houses are destroyed.


text: July 8 – The Javanese calendar is commenced on this day by the order of Sultan Agung of the Mataram Sultanate. It is the Javanese adaptation of the Hijri calendar, but it continues the year numbering of the Shaka era widely used in Java then, thus the calendar's epoch is 1 Sura 1555 AJ, corresponding with 1 Muharram 1043 AH.


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Galileo Galilei, having been summoned to Rome on orders of Pope Urban VIII, leaves for Florence for his journey. His carriage is halted at Ponte a Centino at the border of Tuscany, where he is quarantined for 22 days because of an outbreak of the plague.


text: Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu of Japan issues the Sakoku Edict of 1635 outlawing Christianity, enforcing a policy of extreme isolationism (sakoku) until 1853.


text: February 13 – Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Galileo Galilei is convicted of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church.


date: May 28

text: May 28 – Aurangzeb, Crown Prince of the Mughal Empire in India, narrowly escapes death when an elephant stampedes through his encampment, but is able to defend himself with a lance.


text: A professorship in Arabic studies is founded at the University of Cambridge in England.


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and last Administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1695)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Samuel Whiting, Jr., American clergyman (d. 1713)


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Mary Beale, British artist (d. 1699)


date: March 30

text: March 30 – Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, German general, Landgraf of Hesse-Homburg (d. 1708)


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, French noble and military engineer noted for designing fortifications (d. 1707)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Geminiano Montanari, Italian astronomer (d. 1687)


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Auguste of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, German noble (d. 1701)


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Joseph Williamson, English politician (d. 1701)


date: October 4

text: October 4 – Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1714)


text: October 4 – Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician (d. 1714)


date: November 10

text: November 10 – Thomas Jermyn, 2nd Baron Jermyn, Governor of Jersey (d. 1703)


date: November 11

text: November 11 – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, English writer and statesman (d. 1695)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Johann Christoph Wagenseil, German Christian Hebraist (d. 1705)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Willem van de Velde the Younger, Dutch painter (d. 1707)


text: January 20 – Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon, English noblewoman and writer (b. 1588)


date: March 1

text: March 1 – George Herbert, English poet and orator (b. 1593)


date: June

text: June – Étienne Brûlé, French explorer (b. c. 1592)


date: August 5

text: August 5 – George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1562)


date: August 12

text: August 12 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (b. 1611)


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Countess Palatine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (b. 1553)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Joam Mattheus Adami, Italian Jesuit missionary (b. 1576)


date: September

text: September – Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland (b. c. 1575)


date: October 2

text: October 2 – Scipione Borghese, Italian Catholic cardinal and art collector (b. 1577)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Cornelis Drebbel, Dutch inventor (b. 1572)


date: November 8

text: November 8 – Xu Guangqi, Chinese astronomer, Roman Catholic convert, mathematician, scholar, scientist and servant of God (b. 1562)


text: November 8 – Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Lüneburt (1611–1633) (b. 1566)


date: November 14

text: November 14 – William Ames, English philosopher (b. 1576)


date: December 17

text: December 17 or December 27 – Meletius Smotrytsky, Ruthenian religious activist and author (b. 1577)


date: January 19

text: January 19 – Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine abdicates in favor of his brother Nicholas II, who is only able to hold the duchy for 75 days.


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine, who assumed rule of the duchy on January 19 upon the abdication of his older brother Charles IV abdicates in favor of Charles.


date: May 5

text: May 5 – King Charles I of England and Scotland first refers to the banner of the British Isles as the "Union Flag" in a proclamation that the flag shall not be used on any ships other than those "in our immediate Service and Pay, and none other." The term evolves into the description of the British flag as the "Union Jack".


date: June 14

text: June 14 – The Treaty of Polyanovka is signed between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, concluding the Smolensk War.


date: July 4

text: July 4 – The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France, in what is the modern-day Canadian province of Quebec.


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Rebel Scots and Irish soldiers assassinate Bohemian military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein at Cheb.


date: March 1

text: March 1 – The Russians vacate their camp, ending the Siege of Smolensk.


date: April 14

text: April 14 – The Battle of Amritsar begins in India when Mughal Empire troops attempt to eliminate the Sikh religious leader, Guru Hargobind, by attacking Amritsar. The Sikh defenders hand the Mughal invaders an unprecedented defeat.


date: May 2

text: May 2 – With Albrecht Wallenstein having been eliminated, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II personally takes command of the Imperial Army.


date: July 29

text: July 29 – Curaçao is captured by the Dutch.


date: September 6

text: September 6 – The Battle of Nördlingen ends after two days with a decisive victory for the Imperial Army and Habsburg Spain over the Army of Sweden and Protestant German troops.


date: January 14

text: January 14 – France's Compagnie normande obtains a one-year monopoly on trade with the African kingdoms in Guinea.


date: August

text: August (prob.) – Jean Nicolet becomes the first European to set foot in what becomes the U.S. state of Wisconsin. He is in search of a water-route to the Pacific, when he lands at Green Bay of Lake Michigan.


text: The English establish a settlement at Cochin (modern-day Kochi) on the Malabar Coast.


date: January 12

text: January 12 – After suspecting that he will be dismissed, Albrecht von Wallenstein, supreme commander of the Holy Roman Empire's Army, demands that his colonels sign a declaration of personal loyalty.


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a classified order dismissing Albrecht von Wallenstein, the supreme commander of the Imperial Army.


date: February 18

text: February 18 – Emperor Ferdinand II's dismissal of Commander Wallenstein for high treason, and the order for his capture, dead or alive, is made public.


date: December 8

text: December 8 – Francesco Niccolini obtains an audience with Pope Urban VIII and pleads him to reconsider the Church's punishment of astronomer Galileo Galilei. The Pope replies that although he esteems Galileo highly, nothing will change.


date: December 16

text: December 16 – Gregorio Panzani, an emissary of Pope Urban VIII, is welcomed in England by King Charles I, marking the first time since England's break with the Roman Catholic Church that a monarch has received an agent of the Vatican.


text: Suspecting that Patriarch Afonso Mendes played a part in the Portuguese assault on Mombasa, Emperor Fasilides expels him and several Jesuit missionaries from Ethiopia.


date: March 4

text: March 4 – Belgian scientist Jan Baptist van Helmont is interrogated by the Spanish Inquisition and put under house arrest for his experiments into plant growth.


date: August 18

text: August 18 – In France, Urbain Grandier, accused of wizardry, is burned alive in Loudun.


date: November 11

text: November 11 – The Irish House of Commons passes an Act for the Punishment of the Vice of Buggery.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – A gunpowder factory explodes in Valletta, Malta, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.


date: October 11

text: October 11 – The Burchardi flood (also known as the second Grote Mandrenke) strikes the North Sea coast of Germany and Denmark, causing at least 8,000 deaths and perhaps as many as 12,000.


date: February 24

text: February 24 – By this date, the Paulaner Brewery is established in Munich, by Minim friars.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Leonard Calvert arrives in Maryland, with Jesuit missionaries Andrew White, John Altham Gravenor, and Thomas Gervase, establishing St. Mary's as the fourth permanent settlement in British North America. In this year they also establish an institution of higher learning here, which later becomes Georgetown University, the United States's oldest university.


date: April

text: April – The first performance of the Oberammergau Passion Play is held in Bavaria.


text: Moses Amyraut's Traité de la predestination is published.


text: Cardinal Richelieu gathers members for the Académie Française which will be formally established in 1635).


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Dorothe Engelbretsdotter, Norway's first professional female author (d. 1716)


text: March 4 – Kazimierz Łyszczyński, Polish philosopher (d. 1689)


date: March 11

text: March 11 – Nicholas Gassaway, Colonel, Maryland Provincial Forces (d. 1691)


text: March 25 – George Bull, English theologian and Bishop of St David's (d. 1710)


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Joseph Alleine, English Nonconformist pastor, author (d. 1668)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester, English politician (d. 1683)


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Lady Katherine Ferrers, English aristocrat and heiress (d. 1660)


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Alexander Stuart, 5th Earl of Moray, Scottish nobleman (d. 1701)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Roeloff Swartwout, American city founder in New York (d. 1715)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory (d. 1680)


date: September 4

text: September 4 – Robert South, English churchman known for his combative preaching (d. 1716)


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Luca Giordano, Italian late Baroque painter and printmaker in etching (d. 1705)


date: November 28

text: November 28 – Marie Luise von Degenfeld, morganatic second wife of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine of Germany (d. 1677)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Mariana of Austria (d. 1696)


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Albert Szenczi Molnár, Hungarian translator (b. 1574)


date: March 23

text: March 23 – Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea, English countess (b. 1556)


date: April 2

text: April 2 – Maria Celeste, Italian nun, daughter of Galileo Galilei (b. 1600)


date: May 12

text: May 12 – George Chapman, English author (b. c.1559)


date: June 25

text: June 25 – John Marston, English dramatist (b. 1576)


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Urbain Grandier, French priest (b. 1590)


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Edward Coke, English colonial entrepreneur and jurist (b. 1552)


date: November 11

text: November 11 - Saint Marina of Omura, Japanese Dominican tertiary and one of the 16 Martyrs of Japan


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Sophia of Holstein-Gottorp, Regent of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1603–1608) (b. 1569)


date: November 19

text: November 19 – Alexander Charles Vasa, 5th son of King Sigismund III Vasa (b. 1614)


date: December 7

text: December 7 - Đào Duy Từ, Vietnamese scholar, poet, military adviser, and mandarin under Nguyễn lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên


date: December 11

text: December 11 – Fadrique de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza, Spanish noble and admiral (b. 1580)


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Lettice Knollys, English noblewoman (b. 1543)


text: December 25 – Count Walter Butler, Irish immigrant living in Germany (b. 1600s)


date: March 22

text: March 22 – The Peacock Throne of India's Mughal Empire is inaugurated in a ceremony in Delhi to support the seventh anniversary of Shah Jahan's accession to the throne as Emperor.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – The Treaty of Sztumska Wieś is signed between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Rhode Island founder Roger Williams is banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony as a religious dissident, after speaking out against punishments for religious offenses, and giving away Native American land.


text: Dominica is claimed by France.


date: January 23

text: January 23 – 1635 Capture of Tortuga: The Spanish Navy captures the Caribbean island of Tortuga off of the coast of Haiti after a three-day battle against the English and French Navy.


date: January 25

text: January 25 – King Thalun moves the capital of Burma from Pegu to Ava.


date: May 19

text: May 19 – France declares war on Spain.


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Thirty Years' War – The Peace of Prague is signed, which ends the German civil war aspect of the conflict.


date: August 3

text: August 3 – Cossack rebel leader Ivan Sulyma stages a surprise attack on Poland's newly constructed Kodak fortress, and his raiders kill most of the 200 mercenaries stationed there. Sulyma and his allies are captured by the army of Stanisław Koniecpolski, and Sulyma is executed on December 12.


date: November 22

text: November 22 – The Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa, against Taiwanese aborigines, begins.


text: The Ottomans are expelled from Yemen.


date: June 28

text: June 28 – France's Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique begins its occupation of the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe, with Charles Liénard de L'Olive as its first Governor.


text: Willem and Joan Blaeu publish the first edition of their Atlas Novus, in Amsterdam.


text: Guadeloupe and Martinique are colonized by France.


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Philipp Christoph von Sötern, the Archbishop-Elector of Trier, is taken prisoner in a surprise attack by Spanish Habsburg troops, leading to a declaration of war against Spain by France and the beginning of the Franco-Spanish War.


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Druze warlord Fakhr-al-Din II is executed in Constantinople.


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Thomas Parr, dead at the alleged age of 152, is buried in Westminster Abbey.


date: December 23

text: December 23 – Shah Jahan, Emperor of India's Mughal Empire, issues a decree against Portuguese Jesuits, ordering that the Agra Church be demolished and barring them from attempting to convert Hindus and Muslims to the Christian faith, but allows them to conduct their religious ceremonies in private.


text: In the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan's Pearl Mosque at Lahore Fort is completed.


date: July 31

text: July 31 – The Royal Mail service is made available to the public by Charles I of England.


text: In Edo period Japan, the Sakoku Edict of 1635 enforces isolationism. Japanese are forbidden to travel abroad and unauthorised Europeans forbidden to enter under penalty of death. Christianity (Catholicism) is absolutely prohibited. Foreign merchants – Chinese and those of the Dutch East India Company – are restricted to enclaves in Nagasaki and access by the Portuguese is completely forbidden: an imperial memorandum decrees, "Hereafter entry by the Portuguese galeota is forbidden. If they insist on coming, the ships must be destroyed and anyone aboard those ships must be beheaded."


date: August 25

text: August 25 – The Great Colonial Hurricane strikes Narragansett Bay as a possible Category 3 hurricane, killing over 46 people.


date: February 22

text: February 22 – The Académie française in Paris is formally constituted, as the national academy for the preservation of the French language.


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Boston Latin School, the oldest school in what will become the United States of America, is founded in Boston, Massachusetts.


text: Nagyszombat University (predecessor of Budapest University) is established.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero, Spanish Archbishop of Toledo (d. 1709)


date: January 13

text: January 13 – Philipp Spener, German Christian theologian known as the Father of Pietism (d. 1705)


text: January 25 – Daniel Casper von Lohenstein, German writer, diplomat and lawyer (d. 1683)


date: March 31

text: March 31 – Patrick Gordon, Scottish-born Russian general, rear admiral (d. 1699)


date: April 16

text: April 16 – Frans van Mieris the Elder, Dutch Golden Age genre and portrait painter (d. 1681)


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Edward Stillingfleet, British theologian and scholar (d. 1699)


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, iconic figure in the history of New France (d. 1660)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Peder Griffenfeld, Danish statesman and royal favourite (d. 1699)


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Paul I, Prince Esterházy, Hungarian prince (d. 1713)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Sir John Carew, 3rd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1692)


text: November 15 – Margaret Yolande of Savoy, duchess consort of Parma (d. 1663)


date: November 22

text: November 22 – Francis Willughby, English biologist (d. 1672)


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Madame de Maintenon, second wife of Louis XIV of France (d. 1719)


date: December 28

text: December 28 – Elizabeth Stuart, second daughter of King Charles I of England (d. 1650)


date: January

text: January – Nef'i, Turkish poet and satirist (b. 1572)


date: March 27

text: March 27 – Robert Naunton, English politician (b. 1563)


date: March

text: March – Thomas Randolph, English poet (b. 1605)


date: April 13

text: April 13 – Fakhr-al-Din II, Ottoman Emir of Chouf (b. 1572)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Elizabeth Carey, Lady Berkeley, English courtier (b. 1576)


date: April 27

text: April 27 – Antonio Zapata y Cisneros, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1550)


date: August 7

text: August 7 – Friedrich von Spee, German writer (b. 1591)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Lope de Vega, Spanish poet and playwright (b. 1562)


date: August

text: August (bur.) – Richard Whitbourne, English colonist of Newfoundland (b. 1561)


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Wilhelm Schickard, German inventor (b. 1592)


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Maria Amalia of Nassau-Dillenburg, German noble (b. 1582)


date: November 15

text: November 15 – Thomas Parr, English alleged oldest living man (b. 1483)


date: November 25

text: November 25 – John Hall, English physician, son-in-law of William Shakespeare (b. 1575)


text: Iravikkutti Pillai, Venad leader in India (b. 1603)


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Anthony van Diemen takes office as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and will serve until his death in 1645.


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Nimi a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba is installed as King Alvaro VI of Kongo, in the area now occupied by the African nation of Angola, and rules until his death on February 22, 1641.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Roger Williams and other Puritan settlers become founders of the colony of Providence Plantations, which later joins neighbouring territory to become the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. The area today is the U.S. state of Rhode Island.


date: July 10

text: July 10 – The Senate of the Venetian Republic votes, 82 to 4, in favor of renewing the charter of Jewish merchants to sell within the city, after a delay of almost six months.


date: August 25

text: August 25 (August 15 Old Style) – The covenant of the Town of Dedham, Massachusetts Bay Colony is first signed.


date: December 23

text: December 23 (December 13 Old Style) – The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This organization is recognized today as the founding of the United States National Guard.


text: Manchus occupy the Liaoning region in north China, select Shenyang (Mukden) as their capital, and proclaim the new Qing dynasty (pure).


text: The first American ancestor of John Adams, Henry Adams, emigrates to Massachusetts.


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Al Walid ben Zidan, Sultan of Morocco, is assassinated by French renegades.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – Eighty Years' War: The nine-month Siege of Schenkenschans ends, when forces of the Dutch Republic recapture the strategically important fort from the Spanish.


date: June 22

text: June 22 – The Battle of Tornavento is fought in north-west Italy in the course of the Thirty Years' War, as France and Savoy respond to an attack by Spain. While the battle is a stalemate, the city of Castano Primo is heavily damaged.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – The Pequot War begins in New England when John Oldham and several of his crew are killed when his ship is attacked and robbed, apparently by allies of the Narragansett Indians at Block Island.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – The Spanish capture Corbie, France.


date: October 4

text: October 4 (September 24 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Wittstock: A Swedish-allied army defeats a combined Imperial-Saxon army.


date: November 14

text: November 14 – French recapture Corbie from the Spanish


text: The shōgun forbids Japanese to travel abroad, and those abroad from returning home.


text: Thirty Years' War: French intervention starts.


text: Emperor Fasilides founds the city of Gondar, which becomes the capital of Ethiopia for the next two centuries.


date: March 5

text: March 5 (February 24 Old Style) – King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway gives an order, that all beggars that are able to work must be sent to Brinholmen, to build ships or to work as galley rowers.


date: May 14

text: May 14 – William Pynchon and his men establish the settlement of Agawam Plantation (now Springfield, Massachusetts) in territory controlled by the Agawam people, a subset of the Algonquian peoples, and negotiate for its purchase for Britain's Connecticut Colony. The Agawams deed the land to Connecticut on July 15, and the area is later deeded by Connecticut to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.


date: November 5

text: November 5 – English theologian Henry Burton preaches two sermons on Guy Fawkes Day, heavily critical of the Anglican bishops, and is soon summoned before the Star Chamber.


text: Establishment of Kohra (estate) by Babu Himmat Sah.


text: The first synagogue of the New World, Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue, is founded in Recife by the Dutch.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – The Duke's Mistress, the last play by James Shirley, is given its first performance.


date: March 13

text: March 13 (March 3 Old Style) – A "great charter" to the University of Oxford establishes the Oxford University Press, as the second of the privileged presses in England.


date: March 26

text: March 26 – Utrecht University is founded in the Dutch Republic.


date: July 30

text: July 30 – In France, Cardinal Richelieu persuades King Louis XIII to issue an ordonnance excusing the French nobility from military service if they pay a tax which allows the hiring of paid cavalry.


date: September 18

text: September 18 (September 8 Old Style) – A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes New College (Harvard University), as the first college founded in the United States.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Harvard University was founded.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Fernando de Valenzuela, 1st Marquis of Villasierra, Spanish noble (d. 1692)


date: January 20

text: January 20 – Count Maximilian I, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (d. 1689)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Shubael Dummer, American Congregational church minister (d. 1692)


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Edward Colman, English Catholic courtier under Charles II (d. 1678)


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon, French noble (d. 1721)


date: July 31

text: July 31 – Josias II, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen, major general in Brunswick and co-ruler of Waldeck-Wildungen (d. 1669)


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Louis Victor de Rochechouart de Mortemart, French military man, brother of Madame de Montespan (d. 1688)


date: September 25

text: September 25 – Ferdinand Joseph, Prince of Dietrichstein, German prince (d. 1698)


date: September 28

text: September 28 – Sophia Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Prussian royal consort (d. 1689)


date: October 23

text: October 23 – Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp, queen consort of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden (d. 1715)


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and an elector of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1679)


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and critic (d. 1711)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Edward Colston, Bristol-born English slave trader (d. 1721)


date: November 6

text: November 6 – Princess Catherine Beatrice of Savoy, daughter of the Duke of Savoy (d. 1637)


date: January 26

text: January 26 – Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul, French diplomat (b. 1552)


date: February 13

text: February 13 – Barbara Sophie of Brandenburg, duchess consort and later regent of Württemberg (b. 1584)


date: February 22

text: February 22 – Santorio Santorio, Italian physician (b. 1561)


date: April 18

text: April 18 – Julius Caesar, English judge (b. c.1557)


date: June 9

text: June 9 – Antoine de Paule, French-born 56th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c.1551)


text: June 21 – Justus de Harduwijn, Dutch Catholic priest and poet (b. 1582)


date: July

text: July – Elijah Loans, rabbi and kabbalist (b. 1555)


text: August 25 – Bhai Gurdas, Sikh religious figure (b. 1551)


date: September 19

text: September 19 – Franz von Dietrichstein, German Catholic bishop (b. 1570)


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Augustus the Elder, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Lutheran Bishop of Ratzeburg (b. 1568)


date: October 19

text: October 19 – Hugh Hamersley, Lord Mayor of London, England (1627–1628) (b. 1565)


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim, Irish leader


date: December 19

text: December 19 – William Spencer, 2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton, British baron (b. 1591)


date: December 27

text: December 27 – Iskandar Muda, Sultan of Aceh (b. 1583)


date: January 23

text: January 23 – John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen arrives from the Netherlands to become the Governor of Dutch Brazil, and extends the range of the colony over the next six years.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – King Charles I of England issues a proclamation, attempting to stem emigration to the North American colonies.


date: July 23

text: July 23 – After a court battle, King Charles I of England hands over title to the North American colony of Massachusetts to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, one of the founders of Plymouth Council for New England.


date: January 16

text: January 16 – The siege of Nagpur ends in the modern-day Maharashtra state of India, as Kok Shah, the King of Deogarh, surrenders his kingdom to the Mughal Empire.


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Qing invasion of Joseon: The Manchu armies of China complete their invasion of northern Korea with the surrender of King Injo of the Joseon Kingdom.


date: February 18

text: February 18 – Eighty Years' War: Battle off Lizard Point – Off the coast of Cornwall, England, a Spanish fleet intercepts an Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by six warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Pequot War: Mystic massacre – A band of English settlers under Captain John Mason, and their Narragansett and Mohegan allies, set fire to a fortified village of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe near the Mystic River. Between 400 and 700 people, mostly women, children and old men, are killed.


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Eighty Years' War: A force of 17,000 Spanish troops, led by the Spanish Netherlands Governor-General, Don Fernando de Austria, recaptures the city of Venlo from the Dutch Republic after a five-day siege.


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Fighting in the modern-day West African nation of Ghana, troops of the Dutch West India Company capture the Portuguese territory of the Gold Coast after the five-day Battle of Elmina.


date: December 17

text: December 17 – The Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan, when 30,000 peasants in the heavily Catholic area of northern Kyūshū revolt.


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Plymouth Colony grants the "tenn menn of Saugust" a new settlement on Cape Cod, later named Sandwich, Massachusetts.


date: June 27

text: June 27 – The first English venture to China is attempted by Captain John Weddell, who sails into port in Macau and Canton during the late Ming dynasty with six ships. The voyages are for trade, which is dominated here by the Portuguese (at this time combined with the power of Spain). He brings 38,421 pairs of eyeglasses, perhaps the first recorded European-made eyeglasses to enter China.


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Adam Olearius, sent along with Philipp Crusius and Otto Bruggemann by the German Duke of Holstein-Gottorp to establish a trade deal with Persia, is welcomed by the Safavid ruler, the Shah Safi at the Persian capital, Isfahan.


text: Scottish army officer Robert Monro publishes Monro, His Expedition With the Worthy Scots Regiment Called Mac-Keys in London, the first military history in English.


text: Elizabeth Poole becomes the first female founder of a town (Taunton, Massachusetts) in the Americas.


text: France places a few missionaries in the Ivory Coast, a country it will rule more than 200 years later.


date: March 25

text: March 25 – The Blessed Virgin is proclaimed Queen of Genoa.


text: July 23 – Introduction of a new Scottish Prayer Book is met with widespread demonstrations, notably that of Jenny Geddes at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, who is said to have thrown a stool at the Dean's head.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – The last five of the "16 Martyrs of Japan" are executed for illegally attempting to spread Christianity in Japan. Lorenzo Ruiz, Guillaume Courtet, Michael de Aozaraza, Vincent Shiwozuka and Lazarus of Kyoto are all put to death by the slow hanging torture of ana-tsurushi. They will be canonized 350 years later as saints of the Roman Catholic Church, on October 18, 1987.


text: Pierre de Fermat makes a notation, in a document margin, claiming to have proof of what will become known as Fermat's Last Theorem.


text: René Descartes promotes intellectual rigour in his Discourse on the Method, and introduces the Cartesian coordinate system in its appendix La Géométrie (published in Leiden).


date: February 3

text: February 3 – Tulip mania collapses in the Dutch Republic.


date: January 5

text: January 5 – Pierre Corneille's tragicomedy Le Cid is first performed, in Paris, France.


date: March 6

text: March 6 – The world's first opera house, Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice with the premiere of L'Andromeda, with music by Francesco Manelli and libretto by Benedetto Ferrari.


date: May

text: May – Chinese encyclopedist Song Yingxing publishes his Tiangong Kaiwu ("Exploitation of the Works of Nature"), considered one of the most valuable encyclopedias of classical China.


date: November 18

text: November 18 – The coronation as the new Holy Roman Emperor of Ferdinand III, Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, takes place in Vienna.


text: Richard Norwood's book The Seaman's Practice is published for the first time.


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz, Spanish religious writer, Catholic prelate and bishop (d. 1699)


date: February 10

text: February 10 – Countess Henriette Catherine of Nassau, daughter of Frederick Henry (d. 1708)


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Friedrich Nicolaus Bruhns, German organist and composer (d. 1718)


date: February 12

text: February 12 – Jan Swammerdam, Dutch biologist and microscopist (d. 1680)


date: February 21

text: February 21 – William Beveridge, English Bishop of St. Asaph (d. 1708)


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Jan van der Heyden, Dutch Baroque-era painter (d. 1712)


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Fitz-John Winthrop, Governor of the Connecticut Colony (d. 1707)


date: May 31

text: May 31 – Louis Laneau, French bishop active in the kingdom of Siam (d. 1696)


date: June 1

text: June 1 – Jacques Marquette, French Jesuit missionary and explorer (d. 1675)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, Colonial governor of Maryland (d. 1715)


date: October 3

text: October 3 – George Gordon, 1st Earl of Aberdeen, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (d. 1720)


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Lorenzo Magalotti, Italian philosopher (d. 1712)


date: December 6

text: December 6 – Edmund Andros, English colonial administrator in North America (d. 1714)


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville (d. 1710)


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley (b. 1559)


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Péter Pázmány, Hungarian cardinal and statesman (b. 1570)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, French astronomer (b. 1580)


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Christopher von Dohna, German politician and scholar (b. 1583)


text: August 27 – Princess Catherine Beatrice of Savoy, daughter of the Duke of Savoy (b. 1636)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Robert Fludd, English mystic (b. 1574)


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Theodoor Rombouts, Flemish painter (b. 1597)


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat (b. 1580)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Lorenzo Ruiz, Filipino saint (b. c.1600)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Humilis of Bisignano, Italian Franciscan friar and saint (b. 1582)


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Nicholas Ferrar, English trader (b. 1592)


date: December 19

text: December 19 – Christina of Lorraine, Tuscan regent (b. 1565)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Juan López de Agurto de la Mata, Spanish Catholic prelate (b. 1572)


date: December 31

text: December 31 – Christian, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1588–1637) (b. 1585)


date: February 28

text: February 28 – The Scottish National Covenant is signed in Edinburgh, Scotland, in opposition to changes to the Church of Scotland proposed by King Charles I.


date: March 5

text: March 5 – Thirty Years' War: The Treaty of Hamburg is signed by France and Sweden, providing the latter with funds.


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Settlement of what will become New Haven, Connecticut begins.


date: May 23

text: May 23 – The Kandyan Treaty is signed between Singhala King Rajasimha II and the Dutch, to rid Ceylon of the Portuguese.


date: September 21

text: September 21 – The Treaty of Hartford is signed, ending the Pequot War between British American colonists and the Pequot.


date: January 4

text: January 4 – A fleet of 80 Spanish ships led by Governor-General Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera attacks the Sultanate of Sulu in the Philippines by beginning an invasion of Jolo island, but Sultan Muwallil Wasit I puts up a stiff resistance.


text: January 4 – A naval battle takes place in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Goa in South India, as a Netherlands fleet commanded by Admiral Adam Westerwolt decimates the Portuguese fleet.


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Shimabara Rebellion: The siege of Shimabara Castle ends after 27 days in Japan's Tokugawa shogunate (part of modern-day Nagasaki prefecture) as the rebel peasants flee reinforcements sent by the shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu.


date: January 22

text: January 22 – The Shimabara and Amakusa rebels, having joined up after fleeing the shogun's troops, begin the defense of Hara Castle in modern-day Minamishimabara in the Nagasaki prefecture. The siege lasts more than 11 weeks before the peasants are massacred.


date: March 3

text: March 3 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rheinfelden – A mercenary army under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, fighting for France, defeats forces of the Holy Roman Empire.


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his sons capture the city of Kandahar from the Safavids.


date: April 15

text: April 15 – Shogunate forces defeat the last remnants of the Shimabara Rebellion, in the fortress of Hara. In the aftermath, suppression of Christianity is strictly enforced, Portuguese traders are expelled and Japan enters more than two centuries of isolationism.


date: June 20

text: June 20 – Eighty Years' War: Battle of Kallo – Spanish troops under Ferdinand of Austria defeat a much larger Dutch force, near Antwerp.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – Thirty Years' War: The siege of Saint-Omer ends after almost two months as the French-held Flemish city falls after being besieged by Spanish and German troops.


date: July 28

text: July 28 – Thirty Years' War: Swedish Army Field Marshal Johan Banér begins a destructive campaign against the Duchy of Pomerania, held by the Holy Roman Empire.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659): The Battle of Getaria is fought between the navies of France and Spain, with the French sinking all 17 Spanish Navy ships and killing 2,000 Spanish sailors and officers.


date: December 25

text: December 25 – Capture of Baghdad by the Ottomans under Sultan Murad IV.


date: March 29

text: March 29 – Settlers from Sweden arrive on the ships Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Grip to establish the settlement of New Sweden in Delaware, beginning the Swedish colonization of the Americas.


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Preacher John Wheelwright is banished from Boston and founds Exeter, New Hampshire.


date: April 14

text: April 14 – The Netherlands colonizes Mauritius, with colonists from the ship Dragon going ashore after sighting it the day before, an event chronicled by British traveler Peter Mundy.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – The Portuguese expedition led by Pedro Teixeira completes the first ascent of the Amazon River, crossing the Quijos River and arriving at Quito in Ecuador soon after (the same trip had been made in the opposite direction, in 1541).


date: September

text: September – John Spofford arrives in Boston Harbor, on the ship John of London, and is one of the first people to establish Rowely, Essex County, Massachusetts.


date: June 27

text: June 27 – Patriarch Cyril of Constantinople is deposed for high treason, strangled and thrown into the sea by Janissaries, on Ottoman Sultan Murad IV's command.


date: July 20

text: July 20 – Scottish Covenanters meet at Muchalls Castle to compose a response to the 14 demands of the Bishops of Aberdeen.


date: November 21

text: November 21 – The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is summoned to Glasgow, by King Charles I.


date: March 28

text: March 28 – Dutch merchant Willem Kieft is appointed Director of New Netherland by the Dutch East India Company to succeed Wouter van Twiller.


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Construction begins on the Red Fort in Delhi (India) for Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan who is transferring his capital there from Agra.


date: September 6

text: September 6 – The Finnish mail service, predecessor of Posti Group, is established.


text: The Peking Gazette makes an official switch in its production process of newspapers, from woodblock printing to movable type printing (private newspapers in Ming dynasty China were first mentioned in 1582).


date: December 21

text: December 21 – The full moon is in total eclipse from 1:12 to 2:47 UT, and the solstice occurs later in the day, at 16:05 UT.


date: March 22

text: March 22 – Anne Hutchinson is banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for heresy and goes to Rhode Island.


date: October 21

text: October 21 – The Great Thunderstorm in Widecombe-in-the-Moor, England: probable ball lightning strikes the parish church, killing 4 and injuring about 60.


text: Shipwrecked English buccaneer Peter Wallace, called Balis by the Spanish, settles near and perhaps gives his name to the Belize River, the first known European settlement in Belize.


date: November 24

text: November 24 – New Haven, the first planned city in America, is founded when local Indians make a deed of Quinnipiac to Theophilus Eaton and other English settlers.


date: January 1

text: January 1 – Nicolas Steno, Danish pioneer in anatomy and geology, bishop (d. 1686)


date: January 8

text: January 8 – Elisabetta Sirani, Italian painter (d. 1665)


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Jørgen Iversen Dyppel, Governor of the Danish West Indies (d. 1683)


text: May 13 – Richard Simon, French Biblical critic (d. 1712)


date: May 29

text: May 29 – John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland, English nobleman and politician (d. 1711)


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, English nobleman (d. 1709)


text: July 20 – Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve, leading Norwegian general during the Scanian War (d. 1704)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Nicolas Malebranche, French philosopher (d. 1715)


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Pieter de Graeff, Dutch politician and noble (d. 1707)


date: September 10

text: September 10 – Maria Theresa of Spain, queen consort of Louis XIV of France (d. 1683)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Philippe de Courcillon, French officer and author (d. 1720)


date: October 17

text: October 17 – John Charles, Count Palatine of Gelnhausen (1654–1704) (d. 1704)


date: November 25

text: November 25 – Catherine of Braganza, Portuguese princess, queen consort of Charles II of England (d. 1705)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Tomás de la Cerda, 3rd Marquis of la Laguna, Spanish nobleman (d. 1692)


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician (b. 1581)


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Cornelius Jansen, French bishop and religious reformer (b. 1585)


date: August 3

text: August 3 – Philipp Moritz, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noble (b. 1605)


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Tayyar Mehmed Pasha becomes the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire after Bayram Pasha dies while fighting in Baghdad.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – John Harvard, American clergyman (b. 1607)


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1604–1622) (b. 1573)


date: September

text: September – Christoph Besold, German jurist (b. 1577)


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Jacob Dircksz de Graeff, Dutch mayor (b. 1579)


date: October 23

text: October 23 – John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, German duke (b. 1566)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon, English noble (b. 1572)


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Denis of the Nativity, French sailor and cartographer (b. 1600)


date: December 8

text: December 8 – Ivan Gundulić, Croatian poet (b. 1589)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg (b. 1584)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Cardinal Mazarin becomes the first adviser to French potentate Richelieu, on the death of Leclerc du Tremblay.


date: June 18

text: June 18 – The Treaty of Berwick is signed between Charles I and the Scots.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – The alliance of cantons in Switzerland known as the Three Leagues or Raetia agrees with Spain to bring Italy's Valtellina area back into the alliance, on the condition that the Catholic faith of the natives be respected.


text: Sakoku, the isolationist foreign policy of Japan, comes fully into effect.


text: The Treaty of Zuhab is signed between the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Safavid Persia, delineating the modern Turkey-Iran and Iraq-Iran border lines.


date: February 18

text: February 18 – In the course of the Eighty Years' War, a sea battle is fought in the English Channel off of the coast of Dunkirk between the navies of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, with 12 warships, and Spain, with 12 galleons and eight other ships. The Spanish are forced to flee after three of their ships are lost and 1,600 Spaniards killed or injured, while the Dutch sustain 1,700 casualties without the loss of a ship.


date: April 14

text: April 14 – In the Battle of Chemnitz, Swedish forces under Johan Banér inflict a crushing defeat on the army of the Holy Roman Empire, prolonging the Thirty Years' War and allowing the Swedes to occupy Pirna and advance into Bohemia.


date: April

text: April – Following the Battle of Chemnitz Swedish forces under command of Johan Banér invades Bohemia with great success


date: May 2

text: May 2 – After a 40-day siege, the Dutch East India Company Army captures the Trincomalee Fort on the island of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from the Portuguese Empire.


text: June 18 – On the same day, the first battle of the Bishops' Wars is fought by Earl Marischal and the Marquess of Montrose when they lead a Covenanter army of 9,000 men past Muchalls Castle over the Causey Mounth to fight at the Bridge of Dee in Scotland.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – A revolt in France begins in Normandy with the assassination of tax collector Charles Le Poupinel while he is working in the town of Avranches. The rebellion is brutally crushed on November 30.


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Dutch Navy Admiral Maarten Tromp introduces the line of battle tactic in a battle in the English Channel against a much larger force of Spanish Navy ships, driving off 67 ships with his fleet of 29.


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Naval Battle of the Downs: A Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.


date: November 30

text: November 30 – In Normandy, the revolt of the va-nu-pieds is crushed by the troops of French Army Colonel Jean de Gassion under orders of Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, with 300 of the rebels killed.


text: Russian Cossacks advance over the Urals to the Pacific, to Okhotsk.


text: Japanese wives and children of Dutch and British people from Hirado are sent to Batavia (Asian headquarters of the VOC, renamed Jakarta by the Japanese around three centuries later) on Dutch ships.


text: Dejima, an island trading post off Nagasaki, becomes the only official port of trade allowed for Europeans, with the multi-national United East Indies Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) as the only European party officially allowed. Trading parties from China, India and other places are still officially allowed, though the VOC will become the usual broker for them.


date: April 22

text: April 22 – Pope Urban VIII issues a papal bull prohibiting slavery in the New World colonies of Spain and Portugal, encompassing most of Latin America.


date: May 28

text: May 28 – King Charles I of England arrives with his army at Berwick-upon-Tweed as the first of the Bishops' Wars breaks out between the English Army and the Scottish Covenanters.


date: July 1

text: July 1 – Parthenius I becomes the new leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church as he is selected as Patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Cyril II.


text: French nobleman Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière obtains the seigneurial title to the island of Montreal in New France (modern-day Quebec) in the name of the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal to establish a Roman Catholic mission to evangelize indigenous peoples.


date: March 3

text: March 3 – The early settlement of Taunton, Massachusetts, is incorporated as a town.


text: April – Italian-born Cardinal Mazarin, apostolic nuncio to Paris and adviser to Cardinal Richelieu, is naturalized French by letters patent; in December, he leaves the service of Rome to enter that of King Louis XIII of France.


text: The Casiquiare canal, a river forming a natural channel between the Amazon River and Orinoco River basins, is first encountered by Europeans, an expedition led by Pedro Teixeira and Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña.


date: December 4

text: December 4 – English astronomer Jeremiah Horrocks makes the first successful prediction and observation of a transit of Venus.


date: March 13

text: March 13 – Harvard University is named for clergyman John Harvard.


date: August 22

text: August 22 – The British East India Company buys a strip of land from King Peda Venkata Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire for the construction of Fort St. George, the first settlement of British India, so founding modern-day Chennai, capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (celebrated as Madras Day).


text: c. January – The first printing press in British North America is started in Cambridge, Massachusetts, by Stephen Daye.


date: January 3

text: January 3 – Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse, French Huguenot noblewoman, grandmother of George II of Great Britain, great-grandmother of Frederick the Great (d. 1722)


date: January 19

text: January 19 – Noël Alexandre, French theologian and ecclesiastical historian (d. 1724)


date: March 7

text: March 7 – Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, English nobleman (d. 1672)


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Ivan Mazepa, Hetman of Ukraine (d. 1709)


date: April 3

text: April 3 – Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (k. 1682)


date: May 8

text: May 8 – Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Italian artist working in the High Baroque and early Rococo periods (d. 1709)


date: June 21

text: June 21 – Increase Mather, American minister (d. 1723)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery, English politician and Irish nobleman (d. 1713)


date: July 15

text: July 15 – Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran, Irish soldier (d. 1686)


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Marie Mancini, Italian courtier, third of the five Mancini sisters (d. 1715)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – William Trumbull, English diplomat and politician (d. 1716)


date: September 29

text: September 29 – William Russell, Lord Russell, English politician (d. 1683)


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Simon van der Stel, last Commander and first Governor of the Cape Colony (d. 1712)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Gottfried Kirch, German astronomer, first 'Astronomer Royal' in Berlin (d. 1710)


date: January 23

text: January 23 – Francisco Maldonado da Silva, Peruvian Jewish poet (b. 1592)


date: January

text: January – Shackerley Marmion, English dramatist (b. 1603)


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Augusta of Denmark, Duchess Consort of Holstein-Gottorp (b. 1580)


date: April 1

text: April 1 – Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, German Duke (b. 1597)


date: April 6

text: April 6 – John Matthew Rispoli, major Maltese philosopher of great erudition (b. 1582)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Mexican dramatist (b. c. 1571)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger, Danish architect (b. 1587)


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Henry Wenceslaus, Duke of Oels-Bernstadt, Duke of Bernstadt (1617–1639) (b. 1592)


date: October 8

text: October 8 – Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond, British duchess (b. 1578)


date: November 3

text: November 3 – Martin de Porres, Peruvian monk, Roman Catholic saint (b. 1579)


date: November 4

text: November 4 – Thomas Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea, Member of Parliament (b. 1578)


date: November 7

text: November 7 – Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour, English politician (b. c. 1560)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – John Spottiswoode, Scottish archbishop and historian (b. 1565)


date: December 25

text: December 25 – John Christian of Brieg, Duke of Brzeg (b. 1591)


text: Avidius Cassius, one of Lucius Verus' generals, crosses the Euphrates and invades Parthia.


text: Ctesiphon is captured by the Romans, but returns to the Parthians after the end of the war.


text: The Antonine Wall in Scotland is abandoned by the Romans.


text: Seleucia on the Tigris is destroyed.


text: Emperor Marcus Aurelius gives his daughter Lucilla in marriage to his co-emperor Lucius Verus.


text: Ge Xuan (or Xiaoxian), Chinese Taoist (d. 244)


text: Bruttia Crispina, Roman empress (d. 191)


text: Yu Fan, Chinese scholar and official (d. 233)


date: May 5

text: May 5 – The Short Parliament is dissolved without agreeing to the King's demands.


date: July 15

text: July 15 – The first university of Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, is inaugurated in Turku.


date: October 26

text: October 26 – The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between the Scottish Covenanters and Charles I of England.


text: November 3 – The English Long Parliament is summoned; it will not be dissolved for 20 years.


date: December 1

text: December 1 – The end of the Iberian Union of Spain and Portugal begins, as a revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie causes John IV of Portugal to be acclaimed as king, thus ending 60 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain, and the rule of the House of Habsburg (also called the Philippine Dynasty). The Spanish Habsburgs do not recognize Portugal's new dynasty, the House of Braganza, until the end of the Portuguese Restoration War in 1668.


text: December 1 – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg begins to rule.


date: January 6

text: January 6 – The Siege of Salses in Catalonia ends almost six months after it had started on June 9, 1639, with the French defenders surrendering to the Spanish attackers.


date: January 17

text: January 17 – Action of 12–17 January 1640: A naval battle, part of the Dutch invasions of Brazil, between ships of the Dutch Republic and those of the Kingdom of Portugal, ends after five days of fighting with the Dutch driving the Portuguese away from the port of Recife.


date: March 8

text: March 8–13 – Siege of Galle: Dutch troops take the strategic fortress at Galle, Sri Lanka from the Portuguese.


date: May 22

text: May 22 – The Reapers' War (Guerra dels Segadors or Catalan Revolt) breaks out in Catalonia.


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Catalan rebels assassinate Dalmau de Queralt, Count of Santa Coloma, beginning the three-day Corpus de Sang riots.


date: August 20

text: August 20 – Second Bishops' War: A Scottish Covenanter army invades Northumberland in England.


date: August 28

text: August 28 – Second Bishops' War: Battle of Newburn – The Scottish Covenanter army led by Alexander Leslie defeats the English army near Newburn in England.


date: September 20

text: September 20 – The Siege of Turin (began May 22) ends in Italy with the French and Piedmontese recapturing the city from Spain.


date: September 7

text: September 7 – Portuguese missionary Sebastien Manrique reaches Dhaka and stays for 27 days, leaving on October 4.


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Ibrahim I succeeds his brother Murad IV (r. 1623–1640) as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire; he will rule until his death in 1648.


date: April 13

text: April 13 – The Short Parliament assembles, as King Charles I of England attempts to fund the second of the Bishops' Wars.


date: May 11

text: May 11/12 – Following the Short Parliament's dissolution, an angry and armed mob makes an attack on Lambeth Palace in London in the hope of killing the unpopular Archbishop William Laud.


text: The first known European coffeehouse perhaps opens in Venice.


date: July 9

text: July 9 – John Punch, a servant of Virginia planter Hugh Gwyn, is sentenced to a life of servitude after attempting to escape, making him the "first official slave in the English colonies".


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Forty-one Spanish delegates to Japan at Nagasaki are beheaded.


date: June 13

text: June 13 – The eruption of the Hokkaido Koma-ga-take (Mount Komagatake) volcano takes place in Japan. Although the eruption causes few direct injuries, the heavy ashfall poisons local crops and causes the Kan'ei Great Famine that causes more than 50,000 deaths from starvation.


text: The first book to be printed in North America (the Bay Psalm Book) is published.


text: January 17 – Jonathan Singletary Dunham, prominent early American settler of Woodbridge Township (d. 1724)


date: January 25

text: January 25 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, English soldier and statesman (d. 1707)


date: February 29

text: February 29 – Benjamin Keach, English Particular Baptist preacher (d. 1704)


date: March 18

text: March 18 – Philippe de La Hire, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1718)


date: June 15

text: June 15 – Bernard Lamy, French Oratorian mathematician and theologian (d. 1715)


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Elizabeth Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield, second wife of Philip Stanhope (d. 1665)


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester, son of Charles I (d. 1660)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife (d. 1701)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Date Tsunamune, Japanese daimyō of Sendai han (d. 1711)


date: October 28

text: October 28 – Streynsham Master, English colonial administrator (d. 1724)


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Jonathan Corwin, American judge of the Salem witch trials (d. 1718)


date: November 18

text: November 18 – George Hooper, Bishop of St Asaph Bishop of Bath and Wells (d. 1727)


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland (d. 1709)


date: December 14

text: December 14 (probable date) – Aphra Behn, English author (d. 1689)


date: January 14

text: January 14 – Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry, English lawyer and judge (b. 1578)


text: January 25 – Robert Burton, English scholar (b. 1577)


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Philip Massinger, English dramatist (b. 1583)


date: April 2

text: April 2 – Paul Fleming, German physician and poet (b. 1609)


date: April

text: April – Uriel da Costa, Portuguese philosopher (suicide) (b. 1585)


date: May 30

text: May 30 – Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (b. 1577)


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, English politician (b. 1584)


date: August 30

text: August 30 – Thomas Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Haddington, Scottish noble (b. 1600)


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Claudio Achillini, Italian philosopher, theologian, mathematician, poet, jurist (b. 1574)


date: October 6

text: October 6 – Wolrad IV, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (b. 1588)


text: November 27 – Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna, Swedish statesman (b. 1587)


date: December 1

text: December 1 – Miguel de Vasconcelos, Portuguese prime minister (b. 1590)


date: December 3

text: December 3 – Christopher Wandesford, English administrator and politician (b. 1592)


date: December 30

text: December 30 – John Francis Regis, French saint (b. 1597)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – King Charles I of England gives his assent to the Triennial Act 1640, reluctantly committing himself to parliamentary sessions of at least fifty days, every three years.


date: April 21

text: April 21 – England's House of Commons votes 204 to 59 in favor of the conviction for treason and the execution of the Earl of Strafford, and the House of Lords acquiesces. King Charles refuses to give the necessary royal assent.


date: May 3

text: May 3 – The Protestation of 1641 is passed by England's Parliament, requiring all officeholders to swear an oath of allegiance to King Charles I and to the Church of England.


date: May 7

text: May 7 – England's House of Lords votes, 51 to 9, in favor of the execution of the Earl of Strafford for treason. In fear for his own safety, King Charles I signs Strafford's death warrant on May 10.


date: May 11

text: May 11 – The Long Parliament in England passes the "Act against Dissolving Parliament without its own Consent".


date: June 1

text: June 1 – In Paris, representatives of Portugal and France sign a treaty of alliance.


date: June 12

text: June 12 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed between representatives of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Portugal as a 10-year truce and alliance.


date: July 5

text: July 5 – In England, the Long Parliament abolishes the Court of Star Chamber.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign a Treaty of Offensive and Defensive Alliance at The Hague. The treaty is not respected by both parties, and as a consequence has no effect in the Portuguese colonies (Brazil and Angola) that are under Dutch rule.


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Charles I of England signs the Treaty of London ending the Bishops' Wars between England and Scotland.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – The Treaty of Péronne is signed between Honoré II, Prince of Monaco and France's King Louis XIII, guaranteeing the Grimaldi family the right to rule Monaco in return for the principality becoming a French protectorate.


date: October 2

text: October 2 – Scottish politician John Campbell takes office as Lord Chancellor of Scotland and is given the title of the Earl of Loudoun by Charles I in his capacity as King of Scotland.


date: October 24

text: October 24 – The Irish rebel Sir Felim O'Neill of Kinard issues the Proclamation of Dungannon.


text: December 1 – The English Parliament presents the Grand Remonstrance to King Charles, who makes no response to it until Parliament has the document published and released to the general public.


date: December 7

text: December 7 – The bill for the Militia Ordinance is introduced by Arthur Haselrig, an anti-monarchist member of the House of Commons, proposing for the first time to allow Parliament to appoint its own military commanders without royal approval. King Charles, concerned that the legislation would allow parliament to create its own army, orders Haselrig arrested for treason. Parliament passes the Militia Ordinance on March 15.


text: The Massachusetts Bay Colony adopts a law making witchcraft a capital crime.


text: The town of Falun, Sweden is given city rights by Queen Kristina.


date: January 14

text: January 14 – The Battle of Malacca concludes with the Dutch East India Company ending Portuguese control of Malacca.


date: March 27

text: March 27 – The Battle of Pressnitz begins between the Holy Roman Empire and Sweden.


text: March 27 – The Siege of São Filipe begins in the Azores as the Portuguese Navy fights to drive the Spanish out. After almost 11 months, the Portuguese prevail on March 4, 1642.


date: April 25

text: April 25 – The Battle of Songjin begins in the modern-day North Korean city of Kimch'aek, at the time part of the Chinese Empire controlled by the Ming dynasty. The Ming, led by General Wu Sangui, defeat the Qing rebels.


date: April 30

text: April 30 – In Morocco, rebel leader and secessionist Sidi al-Ayachi is assassinated.