date: July 22

text: July 22 – Albert IV, German nobleman and knight (b. 1180)


date: August 11

section: Deaths

text: August 11 – Clare of Assisi, Italian nun and saint (b. 1194)

source_section: Deaths


date: September 22

text: September 22 – Dōgen, Japanese Buddhist priest (b. 1200)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Wenceslaus I, king of Bohemia (b. 1205)


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Robert Grosseteste, English bishop (b. 1168)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Agnes of Assisi, Italian abbess and saint


date: November 29

text: November 29 – Otto II, German count palatine (b. 1206)


date: February 21

section: Geopolitics & Diplomacy

text: February 21 – King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") signs a multi-year truce with An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, who is well aware of a Mongol threat and has no wish for war with the Crusader States.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


text: King Afonso III of Portugal ("the Boulonnais") holds the first session of the Cortes (Portugal's general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class and representatives from all municipalities), in Leiria.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


text: King Henry III of England grants his eldest son the Lord Edward areas of land including crown lands in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands and Gascony. He is also given the cities of Bristol, Stamford and Grantham. The reason for these concessions is to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming a king. Edward is granted the Three Castles in Wales, Skenfrith Castle, White Castle and Grosmont Castle.

source_section: Events › By place › England


date: June 12

section: Conflict & Security

text: June 12 – The Dutch city of Alkmaar obtains city rights from William II, anti-king of Germany.

source_section: Events › By topic › Cities and Towns


text: William II, anti-king of Germany, holds a diet (princely convention) at Worms, in which the German cities are represented for the first time. He gives orders to build strong castles in Heemskerk and Haarlem.


text: As part of an offensive against usury in north-western Europe, Innocent IV relieves the city of Beauvais from its obligations to its creditors.

source_section: Events › By topic › Markets


text: Battle of Adrianople: Byzantine forces under Emperor Theodore II Laskaris defeat the invading Bulgarians near Edirne (Adrianople). The young and inexperienced Tsar Michael II Asen is caught by surprise and the Bulgarians suffer heavy losses. Michael is wounded during his hasty retreat through the forest.

source_section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


date: January 4

section: Exploration & Expansion

text: January 4 – William of Rubruck, Flemish missionary and explorer, is received courteously with an embassy at Karakorum. He is given an audience with Möngke Khan, who is loaded with gifts and letters from Louis IX.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


date: April 24

text: April 24 – Louis IX and his family sail from Acre to France. His boat is nearly wrecked off the coast of Cyprus and later nearly destroyed by fire. In July, the royal party arrives at Hyères in Provence.


text: The Rhenish League, a confederation of trading cities, is established in the Rhineland, Western Germany. The league (or Städtebund) comprises 59 cities.

source_section: Events › By topic › Commerce


date: March

section: Religion & Belief

text: March (possible date) – The existence and name of purgatory is acknowledged by the Catholic Church.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


date: November 1

text: November 1 – Edward marries Eleanor of Castile in the Cistercian monastery of Las Huelgas at Burgos.


date: November 2

text: November 2 – German forces under Manfred start an anti-papal revolt against Innocent IV and seize Lucera in the Tavoliere Plains. He defeats the papal army at Foggia and gains the loyalty of Apulia, on December 2.


text: Summer – The Lord Edward travels from Portsmouth with his mother, Queen Eleanor of Provence, and Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, to marry the 13-year-old Eleanor of Castile, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile. Henry III has demanded the marriage in exchange for ending the war with Alfonso. In August, the party arrives in Burgos, capital of Castile, where the marriage is due to take place.


text: The Danish city of Copenhagen receives its city charter from Bishop Jacob Erlandsen.


text: The construction of the Cathedral of Saint Martin is initiated by Henry I van Vianden, bishop of Utrecht.


section: Crime & Justice

text: Doge Reniero Zeno sends the Horses of Saint Mark, looted from Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, to Venice, where they are installed on the terrace of the façade of St. Mark's Basilica.


section: Culture & Society

text: The Japanese classic text Kokon Chomonjū is completed during the Kamakura Period under the reign of the 11-year-old Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

source_section: Events › By topic › Literature


date: March 27

section: Births

text: March 27 – Hkun Law, Burmese ruler of Martaban (d. 1311)

source_section: Births


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Benvenuta Bojani, Italian nun and mystic (d. 1292)


date: May 13

text: May 13 – Marie of Brabant, queen consort of France (d. 1322)


date: June 24

text: June 24 – Floris V, count of Holland and Zeeland (d. 1296)


date: September 15

text: September 15 – Marco Polo, Venetian explorer (d. 1324)


date: November 5

text: 5 November or 6 December – Beatrice of Castile, marchioness of Montferrat (d. 1286)


text: Fujiwara no Tamekane, Japanese official and poet (d. 1332)


text: Bonacossa Borri (or Bonaca), Italian noblewoman (d. 1321)


text: Bengt Birgersson, Swedish duke and bishop (d. 1291)


text: Osman I, founding ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1324)


text: Ren Renfa (or Ziming), Chinese artist and politician (d. 1327)


text: Gerhard II, Count of Holstein-Plön ("the Blind"), German nobleman and knight (d. 1312)


text: Charles II of Naples ("the Lame"), son of Charles I of Anjou (d. 1309)


text: Zhao Mengfu, Chinese scholar and calligrapher (d. 1322)


date: March 28

text: March 28 – William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby, English nobleman (b. 1193)


date: May 21

text: May 21 – King Conrad IV, son of the late Emperor Frederick II, dies of malaria at Lavello (southern Italy). With Conrad's death a interregnum begins, during which no ruler manages to gain undisputed control of Germany. The 22-year-old Manfred, half-brother of Conrad, refuses to surrender Sicily to Pope Innocent IV and accepts the regency on behalf of Conrad's 2-year-old son Conradin ("the Younger").


text: May 21 – Conrad IV, king of Germany en Sicily (b. 1228)


date: June 3

text: June 3 – Andrea Caccioli, Italian friar and priest (b. 1194)


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Robert of Nantes, Latin patriarch of Jerusalem


date: June 17

text: June 17 – Ingeborg Eriksdotter, Swedish princess (b. 1212)


date: August 6

text: August 6 – Hugh of Northwold, English abbot and bishop


date: September 25

text: September 25 – William III de Cantilupe, English nobleman


date: November 3

text: November 3 – John III Doukas Vatatzes, Byzantine emperor


text: November 3 – Manuel II, Byzantine patriarch of Constantinople


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Gil Torres, Spanish archdeacon and cardinal


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Innocent IV dies after a pontificate of 11 years. He is succeeded by Alexander IV as the 181st pope of the Catholic Church.


text: December 7 – Innocent IV, pope of the Catholic Church


date: December

text: December – Peter Chaceporc, English archdeacon and ambassador


text: The lands of the House of Nassau are divided between the brothers Walram II and Otto I, not to be reunited until 1806.


text: King Afonso III of Portugal ("the Boulonnais") moves his residence and royal court from Lisbon to Coimbra, which becomes the capital of Portugal.


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Battle of Montebruno: Guelph forces under Thomas II of Savoy invade the Ghibelline territory of Asti (located in the Piedmont region), but he is defeated by the Astigiani army, led by William VII, at Garzigliana (Northern Italy). Thomas retreats and takes refuge in Turin; however, he is later captured by the Ghibellines.


date: May

text: May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Mongols of central and eastern Asia; his efforts have been unsuccessful.


date: June

text: June – Battle of Bryn Derwin: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd defeats his two brothers Dafydd ap Gruffydd and Owain Goch ap Gruffydd, to become sole ruler of northern Wales. Dafydd and Owain are both imprisoned.

source_section: Events › By place › The British Isles


text: Emperor Theodore II Laskaris, who is in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, conducts a military campaign to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians.


text: The Teutonic Knights in Prussia found Königsberg (modern-day Kaliningrad) and name it in honour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia.


text: Orlando Bonsignori, an Italian minor merchant, forms a consortium called the Gran Tavola ("Great Table"), which becomes the most powerful bank in western Europe. He becomes the exclusive banker for the deposits of the income of the Papal States.

source_section: Events › By topic › Market


text: The Gothic cathedral at Bourges in central France, is completed (it will become a UNESCO World Heritage Site).

source_section: Events › By topic › Art and Culture


text: The town of Banská Bystrica (located in central Slovakia) is granted municipal privileges by King Béla IV of Hungary.

source_section: Events › By topic › City and Towns


text: A survey of royal privileges is conducted, which is included in the Hundred Rolls, a census seen as a follow-up to the Domesday Book (completed in 1086). The Hundred Rolls is later completed with two larger surveys, in 1274/75 and 1279/80.


date: October 23

text: October 23 – Fernando de la Cerda, Spanish prince (d. 1275)


text: Takaoka Muneyasu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1326)


text: Andrey of Gorodets, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1304)


text: Albert I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1308)


text: Sanjar al-Jawli, Mamluk governor and ruler (d. 1345)


text: John of Paris, French theologian and writer (d. 1306)


text: Sybille of Bâgé, countess consort of Savoy (d. 1294)


text: Nicholas I, Bohemian nobleman and knight (d. 1318)


text: Bogislaw IV, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1309)


text: Francesca da Rimini, Italian noblewoman (d. 1285)


text: Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, king of Germany (d. 1298)


text: Margherita Colonna, Italian nun and abbess (d. 1280)


text: William Ros, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1316)


text: Dino Compagni, Italian historian and writer (d. 1324)


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Walter de Gray, English archbishop and statesman


date: August 27

text: August 27 – Little Saint Hugh, English Jewish boy (b. 1246)


date: August

text: August – Following the death of Little Saint Hugh, in an instance of blood libel, eighteen Jews of Lincoln, are tortured and executed by royal command on suspicion of being involved in the boy's murder.


text: Eva de Braose, heiresses and wife of William de Cantilupe


text: Carintana dalle Carceri, ruler of the Principality of Achaea


text: Majd al-Din ibn Taymiyyah, Seljuk judge and theologian


text: Muhammad III, ruler of the Nizari Ismaili State (b. 1211)


text: Al-Faqih al-Muqaddam, Yemeni religious leader (b. 1178)


text: Helena Pedersdatter Strange, queen of Sweden (b. 1200)


text: Masanari, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (b. 1200)


text: Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde


text: Shams al-Din 'Ali ibn Mas'ud, Mihrabanid ruler of Sistan


text: Denis Türje, Hungarian nobleman and military commander


text: Alice de Montfort, French noblewoman and ruler (suo jure)


date: July 30

text: 30 July – The Venetian Marsilio Zorzi recaptures Curzola in Dalmatia, and re-establishes himself as Count of Curzola and Mèleda.


text: The ancient Irish Kingdom of Breifne splits into East Breifne and West Breifne, after a war between the O'Reillys and the O'Rourkes.

source_section: Events › By place › British Isles


date: November 8

text: November 8–23 – Siege of Maymun-Diz: Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan successfully besiege the mountain castle of Maymun-Diz. Hulagu encircles the fortress and begins a bombardment for three days by mangonels from a nearby hilltop. On November 19, Nizari Isma'ili imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah surrenders, but a small part of the garrison refuses and fights a last stand, until they are killed after three days.

source_section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire


date: December 15

text: December 15 – Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan capture and dismantle Alamut Castle (near the Masoudabad region) after the surrender of the Nizari Ismaili leaders. Hulagu founds the Ilkhanate dynasty of Persia, which becomes one of the four main divisions of the Mongol Empire. The Nizari Ismaili government is disestablished; some of them migrate to Afghanistan, Badakhshan and Sindh (modern Pakistan).


text: War of the Euboeote Succession: Achaean forces under William II of Villehardouin attempt to gain control of the island of Euboea, which is resisted by the local Lombard barons (or "triarchs") with the aid of the Republic of Venice. William launches devastating raids in Euboea. Guy I de la Roche, the "Great Lord" of Athens and Thebes, enters the war against William, along with other barons of Central Greece.


text: Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd invades the northern coastal areas of Wales that agreed to English rule in 1254. The Lord Edward, who has been given the areas to govern himself by his father, King Henry III of England, asks him for support but Henry refuses.


date: October

text: October – Mongol forces led by Baiju Noyan (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) win a victory over Kaykaus II, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, and capture Anatolia. Kaykaus flees to the Byzantine court where he seeks refuge at Constantinople. The Empire of Trebizond fearing a potential punitive Mongol expedition, becomes a vassal state and is forced to pay a tribute tax every year in gold and silk.


date: May 4

text: May 4 – Pope Alexander IV issues the papal bull Licet ecclesiae catholicae, constituting the Order of Saint Augustine at Lecceto Monastery.


date: August 25

text: August 25 – In Bologna, slavery and serfdom are abolished; this event is recorded in the document called Liber Paradisus (or Heaven Book).


text: War of Saint Sabas: A dispute between Venice and Genoa arises about concerning land in Acre owned by Mar Saba but claimed by both Venice and Genoa – which leads to a Genoese attack of the monastery in the Venetian quarter. The Venetians are supported by Pisa and the Knights Templar, while the Genoese are joined by the Knights Hospitaller.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


section: Technology & Infrastructure

text: Spring – Mongol forces (some 80,000 men), under Hulagu Khan, cross the Oxus River, and begin their campaign to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia – with the first objectives being the Nizari Ismaili strongholds and Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. The roads across Turkestan and Persia are repaired, and bridges built. Carts are requisitioned to bring siege machines from China.


date: June 30

section: Climate & Environment

text: June 30 – A large volcanic eruption in Harrat Rahat (near Medina) is associated with an Islamic prophecy.

source_section: Events › By topic › Natural Disaster


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Gertrude the Great, German mystic (d. 1302)


date: January 24

text: January 24 – Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, Spanish nobleman (d. 1309)


date: February 9

text: February 9 – William de Warenne, English nobleman (d. 1286)


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg ("Lackland"), German nobleman (d. 1318)


text: October 23 – Möngke Temür, Mongol ruler of Shiraz (d. 1282)


text: Robert, Count of Clermont, French prince and nobleman (d. 1317)


text: John Segrave, English nobleman and seneschal (d. 1325)


text: Ibn al-Banna, Almohad scholar and mathematician (d. 1321)


text: Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi, Syrian scholar and philologist (d. 1341)


text: Al-Dimashqi, Syrian geographer, explorer and writer (d. 1327)


text: Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati, Andalusian grammarian (d. 1344)


text: Padishah Khatun, Mongol female ruler and writer (d. 1295)


text: Roger Mortimer, English nobleman and constable (d. 1326)


text: Adolph VI, count of Holstein-Pinneberg-Schauenburg (d. 1315)


date: January 4

text: January 4 – Bernhard von Spanheim, German nobleman

source_section: Deaths


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Maria of Brabant, duchess of Bavaria (b. 1226)


text: February 9 – Alice de Lusigan, English noblewoman (b. 1224)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Nicola Paglia, Italian Dominican priest (b. 1197)


date: April 12

text: April 12 – Margaret of Bourbon, queen consort of Navarre (b. 1217)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Sabrisho V, patriarch of the Church of the East


date: May 1

text: May 1 – Mafalda of Portugal, abbess, previously queen consort of Castile


date: May 6

text: May 6 – Peter Nolasco, French religious leader (b. 1189)


date: May 28

text: May 28 – Guglielmo Fieschi, Italian deacon and cardinal


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Tankei, Japanese Buddhist sculptor (b. 1173)


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Kujō Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (b. 1218)


date: September 21

text: September 21 – William of Kilkenny, English bishop of Ely


date: October 14

text: October 14 – Kujō Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (b. 1239)


date: November 5

text: November 5 – Christina de Valognes, Scottish noblewoman


date: March

text: March – The Japanese Kōgen era ends and the Shōka begins during the reign of the 14-year-old Emperor Go-Fukakusa (until 1259).


date: June 5

text: June 5 – The city of Kraków is granted Magdeburg rights by High Duke Bolesław V the Chaste, having been rebuilt after being nearly destroyed during the First Mongol invasion of Poland (but Second invasion comes in 1259).


text: Spring – Mongol forces under Uriyangkhadai conduct a campaign against local Yi and Lolo tribes in Vietnam. He returns to Gansu and sends messengers to the court of Möngke Khan informing him that Yunnan is firmly under Mongolian control. Möngke Khan honors and rewards Uriyangkhadai for his military achievements.


text: Battle of Cadfan: An English expeditionary army under Stephen Bauzan is ambushed and defeated by Welsh forces. The English are decimated by devastating guerilla attacks and the Welsh capture the English supply train. Stephen Bauzan is killed along with some 1,000–3,000 of his men. The remaining English flee the battle, Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is said to have been present at the battle, collecting spoils from the fallen English army. According to sources, it is one of the greatest victories of a Welsh army in the field against a much more powerful English force.


text: King Henry III of England relents to the demands of his son The Lord Edward for assistance to fight the Welsh, originally made in 1256). He joins him on a campaign to retake the territories lost to the Welsh forces led by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.


text: Venetian–Genoese Wars: The Venetian fleet under Admiral Lorenzo Tiepolo breaks through the harbour chain at Acre and destroys several Genoese ships. He also attacks the fortifications but Tiepolo is unable to expel the Genoese garrison (some 800 men strong and armed with 50–60 ballistae), from their quarter of the city throwing up a blockade.


text: Battle of Creadran Cille: Norman invading forces under Maurice FitzGerald are driven out by Gofraid O'Donnell in northern Connacht (Ireland). On May 20, FitzGerald is killed in personal combat by O'Donnell.


text: Winter – Mongol forces move down from their base at Hamadan, while Baiju Noyan crosses the river Tigris at Mosul with his army. On the left-wing Kitbuqa enters the plain of Iraq, while Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan advance through Kermanshah.


text: Spring – The Epirote–Nicaean conflict (1257–59) begins between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea. Despot Michael II Komnenos Doukas revolts and defeats the Nicaean army under George Akropolites. The Epirote and Serbian forces join their attacks against Michael, who sends his forces into Macedonia and marches on to Thessalonica. In response, Michael is attacked – on the west coast of Epirus – by Manfred of Sicily. Manfred first occupies the major Ionian Islands, including Corfu. Then he lands on the Albanian coast and takes Durazzo, Berat, Valona and their environs.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


text: The pagan Karelians start a destructive expedition to Sweden in which King Valdemar requests Alexander IV to declare a crusade against them. This leads to the Third Swedish Crusade to Finland (1293–95).


date: January 13

text: January 13 – At the first recorded meeting of the college of the seven Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, the 48-year-old Richard of Cornwall (the brother of King Henry III of England) is elected King of the Romans. He is crowned at Aachen, on May 17. His candidacy is opposed by King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise"), Pope Alexander IV and King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") who favour Alfonso, but both are ultimately convinced by Richard's sister-in-law, Queen Eleanor of Provence, to support Richard.


text: Matthew Paris, English monk and chronicler, personally interviews Henry III for an entire week while compiling his major work of English history, Chronica Majora.


section: Economy & Finance

text: Henry III of England orders the production of a pure gold penny coin with a value of twenty pence. Unfortunately, the bullion value of the coins is about 20% higher than the nominal face value, leading to poor circulation, as coins are melted down by individuals for their gold content.


date: April 10

text: April 10 – Izz al-Din Aybak, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is murdered on orders of his wife, Shajar al-Durr. He is succeeded by his 14-year-old son, Nur al-Din Ali, as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate (until 1259).


text: Egyptian judge Ibn bint al-A'azz appointed Vizier of Egypt for a second term.

source_section: Events › By place › Egypt


text: Samalas eruption: Mount Samalas volcano erupts on Lombok Island, Indonesia. One of the largest volcanic eruptions in the past 10,000 years, it creates severe climatic changes across the globe, leading to severe famine and death, and to one of the biggest geopolitical changes across the globe over the next few centuries.


text: Louis IX of France ("the Saint") confirms the foundation by his chaplain Robert de Sorbon of the College of Sorbonne in Paris, giving a formal college (and still-common name) to the already existing University of Paris.

source_section: Events › By topic › Education


date: March 24

text: March 24 – Yolanda of Lusignan, French noblewoman (d. 1314)


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Muhammad III, ruler of Granada (d. 1314)


text: October 14 – Przemysł II, king of Poland (d. 1296)


text: Parsoma ("the Naked"), Egyptian Coptic hermit (d. 1317)


text: Beatrice of Burgundy, Lady of Bourbon, French noblewoman (d. 1310)


text: Philip III of Falkenstein, count of Münzenberg (d. 1322)


text: c. June 24 – Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford, English nobleman and knight (d. 1331)


text: Malise III, Earl of Strathearn, Scottish nobleman (d. 1312)


text: William Russell, English nobleman and knight (d. 1311)


text: Agnes of Brandenburg, queen consort of Denmark (d. 1304)


text: Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen ("the Brave"), German nobleman (d. 1323)


text: April 10 – Aybak, ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate


date: April 26

text: April 26 – Euphemia de Walliers, English nun and abbess


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Katherine of England, English princess (b. 1253)


date: May 5

text: May 5 – Haakon the Young, junior king of Norway (b. 1232)


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Ch'oe Hang, Korean general and dictator (b. 1209)


date: May 20

text: May 20 – Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly, Norman Irish nobleman and knight, killed in combat


date: June 4

text: June 4 – Przemysł I, Polish nobleman and co-ruler (b. 1221)


date: June 8

text: June 8 – Simon of Elmham, English prior and bishop-elect


date: July 29

text: July 29 – Matilda I (or Mathilde de Courtenay), countess in her own right of Nevers, Auxerre and Tonnerre (b. 1188)


text: August 15 – Hyacinth of Poland, Polish missionary (b. 1185)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – John of Avesnes, count of Hainaut (b. 1218)


date: December 26

text: December 26 – Richard Blund (or Blundy), English bishop


text: Mohammad Baba As-Samasi, Abbasid Sufi leader (b. 1195) (tradition places his death at 1354)


text: Sartaq Khan (or Sartak), Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde, probably poisoned


date: May 2

text: May 2 – King Henry III of England accepts the demand of Simon de Montfort and his baronial supporters that the government is reformed with a committee of 22 barons, including the king. As an act of faith, Simon de Montfort hands over his estates at Odiham and Kenilworth as part of the proposals. The Provisions of Oxford establish baronial control of the government, also known as the Oxford Parliament, on June 11.


date: May 11

text: May 11 – Treaty of Corbeil: King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") signs a peace treaty with King James I of Aragon ("the Conqueror"). Louis, heir of Charlemagne, formally renounces his feudal overlordship over Catalonia (independent de facto since 988), while James renounces his claims over Occitania.


text: Gissur Þorvaldsson, Icelandic chieftain (or goði), is made Earl of Iceland for his loyal service to King Haakon IV of Norway ("the Old").


text: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd proclaims himself Prince of Wales, first used in an agreement between Llywelyn and his supporters and the Scottish nobility. He becomes the final ruler of an independent Wales before the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England.


date: June 25

text: June 25 – Battle of Acre: The Genoese send an armada (some 50 galleys) to relieve the blockade at Acre and ask for the assistance of Philip of Montfort, lord of Tyre, and the Knights Hospitaller for a combined attack from the land side. The Genoese fleet's arrival takes the Venetians by surprise but the superior experience and seamanship result in a crushing Venetian victory, with half the Genoese ships lost. Later, the Genoese garrison is forced to abandon Acre.


date: June

text: June – War of the Euboeote Succession: Achaean forces under William II Villehardouin defeat a coalition of Greek princes led by Guy I de la Roche ("Great Lord"), duke of Athens, which ends the conflict, on August 6.


date: August 25

text: August 25 – George Mouzalon is assassinated in Magnesia ad Sipylum, as part of a conspiracy led by Byzantine nobles, under future Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.


text: Civil unrest in northern Italy spawns the medieval musical form of Geisslerlieder, penitential songs sung by wandering bands of Flagellants.


text: Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under Uriyangkhadai, son of Subutai, invade Vietnam. After many battles, the Vietnam army is routed and defeated. The senior leaders are able to escape on prepared boats, while the remnants are destroyed on the banks of the Red River. The Mongols occupy the capital city, Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi), and massacres the city's inhabitants, by the end of January.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


date: August 10

text: August 10 – Manfred, son of the late Emperor Frederick II, is crowned king of Sicily at Palermo. Pope Alexander IV, who has an alliance with the Saracens, declares the coronation void and excommunicates Manfred.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Consecration of the newly rebuilt Salisbury Cathedral in England.


text: Kudahuvadhoo is converted to Islam.


text: The Republic of Genoa starts imposing forced loans, known as luoghi, onto its taxpayers; they are a common resource of medieval public finance.

source_section: Events › By topic › Markets


text: Irish, assisted by Scottish gallowglasses, halt the English advance westward through Ireland.


date: February 15

section: Disasters & Accidents

text: February 15 – Hulagu Khan enters Baghdad, where many quarters of the city are ruined by fire. The House of Wisdom (or Great Library) is destroyed, numerous precious book collections are thrown into the Tigris River. Before the siege, about 400,000 manuscripts are rescued by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian polymath and theologian, who takes them to Maragheh observatory (located in East Azerbaijan Province). The sack of Baghdad brings an end to the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) and the Islamic Golden Age. Many professors, physicians, scientists, clerics, artists and lecturers are also massacred.


text: The consequences of the volcanic 1257 Samalas eruption in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts: very dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a harsh spring in Iceland; famine in England, Germany, France and Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey.

source_section: Events › By topic › Global


date: March 8

text: March 8 – Arghun Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (d. 1291)


date: October 10

text: October 10 – Joachim Piccolomini, Italian altar server (d. 1305)


date: October 20

text: October 20 – Bolko I, Polish co-ruler (House of Piast) (d. 1313)


date: December 7

text: December 7 – Trần Nhân Tông, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1308)


text: John I, French nobleman (House of Chalon-Arlay) (d. 1315)


text: Usman Serajuddin, Bengali Sufi scholar and mystic (d. 1357)


text: Henry Probus (Henryk IV Probus or Prawy, "the Righteous"), High Duke of Poland (d. 1290)


text: Bertrand of Saint-Geniès, French academic lawyer and patriarch (d. 1350)


text: Liu Guandao (or Zhong Xian), Chinese court artist (d. 1336)


text: Osman I, founder of the Great Ottoman Empire (d. 1324)


text: Ferrantino Malatesta, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1353)


text: Henry I, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, German nobleman (House of Schaumburg) (d. 1304)


date: January 6

text: January 6 – Konrad I von Wallhausen, bishop of Meissen


date: February 20

text: February 20 – Al-Musta'sim, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad


date: March 19

text: March 19? – Clement of Dunblane, Scottish cleric, friar and bishop


date: April 5

text: April 5 – Juliana of Liège, Flemish nun, mystic and saint


text: April 5 – Pełka (or Fulko), Polish archbishop of Gniezno


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Rüdiger of Bergheim, German bishop (b. 1175)


date: June 2

text: June 2 – Edmund de Lacy, English nobleman and knight


text: June 2 – Peter I, Count of Urgell (or Pedro), Portuguese prince (b. 1187)


date: July 22

text: July 22 – Meinhard I, count of Gorizia (House of Gorizia)


date: August 14

text: August 14 – John of Wallingford, English abbot, historian and writer


date: August 16

text: August 16 – Theodore II Laskaris dies after a 4-year reign at Magnesia. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, John IV, as ruler of the Empire of Nicaea. His regent becomes the bureaucrat George Mouzalon.


date: August 18

text: August 18 – Theodore II Laskaris, emperor of Nicaea


date: August 25

text: August 25 – George Mouzalon, Byzantine high official


date: October

text: October/November – Walter Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, Scottish magnate, adviser and regent


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy), in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.


text: The Chinese era Kaiqing begins and ends, in the Southern Song dynasty of China (Emperor Lizong).


text: The German cities of Lübeck, Wismar, and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League.


date: March

text: March – The Japanese Shōka era ends, and the Shōgen era begins (till April 1260).


date: September

text: September – Epirote–Nicaean conflict, Battle of Pelagonia: The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.


text: The Goryeo Kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces.


text: Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania, and Poland.


text: Lannathai, a kingdom in the north of Thailand, is founded by King Mangrai.


text: While engaged in a war with the Mongols, the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo writes in his Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou that the city of Qingzhou is manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased gunpowder bomb shells a month, dispatching to Xiangyang and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time.


text: The famous frescoes of the Boyana Church in Bulgaria are completed (the church and its murals are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).


date: February 25

text: February 25 – Infanta Branca of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile (d. 1321)


date: March 25

text: March 25 – Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1332)


text: Demetre II of Georgia (d. 1289)


text: Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster (d. 1326)


text: Pietro Cavallini, Italian painter (d. 1330)


date: January

text: January – Matilda II of Boulogne, ruler of Boulogne, queen consort of Portugal (b. 1202)


date: February 7

text: February 7 – Thomas, Count of Flanders


date: May 29

text: May 29 – King Christopher I of Denmark (b. 1219)


date: August 11

text: August 11 – Möngke Khan of the Mongol Empire


date: October 7

text: October 7 – Ezzelino III da Romano, Italian ruler


date: November 18

text: November 18 – Adam Marsh, English scholar and theologian


text: date unknown – Matthew Paris, English chronicler


text: The old Pantheon is demolished by Emperor Hadrian, and the construction of a new one begins (its date is uncertain, because Hadrian chooses not to inscribe the temple).

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: First year of the Yongjian era of the Chinese Han dynasty.


date: August 1

text: August 1 – Pertinax, Roman emperor (d. 193)

source_section: Births


text: Lu Kang, Chinese politician and prefect (d. 195)


text: Yan Ji (or Ansi), Chinese empress


text: Domitia Longina, Roman empress (b. c. 53 AD)


date: April

text: April – The Japanese Shōgen era ends, and the Bun'ō era begins (to February 1261).


date: May 21

text: May 21 – Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate with Song dynasty Chancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of the Yangtze River is destroyed, by a Chinese army of the Southern Song dynasty. Chancellor Jia Sidao imprisons the entire embassy of Kublai. This slight will not be forgotten by Kublai, but he is unable to assault the Song, due to the civil war with his rival brother Ariq Böke.


date: July 12

text: July 12 – Battle of Kressenbrunn: King Ottokar II of Bohemia captures Styria from King Béla IV of Hungary.


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Livonian Crusade: The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania decisively defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Durbe. This leads the Estonians of Saaremaa Island to once again rebel against the Livonian Order.


date: September 3

text: September 3 – Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee: The Egyptians defeat the Mongols, marking their first decisive defeat, and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire. Isa ibn Muhanna is appointed amir al-ʿarab under the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate.


date: September 4

text: September 4 – Battle of Montaperti: The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeat the Florentine Guelphs.


date: September 20

text: September 20 – Second of the two major Prussian uprisings by the Old Prussian tribe of Balts against the Teutonic Order begins.


date: October 24

text: October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.

source_section: Events › By place › Africa


text: The Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, for the title of Great Khan.


text: War breaks out in the Valais (in modern-day Switzerland), as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy.


text: The Chinese era Jingding begins and ends in 1264 in the Southern Song dynasty of China (last era of Emperor Lizong).


text: Croatia is divided into two sub-regions ruled by ban: the Croatian region on the south and Slavonian region on the north, by King Béla IV of Hungary.


text: October 24 – The Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France (the cathedral is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).

source_section: Events › By topic › Arts and culture


text: The advent of the Age of the Holy Spirit predicted by Joachim of Fiore, according to his interpretation of the Book of Revelation, chapter 6.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: The mosaic Christ between the Virgin and St Minias is made on the facade of Florence's Basilica di San Miniato al Monte.


text: Construction begins on the Dunkeld Cathedral in Perthshire, Scotland.


text: The newly formed Sukhothai Kingdom of Thailand adopts Theravada Buddhism.


text: Nicola Pisano sculpts the pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery.


text: Construction begins on the cathedrals at Meißen and Schwerin.


text: The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state.


text: The Arba'a Rukun Mosque is completed in Mogadishu. The Arba'a Rukun Mosque (Arabic: أربع ركون), also known as Arba Rucun, is a mosque in the medieval district Shangani, Mogadishu, Somalia.


section: Science & Discovery

text: German musical theorist Franco of Cologne publishes Ars Cantus Mensurabilis, in which he advances a new theory of musical notation, in which the length of a musical note is denoted by the shape of that note, a system still used today.


text: The civil servant and bard longing for lost al-Andalus, Ibn al-Abbar, is burnt at the stake by the Marinid ruler.


text: Jacobus de Voragine compiles his work, the Golden Legend, a late medieval best-seller.


date: May 15

text: May 15 or July 25 – John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos (d. 1319)


date: August 2

text: August 2 – Kyawswa of Pagan, last ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (d. 1299)


text: Matthew III Csák, Hungarian oligarch


text: Fatima bint al-Ahmar, Nasrid princess in the Emirate of Granada (d. 1349)


text: Khutulun, Mongol princess and warrior (d. 1306)


text: Guillaume de Nogaret, keeper of the seal to King Philip IV of France (d. 1313)


text: Meister Eckhart, German theologian, philosopher and mystic (d. 1328)


text: Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (d. 1339)


text: Enguerrand de Marigny, minister to King Philip IV of France


text: Maximus Planudes, Byzantine grammarian and theologian (approximate date; d. 1330)


date: April 28

text: April 28 – Luchesius Modestini, founding member of the Third Order of St. Francis


date: May 5

text: May 5 – Kublai Khan becomes a claimant to the Mongol Empire, after the death of Möngke Khan.


date: May

text: May – Marie of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress, wife of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (alternative date is June)


date: August 9

text: August 9 – Walter of Kirkham, Bishop of Durham


date: October 12

text: October 12 – Thorkill, Bishop of Reval.


text: October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Aymer de Valence, Bishop of Winchester (b. 1222)


text: Ibn al-Abbar, Andalusian diplomat and scholar (b. 1199)


text: Sicko Sjaerdema, ruler of Friesland


text: Kitbuqa, Mongol military leader (executed)


text: probable – Franciscus Accursius, Italian jurist


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Egyptian politician Bahaa el-Din bin Hanna appointed Vizier of Egypt for the third term that will last until April 1278.


date: March 13

text: March 13 – Treaty of Nymphaeum: Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos signs a trade and defense agreement with the Republic of Genoa, to counterweight the Venetian presence in the region. Genoa agrees to ally with the Empire of Nicaea, by providing a fleet of up to 50 galleys during the projected Nicaean siege of Constantinople, while 16 galleys are to be immediately sent against the Latin Empire.

source_section: Events › By place › Byzantine Empire


text: Kublai Khan releases 75 Chinese merchants who were captured along the border of the Mongol Empire. By doing this, Kublai hopes to bolster his popularity and depend on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army receives more resources.


date: February

text: February – The Japanese Bun'ō era ends and the Kōchō era begins during the reign of the 11-year-old Emperor Kameyama (until 1264).


date: June 13

text: June 13 – Al-Mustansir II becomes the first Abbasid ruler in Cairo (after his escape during the Siege of Baghdad). He is sent with an army by Sultan Baibars to recover Baghdad, but is killed in a Mongol ambush near Anbar (modern Iraq), on November 28. The Abbasid caliphs continue as religious figureheads for the Mamluks in Egypt until the 16th century.


date: July

text: July – Michael sends his general Alexios Strategopoulos with a small advance force of 800 soldiers, most of them Cumans, to keep watch on the Bulgarians and scout the defending positions of the Latin forces in the surroundings of Constantinople. When they reach the village of Selymbria, Strategopoulos is informed by local farmers that the entire Latin garrison and the Venetian fleet, are absent conducting a raid against the Nicaean island of Daphnousia. He decides not to lose such a golden opportunity and makes plans (without the consent of Michael) to retake the capital.


date: August

text: August – Battle of Callann in Ireland: Norman forces under John FitzThomas are defeated by a Gaelic army led by King Fínghin Mac Carthaigh. John FitzGerald is killed during the fighting.

source_section: Events › By place › British Isles


date: June 12

text: June 12 – King Henry III of England obtains a papal bull to absolve himself from his oath to maintain the Provisions of Oxford. He hires an army of 300 French knights as a bodyguard and takes up position in the Tower of London. He dismisses the baronial officials (led by Simon de Montfort) who wish the royal power to be modified by the principle of representation. This sets the stage for the Second Barons' War.


date: July 25

text: July 25 – Reconquest of Constantinople: Alexios Strategopoulos and his men hide at a monastery near the city gates, before entering through a secret passage. After a short struggle, the guards who are completely taken by surprise are killed and the Venetian quarter is set ablaze. Panic spreads through the capital and Emperor Baldwin II rushes out to save his life, evacuating along with many other Latins with the help of the Venetian fleet. Baldwin manages to escape to the still Latin-held parts of Greece, but Constantinople is lost for good.


date: August 15

text: August 15 – Michael enters Constantinople in triumph and is crowned as emperor of the Byzantine Empire at the Hagia Sophia. To solidify his claim, the legitimate ruler, John IV Laskaris, is blinded on Michael's orders on December 25, his 11th birthday. Michael banishes him to a monastery and marries his two sisters to lesser Latin and Bulgarian nobles in an attempt to wipe out the Laskarid dynasty.


text: Wurmsbach Abbey (located in Bollingen) is established by Count Rudolf V of Rapperswil in Switzerland.


text: The earliest extant Chinese illustration of "Pascal's Triangle" is from Yang Hui's (or Qianguang's) book Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa, published this year.

source_section: Events › By topic › Literature


date: August 29

text: August 29 – Urban IV offers the crown of Sicily to Charles of Anjou, youngest son of King Louis VIII of France, hoping to strengthen his position.


text: Early – Following disputes, northern academics from the University of Cambridge in England set up a University of Northampton by royal charter but it is suppressed by the Crown in 1265.


date: February 1

text: February 1 – Walter de Stapledon, English bishop of Exeter (d. 1326)


date: February 11

text: February 11 – Otto III, Duke of Bavaria, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1312)


date: February 28

text: February 28 – Margaret of Scotland, queen consort of Norway (d. 1283)


date: March 1

text: March 1 – Hugh Despenser the Elder, English chief adviser (d. 1326)


text: July 25 – Arthur II, Breton nobleman (House of Dreux) (d. 1312)


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Denis I ("the Poet King"), king of Portugal (d. 1325)


date: November

text: November – 'Ala' al-Dawla Simnani, Persian Sufi mystic and writer (d. 1336)


text: Władysław I Łokietek ("Elbow-High"), king of Poland (d. 1333)


text: Abu Abdallah ibn al-Hakim, Andalusian vizier and poet (d. 1309)


text: Pier Saccone Tarlati di Pietramala, Italian nobleman and condottiero (d. 1356)


text: Elizabeth of Sicily, queen consort of Hungary (House of Anjou) (d. 1303)


text: Constantine Palaiologos, Byzantine prince and general, son of Michael VIII (d. 1306)


text: Albertino Mussato, Paduan statesman, poet and chronicler (d. 1329)


text: Daniel of Moscow (Aleksandrovich), Russian prince (d. 1303)


text: February 28 – Henry III ("the Good"), duke of Brabant (b. 1230)


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Alexander IV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1199)


text: May 25 – Pope Alexander IV dies after a pontificate of 6-years at Viterbo. He is succeeded by Urban IV as the 182nd pope of the Catholic Church.


date: July 8

text: July 8 – Adolf IV of Holstein, German nobleman (House of Schaumburg)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Ela of Salisbury, English noblewoman (b. 1187)


text: August – John FitzThomas, 1st Baron Desmond, Norman Irish nobleman, killed in battle


date: September 18

text: September 18 – Konrad von Hochstaden, German archbishop


date: September 22

text: September 22/27 – Plaisance of Antioch, queen consort of Cyprus (b. 1235)


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Sancho of Castile, Spanish archbishop (b. 1233)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Bettisia Gozzadini, Bolognese noblewoman and academic lawyer (b. 1209)


date: November 9

text: November 9 – Sanchia of Provence, Queen of the Romans, German queen consort (b. 1225)


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Hōjō Shigetoki, Japanese samurai (b. 1198)


date: November 27

text: November 27 – Athanasius III of Alexandria, Egyptian pope


date: November 28

text: November 28 – Al-Mustansir II, Abbasid ruler (caliph) of Cairo, killed


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Reconquista: Castilian-Leonese forces led by Alfonso X conquer Cádiz. The city has been under Moorish rule since 711. The Muslims are ousted, and Alfonso repopulates the region (also called the Repoblación).


text: The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into the Old Covenant (Gissurarsáttmáli), establishing a union with Norway, and acknowledges King Haakon IV of Norway ("the Old") as its ruler.


date: March 8

text: March 8 – Battle of Hausbergen: The bourgeois of Strasbourg defeat a German army of knights (some 5,000 men) under Bishop Walter of Geroldseck. Strasbourg becomes an imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.


date: May

text: May – King Alfonso X ("the Wise") of Castile and León, at a meeting in Jaén, demands military support from Muhammad I, ruler of Granada, and relinquishes the ports of Tarifa and Algeciras to prepare an invasion of North Africa.


text: King Mangrai of Lan Na (modern Northern Thailand) founds the city of Chiang Rai as the kingdom's capital.


text: Berke–Hulagu war: Mongol forces under Berke Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde, raid territory in the Caucasus belonging to his cousin Hulagu Khan, ruler of the Ilkhanate. Berke supports the Georgian rebels and allies with the Mamluks. He defeats the Ilkhanate forces on the Terek River, together with the Mamluk army led by Baibars (or Abu al-Futuh), saving Palestine and Arabia from Ilkhanate occupation.

source_section: Events › By place › Mongol Empire


date: January 25

text: January 25 – Richard of Chichester in England (d. 1253) is canonized as a saint; he is best known for authoring the prayer adapted into the song "Day by Day" in the musical Godspell (1971).


text: Al-Hakim I, a member of the Abbasid dynasty, travels to Egypt and is proclaimed as caliph of Cairo in succession to his former rival Al-Mustansir II. After his arrival, he is imprisoned at the Citadel of Cairo by orders of Sultan Baibars but released in 1296 by Sultan Lajin.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


text: King Mindaugas of Lithuania perhaps renounces Christianity, returning to the country's pagan roots, and reverting to Grand Duke.


text: The Venice Senate starts consolidating all of the Republic's outstanding debt into a single fund, later known as the Monte Vecchio. The holders of the newly created prestiti are promised a 5% annual coupon. These claims can be sold, and quickly (before 1320) give rise to the first recorded secondary market for financial assets, in Medieval Europe.


text: Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") commissions Yehuda ben Moshe and Isaac ibn Sid to compile the Alfonsine Tables, describing the movement of the planets.

source_section: Events › By topic › Science and Technology


text: Adam de la Halle, French trouvère and musician, writes the first operetta, Le Jeu de la Feuillee.

source_section: Events › By topic › Arts and Culture


date: May 6

text: May 6 – John Hastings, English nobleman and knight (d. 1313)


date: August 5

text: August 5 – Ladisslaus IV ("the Cuman"), king of Hungary (d. 1290)


date: October 18

text: October 18 – Ranulph Neville (or Ralph), English nobleman (d. 1331)


text: John II (Megas Komnenos), emperor of Trebizond (d. 1297)


text: Guan Daogao, Chinese calligrapher, poet and painter (d. 1319)


text: John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos, Spanish prince (infante) and regent (d. 1319)


text: U T'ak (or Woo Tak), Korean scholar and philosopher (d. 1342)


text: William de Cantilupe, Anglo-Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1308)


text: Guan Daosheng, Chinese painter, poet and writer (d. 1319)


text: Bérenger de Landore, French preacher and archbishop (d. 1330)


text: Takatsukasa Kanetada, Japanese nobleman (kugyō) (d. 1301)


text: Elisabeth of Carinthia (or Tyrol), queen consort of Germany (d. 1312)


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Giles of Assisi, companion of Francis of Assisi (b. 1190)

source_section: Deaths


date: May 18

text: May 18 – John Climping, English cleric, chancellor and bishop


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Siemowit I of Masovia, Polish nobleman and knight (House of Piast)


date: July 13

text: July 13 – Henry Wingham, English Lord Chancellor and bishop


date: July 14

text: July 14 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, English nobleman and knight (b. 1222)


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Robert de Mariscis, English priest and archdeacon


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Giuliana of Collalto, Italian Benedictine abbess and Blessed


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon, English nobleman (b. 1236)


date: October 5

text: October 5 – Teruko, Japanese princess and empress (b. 1224)


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Giles of Bridport, English archdeacon and bishop


date: December 21

text: December 21 – Bahauddin Zakariya, Ghurid scholar and poet


text: Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam, Syrian jurist and theologian (b. 1181)


text: Peter de Rivaux, Poitevin-born English High Sheriff and Lord High Treasurer


text: Matilda II, Countess of Nevers (or Maud of Dampierre), French noblewoman and regent (b. c. 1235)


date: April

text: April – Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, newly returned from exile, takes control of southern England. In early May he summons a meeting of rebel barons at Oxford.

source_section: Events › By place › England


date: October 2

text: October 2 – King Henry III of England travels to Boulogne for an attempt to broker peace with his barons by King Louis IX of France.


text: Reconquista – King James I of Aragon ("the Conqueror") captures Crevillent from the Moors and it becomes a part of the Kingdom of Valencia.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


date: April 4

text: April 4 – Egyptian forces led by Sultan Baibars (or Abu al-Futuh) attack Acre; there is severe fighting outside the walls, in which the seneschal, Geoffrey of Sergines, is badly wounded. Baibars is not yet ready to besiege the city and begins a major campaign to eliminate the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem, the county of Tripoli and the principality of Antioch.


date: July 16

text: July 16 – Rebels occupy London.


text: September 12 – Mindaugas (or Mendog), the only Christian king of Lithuania, is assassinated by his cousin Treniota. The country reverts to paganism and loses its status as a kingdom. Treniota usurps the throne (until 1264).


date: December

text: December – Magnus VI ("the Law-mender") succeeds his father Haakon IV as King of Norway. The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to pledge fealty to Magnus, bringing a more complete end to the Icelandic Commonwealth and the Age of the Sturlungs.


text: Before July – Battle of Settepozzi: A Byzantine-Genoese fleet (some 50 galleys) is routed by the Venetians near Spetses in the Argolic Gulf, who capture four ships and inflict considerable casualties. Later, the Genoese that survive the battle managed to capture Chania on Crete. They receive orders to avoid direct confrontations with the Venetian fleet, but instead are engaged in raiding against the Venetian merchant convoys in the Euripus Strait.


text: Baronial forces led by Robert de Ferrers and Henry de Montfort lay siege to Worcester. The attackers finally enter the city and are allowed to sack it. They kill most of the Jewish community as part of the targeting of Jews during the conflict with the Barons by allies of de Montfort.


text: Winter – Reconquista: King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") conquers Niebla from the Moors, terminating any Muslim presence in the western region of Spain.


text: Summer – Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 3,500 men) led by his half-brother, Constantine Palaiologos, to the Peloponnese in southern Greece. The army is transported to Monemvasia on Genoese ships, while a small Byzantine fleet is sent to harass the Latin island holdings in Euboea and the Cyclades. After arriving at Monemvasia, Constantine lays siege to Sparta, while the Byzantine fleet seizes the southern coast of Laconia.


text: Battle of Prinitza: Constantine Palaiologos marches the Byzantine army up the rivers Eurotas and Alfeios towards the Achaean capital, Andravida. At a narrow pass at Prinitza (near Ancient Olympia) in Elis, the Byzantines are attacked by Achaean forces (some 300 horsemen) under John of Katavas, who inflict a resounding defeat upon them; many Byzantine soldiers are killed. Constantine himself barely escapes with his life, and flees with the remainder of his army to the safety of Mystras.


date: July

text: July – Scottish–Norwegian War: King Haakon IV of Norway ("the Old") assembles a fleet (some 120 warships), and sets sail to defend the Hebrides, in an attempt to reassert Norwegian sovereignty over the Western Isles of Scotland. Haakon stops at the Isle of Arran, where in August negotiations are started with the 21-year-old King Alexander III of Scotland. The talks are prolonged by the Scots until the autumn storms begin.


date: July 20

text: July 20–24 – Nahmanides, Spanish chief rabbi, defends the Talmud in an important debate (the Disputation of Barcelona) against Pablo Christiani, before James I of Aragon.


text: The Bonsignori firm gains the full market of the transfer of fiscal revenue from the papal estates to Rome.

source_section: Events › By topic › Markets


text: Probable date – The doctrines of Joachim of Fiore, French hermit and theologian, are condemned as heresy by the Catholic Church Synod of Arles.


text: The Savoy Palace is constructed in London by Peter II, Count of Savoy.


text: The Lord Edward, son and heir of Henry III of England, seizes £10,000 which had been deposited to the trust of the Knights Templar in London by foreign merchants and English magnates.


text: Presumed date – Balliol College is established in the University of Oxford (England) by John I de Balliol on its modern-day site.

source_section: Events › By topic › Education


date: January 22

text: January 22 – Ibn Taymiyyah, Syrian philosopher (d. 1328)


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Afonso of Portugal, Lord of Portalegre, Portuguese prince (d. 1312)


date: March 20

text: March 20 – Yolande of Dreux, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1330)


text: Tolberto III da Camino, Italian nobleman and condottiero (d. 1317)


text: Zhongfeng Mingben, Chinese Buddhist master (d. 1323)


text: Napoleone Orsini, Italian cardinal and diplomat (d. 1342)


text: Ingeborg of Sweden, countess of Holstein-Plön (d. 1292)


text: Roseline of Villeneuve, French Carthusian nun and saint (d. 1329)


text: Juliana FitzGerald, Lady of Thomond, Norman-Irish noblewoman (d. 1300)


text: Philip of Chieti, Flemish nobleman and knight (d. 1308)


text: Henry III, German nobleman (House of Gorizia) (d. 1323)


text: Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine (or Thiebaut), German nobleman (d. 1312)


date: January 7

text: January 7 – Agnes of Merania, duchess of Carinthia (b. 1215)


date: January 16

text: January 16 – Shinran, founder of Jōdo Shinshū (Shin Buddhism) (b. 1173)


date: March 19

text: March 19 – Hugh of Saint-Cher, French friar and bishop (b. 1200)


date: April 20

text: April 20 – John I, Count of Holstein-Kiel, German nobleman (House of Schauenburg)


date: June 7

text: June 7 – Boniface, Savoyan nobleman (House of Savoy) (b. 1245)


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Mindaugas (or Mendog), king of Lithuania, assassinated (b. 1203)


text: October 2 – Battle of Largs: Scottish forces under Alexander Stewart rout a Viking invasion force led by Haakon IV at Largs in North Ayrshire. The battle is inconclusive. On the morning of October 3, the Norwegians return to collect their dead and burn their beached ships. By the end of October, the Viking fleet reaches Orkney, where Haakon becomes ill and dies at the Bishop's Palace, on December 16.


date: November 14

text: November 14 – Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod


date: November 20

text: November 20(?) – Martino della Torre, Italian nobleman and condottiero


date: December 16

text: December 16 – Haakon IV of Norway ("the Old"), king of Norway (b. 1204)


date: December 24

text: December 24 – Hōjō Tokiyori, Japanese nobleman (b. 1227)


text: Al-Ashraf Musa, Ayyubid prince (emir) and ruler of Homs (b. 1229)


text: Manuel I (Megas Komnenos), emperor of Trebizond


text: Guy I de la Roche, duke of Athens and Thebes (b. 1205)


date: June 18

text: June 18 – The Parliament of Ireland meets at Castledermot in County Kildare, the first definitely known meeting of this Irish legislature.


date: January 23

text: January 23 – King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") issues the Mise of Amiens, a settlement between King Henry III of England and his rebellious barons under Simon de Montfort, heavily favouring the former – which leads to the Second Barons' War. At Amiens, Henry accuses the barons of destroying his castles and laying waste to royal lands. For this he demands a compensation of some £300,000 and 200,000 marks, which is defended by Louis.


date: February

text: February – The Japanese era Kōchō ends and the Bun'ei era begins during the reign of the 14-year-old Emperor Kameyama (until 1275).

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


date: April

text: April – Gilbert de Clare leads a massacre of the Jews at Canterbury, during the outbreak of the Second Barons' War. In the meantime, another of de Montfort's followers, John FitzJohn, leads a massacre against the Jews in London. The Jewish communities of Northampton, Winchester, Cambridge, and Lincoln are looted. The archæ (official chest of records) is destroyed or deposited at the headquarters of de Montfort's supporters at Ely.


date: May 14

text: May 14 – Battle of Lewes: English rebels led by Simon de Montfort defeat Henry III and Prince Edward ("the Lord Edward"), at Lewes. Henry leaves the safety of Lewes Castle and St. Pancras Priory, to engage the rebels. Edward routes part of the rebel army (some 5,000 men) with a cavalry charge, but during the battle de Montfort's forces capture both Henry and Edward, making Simon the "uncrowned king of England" for 15 months.


date: June

text: June – The Lord Edward is held captive at Wallingford Castle, but after an escape attempt he is moved to Kenilworth Castle.


text: June – Simon de Montfort summons Parliament in London to confirm new constitutional arrangements. Two knights are summoned for each county, and are allowed to comment on general matters of state – the first time this has occurred. In France, Queen Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III, makes plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis IX OF France.


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Mudéjar Revolt: Muslim rebel forces, aided by allies from Algeciras and Tarifa, take the town of Jerez de la Frontera after defeating the outnumbered Castilian garrison led by Nuño González de Lara ("the Good"). The rebels are supported by Muhammad I, ruler of the Emirate of Granada, while King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") is allied with Aragon. The rebels manage to capture Murcia, as well as several smaller towns.


date: August 14

text: August 14 – Battle of Saseno: The Genoese fleet (16 galleys) manages to trick and capture an entire Venetian trade convoy near Saseno Island off the coast of Albania. The captured merchandise and ships are valued at more than 100,000 Genoese pounds, an enormous sum for the period, of which 30,000 goes into the Genoese treasury through the sale of the plunder.


date: October 9

text: October 9 – Reconquista: Castilian forces under Alfonso X counter-attack and recapture Jerez de la Frontera after a siege. The rebel-held towns of Vejer de la Frontera, Rota, and Sanlúcar de Barrameda also fall to Alfonso. Muslims in the retaken towns are expelled and the mosques in Jerez are converted to churches. The region is settled by Christians from elsewhere.


date: December 10

text: December 10 – Hungarian Civil War, a dynastic conflict, erupts between King Béla IV and his son, Duke Stephen. Hungarian forces under Ladislaus II Kán invades Stephen's realm and push forward unhindered penetrating the valley of the Mureș River in the southern part of Transylvania. Stephen's army halts Ladislaus' advance at the Fortress of Deva (modern Romania).


text: The Toluid Civil War ends: Kublai Khan defeats his brother and pretender to the title of "Great Khan", Ariq Böke, who surrenders to Kublai on August 24. He is imprisoned and with the Chinese support behind him, Kublai is acknowledged by the rulers of the western khanates and as sole ruler of the Mongol Empire. He moves his capital from Shangdu in Inner Mongolia, to the Chinese city of Dadu (modern-day Beijing).


text: Winter – The War of the Thuringian Succession ends after 17 years with the state of Hesse gaining its independence from Thuringia and becoming the Landgraviate of Hesse, a principality of the Holy Roman Empire.


date: August 11

text: August 11 – By the papal bull Transiturus, Pope Urban IV declares the Feast of Corpus Christi (festum corporis) to be celebrated by the entire Catholic Church.


text: December 24 – The title Baron de Ros, the oldest held peerage title, is created by writ of summons during the reign of Henry III.


text: Approximate date – Thomas Aquinas completes his theological work Summa contra Gentiles.


date: May

text: May – Simon de Montfort marches on London but the drawbridge on London Bridge has been raised by the Lord Mayor. Simon has the support of the Londoners, who manage to lower the bridge allowing him into the city. Henry III is forced to pardon the rebel nobles and reinstates the Provisions of Oxford. With Henry's power diminished, Simon announces that all debts owed to the Jews would be canceled.


text: Approximate date – High Duke Bolesław V the Chaste promulgates legal protection for Jewish communities in Lesser Poland, including protection from kidnapping and forcible baptism of Jewish children.


date: September 14

text: September 14 – Walter de Merton formally completes the foundation of the House of Scholars of Merton (later Merton College, Oxford), to provide education in Malden and the University of Oxford.


date: January 21

text: January 21 – Alexander, Scottish heir apparent (d. 1284)

source_section: Births


date: February 2

text: February 2 – Sancha of Portugal, Portuguese princess (d. 1279)


date: May 26

text: May 26 – Koreyasu, Japanese prince and shogun (d. 1326)


date: June 29

text: June 29 – Darmabala ("Protector of the Law"), Mongol prince (d. 1292)


text: Nichiin, Japanese Buddhist monk and disciple (d. 1329)


text: Louis of France, French prince and heir apparent (d. 1276)


text: Wang Qinghui, Chinese concubine and poet (d. 1288)


text: Ahmed al-Ghubrini, Hafsid scholar and chronicler (d. 1314)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Azzo VII d'Este, marquis of Ferrara (b. 1205)


date: April 25

text: April 25 – Roger de Quincy, Scotto-Norman nobleman (b. 1195)


date: May 17

text: May 17 – Wartislaw III, Polish nobleman and knight (b. 1210)


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Isabella de Clare, English noblewoman (b. 1226)


date: August 1

text: August 1 – John I ("the Theologian"), German nobleman


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Hōjō Nagatoki, Japanese regent (b. 1227)


date: October 2

text: October 2 – Urban IV dies after a pontificate of 3-years and is succeeded by Clement IV. His papal election occurs at Perugia, which will last for four months.


text: October 2 – Urban IV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1195)


date: November 11

text: November 11 – Farinata degli Uberti, Italian nobleman (b. 1212)


date: November 16

text: November 16 – Lizong (or Zhao Yun), Chinese emperor (b. 1205)


text: Andrey II Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Vladimir (b. 1222)


text: Fujiwara no Ieyoshi, Japanese waka poet (b. 1192)


text: Isabella of Cyprus, Cypriotic princess and regent


text: Vincent of Beauvais, French friar and encyclopedist


date: January 20

text: January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (called Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.


date: June 18

text: June 18 – A draft Byzantine–Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zeno


text: The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.


date: March

text: March – End of the Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265) – Battle of Isaszeg: Younger King Stephen decisively defeats his father's army.


date: May 28

text: May 28 – Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.


text: Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.

source_section: Events › By place › North Africa and Asia


text: In the first major battle in five years (since the Song dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River, after Möngke Khan's failed invasion in 1259), Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory, and war booty of 146 captured Song dynasty naval ships.


text: The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.


text: Kublai Khan sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.


date: February 5

text: February 5 – Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV, as the 183rd pope.

source_section: Events › By topic › Culture


text: Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope, and later for papal bulls.


text: The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.


text: The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia; Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.


text: Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo.


text: India, Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.


date: May 10

text: May 10 – Emperor Fushimi of Japan (d. 1317)


date: December 17

text: December 17 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (d. 1324)


text: approximate date – Maria de Molina, regent of Castile (d. 1321)


text: approximate date – Beatrice Portinari, Dante Alighieri's beloved and guide through Heaven in The Divine Comedy (d. 1290)


text: approximate date – Dante Alighieri, Italian poet (d. 1321)


text: January 20 – John Maunsell, Lord Chancellor of England


date: February 8

text: February 8 – Hulagu Khan of the Mongol Empire (b. 1217)


date: May 16

text: May 16 – Simon Stock, English prior, canonized (b. c. 1165)


date: June 26

text: June 26 – Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia (b. 1203 or 1204)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Second Barons' War in England: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.


text: August 4 (Killed in the Battle Of Evesham)


date: November 24

text: November 24 – Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles


date: December 3

text: December 3 – Odofredus, Italian jurist


text: Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (b. 1223)


text: Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (b. 1208)


text: Al-Abharī, Persian philosopher and mathematician (b. 1200)


date: July 2

text: July 2 – Treaty of Perth: King Alexander III of Scotland agrees to a peace settlement with King Magnus VI of Norway ("the Law-mender") in which the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Man are ceded to Scotland in exchange for 4,000 marks. In return, Alexander confirms Norwegian sovereignty over the islands of Shetland and Orkney.


date: October 31

text: October 31 – Dictum of Kenilworth provides terms of peace in the Second Barons' War between supporters of the slain rebel leader Simon de Montfort and Henry III.


text: In France, the gold écu (or crown) and silver grosh coins are minted for the first time during the reign of Louis IX.

source_section: Events › By topic › Economics


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Second Barons' War: Battle of Chesterfield: English forces led by Henry of Almain, son of Richard of Cornwall, defeat rebels under Robert de Ferrers in a minor skirmish at Chesterfield. Robert is taken as a prisoner to London, and at the Parliament of England disinherits. In July, he is forced to surrender land and Liverpool Castle to Edmund Crouchback, second son of King Henry III of England.


date: June 23

text: June 23 – Battle of Trapani: The Venetian fleet (24 galleys) led by Admiral Jacopo Dondulo moves to Marsala and attacks the larger Genoese fleet anchored at Trapani, capturing all its ships. Some 1,200 Genoese drown and many are killed. Dondulo is acclaimed a hero on his return to Venice in July and elected as Captain General of the Sea, Venice's highest naval command position.


date: June

text: June – The Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266 ends. The rebels make their formal submission to Alfonso X. They recognize the error that the Moors of Murcia have committed against their overlord Alfonso. Representatives of the aljama, or municipal council, renew their allegiance and humbly beg for pardon, mercy and favour. With this, the Mudéjar uprising in the Kingdom of Murcia is formally ended.


date: July 23

text: July 23 – Siege of Safed: Mamluk forces capture the castle of Safed, defended by a garrison of 1,700 men (including some 500 Knights Templar), after a 6-week siege. Sultan Baibars promises safe conduct but when the Christians and Templars are on their way towards Acre, they are seized and beheaded.


date: August 24

text: August 24 – Battle of Mari: Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Baibars defeat the Armenian army in Cilicia, in retaliation for the support of the Mongol invasion in Syria. He expands his domain, capturing the city of Byblos (modern Lebanon) and the important castle of Toron from the Crusader States.


date: October 28

text: October 28 – A Crusader advance guard is ambushed by the Egyptian garrison of Safed, while local Arabs attack the Crusader camp. The 13-year-old Hugh II, ruler of Cyprus, is advised to retire and withdraw with heavy losses. Meanwhile, Baibars campaigns in Galilee and leads a lightning raid to Tripoli.


date: December 13

text: December 13 – Siege of Kenilworth: English forces under Henry III capture Kenilworth Castle from remaining rebels in the Second Barons' War after a 6-month siege. During the siege Archbishop William Freney tries to negotiate with the garrison but is refused entry.


text: Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, father and uncle of Marco Polo, reach the Mongol capital Khanbaliq (modern-day Beijing), setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition 5 years later. Kublai Khan sends the Polos back with a message, requesting that Pope Clement IV dispatch western scholars to teach in the Mongol Empire; however, this request is largely ignored.


text: Ode de Pougy, French Abbess of Notre Dame aux Nonnains, sends a gang to attempt to destroy the nearby part-completed Église Saint-Urbain, Troyes.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: In the modern-day United States, a period of drought (up until 1299) begins in the Four Corners Region, putting an end to the ancient Puebloans Civilization.

source_section: Events › By place › America


text: Jadwiga of Kalisz, queen consort of Poland (d. 1339)


text: Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara, Indian ruler of Venad (d. 1317)


text: Ki Cha-o, Korean nobleman (d. 1328)


text: Margaret of Villehardouin, princess of Achaea (d. 1315)


text: Gilbert Segrave, English nobleman and bishop (d. 1316)


text: John of Brittany, English courtier, nobleman and knight (d. 1334)


text: Rigdzin Kumaradza, Tibetan Dzogchen master (d. 1343)


text: Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden ("the Rouser"), German nobleman (d. 1291)


text: Duns Scotus, Scottish priest and philosopher (d. 1308)


text: Hethum II, king of Cilician Armenia (assassinated 1307)


text: Alauddin Khalji, Sultan of Delhi (d. 1316)


date: January 11

text: January 11 – Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania ("the Great"), Polish nobleman


date: February 26

text: February 26 – Manfred, King of Sicily, illegitimate son of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1232)


text: February 26 – Richard of Lauria, Italian nobleman and condottiere


date: March

text: March – Margaret de Quincy, Countess of Lincoln, English noblewoman and heiress


date: April 14

text: April 14 – Roger of Torre Maggiore, Italian archbishop


date: April 23

text: April 23 – Gilles of Saumur, French cleric and archbishop of Tyre


date: May 7

text: May 7 – Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Ghurid preacher (b. 1179)


date: June 12

text: June 12 – Henry II, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben, German nobleman (b. 1215)


date: August 4

text: August 4 – Odo, Count of Nevers (Odo or Eudes of Burgundy), French nobleman


date: August 8

text: August 8 – Sayyed Ibn Tawus, Abbasid theologian (b. 1193)


date: October 29

text: October 29 – Margaret of Austria, queen consort of Germany and later of Bohemia (b. 1204)


date: November 19

text: November 19 – Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Mamluk ruler of Delhi


date: December 3

text: December 3 – Henry III the White), duke of Silesia-Wrocław


date: December

text: December – John of Ibelin ("John of Jaffa"), Outremer nobleman, crusader knight and legal writer (b. 1215)


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Kings Afonso III of Portugal and Alfonso X of Castile sign the Badajoz Convention, determining the border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of León and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty over Algarve.


date: May 27

text: May 27 – Treaty of Viterbo: Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople gifts the Principality of Achaea to King Charles I of Sicily, in the hope that Charles can help him restore the Latin Empire.


date: September 29

text: September 29 – Treaty of Montgomery: King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales.


date: November 18

text: November 18 – In England, the Statute of Marlborough is passed, the oldest English law still (partially) in force.

source_section: Events › Culture


text: Malik ul Salih establishes Samudra Pasai, the first Muslim state in Indonesia.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia and North Africa


text: Spain attempts an invasion of Morocco, but the Muslim empire Marinid Sultanate successfully defend against the invasion, and drive out Spanish forces.


text: by Summer – The Second Barons' War in England ends as the rebels and King Henry III of England accept the peace terms laid out in the Dictum of Kenilworth (1266).


text: The "Grand Capital" is constructed in Khanbaliq (modern-day Beijing) by Kublai Khan, having moved the capital of the Mongol Empire there three years prior.


text: The city of Ostrava in Moravia is first recorded.


text: The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear the Pileum cornutum, a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.


date: February 3

text: February 3 (or February 3, 1266) – Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel (d. 1302)


date: August 10

text: August 10 – King James II of Aragon (d. 1327)


text: Giotto, Italian artist who marked the shift from medieval art to Proto-Renaissance art. (d. 1337)


text: Roger de Flor, Sicilian military adventurer, leader of the mercenary group Catalan Company


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Baldwin of Ibelin, Seneschal of Cyprus


date: March 3

text: March 3 or 4 – Lars, Archbishop of Uppsala


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Peter of Montereau, French architect (b. c. 1200)


date: September 23

text: September 23 – Beatrice of Provence, countess regnant of Provence (b. 1234)


text: November 19 – Pedro Gallego, Franciscan scholar and translator


date: November 26

text: November 26 – Sylvester Gozzolini, Italian founder of the Sylvestrines (b. 1177)


date: November

text: November/December – Hugh II of Cyprus, king of Cyprus and regent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. (b. 1253)


text: date unknown – John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel, Breton-English nobleman and Marcher Lord (b. 1223)


date: April 4

text: April 4 – A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. It is ratified by the Doge of Venice Reniero Zeno on June 30.

source_section: Events › By topic › War and politics


text: The County of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the Margrave of Brandenburg.


date: February 18

text: February 18 – Battle of Rakvere: The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont of Pskov.


date: May 18

text: May 18 – Battle of Antioch: The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars; his destruction of the city of Antioch is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.


date: August 23

text: August 23 – Battle of Tagliacozzo: The army of Charles of Anjou defeats the Ghibellines supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the Hohenstaufen Family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.


text: King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria.


text: Kublai Khan sends an emissary to the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of tribute; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until the Mongols attempt to invade in 1274.


text: The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.


text: The town of Guta is founded (currently Kolárovo, Slovakia).


date: October 29

text: October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed, along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic Church.


text: New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice, in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular Lorenzo Tiepolo from becoming elected.


text: The Tibetan monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya School completes the 'Phags-pa script, which was sponsored by Kublai Khan as a new writing system in his empire.


section: Health & Medicine

text: In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory.


text: An earthquake in Cilicia occurs in 1268 northeast of the city of Adana. Over 60,000 people perished in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor.


text: Nicola Pisano completes the famous octagonal Gothic-style pulpit, at the Duomo di Siena.


text: The carnival in Venice is first recorded.


date: April

text: April/June – Philip IV of France (d. 1314)


text: Saint Clare of Montefalco (d. 1308)


text: Mahaut, Countess of Artois (d. 1329)


text: Emperor Duanzong of China (d. 1278)


text: Vedanta Desika, Indian Hindu poet and philosopher


date: May 15

text: May 15 – Peter II, Count of Savoy (b. 1203)


date: July 7

text: July 7 – Reniero Zeno, Doge of Venice


date: August 11

text: August 11 – Agnes of Faucigny, Dame ruler of Faucigny, countess consort of Savoy


text: October 29 – Conradin, Duke of Swabia (executed) (b. 1252)


text: October 29 – Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (executed) (b. 1249)


date: December 9

text: December 9 – Vaišvilkas, Prince of Black Ruthenia


text: Pope Clement IV dies; the following papal election fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.


text: Henry de Bracton, English jurist


text: Barral of Baux, Grand Justiciar of Sicily


text: King Ottokar II of Bohemia inherits Carinthia and part of Carniola, making him the most powerful German prince within the Holy Roman Empire; the empire lacking an emperor during the ongoing “Great Interregnum”.


date: June 16

text: June 16 – Battle of Colle Val d'Elsa: Guelph forces (2,200 men) led by King Charles I of Anjou defeat the Ghibellines at Tuscany. After the battle, the Guelphs drive out their adversaries at Colle di Val d'Elsa, destroying their houses, and confiscating their possessions.


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Berber forces of the Marinid Sultanate under Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq complete the conquest of Morocco and capture Marrakesh after a long siege, effectively ending the Almohad Caliphate. The last Almohad ruler, Idris al-Wathiq (or Abu Dabbus), is assassinated by a slave. The Marinids become the new masters of the western Maghreb and Abu Yusuf Yaqub takes up the title of "Prince of the Muslims".

source_section: Events › By place › Africa


text: Prince Edward (the Lord Edward) of England obtains the right to levy a twentieth of the value of the Church's wealth to finance the Ninth Crusade. That sum turns out to be insufficient, and Edward has to borrow to reach his target.

source_section: Events › By place › Britain


date: September

text: September – An Aragonese contingent under King James I ("the Conqueror") sails from Barcelona to the Holy Land but is caught in a storm and badly damaged. One squadron reaches Acre, but later returns to Catalonia.


date: March

text: March – Ode de Pougy, French Abbess of Notre Dame aux Nonnains, and several associates who assist her, are excommunicated.


date: June 19

text: June 19 – King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") orders all Jews found in public without an identifying yellow badge to be fined ten livres of silver. He also confiscates goods from the Jewish population to fund the Eighth Crusade.


text: Approximate date – Opizzo Fieschi, Latin patriarch of Antioch, is exiled, being displaced because of the East–West Schism of 1054.


text: John I Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, begins the construction of Blair Castle in Scotland.


text: Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt, French mathematician and writer, performs a series of experiments with magnetic poles and proposes that a machine can be run forever in perpetual motion using the properties of magnets.

source_section: Events › By topic › Science


date: February 9

text: February 9 – Louis III, Duke of Bavaria, German nobleman, knight and regent (d. 1296)


date: June 18

text: June 18 – Eleanor of England, English princess (d. 1298)


date: July 10

text: July 10 – Emperor Duanzong (or Zhao Shi) of China (d. 1278)


date: September 5

text: September 5 – Agnes of Bohemia, Duchess of Austria (d. 1296)


date: November

text: November – Philip of Artois, French nobleman and knight (d. 1298)


text: Huang Gongwang (or Lu Jian), Chinese painter (d. 1354)


text: Alexander of San Elpidio, Italian friar and bishop (d. 1326)


text: Nichizō, Japanese Buddhist monk and disciple (d. 1342)


text: Frederick Tuta, German nobleman and regent (d. 1291)


text: April – Geoffrey of Sergines, French nobleman and knight (b. 1205)

source_section: Deaths


text: July 7 – Saionji Saneuji, Japanese poet and writer (b. 1194)


date: October 1

text: October 1 – Giordano Pironti, Italian aristocrat and cardinal


date: October 27

text: October 27 – Ulrich III, Duke of Carinthia, German nobleman and knight (b. 1220)


text: Idris al-Wathiq (or Abu Dabbus), Almohad ruler (caliph)


text: John Lestrange, English landowner, knight and border lord (b. 1194)


text: Vasylko Romanovych, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1203)


text: William (III) de Beauchamp, English nobleman (b. 1215)


text: Gregorio di Montelongo, Italian bishop of Tripoli (b. 1200)


text: Albin of Brechin (or Albinus), Scottish prelate and bishop


text: Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari, Moorish poet and writer (b. 1212)


text: Oberto Pallavicino, Italian nobleman (signore) and field captain (b. 1197)


text: Guigues VII, French ruler (dauphin) of Viennois (b. 1225)


text: Constance of Aragon, Lady of Villena, Spanish princess (infanta) (b. 1239)


text: Kanishka I starts to rule in the Kushan Empire (approximate date).

source_section: Events › By place › India


text: Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome, after a seven-year voyage to the Roman provinces.

source_section: Events › By place › Roman Empire


text: Hadrian, acting on the advice of his proconsul of Asia, Gaius Minicius Fundanus, determines that Christians shall not be put to death without a trial.


text: The philosopher Carpocrates rejects ownership of private property as being un-Christian.


date: August 29

text: August 29 - Zheng Xuan, Chinese politician, philosopher (d. 200)


text: Publius Metilius Nepos, Roman politician (b. AD 45)


text: Plutarch, Greek historian and biographer (b. AD 46)


text: Juvenal, Roman poet (approximate year)


date: August 10

text: August 10 (10 Nehasé 1262) – Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Ethiopian Zagwe dynasty, claims the imperial throne and establishes the Solomonic Dynasty, which will last until 1974.

source_section: Events › Africa › Other events


text: The independent state of Kutch is founded, in present-day India.

source_section: Events › Asia


date: February 16

text: February 16 – Livonian Crusade - Battle of Karuse: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order decisively, on the frozen surface of the Baltic Sea.

source_section: Events › Europe


date: October 30

text: October 30 – The siege of Tunis and the Eighth Crusade end, through an agreement between Charles I of Sicily (Louis IX's brother) and Muhammad I al-Mustansir, Khalif of Tunis.

source_section: Events › Africa › The Eighth Crusade


date: December 15

text: December 15 – The Nizari Ismaili garrison of Gerdkuh, Persia surrender after 17 years to the Mongols.


text: The ancient city of Ascalon is captured from the Crusader States, and utterly destroyed by the Mamluk sultan Baibars, who goes so far as to fill in its important harbor, leaving the site desolate, and the city never to be rebuilt.


text: The city of Tabriz, in present-day Iran, is made capital of the Mongol Ilkhanate Empire (approximate date).


text: Before August – King Louis IX of France launches the Eighth Crusade, in an attempt to recapture the Crusader States from the Mamluk sultan Baibars; the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis.


text: In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins against the Goryeo dynasty, a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty.


date: December

text: December – Crucial aspects of the philosophy of Averroism (itself based on Aristotle's works) are banned by the Roman Catholic Church, in a condemnation enacted by papal authority at the University of Paris.


text: The Summa Theologica, a work by Thomas Aquinas that is considered within the Roman Catholic Church to be the paramount expression of its theology, is completed (year uncertain).


text: The Sanskrit fables known as the Panchatantra, dating from as early as 200 BCE, are translated into Latin, from a Hebrew version by John of Capua.


text: The cathedral on the Rock of Cashel in Ireland is completed.


text: Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, donates to the Cistercian Hailes Abbey in England (his father's foundation) a phial held to contain the Blood of Christ, acquired in the Holy Roman Empire; this becomes such a magnet for pilgrimage that within 7 years the monks are able to rebuild their abbey on a magnificent scale.


text: Witelo translates Alhazen's 200-year-old treatise on optics, Kitab al-Manazir, from Arabic into Latin, bringing the work to European academic circles for the first time.


text: The Chronicle of Melrose is ended.


text: A census of the Chinese city of Hangzhou establishes that some 186,330 families reside within it, not including visitors and soldiers (Historian Jacques Gernet argues that this means a population of over 1 million inhabitants, making Hangzhou the most populous city in the world).


date: September 1

text: September 1 – King Stephen V of Hungary writes his walk to the antiquum castellum near Miholjanec, where the Sword of Attila has been recently discovered.


text: Construction of the Old New Synagogue in Prague is completed.


date: March 12

text: March 12 – Charles, Count of Valois, son of Philip III of France (d. 1325)

source_section: Births


text: Michael of Cesena, Franciscan theologian (d. 1342)


text: approximate – William Wallace, Scottish patriot


text: Isabella of Burgundy, Queen of Germany (d. 1323)


text: Namdev, Marathi saint and poet (d. 1350)


text: Cino da Pistoia, Italian poet (d. 1336)


text: Theodore Metochites, Byzantine statesman and author


date: January 18

text: January 18 – Saint Margaret of Hungary (b. 1242)


date: February 23

text: February 23 – Saint Isabelle of France, French princess and saint (b. 1225)


date: March 17

text: March 17 – Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre


date: May 3

text: May 3 – Béla IV of Hungary (b. 1206)


date: July 9

text: July 9 – Stephen Báncsa, Hungarian cardinal (b. c. 1205)


date: July 18

text: July 18 – Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Alphonso of Brienne (b. c. 1225)


date: September 24

text: September 24 – Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres


date: December 4

text: December 4 – Theobald II of Navarre (Theobald V of Champagne) (b. c. 1238)


text: Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (b. 1212)


text: Ibn Abi Usaibia, Syrian Arab medical historian (b. 1203)


text: Isaac ben Moses of Vienna, Jewish rabbi and scholar (b. 1200)


text: Uli I of Mali, second mansa of the Mali Empire


text: David VII Ulu, King of Georgia (b. 1215)


date: December 18

text: December 18 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Great Yuan" (大元; dà yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan dynasty in China.

source_section: Events › By place › Asia


date: February

text: February – Mamluk forces led by Sultan Baibars continue their territorial expansion in western Syria and appear before Safita Castle (called the White Castle) built by the Knights Templar. After a heroic defense, the small garrison is advised by Grand Master Thomas Bérard to surrender. The survivors are allowed to withdraw to Tortosa.

source_section: Events › By place › Levant


date: April 8

text: April 8 – Siege of Krak des Chevaliers: Mamluk forces under Baibars capture the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller. During the siege the defenders receive a letter, supposedly from Grand Master Hugues de Revel, to surrender the castle. Under safe-conduct the Hospitallers retreat to Tripoli.


date: May 9

text: May 9 – English prince the Lord Edward and King Charles I of Anjou arrive in Acre, with a fleet of 30 galleys, starting Lord Edward's crusade (the Ninth) against Baibars. During this crusade they are unable to capture any territory and peace is quickly negotiated with the Mamluk Sultanate. Baibars consolidates his occupation in Syria.


date: May

text: May–June – Baibars conducts an unsuccessful siege of Tripoli, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of Cyprus. He sends an Egyptian fleet (some 20 ships) to Limassol, while King Hugh III of Cyprus ("the Great") has left for Acre. Due to bad weather and seamanship, 11 ships run aground and the crews fall into the hands of the Cypriots.


date: July 2

text: July 2 – Peace of Pressburg: Kings Ottokar II and Stephen V sign a peace agreement at Pressburg, settling territorial claims, following the failed invasion of Hungary by Ottokar in April. In the agreement, Stephen promises not to support Ottokar's opponents in Carinthia, and Ottokar renounces the castles he and his partisans occupy in Hungary.

source_section: Events › By place › Europe


date: October

text: October – Abaqa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, detaches some 10,000 horsemen from Anatolia to support the Lord Edward in his war against Baibars. They invade Syria and defeat Mamluk forces who protect the region around Aleppo. The Mongols plunder the cities of Maarat al-Numan and Apamea.


text: The Nakhi Kingdom, of the northern Himalayan foothills, is annexed by the Yuan dynasty (approximate date).


text: The 17-year-old Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, to set off for Asia to meet the Mongolian emperor Kublai Khan (the grandson of Genghis Khan) at his court in Beijing, China. They sail across the Mediterranean Sea and travel overland, crossing Armenia, Persia and the Pamir Mountains.


date: September 1

text: September 1 – Pope Gregory X succeeds the late Clement IV as the 184th pope of the Catholic Church, as the compromise candidate between French and Italian cardinals, ending a three-year conclave, the longest ever.

source_section: Events › By topic › Religion


text: Construction of the Tower of Kamyenyets (or the White Tower) in Belarus begins. Later, it becomes a frontier stronghold on the northern border of Volhynia.


date: September 12

text: September 12 – Nichiren, Japanese Buddhist priest, is arrested by a band of soldiers and nearly beheaded. This incident, known as Hosshaku Kenpon or "casting off the transient and revealing the true," is regarded as a turning point of Nichiren's teachings within the various schools, known as Nichiren Buddhism.


date: March 13

text: March 13 – Judith of Habsburg, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1297)


date: March 14

text: March 14 – Stephen I, German nobleman and regent (d. 1310)


date: May 25

text: May 25 – Shah Jalal, Indian Sufi leader and mystic (d. 1346)


date: June 20

text: June 20 – John de Ferrers, English nobleman (d. 1312)


date: September 8

text: September 8 – Charles Martel, king of Hungary (d. 1295)


date: September 27

text: September 27 – Wenceslaus II, king of Poland (d. 1305)


date: November 2

text: November 2 – Gong of Song, Chinese emperor (d. 1323)


date: November 5

text: November 5 – Mahmud Ghazan, Mongol ruler (d. 1304)


text: Elizabeth of Aragon, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1336)


text: Blanche of Brittany, French noblewoman (d. 1327)


text: Mikhail of Tver (Mikhail Yaroslavich), Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1318)


text: Cormac MacCarthy Mor, Irish king of Desmond (d. 1359)


text: Sunbi Heo, wife of Chungseon of Goryeo (d. 1335)


text: Gerlach I, Count of Nassau, German nobleman and knight (d. 1361)


date: January 28

text: January 28 – Isabella of Aragon, queen consort of France (b. 1248)


text: March 13 – Henry of Almain (Henry of Cornwall), English nobleman (b. 1235)


date: March 21

text: March 21 – Ibn Sab'in, Andalusian philosopher and mystic


date: April 17

text: April 17 – Isabella of France, queen consort of Navarre (b. 1241)


date: July 28

text: July 28 – Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (or Bourke), Norman nobleman


date: August 21

text: August 21 – Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, son of Louis VIII of France (b. 1220)


text: August 21 – The counties of Poitou and Toulouse are absorbed into the French domains following the death of Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, son of the late King Louis VIII of France.


date: August 25

text: August 25 – Joan of Toulouse, French noblewoman (b. 1220)


text: September 1 – Annibaldo degli Annibaldi, Italian theologian


date: September 9

text: September 9 – Yaroslav III, Kievan Grand Prince (b. 1230)


date: October 17

text: October 17 – Steinvör Sighvatsdóttir, Icelandic female poet


date: October 19

text: October 19 – Philip Basset, English chief justiciar (b. 1185)


date: October

text: October or November – Marsilio Zorzi, Venetian statesman, Count of Curzola and Mèleda


date: November 6

text: November 6 or 7 – Henry of Segusio, Italian jurist and cardinal-bishop (b. 1200)


date: February 21

text: February 21 – Charles signs a treaty and is proclaimed King of Albania. He promises to protect the nobles and to honor the privileges they have from the Byzantine Empire. The treaty declares the union between the Kingdom of Albania (Latin: Regnum Albanie) and the Kingdom of Sicily, under Charles' rule. He appoints Gazo Chinard as his vicar-general, and sends his Sicilian fleet to Achaea, to defend the principality against Byzantine attacks.