label: 2 BCE

lead: Augustus is proclaimed pater patriae ("father of the country") by the Roman Senate. This bestowed title is the logical consequence and final proof of Augustus' supreme position as princeps, the first in charge over the Roman state. Julia the Elder, a daughter of Augustus, is exiled on charges of treason and adultery to Pandateria; her mother Scribonia accompanies her. Phraates V and his mother Musa become rulers of the Parthian Empire following the murder of Phraates IV.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Science & Discovery
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 0s BC

license: CC BY-SA 4.0


label: 11 BCE

lead: Drusus secures the Rhine frontier and builds Roman fortresses near Bonn, Dorsten, Haltern, and Oberaden. Battle of Arbalo: Roman forces under Augustus's stepson Nero Claudius Drusus beat off a German ambush. Quintus Aelius Tubero and Paullus Fabius Maximus are Roman Consuls.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Births
Deaths

title: 11 BC


label: 101 BCE

lead: Battle of Vercellae (Battle of the Raudine Plain or Battle of Campi Raudii): The Roman consuls Gaius Marius and Manius Aquillius defeat the Cimbri. War of the Heavenly Horses: Han general Li Guangli detaches forces to attack Yucheng. After a failed attack by Wang Shengshen and Hu Chongguo, in which Wang is killed, a new Han detachment under Shangguan Jie defeats and captures the king of Yucheng. The king is then killed by the soldiers escorting him to Li Guangli. Han-Xiongnu War: At the beginning of the year, Xulihu Chanyu dies from illness and is succeeded by Qiedihou Chanyu. Qiedihou releases the Han envoys detained by the Xiongnu and receives gifts from Emperor Wu of Han.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 101 BC


label: 102 BCE

lead: War of the Heavenly Horses: the Han expeditionary force under Li Guangli conquers the state of Luntai. Li Guangli then besieges Alexandria Eschate, the capital of Dayuan in the Hellenistic Ferghana Valley, despite having lost half his army to hunger, thirst and battle by the time he reached the city. The Dayuan are defeated in battle, and after losing their outer wall and their best general Jianmi in battle, the nobles kill King Wugua and offer terms of peace to Li Guangli, who accepts. The Han receive some of the prized horses of Dayuan and Li Guangli appoints Mocai as the new king. Gaius Marius defeats the Sciri and Teutones at Aix-en-Provence (or Battle of Aquae Sextae). The Cimbri defeat the Consul Quintus Lutatius Catulus in the Adige Valley.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Births

title: 102 BC


label: 103 BCE

lead: Alexander Jannaeus succeeds his brother Aristobulus I as king and high priest of Judea, until 76 BC. Gaius Marius prepares a campaign against the Ambrones and Teutones (under king Teutobod) who are settled in Gaul. Tryphon and Athenion lead the Second Servile War in Sicily.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Births
Deaths

title: 103 BC


label: 104 BCE

lead: Aristobulus I succeeds John Hyrcanus, becoming king and high priest of Judea, until 103 BC. Second Servile War: Athenion starts a slave rebellion in Segesta (Sicily). Rome enacts a state of emergency, as the way to Italy lays open to the Germanic invaders. Gaius Marius, the conqueror of Jugurtha, is elected consul for the second time. He celebrates his triumph over Jugurtha, who is led in the procession and thrown into the Tullianum where he dies of starvation.

title: 104 BC


label: 105 BCE

lead: Gnaeus Mallius Maximus and Publius Rutilius Rufus become Roman consuls. The Battle of Arausio, where the Cimbri destroy two Roman armies on the Rhône, is the most severe defeat of Roman forces since the Battle of Cannae. The Han dynasty forms an alliance with the Wusun by marrying a Han princess to their king.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 105 BC


label: 106 BCE

lead: The Romans under Quintus Servilius Caepio seize the Gold of Tolosa while recapturing the Volcae town. Following the death of General-in-Chief Wei Qing, his sister Empress Wei Zifu and nephew Crown Prince Liu Ju begin to lose influence at court. Nicomedes III of Bithynia and Mithridates VI of Pontus share their dominion over Paphlagonia.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 106 BC


label: 107 BCE

lead: The uprising of Saumachus against Mithridates VI in the Bosporan Kingdom. Gaius Marius, to whom the putative Marian reforms of the Roman army are commonly attributed, arrives in North Africa to lead the war against Jugurtha, with a young quaestor named Lucius Cornelius Sulla as a subordinate. In the course of the migration of the Cimbrians and Teutons, a Germanic-Celtic confederation including the Helvetic tribes of the Tigurinians and Tougenians, under the leadership of Divico, ambush and defeat the Roman legions under Lucius Cassius Longinus, Lucius Caesoninus and Gaius Popillius Laenas at the Battle of Burdigala on the Garonne. As a result, the town of Tolosa, populated by the Volcae, revolts against the Roman Empire.

title: 107 BC


lead: 1068 BC: Codrus, legendary King of Athens, dies in battle against Dorian invaders after a reign of 21 years. Athenian tradition considers him the last king to have held absolute power. Modern historians consider him the last king whose life account is part of Greek mythology. He is succeeded by his son Medon.

title: 11th century BC


lead: 1069 BC: Ramesses XI dies, ending the Twentieth Dynasty. He is succeeded by Smendes I, who founds the Twenty-first Dynasty.

title: 11th century BC


label: 108 BCE

lead: Emperor Wu of Han founds Jiuquan in the Hexi Corridor as a military outpost on the Silk Road to Central Asia. It serves to protect diplomats and merchants, and it cuts off the kings of the region from the Xiongnu. He also founds Xianlei in present-day Inner Mongolia, extending Han control further north than before. Roman forces under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus defeat the forces of Jugurtha of Numidia at the Battle of the Muthul, with Gaius Marius as a subordinate.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Births
Deaths

title: 108 BC


label: 109 BCE

lead: Emperor Wu of Han inspects the Han Empire, traveling . He also sends diplomats to search for the legendary Penglai Island. A Roman army under Marcus Junius Silanus is defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones near the river Rhône. Han campaigns against Dian: Emperor Wu launches a new campaign against the Dian Kingdom and establishes the Yizhou commandery in Yunnan during the dynasty's expansion southward.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Deaths

title: 109 BC


label: 110 BCE

lead: Jugurtha, king of Numidia, defeats a Roman army under Aulus Postumius Albinus.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 110 BC


label: 12 BCE

lead: Roman armies based at Xanten, Cologne and Mainz campaign beyond the Rhine. Tiberius Claudius Nero summoned to Pannonia due to severe revolt by the Delmatae. Halley's Comet makes an appearance, as recorded by Chinese Astronomers for about 56 days. Written in the Annal of Han as "In the first year of Yuan Yen (12 B.C.), in the Autumn the seventh month, on the day Sing Wei, a comet swept in Gemini, went through Pollux and Castor, and passed over Leo and Virgo. It was then behind the sun about six degrees, and appeared in the east earlier in the morning. After thirteen days the comet became an evening star shining in the west, whence it swept over Arcturus, moved slowly to Serpens, and reached Ophiuchus. After 56 days it disappeared in Scorpio.".

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Science & Discovery
Births
Deaths

title: 12 BC


label: 111 BCE

lead: Jugurtha, king of Numidia, bribes the commander Lucius Calpurnius Bestia and Roman friends to secure easy terms. He is given a safe conduct to Rome in order to account for his actions in the Roman Senate. Jugurtha contemptuously bribes his way through all difficulties. Han-Xiongnu War: the Han generals Gongsun He and Zhao Ponu invade deep into Xiongnu territory, Gongsun marching from Wuhuan and Zhao from Lingju. However, neither come upon a Xiongnu army. There follows a period of several years in which the Han and Xiongnu seek to establish peace. The city of Rome is devastated by fire.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Disasters & Accidents
Births
Deaths

title: 111 BC


label: 112 BCE

lead: The Roman Senate declares war against Jugurtha following the Siege of Cirta (ends 105 BC). Emperor Wu executes his favourite necromancer Luan Da for fraud.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice

title: 112 BC


lead: 1111 BC—Pharaoh Ramesses IX of Egypt dies, is buried in KV6, and succeeded by Ramesses X, possibly his son.

title: 1110s BC


lead: 1115 BC—Tiglath-Pileser I becomes king of Assyria.

title: 1110s BC


lead: c. 1120 BC—Destruction of Troy VIIb1.

title: 1120s BC


label: 113 BCE

lead: The state of Nanyue, a vassal of the Han dynasty, agrees to submit to Han laws and receives envoys to oversee the succession of the young king Zhao Xing. An incense burner, later found in the tomb of Liu Sheng, Prince of Zhongshan in Mancheng, Hebei, is made during the Han dynasty. It is now kept at Hebei Provincial Museum, Shijiazhuang. Cirta is besieged by Jugurtha.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 113 BC


lead: 1122 BC—Legendary founding emigration of Gija to Gija Joseon. 1122 BC—Legendary founding of Pyongyang.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion

title: 1120s BC


label: 114 BCE

lead: Horos, son of Haruotes, a resident of the temple of Isis in Egypt, attacked a worshiper at the temple. Silk Road routes opened to traders and merchants, exporting goods from east to west. The Scordisci defeat Gaius Porcius Cato.

title: 114 BC


label: 115 BCE

lead: Marcus Aemilius Scaurus defeats the Carni Celtic tribes of Northern Italy, leading to their submission to Roman rule. The Kingdom of Sheba collapses. Gaius Marius is praetor in Rome: he defeats Celtic tribes in modern-day Spain.

title: 115 BC


label: 116 BCE

lead: At the death of Ptolemy VIII Physcon, Cleopatra III has chosen her younger son Ptolemy X Alexander as co-regent, but the Alexandrians force her to bring Ptolemy IX from Cyprus, of which he is governor. Ptolemy IX Philometor Soter II Lathyros becomes king of Egypt and claims the throne.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Births
Deaths

title: 116 BC


lead: 1153 BC—Death of pharaoh Ramesses III of Egypt.

title: 1150s BC


label: 117 BCE

lead: Quintus Marcius Rex triumphs over the Stoeni tribe of northern Italy.

title: 117 BC


label: 118 BCE

lead: The Roman colony of Narbo Martius is founded in Gallia Transalpina. The Second Dalmatian War ends with victory for Rome. Lucius Caecilius Metellus assumes the surname Delmaticus. Micipsa dies and Numidia, following the king's wish, is divided into three parts, a third each ruled by Micipsa's own sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal I, and the king's adopted son, Jugurtha.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 118 BC


lead: c. 1180 BC—Invaders raze Hattusa, causing the collapse of the Hittite Empire.

title: 1180s BC


label: 119 BCE

lead: Government monopolies are established in iron, salt and liquor. Spring: Han Chinese forces under the General-in-Chief Wei Qing and the cavalry general Huo Qubing invade the Xiongnu Empire. The second Dalmatian war begins.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Economy & Finance
Deaths

title: 119 BC


lead: 1181 BC—Menestheus, legendary King of Athens and veteran of the Trojan War, dies after a reign of 23 years and is succeeded by his nephew Demophon, a son of Theseus. Other accounts place his death a decade earlier and during the Trojan War (see 1190s BC).

title: 1180s BC


lead: 1182 BC—A desperate letter of Ammurapi, the last king of Ugarit, reporting the approaching fleet of the Peoples of the Sea. Shortly thereafter they destroyed both Ugarit and Alasiya (Cyprus).

title: 1180s BC


lead: 1184 BC—April 24, the traditional date of the fall of Troy.

title: 1180s BC


lead: 1186 BC—End of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt, start of the Twentieth Dynasty.

title: 1180s BC


lead: c. 1188 BC–Late Bronze Age collapse.

title: 1180s BC


label: 120 BCE

lead: The Teutons and the Cimbri migrate south and west to the Danube valley where they encounter the expanding Roman Republic (approximate date). Retaliating against the Han conquest of the Hexi Corridor in the previous year, the Xiongnu invade the provinces of Youbeiping and Dingxiang, killing or capturing over 1000 inhabitants. Mithridates VI Eupator becomes king of Pontus.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Births
Deaths

title: 120 BC


lead: c. 1200 BC: Migration and expansion of Dorian Greeks. Destruction of Mycenaean city Pylos. c. 1200 BC: Aramaic nomads and Chaldeans become a big threat to the former Babylonian and Assyrian Empire. c. 1200 BC: Collapse of Hittite power in Anatolia with the destruction of their capital Hattusa.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief

title: 1200s BC (decade)


label: 13 BCE

lead: Drusus is granted governor of Gaul and mobilises a Roman army to beat the Germans back across the Rhine. He travels to the North Sea and pays tribute to the Frisii. The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus builds the stronghold of castrum Moguntiacum in the location of the modern-day city of Mainz, Germany. The Ara Pacis Augustae ("Altar of Augustan Peace") is commissioned by the Roman Senate to honor the triumphal return of Emperor Augustus from Hispania and Gaul.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Technology & Infrastructure
Births
Deaths

title: 13 BC


label: 121 BCE

lead: Generals Li Guang and Zhang Qian ride north from Youbeiping, but Zhang Qian, with the larger army, is slow to rendezvous with Li Guang. As a result, Li Guang loses more than half his army in battle against the Tuqi (Worthy Prince) of the Left (East). Spring - The Han general Huo Qubing attacks the Supu, vassals of the Xiongnu, and kills their king. He then invades the Hexi Corridor, where he fights a six-day running battle against a son of Yizhixie Chanyu. The Xiongnu are defeated, and the ruler of Lan and king Lu, both vassals of the Xiongnu, are killed in the fighting. Huo Qubing then attacks and defeats the Hunye, capturing the son of the Hunye king and his ministers and chief commandants. Consul Quintus Fabius Maximus, allied with the Aedui, defeats the Arverni and Allobroges in Transalpine Gaul, thus establishing the province for Rome.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 121 BC


lead: 1204 BC: Theseus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed after a reign of 30 years and succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erichthonius II of Athens and second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor and Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. Theseus seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend and ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds to assassinate him. (Other accounts place these events a decade earlier. See 1210s BC.).

title: 1200s BC (decade)


lead: 1206 BC: Approximate starting date of Late Bronze Age collapse, a period of migration, unrest and destruction in the eastern Mediterranean and Ancient Near East, and beginning of the Iron Age in the Near East.

title: 1200s BC (decade)


label: 122 BCE

lead: Gracchus passes a law requiring the state to provide weapons and equipment for the soldiers in the Roman army. Marcus Fulvius Flaccus and Gaius Gracchus become tribunes and propose a number of radical reforms in Rome. Emperor Wu of Han appoints Liu Ju, his son by Empress Wei Zifu, as Crown Prince.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Technology & Infrastructure
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 122 BC


label: 123 BCE

lead: Gaius Gracchus elected Roman tribune for the first time. He waits until after his re-election the following year before pushing forward the various civil and agrarian reforms that his brother championed in 133 BC. Aix-en-Provence founded under the name of Aquae Sextiae by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus. Quintus Caecilius Metellus conquers the Balearic Islands for Rome, for which he earns the agnomen "Balearicus." He settles 3,000 Roman and Iberian colonists on the islands and founds the cities of Palma and Pollentia.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 123 BC


lead: 1221 BC—Pharaoh Merneptah defeats a Libyan invasion.

title: 1220s BC


label: 124 BCE

lead: Cleopatra II of Egypt and her brother Ptolemy VIII of Egypt reconcile. Emperor Wu of Han rewards Wei Qing by making him General-in-Chief. Mithridates II succeeds Artabanus I as King of Parthia.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security

title: 124 BC


lead: 1234 BC – Theseus of Athens begins his 30-year reign (if the end of his reign is agreed to have ended in 1204 BC).

title: 1230s BC


label: 125 BCE

lead: Cleopatra Thea succeeds to the rule of the Seleucid Empire on the death of Seleucus V. She appoints Antiochus VIII Grypus as co-ruler. In retaliation for the Han conquest of the Ordos Plateau two years prior, three Xiongnu forces raid the Prefectures of Dai, Dingxiang and Shang. In Rome, Marcus Fulvius Flaccus proposes the extension of Roman citizenship to the northern Italians, but the Senate reacts by sending him off to deal with disturbances around Massilia. And in so doing, commences the conquest of Transalpine Gaul.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Births
Deaths

title: 125 BC


label: 126 BCE

lead: To avoid the Xiongnu and Qiang of the north-west and west respectively, Emperor Wu begins a policy of exploring a possible route of contact with Daxia (Bactria) via India, sending envoys to establish diplomatic relations with and movement through the Dian Kingdom. Wu wishes to receive the submission of Daxia and other states in western Eurasia. Seleucus V Philometor succeeds his father Demetrius II as king of the Seleucid Empire. Due to his youth, his stepmother Cleopatra Thea acts as regent. Tyre successfully revolts from the Seleucid Empire.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 126 BC


label: 127 BCE

lead: Wei Qing defeats a Xiongnu army near Gaoque. He then invades the Ordos Plateau, defeats the Xiongnu and their Baiyang and Loufan allies in the battles of Puni and Fuli, and then defeats the main Xiongnu force. The conquered territory becomes Shuofang Commandery. Wu orders the foundation of Shuofang City, and the system of defenses that had been built by the Qin dynasty general Meng Tian are repaired. The Han rationalize the northern frontier, abandoning the remote region of Zaoyang to the Xiongnu. The Scythians defeat the Parthians in a battle around Media.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 127 BC


lead: c. 1263 BC—Ramses II, king of ancient Egypt, and Hattusilis III, king of the Hittites, sign the earliest known peace treaty. 1263 BC—The approximate date traditionally offered for the biblical Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt under the leadership of Moses.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Exploration & Expansion

title: 1260s BC


label: 128 BCE

lead: The Greco-Bactrian kingdom is overrun by the Tokhari. Having spent a year in Greater Yuezhi, the Han diplomat Zhang Qian begins his return journey to China, having failed to persuade Yuezhi's king to form an alliance against the Xiongnu. Passing by the Pamir, Kunlun, Altun and Qilian Mountains, he and his retinue are then captured by the Xiongnu and taken into custody. Artabanus I becomes king of Parthia (approximate date).

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 128 BC


label: 129 BCE

lead: Chen Jiao is deposed as Empress after she asks a sorceress to curse Emperor Wu's favourite consort, Wei Zifu, this being regarded an act of heresy and treason. Wei Zifu is made the new Empress. C. Sempronius Tuditanus celebrates his triumph over the Iapydes of Illyria. The Kingdom of Pergamon becomes the Roman Province of Asia upon the defeat of Aristonicus, pretender to the Attalid throne, by M. Perperna.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Science & Discovery
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 129 BC


label: 130 BCE

lead: Consul Marcus Perperna defeats Aristonicus in battle, besieges him at Stratonicea, dies at Pergamon. King Ptolemy VIII murders Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator or Ptolemy Memphites, the puppet ruler of Cleopatra II. Roman census carried out by Quintus Pompeius and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Science & Discovery
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 130 BC


label: 14 BCE

lead: The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus fortifies Augusta Vangionum, the modern city of Worms, Germany. Winter – The Roman Legio X Fretensis is stationed in Syria, and the legionaries are settled at the ancient city of Beirut. Caesar Augustus makes Beeroth (modern Beirut) a colonia, named Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus.

title: 14 BC


label: 131 BCE

lead: The Roman censor Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus attempts to remove the tribune Gaius Atinius Labeo Macerio from the Senate, the angry Atinius drags him to be thrown off the Tarpeian Rock, and Metellus is only saved by the intervention of other senators. For the first time in Roman history, both censors are plebeians (Metellus and Quintus Pompeius). During Aristonicus of Pergamon uprising against Rome, the consul Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianius is killed in the fighting.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Health & Medicine
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 131 BC


label: 132 BCE

lead: The Late Formative (or pre-Classic) period of the Maya civilization begins. The First Servile War ends when Publius Rupilius quelled the rebellion.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 132 BC


lead: 24 (or April 13 1308 BC) – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa.

title: 1310s BC


lead: Enlil-nirari succeeds his father as king of Assyria.

title: 1310s BC


lead: The reign of Ay comes to an end. (or 1306 BC)—Horemheb assumes the throne of Ancient Egypt.

title: 1310s BC


label: 133 BCE

lead: A large army of the Han dynasty, under the overall command of Han Anguo, attempts to ambush the Xiongnu leader Junchen Chanyu in the Battle of Mayi. By pretending to betray the city of Mayi, a Han official had lured Junchen onto Han soil. However, a captured Chinese officer tips off Junchen, and so he avoids the ambush. The episode abrogates the Xiongnu-Han treaty (called heqin 和親 or "harmonious kinship") and marks the beginning of Emperor Wu's Han-Xiongnu War. Scipio Aemilianus captures Numantia, after a siege of eight months, suffering famine and pestilence. The remnant population of 4,000 citizens, surrender and set their city on fire. Thus ends the Numantine War. Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, as consul, is sent against the slaves in Italy. Gaius Marius serves under Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus at Numantia.

title: 133 BC


lead: 1323 BC – Death of Pharaoh Tutankhamun of Egypt. Ay succeeds him as pharaoh.

title: 1320s BC


lead: 1324 BC – The Hittite Empire prince Zannanza was killed on his way to Egypt at the request of the Egyptian queen Ankhesenamun to become her husband and king of Egypt.

title: 1320s BC


label: 134 BCE

lead: Hipparchus discovers the precession of the equinoxes. John Hyrcanus becomes high priest and prince (ruler) of Judea, until 104 BC, following the murder of his father Simon Maccabaeus by Ptolemy the son of Abubus in 135 BC. On the advice of philosopher Dong Zhongshu, Emperor Wu of Han promotes Confucianism as the official doctrine of the Han dynasty and assigns special merit to the Book of Rites, the Classic of Music, the Classic of Poetry, the Book of Documents, I Ching (the Book of Changes) and the Spring and Autumn Annals.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Science & Discovery
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 134 BC


lead: 1334 BC: Death of Akhenaten, Pharaoh of Egypt. Alternative date is 1333 BC. 1334 BC: Death of Smenkhkare, Pharaoh of Egypt and co-ruler with Akhenaten. Alternative date is 1333 BC.

title: 1330s BC


lead: 1337 BC: Queen Nefertiti of Egypt vanishes from the historical record. Presumed death.

title: 1330s BC


lead: 1338 BC: Queen Tiy of Egypt, Chief Queen of Amenhotep III and matriarch of the Amarna family, vanishes from the historical record. Presumed death.

title: 1330s BC


label: 135 BCE

lead: Servius Fulvius Flaccus defeats an uprising of the Ardiaei in Illyria. Menander I, king of the Indo-Greek Kingdom dies and is succeeded by Epander. Minyue attacks Nanyue, which are both vassal states of the Han dynasty. The Han send two armies against Minyue under Wang Hui and Han Anguo, and Minyue's king Zou Ying is killed by his brother Zou Yushan, who then surrenders to the Han.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 135 BC


lead: Sourced entries for 1341 BCE.

title: 1340s BC


lead: 1350 BC – Yin becomes the new capital of Shang dynasty China.

title: 1350s BC


label: 136 BCE

lead: The Romans hand Gaius Hostilius Mancinus over to the Numantians in order to repudiate his peace treaty with them. Censorship of Appius Claudius Pulcher and Quintus Fulvius Nobilior. Carneades retires as head of the Platonic Academy and is replaced by Polemarchus of Nicomedia.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Births

title: 136 BC


lead: c. 1352 BC – Amenhotep III (Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt) dies and is succeeded as Pharaoh by Amenhotep IV.

title: 1350s BC


label: 137 BCE

lead: Numantine War begins, Quintus Pompeius and M. Popilius Laenas are defeated and disgraced by the Numantians in subsequent years. Q. Pompeius is brought to trial by Q.Metellus and others, but acquitted. Tiberius Gracchus, quaestor in Spain, observes that slave labor has displaced small freeheld farms.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Climate & Environment
Deaths

title: 137 BC


label: 138 BCE

lead: Attalus III succeeds Attalus II as Attalid king of Pergamon. Valencia in Spain is founded as a Roman colony. Hymn to Apollo is written and inscribed on stone in Delphi; it is the earliest surviving notated music, in a substantial and legible fragment, in the western world.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 138 BC


label: 139 BCE

lead: Wei Zifu enters Emperor Wu's palace as a concubine and becomes pregnant. Enraged, Liu Piao, the mother of the childless Empress Chen Jiao (wife of Emperor Wu), kidnaps Zifu's brother Wei Qing, who is rescued by Gongsun Ao. Wu responds by advancing the careers of members of the Wei family. Hipparchus makes a very precise determination of the length of the synodic month. The Lusitanian War ends when the rebellion collapses after the assassination of Viriathus by a Roman agent.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 139 BC


lead: c. 1390 BC—Pharaoh Amenhotep III (18th dynasty) starts to rule.

title: 1390s BC


label: 140 BCE

lead: Simon Maccabaeus crowned king of Judea. Scipio Aemilianus leads a group of Roman ambassadors to Alexandria, where they meet with King Ptolemy VIII.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Exploration & Expansion
Births

title: 140 BC


lead: 1398 BC—Birth of Tiy to Egyptian nobleman Yuya and his wife Tjuyu. She later becomes the Chief Queen of Pharaoh Amenhotep III of Egypt and the matriarch of the Amarna family (approximate date).

title: 1390s BC


lead: c. 1400 BC – Lion Gate at Hattushash (near modern Boghazkeui, Turkey) is made. c. 1400 BC – Assyrians became very powerful. c. 1400 BC – 1200 BC – Two women with a child, found in the palace at Mycenae, Greece, are made. It is now at National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Disasters & Accidents
Culture & Society

title: 1400s BC (decade)


label: 15 BCE

lead: The Raeti tribes of the Alps are subjugated by Tiberius and Nero Claudius Drusus and the new Roman province of Raetia is established with Chur (in modern-day Switzerland) as its capital. During the campaign, Roman triremes destroy the fleet of the Vindelici in the Battle of Lake Constance. Augsburg is founded as Augusta Vindelicorum; and Legio XXI Rapax is stationed at Regensburg in the new province. Marcus Livius Drusus Libo and Lucius Calpurnius Piso are Roman Consuls. Drusus decides to improve the passage through the Alps for military control of Noricum and Raetia and builds the Via Claudia Augusta through Italy.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Births
Deaths

title: 15 BC


label: 141 BCE

lead: Emperor Wu of Han ("Martial Emperor") starts to rule the Han dynasty. The Seleucid garrison negotiates the surrender of Jerusalem. Simon Maccabaeus assumes control of the city. He becomes prince (ruler) of Judea until 135 BC. Demetrius II of Syria made prisoner of Mithridates, king of the Parthians. Antiochus VII Sidetes becomes king of the Seleucid Empire in his absence.

title: 141 BC


label: 142 BCE

lead: Simon Maccabaeus succeeds his brother Jonathan as High Priest of Judea until 135 BC. Diodotus Tryphon seizes the throne of the Seleucid Empire.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Births

title: 142 BC


label: 143 BCE

lead: The Celtiberian War ends when Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus crushes the rebels.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 143 BC


label: 144 BCE

lead: Quintus Marcius Rex starts construction of the Aqua Marcia aqueduct in Rome.

sections:
Technology & Infrastructure
Deaths

title: 144 BC


lead: 1437 BC: Legendary King Erichthonius I of Athens dies after a reign of 50 years and is succeeded by his son Pandion I.

title: 15th century BC


label: 145 BCE

lead: Ptolemy VII becomes king of Egypt briefly, then is assassinated by Ptolemy VIII the following year. Hipparchus determines the length of the tropical year. In the Battle of Antioch, Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats the Seleucid usurper Alexander Balas, but dies in the battle.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Births
Deaths

title: 145 BC


lead: c. 1448 BC: The Gnbtyw people (Genebtyw or Genebtyu) first appear in Ganibatum during the 32nd year of the reign of Thutmose III, the sixth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt.

title: 1440s BC


lead: 1449 BC: Fíachu Labrainne, Milesians' High King of Ireland, is killed and succeeded by Eochu Mumu.

title: 1440s BC


lead: c. 1450 BCE—Mycenaeans attack and capture Crete, destroying many royal palaces including Knossos.

title: 1450s BC


label: 146 BCE

lead: Spring – Carthage falls to Roman forces under Scipio Aemilianus and the city is completely destroyed. End of the Third Punic War. Achaean War: The Romans conquer the Achaean League and southern Greece becomes a Roman province. Hipparchus determines the equinoctial point.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Deaths

title: 146 BC


lead: 1451 BCE—According to James Ussher's chronology, this is when the Israelites entered the Promised Land.

title: 1450s BC


label: 147 BCE

lead: Demetrius II of Syria returns to Syria (approximate date). Jonathan Maccabaeus conquers Joppa. In Lusitania, Hispania, the Celtic king Viriathus, rallies Lusitanian resistance to Rome.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 147 BC


label: 148 BCE

lead: Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus divides Numidia among the three sons of the recently deceased Masinissa. Demetrius II Nicator, claimant to the Seleucid throne had challenged Alexander Balas, in view of the threat of such an invasion Ptolemy VI Philometor entered Coele-Syria, passing through the cities of Ashdod and Jaffa, to Ptolemais. With the defeat of Andriscus in the Battle of Pydna by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Macedon is reorganized as a Roman province by 146 BC.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Deaths

title: 148 BC


lead: c. 1473 BC—Hatshepsut (18th Dynasty) started to rule. She is a daughter of Thutmose I. Married to her half brother Thutmose II.

title: 1470s BC


label: 149 BCE

lead: The turmoil in Spain escalates again with the renewal of the Lusitanian War, under the leadership of Viriathus, and the Celtiberian War. Andriscus, the last king of Macedon, ascends to the throne. The Third Punic War begins. The Romans land an army in Africa to begin the Battle of Carthage.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 149 BC


lead: 1481 BC—August 27—Lunar Saros 43 begins.

title: 1480s BC


lead: 1487 BC—Amphictyon, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 10 years and is succeeded by Erichthonius I of Athens, a grandson of Cranaus.

title: 1480s BC


label: 150 BCE

lead: Scipio Aemilianus is sent by the Roman general, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, to Numidia to obtain some elephants from the Numidian king Masinissa, the friend of his grandfather Scipio Africanus. While there, he witnesses a great but indecisive battle between the Numidians and the Carthaginians. The latter then ask Scipio Aemilianus to arrange a settlement, but the negotiations break down. The Romans, led by praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba, defeat the Lusitanians in a major battle in Hispania. He then breaks his promise to the defeated Lusitanian rebels by instituting a massacre of 9,000 of their number during the peace talks. Later 20,000 more Lusitanians are sold as slaves in Gaul. The enlargement of the Great Stupa of Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India begins, taking about 100 years.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 150 BC


lead: c. 1500 BC: Many scholars date early parts of the Rig Veda to roughly the 16th century. c. 1500 BC: Indo-Aryan migration is often dated to the 17th to 16th centuries. c. 1500 BC — Mycenaean civilization starts in Ancient Greece.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Technology & Infrastructure
Science & Discovery

title: 1500s BC (decade)


label: 16 BCE

lead: Construction of the Roman temple of Maison Carrée at Nîmes in Gallia Narbonensis (approximate date). Clades Lolliana: Roman consul Marcus Lollius is defeated by a Germanic horde. The Noricans having joined with the Pannonians in invading Histria, are defeated by Publius Silius Nerva, proconsul of Illyricum.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 16 BC


label: 151 BCE

lead: Agnimitra succeeds his father Pushyamitra Shunga as emperor of the Shunga dynasty. Roman armies under the leadership of praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba and the proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus arrive in Hispania Ulterior and begin the process of subduing the local population. The revolt of the Celtiberians of Numantia is stopped. Roman forces help the thriving Greek commercial port of Massilia combat raids from the Celts from Cisalpine Gaul.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 151 BC


lead: 1506 BC — Cecrops, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 50 years. Having survived his own son, he is succeeded by Cranaus. c. 1506 BC — Thutmose I (Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt) starts to rule. Alternatively, a date of c. 1504 BC is a possibility.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 1500s BC (decade)


label: 152 BCE

lead: The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, makes contact with Jonathan Maccabeus offering him terms even more favorable than those offered by the king Demetrius I Soter. In particular, Alexander offers him the official appointment as High Priest in Jerusalem. In response, Jonathan withdraws his support from Demetrius and declares his allegiance to Alexander. Thus Jonathan becomes the first member of his family to achieve appointment as High Priest.

sections:
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 152 BC


label: 153 BCE

lead: The uprisings in Rome's Hispanic provinces oblige the year's consuls to take office earlier than the traditional date of 15 March, a change that becomes permanent. Some suggest that, as a consequence, January 1 becomes the first day of the Roman year. As a result of the rise of the pretender, Alexander Balas, Demetrius I Soter is forced to recall most of his garrisons in Judea. To retain control of Judea, he makes a bid to gain the loyalty of Jonathan Maccabeus, whom he permits to recruit an army and to take back the hostages that the Syrians are holding in the city of Acre. Jonathan gladly accepts these terms, takes up residence in Jerusalem and begins to fortify the city, becoming High Priest of Jerusalem until 143 BC. Substantial parts of the city of Sikyon are destroyed by an earthquake.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Climate & Environment

title: 153 BC


lead: 1521 BC—April 24—Lunar Saros 36 begins.

title: 1520s BC


lead: 1522 BC—Jacob migrates to Egypt, settling in the Land of Goshen, according to the Hebrew calendar.

title: 1520s BC


lead: 1525 BC—End of Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt.

title: 1520s BC


lead: 1530 BC—End of the First Dynasty of Babylon and the start of the Kassite Dynasty—see History of Iraq.

title: 1530s BC


label: 154 BCE

lead: The Rebellion of the Seven States against the Han dynasty fails and Emperor Jing of Han further consolidates his power at the expense of the regional, semi-autonomous kings governing the eastern portion of the empire. The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats his brother, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, after he attempts to seize Cyprus by force. Nevertheless Philometor restores his brother to Cyrenaica, marries one of his daughters to him, and grants him a grain subsidy. The Lusitanians harry the inhabitants of the Roman provinces in Hispania. At the same time, the Celtiberians of Numantia on the Douro revolt against their Roman occupation.

title: 154 BC


lead: 1531 BC— Joseph interprets dreams of the Pharaoh, is released from prison and becomes second in Egypt next only to the Pharaoh himself.

title: 1530s BC


lead: 1534 BC—The oldest dated star chart was made in Ancient Egypt.

title: 1530s BC


lead: 1539 BC—Approximate first use of the Valley of the Kings. 1539 BC—End of Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt, start of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion

title: 1530s BC


label: 155 BCE

lead: As part of the Roman efforts to fully conquer and occupy the whole of Illyria, a Roman army under consul Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum attacks the Dalmatians for the first time and conquers the Dalmatian capital of Delminium. As a result, the Dalmatians are compelled to pay tribute to Rome, which puts an end to the first Dalmatian war. In recognition of his victory, Corculum is granted a triumph in Rome. Under the command of Punicus and then Caesarus, the Lusitani, a Hispanic tribe, reach a point near modern day Gibraltar. Here they are defeated by the Roman praetor Lucius Mummius. Menander I (known as Milinda in Sanskrit and Pali) begins his reign as king of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. His territories cover the eastern dominions of the divided Greek empire of Bactria (Panjshir and Kapisa) and extend to the modern Pakistani province of Punjab, most of the Indian states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh and the Jammu region. His capital is considered to have been Sagala, a prosperous city in northern Punjab believed to be modern Sialkot.

title: 155 BC


lead: 1545 BC—Ahmose I, Pharaoh and founder of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, dies, according to the High Chronology.

title: 1540s BC


lead: c. 1550 BC—Second Intermediate Period ends in Ancient Egypt (other date is 1552 BC). 1550 BC—Ahmose I becomes Pharaoh of Egypt (although only de facto ruler of Upper Egypt) according to the Low Chronology. 1550 BC—May 14—Lunar Saros 35 begins.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Science & Discovery

title: 1550s BC


label: 156 BCE

lead: The first Dalmatian war begins.

title: 156 BC


lead: c. 1552 BC—End of Second Intermediate period in Ancient Egypt. Start of New Kingdom. 18th–20th Dynasties.

title: 1550s BC


lead: 1556 BC—Cecrops I builds or rebuilds Athens following the great flood of Deucalion and the end of the Silver age. He becomes the first of several Kings of Athens whose life account is considered part of Greek mythology.

title: 1550s BC


lead: 1557 BC—Estimation: Memphis, capital of Lower Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Avaris, capital of the Hyksos in Egypt.

title: 1550s BC


label: 157 BCE

lead: Jonathan Maccabeus is recognised by the Seleucids as a minor king within their dominions. After Ariarathes V has been deposed from the Cappadocian throne by the Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter and has fled to Rome, the new king of Cappadocia, Orophernes, sends two ambassadors to Rome to join the Seleucid emissaries of Demetrius in opposing Ariarathes V's return to power. Despite their efforts, Ariarathes V is restored to his throne by the Romans. However, Rome allows Orophernes to reign jointly with him. The joint government, however, does not last long, as Ariarathes V becomes sole king of Cappadocia shortly afterwards. During his time in Carthage, Cato is so struck by the evidence of Carthaginian prosperity that he is convinced that the security of Rome now depends on the annihilation of Carthage. From this time on, Cato keeps repeating the cry "Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam" ("Moreover, I advise that Carthage must be destroyed") at the end of all his speeches, no matter what subject they concern.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Religion & Belief
Births
Deaths

title: 157 BC


label: 158 BCE

lead: At the request of the Romans, Ariarathes V, king of Cappadocia, rejects a proposal from the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for him to marry the sister of Demetrius I. In response, Seleucid forces attack Cappadocia and remove Ariarathes V from the Cappadocian throne. Demetrius I then replaces him with Orophernes Nicephorus, a supposed son of the late king, Ariarathes IV. With Ariarathes V deprived of his kingdom, he flees to Rome.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 158 BC


lead: 1573 BC—Death of Eber, son of Salah (b. 2037 BC) according to the Hebrew calendar.

title: 1570s BC


label: 159 BCE

lead: Attalus II Philadelphus succeeds his brother Eumenes II as king of Pergamon. With the Seleucid victory in Judea over the Maccabees, Alcimus is re-established as the High Priest of Israel, and a strong force is left in Jerusalem to support him. However, he does not enjoy his triumph for long, as he dies soon after from a paralytic stroke. While Eucratides I is in north west India to claim possession of the previous Bactrian King Demetrius I's territory there, the Parthians, under Mithradates I, annex two Bactrian provinces. Returning from India to reconquer them, Eucratides is murdered by his son.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 159 BC


label: 160 BCE

lead: The Parthian King, Mithradates I, seizes Media from the Seleucids following the death of Timarchus. Judas Maccabeus and many of his supporters regroup to face the Seleucid forces in the Battle of Elasa (near modern day Ramallah). Greatly outnumbered, the Maccabees are defeated and Judas Maccabeus is killed during the battle. The Roman playwright Terence's play Adelphoe (The Brothers) is first performed at the funeral of the Roman general, Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 160 BC


lead: 1597 BC—Aaron born to Amram and his wife Jochebed (traditional date).

title: 1590s BC


label: 17 BCE

lead: Emperor Augustus celebrates the secular games in Rome, for which Horace's hymn the "Carmen Saeculare" is commissioned. Emperor Augustus adopts Gaius and Lucius Caesar.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 17 BC


label: 161 BCE

lead: Envoys of Judas Maccabeus conclude a treaty of friendship with the Roman Senate. The Maccabees, led by Judas Maccabeus, and a Seleucid army, led by the Seleucid general Nicanor, fight the Battle of Adasa, near Beth-horon. Maccabeus wins the battle and Nicanor is killed. The Roman playwright Terence's plays Eunuchus (The Eunuch) and Phormio are first performed.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Health & Medicine
Culture & Society
Births

title: 161 BC


lead: 1602 BC—Death of Shem, son of Noah, according to the Hebrew Calendar.

title: 1600s BC (decade)


label: 162 BCE

lead: The king of Caucasian Iberia, Saurmag I, dies. Having no son, he is succeeded by his son-in-law, Mirian. With the aid of the Greek statesman and historian Polybius, the son of the former Seleucid king Seleucus IV Philopator, Demetrius escapes from Rome, where he has been held as a hostage for many years, and returns to Syria to claim the throne from his cousin Antiochus V. In the resulting dispute, Antiochus V and his regent, Lysias, are overthrown and put to death. Demetrius then establishes himself on the Seleucid throne. Seleucid forces still control the Acra, a strong fortress within Jerusalem that faces the Temple Mount. Judas Maccabeus lays siege to the fortress and in response, the Seleucid general and regent to the young Seleucid king Antiochus V, Lysias, approaches Jerusalem and besieges Beth-zechariah, 25 kilometres from the city. Judas lifts his own siege on the Acra, and leads his army south to Beth-zechariah. In the ensuing Battle of Beth-zechariah, the Seleucids achieve their first major victory over the Maccabees, and Judas is forced to withdraw to Jerusalem.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 162 BC


label: 163 BCE

lead: The Ptolemaic king Ptolemy VI Philometor is restored to his throne through the intervention of the citizens of Alexandria. However, the Romans intervene and partition the kingdom, giving Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Cyrenaica and Ptolemy VI Cyprus and Egypt. The two brothers accept the Roman partition. Regent Lysias tries to make peace with the Jews in Judea. He offers them full religious freedom if they will lay down their arms. Moderates including the Hasideans consent, but Judas Maccabeus argues for full political as well as religious freedom. Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC: The Maccabees attack nearby regions to Judea, fighting in a civil conflict between Gentiles and Jews.

title: 163 BC


label: 164 BCE

lead: The Battle of Beth Zur was fought between Jewish rebel forces led by Judas Maccabeus and a Seleucid army led by the regent Lysias. Judas Maccabeus wins the battle and is able to recapture Jerusalem soon after. Judas purifies the defiled Temple in Jerusalem, destroys the idols erected there by Antiochus IV and restores the service in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple becomes an annual feast of dedication in the Jewish calendar, Hanukkah. Construction of the detail of the frieze from the east front of the altar in Pergamon, Athena Attacking the Giants, begins and is finished eight years later. It is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Antikensammlung, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin, Germany. Halley's Comet makes its regular appearance in the sky, as recorded by a Babylonian scribe. It last appeared in 240 BC.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Science & Discovery
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 164 BC


lead: 1633 BC – May 2 – Lunar Saros 34 begins.

title: 17th century BC


label: 165 BCE

lead: Artaxias I, king of Armenia, is taken captive by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes when he attacks Armenia. Artaxias is forced to recognize Antiochus IV's suzerainty over Armenia before he is released. The Roman playwright Terence's play Hecyra (The Mother-in-Law) is first performed.

title: 165 BC


lead: c. 1650 BC—Middle Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt (other date is 1674 BC). c. 1650 BC—The last Woolly mammoths die on Wrangel Island, rendering the species extinct. c. 1650 BC — "Flotilla" fresco, from Room 5 of West House, Akrotiri (prehistoric city), Thera, is made. Second Palace period. It is now kept in National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Technology & Infrastructure
Science & Discovery
Climate & Environment
Culture & Society

title: 1650s BC


label: 166 BCE

lead: The Seleucid king Antiochus IV mounts a campaign against the Parthians who are threatening his empire in the east. He leaves his chancellor, Lysias, with responsibility for the government of southern Syria and the guardianship of his son. The Roman playwright Terence's Andria (The Girl from Andros) is first performed. Laoshang leads 140,000 Xiongnu cavalry in a raid in Anding, and they reach as far as the royal retreat at Yong.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 166 BC


lead: c.1653 BC —Alerce Milenario is estimated to have germinated this year.

title: 1650s BC


lead: c. 1655 BC—Tan-Uli, the ruler of the Elamite Empire, dies.

title: 1650s BC


label: 167 BCE

lead: The Jewish priest Mattathias of Modi'in defies the king Antiochus IV's decrees aimed at hellenizing the Jews and specifically defies the order that Jews should sacrifice to Zeus. Mattathias slays a Syrian official and escapes into the Judean hills with his five sons, beginning the Maccabean Revolt, a Jewish rebellion against Seleucid control of Judea. On his way back to Rome, the Roman general Lucius Aemilius Paulus is ordered by the Roman Senate to inflict a brutal revenge on Epirus for being an ally of Macedonia. Seventy towns in Epirus are destroyed, and at least 100,000 citizens are sold into slavery. These actions take place despite the fact that Epirus has not aided Perseus in his war with Rome. The Parthians capture the key central Asian city of Herat. This victory effectively chokes off the movement of trade along the Silk Road to China and means that the Hellenic kingdom of Bactria is doomed.

title: 167 BC


lead: 1661 BC: Iptar-Sin became the King of Assyria.

title: 1660s BC


lead: 1664 BC: Death of Arpachshad, son of Shem, son of Noah, according to the Hebrew calendar.

title: 1660s BC


label: 168 BCE

lead: The Battle of Pydna (in southern Macedonia) gives Roman forces under Lucius Aemilius Paulus a crushing victory over Perseus and his Macedonian forces, thus ending the Third Macedonian War. Perseus is captured by the Romans and will spend the rest of his life in captivity at Alba Fucens, near Rome. The king of Illyria, Gentius, is defeated at Scodra by a Roman force under Lucius Anicius Gallus and then brought to Rome as a captive to be interned in Iguvium. This loss removes Illyria as an important ally for Macedonia and effectively weakens Perseus of Macedon in his battle with Rome. The joint rulers of Egypt, Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and their sister Cleopatra II send a renewed request to Rome for aid.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Births
Deaths

title: 168 BC


lead: 1675 BC—Death of Niqmi-Epuh, Great King of Yamhad, according to the Middle chronology.

title: 1670s BC


lead: 1677 BC—Death of Terah, father of Abraham, according to the Hebrew Calendar.

title: 1670s BC


label: 169 BCE

lead: Lex Voconia (The Voconian Law) is introduced in Rome by the tribune, Quintus Voconius Saxa, with the support of Cato the Elder. This law prohibits those who own property valued at 100,000 sesterces from making a woman their heir. Macedonian forces led by Perseus of Macedon trap a Roman army led by Consul Quintus Marcius Phillipus near Tempe, but the Macedonians fail to take advantage of their resulting superior tactical position. King Perseus asks the Seleucid King Antiochus IV to join forces with him against the danger that Rome presents to all of the Hellenic monarchs. Antiochus IV does not respond.

title: 169 BC


lead: 1684 BC—Death of Érimón, Irish legend.

title: 1680s BC


lead: 1686 BC—Death of Hammurabi (short chronology).

title: 1680s BC


label: 170 BCE

lead: Around this time, Eucratides, who is either a rebellious Bactrian official or a cousin of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, captures the throne of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom by toppling the Euthydemid dynasty's king Antimachus I. With Antiochus IV now absent from the country, the citizens of Alexandria choose Ptolemy VI's brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II as their king. The two Ptolemy brothers agree to rule Egypt jointly with their sister Cleopatra II and Coele Syria is invaded by the Egyptian forces. The usurped high priest of Judea, Jason, does not abandon his claims to being the high priest which he has lost to Menelaus two years earlier. While Antiochus IV is waging war against Egypt, he succeeds in making himself master of Jerusalem once more and forces Menelaus to seek refuge in the citadel.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births

title: 170 BC


lead: 1691 BC—Death of Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt.

title: 1690s BC


lead: 1695 BC—Death of Sarah, wife of Abraham, according to the Hebrew Calendar.

title: 1690s BC


lead: c. 1700 BC: Minoan Old Palace period ends and Minoan Second Palace period starts in Crete. c. 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilisation comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture. c. 1700 BC: beginning of the Late Minoan period on Crete.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Crime & Justice
Climate & Environment

title: 17th century BC


label: 18 BCE

lead: Onjo becomes the first ruler of the Korean kingdom of Baekje (traditional date). Caesar Augustus introduces the Lex Julia (Julian Laws). Lex Iulia de Ambitu penalised bribery when acquiring political offices.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Science & Discovery
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 18 BC


label: 171 BCE

lead: Thanks to the efforts of Eumenes II of Pergamum while in Rome, the Romans declare war on Macedonia and send troops to Thessaly, thus beginning the Third Macedonian War. In the resulting Battle of Callicinus the Macedonians, led by their king, Perseus, are victorious over a Roman force led by consul Publius Licinius Crassus. Mithradates I succeeds his brother Phraates I as king of Parthia. The first Roman colony outside Italy is founded at Carteia in southern Hispania after Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers appear before the Roman Senate to request a town to live in and are given Carteia, which is named Colonia Libertinorum Carteia.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 171 BC


label: 172 BCE

lead: The peace treaty at the end of the Second Punic War requires that all border disputes involving Carthage be arbitrated by the Roman Senate and requires Carthage to get explicit Roman approval before going to war. As a result, envoys from Carthage appear before the Roman Senate to request resolution of a boundary dispute with Numidia. The dispute is decided in Numidia's favour. Eumenes II of Pergamum travels to Rome to warn the Roman Senate of the danger from Perseus of Macedon. On his return from Rome, Eumenes II is nearly killed at Delphi and Perseus is suspected of being the instigator.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 172 BC


lead: 1712 BC: According to the middle chronology, Samsu-iluna dies and is succeeded by Abi-Eshuh.

title: 18th century BC


lead: c. 1720 BC: The Hyksos invade and conquer Egypt, establishing their capital at Avaris. c. 1720 BC: Adasi, a native king of Assyria, seizes power.

title: 18th century BC


label: 173 BCE

lead: The first known session of the Mahestan (a noble advisory council consisting of Zoroastrian priests and aristocrats) is believed to have taken place during Nowruz (the Persian New Year) in this year, under the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia. This council later played a key role in advising the king and, at times, selecting or deposing monarchs. Antiochus IV pays the remainder of the war indemnity that has been imposed by the Romans on Antiochus III in the Treaty of Apamea (188 BC). Ptolemy VI Philometor marries his sister, Cleopatra II.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Religion & Belief
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 173 BC


label: 174 BCE

lead: The first street pavements were laid in Rome. The Xiongnu attack the Yuezhi, and force them away from Gansu.

title: 174 BC


lead: 1736 BC: According to the ultra-long chronology of the ancient Near East, this is the year the sack of Babylon occurred.

title: 18th century BC


lead: c. 1740 BC: reigns of pharaoh Neferhotep I and his brother Sobekhotep IV, marking the apex of the Egyptian 13th Dynasty. c. 1740 BC: Akkadian-Assyrian governor Puzur-Sin drives the Babylonians and Amorites into the north, out of the land of Assyria.

sections:
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society

title: 18th century BC


label: 175 BCE

lead: During this period of uncertainty in Syria, the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy VI, lays claim to Coele Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia, which the Seleucid king Antiochus III has previously conquered. Both the Syrian and Egyptian parties appeal to Rome for help, but the Roman Senate refuses to take sides. The construction of the western front of the altar in Pergamum, Turkey, begins (approximate date) and is finished in 156 BC. A reconstruction of it is now kept at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. King Seleucus IV of Syria arranges for the exchange of his brother Antiochus for Demetrius, the son of Seleucus IV, who has been a hostage in Rome following the Treaty of Apamea in 188 BC. However, Seleucus IV is assassinated by his chief minister Heliodorus, who then seizes the Syrian throne.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 175 BC


lead: 1749 BC: Samsu-iluna succeeds Hammurabi as king of Babylon. However, his rule is not very effective, and Mesopotamia endures turmoil during his reign. 1749 BC – 1712 BC: Mesopotamian Rebellions.

title: 18th century BC


lead: c. 1750 BC: Investiture of Zimrilim (Zimrilim, King of Mari, before the Goddess Ishtar), facsimile of a wall painting on mud plaster from the Zimrilim palace at Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria), Court 106, is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris. c. 1750 BC: Vedic period starts in India. 1750 BC: Old Assyrian Empire disestablished.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Climate & Environment
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 18th century BC


label: 176 BCE

lead: The Roman general, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, subdues Sardinia, enslaving some of the population. King Phriapatius of Parthia dies and is succeeded by his son Phraates I. Cleopatra I Syra dies leaving her son, Ptolemy VI, to rule Egypt alone.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 176 BC


lead: 1757 BC: Mari sacked by Hammurabi. Zimrilim's palace is destroyed. 1757 BC: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, dies.

title: 18th century BC


label: 177 BCE

lead: Luni in northern Italy is founded by the Romans with the name Luna at the mouth of the Magra River. Perseus of Macedonia marries Laodice, the daughter of the Seleucid king Seleucus IV. After two military campaigns, the Romans finally subdue the Illyrian tribe of the Histri.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 177 BC


lead: 1764 BC – 1750 BC: Wars of Hammurabi.

title: 18th century BC


lead: 1766 BC: Shang conquest of the Xia dynasty. China.

title: 18th century BC


lead: 1770 BC: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.

title: 18th century BC


label: 178 BCE

lead: In Rome, the praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrates a triumph after conquering the Vaccaei and Lusitani during his time as Roman commander in the province of Hispania Ulterior. One of Perseus' first acts on becoming king of Macedonia is to renew the treaty between Macedonia and Rome. In the meantime, Perseus builds up the Macedonian army and puts out feelers for creating an alliance with the Greek leagues, with his northern barbarian neighbours, and also with the Seleucid king Seleucus IV.

title: 178 BC


lead: 1779 BC: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, starts to rule.

title: 18th century BC


label: 179 BCE

lead: The Pons Aemilius is completed across the Tiber River in Rome. It is regarded as the world's first stone bridge. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus is appointed both censor and princeps senatus. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus goes to Hispania as Roman governor to deal with uprisings there.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Births
Deaths

title: 179 BC


lead: 1786 BC: Egypt: Queen Sobekneferu dies. End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty.

title: 18th century BC


lead: 1787 BC – 1784 BC: Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin.

title: 18th century BC


label: 180 BCE

lead: Lü Clan Disturbance. Following the death of Empress Lü, who had been the de facto ruler of the Han dynasty, the Lü Clan is overthrown and massacred by the imperial princes Liu Zhang and Liu Xiang, General-in-Chief Zhou Bo and Prime Minister Chen Ping. Demetrius I starts his invasion of present-day Pakistan, following the earlier destruction of the Mauryan dynasty by general Pushyamitra Shunga. Rome completes its subjugation of all of Italy with the defeat of the Ligurians in a battle near modern Genoa. Rome deports 40,000 Ligurians to other areas of the Republic.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 180 BC


lead: c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC: (middle chronology) – Hammurabi rules Babylonia and has to deal with Mari, which he conquers late in his career. c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC: (middle chronology) – Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery

title: 18th century BC


lead: 1800 BC: Beginning of the Indo-Aryan migration. 1800 BC – 1700 BC: Decline of the Indus Valley Civilisation. 1800 BC: Beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age in the period system devised by Oscar Montelius.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Exploration & Expansion
Science & Discovery
Climate & Environment

title: 18th century BC


label: 19 BCE

lead: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa completes the Aqua Virgo; the aqueduct is 21 km in length and supplies the city of Rome with about 100,000,000 liters of water every day. The Cantabrians, living on the northernmost coast of Spain, are brought under Roman control. The region is completely subdued until 16 BC. In Rome, Lucius Cornelius Balbus receives the honor of a triumph on the Forum Romanum, for his victories over the Garamantes in Africa.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 19 BC


label: 181 BCE

lead: Nanyue's emperor Zhao Tuo attacks the other vassal kingdoms of Minyue, Western Ou and Luo and secures their submission. He also attacks the state of Changsha. Pharnaces I of Pontus decides to attack both Eumenes II of Pergamum and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and therefore invades Galatia with a large force. Eumenes leads an army to oppose him, however, hostilities are soon suspended following the arrival of Roman deputies, who have been appointed by the Roman Senate to inquire into the matters in dispute. Negotiations take place at Pergamum but are inconclusive, with Pharnaces' demands being rejected by the Romans as unreasonable. As a consequence, the war between Pontus and Pergamum and Cappadocia is renewed. Ptolemy V is poisoned after a reign of 24 years in which the Egyptian kingdom has declined in power and influence and has lost most of its empire outside Egypt other than Cyprus and Cyrenaica. The elder of his two sons, Ptolemy VI Philometor succeeds him, but since he is an infant, he rules under the regency of his mother Cleopatra the Syrian.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Health & Medicine

title: 181 BC


lead: c. 1808 BC: Shamshi-Adad I returns from exile and conquers Assur, emerging as the first Amorite king of Assyria.

title: 19th century BC


label: 182 BCE

lead: The king of Bithynia, Prusias I Chlorus dies and is succeeded by his son, who rules as Prusias II.

sections: Births Deaths

title: 182 BC


label: 183 BCE

lead: The Roman statesman Titus Quinctius Flamininus is sent to the court of Prusias I, king of Bithynia, to demand the surrender of the former Carthaginian statesman and general Hannibal. When Hannibal finds out that Prusias is about to agree to the Roman demands and thus betray him, he poisons himself in the village of Libyssa in Bithynia. Roman colonies are established at Mutina (later Modena), Pisa and Parma in northern and central Italy. The town of Messene rebels against the Achaean League. When the Achaean League's general, Philopoemen, intervenes to try to control the rebellion, he is captured during a skirmish and imprisoned. He is then given poison to take so that he can die honourably.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 183 BC


lead: c. 1825 BC: The oldest known medical text in Egyptian history, the Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus, is written.

title: 19th century BC


label: 184 BCE

lead: The oldest known basilica, the Basilica Porcia, is completed in Rome by Cato the Elder during the time he is censor. The building is used by the Romans for transacting business and disposing of legal matters. The town of Pisaurum is established by the Romans as a colony in the territory of the Picentes, a tribe living in the Marche on the Adriatic. With concerns rising in Rome over whether Philip V of Macedon is preparing for a new war with the Romans, Appius Claudius Pulcher is sent at the head of an embassy into Macedonia and Greece to observe Philip's activities.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 184 BC


lead: c. 1839 BC: Senwosret III (Twelfth Dynasty) died.

title: 19th century BC


label: 185 BCE

lead: The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus. The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder and his supporters of having received bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III. Scipio defies his accusers, reminds the Romans of their debt to him, and retires to his country house at Liternum in Campania. However, Cato is successful in breaking the political influence of Lucius Scipio and Scipio Africanus. Pushyamitra Shunga assassinates the Mauryan emperor Brhadrata, which brings an end to that dynasty, after which he founds the Shunga dynasty.

title: 185 BC


label: 186 BCE

lead: Eumenes II of Pergamum defeats Prusias I of Bithynia. The first burial at the famous archaeological site of Mawangdui is made during the Western Han dynasty of China. The rapid spread of the Bacchanalia cult throughout the Roman Republic, which, it is claimed, indulges in all kinds of crimes and political conspiracies at its nocturnal meetings, leads to the Roman Senate issuing a decree, the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus, by which the Bacchanalia are prohibited throughout all Italy except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Health & Medicine
Births
Deaths

title: 186 BC


lead: c. 1855 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III dies (other date is 1839 BC).

title: 19th century BC


lead: c. 1860 BC: Amenemhat III starts to rule. c. 1860 BC: Senusret III inspects the Nubian frontier, he leads four punitive campaigns against the Nubians.

title: 19th century BC


label: 187 BCE

lead: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus is elected tribune of the plebs, in which capacity he is recorded as having saved Scipio Africanus from prosecution by interposing his veto. Tiberius is no friend nor political ally of Scipio's, but feels that the general's services to Rome merit his release from the threat of trial like any common criminal. Supposedly, in gratitude for this action, Scipio betrothes his youngest daughter, Cornelia, to him. The construction of the Via Aemilia, a trunk road in the north Italian plains, running from Ariminum (Rimini), on the Adriatic coast, to Placentia (Piacenza) on the river Padus (Po), is completed. Queen Cleopatra I is appointed Vizier (Chief Minister) to the King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 187 BC


label: 188 BCE

lead: Following the death of Emperor Hui of Han, his mother Empress Lü makes Hui's son Emperor Qianshao of Han and appoints members of her clan as kings, thereby establishing her effective control over China. Following the peace of Apamea, Eumenes II receives the provinces of Phrygia, Lydia, Lycia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia from his Roman allies, as the Romans have no desire to actually administer territory in Hellenistic Anatolia but want to see a strong, friendly state in Anatolia as a buffer zone against any possible Seleucid expansion in the future. Hannibal flees via Crete to the court of King Prusias I of Bithynia who is engaged in warfare with Rome's ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamum.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 188 BC


lead: c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III starts to rule (other date is 1878 BC). c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II dies (other date is 1878 BC).

title: 19th century BC


lead: 1878 BC: Senwosret II (Twelfth Dynasty) died. c. 1878 BC: Senwosret III (Twelfth Dynasty) started to rule.

title: 19th century BC


lead: c. 1880 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II starts to rule (other date is 1897 BC).

title: 19th century BC


label: 189 BCE

lead: Cato the Elder criticizes the consul Marcus Fulvius Nobilior for giving awards to Roman soldiers for doing ordinary tasks, such as digging wells. The territory of Artsakh first became known for being inhabited by Armenians-notably within the city of Tigranakert, one of four cities named after Tigranes the Great in the ancient Armenian empire. The city of Philadelphia (now Alaşehir, Turkey) is founded by King Eumenes II of Pergamon. Eumenes names the city after his brother, Attalus, whose loyalty earns him the nickname, "Philadelphus", literally meaning "one who loves his brother".

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Deaths

title: 189 BC


label: 190 BCE

lead: Following Antiochus III's defeat by the Romans, two of Antiochus III's Armenian satraps, Artaxias and Zariadres, declare themselves independent of the Seleucids. With Roman consent, they establish themselves as kings of the Kingdom of Armenia and the district of Sophene (Armenia Minor), respectively. Artaxias builds his capital, Artaxata, on the Araxes River (now the Aras River) near Lake Sevan. One of the main highways in Roman Italy, the Via Appia, is extended to Benevento and Venosa. The statue Nike (Victory) of Samothrace is created (possible date). It is discovered in 1863 and is now kept at Musée du Louvre in Paris.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 190 BC


lead: c. 1897 BC: Senwosret II (Twelfth Dynasty) started to rule. He built Kahun near his pyramid tomb complex at el-Lahun.

title: 19th century BC


lead: c. 1900 BC: Minoan Old Palace (Protopalatial) period starts in Crete. c. 1900 BC: Late Harappan phase of the Indus Valley civilization begins. c. 1900 BC: Transition from Early Helladic III to Middle Helladic culture in Greece.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society

title: 19th century BC


label: 20 BCE

lead: Emperor Augustus Caesar negotiates a peace with Parthia, making Armenia a buffer zone between the two major powers. The captured eagles of Marcus Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony are returned.

title: 20 BC


label: 191 BCE

lead: The Carthaginians manage to collect the indemnity due to Rome (through the peace treaty signed between them ten years earlier) but not payable in full for 50 years. The Romans, in order to keep their hold on Carthage, refuse to accept the early payment of the indemnity. Scipio Africanus persuades the Roman Senate to continue the war against Antiochus III by making him the chief commander and allowing him and his brother, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, to follow Antiochus into Anatolia. The Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio and Cato the Elder cut the Seleucid king Antiochus III off from his reinforcements in Thrace and outflank his position at the pass of Thermopylae in the Battle of Thermopylae. With the remainder of his troops, Antiochus flees to Chalcis on Euboea and from there he retreats by sea to Ephesus.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 191 BC


label: 192 BCE

lead: Seleucid forces under their king, Antiochus III, invade Greece at the invitation of the Aetolian League, who are revolting against the Romans. The Aetolians appoint him commander in chief of their league. Antiochus lands in Demetrias, Thessaly with only 10,500 men and occupies Euboea. However, he finds little support for his cause in central Greece. The Achaeans respond to Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to Rome with a request for help. In response, the Roman Senate sends the praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by Titus Quinctius Flamininus. Not waiting for the Roman fleet to arrive, the Achaean army and navy head towards Gythium under the command of Philopoemen. The Achaean fleet under Tiso is defeated by the Spartan fleet. On land, the Achaeans are unable to defeat the Spartan forces outside Gythium and Philopoemen retreats to Tegea.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 192 BC


lead: 1913 BC – 1903 BC: Egyptian-Nubian war.

title: 20th century BC


lead: 1917 BC: Bön founder Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche is born.

title: 20th century BC


lead: c. 1920 BC: Jishi Gorge flood. It may have sparked the beginning of the first Chinese dynasty (Xia, Erlitou culture).

title: 20th century BC


label: 193 BCE

lead: In the meantime, the Spartan ruler, Nabis, moves to recover lost territory, including Gythium. Carneades of Cyrene moves to Athens to found the third or new Academy. Cleopatra I Syra, daughter of Antiochus III and Laodice, marries the Egyptian King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 193 BC


lead: 1924 BC: Gungunum, king of Larsa, conquers Isin and takes its king Lipit-Ishtar into captivity. (Middle chronology).

title: 20th century BC


lead: c. 1928 BC – 1895 BC: "Harvest scene", tempera facsimile by Nina de Garis Davies of wall painting in the tomb of Khnumhotep II, Beni Hasan. Twelfth Dynasty.

title: 20th century BC


label: 194 BCE

lead: Empress Lü protects the accession of her son Emperor Hui by executing Consort Qi and her son to Gaozu, Liu Ruyi. The Wiman Joseon kingdom of northern Korea (Choson) is founded by the Chinese Han dynasty general Wiman. The Battle of Mutina is fought between the Romans and the Boii (a Gallic tribe). The Romans are victorious in the battle which effectively ends the threat of the Gauls in Italy.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Economy & Finance
Technology & Infrastructure
Deaths

title: 194 BC


label: 195 BCE

lead: Haemosu Dangun, the first ruler of Buyeo, dies and his son Mosuri Dangun succeeds him to the throne. A Spanish revolt against Roman consolidation of the ex-Carthaginian colonies is effectively put down by Marcus Porcius Cato ("the Censor"). He avoids one defeat by paying the Celtiberians 200 talents (around 120,000 denarii), a much-criticised tactic. On Cato's return to Rome, Aemilius Paulus succeeds him as Roman governor in Spain. Chang'an, the capital of China, is thought to become the largest city in the world at this time, taking over from Pataliputra, the capital of the Mauryan empire.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Health & Medicine
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 195 BC


lead: c. 1942 BC: The so-called king of Leubingen (today part of Sömmerda) was buried in a large barrow within a 66 ft m stone cairn inside a ring ditch.

title: 20th century BC


label: 196 BCE

lead: Empress Lü and Prime Minister Xiao He of the Han dynasty have the former General-in-Chief Han Xin executed, suspecting that he was planning a rebellion in cooperation with the rebel Chen Xi. Flamininus accuses the Spartan ruler, Nabis, of tyranny, takes Gythium in Laconia and forces Nabis to surrender Argos. According to the Roman scholar and writer Marcus Terentius Varro, the foundation of a library at Pergamum around this time by Eumenes II of Pergamum, combined with an embargo on papyrus by Ptolemy V, leads to the invention of parchment.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 196 BC


lead: 1953 BC: Senusret I launches a military campaign against Lower Nubia and conquers the region down to the Second Cataract.

title: 20th century BC


label: 197 BCE

lead: Chen Xi begins a rebellion against the Han dynasty in the Dai region of the northern frontier. The Iberian revolt breaks out in Citerior and Ulterior against Roman domination. The volcanic island of Hiera emerges from under the sea near Thera.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Climate & Environment
Deaths

title: 197 BC


label: 198 BCE

lead: After his election to the consulship, Titus Quinctius Flamininus is chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus as the leading Roman general in Macedonia. He then crosses into Macedonia with his army. Flamininus realizes that future peace depends on breaking the power of king Philip V of Macedon, not merely humbling him. He secures the backing of the Achaean League and then opens peace negotiations with Philip at Nicaea in Locris. Though peace proposals are submitted to the Roman Senate, the talks break down, and fighting resumes. Titus Quinctius Flamininus' forces manage to push Philip V out of most of Greece, except for a few fortresses. He then defeats Philip V in the Battle of the Aous, near modern Tepelenë in Albania. Following the defeat of the Han at the hands of Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu at Baideng in 200 BC, the soldier and advisor Lou Jing is dispatched by the emperor Gaozu for negotiations. The peace settlement eventually reached between the parties includes a Han princess given in marriage to the chanyu, initiating a policy of or marriage alliances; periodic tribute of silk, liquor and rice to the Xiongnu; equal status between the states; and the Great Wall as the mutual border. This treaty sets the pattern for relations between the Han and the Xiongnu for some sixty years.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security

title: 198 BC


lead: 1974 BC: Erishum I became the thirty-third ruler of Assyria.

title: 20th century BC


label: 199 BCE

lead: The Roman general Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus attacks the Insubres in Gaul, but loses over 6,700 soldiers in the process. Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ankhwennefer succeeds Horwennefer in Upper Egypt, Egypt. Scipio Africanus becomes censor and princeps Senatus (the titular head of the Roman Senate).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief

title: 199 BC


lead: c. 1985 BC: Political authority became less centralized in Ancient Egypt.

title: 20th century BC


label: 200 BCE

lead: Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine. Lost-wax casting is known in China and Mesopotamia (approximate date). The city of Tiwanaku is founded as a village near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (approximate date).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Technology & Infrastructure
Science & Discovery
Crime & Justice
Climate & Environment
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 200 BC


lead: c. 1995 BC: Ancient Egypt: Pharaoh Mentuhotep IV died. End of Eleventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule. Start of Twelfth Dynasty. c. 1995 BC: Pharaoh Mentuhotep II, Eleventh dynasty of Egypt dies.

title: 20th century BC


lead: c. 2000 BC – 1900 BC: the "Priest-king torso" was sculpted at Mohenjo-Daro, part of the Indus Valley Civilization.

title: 20th century BC


label: 3 BCE

lead: The Pont Julien was constructed in modern southern France.

sections:
Exploration & Expansion
Births

title: 0s BC


label: 21 BCE

lead: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divorces Claudia Marcella Major, and marries Julia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus.

sections:
Culture & Society
Births

title: 21 BC


label: 201 BCE

lead: On Hannibal's advice, Carthage sues for peace with the Romans, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage is reduced to a client state of Rome. In the peace treaty between Carthage and Rome, Carthage surrenders all her Mediterranean possessions to Rome, including her Iberian territories. The Carthaginians agree to pay Rome 200 talents per year for 50 years, allow Masinissa to rule Numidia as an independent kingdom, make no war without Rome's permission, and destroy all but 10 of the Carthaginian warships. King Xin of Han, in alliance with Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu, launches a rebellion against the Han dynasty in the Taiyuan Commandery. He is defeated by Emperor Gaozu of Han and his generals, who chase Xin of Han into Xiongnu territory. In Rome, according to the Roman historian Livy, land is distributed to veterans of the Second Punic War. This is the first documented instance of a practice that later becomes commonplace.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Deaths

title: 201 BC


lead: 2004 BC – Ur sacked by the Elamites, bringing an end to the Third dynasty. (Middle Chronology).

title: 21st century BC


label: 202 BCE

lead: Liu Bang declares himself Supreme Emperor of China, officially beginning the Han dynasty. The Battle of Zama (130 kilometers south-west of Carthage) ends the Second Punic War and largely destroys the power of Carthage. Roman and Numidian forces under the leadership of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his Numidian ally, Masinissa, defeat a combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and force Carthage to capitulate. Hannibal loses 20,000 men in the defeat, but he is able to escape Masinissa's pursuit. Accused of treason by the Carthaginians after being defeated by the Romans at the Battle of the Great Plains, Hasdrubal Gisco commits suicide to avoid being lynched by a Carthaginian mob.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 202 BC


lead: c. 2017 BC – Ishbi-Erra founds the Amorite kingdom of Isin. (Middle Chronology).

title: 21st century BC


label: 203 BCE

lead: The Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio, while undertaking peace negotiations with the Carthaginians at Utica, makes a surprise attack on the Carthaginian camp and destroys it. Then, sweeping down on the forces that the Carthaginians and their allies, the Numidians, are trying to muster on the Great Plains near the upper Bagradas River (in modern Tunisia), he smashes that army in the Battle of the Great Plains. The Numidian king, Syphax, and the Carthaginian leader, Hasdrubal Gisco, manage to escape separately. After Xiang Yu fails to persuade Han Xin to remain neutral, Han Xin and Liu Bang launch a five-pronged invasion of Chu. They decisively defeat Xiang Yu in the Battle of Chen and the Battle of Gaixia. A preliminary armistice between Carthage and Rome is declared and the Carthaginian armies accept Scipio's severe terms. However, on his return to Carthage, Hannibal concentrates the remnants of the Carthaginian forces at Hadrumetum (modern Sousse, Tunisia) and prepares them for battle.

title: 203 BC


lead: 2025 BC – Naplanum founds the Amorite kingdom of Larsa. (Middle Chronology).

title: 21st century BC


label: 204 BCE

lead: The late Egyptian King Ptolemy IV's clique of favourites, led by Sosibius, Ptolemy's chief minister, keeps Ptolemy's death a secret, fearing retribution from the new king Ptolemy V's mother, Queen Arsinoe III. They arrange for the murder of Arsinoe, and then the five-year-old king is officially elevated to the throne with Sosibius as his guardian. Arsinoe has been popular with the Egyptian population so rioting follows the news of her assassination. The Battle of Crotona is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army, and a Roman force led by Publius Sempronius Tuditanus, with no decisive outcome for either side. Having lost his alliance with the Numidian chief Masinissa, the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal Gisco, finds a new ally in the Numidian king Syphax, who marries Sophonisba, Hasdrubal's daughter, who, until his defection to Rome, has been betrothed to Masinissa.

title: 204 BC


lead: c. 2040 BC – Mentuhotep II, ruler of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt in Thebes, completes the reunification of Egypt following his victory over the pharaohs of Herakleopolis, which marks the beginning of the Middle Kingdom.

title: 21st century BC


label: 205 BCE

lead: Returning via the Persian provinces of Arachosia, Drangiana, and Carmania, Antiochus III arrives in Persis. He then leads a short expedition down the Persian Gulf and receives tribute of 500 talents of silver from the citizens of Gerrha, a mercantile state on the west coast of the Persian Gulf. The Xiongnu leader, Modu Chanyu, conquers the neighbouring nomadic Yuezhi and Donghu peoples, thereby establishing the Xiongnu Empire. He appoints a Tuqi King of the left (east) and a Tuqi King of the right (west) to prevent rebellions. Hannibal erects a bilingual Punic/Greek inscription describing his accomplishments in the temple of Juno Lacinia near Crotone.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 205 BC


lead: c. 2050 BC – The beginning of the Middle Kerma culture in Upper Nubia.

title: 21st century BC


label: 206 BCE

lead: Liu Bang, as the newly appointed king of Hanzhong, and his new General-in-Chief Han Xin, invade Guanzhong, defeat the king of Yong, Zhang Han, and conquer the lands of the Three Qins, thus beginning hostilities with Xiang Yu. The city of Italica (northwest of modern Seville, Spain) is founded by Scipio as a place to settle for the Roman soldiers wounded in the Battle of Ilipa. Hasdrubal Gisco retreats to the coast and then crosses to North Africa, where he gives his daughter in marriage to Syphax, king of the Numidian Masaesyli tribe, to formalize their military alliance.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Deaths

title: 206 BC


label: 207 BCE

lead: The Roman consul Gaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with the Carthaginian general Hannibal at Grumentum. Nero is unable to stop Hannibal's advance into Canusium. Nevertheless, he rapidly marches the elite parts of his army some one hundred kilometres north to reinforce the army of Marcus Livius Salinator. The Chu rebel Liu Bang invades Guanzhong. After another military defeat, Ziying surrenders to Liu, who then occupies the Qin capital Xianyang. This marks the end of the Qin dynasty. The general leading the Achaean League, Philopoemen, introduces heavier Macedonian armour and phalanx tactics. His army then crushes the Spartans under the Spartan regent and general, Machanidas, in the battle of Mantinea. Machanidas is killed by Philopoemen during the battle.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 207 BC


lead: c. 2070 BC – Yu the Great establishes the Xia dynasty in China.

title: 21st century BC


label: 208 BCE

lead: The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy. The Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus is killed in battle while fighting Hannibal near Venusia, Apulia. Antiochus III advances into Bactria, which is ruled by the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus I, and defeats Euthydemus at the Battle of the Arius. After resisting a siege of his capital Bactra (Balkh) by the Seleucids, Euthydemus obtains an honourable peace by which Antiochus promises Euthydemus' son Demetrius the hand of one of his daughters.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 208 BC


label: 209 BCE

lead: Having helped to conquer Baiyue in northern Vietnam and southern China for the Qin dynasty, the general Zhao Tuo uses the rebellions against the Qin to establish his own independent kingdom in Nanyue, and conquers the neighboring provinces of Guilin and Xiang. He declares himself King Wu of Nanyue. As strategos of the Achaeans, the Greek general Philopoemen is responsible for turning the Achaean League into an aggressive military power. He builds up the League's military capability. The Achaean League's army and cavalry under Philopoemen then defeat the Aetolians on the Elean frontier. Modun khaan inherits Teoman's Hunnu confederations and founds the Xiongnu Empire in Mongolia proper. Modu's forces push into Northern China, threatening the Qin Empire and forcing them to further fortify the Great Wall.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 209 BC


label: 210 BCE

lead: The Terracotta Army in the mausoleum of Emperor Shihuangdi, Lintong, Shaanxi, is made (Qin dynasty) (approximate date). Qin Er Shi becomes Emperor of the Qin dynasty of China. His advisors Zhao Gao and Prime Minister Li Si forge a decree by the late Emperor Qin Shi Huang that orders the execution of Qin Er Shi's elder brother Fusu and Fusu's ally, the general Meng Tian. Following the death of his father, Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, at the hands of the Carthaginians, the young Publius Cornelius Scipio takes over command of the Roman troops in Spain. His appointment reflects the Roman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of the propraetor, Gaius Claudius Nero, then commander in Spain north of the Ebro.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Economy & Finance
Births
Deaths

title: 210 BC


label: 22 BCE

lead: Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and Lucius Munatius Plancus are Censors. King Artaxias II returns, with the support of the Parthians, to Armenia and claims the throne. Artavasdes I escapes to Rome, where Caesar Augustus receives him. The Roman governor of Egypt, Gaius Petronius, marches up the Nile with legions XXII Deiotariana and III Cyrenaica, and destroys the Nubian capital of Napata.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 22 BC


label: 211 BCE

lead: Antiochus III's sister arranges for the removal of Armenia's king Xerxes, whom she has recently married. Antiochus III then divides the country into two satrapies. Rome faces the burdens of inflation and the danger of famine, caused by the disturbed conditions in Italy and Sicily and the withdrawal of so many men from farming. The situation is only relieved by an urgent appeal by the Romans to the King of Egypt, Ptolemy IV, from whom grain is purchased at three times the usual price. The Romans besiege the town of Capua (which is allied with Hannibal). The town eventually falls to the Romans and its citizens are punished by them. The town's nobility are put to the sword, its territory is confiscated and its municipal organisation is dissolved.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Economy & Finance
Deaths

title: 211 BC


label: 212 BCE

lead: After being stopped twice by the Romans in his attempts to invade Illyria by sea, and constrained by the Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus' fleet in the Adriatic, Philip V of Macedon keeps his activities in Illyria land based. Keeping clear of the coast, he takes Dassaretis, Atintani and Parthini, and the town of Dimale. Tylis is destroyed by the Thracians. Antiochus III leaves for a campaign in Asia, where he will reach as far as India and mostly manage to recover the areas conquered earlier by Alexander the Great.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Crime & Justice
Disasters & Accidents
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 212 BC


lead: 2119 BC–2113 BC (middle chronology): Utu-hengal, first king of the third dynasty of Ur, also called the Neo-Sumerian Empire.

title: 22nd century BC


lead: c. 2120 BC: Votive statue of Gudea from Lagash (modern Iraq) is made.

title: 22nd century BC


label: 213 BCE

lead: In alliance with Attalus I of Pergamum, Antiochus III finally captures the rebel king of Anatolia, Achaeus, in his capital, Sardis, after a siege of two years. Antiochus III then has Achaeus executed. Archimedes's war machines repel the Roman army that is invading Syracuse. Emperor Qin Shi Huang and Prime Minister Li Si order all Confucian writings destroyed in the burning of books and burying of scholars.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Disasters & Accidents
Deaths

title: 213 BC


lead: 2124 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of Lagash, dies.

title: 22nd century BC


label: 214 BCE

lead: The Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who is in Sicily at the time of the revolt of Syracuse, leads an army which storms Leontini and besieges Syracuse. With the help of Archimedes' ideas and inventions, the Syracusans repel his attacks by sea. Upon receiving word from Oricum of Philip V's actions in Illyria, Roman propraetor Marcus Valerius Laevinus crosses the Adriatic with his fleet and army. Landing at Oricum, Laevinus is able to retake the town with little fighting. Philip V of Macedon attempts an invasion of Illyria by sea with a fleet of 120 craft. He captures Oricum and, sailing up the Aous (modern Vjosë) river, he besieges Apollonia.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Deaths

title: 214 BC


lead: 2138 BC: A solar eclipse on 9 May and a lunar eclipse on 24 May' occur and are believed to be the double eclipse that took place 23 years after the ascension of king Shulgi of Babylon by those holding to the long chronology.

title: 22nd century BC


label: 215 BCE

lead: The Roman law, Lex Oppia, is instituted by Gaius Oppius, a tribune of the plebs during the consulship of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus and Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The Lex Oppia is the first of a series of sumptuary laws introduced in Rome. It not only restricts women's wealth, but also their displaying it. A Carthaginian invasion fleet bound for Sardinia is delayed by bad weather giving the Romans the time to organize an intervention; the Roman general Titus Manlius Torquatus, one of it original conquerors, is sent to Sardinia with an army. Emperor Qin Shi Huang orders the construction of his mausoleum to begin(source?), including the famous Terracotta Army.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Births
Deaths

title: 215 BC


lead: c. 2144 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of Lagash, starts to reign.

title: 22nd century BC


lead: c. 2150 BC: City state of Lagash in Mesopotamia is established.

title: 22nd century BC


label: 216 BCE

lead: The Battle of Cannae (east of Naples) ends in victory for Hannibal whose 50,000-man army defeats a Roman force of 86,000 led by consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus (who is killed in the battle) and Gaius Terentius Varro. 50,000-70,000 Roman troops are killed, making this perhaps the deadliest one-day battle in all history. Following Hannibal's victory, many regions begin to defect from Rome, while others are conquered by Hannibal's forces. In Apulia, Lucania, Samnium and in Bruttium, Hannibal finds many supporters. After the defeat at Cannae, Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, commands the remnants of the Roman army at Canusium and saves the city of Nola and southern Campania from occupation by Hannibal.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Births
Deaths

title: 216 BC


lead: c. 2160 BC: End of the reign of Pharaoh Neferirkare, last king of the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt. Beginning of the Ninth Dynasty, possibly after the overthrow of Neferirkare. c. 2160 BC: Beginning of Middle Minoan period in Crete.

sections:
Climate & Environment
Culture & Society

title: 22nd century BC


label: 217 BCE

lead: On the northern shore of Lake Trasimene, in Umbria, Hannibal's troops all but annihilate Gaius Flaminius' army in the Battle of Lake Trasimene, killing thousands (including Flaminius) and driving others to drown in the lake. Reinforcements of about 4,000 cavalry from Ariminum under the praetor, Gaius Centenius, are intercepted before they arrive and are also destroyed. The Carthaginian troops then march on Rome. Egyptian native hoplites under Ptolemy IV crush the Seleucid army under Antiochus III in the Battle of Raphia near Gaza. The realization of their military importance leads to demands by native Egyptians for greater privileges and so to the development of racial difficulties which will weaken the Ptolemy dynasty in the future. Gaius Flaminius is re-elected consul with Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, in what is considered to be a rebuke of the Senate's prosecution of the war. Flaminius raises new legions and marches north to meet the Carthaginian general Hannibal.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Births
Deaths

title: 217 BC


label: 218 BCE

lead: The city of Selge is besieged by Garsyeris, the general of Achaeus, and eventually forced to surrender, although Logbasis, on the verge of negotiating a treacherous agreement, is killed by his fellow citizens.

title: 218 BC


lead: c. 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire falls under attack by the Guti (Mesopotamia), a mountain people from the northeast.

title: 22nd century BC