label: 462 BCE

lead: Kimon seeks the support of Athens' citizens providing help to Sparta. Although Ephialtes maintains that Sparta is Athens' rival for power and should be left to fend for itself, Kimon's view prevails. Kimon then leads 4,000 hoplites to Mount Ithome. The Spartans try to conquer the mountain stronghold of Mt Ithome in Messenia, where a large force of rebellious helots have taken refuge. They ask their allies from the Persian Wars, including the Athenians, to help. Argos, taking advantage of Spartan preoccupation with the revolt of its helots, finally conquers Mycenae. The inhabitants of the town are dispersed, with some finding their way into Macedonia.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Crime & Justice

title: 462 BC


label: 463 BCE

lead: The Senate and People of Rome appoint Gaius Aemilius Mamercus interrex. Themistocles, who is in exile, approaches the Persian King Artaxerxes I seeking Persian help in regaining power in Athens. Artaxerxes is unwilling to help him, but gives him the satrapy of Magnesia. In Athens, the democratic statesman Ephialtes and the young Pericles attempt to get the oligarchic Kimon ostracized for allegedly receiving bribes. Kimon is charged by Pericles and other democratic politicians with having been bribed not to attack the King of Macedonia (who may have been suspected of covertly helping the Thasian rebels). Though Kimon is acquitted, his influence on the Athenian people is waning.

title: 463 BC

license: CC BY-SA 4.0


label: 464 BCE

lead: Egypt seizes the opportunity created by the murder of Xerxes I to revolt against Persia. The revolt is led by Inaros, a Libyan, who gains control of the Delta region and is aided by the Athenians. When the Messenian helots (serfs) revolt against their Spartan masters following the severe earthquake, King Archidamus II organises the defence of Sparta. The helots fortify themselves at Mount Ithome. Sparta suffers the effects of a severe earthquake leading to a large loss of life.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Climate & Environment

title: 464 BC


label: 465 BCE

lead: King Xerxes I of the Persian Empire, together with his eldest son, is murdered by one of his Ministers, Artabanus the Hyrcanian. The Persian general, Megabyzus, is thought to have been one of the conspirators in the assassination. Artabanus gains control of the Achaemenid state for several months. However, he is betrayed by Megabyzus and is killed by Xerxes' son, Artaxerxes. Tholos, west side of Ancient Agora of Athens, is built (approximate date).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 465 BC


label: 466 BCE

lead: Cimon carries the war against Persia into Asia Minor and wins the Battle of the Eurymedon in Pamphylia. This is a decisive defeat of the Persians as Cimon's land and sea forces capture the Persian camp and destroy or capture the entire Persian fleet of 200 triremes (manned by Phoenicians). Many new allies of Athens are now recruited, such as the trading city of Phaselis on the Lycian-Pamphylian border. The Greek colony of Taras, in Magna Graecia, is defeated by the native population of Apulia. As a result, the Tarentine monarchy falls, with the installation of a democracy. The Tyrant, Thrasybulus, is driven out by the citizens of Syracuse, Sicily. The city moves to a democratic system of government.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security

title: 466 BC


label: 467 BCE

lead: Quintus Fabius Vibulanus becomes consul of the Roman Republic for the first of three times. After the death of his brother Hiero I, Thrasybulus becomes Tyrant of Syracuse. Aeschylus' play, The Persians is produced in Sicily.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Religion & Belief
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 467 BC


label: 468 BCE

lead: Sparta faces trouble near home, mainly from Arcadia with the support of Argos. Argos regains control of Tiryns. Sophocles, Greek playwright, defeats Aeschylus for the Athenian Prize. Zhou Zhen Ding Wang becomes the twenty-eighth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou dynasty.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 468 BC


label: 469 BCE

lead: The island of Naxos wishes to secede from the Delian League, but is blockaded by Athens and forced to surrender. Naxos becomes a tribute-paying member of the Delian League. This action is considered high-handed and resented by the other Greek city states. Themistocles, after being exiled from Athens, makes his way across the Aegean to Magnesia, an inland Ionian city under Persian rule.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 469 BC


label: 470 BCE

lead: Pan Painter makes a "bell krater" (an earthenware piece that is used to mix water and wine) which has a red-figure decoration of Artemis slaying Actaeon. It is now preserved at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (approximate date). Suspected of plotting to seize power in Sparta by instigating a helot uprising, Pausanias takes refuge in the Temple of Athena of the Brazen House to escape arrest. The sanctuary is respected, but the Spartans wall in the sanctuary and starve Pausanias to death. The construction of the Temple of Zeus, begins at Olympia, Greece. This includes the relief sculpture (of which fragments now remain at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia) of Apollo with battling Lapiths and centaurs (approximate date).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 470 BC


label: 48 BCE

lead: Julius Caesar lands at Dyrrhachium (Durazzo). Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, co-consul with Julius Caesar, destroys Caelius's magistrate's chair on his tribunal. Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus, who flees to Egypt. Pompey's army by and large is pardoned.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Disasters & Accidents
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 48 BC


label: 471 BCE

lead: The colony of Pixunte (Pixous) is founded in Magna Graecia. Athenian politician Themistocles loses the confidence of the Athenian people, partly due to his arrogance and partly due to his alleged readiness to take bribes. As a result, he is ostracized and retires to Argos.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Exploration & Expansion
Births

title: 471 BC


label: 472 BCE

lead: The tragedy The Persians is produced by Aeschylus. It is the oldest surviving classical Greek play. Carystus in Euboea is forced to join the Delian League after the Athenians attack the city (approximate date).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Births

title: 472 BC


label: 473 BCE

lead: The Hikawa Shrine is established in Saitama, Saitama. The State of Wu is annexed by the State of Yue.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 473 BC


label: 474 BCE

lead: Hiero I, tyrant of Syracuse, allied with naval forces from the maritime Greek cities of southern Italy defeats the Etruscan navy in the Battle of Cumae as the Etruscans try to capture the Greek city of Cumae. This victory marks the end of the Etruscan aggression against the Greeks in southern Italy and saves the Greeks of Campania from Etruscan domination. Taras signs an alliance with Rhegion, to counter the Messapians, Peucetians, and Lucanians, but the joint armies of the Tarentines and Rhegines are defeated near Kailia. Hiero builds Castello Aragonese on the island of Ischia.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society
Births

title: 474 BC


label: 475 BCE

lead: The painter Polygnotus of Thasos begins his work (approximate date). Cimon leads an Athenian attack on the island of Skyros and expels the indigenous inhabitants who are regarded as pirates. King Yuan of Zhou becomes king of the Zhou dynasty.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Climate & Environment
Births
Deaths

title: 475 BC


label: 476 BCE

lead: Cimon of Athens increases his power at the expense of Themistocles. He ousts Pausanias and the Spartans from the area around the Bosporus. The Spartans, hearing that Pausanias is intriguing with the Persians, recall him and he is "disciplined". The Greek poet Pindar visits Sicily and is made welcome at the courts of Theron of Acragas and Hieron I of Syracuse. They commission some of his greatest poetry. It is through these connections that Pindar's reputation spreads all over the Greek world. Under the leadership of Kimon, the Delian League continues to fight Persia and to remove the Ionian cities from Persian administration. The conquest of Eion on the Strymon from Persia is led by Cimon.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 476 BC


label: 477 BCE

lead: Greek maritime cities around the Aegean Sea no longer wish to be under Spartan control and at Delos offer their allegiance, through Aristides, to Athens. They form the Delian League (also known as the Confederacy of Delos) with Cimon as their principal commander. Roman forces in a stronghold on the Cremera River are defeated by an army of Veientes from the Etruscan city of Veii in the Battle of the Cremera. The Spartan co-ruler Leotychides and the Athenian leader Themistocles lead a fleet and army to reoccupy northern Greece and to punish the aristocratic family of the Aleuads for having aided the Persians. Leotychides is caught accepting a bribe during the operations in Thessaly.

title: 477 BC


label: 478 BCE

lead: Hiero I (Hieron) becomes the Tyrant of Syracuse following the death of his brother Gelo. With the help of the Athenian statesman and general, Cimon, Aristides commands an Athenian fleet of 30 ships that the Spartan commander Pausanias leads to capture the Greek cities on Cyprus and Byzantium, taking them from the Persians and their Phoenician allies. A Temple of Confucius is established in (modern-day) Qufu.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 478 BC


label: 479 BCE

lead: The Battle of Plataea in Boeotia ends the Persian invasions of Greece as the Persian general Mardonius is routed by the Greeks under Pausanias, nephew of the former Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Athenian contingent is led by the repatriated Aristides. Mardonius is killed in the battle and the Greeks capture enormous amounts of loot. Thebes is captured shortly thereafter and the Theban collaborators executed by Pausanias. Meanwhile at sea, the Persians are defeated by a Greek fleet headed by Leotychidas of Sparta and Xanthippus of Athens in the Battle of Mycale, on the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor. Mardonius attacks Athens once more and the Athenians are forced to retreat, whereupon he razes the city. The Spartans march north to support Athens against the Persians.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Climate & Environment
Deaths

title: 479 BC


label: 480 BCE

lead: Or September 8-10 – The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes. His army engulfs a force of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespiae under the Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Greeks under Leonidas resist the advance through Thermopylae of Xerxes' vast army. For two days Leonidas and his troops withstand the Persian attacks; he then orders most of his troops to retreat, and he and his 300-member royal guard fight to the last man. The Persians achieve a naval victory over the Greeks in an engagement fought near Artemisium, a promontory on the north coast of Euboea. The Greek fleet holds its own against the Persians in three days of fighting but withdraws southward when news comes of the defeat at Thermopylae. The Persians sack Athens, whose citizens flee to Salamis and then Peloponnesus.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Climate & Environment
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 480 BC


label: 49 BCE

lead: Caesar arrives in Spain; seizes the Pyrenees passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and Marcus Petreius. Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia (whom he defeated earlier in the Battle of Utica) in the Battle of the Bagradas, after which he commits suicide. Brutus defeats the combined Pompeian-Massilian naval forces of the siege of Massilia, while the Caesarian fleet in the Adriatic Sea is defeated near Curicta (Krk).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Births
Deaths

title: 49 BC


label: 481 BCE

lead: The Spring and Autumn period, which had begun in 722 BC, ends and compilation of the Spring and Autumn Annals ceases. It gives way to the Warring States period. Continuation of hostilities with Veii. The Veientine army threatens to besiege Rome but nothing notable occurs. The Aequi lay siege to Ortona but are defeated by the Romans. Tensions between the Roman classes flare during the battle.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Climate & Environment
Births
Deaths

title: 481 BC


label: 482 BCE

lead: The Athenian archon Themistocles secures the ostracism of his opponents and becomes the political leader of Athens. The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides, is one of those ostracised due to his opposition to Themistocles' naval policy. While King Fuchai of Wu attends a meeting in Huangchi, in an attempt to gain hegemony over all the other duchies of Zhou dynasty China, his capital city in the State of Wu is captured in a surprise assault by King Goujian of Yue. In 473 BC the State of Wu will be annexed by the State of Yue. Continuation of hostilities with Veii. The Veientine army enters Roman territory and ravages the countryside.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security

title: 482 BC


label: 483 BCE

lead: Following the death of Gautama Buddha, the relics associated with his cremation were divided amongst royal families and his disciples, then interned in 8 reliquaries. Each reliquary was then encased in its own burial mound, called a stupa (approximate date). Xerxes I of Persia is encouraged by his cousin and brother-in-law, Mardonius, supported by a strong party of exiled Greeks, to take revenge for the defeat that Darius I suffered at the hands of the Greeks at Marathon in 490 BC. In response, Xerxes prepares for a major expedition to crush the Greeks. To avoid a repeat of the significant losses to the Persian fleet that occurred in 492 BC, Xerxes has a canal cut through the promontory of Mount Athos. Gelo, the tyrant of Syracuse conquers the nearby Sicilian cities of Euboea and Megara Hyblaea, selling their common people into slavery and bringing their oligarchs to Syracuse.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 483 BC


label: 484 BCE

lead: Astylos of Croton wins the stadion race for a second time at the 74th Olympic Games. Xerxes I quells the Egyptian revolt against Persian rule. He ravages the Delta region in the process and then appoints his brother Achaemenes satrap (governor) of Egypt. The Athenian general and statesman, Xanthippus, is ostracised.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 484 BC


label: 485 BCE

lead: The consul Quintus Fabius Vibulanus defeated the Volsci and Aequi in battle, but incurred the anger of the plebs by lodging the spoils of victory with the publicum. Three times Roman consul Spurius Cassius Vecellinus is tried, condemned and executed for high treason. Xerxes I is just beginning his reign after the death of his father Darius the Great in 486 BC. During this time the Persian empire extends as far west as Macedonia and Libya and as far east as the Hyphasis (Beas) River; it stretches to the Caucasus Mountains and the Aral Sea in the north and to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desert in the south.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 485 BC


label: 486 BCE

lead: During his third consulate, the Roman consul Spurius Cassius Vecellinus proposes an agrarian law to assist needy plebeians. The proposal is vehemently opposed by the patricians including the other consul Proculus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus, and the plebs turn against the patricians. In the following year Cassius is condemned and executed for high treason. Rome enters into a new treaty with the Hernici. The first part of the Grand Canal of China is built during the reign of King Fuchai of Wu. It links the Yangtze River with the Huai River, and is a measure to ship ample amount of supplies north for intended wars with the northern states of Song and Lu.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 486 BC


label: 487 BCE

lead: The Athenian Archonship becomes elective by lot from all the citizens, an important milestone in the move towards radical Athenian democracy. There are nine archons and a secretary. Three of the archons have special functions: the basileus, or sovereign; the polemarch (originally a military commander); and the archon eponymous (chief magistrate), who gave his name to the year. Wars are fought between Rome and each of the Volsci and the Hernici. Rome prevails in both disputes. Siaspiqa becomes ruler of the Kushite kingdom of Meroe, likely succeeding Amaniastabarqa.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Health & Medicine
Births

title: 487 BC


label: 488 BCE

lead: Astylos of Croton wins the stadion race at the 73rd Olympic Games. Gaius Marcius Coriolanus and Attius Tullius, leading an army of the Volsci, besiege Rome. Coriolanus' mother and wife convince him to break off the siege. In recognition of the service of these women, a temple is erected in Rome dedicated to Fortuna. Subsequently, the Volsci and their allies the Aequi have a falling out, and their armies fight as a result, significantly diminishing the strength of each of them. Theron becomes tyrant of Acragas in Sicily.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society

title: 488 BC


label: 489 BCE

lead: The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides (the Just), is made chief archon of Athens. After his great victory in the Battle of Marathon, Miltiades leads a naval expedition to Paros to pay off a private score. However, the expedition is unsuccessful and, on his return, he is fined in a prosecution led by Xanthippus and put in prison where he dies of wounds received at Paros.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 489 BC


label: 490 BCE

lead: The Battle of Marathon takes place as a Persian army of more than 20,000 men is advised by Hippias to land in the Bay of Marathon, where they meet the Athenians supported by the Plataeans. The Persians are repulsed by 11,500 Greeks under the leadership of Callimachus and Miltiades. Some 6,400 Persians are killed at a cost of 192 Athenian dead. Callimachus, the war-archon of Athens, is killed in the battle. After the battle, the Persians return home. The Athenians begin the building of a temple to Athena Parthenos (approximate date). Before the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians send a runner, Pheidippides, to seek help from Sparta. However, the Spartans delay sending troops to Marathon because religious requirements (the Carneia) mean they must wait for the full moon.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Science & Discovery
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 490 BC


label: 50 BCE

lead: Initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus, detail of a wall painting in the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, is made (approximate date). The Roman artillery piece called Scorpio is invented. Consuls: Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Claudius Marcellus.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Science & Discovery
Births
Deaths

title: 50 BC


label: 491 BCE

lead: The construction of a relief begins in the Apadana, a ceremonial complex at Persepolis. The relief pictures Darius I and Xerxes I receiving tribute and is now displayed in the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Darius I sends envoys to all Greek cities, demanding "earth and water for vassalage" which Athens and Sparta refuse. Cleomenes I engineers the deposing of Spartan co-ruler Demaratus (and his replacement by Cleomenes’ cousin Leotychidas) by bribing the oracle at Delphi to announce that this action was divine will. The two Spartan kings successfully capture the Persian collaborators in Aegina.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Climate & Environment
Culture & Society

title: 491 BC


label: 492 BCE

lead: War with the Volsci is averted because a pestilence affects the Volsci. Rome sends additional colonists to Velitrae and establishes a new colony in Norba. The first expedition of King Darius I of Persia against Greece commences under the leadership of his son-in-law and general, Mardonius. Darius sends Mardonius to succeed his satrap (governor) in Ionia, Artaphernes, with a special commission to attack Athens and Eretria. When Camarina, a Syracusan colony, rebels, Hippocrates, the tyrant of Gela, intervenes to wage war against Syracuse. After defeating the Syracusan army at the Heloros River, he besieges the city. However, he is persuaded by the intervention of forces from the Greek mainland city of Corinth to retreat in exchange for the possession of Camarina.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Climate & Environment
Culture & Society

title: 492 BC


label: 493 BCE

lead: During his second consulate, the Roman consul Spurius Cassius Vecellinus concludes a treaty with the Latin League, the Foedus Cassianum, confirming Roman primacy in Latium. Among the refugees arriving from Ionia after the collapse of the Ionian Revolt is a chief named Miltiades, who has a fine reputation as a soldier. Themistocles makes him a general in the Athenian army. The Roman army, led by Postumus Cominius Auruncus defeats the Volsci and the Romans capture the towns of Longula, Pollusca and Corioli. Gaius Marcius distinguishes himself in the battle for Corioli, and earns the cognomen Coriolanus.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Technology & Infrastructure
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 493 BC


label: 494 BCE

lead: The Spartan king, Cleomenes I inflicts a severe defeat on Argos at Sepeia near Tiryns (approximate date). The Roman consul Aulus Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus defeats the Volsci, and a Roman colony is planted at Velitrae. The Thracians and Scythians drive Miltiades the Younger from the Chersonesos. Miltiades loads five boats with his treasures and makes for Athens. One of the boats, captained by Miltiades' eldest son, Metiochos is captured. Metiochos is taken as a lifelong prisoner to Persia.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Disasters & Accidents

title: 494 BC


label: 495 BCE

lead: The number of Roman tribes is increased to 21. A temple is built on the Circus Maximus, between the Aventine and Palatine hills, in Rome, in honour of the god Mercury and was dedicated on 15 May. King Fuchai of Wu ascends to the throne after his father, King Helü of Wu, reigning as the last king of Wu until 473 BC.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Births
Deaths

title: 495 BC


label: 496 BCE

lead: Hipparchos, son of Charmos (a relative of the 6th century BC tyrant Peisistratus), wins the archonship of Athens as leader of the peace party which argues that resistance against the Persians is useless. King Goujian of Yue defeats and mortally injures King Helü of Wu. The former Etruscan King of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, who had been exiled by the Romans in 509 BC, and his ally Octavius Mamilius, of Tusculum, together with the Latins are defeated by the Roman Republic army in the Battle of Lake Regillus, near Frascati. The outcome of this battle establishes Roman supremacy over the Latins.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 496 BC


label: 497 BCE

lead: Consecration of the newly constructed Temple of Saturn in the Roman Forum, and Saturnalia festival first celebrated. Artybius ends the rebellion in Cyprus. The Persians launch an expedition on the Hellespont and later Caria.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society

title: 497 BC


label: 498 BCE

lead: Athens and Eretria respond to the Ionian plea for help against Persia and send troops. An Athenian and Eretrian fleet transports Athenian troops to Ephesus. There they are joined by a force of Ionians and march upon Sardis, the capital of Artaphernes (the satrap of Lydia and brother to Darius I of Persia). Artaphernes, who has sent most of his troops to besiege Miletus, is taken by surprise. However, Artaphernes is able to retreat to the citadel and hold it. Although the Greeks are unable to take the citadel, they pillage the town and set fires that burn Sardis to the ground. Kaunos and Caria, followed by Byzantium and towns in the Hellespont also revolt against the Persians. Cyprus also joins the rebellion, as Onesilus removes his pro-Persian brother, Gorgos, from the throne of Salamis. After the assassination of Cleander, tyrant of Gela, power is transferred to his brother, Hippocrates, who subdues the Sicels and conquers the Chalcidian cities of Callipoli, Leontini, Naxos and Zancle (now known as Messina). He also captures the Syracusan city of Camarina, but is prevented from capturing Syracuse itself when Corinth and Corcyra interferes in the war.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 498 BC


label: 499 BCE

lead: Miltiades the Younger, the ruler of the Thracian Chersonese, which has been under Persian suzerainty since approximately 514 BC, joins the Ionian revolt. He seizes the islands of Lemnos and Imbros from the Persians. After a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos in c. 501 BC (on behalf of the Persians), Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, to save himself from the wrath of Persia, plans a revolt with the Milesians and the other Ionians. With the encouragement of Histiaeus (his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus), Aristagoras induces the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating the Ionian Revolt and beginning the Greco-Persian Wars between Greece and Persia. The pro-Persian tyrant of Mytilene is stoned to death. Aristagoras seeks help with the revolt against the Persians from Cleomenes I, king of Sparta, but the Spartans are unwilling to respond.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security

title: 499 BC


label: 500 BCE

lead: The world population reaches 100,000,000—85,000,000 in the Eastern Hemisphere and 15,000,000 in the Western Hemisphere, primarily Mesoamerica and northern South America (Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela). The She-wolf, with late 15th century or early 16th century additions (twins), is made. It is now kept at the Museo Capitolino in Rome (approximate date). Darius I of Persia proclaims that Aramaic will be the official language of the western half of his empire.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Science & Discovery
Health & Medicine
Crime & Justice
Births

title: 500 BC


label: 6 BCE

lead: Tiberius retires to Rhodes, to the inconvenience of Emperor Augustus. He is recalled to Rome years later in AD 4, becoming Augustus' adopted son and heir following the deaths of Lucius and Gaius Caesar.

title: 0s BC


label: 51 BCE

lead: Pompey demands that Julius Caesar lay down his command before he can stand for consul. Consuls: Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Servius Sulpicius Rufus. By March 22 – Pharaoh Ptolemy XII Auletes dies and is succeeded by his eldest surviving daughter Cleopatra VII and her younger brother Ptolemy XIII as co-rulers of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. By August 29, official documents start listing Cleopatra as sole ruler.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 51 BC


label: 501 BCE

lead: Confucius is appointed governor of Chung-tu. In response to threats by the Sabines, Rome creates the office of dictator. Cleisthenes reforms the democracy in Athens.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 501 BC


label: 502 BCE

lead: A solar eclipse darkens Egypt (computed, no clear historical record of observation). Rome suppresses the Pometian revolt. The island of Naxos rebels against the Persian Empire.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Deaths

title: 502 BC


label: 503 BCE

lead: The Latin towns of Pometia and Cora, with the assistance of the Aurunci, revolt against Rome.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 503 BC


label: 504 BCE

lead: A war between Rome and the Sabines ends, having begun in 505 BC.

title: 504 BC


label: 505 BCE

lead: A war between Rome and the Sabines begins, concluding in 504 BC.

title: 505 BC


label: 506 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 506 BCE.

sections: Births Deaths

title: 506 BC


label: 507 BCE

lead: Athenians send an embassy to the Achaemenid satrap of Asia Minor - in the capital city of Sardis - for help in defending against Spartan threats, but refuse to accept Persian terms, which demanded the return of Hippias' tyranny. Cleisthenes takes power in the city-state of Athens and institutes reforms that lead historians to consider him the father of democracy.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Exploration & Expansion
Births
Deaths

title: 507 BC


label: 508 BCE

lead: The office of rex sacrorum is created in Rome to carry out the religious duties formerly held by the kings. Athenian democracy in the city of Athens is established under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Hippias. A war is fought between Rome and Clusium.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief

title: 508 BC


label: 509 BCE

lead: The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September. The Roman monarchy is overthrown, and the Republican period begins (traditional date). Forces of Veii and Tarquinii, led by the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, are defeated in the Battle of Silva Arsia by the Roman army. Consul Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first republican triumph on March 1.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 509 BC


label: 510 BCE

lead: Stelae begin to be banned in Athenian cemeteries (approximate date; ends c. 430 BC). Scylax of Caryanda becomes the first mariner to have passed the Indian Ocean. The reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, last king of the traditional seven Kings of Rome, concludes. The Kingdom of Rome falls and is replaced by the Roman Republic. (or 509 BC).

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Health & Medicine
Births
Deaths

title: 510 BC


label: 52 BCE

lead: Siege and capture of Avaricum (Bourges). Battle of the Vingeanne: Julius Caesar rebuffs, with his German auxiliaries, a Gallic cavalry attack of Vercingetorix. Battle of Alesia: Julius Caesar defeats the Gallic allies coming to aid Vercingetorix, led by his cousin Vercassivellanus. Vercingetorix surrenders on October 3, signalling the Roman conquest of Gaul. The final pacification of Gaul is completed the following year.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 52 BC


label: 511 BCE

lead: The Greek tragic poet Phrynicus wins his first theatrical contest in Athens.

sections:
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 511 BC


label: 512 BCE

lead: Sun Tzu, author of The Art of War, begins serving King Helü of the State of Wu as his general and military strategist (approximate date). The State of Xu is disestablished following attacks by the states of Wu and Chu.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 512 BC


label: 513 BCE

lead: Western India, which includes the Indus Valley, becomes the Persian satrapy Hindush. Darius the Great subdues the Getae and east Thrace in his war against the Scythians. To accomplish this, he builds a massive pontoon bridge across the Bosphorus Strait. Amyntas I of Macedon submits to Darius and offers women as concubines to a Persian embassy. His son, Alexander I, objects to this and tricks them by substituting the women with clean-shaven men (or 512 BC).

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Exploration & Expansion
Technology & Infrastructure

title: 513 BC


label: 514 BCE

lead: Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus and co-ruler of Athens, is assassinated by Harmodius and Aristogeiton at the Panathenaea. King Helü of Wu ascends to the throne of the state of Wu and orders Wu Zixu to build a new capital at what is now Suzhou.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 514 BC


label: 515 BCE

lead: The Second Temple in Jerusalem is completed. Construction of Persepolis begins. Euphronios creates the Death of Sarpedon, a red-figure decoration on a calyx krater. It is now in the collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Cerveteri.

sections:
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Births
Deaths

title: 515 BC


label: 516 BCE

lead: Cleomenes I of Sparta receives an embassy from Maeandrius of Samos asking for help to expel the tyrant Syloson, a puppet of the Persian Empire, which is at the time subjugating the city-states of the eastern Aegean Sea. The Persian king Darius I occupies Punjab (approximate date).

title: 516 BC


label: 518 BCE

lead: Construction begins on the Apadana (audience hall) of Darius and Xerxes, ceremonial complex, at Persepolis, Persia. Darius I begins constructing Persepolis, a new capital for the Persian Empire (approximate date).

sections:
Technology & Infrastructure
Births

title: 518 BC


label: 519 BCE

lead: Zhou Jing Wang/Ji Gail becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. Herodotus tells that Cleomenes happened to be in the vicinity of Plataia, when the Plataians requested an alliance with Sparta, which he rejected, but instead he advised them to ally with Athens, because he wanted to stir a border conflict between Thebes and Athens, two of the most powerful poleis of central Greece.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Exploration & Expansion
Births

title: 519 BC


label: 520 BCE

lead: King Dao becomes king of the Zhou Dynasty of China but dies before the end of the year.

title: 520 BC


label: 53 BCE

lead: Battle of Carrhae: Romans defeated, and Crassus killed, by Parthians led by General Surena. Crassus sacks the Temple of Hierapolis and the Temple in Jerusalem on his way to engage the Parthians. Julius Caesar suppresses a revolt led by Ambiorix near Sabis (Northern Gaul).

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Disasters & Accidents
Births
Deaths

title: 53 BC


label: 521 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 521 BCE.

title: 521 BC


label: 522 BCE

lead: Darius I succeeds Bardiya as ruler of Persia. He is the son of a government official. Bardiya succeeds Cambyses II as ruler of Persia. Babylon rebels against Persian rule.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 522 BC


label: 524 BCE

lead: Battle of Cumae - An army of Umbrians, Daunians, Etruscans, and others is defeated by the Greeks of Cumae, present-day Italy.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births

title: 524 BC


label: 525 BCE

lead: Battle of Pelusium - Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt by painting cats and other animals sacred to the Egyptians on his soldiers' shields. The Egyptians run in fear of "harming" these animals. It is said that after the battle, Cambyses hurled cats in the faces of the Egyptians in scorn that they would sacrifice their country for the safety of their animals. After conquering Egypt, the Persian king Cambyses II sent ambassadors to Macrobia, bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission. The Macrobian king replied instead with a challenge for his Persian counterpart in the form of an unstrung bow: if the Persians could manage to string it, they would have the right to invade his country; but until then, they should thank the gods that the Macrobians never decided to invade their empire. The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ends, and the Twenty-seventh Dynasty begins.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 525 BC


label: 526 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 526 BCE.

sections: Births Deaths

title: 526 BC


label: 527 BCE

lead: 527 BC—Peisistratos a tyrant of Athens dies: his son Hippias inherits his power. 527 BC—Jain Tirthankara Mahavira attains Moksha, according to the Swetambara Tradition.

sections:
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 520s BC


label: 528 BCE

lead: 528 BC—Gautama Buddha attains Enlightenment, and begins his ministry.

title: 520s BC


label: 529 BCE

lead: 529 BC—The Chinese state of Zhoulai is conquered by Wu.

title: 520s BC


label: 530 BCE

lead: Kroisos Kouros, from a cemetery at Anavysos near Athens, is made. It is now at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens (approximate date). Cyrus II is killed in battle against unknown tribes and succeeded by Cambyses II. Ennigaldi-Nanna's Museum at Ur is established, the earliest known public museum with the oldest known museum labels (approximate date).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Science & Discovery
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 530 BC


label: 54 BCE

lead: Second of Caesar's Invasions of Britain: Julius Caesar receives nominal submission from the tribal chief Cassivellaunus and installs Mandubracius as a friendly king. Pompey builds the first permanent theatre in Rome. Crassus arrives in Syria as proconsul and invades the Parthian Empire, initiating the Roman–Persian Wars, which were to last nearly seven centuries.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 54 BC


label: 531 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 531 BCE.

title: 531 BC


label: 532 BCE

lead: Pythagoras arrives in the Greek colony of Croton (modern-day Crotone) in Magna Graecia and founds the philosophical school of Pythagoreanism (approximate date).

sections:
Exploration & Expansion
Deaths

title: 532 BC


label: 534 BCE

lead: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus becomes the seventh king of Rome, after murdering his predecessor Servius Tullius. The Etruscan founded the city of Felsina, that later will become the modern city of Bologna. Competitions for tragedy are instituted at the City Dionysia festival in Athens.

sections:
Exploration & Expansion
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 534 BC


label: 535 BCE

lead: The Sungai Batu Civilization in Malaysia begins. Phocaean Greek colonists clash with Carthaginian and Etruscan ships in the Battle of Alalia (near Corsica).

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Births

title: 535 BC


label: 536 BCE

lead: Phrynaeus is appointed archon of Athens.

sections:
Crime & Justice
Births

title: 536 BC


label: 537 BCE

lead: The Jews lay the foundations for the Second Temple.

title: 537 BC


label: 538 BCE

lead: The Babylonian captivity of the Jews in Babylon ends when Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, allows them to return to Jerusalem under the leadership of Zerubbabel and Joshua the High Priest; possible start of construction of the Second Temple.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 538 BC


label: 539 BCE

lead: 28? – Battle of Opis: Troops of the Persian Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great decisively defeat those of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Fall of Babylon: Achaemenid troops under Gobryas enter Babylon unopposed. Cyrus enters the city, incorporating the Neo-Babylonian Empire into the Achaemenid Empire and turning the latter into the largest in the history of the world up until that point.

title: 539 BC


label: 540 BCE

lead: Comet Hale–Bopp appears in the evening sky, making its closest approach to Earth. Its next appearance occurs in 1997. Amasis Painter makes Dionysos with maenads, black-figure decoration on an amphora. Exekias makes The Suicide of Ajax, black-figure decoration on an amphora.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Births

title: 540 BC


label: 55 BCE

lead: Julius Caesar defeats a Germanic army and massacres the women and children near the Meuse and Rhine Rivers (now known as the city of Kessel in the Netherlands). Julius Caesar crosses the Rhine River near modern-day Koblenz. He constructs a wooden bridge between Andernach and Neuwied (Germany). Or August 26 – Julius Caesar commands his first invasions of Britain, likely a reconnaissance-in-force expedition, in response to the Britons giving military aid to his Gallic enemies. Caesar retreats back to Gaul when the majority of his force is prevented from landing by storms.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Technology & Infrastructure
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 55 BC


label: 543 BCE

lead: North Indian Prince Vijaya invades Ceylon and establishes a Sinhalese dynasty after he was banished from his father's kingdom. Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, purifies the island of Delos. (approximate). Guided by Chinese statesman Zi Chan, the State of Zheng institutes a formal code of law.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 543 BC


label: 544 BCE

lead: Many Buddhist traditions believe it was the year when the Buddha reached parinirvana, though the actual year 0 of the Buddhist calendar corresponds to the previous year, 545 BC.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Births

title: 544 BC


label: 545 BCE

lead: In the Buddhist calendar, it corresponds to the year 0, traditionally the year when the Buddha reached parinirvana. However, different traditions disagree about the actual year 0, with many placing it in the following year 544 BC instead.;

title: 545 BC


label: 546 BCE

lead: Peisistratus takes power in Athens. A coup takes place in the state of Qi. Cyrus makes Pasargadae the capital of Persia.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Deaths

title: 546 BC


label: 547 BCE

lead: Croesus seizes the Persian city of Pteria and enslaves its inhabitants. Meanwhile, Cyrus invites the Ionians to join him in battle. The Battles of Thymbra and Pteria are fought between Croesus of Lydia and Cyrus the Great. Cyrus besieges and captures Sardis.

title: 547 BC


label: 548 BCE

lead: The Temple of Apollo at Delphi, Greece is damaged in a fire. The Alcmaeonids rebuild the structure. Diognetus of Croton wins the stadion race at the Olympic Games.

sections:
Disasters & Accidents
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 548 BC


label: 549 BCE

lead: King Cyrus II (the Great) captures the Median capital of Ecbatana, conquering the nation of Media. Emperor Suizei dies after a 32-year reign and is succeeded by his son Annei as emperor of Japan.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 549 BC


label: 550 BCE

lead: Cyrus II the Great overthrows Astyages of the Medes, establishing the Achaemenid Empire. The Temple of Hera I is built in what is now Paestum, Italy (approximate date). Siddhartha Gautama founds Buddhism in Northern India after achieving enlightenment after six years of practicing penance and meditation.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 550 BC


label: 56 BCE

lead: Clodia accuses her former lover Marcus Caelius Rufus of trying to poison her. The trial ends with the defendant acquitted thanks to the Pro Caelio speech of Cicero. There is no more reference to the formerly well-known Clodia. The three Roman politician-generals of the First Triumvirate — Caesar, Pompey and Crassus — meet at the Luca Conference at the town of Luca (modern Lucca, in Tuscany), near Pisa, where they renewed their fraying political alliance, and further cemented the three men's increasing consolidation of power in the Roman Republic. Autumn – Julius Caesar leads an attack on the Morini and the Menapii tribes of the Belgae on the North Sea. They withdraw into their forests, creating difficulties for Caesar's supply lines. The onset of bad weather forces him to pull back into Gallia Belgica.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 56 BC


label: 551 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 551 BCE.

sections: Births Deaths

title: 551 BC


label: 552 BCE

lead: The Battle of Hyrba is fought between the Medians and the Persians led by Cyrus the Great.

title: 552 BC


label: 553 BCE

lead: Cyrus II of Persia revolts against Astyages of the Medes.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births

title: 553 BC


label: 554 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 554 BCE.

title: 554 BC


label: 555 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 555 BCE.

title: 555 BC


label: 556 BCE

lead: Nabonidus succeeds Labashi-Marduk as king of Babylon. Pisistratus is expelled to Euboea from Athens, and makes his fortune from Thrace's mines. Labashi-Marduk succeeds Neriglissar as king of Babylon.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Births
Deaths

title: 556 BC


label: 557 BCE

lead: The Persians besiege Larissa (Calah) but fail to capture it. However, when a solar eclipse occurs, the inhabitants leave their city and it is taken. Labashi-Marduk is king of Babylon during this year, succeeding Neriglissar, who reigned three years, and is followed by Nabonidus, who reigns 17 years. Santorini, Greece suffers from a volcanic eruption.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Climate & Environment
Births

title: 557 BC


label: 558 BCE

lead: The Chinese state of Jin defeats its rival state of Qin in battle.

title: 558 BC


label: 559 BCE

lead: Cyrus the Great succeeds his father Cambyses I of Anshan. In the year of his accession (560–559 BC), the Babylonian king Neriglissar commands the declaration of an intercalendary month, so that his first year of kingship begins on Nisan 1 of 559 BC.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Births
Deaths

title: 559 BC


label: 560 BCE

lead: Calf bearer (Moscophoros), from the Acropolis, Athens is made. It is now displayed at the Acropolis Museum, Athens (approximate date). Berlin Kore, begun in 570 BC, is finished. It is now displayed in Germany. Peisistratus seizes the Acropolis in Athens, becoming the city's tyrant for the first time.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 560 BC


label: 57 BCE

lead: Battle of the Axona: Caesar defeats the forces of the Belgae under King Galba of the Suessiones. Battle of the Sabis: Caesar defeats the Nervii, Roman forces are almost annihilated in an ambush. The siege and capture of Aduatuca (modern-day Tongeren) by Caesar.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Deaths

title: 57 BC


label: 561 BCE

lead: All eight solar system planets, including the now redefined dwarf planet Pluto, fall into planetary alignment. Croesus becomes king of Lydia (or 560 BC).

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Science & Discovery
Deaths

title: 561 BC


label: 562 BCE

lead: Amel-Marduk succeeds Nebuchadnezzar II as king of Babylon.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 562 BC


label: 563 BCE

lead: 563 BC—Death of Queen Maya, mother of Siddhartha Gautama.

title: 560s BC


label: 564 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 564 BCE.

title: 564 BC


label: 566 BCE

lead: The first known Panathenaic Games of Ancient Greece are conducted in Athens. Vardhamana attained True Knowledge and became Mahavira.

sections:
Religion & Belief
Culture & Society
Births

title: 566 BC


label: 567 BCE

lead: Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans. Deposed pharaoh Apries invades Egypt with Babylonian help but is defeated by Amasis II.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 567 BC


label: 568 BCE

lead: Amtalqa succeeds his brother Aspelta as king of Kush.

title: 568 BC


label: 570 BCE

lead: Berlin Kore, from a cemetery at Keratea, near Athens, is begun. It is now at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Germany. Amasis II drives Apries from the throne of Egypt. The Satrapy of Armenia is established as a province of the Achaemenid Empire. This is the first polity to bear the name Armenia.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Births

title: 570 BC


label: 58 BCE

lead: Caesar defeats the migrating Helvetii in the Battle of the Arar (Saône). Caesar decisively defeats the Helvetii in the Battle of Bibracte. Caesar decisively defeats the Suebi led by King Ariovistus in the Battle of Vosges.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Economy & Finance
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 58 BC


label: 571 BCE

lead: Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates his victory over the Etruscans with a Roman triumph. Zhou Ling Wang replaces King Jian of Zhou as king of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty.

title: 571 BC


label: 572 BCE

lead: 572 BC is the earliest document in the Al-Yahudu Tablets, around 15 years after the destruction of the Solomon's Temple, during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II.

sections:
Science & Discovery
Deaths

title: 572 BC


label: 573 BCE

lead: The Siege of Tyre (586–573 BC) ended. It was on-going for 13 years, it also had a significant connection with the Book of Ezekiel. Prophet Ezekiel has a vision of the Second Temple approximately 60 years before it was built. The Nemean Games are founded at Nemea, Greece. (traditional date).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 573 BC


label: 575 BCE

lead: Battle of Yanling in Henan Province, China takes place between Jin and Chu forces. The State of Jin is victorious. Ishtar Gate and throne room wall from Babylon, Iraq is made. The modified version for installation is now on display in Germany. Temples and public buildings start appearing in Rome. The main temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus is built.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure

title: 575 BC


label: 576 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 576 BCE.

title: 576 BC


label: 577 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 577 BCE.

title: 577 BC


label: 579 BCE

lead: Servius Tullius succeeds Lucius Tarquinius Priscus as king of Rome upon the latter's assassination. (traditional date).

title: 579 BC


label: 59 BCE

lead: Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (known in jest as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar" due to Bibulus' Social withdrawal from public view to "consult the heavens" in an effort to invalidate Caesar's intended legislation). The First Triumvirate: Caesar, Pompey and Crassus form an unofficial alliance (or 60 BC). Caesar makes the gazette Acta Diurna (Daily News) public. The Acta contains details of official decrees and appointments; births, deaths, and marriages. Even sport results—the outcome of the gladiatorial contests and chariot races at the capital.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 59 BC


label: 585 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 585 BCE.

title: 580s BC


label: 586 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 586 BCE.

sections: Births Deaths

title: 580s BC


label: 590 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 590 BCE.

title: 590s BC


label: 60 BCE

lead: Gaius Julius Caesar suppresses an uprising and conquers all of Lusitania for Rome. Creation of the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus (or 59 BC). The Han dynasty government establishes the Protectorate of the Western Regions, the highest military position of a military commander on the Western frontier (Tarim Basin).

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 60 BC


label: 591 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 591 BCE.

title: 590s BC


label: 595 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 595 BCE.

title: 590s BC


label: 598 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 598 BCE.

title: 590s BC


label: 599 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 599 BCE.

title: 590s BC


label: 600 BCE

lead: Victorious over the Carthaginians in a naval battle, the Greeks of Phocaea establish the city of Marseille in today's France. Archaic period of sculpture begins in Greece (approximate date). Pitcher (container) (olpe), from Corinth, is made. It is now at The British Museum, London. (approximate date).

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Economy & Finance
Technology & Infrastructure
Science & Discovery
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 600 BC


label: 7 BCE

lead: Emperor Ai becomes the emperor of Han China. Augustus' second census of the Roman Empire reports a total of 4,233,000 citizens. However, the specific criteria of the census are still not clear. Appearance of a very bright triple conjunction of the royal star Jupiter and Saturn in the sign of Pisces (land in the west) in May until December of that year since 854years, with a retrogradation and stationing on November 12. Robert A. Powell (1996) proposes that this is the birth date of Jesus.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Religion & Belief
Science & Discovery
Health & Medicine
Deaths

title: 0s BC


label: 61 BCE

lead: Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi as consul attempts to gain ratification of Pompey's Eastern Settlement. Pompey returns to Rome with a triumph in honor of his for victories in the eastern provinces. Julius Caesar becomes governor in Hispania and creates Legio X Gemina (3,500 men). He puts down the Callaici and Lusitani rebellions.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 61 BC


label: 601 BCE

lead: The Jewish–Babylonian war begins between the Kingdom of Judah and Babylonia. It ends in 586 BC. Approximate date of the foundation of Perinthus by settlers from Samos.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Births

title: 601 BC


label: 602 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 602 BCE.

title: 602 BC


label: 603 BCE

lead: In the Babylonian calendar, the Babylonian New Year of Nisannu 1 falls on January 14–15. March; the full moon in Nisannu on the 27–28 March and the 1st Tašritu on the 6–7 October. In the second year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar II proclaimed the intercalary month Ululu II, which begins on September 6.

sections:
Science & Discovery
Culture & Society

title: 603 BC


label: 604 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 604 BCE.

title: 604 BC


label: 605 BCE

lead: Battle of Carchemish: Crown Prince Nebuchadnezzar defeats the allied armies of Egypt and former Assyria, securing the Babylonian conquest of Assyria (approximate date). Nebuchadnezzar II succeeds his father Nabopolassar as king of Babylonia. Battle of Hamath: Nebuchadnezzar II defeats the remainder of the Egyptian army after the Battle of Carchemish.

title: 605 BC


label: 606 BCE

lead: King Ding of Zhou succeeds King Kuang of Zhou the ruler of the Zhou dynasty.

title: 606 BC


label: 607 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 607 BCE.

title: 607 BC


label: 608 BCE

lead: 608 BC—Birth of Peisistratus, ruler of Athens.

title: 600s BC (decade)


label: 609 BCE

lead: King Jehoahaz succeeds his father Josiah as king of Judah, though he is killed by Necho II, who instead installs Jehoahaz's brother Jehoiakim. Battle of Megiddo—King Josiah is killed fighting against Necho II, who was on his way to aid the Assyrian state. The Medes and the Babylonians defeat the Assyrians under Ashur-uballit II and capture Harran. Ashur-uballit II, the last king of Assyria, disappears from history.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 609 BC


label: 610 BCE

lead: Naucratis, a city in Egypt, is founded, eventually becoming one of the more prominent cities of that nation. Necho II succeeds Psamtik I as king of Egypt.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Economy & Finance
Births

title: 610 BC


label: 62 BCE

lead: The forces of the conspirator Catiline are defeated by the loyal Roman armies of Antonius Hybrida led by Marcus Petreius in the Battle of Pistoria. Cicero delivers his Pro Archia Poeta in defense of Aulus Licinius Archias' claim to Roman citizenship. Cato the Younger, as tribune, presents a lex frumentaria (enacting a grain dole).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Economy & Finance
Births
Deaths

title: 62 BC


label: 612 BCE

lead: Ashur-uballit II attempts to keep the Assyrian state alive by establishing himself as king at Harran. Battle of Nineveh: An allied army of Babylonians, Medes, Scythians, and Susianians besieges and conquers Nineveh, capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Sinsharishkun, King of Assyria, is killed in the sacking. Babylon, capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Nineveh.

title: 612 BC


label: 613 BCE

lead: King Zhuang of Chu becomes king of Chu in China.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 613 BC


label: 614 BCE

lead: The Medes and Babylonians sack Assur.

title: 614 BC


label: 615 BCE

lead: The Neo-Babylonian Empire begins attacking Assyrian cities.

title: 615 BC


label: 616 BCE

lead: Lucius Tarquinius Priscus becomes the legendary fifth king of Rome.

title: 616 BC


label: 618 BCE

lead: King Qing of Zhou succeeds his father King Xiang of Zhou as ruler of the Chinese Zhou dynasty.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Deaths

title: 618 BC


label: 619 BCE

lead: Sadyattes dies and is succeeded as king of Lydia by his son Alyattes.

title: 619 BC


label: 620 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 620 BCE.

title: 620 BC


label: 63 BCE

lead: Cato the Younger is elected tribune of the people for 62 BC, taking office in early December 63 BC. Pompey conquers the people of Phonecia, Coele-Syria, and Judea for the Roman Republic. Marcus Tullius Cicero is senior consul. He is the first novus homo (new man) to be elected to the consulship in 31 years.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 63 BC


label: 621 BCE

lead: Draco's laws, the first written laws for Athens (approximate year).

sections:
Technology & Infrastructure
Deaths

title: 621 BC


label: 622 BCE

lead: The finding of one of the five books of Moses in Jerusalem by king Josiah.

sections:
Religion & Belief
Births

title: 622 BC


label: 624 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 624 BCE.

title: 624 BC


label: 625 BCE

lead: Cyaxares becomes king of the Medes (approximate date). Orientalizing period of vases ends in Ancient Greece (approximate date). A wine pitcher (oenochoe) from Rhodes is finished, having been begun in 650 BC.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 625 BC


label: 626 BCE

lead: Nabopolassar revolts against his Assyrian overlords, establishing the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Jeremiah begins his ministry in the Kingdom of Judah.

title: 626 BC


label: 627 BCE

lead: Traditional date for the foundation of Epidamnus by Corinth, today Durrës in Albania. Battle of Xiao, between the states of Jin and Qin in China. Sinsharishkun succeeds his brother Ashur-etil-ilani as king of Assyria (approximate date).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 627 BC


label: 628 BCE

lead: Traditional date of the foundation of Selinus by Megara Hyblaea.

sections:
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 628 BC


label: 630 BCE

lead: 630 BC—Birth of Sappho (approximate date).

title: 630s BC


label: 64 BCE

lead: Pompey destroys the kingdom of Pontus; king Mithridates VI commits suicide after escaping to the Crimea. King Antiochus XIII Asiaticus is deposed and killed by the Syrian chieftain Sampsiceramus I – this is considered by some the end of the Seleucid dynasty. 64 BC Syria earthquake, mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. It affected the region of Syria and may have caused structural damage in the city of Jerusalem.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Climate & Environment
Births
Deaths

title: 64 BC


label: 631 BCE

lead: Cyrene, a Greek colony in present-day Libya, North Africa, is founded by emigrants from the island of Thera (approximate date). Sadyattes becomes king of Lydia.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Deaths

title: 631 BC


label: 632 BCE

lead: Cylon, Athenian nobleman, seizes the Acropolis in a failed attempt to become king.

sections:
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 632 BC


label: 633 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 633 BCE.

sections: Births Deaths

title: 633 BC


label: 634 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 634 BCE.

title: 634 BC


label: 635 BCE

lead: 635 BC—Death of Sadyattes, Lydia. 635 BC—Birth of Thales, Greek philosopher (d. 543 BC) (approximate date).

sections:
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 630s BC


label: 636 BCE

lead: Duke Wen of Jin becomes ruler of the State of Jin in Zhou dynasty China.

title: 636 BC


label: 637 BCE

lead: Sadyattes becomes king of Lydia.

title: 637 BC


label: 640 BCE

lead: King Teispes dies after a 35-year reign in which he has ruled the Elamite city of Anshan after being freed from Median supremacy. The interregnum in Rome ends. Ancus Marcius becomes the fourth king of Rome. King Ashurbanipal of Assyria achieves a great victory over Elam. He captures its last king, Khumma-Khaldash III, and lays waste to the country.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Births
Deaths

title: 640 BC


label: 65 BCE

lead: Tigranes of Armenia is defeated and captured by Pompey, thus ending all hostilities on the northeastern frontier of Rome. Pompey the Great subjugates the kingdom of Iberia and makes Colchis a Roman province. In response to the illegal exercise of citizen rights by foreigners, the Roman Senate passes the Lex Papia, which expels all foreigners from Rome.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 65 BC


label: 641 BCE

lead: Tullus Hostilius dies, beginning the interregnum.

title: 641 BC


label: 642 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 642 BCE.

title: 642 BC


label: 643 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 643 BCE.

title: 643 BC


label: 644 BCE

lead: Ardys succeeds his father Gyges as the second Mermnad king of Lydia. During his reign he finds payment of tribute to Assyria preferable to rule by the Cimmerians, who will be routed a few decades later. Cimmerian forces from Anatolia conquer Sardis and reach the peak of their power. King Gyges of Lydia has spent most of his 28-year reign fighting his southern and western neighbors in an effort to gain suzerainty over all of Western Asia Minor. He has helped the rebellion of Psamtik I, but he receives no support from his erstwhile Assyrian ally Ashurbanipal. Gyges falls in a battle against the Cimmerians under king Tugdamme (approximate date).

title: 644 BC


label: 645 BCE

lead: The Spring and Autumn Annals, a Chinese book of records, mentions that on December 24 of this year there were five meteors in the sky. It was the first Chinese observation of meteors.

sections:
Science & Discovery
Deaths

title: 645 BC


label: 647 BCE

lead: Ashurbanipal and his Queen in the Garden, from the palace at Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik, Iraq), is made. It is now at the British Museum, London. Elam refuses to extradite an Aramaean prince, giving the king Ashurbanipal of Assyria an excuse to invade the country. He sacks the city of Susa.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society

title: 647 BC


label: 648 BCE

lead: The earliest solar eclipse to be chronicled by the Greeks is observed. Messenians in the Peloponnese revolt against Sparta under the leadership of king Aristomenes, beginning a struggle that will continue until 631 BC. Babylon falls to Assyrian forces after a 3-year siege (see 651 BC); starved out by his half brother Ashurbanipal, king Shamash-shum-ukin commits suicide in his burning palace, as the Assyrians slaughter his city's garrison and much of its population.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Births
Deaths

title: 648 BC


label: 649 BCE

lead: Indabigash succeeds Tammaritu as a king of the Elamite Empire. A revolt led by Shamash-shum-ukin is crushed by the Assyrians. Traditional date of the foundation of Himera by Zancle.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief

title: 649 BC


label: 650 BCE

lead: Wine pitcher (oenochoe) from Rhodes is begun, finished in 625 BC. It is now at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. A climate change occurs in Europe, affecting all the Bronze Age cultures with colder and wetter climate, and tribes from Scandinavia migrate south into the European continent. Second Messenian War ended in 650.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Climate & Environment
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 650 BC


label: 66 BCE

lead: Catiline accused of conspiring against the Roman Republic with Autronius and the younger Sulla (also in 63 BC during the consulship of Cicero). Battle of the Lycus: Pompey the Great decisively defeats Mithridates VI, effectively ending the Third Mithridatic War. The lex Manilia, supported by Cicero gives Pompey command over all of Asia.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Births
Deaths

title: 66 BC


label: 651 BCE

lead: The Li Ji Unrest ends, resulting in the deaths of Li Ji, Xian, Xiqi and Zhuozi. After the revolt Duke Hui of Jin becomes ruler of the State of Jin. King Ashurbanipal defeats the Babylonian army of his half brother Shamash-shum-ukin and surrounds the fortified city of Babylon. Beginning a 3-year siege during which the Assyrians will defeat Shamash-shum-ukin's allies. King Teispes of Anshan (Persia) sends help to Shamash-shum-ukin but his heirs will later be obliged to accept Assyrian overlordship.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 651 BC


label: 652 BCE

lead: Elam withdraws from her alliance with king Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon, who launches a premature attack on his half brother Ashurbanipal at year's end without waiting for reinforcements that have been promised by the Egyptian king Psamtik I. Guan Zhong, Chinese chancellor, urges Duke Huan of Qi to attack the small neighboring State of Xing which is under attack from Quan Rong nomads. Later, he advises the duke not to ally with a vassal ruler's son who wishes to depose his father.

title: 652 BC


label: 653 BCE

lead: Elamite forces attack southern Babylon. A large Assyrian army sent by king Ashurbanipal defeat the Elamites, in the Battle of Ulai, and kill their king, Teumman. He is succeeded by his nephew Ummanigash.

title: 653 BC


label: 654 BCE

lead: Traditional date of foundation of Akanthos by Andros. Traditional date of foundation of Lampsacus by Phocaea. Traditional date of the foundation of Abdera in Thrace by colonists from Clazomenae.

sections:
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Science & Discovery

title: 654 BC


label: 655 BCE

lead: The Assyrian army invade Elam and overtake its twin capital cities Madaktu and Susa and install a king that is pro-Assyrian on the throne. Stagira on the Chalkidiki peninsula is founded by Ionian settlers from Andros.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion

title: 655 BC


label: 656 BCE

lead: Psamtik I extends his control over all Egypt. The Twenty-fifth Dynasty, and subsequent Nubian period, end in Ancient Egypt. King Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon forms a secret alliance with Arabs, Aramaeans, Elamites, Persians, and Egyptians against his half brother Ashurbanipal. Thebes submits to the Egyptian ruler Psamtik I of Sais, who has allied himself with Gyges of Lydia and employs Libyan soldiers in a rebellion against Assyrian rule with help from Carian and Ionian mercenaries. Psamtik permits the city's mayor Mentuemhat to retain his position, who is not only the most powerful Theban but also the fourth prophet of Amon.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security

title: 656 BC


label: 657 BCE

lead: Cypselus becomes the first tyrant of Corinth. King Gyges of Lydia establishes a state monopoly in metal coinage, making it illegal for individuals to issue the bean-shaped lumps of electrum used as a medium of exchange in place of commodities (approximate date). The Li Ji Unrest, a series of events that ends in 651 BC, initiates when Li Ji, the concubine of Duke Xian of Jin, attempts to have her son Xiqi placed on the throne of Jin.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Economy & Finance

title: 657 BC


label: 658 BCE

lead: End of the rule of Énna Derg in Ireland (according to Foras Feasa ar Éirinn by Geoffrey Keating). End of the rule of Duke Zhuang in Yan. End of the rule of Miltiades in Athens.

title: 658 BC


label: 659 BCE

lead: The enemy city of Alba Longa is destroyed by the Romans.

title: 659 BC


label: 660 BCE

lead: The accession date of the first Emperor of Japan, Emperor Jimmu, converted from the Japanese imperial year as calculated by the dates in the Nihon Shoki. Extreme solar particle event comparable with the event detected at AD 774/775.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Deaths

title: 660 BC


label: 67 BCE

lead: The army of the Han dynasty Chinese commander Zheng Ji is victorious over the Xiongnu in the Battle of Jushi. Pompey offers the ex-pirates and their families clemency, he settles them in agricultural colonies in eastern Mediterranean lands. Hyrcanus II becomes king of Judea, for first time (until 66 BC), upon the death of his mother, Salome Alexandra.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 67 BC


label: 661 BCE

lead: Queen Macha of Ireland begins to rule alone, after the death of her husband Cimbaeth, according to the Annals of the Four Masters.

title: 661 BC


label: 663 BCE

lead: Siege of Tyre by the Assyrians under Ashurbanipal. The Assyrian Empire under Ashurbanipal drives the Kushites from Egypt and conquers the country.

title: 663 BC


label: 664 BCE

lead: First naval battle in Greek recorded history, between Corinth and Corcyra. Tantamani succeeds his uncle Taharqa as king of Kush. The Assyrians under Ashurbanipal capture and sack Thebes, Egypt.

title: 664 BC


label: 665 BCE

lead: Elamite king Urtak launches a surprise attack against Babylonia but is successfully driven back.

sections:
Science & Discovery
Births

title: 665 BC


label: 666 BCE

lead: King Ashurbanipal undertook a campaign to Egypt. One theory is that this is the year Psammitichus I ascended the throne.

sections:
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society

title: 666 BC


label: 667 BCE

lead: Byzantium (modern Istanbul) is founded by Megaran colonists under Byzas. King Ashurbanipal of Assyria resumes his late father's attack on Egypt (see 671 BC), recapturing Memphis and beginning an offensive into Upper Egypt.

title: 667 BC


label: 668 BCE

lead: King Ashurbanipal puts down an Egyptian rebellion. He drives out Egypt's Ethiopian king Taharqa, and restores Necho I as governor of Sais in the Nile Delta. Nineveh, capital of Assyria becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes in Egypt (estimation). Shamash-shum-ukin, second son of the late Assyrian king Esarhaddon, becomes king of Babylon.

title: 668 BC


label: 669 BCE

lead: Esarhaddon dies in Harran while on his way to recover Egypt from the Kushites. Taharqa, king of Kush, invades and reconquers Egypt from the Assyrian Empire.

title: 669 BC


label: 670 BCE

lead: Miletus is sieged by Lydia, Priene is annexed by Lydia, and Samos annexes the former Melian territory. Miletus begins establishing colonies in the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. King Gyges of Lydia's name is minted on the first Greek coins.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Technology & Infrastructure
Deaths

title: 670 BC


label: 68 BCE

lead: Lucius Lucullus defeats Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Artaxata. Gaius Antonius Hybrida elected praetor. Ostia, the harbour city of Ancient Rome, is sacked by pirates. The port is set on fire and the consular war fleet is destroyed.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Health & Medicine
Disasters & Accidents
Births
Deaths

title: 68 BC


label: 671 BCE

lead: King Esarhaddon of Assyria defeats the Kushite-Egyptian army of Pharaoh Taharqa and captures Memphis, along with a number of the royal family. He sets up a new Assyrian administration in Lower Egypt and withdraws.

title: 671 BC


label: 672 BCE

lead: (estimated date) Tullus Hostilius becomes the legendary third king of Rome.

title: 672 BC


label: 673 BCE

lead: Tullus Hostilius becomes the third king of Rome. Urartian king Rusa II builds the fortress of Rusahinili Eidurukai (modern Ayanis).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Deaths

title: 673 BC


label: 674 BCE

lead: Esarhaddon puts down a revolt in Ascalon supported by Taharqa, king of Kush and Egypt. In response, the Assyrians invade Egypt, but Taharqa is able to hold them off.

title: 674 BC


label: 675 BCE

lead: Teispes becomes a king of Anshan. The Elamite king Urtaku comes to power; during his reign, relations between Elam and Babylonia worsen. King Deioces dies after a 53-year reign that has established the kingdom of the Medes and its capital at Ecbatana (later Hamedan) in what will be northwest Persia. He is succeeded by his son Phraortes, who forms an anti-Assyrian alliance with the Cimmerians to subjugate the Persians and other Asian peoples.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Births
Deaths

title: 675 BC


label: 676 BCE

lead: Zhou Hui Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. Callisthenes of Laconia wins the stadion race at the 26th Olympic Games. In 679 BCE, Sennacherib's successor, King Esarhaddon, campaigned in Khor, destroyed Sidon, and forced Tyre into tribute from 677 BCE to this year.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society

title: 676 BC


label: 677 BCE

lead: Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes and advances as far as the Brook of Egypt. From this year to 676 BC, Sennacherib's successor, King Esarhaddon, forced Tyre into tribute after campaigning in Khor and destroying Sidon in 679 BC.

title: 677 BC


label: 678 BCE

lead: Two solar eclipses occur on the 1st and the 30th over the Penzhina Bay and the South Pacific Ocean respectively. According to Herodotus, Ecbatana was chosen as the Medes' capital by Deioces, the first ruler of the Medes. Deioces united the Median tribes of Media and made the first Iranian Empire.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 678 BC


label: 679 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 679 BCE.

title: 670s BC


label: 680 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 680 BCE.

title: 680s BC


label: 69 BCE

lead: Roman Republic troops under Lucius Lucullus defeat the army of Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Tigranocerta, and capture Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia. Ptolemy XII deposes Cleopatra V, and becomes sole ruler. Antiochus XIII Asiaticus is installed as king of Syria.

title: 69 BC


label: 681 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 681 BCE.

title: 680s BC


label: 682 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 682 BCE.

title: 680s BC


label: 685 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 685 BCE.

title: 680s BC


label: 686 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 686 BCE.

title: 680s BC


label: 687 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 687 BCE.

title: 680s BC


label: 689 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 689 BCE.

title: 680s BC


label: 690 BCE

lead: 690 BC—Duke Xiang of Qi, Duke Xuan of Chen, Zheng-zi Ying met at Chui(垂). 690 BC—Taharqa, a king of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, ascends the throne of Egypt (approximate date). 690 BC—Death of King Wu of Chu.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 690s BC


label: 70 BCE

lead: During this year, the consulship of Pompeius and Crassus marked a turning point in Roman politics, as they reversed several of Sulla’s constitutional reforms. Powers of the tribunate were restored, and equestrians were once again permitted to serve as jurors, reshaping the balance of authority between the Senate and the people.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 70 BC


label: 691 BCE

lead: 691 BC—King Sennacherib of Assyria defeats king Humban-nimena of Elam in the Battle of Halule.

title: 690s BC


label: 692 BCE

lead: 692 BC—Karib'il Watar of Saba' is recorded as having given "gifts" (tribute) to King Sennacherib of Assyria. 692 BC—Tirhakah, the last Ethiopian pharaoh, ascends the throne of Egypt (approximate date). 692 BC—Pantacles wins the stadion race for a second time and the diaulos at the 22nd Olympic Games.

sections:
Religion & Belief
Culture & Society

title: 690s BC


label: 693 BCE

lead: 693 BC—Babylon is destroyed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib, but the city will be rebuilt in even greater splendor and luxury. He fights his way back north and captures various cities along the River Euphrates (or 691 BC or 689 BC). 693 BC—Death of Nergal-ushezib, king of Babylonia.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 690s BC


label: 694 BCE

lead: 694 BC—Troops of Qi killed Zheng-zi Wei(7th ruler of Zheng) and Gao Qumi(高渠弥). Ji Zhong(祭仲) invited Zheng-zi Ying(8th ruler of Zheng) from Chen and helped him assume the throne. 694 BC—Duke Xiang of Qi and Duke Huan of Lu meet at Luo(濼). Duke Huan of Lu and his wife, Wen Jiang goes to Qi. 694 BC—Duke Hei Jian(黒肩) of Zhou killed King Zhuang of Zhou and plotted to help Prince Ke(克) assume the throne. Xin Bo(辛伯) reported it to King Zhuang, and killed Duke Hei Jian. Prince Ke defected to Yan.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Deaths

title: 690s BC


label: 696 BCE

lead: 696 BC—Zhou Zhuang Wang becomes king of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 696 BC—Pantacles of Athens wins the stadion race at the 21st Olympic Games. 696 BC—Cimmerian forces begin a conquest of Phrygia (modern Turkey), having failed in their efforts to defeat the Assyrians and moved into Anatolia.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Culture & Society

title: 690s BC


label: 697 BCE

lead: 697 BC—Death of King Huan of Zhou in China. 697 BC—Birth of Duke Wen of Jin in China. 697 BC—Manasseh becomes co-ruler with King Hezekiah of Judah.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Health & Medicine
Deaths

title: 690s BC


label: 698 BCE

lead: 698 BC—Death of Chuzi I, ruler of the state of Qin. 698 BC—Death of Duke Xi of Qi, ruler of the state of Qi.

title: 690s BC


label: 699 BCE

lead: 699 BC—Sennacherib carries out his fifth military campaign in Babylonia, a series of raids against the villages around the foot of Mount Judi, located to the northeast of Nineveh. 699 BC—Hallashu-Inshushinak (Khallushu) succeeds Shuttir-Nakhkhunte as king of the Elamite Empire. 699 BC—Manasseh succeeds Hezekiah as king of Judah. The first king who did not have an experience with the Kingdom of Israel, Manasseh ruled with his mother, Hephzibah, as regent.

title: 690s BC


label: 700 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 700 BCE.

title: 700s BC (decade)


label: 8 BCE

lead: Arminius, son of a Cheruscan chieftain, is taken as a hostage to Rome, where he receives a military education. Sextilis, the eighth month of the early Julian calendar, is renamed Augustus (August) by a decree of the Roman Senate in honor of Augustus. King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni and fights against the Roman Empire's expansion in Bohemia.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Births
Deaths

title: 0s BC


label: 71 BCE

lead: Marcus Antonius is defeated by the Cretans, who have made an alliance with the pirates. He is compelled to concede a humiliating peace. Antonius dies in office the same year and is awarded, posthumously, with the cognomen Creticus. Nessebar in modern-day Bulgaria comes under Roman rule. Third Servile War ends; Slave rebellion under leadership of Spartacus is crushed by a Roman army under Marcus Licinius Crassus. Slaves taken prisoner are crucified naked along the Via Appia.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 71 BC


label: 701 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 701 BCE.

title: 700s BC (decade)


label: 702 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 702 BCE.

title: 700s BC (decade)


label: 705 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 705 BCE.

sections: Births Deaths

title: 700s BC (decade)


label: 710 BCE

lead: c. 710 BC—The Medes are united.

title: 710s BC


label: 72 BCE

lead: Third Servile War: Spartacus moves with his followers northward to the Po Valley. Roman forces under Lucius Gellius Publicola defeat a group of slaves (30,000 men) led by Crixus near Mount Gargano. He kills two-thirds of the rebels, including Crixus himself. Battle of Cabira: Lucius Lucullus defeats King Mithridates VI and overruns Pontus. Mithridates flees to Armenia, ruled by his son-in-law Tigranes, who refuses to turn his father-in-law in to Lucius Lucullus. Perperna is defeated by Pompey the Great at the Battle of Osca, ending the Sertorian War in Spain.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Deaths

title: 72 BC


label: 712 BCE

lead: 712 BC—Polus of Epidaurus wins the stadion race at the 17th Olympic Games. 712 BC—Numa Pompilius creates the office of Pontifex Maximus.

title: 710s BC


label: 713 BCE

lead: 713 BC—Numa Pompilius, King of Rome, reforms the Roman calendar, introducing January and February and adding 5 days to the calendar. 713 BC—Olmecs establish Monte Albán, the sacred city, and continue building pyramids.

sections:
Religion & Belief
Births

title: 710s BC


label: 715 BCE

lead: 715 BC—Interregnum ends. Start of the reign of the second King of Rome — Numa Pompilius. c. 715 BC—Conquest of Messenia by Sparta ends.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births

title: 710s BC


label: 716 BCE

lead: 716 BC—Pythagoras of Laconia wins the stadion race at the 16th Olympic Games.

sections:
Culture & Society
Births

title: 710s BC


label: 717 BCE

lead: 717 BC—Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish. 717 BC—Sargon II founds a new capital for Assyria at Dur-Sharrukin. 717 BC—Roman legend marks this as the date that Romulus ended his rule. Interregnum starts.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion

title: 710s BC


label: 718 BCE

lead: 718 BC—Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.

title: 710s BC


label: 719 BCE

lead: 719 BC—Revolt led by Yahu-Bihdi in Hamath is suppressed. Much of the population deported to Samaria and Hamath destroyed. 719 BC—Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou dynasty becomes ruler of China.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security

title: 710s BC


label: 720 BCE

lead: 720 BC—Shabaka kills Bakenranef (Bocchoris), ending the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt. 720 BC—Birth of Guan Zhong, political adviser of Qi in eastern ancient China. 720 BC—Death of King Ping of the Zhou dynasty of China.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery
Deaths

title: 720s BC


label: 73 BCE

lead: Third Servile War: Spartacus, a Thracian gladiator, escapes with around 70 slave-gladiators from a gladiator school at Capua. They defeat a small Roman force and equip themselves with captured military equipment as well with gladiatorial weapons. Spartacus and his band of gladiators plunder the region surrounding Capua and retire to a defensible position on Mount Vesuvius. Battle of Mount Vesuvius: Spartacus defeats a Roman militia force (3,000 men) under Gaius Claudius Glaber. The rebel slaves spend the winter of 73–72 BC training, arming and equipping their new recruits, as well as expanding their raiding territory, which includes the towns of Nola, Nuceria, Thurii and Metapontum.

title: 73 BC


label: 722 BCE

lead: 722 BC: Spring and Autumn period of China's history begins as King Ping of Zhou of the Zhou dynasty reigns in name only. 722 BC: Israel is conquered by Assyrian king Sargon II.

title: 8th century BC


label: 724 BCE

lead: 724 BC: The diaulos footrace introduced at the Olympics. 724 BC: The Assyrians start a four-year siege of Tyre.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society

title: 8th century BC


label: 727 BCE

lead: 727 BC: Babylonia makes itself independent of Assyria.

title: 8th century BC


label: 728 BCE

lead: 728 BC: Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Delta. He founds the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt.

title: 8th century BC


label: 730 BCE

lead: 730 BC: Mattan II succeeds Hiram II as king of Tyre. 730 BC: Piye succeeds his father Kashta as king of the Nubian kingdom of Napata. 730 BC: Osorkon IV succeeds Sheshonq IV as king of the Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt.

title: 8th century BC


label: 74 BCE

lead: Third Mithridatic War: Battle of Cyzicus: Roman forces under Lucius Lucullus defeat the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus. Publius Servilius Vatia returns to Rome, where he has triumphed against the pirates in Anatolia, and is given the agnomen Isauricus. Nicomedes IV, last king of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to the Roman Senate upon his death (75/4 BC).

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Deaths

title: 74 BC


label: 75 BCE

lead: At the Battle of Saguntum the republican forces on the Iberian Peninsula and the Sertorian rebels fight each other to a draw. Quintus Sertorius is forced to withdraw leaving the battlefield to Pompey and Metellus (the republican commanders). In the Roman province of Hispania Citerior an army of Sertorian rebels under Quintus Sertorius himself defeats a republican army under Pompey the Great at the Battle of Sucro. Julius Caesar travels to Rhodes to study under Apollonius Molon. On his way across the Aegean Sea, he is kidnapped by Cilician pirates and held prisoner in the Dodecanese islet of Pharmacusa. The young Caesar is held for a ransom of twenty talents, but he insists they ask for fifty. After his release Caesar raises a fleet at Miletus, pursues and crucifies the pirates in Pergamon.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
Health & Medicine
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 75 BC


label: 745 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 745 BCE.

title: 740s BC


label: 746 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 746 BCE.

title: 740s BC


label: 76 BCE

lead: On the Iberian Peninsula, in the Roman province of Hispania Citerior, the rebel forces of Quintus Sertorius defeat the republican army of Pompey the Great at the Battle of Lauron. Salome Alexandra becomes queen of Judea, after the death of her husband, Alexander Jannaeus, until 67 BC. Hyrcanus II becomes high priest of Jerusalem for the first time, on the death of his father, Alexander Jannaeus, until 66 BC.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 76 BC


label: 752 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 752 BCE.

title: 750s BC


label: 755 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 755 BCE.

title: 750s BC


label: 757 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 757 BCE.

title: 750s BC


label: 759 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 759 BCE.

title: 750s BC


label: 77 BCE

lead: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman proconsul of Transalpine Gaul and leader of the Populares faction in the senate, is defeated by Quintus Lutatius Catulus at the Milvian bridge outside Rome. The remnants of the rebels are wiped out by Pompey in Etruria. Pompeius marches along the Via Domitia through Gallia Narbonensis crossing the Pyrenees to Spain. He joins with Quintus Metellus Pius to suppress the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but is at first unsuccessful. Lepidus, with some 21,000 troops, manages to escape to Sardinia. Soon afterwards he becomes ill and dies, his battered army, now under command by Marcus Perperna Vento, sails on to the Iberian Peninsula.

sections:
Exploration & Expansion
Technology & Infrastructure
Births
Deaths

title: 77 BC


label: 78 BCE

lead: The Tabularium is built in the Forum. The Senate sends Publius Servilius Vatia to Cilicia as governor, where he fights a successful campaign against the Piracy in southern Anatolia (Lycia, Pamphylia and Isauria), he is thereafter known by the agnomen Isauricus. In Rome, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus becomes consul. He attempts to undermine the Sullan reforms, quarrels with his consular colleague, is sent to govern Transalpine Gaul, and initiates a rebellion against the Senate with his army there.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 78 BC


label: 771 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 771 BCE.

title: 770s BC


label: 79 BCE

lead: Sulla renounces his dictatorship. Cicero travels to Athens and then to Rhodes to continue his studies of philosophy and oratory.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Exploration & Expansion

title: 79 BC


label: 781 BCE

lead: 781 BC—Some say the oldest date-verified Chinese recording of a Solar Eclipse happened on June 4th of this year, but others argue that it was in 735 BC. 781 BC—King You of Zhou becomes king of the Zhou dynasty of China.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Science & Discovery

title: 780s BC


label: 782 BCE

lead: 782 BC—Founding of Erebuni Fortress by the orders of King Argishtis I of Urartu at the site of current-day Yerevan, Armenia. 782 BC—Death of King Xuan of Zhou, king of the Zhou dynasty of China.

sections:
Religion & Belief
Deaths

title: 780s BC


label: 783 BCE

lead: 783 BC—Shalmaneser IV succeeds his father Adad-nirari III as king of Assyria.

title: 780s BC


label: 80 BCE

lead: Quintus Sertorius re-enters Iberia with a tiny army (2,600 men) and opens a successful campaign against the Sullan forces. Roman artists begin to extend the space of a room visually with painted scenes of figures on a shallow stage or with a landscape or cityscape. Ptolemy XII Auletes succeeds Ptolemy XI Alexander II to the throne of Egypt.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 80 BC


label: 800 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 800 BCE.

title: 800s BC (decade)


label: 9 BCE

lead: The Ara Pacis ("Altar of Augustan Peace"), which was voted for by the Senate four years earlier, is dedicated. Aretas IV Philopatris ascended to become the King of the Nabataeans (modern Jordan). c. 9 BC: Livy completes compilation of his Ab Urbe Condita Libri, 142 books covering the history of Rome since its foundation to the present.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Religion & Belief
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 0s BC


label: 81 BCE

lead: Sulla is appointed dictator, executes his political enemies in a series of proscriptions, and implements aristocratic reforms to the Roman government. The Second Mithridatic War ends with the status quo. Sang Hongyang and 60 Confucian scholars debate over the state monopoly of Iron and Salt.

title: 81 BC


label: 804 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 804 BCE.

title: 800s BC (decade)


label: 82 BCE

lead: Sulla defeats the consul Gaius Marius the Younger at the Battle of Sacriportus, and takes control of Rome. Sulla defeats an army of Samnites and Lucanians alliance in the Battle of the Colline Gate. Sulla passes his proscription through a popular assembly; he publishes a list of 520 senators and equites to be murdered on sight.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Science & Discovery
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 82 BC


label: 83 BCE

lead: Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia was invited by a faction in the Seleucid civil wars, entered Syria and effectively ended Seleucid rule. Though a weakened Seleucid monarchy was briefly restored after Roman victories, ongoing instability led Pompey to abolish the dynasty and annex Syria as a Roman province in 63 BC. Spring – Lucius Cornelius Sulla returns to Italy from his campaigns in Greece and lands with his legions unopposed at Brundisium. He defeats the popular forces of Gaius Norbanus in the Battle of Mount Tifata. Lucius Licinius Murena, the Roman governor of Asia, clashes with the Pontic forces of Mithridates VI, starting the Second Mithridatic War.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Disasters & Accidents
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 83 BC


label: 84 BCE

lead: Battle of Cana: The Arab Nabataean Kingdom decisively defeats the Greek Seleucid Empire, slaying King Antiochus XII Dionysus, at modern-day Umm Qais in Jordan. The First Mithridatic War comes to an end. Julius Caesar marries Cornelia.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 84 BC


label: 85 BCE

lead: First Mithridatic War: Lucius Cornelius Sulla again defeats Archelaus in the decisive Battle of Orchomenus.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 85 BC


label: 841 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 841 BCE.

title: 840s BC


label: 845 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 845 BCE.

title: 840s BC


label: 849 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 849 BCE.

title: 840s BC


label: 86 BCE

lead: Siege of Athens (87–86 BC) ends when Sulla captures Athens from the Pontic army, removing the tyrant Aristion. The Dardani ally with Pontus and are defeated by Sulla soon after. The Roman forces of Lucius Cornelius Sulla defeat the Pontic forces of Archelaus in the Battle of Chaeronea.

title: 86 BC


label: 87 BCE

lead: The eight-year-old Liu Fuling becomes emperor, with Huo Guang General-in-Chief and regent. Halley's Comet makes its third confirmed apparition, recorded by Babylonian scribes as being visible in the sky "day beyond day" for about one month. First Mithridatic War: Siege of Athens (87–86 BC) – Sulla arrives in Greece and from Autumn besieges Athens. He orders Lucius Licinius Lucullus to raise a fleet from Rome's allies around the eastern Mediterranean.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Technology & Infrastructure
Science & Discovery
Culture & Society
Births
Deaths

title: 87 BC


label: 88 BCE

lead: King Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Greece. Defeating the Roman forces four times in succession, he conquers Bithynia, Phrygia, Mysia, Lycia, Pamphylia, Ionia and Cappadocia. The Roman province of Asia is dismantled. On the king's orders, the local authorities in every city of the province round up and put to death all resident Italians in a single day (App.Mith.§§85–91). Plutarch (Sulla 24.4) says that 150,000 are killed, other sources calculate a figure of 80,000 people. The consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla becomes the first Roman commander to march on Rome with his army and to capture the city by force. This extraordinary act is prompted by his desire to maintain his proconsular command for the First Mithridatic War in Asia Minor. Sulla then murdered his enemy P. Sulpicius Rufus and forced Gaius Marius to flee to Africa. The Social War ends with the defeat of the Italian allies by the Romans.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Deaths

title: 88 BC


label: 877 BCE

lead: Sourced entries for 877 BCE.

title: 870s BC


label: 879 BCE

lead: 879 BC: Death of King Yi of Zhou, king of the Zhou dynasty of China.

title: 9th century BC


label: 89 BCE

lead: Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Bithynia and Cappadocia, thus beginning the First Mithridatic War. Lex Plautia Papiria extends citizenship to all Italians who applied for it within 60 days. The new citizens are enrolled in eight designated tribes, to prevent domination of the assemblies. The former Han General-in-Chief Li Guangli, now the son-in-law of Hulugu Chanyu, is arrested and sacrificed to the gods to restore the health of Hulugu's mother.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 89 BC


label: 884 BCE

lead: 884 BC: Ashurnasirpal II succeeds his father Tukulti-Ninurta II as king of Assyria.

title: 9th century BC


label: 885 BCE

lead: 885 BC: King Yi of Zhou, son of King Yih, is restored to the throne. 885 BC: Takelot I succeeds Soshenq II as king of Egypt.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security

title: 9th century BC


label: 887 BCE

lead: 887 BC—Soshenq II succeeds Osorkon I as king of Egypt.

title: 880s BC


label: 90 BCE

lead: The Lex Iulia grants citizenship to all Italians who did not oppose Rome during the Social War. Social War continues: Pompeius Strabo and Gaius Marius distinguish themselves. The Xiongnu invade the Prefectures of Wuyuan and Jiuquan and kill the commandants of both Prefectures.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Crime & Justice
Births
Deaths

title: 90 BC


label: 891 BCE

lead: 891 BC — Tukulti-Ninurta II succeeds his father Adad-nirari II as king of Assyria.

title: 890s BC


label: 892 BCE

lead: 892 BC — King Xiao of Zhou overthrows King Yih of Zhou and takes the throne. 892 BC — Megacles, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 30 years and is succeeded by his son Diognetus.

sections:
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 890s BC


label: 899 BCE

lead: 899 BC — The first year of King Yih of Zhou's reign is marked by a solar eclipse.

title: 890s BC


label: 10 BCE

lead: The Obelisk of Montecitorio is brought from Egypt to Rome by Emperor Augustus to be erected as a sundial gnomon of the Solarium Augusti. It is now in the Piazza Montecitorio. The Romans build a bridge across the Rhine near Bonn (approximate date). A Roman military camp is established at Speyer (Germany).

sections:
Conflict & Security
Religion & Belief
Technology & Infrastructure
Births
Deaths

title: 10 BC


label: 91 BCE

lead: The Xiongnu invade the prefectures of Shanggu and Wuyuan. Consuls: Sextus Julius Caesar and Lucius Marcius Philippus. The tribune Marcus Livius Drusus proposes extending Roman citizenship to allied Italian cities, but is assassinated, leading to the Social War.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Births
Deaths

title: 91 BC


label: 92 BCE

lead: 92 BC Levant earthquake, earthquake mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. An earthquake and a tsunami reportedly affected areas of the Levant, including the modern states of Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, and Syria. Consuls: Gaius Claudius Pulcher and Marcus Perperna. Sulla repulses Tigranes of Armenia from Cappadocia.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Exploration & Expansion
Climate & Environment
Births
Deaths

title: 92 BC


label: 920 BCE

lead: 920 BC — A transit of Venus occurs.

title: 920s BC


label: 93 BCE

lead: Roman consuls: Gaius Valerius Flaccus and Marcus Herennius. End of era Taishi of Emperor Wu of Han China.

sections:
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
Deaths

title: 93 BC


label: 922 BCE

lead: 922 BC — Phorbas, Archon of Athens, dies after a reign of 30 years and is succeeded by his son Megacles.

title: 920s BC


label: 925 BCE

lead: 925 BC — Military conquest of Canaan by Shoshenq I.

title: 920s BC


label: 928 BCE

lead: 928 BC — On the death of King Solomon, his son Rehoboam is unable to hold the tribes of Israel together, and the northern part secedes to become the kingdom of Israel, making Jeroboam its king. Rehoboam is left to rule the kingdom of Judah.

title: 920s BC