628 CE

Khosrau II, the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. Brahmagupta writes the Brāmasphuțasiddhānta, an early, yet very advanced, math book. The Shariah enjoins women as well as men to obtain secular and religious educations. It forbids eating pork, domesticated donkey, and other flesh denied to Jews by Mosaic law (approximate date).

In the 620s, the 7th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • Muhammad, Islamic prophet, leads about 1,400 men on a pilgrimage to Mecca where their passage is blocked. The Quraysh tribe and the Muslim community in Medina sign a 10 year truce (Treaty of Hudaybiyyah).source

Conflict & Security

  • February 25 – Khosrau II, the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.source
  • Third Perso-Turkic War: The Western Göktürks under their leader Tong Yabghu Qaghan plunder Tbilisi (modern Georgia). The Persian defenders are executed or mutilated, Tong Yabghu appoints governors (tuduns) to manage various tribes under his overlordship.source
  • Battle of Cirencester: King Penda of Mercia defeats the West Saxons at Cirencester (South West England) in what later will be Gloucestershire. After reaching an agreement, he takes control of the Severn Valley and the minor kingdom of the Hwicce.source
  • Spring – Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Heraclius issues an ultimatum for peace to king Khosrau II, but he refuses his generous terms. The war-weary Persians revolt against Khosrau's regime at Ctesiphon and install his son Kavadh II to the throne. He puts his father to death and begins negotiations with Heraclius. Kavadh is forced to return all the territories conquered during the war. The Persians must give up all of the trophies they have captured, including the relic of the True Cross. Evidently there is also a large financial indemnity. Having accepted a peace agreement on his own terms, Heraclius returns in triumph to Constantinople.source

Religion & Belief

  • Muhammad's letters to world leaders explain the principles of the new monotheistic Muslim faith, as they will be contained in his book, the Quran.source

Health & Medicine

  • September 6 – Ardashir III, age 7, succeeds his father Kavadh II as the twenty-fourth king of the Sasanian Empire on the latter's death from plague.source

Culture & Society

  • Brahmagupta writes the Brāmasphuțasiddhānta, an early, yet very advanced, math book.source
  • The Shariah enjoins women as well as men to obtain secular and religious educations. It forbids eating pork, domesticated donkey, and other flesh denied to Jews by Mosaic law (approximate date).source

Births

  • Gao Zong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (died 683)source
  • Adomnán, Irish abbot and hagiographer (died 704)source
  • John Maron, Syriac monk and patriarch (died 707)source
  • Benedict Biscop, Anglo-Saxon abbot (died 690)source

Deaths