World leaders in 1866
Everyone who held a state’s top posts at some point in 1866, in the order they held them. Names are from Wikipedia’s list of state leaders and appear only where the person’s Wikidata record agrees on the post and the years. What happened in 1866 →
Major powers in 1866
United StatesUnited States history
- President
- Andrew Johnson
United KingdomUnited Kingdom history
- Queen
- Victoria
- Prime minister
- John Russell, then Edward Smith-Stanley
Russian EmpireRussia history
- Emperor
- Alexander II
Qing dynastyChina history
- Emperor
- Tongzhi
Second French EmpireFrance history
- Emperor
- Napoleon III
Tokugawa shogunate of JapanJapan history
- Emperor
- Kōmei
Africa
BasutolandLesotho history
- King or Paramount Chief
- Moshoeshoe I
Beylik of TunisTunisia history
- Grand vizier
- Mustapha Khaznadar
Ethiopian Empire
- Emperor
- Tewodros II
Khedivate of EgyptEgypt history
- Khedive
- Isma'il Pasha
Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland)
- King
- Mswati II
Kingdom of Rwanda
LiberiaLiberia history
- President
- Daniel Bashiel Warner
Merina Kingdom
- Queen
- Rasoherina
- Prime minister
- Rainilaiarivony
Morocco: Alaouite dynasty
- Sultan
- Mohammed IV
Sultanate of Zanzibar
- Sultan
- Majid
Americas
Argentine RepublicArgentina history
- President
- Bartolomé Mitre
Cherokee NationUnited States history
- dissident Chief
- Stand Watie
El SalvadorEl Salvador history
- President
- Francisco Dueñas
Empire of BrazilBrazil history
- Emperor
- Pedro II
HondurasHonduras history
- President
- José María Medina
Liberal Republic of ChileChile history
- President
- José Joaquín Pérez
NicaraguaNicaragua history
- President
- Tomás Martínez
Oriental Republic of UruguayUruguay history
- Acting President
- Venancio Flores
Republic of BoliviaBolivia history
- Provisional President
- Mariano Melgarejo
Republic of EcuadorEcuador history
- President
- Jerónimo Carrión
Republic of GuatemalaGuatemala history
- President
- Vicente Cerna Sandoval
Republic of ParaguayParaguay history
- President
- Francisco Solano López
Republic of PeruPeru history
- President
- Mariano Ignacio Prado
Second Haitian RepublicHaiti history
- President
- Fabre Geffrard
United Mexican StatesMexico history
- President
- Benito Juárez
United StatesUnited States history
- President
- Andrew Johnson
United States of ColombiaColombia history
- President
- Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
United States of VenezuelaVenezuela history
- President
- Juan Crisóstomo Falcón
Asia
Aceh SultanateIndonesia history
Bruneian EmpireBrunei history
- Sultan
- Abdul Momin
Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynastyAfghanistan history
- Emir
- Sher Ali Khan
Emirate of BukharaUzbekistan history
Joseon
- King
- Gojong
Kedah SultanateMalaysia history
Khanate of KokandUzbekistan history
Kingdom of ChampasakLaos history
- King
- Kham Souk
Kingdom of Luang PhrabangLaos history
- King
- Chantharath
Konbaung dynasty
- King
- Mindon
Ottoman EmpireTurkey history
- Sultan
- Abdülaziz
- Grand Vizier
- Mehmed Fuad Pasha, then Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
Qing dynastyChina history
- Emperor
- Tongzhi
Rattanakosin Kingdom of SiamThailand history
- King
- Mongkut
Ryukyu Kingdom: Second Shō dynastyJapan history
- King
- Shō Tai
Selangor SultanateMalaysia history
- Sultan
- Abdul Samad
Sheikhdom of Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of AjmanUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of DubaiUnited Arab Emirates history
- ruler
- Hasher bin Maktoum
Sheikhdom of KuwaitKuwait history
- Sheikh
- Sabah II, then Abdullah II
Sheikhdom of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of Umm Al QuwainUnited Arab Emirates history
Surakarta SunanateIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Pakubuwono IX
Terengganu SultanateMalaysia history
- Sultan
- Omar Riayat Shah
Tokugawa shogunate of JapanJapan history
- Emperor
- Kōmei
Yogyakarta SultanateIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Hamengkubuwono VI
Europe
Andorra
- Episcopal Co-Prince
- Josep Caixal i Estradé
- French Co-Prince
- Napoléon III
Anhalt-Dessau
- of Anhalt
- Leopold IV
BelgiumBelgium history
- King
- Leopold II
- Prime minister
- Charles Rogier
DenmarkDenmark history
- King
- Christian IX
- Council president
- Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs
Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)
- Duke
- William III
Duchy of Nassau
- Duke
- Adolphe
Electorate of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia
- King
- William I
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
- Grand Duke
- Peter II
Kingdom of Bavaria
- King
- Ludwig II
Kingdom of Bohemia
- King
- Francis Joseph
Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)Croatia history
- King
- Franz Joseph
Kingdom of Galicia and LodomeriaUkraine history
- King
- Francis Joseph I
Kingdom of GreeceGreece history
- King
- George I
- Prime minister
- Benizelos Roufos, then Dimitrios Voulgaris, then Alexandros Koumoundouros
Kingdom of ItalyItaly history
- Prime minister
- Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, then Bettino Ricasoli
Kingdom of Lombardy–VenetiaItaly history
- King
- Francis Joseph I
Kingdom of PortugalPortugal history
- King
- Luís I
Kingdom of Spain (1810–1873)Spain history
- Queen
- Isabella II
Kingdom of the NetherlandsNetherlands history
- King
- William III
- Prime minister
- Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, then Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte, then Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt
Liechtenstein
- Prince
- Johann II
LuxembourgLuxembourg history
- Grand Duke
- William III
- Prime minister
- Victor de Tornaco
Monaco
- Prince
- Charles III
Papal States
- Pope
- Pius IX
Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
- Prince
- George Victor
Russian EmpireRussia history
- Emperor
- Alexander II
San Marino
- Captains Regent
- Innocenzo Bonelli, then Domenico Fattori
Saxe-Meiningen
- Duke
- Bernhard II
Second French EmpireFrance history
- Emperor
- Napoleon III
Sweden–Norway
- King
- Charles XV/IV
- First Minister
- Frederik Stang
SwitzerlandSwitzerland history
- President of the Confederation
- Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel
United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandUnited Kingdom history
- Queen
- Victoria
- Prime minister
- John Russell, then Edward Smith-Stanley
United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia/ Romanian United Principalities/ RomaniaRomania history
- Domnitor
- Alexander John Cuza, then Carol I
- Domnitors
- Lascăr Catargiu
- Prime minister
- Nicolae Kretzulescu, then Ion Ghica, then Lascăr Catargiu
Oceania
Kings of Uvea (Wallis)
- Queen
- Falakika Seilala